The Early Bronze Age (EB), equivalent to the 3rd milennium BC, indicates a dramatic change in set... more The Early Bronze Age (EB), equivalent to the 3rd milennium BC, indicates a dramatic change in setlement patern and material culture within the Middle Euphrates area. The number of setlement sites increased dramaticaly at the beginning of the EB, but many of them were (temporarily) abandoned or declined at the end of EB. It is also known that this decline was not general throughout Syria, and some large cities survived wel into the Middle Bronze Age (MB) (Schwartz 2007). Many studies have focused on how much of the increased aridity there was around 4200 cal.BP (Weiss et al. 1993) had been afected, or what kind of human factors had been concerned with this phenomenon (e.g., Schwartz and Miler 2007, Riehl 2010). In this paper, I wil present the preliminary archaeobotanical results obtained from a recent excavation undertaken in Tel Ghanem al-Ali in arRaqqa district in Syria. This region has few excavated sites to date for there was no salvage works accompanied by dam constructions. Te...
Background: The hip is a structure of the human body in which occurs the junction of bone, articu... more Background: The hip is a structure of the human body in which occurs the junction of bone, articular, muscular and ligament structures. It is in the coxofemoral joint and has the function of supporting the whole-body weight, being one of the main joints responsible for ambulation. Objectives: To analyze the comparison of neural mobilization and rhythmic stabilization techniques in range of motion (ROM) and hip pain. Methods: The sample was composed by 20 patients, with mean age of 54±6 years, were divided into two groups of 10 patients: the patients who received the neural mobilization technique (G1) and the patients who received the rhythmic stabilization technique (G2). Results: The mean age of each group was 56±6 years (G1) and 52±6 years (G2). Among the evaluated, 12 (60%) were female, 14 (70%) were married, predominating the profession of housewife (35%). The great majority of the participants (95%) presented pain to the active movement, mainly to the movements of hip flexion and abduction. Regarding passive mobilization, 70% referred pains, predominating to the movements of hip external rotation and abduction. Conclusion: It was concluded that the neural mobilization and rhythmic stabilization techniques had satisfactory results in relation to ROM and pain in the hip region, but rhythmic stabilization had a greater gain of ROM and decrease of pain.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2015
Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an est... more Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an established food-producing economy at the beginning of the sixth millennium b.c. This article reports on the 2013 season of excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, western Azerbaijan, currently one of the oldest sites providing evidence of early agriculture, which represents the earliest stage of the Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture. Excavations yielded a rich archaeological record that confirmed the intensive exploitation of domesticated cereals and animals over a period ranging from ca. 5950 to 5800 cal b.c. Excavated artifact assemblages have a distinct character, differing from those of later settlements, indicating rapid cultural changes in the first half of the sixth millennium b.c. The assemblages also comprised a small number of elements reminiscent of the Pottery Neolithic traditions from the eastern wing of the Fertile Crescent, suggesting cultural contacts during the earliest stages in the development of an agricultural economy in the southern Caucasus.
The advent of the Neolithic period in Central Asia was marked by the establishment of the Jeitun ... more The advent of the Neolithic period in Central Asia was marked by the establishment of the Jeitun culture during the 7th-6th millennium BCE in the northern foothills of the Kopet Dagh Mountains, South Turkmenistan. Unlike this widely recognized notion, Neolithization in the core regions of Central Asia, further to the east, remains to be clarified. Here, we present new data from the Hissar mountain region, close to the eastern end of western Central Asia. The 2015-2019 excavations of the newly discovered rock shelter of Kaynar Kamar, Uzbekistan, yielded a well-dated cultural sequence spanning over ten millennia starting from the beginning of the Holocene for the first time in this part of Central Asia. The archaeological records indicate a significant cultural change in the early 6th millennium BCE, which likely reflects the introduction of the food production economy in tandem with the Neolithization events occurring in the west. This new result supports the hypothesis of a swift dispersal of the Neolithic economy in western Central Asia. Simultaneously, it helps delineate the environmental conditions that hindered further dispersal to the east.
of fuel in ethnography It has long been noticed that the residues of a burned fuel occupy a large... more of fuel in ethnography It has long been noticed that the residues of a burned fuel occupy a large proportion of the macrobotanical remains obtained by flotation [Miler and Smart 1984; Reddy 1998; Valamoti 2013 and the other papers in Environmental Archaeology, volume 18(1)]. Various combustible materials, such as wood, dung, chaf, straw, roots, or dry herbaceous plants, can be used as fuels for traditional ovens and hearths. Depending upon their nature, these fuels are used for diferent purposes, and the ethnographical records show that their characters are wel recognized by the users. In general, the wood is easy to light and quick to burn, whereas the dung is hard to light and produces long and steady fire. To take advantage of these characters, the dung is generaly used for long-time cooking, like simmering, stewing, or boiling large amount of water [e.g. Sweet 1960]. The wood is appreciated in various purposes, especialy in heating bread ovens. However, the straw and chaf burn o...
