Papers by Marion Berranger
ArchéoSciences, 2014
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Le bilan propose s'attache a etudier les changements perceptibles tout au long de l'âge d... more Le bilan propose s'attache a etudier les changements perceptibles tout au long de l'âge du Fer en Gaule dans l’evolution des techniques de reduction et dans leur organisation a partir de l’etude des types de bas fourneaux utilises et des matieres premieres metalliques en circulation. La structuration de la production primaire (reduction) et son intensite sont egalement analyses, depuis l'unite de travail jusqu'a l'echelle regionale. Ces donnees seront confrontees aux modeles economiques et societaux proposes pour ces periodes, afin de tenter de mieux cerner les conditions de productions des produits ferreux.
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Archéologie médiévale
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Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2021
In Europe, several thousand ferrous semi-products attributed to the Iron Age (8th–1st c. BC) have... more In Europe, several thousand ferrous semi-products attributed to the Iron Age (8th–1st c. BC) have been found. Recent advances in the field of archaeometry concerning the dating of iron objects, characterisation of materials and provenance studies have made it possible to address some important and hitherto unresolved questions. The results obtained from the study of an exceptional set of over 70 currency-bars found in north-eastern France shed new light on their chrono-cultural context, which is much older than previously thought. This interdisciplinary approach also made it possible to propose a new interpretation of the production, circulation and deposition conditions of these semi-products.
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Bulletin de Société Préhistorique Française, 2020
Les âges du Fer en Europe nord-occidentale voient la diffusion et l’adoption progressive du fer, ... more Les âges du Fer en Europe nord-occidentale voient la diffusion et l’adoption progressive du fer, puis une succession d’innovations majeures dans les techniques de sa production. Les procédés de fabrication d’objet se démocratisent, tandis que la consommation des objets s’intensifie et gagne l’ensemble des strates sociales. La maîtrise des productions métallurgiques est considérée de manière récurrente comme moteur de l’émergence des centres de pouvoirs. Nous proposons d’analyser ce postulat à l’aune d’un bilan renouvelé de nos connaissances sur la métallurgie du fer d’un large espace nord-est de la France. Cela inclut les zones où se manifestent de manière ostentatoire les élites du premier et du début du second âge du Fer, puis l’armement et l’art celtique florissant de La Tène moyenne. Pour la fin de l’âge du Fer, cet espace est également caractérisé par l’émergence des premières manifestations urbaines.
À travers une grille de lecture structurée, composée de critères descriptifs issus de la littérature (Brun et al., 2006 ; Roux, 2000 ; Costin, 1991), nous proposons d’étudier les formes d’organisation des productions sidérurgiques et leur évolution au cours des âges du Fer. Il est ainsi possible de constater les trajectoires conjointes et parallèles suivies par les activités de réduction et de forgeage tout au long de cette période. Elles se développent durant le Hallstatt D – La Tène A dans un cadre de « corvée » soumise au contrôle des élites. Cela mobilise en réduction des savoir-faire simples, alors que les productions en forge documentent au contraire la maîtrise de techniques complexes. À la fin des âges du Fer, les élites conservent leur emprise sur les moyens de production de centres de réduction fortement structurés, alors qu’à l’inverse, en forge, l’élargissement de la gamme des savoir-faire et la multiplicité des modes d’organisation permettent de reconnaître un artisanat maître de ses débouchés.
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Bulletin de la Société d’Émulation de Montbéliard N° 140-2017, 2018
The present work attempts to study the iron working activities in the Roman town of Epomanduoduru... more The present work attempts to study the iron working activities in the Roman town of Epomanduodurum (Mandeure-Mathay, France) and their integration in the regional economical space. In this order, the documentation and artefacts of fourteen excavations have been studied. It has enabled us to document fifteen metallurgical contexts, including eight workshops, occupied between the first and the fourth AD. To characterize the smiting activities, around six hundred plano-convex bottoms slags (PCB) have been studied at the macroscopic scale and sixteen at the microscopic scale. Furthermore, a small amount of iron-smiting debris has been added, selected in most interesting contexts.
The analysis of these metallurgical remains shows the complete absence of reduction slags, witch could witness an iron production from local ores. The identified activities are in equal parts refining, recycling and shaping of iron objects, alongside with traces of polymetallurgy. A statistical analyse of the wastes assemblies shows three different types of productions : when some workshops executed the entire process, either from refining or from recycling to shaping, other seems to specialise on shaping operations. Interesting point, two very different techniques of recycling were employed, the second appearing only through the fourth century AD ; this precise activity could thus have occupied an important place in the roman region Sequania, where no trace of reduction is known before the Merovingian times.
