South Asian cities record some of the highest levels of outdoor particulate pollution worldwide. ... more South Asian cities record some of the highest levels of outdoor particulate pollution worldwide. Scientific research over the last two decades has demonstrated that particulate matter is the major pollutant of concern from the health perspective. Current research is focusing on questions relating to particulate matter characteristics such as size, number, and composition, and the mechanisms by which it causes health impacts. This briefing note presents the current understanding of the answers to those questions. South Asia Urban Air Quality Management Briefing Note No. 13 THE WORLD BANK
The need to tackle air pollution from transport is widely acknowledged but the menu of options av... more The need to tackle air pollution from transport is widely acknowledged but the menu of options available is varied and can be daunting. Are there key questions that should be answered to guide policymaking? Under what conditions are the different mitigation measures likely to achieve pollution reduction? Are there critical steps to be taken or underlying conditions that must be met, without which pollution reduction is unlikely? Which mitigation measures are robust, which may be implemented successfully, and which are still in the area of pilot testing? The full report and the abridged version (companion report) provide guidelines and principles for answering these questions and other related questions.
Transport-related air pollution is increasingly contributing to environmental health risks in man... more Transport-related air pollution is increasingly contributing to environmental health risks in many developing country cities. The social costs of poor urban quality can be significant, making this issue an immediate priority. Long-term measures for dealing with the problem include urban planning, and traffic demand management. This paper however, focuses primarily on cost-effective measures, that are feasible to implement, and that can bring measurable results in the short to medium term. There is a tendency in the environment sector, to focus narrowly on controlling emissions by importing the best available technology. Cost-effective, and sustainable solutions, however, require much broader approaches. In developing countries, improving air quality is not simply a matter of importing advanced technologies, while, choices concerning feasibility, sequencing, and timing of pollution reducing measures, have serious fiscal, and economic consequences. Thus the guiding principle for selection of strategies, should be the balancing of costs, benefits, and technical, and institutional feasibility. Monitoring, and enforcement are essential , but countries need to know the nature, and magnitude of the pollution problem, to determine the speed, and rigor with which policies should be implemented. Furthermore, pollution enforcement measures have implications on petroleum taxation, and on the tariff regime, as well as for traffic management.
The iso-butene oligomerization activity of pure and metal-substituted synthetic mica-montmorillon... more The iso-butene oligomerization activity of pure and metal-substituted synthetic mica-montmorillonite (SMM) was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The incorporation of matrix Ni and ion-exchanged Co, Ni and Zn into SMM increased its iso-butene oligomerization activity while the presence of water in the olefinic feed reduced activity. These findings corresponded to trends found in previous work on high pressure (50 MPa) propene oligomerization over SMM and metal-substituted SMM.
Today, Brazil and the United States, which makes ethanol from maize, are the world's two lar... more Today, Brazil and the United States, which makes ethanol from maize, are the world's two largest biofuel markets. In Brazil, after a period of decline in ethanol consumption, new flex-fuel vehiclescapable of running on varying percentages of ethanol are revitalizing the ...
The objective of this paper is to help project teams better articulate the link between their pro... more The objective of this paper is to help project teams better articulate the link between their projects and the World Bank Group's twin corporate goals of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Based on an extensive literature review, this report examines what type of empirical evidence exists to support linking the project interventions to the twin goals. There are many studies citing a strong link between energy, economic growth, and poverty reduction. However, not all of them are robust, and not distinguishing robust studies from flawed ones risks making exaggerated or inaccurate claims about the benefits of an energy project. The detailed review of the published studies contained in this report is intended to point teams to reliable studies and caution against citing results from studies with serious methodological or data problems.
South Asian cities record some of the highest levels of outdoor particulate pollution worldwide. ... more South Asian cities record some of the highest levels of outdoor particulate pollution worldwide. Scientific research over the last two decades has demonstrated that particulate matter is the major pollutant of concern from the health perspective. Current research is focusing on questions relating to particulate matter characteristics such as size, number, and composition, and the mechanisms by which it causes health impacts. This briefing note presents the current understanding of the answers to those questions. South Asia Urban Air Quality Management Briefing Note No. 13 THE WORLD BANK
The need to tackle air pollution from transport is widely acknowledged but the menu of options av... more The need to tackle air pollution from transport is widely acknowledged but the menu of options available is varied and can be daunting. Are there key questions that should be answered to guide policymaking? Under what conditions are the different mitigation measures likely to achieve pollution reduction? Are there critical steps to be taken or underlying conditions that must be met, without which pollution reduction is unlikely? Which mitigation measures are robust, which may be implemented successfully, and which are still in the area of pilot testing? The full report and the abridged version (companion report) provide guidelines and principles for answering these questions and other related questions.
Transport-related air pollution is increasingly contributing to environmental health risks in man... more Transport-related air pollution is increasingly contributing to environmental health risks in many developing country cities. The social costs of poor urban quality can be significant, making this issue an immediate priority. Long-term measures for dealing with the problem include urban planning, and traffic demand management. This paper however, focuses primarily on cost-effective measures, that are feasible to implement, and that can bring measurable results in the short to medium term. There is a tendency in the environment sector, to focus narrowly on controlling emissions by importing the best available technology. Cost-effective, and sustainable solutions, however, require much broader approaches. In developing countries, improving air quality is not simply a matter of importing advanced technologies, while, choices concerning feasibility, sequencing, and timing of pollution reducing measures, have serious fiscal, and economic consequences. Thus the guiding principle for selection of strategies, should be the balancing of costs, benefits, and technical, and institutional feasibility. Monitoring, and enforcement are essential , but countries need to know the nature, and magnitude of the pollution problem, to determine the speed, and rigor with which policies should be implemented. Furthermore, pollution enforcement measures have implications on petroleum taxation, and on the tariff regime, as well as for traffic management.
The iso-butene oligomerization activity of pure and metal-substituted synthetic mica-montmorillon... more The iso-butene oligomerization activity of pure and metal-substituted synthetic mica-montmorillonite (SMM) was studied by simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The incorporation of matrix Ni and ion-exchanged Co, Ni and Zn into SMM increased its iso-butene oligomerization activity while the presence of water in the olefinic feed reduced activity. These findings corresponded to trends found in previous work on high pressure (50 MPa) propene oligomerization over SMM and metal-substituted SMM.
Today, Brazil and the United States, which makes ethanol from maize, are the world's two lar... more Today, Brazil and the United States, which makes ethanol from maize, are the world's two largest biofuel markets. In Brazil, after a period of decline in ethanol consumption, new flex-fuel vehiclescapable of running on varying percentages of ethanol are revitalizing the ...
The objective of this paper is to help project teams better articulate the link between their pro... more The objective of this paper is to help project teams better articulate the link between their projects and the World Bank Group's twin corporate goals of reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. Based on an extensive literature review, this report examines what type of empirical evidence exists to support linking the project interventions to the twin goals. There are many studies citing a strong link between energy, economic growth, and poverty reduction. However, not all of them are robust, and not distinguishing robust studies from flawed ones risks making exaggerated or inaccurate claims about the benefits of an energy project. The detailed review of the published studies contained in this report is intended to point teams to reliable studies and caution against citing results from studies with serious methodological or data problems.
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