Innovations in Web Intelligence

Chapter 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain Abstract The information footprints of a rapidly increasing influx of Internet users present us with an immense source of information that ultimately contributes to the construction of innovative web technology suitable for the future generations. Likewise, Web Intelligence has been presented as the usage of advanced techniques in Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology for the purpose of exploring, analysing, and extracting knowledge from Web data. In this chapter, the use of Web Intelligence is discussed together with ways in which a wide range of research is benefiting this area for the long-term. Also the books’ purpose and structure are introduced, together with all resources used in its construction. 1.1 Introduction Web Intelligence has been considered during the last decade as one of the leading areas of research and development in modern science. Ever since the Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee [3], data about human behaviour and activities has been gathered at different levels. This is specially in terms of their interests when they are arranged to follow a link, the buyers of a specific product, or the way in which they feel about a specific topic in a virtual community. This behaviour has left a footprint that must be considered for further analysis. This information, keeps feeding the Web constantly and which enable us to explore the the dynamics of our society, future trends in various aspects of our every-days life, and other questions which are as yet beyond our imagination. Gastón L’Huillier e-mail: glhuilli@dii.uchile.cl Juan D. Velásquez e-mail: jvelasqu@dii.uchile.cl Web Intelligence Research Group, University of Chile, Department of Industrial Engineering, Repblica 701, Santiago, Chile, Lakhmi C. Jain e-mail: lakhmi@unisa.edu.au KES Centre, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia SA 5095, Australia 1 2 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain The rapid growth of the World Wide Web, the assembly of large scale volumes of web data, and ever exponentially increasing applications has lead to the development of ever smarter approaches to extract patterns and build knowledge with the aide of artificial intelligence techniques. These techniques have been used, together with information technology, in a wide range of applications. This is where semantics, social network analysis, web structure, content, usage, and other aspects have already been and will increasingly keep being included in many application domains. To keep up-to-date in the research areas of Web Intelligence is fundamental to further contribute towards the understanding of how the Web can improve to our everyday life. This is the goal of this book, which is to present advanced techniques in Web Intelligence, show their main contributions, applications, and limitations. This book can be considered as a compendium of today’s techniques that are likely to continue in the development of independent research of areas. Together these represent what the Web Intelligence concept stand for that is; to explore the fundamental roles and impacts of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology for the next generations of Web-empowered products, Systems, Services, and Activities1 . This chapter is structured as follows: First, in section 1.2 a brief overview of advanced techniques in Web Intelligence is presented, and different branches are discussed. Second, in section 1.3, all chapters included in this book are introduced, together with a discussion of their main characteristics. The summary of chapter 1.4. Is given In section 1.5, the main resources considered in writing this book are listed. 1.2 An overview of the Advanced Techniques used in Web Intelligence Web Intelligence covers a wide area here artificial intelligence and information technology are integrated to enhance different web-based applications. Different techniques and technologies have been used by researchers and practitioners over the years. Concepts such as Web information repositories [25], Web user behaviour analysis [20, 23], Web content [15, 21] and structure mining [16], social network analysis [4], the semantic Web [17, 22]. In addition more general concepts such as Knowledge Discovery from Databases [7] and Knowledge Representation [5] are the key to understand the basics from which Web Intelligence has been assembled. In terms of knowledge representation and storage, fields such as logic, ontology, and computation are critical in order to support the basic structure evolving from a Web of data to a Web of knowledge [24]. Furthermore, once knowledge is mined from the web data, different standards, such as the Predictive Model Mark-up Language (PMML) [18], have been developed to store and manage the different patterns extracted from the content. These repositories have been developed for use in Multidimensional Analysis architectures. This is where Extraction, Transformation, and 1 As described by the WI consortium http://wi-consortium.org. 