A large amount of smithies were probably in activity in the town, most of which were located in the Faubourg de Pont area. This activity should probably have held an important economical role in this context, along with the ceramic production and meat smoking. But its role was at least more local than that of other well-known sites in the region, producing large amounts of artefacts for the exportation, such as Alesia or Entrains-sur-Nohains.
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avec les contributions de Sylvain Bauvais , Christine Best -Marmet, Stéphane Carrara, Alžběta Dan... more avec les contributions de Sylvain Bauvais , Christine Best -Marmet, Stéphane Carrara, Alžběta Danielis ová, Yann Deberge , Hervé Delhoofs , Matthieu Demierre, David Dungworth, Anne Filippini , Jean-Loup Flouest , Peter Jud, Cécile Le Carlier de Vesl ud, Elven Le Goff, Marc Leroy, Michel Mauvilly, Yves Menez, Lionel Orengo, Pascal Paris, Thomas Pertlwieser , Benoit Pescher, Mireille Ruffieux, Raphaëlle Soulignac , Christine Vermeulen , Stéphane Willerval , Nolwenn Zaour
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Archaeometry, 2017
In the early days of iron metallurgy in Western Europe, the most widespread type of 'trade iron' ... more In the early days of iron metallurgy in Western Europe, the most widespread type of 'trade iron' (semi-product) was bipyramidal in shape. Although they are frequently found, little is known about how they were manufactured and circulated, or even about their age. An interdisciplinary approach was applied to the Durrenentzen deposit (Haut-Rhin, France), the third-largest in Europe in terms of artefact quantities, in an attempt to reconstruct the technological, social and economic context that caused them to be abandoned. A morphometric study of the 51 iron bars revealed a high degree of homogeneity, despite variations in detail. Four objects were selected for archaeometric studies. Metallographic analyses show internal differences (quality of the material, nature of the alloys and manufacturing techniques). Chemical analyses also showed different provenances. Finally, radiocarbon analyses of the carbon in steel (iron/carbon alloy) linked this deposit to the early Iron Age. This study provided the first benchmark for more general research, significantly changing perceptions of the economics of iron at the beginning of the Iron Age.
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Archéosciences
Durant les premiers temps de la métallurgie du fer en Europe occidentale, le type de demi-produit... more Durant les premiers temps de la métallurgie du fer en Europe occidentale, le type de demi-produit le plus répandu est de forme bipyramidée. Bien que plus d'un millier de pièces soit connu, leurs conditions de fabrication et de circulation et même leur datation restent mal appréhendées Une approche interdisciplinaire a ainsi été appliquée au dépôt de demi-produits bipyramidés de Durrenentzen (Haut-Rhin), le troisième en Europe par son importance numérique, afin de reconstituer le contexte technologique, social et économique qui a conduit à son abandon. L’étude morphométrique des cinquante-et-un bipyramidés révèle une grande homogénéité globale du lot malgré des variations de détail. Quatre objets ont été sélectionnés pour études archéométriques. Les analyses métallographiques mettent en évidence des différences internes significatives en ce qui concerne la qualité des matériaux, la nature de l’alliage et les techniques de fabrication. Les analyses chimiques révèlent également des signatures différenciées. Enfin, des analyses radiocarbones réalisées sur le carbone contenu dans les aciers permettent de rattacher ce lot au premier âge du Fer. Les résultats de l’étude de ce dépôt exceptionnel permettent ainsi d’implanter le premier jalon d’une analyse plus générale modifiant significativement la perception de l’économie du fer au premier âge de Fer.
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The open agglomeration of Levroux, considered to be an artisanal centre, is known for the dynamis... more The open agglomeration of Levroux, considered to be an artisanal centre, is known for the dynamism of its production activities: animal husbandry, transformation of horn and animal bone, bronze and iron metallurgy… The iron metallurgical material of Levroux, permits a better characterization of the organization and the character of these activities on this site. It has revealed that this agglomeration imports iron as a raw material, which is then refined on site with a view to the fabrication of both iron semi-products and objects. The identification of at least five different workshop sectors provides detailed information concerning the scale of the iron production, the kind of activities practised (refining/forge) and their nature (generalized/specialised), by sector. Finally, it allows us to apprehend the organisation of the activities within a diachronic sequence, their specialization, and the exchanges within the site and with the surrounding area.
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ArchéoSciences / Journal of Archaeometry
ABSTRACT
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The aim of this article is to address the organisation and specialisation of bloomsmithing worksh... more The aim of this article is to address the organisation and specialisation of bloomsmithing workshops at the end of the Iron Age. The comparison of several sites, studied archaeologically and archaeometrically, has allowed the identification of certain common elements in terms of the organisation of production. It appears that these sites are, repeatedly, agglomerations where reduction is absent and where the primary material arrives in the form of iron sponge or crude metal which is then refined in situ. All the workshops studied undertake the entirety of the post-reduction production process: bloomsmithing and forge. In each of the sites, certain workshops refined crude metal on a regular basis, whilst on others it remains anecdotal. These findings allow us to consider the circulation of the iron products and the organization of production within and from these artisanal centres, at the end of the Iron Age.