Authors: Seiji Kadowaki, Lisa Maher, Marta Portillo, Rosa M. Albert, Chie Akashi, Farhad Guliyev,... more Authors: Seiji Kadowaki, Lisa Maher, Marta Portillo, Rosa M. Albert, Chie Akashi, Farhad Guliyev, Yoshihiro Nishiaki.
This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phytoliths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter.
Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an est... more Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an established food-producing economy at the beginning of the sixth millennium b.c. This article reports on the 2013 season of excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, western Azerbaijan, currently one of the oldest sites providing evidence of early agriculture, which represents the earliest stage of the Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture. Excavations yielded a rich archaeological record that confirmed the intensive exploitation of domesticated cereals and animals over a period ranging from ca. 5950 to 5800 cal b.c. Excavated artifact assemblages have a distinct character, differing from those of later settlements, indicating rapid cultural changes in the first half of the sixth millennium b.c. The assemblages also comprised a small number of elements reminiscent of the Pottery Neolithic traditions from the eastern wing of the Fertile Crescent, suggesting cultural contacts during the earliest stages in the development of an agricultural economy in the southern Caucasus.
This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage... more This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of G€ oytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phytoliths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter.
"This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Stora... more "This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of Go€ytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phyto- liths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments" "inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter."
The Early Bronze Age (EB), equivalent to the 3rd milennium BC, indicates a dramatic change in set... more The Early Bronze Age (EB), equivalent to the 3rd milennium BC, indicates a dramatic change in setlement patern and material culture within the Middle Euphrates area. The number of setlement sites increased dramaticaly at the beginning of the EB, but many of them were (temporarily) abandoned or declined at the end of EB. It is also known that this decline was not general throughout Syria, and some large cities survived wel into the Middle Bronze Age (MB) (Schwartz 2007). Many studies have focused on how much of the increased aridity there was around 4200 cal.BP (Weiss et al. 1993) had been afected, or what kind of human factors had been concerned with this phenomenon (e.g., Schwartz and Miler 2007, Riehl 2010). In this paper, I wil present the preliminary archaeobotanical results obtained from a recent excavation undertaken in Tel Ghanem al-Ali in arRaqqa district in Syria. This region has few excavated sites to date for there was no salvage works accompanied by dam constructions. Te...
Background: The hip is a structure of the human body in which occurs the junction of bone, articu... more Background: The hip is a structure of the human body in which occurs the junction of bone, articular, muscular and ligament structures. It is in the coxofemoral joint and has the function of supporting the whole-body weight, being one of the main joints responsible for ambulation. Objectives: To analyze the comparison of neural mobilization and rhythmic stabilization techniques in range of motion (ROM) and hip pain. Methods: The sample was composed by 20 patients, with mean age of 54±6 years, were divided into two groups of 10 patients: the patients who received the neural mobilization technique (G1) and the patients who received the rhythmic stabilization technique (G2). Results: The mean age of each group was 56±6 years (G1) and 52±6 years (G2). Among the evaluated, 12 (60%) were female, 14 (70%) were married, predominating the profession of housewife (35%). The great majority of the participants (95%) presented pain to the active movement, mainly to the movements of hip flexion and abduction. Regarding passive mobilization, 70% referred pains, predominating to the movements of hip external rotation and abduction. Conclusion: It was concluded that the neural mobilization and rhythmic stabilization techniques had satisfactory results in relation to ROM and pain in the hip region, but rhythmic stabilization had a greater gain of ROM and decrease of pain.
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2015
Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an est... more Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an established food-producing economy at the beginning of the sixth millennium b.c. This article reports on the 2013 season of excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, western Azerbaijan, currently one of the oldest sites providing evidence of early agriculture, which represents the earliest stage of the Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture. Excavations yielded a rich archaeological record that confirmed the intensive exploitation of domesticated cereals and animals over a period ranging from ca. 5950 to 5800 cal b.c. Excavated artifact assemblages have a distinct character, differing from those of later settlements, indicating rapid cultural changes in the first half of the sixth millennium b.c. The assemblages also comprised a small number of elements reminiscent of the Pottery Neolithic traditions from the eastern wing of the Fertile Crescent, suggesting cultural contacts during the earliest stages in the development of an agricultural economy in the southern Caucasus.