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 3 Loading from web-based resources, Data Web-house Meta-data Modelling, OLAP queries, and its visualization have been extensively studied [19]. As part of the collection, pre-processing, and cleaning of data, several issues on privacy and quality measures must be considered [24]. Different web mining applications, such as Web User Behaviour, Content of Different Web Sites, and the analysis of the web as a graph have been discussed in the areasof Web Intelligence, Data Mining, Machine Learning, Information Retrieval, and Artificial Intelligence communities in various conferences and journals (see section 1.5). Applications oriented to the analysis of information preferences, web usability and usefulness considerations such as helping the web user to find information have been areas of intrust. They have found the centre of attention for web usage mining researchers [24]. Other applications, such as the identification of where, how, and items which must be considered in a particular content of a given web site has formed the focus for Web Content Mining researchers [6]. The structure, representation, and its analysis has been considered as part of Web structure mining [16] and the information retrieval [2]. In previous applications, traditional supervised and un-supervised machine learning algorithms [10, 14], and data quality, visualization, characterization, analysis techniques have been developed for the Web Intelligence Community [24]. In all of the latter applications, the original Web data is presented in appropriate formats that must be processed and represented in terms for the technique to be used. In this context, Web logs, the Web-site contents, and the Hyperlink Structure of the Web, have been considered as the main source of information. Privacy issues on the sessionization process, such as using invasive tools to identify the users [24], and social network analysis where the user’s contacts are exposed, have been the focus of further developments in privacy preserving data mining for Web Intelligence applications [1, 26]. One of the most promising research and application areas in Web Intelligence are the social networks and in web communities’ analysis [8, 12, 17]. First studies on web structure has led to different ranking algorithms and techniques that are currently used in the analysis on how communities are formed. This includes the HITS algorithm, where authorities and hubs are identified [13]. Nowadays the content is not exclusively reserved for expert web-masters. The content on the Web is being developed by almost all of its users in web blogging, web forums, microblogging, virtual encyclopedias, social network applications. This enables the storage and generation of linked and structured information, that can be associated with text messages and multimedia information such as pictures and videos. All of these are currently being considered as a rich source of many research projects, where techniques such as social network analysis, text mining, and web mining are used together. Finally, advances in Web Intelligence research are being focused on the enhancement of the semantic Web. The main objective is to provide a Web of descriptive meaning. There are different key aspects of knowledge representation such as computational linguistics, and other related Computer Science areas which have contributed to its development [22, 27]. Several standards for meta-data processing 4 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) [11], Web Ontology Language (OWL) [9], and social network representations of RDF, such as Friend of a Friend (FOAF) [8], have been proposed as contributions to semantics considerations in the Web. 1.3 Chapters Included in the Book This book contains ten chapters and is edited using the contributions of various researchers and experts in the Web Intelligence field. In a broad perspective, this book includes topics such as Knowledge Representation and Pattern Extraction Storage, Web Content Mining for Information Granules (introduced as MicroGenres), Web Structure Mining, Web Usage Mining, Web Services Applications for Ubiquitous Computing, Ubiquitous Services in Social Networks, Ontology Engineering, and Web Intelligence in the Social Web. Chapter two, Advanced Techniques in Web Data Pre-Processing and Cleaning by Pablo R. Roman, Robert F. Dell, and Juan D. Velasquéz, presents different approaches and issues regarding the pre-processing and cleaning of Web data. Different characteristics for different Web Intelligence, such as Web Structure Mining, Web Content Mining, and Web Usage Mining Applicatiions are discussed. Chapter three, Web Pattern Extraction and Storage by Victor L. Rebolledo, Gastón L’Huillier, and Juan D. Velásquez, addresses juvenal different technology based architectures used for knowledge representation and pattern storage. Here, a large number of techniques for pattern extraction, such as Feature Selection and Extraction, Data Mining models, Model Assessment, and Performance Measures, from Web Data and its Multidimensional Storage by using PMML is presented. Chapter four, Web Content Mining Using MicroGenres by Václav Snášel, Miloš Kudělka, and Zdeněk Horák, introduces an specific application of web content mining using MicroGenres, where specific components of a web page are identified and analysed. Chapter five, Web Structure Mining by Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Paolo Boldi, presents basic properties, concepts, and models of the Web graph. Also, Developments in Link Ranking and Web Page Clustering are discussed, as well as Algorithmic issues as Streaming Computation on Graphs and Web graph Compression. Chapter six, Web Usage Mining by Pablo E. Roman, Gastón L’Huillier, and Juan D. Velásquez, presents different techniques and issues regarding the characterization of the web user browser behaviour, as well as the representation of its preferences, and further techniques used for its Pattern Extraction. Finally, recent applications on Adaptive Web Sites, Web Personalization, and Recommendation are discussed. Chapter seven, User-Centric Web Services for Ubiquitous Computing by InYoung Ko, Hyung-Min Koo, and Angel Jimenez-Molina, presents a novel application of Web Services in Ubitiqitous Computing in which essential requirements, current research on different frameworks, and a Task-Oriented Services Framework are discussed together with a demo application example. 