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Papers by Marion Berranger
À travers une grille de lecture structurée, composée de critères descriptifs issus de la littérature (Brun et al., 2006 ; Roux, 2000 ; Costin, 1991), nous proposons d’étudier les formes d’organisation des productions sidérurgiques et leur évolution au cours des âges du Fer. Il est ainsi possible de constater les trajectoires conjointes et parallèles suivies par les activités de réduction et de forgeage tout au long de cette période. Elles se développent durant le Hallstatt D – La Tène A dans un cadre de « corvée » soumise au contrôle des élites. Cela mobilise en réduction des savoir-faire simples, alors que les productions en forge documentent au contraire la maîtrise de techniques complexes. À la fin des âges du Fer, les élites conservent leur emprise sur les moyens de production de centres de réduction fortement structurés, alors qu’à l’inverse, en forge, l’élargissement de la gamme des savoir-faire et la multiplicité des modes d’organisation permettent de reconnaître un artisanat maître de ses débouchés.
The analysis of these metallurgical remains shows the complete absence of reduction slags, witch could witness an iron production from local ores. The identified activities are in equal parts refining, recycling and shaping of iron objects, alongside with traces of polymetallurgy. A statistical analyse of the wastes assemblies shows three different types of productions : when some workshops executed the entire process, either from refining or from recycling to shaping, other seems to specialise on shaping operations. Interesting point, two very different techniques of recycling were employed, the second appearing only through the fourth century AD ; this precise activity could thus have occupied an important place in the roman region Sequania, where no trace of reduction is known before the Merovingian times.
A large amount of smithies were probably in activity in the town, most of which were located in the Faubourg de Pont area. This activity should probably have held an important economical role in this context, along with the ceramic production and meat smoking. But its role was at least more local than that of other well-known sites in the region, producing large amounts of artefacts for the exportation, such as Alesia or Entrains-sur-Nohains.
À travers une grille de lecture structurée, composée de critères descriptifs issus de la littérature (Brun et al., 2006 ; Roux, 2000 ; Costin, 1991), nous proposons d’étudier les formes d’organisation des productions sidérurgiques et leur évolution au cours des âges du Fer. Il est ainsi possible de constater les trajectoires conjointes et parallèles suivies par les activités de réduction et de forgeage tout au long de cette période. Elles se développent durant le Hallstatt D – La Tène A dans un cadre de « corvée » soumise au contrôle des élites. Cela mobilise en réduction des savoir-faire simples, alors que les productions en forge documentent au contraire la maîtrise de techniques complexes. À la fin des âges du Fer, les élites conservent leur emprise sur les moyens de production de centres de réduction fortement structurés, alors qu’à l’inverse, en forge, l’élargissement de la gamme des savoir-faire et la multiplicité des modes d’organisation permettent de reconnaître un artisanat maître de ses débouchés.
The analysis of these metallurgical remains shows the complete absence of reduction slags, witch could witness an iron production from local ores. The identified activities are in equal parts refining, recycling and shaping of iron objects, alongside with traces of polymetallurgy. A statistical analyse of the wastes assemblies shows three different types of productions : when some workshops executed the entire process, either from refining or from recycling to shaping, other seems to specialise on shaping operations. Interesting point, two very different techniques of recycling were employed, the second appearing only through the fourth century AD ; this precise activity could thus have occupied an important place in the roman region Sequania, where no trace of reduction is known before the Merovingian times.
A large amount of smithies were probably in activity in the town, most of which were located in the Faubourg de Pont area. This activity should probably have held an important economical role in this context, along with the ceramic production and meat smoking. But its role was at least more local than that of other well-known sites in the region, producing large amounts of artefacts for the exportation, such as Alesia or Entrains-sur-Nohains.
This presentation aims to discuss the application of a methodology, set by Lefebvre, Rodier and Saligny (2008) for urban archeology, to extract usable information from old and heterogenous field documentation, which is mainly composed of descriptions and drawings.
We created a database that enables the use of statistical tools (SQLite, R, Qgis) to integrate the spatial, temporal and functional dimensions, the latest being based on the archaeometallurgical analysis. These three dimensions are considered as continuous spaces, to overcome the heterogeneity of precision of the data without loosing any information.
The synthesis allows to better understand the organization of the iron metallurgy, its evolution and its relations with the dynamics of the city. Here, incomplete and imprecise old excavation reports have proven themselves a reliable material to emphasize the structure of craft activities. This methodology could therefore be an efficient tool to synthesize multiples excavation reports and compare the result with other social or environmental data.