The advent of the Neolithic period in Central Asia was marked by the establishment of the Jeitun ... more The advent of the Neolithic period in Central Asia was marked by the establishment of the Jeitun culture during the 7th-6th millennium BCE in the northern foothills of the Kopet Dagh Mountains, South Turkmenistan. Unlike this widely recognized notion, Neolithization in the core regions of Central Asia, further to the east, remains to be clarified. Here, we present new data from the Hissar mountain region, close to the eastern end of western Central Asia. The 2015-2019 excavations of the newly discovered rock shelter of Kaynar Kamar, Uzbekistan, yielded a well-dated cultural sequence spanning over ten millennia starting from the beginning of the Holocene for the first time in this part of Central Asia. The archaeological records indicate a significant cultural change in the early 6th millennium BCE, which likely reflects the introduction of the food production economy in tandem with the Neolithization events occurring in the west. This new result supports the hypothesis of a swift dispersal of the Neolithic economy in western Central Asia. Simultaneously, it helps delineate the environmental conditions that hindered further dispersal to the east.
of fuel in ethnography It has long been noticed that the residues of a burned fuel occupy a large... more of fuel in ethnography It has long been noticed that the residues of a burned fuel occupy a large proportion of the macrobotanical remains obtained by flotation [Miler and Smart 1984; Reddy 1998; Valamoti 2013 and the other papers in Environmental Archaeology, volume 18(1)]. Various combustible materials, such as wood, dung, chaf, straw, roots, or dry herbaceous plants, can be used as fuels for traditional ovens and hearths. Depending upon their nature, these fuels are used for diferent purposes, and the ethnographical records show that their characters are wel recognized by the users. In general, the wood is easy to light and quick to burn, whereas the dung is hard to light and produces long and steady fire. To take advantage of these characters, the dung is generaly used for long-time cooking, like simmering, stewing, or boiling large amount of water [e.g. Sweet 1960]. The wood is appreciated in various purposes, especialy in heating bread ovens. However, the straw and chaf burn o...
Authors: Seiji Kadowaki, Lisa Maher, Marta Portillo, Rosa M. Albert, Chie Akashi, Farhad Guliyev,... more Authors: Seiji Kadowaki, Lisa Maher, Marta Portillo, Rosa M. Albert, Chie Akashi, Farhad Guliyev, Yoshihiro Nishiaki.
This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phytoliths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter.
Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an est... more Recent research on the Neolithic period of the southern Caucasus situates the emergence of an established food-producing economy at the beginning of the sixth millennium b.c. This article reports on the 2013 season of excavations at Hacı Elamxanlı Tepe, western Azerbaijan, currently one of the oldest sites providing evidence of early agriculture, which represents the earliest stage of the Shomutepe-Shulaveri culture. Excavations yielded a rich archaeological record that confirmed the intensive exploitation of domesticated cereals and animals over a period ranging from ca. 5950 to 5800 cal b.c. Excavated artifact assemblages have a distinct character, differing from those of later settlements, indicating rapid cultural changes in the first half of the sixth millennium b.c. The assemblages also comprised a small number of elements reminiscent of the Pottery Neolithic traditions from the eastern wing of the Fertile Crescent, suggesting cultural contacts during the earliest stages in the development of an agricultural economy in the southern Caucasus.
This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage... more This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of G€ oytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phytoliths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter.
"This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Stora... more "This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of Go€ytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phyto- liths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments" "inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter."
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Free access to this article until January 13, 2015
http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Q5FU15SlTQf7A
This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phytoliths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter.
"inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter."
Free access to this article until January 13, 2015
http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1Q5FU15SlTQf7A
This paper presents direct evidence for cereal storage by Neolithic farmers in west Asia. Storage features analyzed this study are circular clay bins that frequently occur at Neolithic settlements (8th millennium cal. BP) in the southern Caucasus. We examined contexts and uses of clay bin features at the Neolithic settlement of Göytepe (Azerbaijan). We analyzed biogenic microfossil evidence (primarily from phytoliths and dung spherulites) and the sediments of the clay bins through micromorphology, in combination with their associated charred macrobotanical remains. While phytoliths and charred botanical remains indicate direct remnants of stored plants, mainly chaffs, micromorphology and the analyses of faecal spherulites allow us to examine depositional and diagenetic processes of the archaeological sediments inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter.
"inside and outside these features. As a result, one of the clay bins was found to retain deposits at its base exhibiting high concentrations of grass phytoliths with relatively high proportions of inflorescences and low percentages of anatomically connected phytoliths in comparison with its upper fill deposits and areas outside of the bin. These finds, combined with the association of the two complete grinding stones inside the bottom of the bin, suggest that the remains of cereal processing activities, specifically dehusking, may have been placed in the bin. This interpretation is corroborated by the recovery of charred rachises and chaffs of wheat and barley as well as micromorphological observations that the bottommost fill of the bin consists almost entirely of grass phytoliths with few very small charcoal fragments and fine amorphous organic matter."