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 5 Chapter eight, Ontological Engineering and the Semantic Web by José Manuel Gómez-Perez and Carlos Ruiz, discusses fundamental concepts on Knowledge Representation and Ontology Engineering, as well as a Methodological Approach to Ontology Engineering, introduced as Methontology. Afterwards, a discussion on Reasoning, Modularization and Customization, Networked Ontologies, and Ontology development frameworks is overviewed, Applications such as Semantic web services, semantic applications in Public Administrations, semantic applications in eBusiness, and new challenges in the semantic cloud. Chapter nine, Web Intelligence on the Social Web by Sebastián A. Rı́os and Felipe Aguilera, presents an overview on how virtual communities and social networks could be analysed and how knowledge could be extracted. Also, different web mining techniques and how they could be applied to social network analysis introduced. A brief introduction on how web mining could be applied in Semantic Web Sites from a Social Network Analysis point of view is discussed. The Final chapter, Intelligent Ubiquitous Services also Based on Social Networks by Jason J. Jung, presents an application how web intelligence could bring to Social ubiquitous services to social networks intelligent where different components, Network Intelligent Ubiquitous Services, where different components, such as the interactive discovery of social networks, and how an ontology-based context fusion can be applied to mobile services. 1.4 Summary In this chapter broad areas of Web Intelligence have been discussed and analysed from this books perspective. A general overview of this book’s chapters was introduced and a comprehensive list of the resources employed throughout this part of the book. The remaining chapters will consider on further details on recent advances in their respective Web Intelligence field. 1.5 Resources A sample of the resources for the Web Intelligence used in this book is given. First, a list of the main Journals in the field is the given. Secondly, a list of the conferences, and their proceedings are listed by the preparation of conference series and years. Finally, the list of Web Intelligence Related Books used in this book are 6 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain 1.5.1 Journals • IEEE Internet Computing, IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, www.computer.org/internet/ • AI Magazine, USA, www.aaai.org • Web Intelligence and Agent Systems, IOS Press, The Netherlands, http://wi-consortium.org/journal.html • International Journal of Knowledge and Web Intelligence (IJKWI), Inter-Science. • International Journal of Knowledge-Based Intelligent Engineering Systems, IOS Press, The Netherlands, www.kesinternational.org/journal/ • IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (TKDE), IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, www.computer.org/tkde • Data & Knowledge Engineering (DKE), Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., The Netherlands, www.elsevier.com/locate/datak • Knowledge-Based Systems, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., The Netherlands, www.elsevier.com/locate/knosys • Artificial Intelligence, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., The Netherlands, www.elsevier.com/locate/artint • Computer, IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, www.computer.org/compute • Journal of Web Semantics, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., The Netherlands, http://www.elsevier.com/locate/websem • International Journal of Semantic Web and Information Systems, IGI Global www.ijswis.org/ • ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, ACM Press, USA, http://toit.acm.org/ • Communications of the ACM, ACM Press, USA, http://cacm.acm.org/ • IEEE Pervasive Computing, IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, www.computer.org/pervasive/ • IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, IEEE Computer Society Press, USA, http://www.ieeesmc.org/publications/index.html • ACM Computing Surveys, ACM Press, USA, http://surveys.acm.org/ • Knowledge and Information Systems, Springer Science+Business Media, USA, www.cs.uvm.edu/˜kais/ • Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Springer Science+Business Media, USA • Internet Mathematics, A K Peters ltd. Publishers of Science and Technology www.internetmathematics.org/ 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 7 • Machine Learning, Springer Science+Business Media, USA • Journal of Machine Learning Research, MIT Press, USA http://jmlr.csail.mit.edu/ • SIGKDD Explorations, ACM Press, USA, www.sigkdd.org/explorations/ 1.5.2 Conferences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) KES International Conference Series (KES) Australian World Wide Web Conferences ACM International Conferences on Web Search and Web Data Mining (WSDM) ACM Conferences on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) ACM International Conferences on World Wide Web (WWW) International Conferences on Very Large Data Bases (VLDP) International Conferences on Web Information Systems Engineering (WISE) ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) ACM International Conferences on Machine Learning (ICML) IEEE International Conferences on Data Mining (ICDM) International ACM SIGIR Conferences on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM) Pacific-Asia Conferences in Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD) International Semantic Web Conferences (ISWC) International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) 1.5.3 Conferences Proceedings • Juan D. Velásquez, Sebastı́an A. Rı́os, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 13th International Conference, KES 2009, Santiago, Chile, September 28-30, 2009, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5711 Springer 2009 • Juan D. Velásquez, Sebastı́an A. Rı́os, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 13th International Conference, KES 2009, Santiago, Chile, September 28-30, 2009, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5712 Springer 2009 • Ignac Lovrek, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 12th International Conference, 8 • • • • • • • • • • Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain KES 2008, Zagreb, Croatia, September 3-5, 2008, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5177 Springer 2008 Ignac Lovrek, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 12th International Conference, KES 2008, Zagreb, Croatia, September 3-5, 2008, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5178 Springer 2008 Ignac Lovrek, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 12th International Conference, KES 2008, Zagreb, Croatia, September 3-5, 2008, Proceedings, Part III. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5179 Springer 2008 Bruno Apolloni, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 11th International Conference, KES 2007, XVII Italian Workshop on Neural Networks, Vietri sul Mare, Italy, September 12-14, 2007. Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4692 Springer 2007 Bruno Apolloni, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 11th International Conference, KES 2007, XVII Italian Workshop on Neural Networks, Vietri sul Mare, Italy, September 12-14, 2007. Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4693 Springer 2007 Bruno Apolloni, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 11th International Conference, KES 2007, XVII Italian Workshop on Neural Networks, Vietri sul Mare, Italy, September 12-14, 2007, Proceedings, Part III. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4694 Springer 2007 Bogdan Gabrys, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 10th International Conference, KES 2006, Bournemouth, UK, October 9-11, 2006, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4251 Springer 2006 Bogdan Gabrys, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 10th International Conference, KES 2006, Bournemouth, UK, October 9-11, 2006, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4252 Springer 2006 Bogdan Gabrys, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 10th International Conference, KES 2006, Bournemouth, UK, October 9-11, 2006, Proceedings, Part III. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4253 Springer 2006 Rajiv Khosla, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 9th International Conference, KES 2005, Melbourne, Australia, September 14-16, 2005, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3681 Springer 2005 Rajiv Khosla, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 9th International Conference, KES 2005, Melbourne, Australia, September 14-16, 2005, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3682 Springer 2005 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 9 • Rajiv Khosla, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 9th International Conference, KES 2005, Melbourne, Australia, September 14-16, 2005, Proceedings, Part III. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3683 Springer 2005 • Rajiv Khosla, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 9th International Conference, KES 2005, Melbourne, Australia, September 14-16, 2005, Proceedings, Part IV. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3684 Springer 2005 • Mircea Gh. Negoita, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): KnowledgeBased Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 8th International Conference, KES 2004, Wellington, New Zealand, September 20-25, 2004. Proceedings. Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3213 Springer 2004 ’ • Mircea Gh. Negoita, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): KnowledgeBased Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 8th International Conference, KES 2004, Wellington, New Zealand, September 20-25, 2004. Proceedings. Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3214 Springer 2004 • Mircea Gh. Negoita, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): KnowledgeBased Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 8th International Conference, KES 2004, Wellington, New Zealand, September 20-25, 2004. Proceedings. Part III. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3215 Springer 2004 • Vasile Palade, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 7th International Conference, KES 2003, Oxford, UK, September 3-5, 2003, Proceedings, Part I. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2773 Springer 2003 • Vasile Palade, Robert J. Howlett, Lakhmi C. Jain (Eds.): Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, 7th International Conference, KES 2003, Oxford, UK, September 3-5, 2003, Proceedings, Part II. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2774 Springer 2003 • Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2008), December 15-19, 2008, Pisa, Italy. IEEE Computer Society 2008 • Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2007), October 28-31, 2007, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. IEEE Computer Society 2007 • David Wai-Lok Cheung, Il-Yeol Song, Wesley W. Chu, Xiaohua Hu, Jimmy J. Lin (Eds.): Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2009, Hong Kong, China, November 2-6, 2009. ACM 2009 • James G. Shanahan, Sihem Amer-Yahia, Ioana Manolescu, Yi Zhang, David A. Evans, Aleksander Kolcz, Key-Sun Choi, Abdur Chowdhury (Eds.): Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2008, Napa Valley, California, USA, October 26-30, 2008. ACM 2008 • Mário J. Silva, Alberto H. F. Laender, Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Deborah L. McGuinness, Bjrn Olstad, ystein Haug Olsen, Andr O. Falco (Eds.): Proceedings of the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2007, Lisbon, Portugal, November 6-10, 2007. ACM 2007 10 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain • Otthein Herzog, Hans-Jrg Schek, Norbert Fuhr, Abdur Chowdhury, Wilfried Teiken (Eds.): Proceedings of the 2005 ACM CIKM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Bremen, Germany, October 31 November 5, 2005. ACM 2005 • Proceedings of the 2001 ACM CIKM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, November 5-10, 2001. ACM 2001 • Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Paolo Boldi, Berthier A. Ribeiro-Neto, Berkant Barla Cambazoglu (Eds.): Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Web Search and Web Data Mining, WSDM 2009, Barcelona, Spain, February 9-11, 2009. ACM 2009 • Juan Quemada, Gonzalo Len, Yolle S. Maarek, Wolfgang Nejdl (Eds.): Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2009, Madrid, Spain, April 20-24, 2009. ACM 2009 • Klemens Böhm, Christian S. Jensen, Laura M. Haas, Martin L. Kersten, Per-Åke Larson, Beng Chin Ooi (Eds.): Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Trondheim, Norway, August 30 - September 2, 2005. ACM 2005 • Mario A. Nascimento, M. Tamer zsu, Donald Kossmann, Rene J. Miller, Jos A. Blakeley, K. Bernhard Schiefer (Eds.): (e)Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Toronto, Canada, August 31 September 3 2004. Morgan Kaufmann 2004 • Peter M. G. Apers, Paolo Atzeni, Stefano Ceri, Stefano Paraboschi, Kotagiri Ramamohanarao, Richard T. Snodgrass (Eds.): VLDB 2001, Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, September 11-14, 2001, Roma, Italy. Morgan Kaufmann 2001 • Amr El Abbadi, Michael L. Brodie, Sharma Chakravarthy, Umeshwar Dayal, Nabil Kamel, Gunter Schlageter, Kyu-Young Whang (Eds.): VLDB 2000, Proceedings of 26th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, September 10-14, 2000, Cairo, Egypt. • Jorge B. Bocca, Matthias Jarke, Carlo Zaniolo (Eds.): Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, (VLDB’94), September 1215, 1994, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Morgan Kaufmann • IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, WI 2009, Milan, Italy, 15-18 September 2009, Main Conference Proceedings. IEEE 2009 • IEEE / WIC / ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence, WI 2008, 9-12 December 2008, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Main Conference Proceedings. IEEE 2008 • IEEE / WIC / ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2006), 18-22 December 2006, Hong Kong, China. IEEE Computer Society 2006 • IEEE / WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence, (WI 2003), 13-17 October 2003, Halifax, Canada. IEEE Computer Society 2003 • Manuela M. Veloso (Ed.): IJCAI 2007, Proceedings of the 20th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Hyderabad, India, January 6-12, 2007 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 11 • Georg Gottlob, Toby Walsh (Eds.): IJCAI-03, Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Acapulco, Mexico, August 9-15, 2003. Morgan Kaufmann 2003 • Abraham Bernstein, David R. Karger, Tom Heath, Lee Feigenbaum, Diana Maynard, Enrico Motta, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan (Eds.): The Semantic Web ISWC 2009, 8th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2009, Chantilly, VA, USA, October 25-29, 2009. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5823 Springer 2009 • Amit P. Sheth, Steffen Staab, Mike Dean, Massimo Paolucci, Diana Maynard, Timothy W. Finin, Krishnaprasad Thirunarayan (Eds.): The Semantic Web ISWC 2008, 7th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2008, Karlsruhe, Germany, October 26-30, 2008. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5318 Springer 2008 • Isabel F. Cruz, Stefan Decker, Dean Allemang, Chris Preist, Daniel Schwabe, Peter Mika, Michael Uschold, Lora Aroyo (Eds.): The Semantic Web - ISWC 2006, 5th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2006, Athens, GA, USA, November 5-9, 2006, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4273 Springer 2006 • Sheila A. McIlraith, Dimitris Plexousakis, Frank van Harmelen (Eds.): The Semantic Web - ISWC 2004: Third International Semantic Web Conference,Hiroshima, Japan, November 7-11, 2004. Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3298 Springer 2004 • Isabel F. Cruz, Vipul Kashyap, Stefan Decker, Rainer Eckstein (Eds.): Proceedings of SWDB’03, The first International Workshop on Semantic Web and Databases, Co-located with VLDB 2003, Humboldt-Universitt, Berlin, Germany • Wessel Kraaij, Arjen P. de Vries, Charles L. A. Clarke, Norbert Fuhr, Noriko Kando (Eds.): SIGIR 2007: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 23-27, 2007. ACM 2007 • Efthimis N. Efthimiadis, Susan T. Dumais, David Hawking, Kalervo Jrvelin (Eds.): SIGIR 2006: Proceedings of the 29th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Seattle, Washington, USA, August 6-11, 2006. ACM 2006 • SIGIR ’98: Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, August 24-28 1998, Melbourne, Australia. ACM 1998 • James Bailey, David Maier, Klaus-Dieter Schewe, Bernhard Thalheim, Xiaoyang Sean Wang (Eds.): Web Information Systems Engineering - WISE 2008, 9th International Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, September 1-3, 2008. Proceedings • Jinpeng Huai, Robin Chen, Hsiao-Wuen Hon, Yunhao Liu, Wei-Ying Ma, Andrew Tomkins, Xiaodong Zhang (Eds.): Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2008, Beijing, China, April 21-25, 2008. ACM 2008 12 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain • Carey L. Williamson, Mary Ellen Zurko, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Prashant J. Shenoy (Eds.): Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2007, Banff, Alberta, Canada, May 8-12, 2007. ACM 2007 • Les Carr, David De Roure, Arun Iyengar, Carole A. Goble, Michael Dahlin (Eds.): Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2006, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, May 23-26, 2006. ACM 2006 • Allan Ellis, Tatsuya Hagino (Eds.): Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2005, Chiba, Japan, May 10-14, 2005. ACM 2005 • Stuart I. Feldman, Mike Uretsky, Marc Najork, Craig E. Wills (Eds.): Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web, WWW 2004, New York, NY, USA, May 17-20, 2004. ACM 2004 • International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (IW3C2), Proceedings of the Twelfth International World Wide Web Conference, WWW2003, Budapest, Hungary, 20-24 May 2003. ACM 2003 • International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee (IW3C2), Proceedings of the Tenth International World Wide Web Conference, WWW 10, Hong Kong, China, May 1-5, 2001. ACM 2001 • Lora Aroyo, Paolo Traverso, Fabio Ciravegna, Philipp Cimiano, Tom Heath, Eero Hyvnen, Riichiro Mizoguchi, Eyal Oren, Marta Sabou, Elena Paslaru Bontas Simperl (Eds.): The Semantic Web: Research and Applications, 6th European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2009, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, May 31-June 4, 2009, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5554 Springer 2009 • John F. Elder IV, Franoise Fogelman-Souli, Peter A. Flach, Mohammed Javeed Zaki (Eds.): Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Paris, France, June 28 - July 1, 2009. ACM 2009 • Ying Li, Bing Liu, Sunita Sarawagi (Eds.): Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, August 24-27, 2008. ACM 2008 • Pavel Berkhin, Rich Caruana, Xindong Wu (Eds.): Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Jose, California, USA, August 12-15, 2007. ACM 2007 • Tina Eliassi-Rad, Lyle H. Ungar, Mark Craven, Dimitrios Gunopulos (Eds.): Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Philadelphia, PA, USA, August 20-23, 2006. ACM 2006 • Won Kim, Ron Kohavi, Johannes Gehrke, William DuMouchel (Eds.): Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Seattle, Washington, USA, August 22-25, 2004. ACM 2004 • Lise Getoor, Ted E. Senator, Pedro Domingos, Christos Faloutsos (Eds.): Proceedings of the Ninth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Washington, DC, USA, August 24 - 27, 2003. ACM 2003 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 13 • Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, August 20-23, 2000, Boston, MA, USA. ACM 2000 • Thanaruk Theeramunkong, Boonserm Kijsirikul, Nick Cercone, Tu Bao Ho (Eds.): Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 13th Pacific-Asia Conference, PAKDD 2009, Bangkok, Thailand, April 27-30, 2009, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5476 Springer 2009 • Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC 2009), 14-16 September 2009, Berkeley, CA, USA. IEEE Computer Society 2009 • Proceedings of the First SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, April 5-7, 2001, Chicaco, Illinois, USA. SIAM 2001 • Gerhard Weikum, Arnd Christian König, Stefan Deßloch (Eds.): Proceedings of the ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Paris, France, June 13-18, 2004. ACM 2004 • 6th Atlantic Web Intelligence Conference, September 9-11, 2009 - Prague, Czech Republic • Jean-Franois Boulicaut, Floriana Esposito, Fosca Giannotti, Dino Pedreschi (Eds.): Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2004, 8th European Conference on Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases, Pisa, Italy, September 20-24, 2004, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3202 Springer 2004 • Zoubin Ghahramani (Ed.): Machine Learning, Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Conference (ICML 2007), Corvalis, Oregon, USA, June 20-24, 2007. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 227 ACM 2007 • Carla E. Brodley, Andrea Pohoreckyj Danyluk (Eds.): Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2001), Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA, June 28 - July 1, 2001. Morgan Kaufmann 2001 • Chee Yong Chan, Prasenjit Mitra (Eds.): 11th ACM International Workshop on Web Information and Data Management (WIDM 2009), Hong Kong, China, November 2, 2009. ACM 2009 • Roger H. L. Chiang, Alberto H. F. Laender, Ee-Peng Lim (Eds.): Fifth ACM CIKM International Workshop on Web Information and Data Management (WIDM 2003), New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, November 7-8, 2003. ACM 2003 • Roger H. L. Chiang, Ee-Peng Lim (Eds.): 3rd International Workshop on Web Information and Data Management (WIDM 2001), Friday, 9 November 2001, In Conjunction with ACM CIKM 2001, Doubletree Hotel Atlanta-Buckhead, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. ACM, 2001 1.5.4 Books • Baeza-Yates, R. and Ribeiro-Neto, B. Modern Information Retrieval. AddisonWesley, 1999. Second edition will apear in 2010. 14 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain • Euzenat, J. and Shvaiko, P. Ontology Matching. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (DE), 2007. • Liu, B. (Ed.). Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Content and Usage Data. Springer Berlin-Heidelberg, 2006. • Velásquez, J. D. and Palade, V. Adaptive Web Sites: A knowledge extraction from web data approach. IOS Press, Amsterdam, NL, 2008. • Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J.. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Second Edition (Springer Series in Statistics). Springer-Verlag, 2nd ed. 2009. • Inmon, W. H. Building the Data Warehouse, 4rd Edition. Wiley Publishing, 2005. • Kimball, R. and Ross, M. The Data Warehouse Toolkit: The Complete Guide to Dimensional Modeling (Second Edition). Wiley, 2002. • Kohonen, T., Schroeder, M. R., and Huang, T. S. (Eds). Self-Organizing Maps. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Secaucus, NJ, USA, 2001. • Markov, Z. and Larose, D. T. Data Mining the Web: Uncovering Patterns in Web Content, Structure, and Usage. Wiley-Interscience, 2007. • Mitchell, T. M. Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997. • Schölkopf, B. and Smola, A.J. Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2001. • Vapnik, V. N. The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory (Information Science and Statistics). Springer, 1999. • Graham, L. A pattern language for web usability. Addison-Wesley, 2003. • Han, J., Kamber, M. Data mining: Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, 2000. • Dorogovtsev, S.N., Mendes, J.F.F. Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics). Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 2003. • Wasserman, S., Faust, K., Iacobucci, D. Social Network Analysis : Methods and Applications (Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences). Cambridge University Press, 1994 • Salomon, D. Variable-length Codes for Data Compression. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., Secaucus, NJ, USA, 2007. • Ingwersen, P. and Jirvelin, K. The Turn: Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Springer, first edition, 2005. • Kausshik, A. Web Analytics 2.0: The Art of Online Accountability and Science of Customer Centricity. Sybex, 2009. • Langford, D. Internet ethics. MacMillan Press Ltd, 2000. • Manning, C. D. and Schutze, H. Fundation of Statistical Natural Language Processing. The MIT Press, 1999. • Resnick, S. I. Adventures in stochastic processes. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, Switzerland, 1992. • Wenger, E., McDermott, R., and Snyder, W. Cultivating communities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Harvard Business School Press, 2002. 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 15 • Henninger, M., The Hidden Web, Second Edition, University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Australia, 2008. • Jain, L.C., Sato, M., Virvou, M., Tsihrintzis, G., Balas, V. and Abeynayake, C. (Eds), Computational Intelligence Paradigms: Volume 1 – Innovative Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2008. • Fulcher, J. and Jain, L.C., Computational Intelligence: A Compendium, SpringerVerlag, 2008. • Virvou, M. and Jain, L.C. (Eds.), Intelligent Interactive Systems in KnowledgeBased Environments, Springer-Verlag, 2008. • Sato, M. and Jain, L.C., Innovations in Fuzzy Clustering, Springer-Verlag, 2006. • Holmes, D. and Jain, L.C. (Eds.), Innovations in Machine Learning, SpringerVerlag, 2006. • Ghosh, A. and Jain, L.C.(Eds.), Evolutionary Computation in Data Mining, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2005. • Pal, N. and Jain, L.C. (Eds.), Advanced Techniques in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Springer-Verlag, London, 2005 • Nikravesh, M., et al. (Ed.), Enhancing the power of Internet, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2004. • Fulcher, J. and Jain, L.C. (Eds.), Applied Intelligent Systems, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2004. • Resconi, G. and Jain, L.C., (Eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theory and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2004. • Abraham, A. et al. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Intelligent Paradigms and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2003. • Howlett, R., Ichalkaranje, N., Jain, L.C. and Tonfoni, G. (Eds), Internet-Based Intelligent Information Processing, World Scientific Publishing Company Singapore, 2002. • Seiffert, U. and Jain, L.C. (Eds.), Self-Organising neural Networks, SpringerVerlag, Germany, 2002. • Jain, L.C., et al. (Eds.), Intelligent Agents and Their Applications, SpringerVerlag, Germany, 2002. • Jain, L.C. and De Wilde, P. (Eds.), Practical Applications of Computational Intelligence Techniques, Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA, 2001. • Jain, L.C. and Fanelli, A.M. (Eds.), Recent Advances in Artificial Neural Networks: Design and Applications, CRC Press, USA, 2000. • Lazzerini, B., et al., Fuzzy Sets and their Applications to Clustering and Training, CRC Press USA, 2000. • Jain, L.C. and Martin, N.M. (Eds.), Fusion of Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic and Evolutionary Computing and their Applications, CRC Press USA, 1999. • Jain, L.C. and Vemuri, R. (Eds.), Industrial Applications of Neural Networks, CRC Press USA, 1998. • Sato, M. et al., Fuzzy Clustering Models and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 1997. • Vazirgiannis, M., et al., Uncertainty Handling and Quality Assessment in Data Mining, Springer-Verlag, London, 2003. 16 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain • Gomez-Perez, et al., Ontological Engineering, Springer-Verlag, London, 2004. • Zhang, S., et. al., Knowledge Discovery in Multiple Databases, Springer-Verlag, London, 2004. • Ko, C.C., Creating Web-based Laboratories, Springer-Verlag, London, 2004. • Grana, M., et al.(Eds.), Information Processing with Evolutionary Algorithms, Springer-Verlag, London, 2005. • Stuckenschmidt, H. and Harmelen, F.V., Information Sharing on the Semantic Web, Springer-Verlag, London, 2005. • Wang, L. and Fu, X., Data Mining with Computational Intelligence, SpringerVerlag, London, 2005. • Abraham, A., Koppen, M. and Franke, K. (Eds.), Design and Applications of Hybrid Intelligent Systems, IOS Press, The Netherlands • Turchetti, C., Stochastic Models of Neural Networks, IOS Press, The Netherlands. • Loia, V. (Editor), Soft Computing Agents, IOS Press, The Netherlands. • Abraham, A., et al. (Eds.), Soft Computing Systems, IOS Press, The Netherlands. • Motoda, H., Active Mining, IOS Press, The Netherlands. • Nayak, R., Ichalkaranje, N. and Jain, L.C. (Editors), Evolution of the Web in Artificial Intelligence Environments, Springer-Verlag, 2008. • Castellano, G.; Jain, L.C. and Fanelli, A.M. (Editors), Web Personalization in Intelligent Environments, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2009. • Lim, C.P., Jain, L.C. and Satchidananda, D. (Editors), Innovations in Swarm Intelligence, Springer-Velag, Germany, 2009. • Teodorescu, H.N., Watada, J. and Jain, L.C. (Editors), Intelligent Systems and Technologies, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2009. • Mumford, C. and Jain, L.C. (Editors), Computational Intelligence: Collaboration, Fusion and Emergence, Springer-Verlag, 2009. • Nguyen, N.T. and Jain, L.C. (Editors), Intelligent Agents in the Evolution of Web and Applications, Springer-Verlag, Germany, 2009. • Bianchini, M., Maggini, M., Scarselli, F. and Jain, L.C. (Editors), Innovations in Neural Information Processing Paradigms and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2010. References 1. Rakesh Agrawal and Ramakrishnan Srikant. Privacy-preserving data mining. SIGMOD Rec., 29(2):439–450, 2000. 2. Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates and Berthier Ribeiro-Neto. Modern Information Retrieval. AddisonWesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA, 1999. 3. T. Berners-Lee, R. Cailliau, A. Luotonen, H. F. Nielsen, and A. Secret. The world wide web. Communications of ACM, 37(8):76–82, 1994. 4. C. Chair-Giles. Sna-kdd ’09: Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on social network mining and analysis, 2009. Program Chair-Giles, C. Lee and Program Chair-Mitra, Prasenjit and Program Chair-Perisic, Igor and Program Chair-Yen, John and Program Chair-Zhang, Haizheng. 1 Innovations in Web Intelligence 17 5. Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits. What is knowledge representation. AI Magazine, 14(1):17–33, 1993. 6. Luis E. Dujovne and Juan D. Velásquez. Design and implementation of a methodology for identifying website keyobjects. In Juan D. Velásquez, Sebastián A. Rı́os, Robert J. Howlett, and Lakhmi C. Jain, editors, KES (1), volume 5711 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 301–308. Springer, 2009. 7. Usama M. Fayyad, Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro, and Padhraic Smyth. From data mining to knowledge discovery: an overview, pages 1–34. American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, USA, 1996. 8. Jennifer Golbeck and Matthew Rothstein. Linking social networks on the web with foaf: a semantic web case study. In AAAI’08: Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence, pages 1138–1143. AAAI Press, 2008. 9. Bernardo Cuenca Grau, Ian Horrocks, Boris Motik, Bijan Parsia, Peter Patel-Schneider, and Ulrike Sattler. Owl 2: The next step for owl. Web Semant., 6(4):309–322, 2008. 10. Jiawei Han and Kevin Chang. Data mining for web intelligence. Computer, 35(11):64–70, 2002. 11. Andreas Harth and Stefan Decker. Optimized index structures for querying rdf from the web. In LA-WEB ’05: Proceedings of the Third Latin American Web Congress, page 71, Washington, DC, USA, 2005. IEEE Computer Society. 12. Henry Kautz, Bart Selman, and Mehul Shah. Referral web: combining social networks and collaborative filtering. Commun. ACM, 40(3):63–65, 1997. 13. Jon M. Kleinberg. Authoritative sources in a hyperlinked environment. J. ACM, 46(5):604– 632, 1999. 14. Raymond Kosala and Hendrik Blockeel. Web mining research: a survey. SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 2(1):1–15, 2000. 15. Milos Kudelka, Václav Snásel, Zdenek Horak, and Ajith Abraham. Social aspects of web page contents. In Ajith Abraham, Václav Snásel, and Katarzyna Wegrzyn-Wolska, editors, CASoN, pages 80–87. IEEE Computer Society, 2009. 16. B. Liu. Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Content and Usage Data. Springer, first edition, 2007. 17. Peter Mika. Social networks and the semantic web. Web Intelligence, IEEE / WIC / ACM International Conference on, 0:285–291, 2004. 18. Rick Pechter. What’s pmml and what’s new in pmml 4.0? SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 11(1):19– 25, 2009. 19. V.L. Rebolledo and J.D. Velásquez. A platform for extracting and storing web data. In 13th International Conference of Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, volume 5711 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pages 843–850. SpringerVerlag, 2009. 20. Sebastián A. Rı́os and Juan D. Velásquez. Semantic web usage mining by a concept-based approach for off-line web site enhancements. In Web Intelligence, pages 234–241. IEEE, 2008. 21. Sebastián A. Rı́os, Juan D. Velásquez, Eduardo S. Vera, Hiroshi Yasuda, and Terumasa Aoki. Improving web site content using a concept-based knowledge discovery process. In Web Intelligence, pages 361–365. IEEE Computer Society, 2006. 22. Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee, and Wendy Hall. The semantic web revisited. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(3):96–101, 2006. 23. Jaideep Srivastava, Robert Cooley, Mukund Deshpande, and Pang-Ning Tan. Web usage mining: discovery and applications of usage patterns from web data. SIGKDD Explor. Newsl., 1(2):12–23, 2000. 24. J. D. Velasquez and V. Palade. Adaptive Web Sites: A Knowledge Extraction from Web Data Approach. IOS Press, 2008. 25. J.D. Velásquez and Vasile Palade. A knowledge base for the maintenance of knowledge extracted from web data. Knowledge Based Systems, 20(3):238–248, 2007. 26. Yabo Xu, Ke Wang, Benyu Zhang, and Zheng Chen. Privacy-enhancing personalized web search. In WWW ’07: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web, pages 591–600, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM. 18 Gastón L’Huillier, Juan D. Velásquez, and Lakhmi C. Jain 27. JingTao Yao, Vijay V. Raghavan, and Zonghuan Wu. Web information fusion: A review of the state of the art. Inf. Fusion, 9(4):446–449, 2008.