Existence, Option, and User Demands for Nonmarket Resources

Water Resources Research, 1987

With the advent of Executive Order 12291, policymakers involved in water quality regulation are increasingly interested in assessing the benefits of their programs. Several methods for valuing water quality improvements using recreational demand models have been developed by economists, most of which depend on observing recreationists visiting an array of sites with varying water quality and costs of access. In this paper, three general types of models are described: systems of demands, discrete choice models, and the hedonic travel cost approach; the latter two models are demonstrated using a common data set on water quality and swimming behavior in the Boston area. The models are contrasted and their relative usefulness in answering policy questions explored.

Journal of Leisure Research, 1995

This study reports results from the applications of a discrete choice method to alternative choice processes individuals go through and the factors that are considered when making boating decisions. The discrete choice or random utility model for studying outdoor recreation demand is described. Using a random household-based sample of registered boat owners living in the region surrounding the Catawba River Basin in North Carolina, we test our assumptions about the sequences of boating choice decisions that are made by individuals. We begin with a boating activity and destination lake choice problem. We conclude with a more complex choice problem that includes boating activities, an intervening choice of boat launching facilities, and destination lakes. Results indicate that the boating choice model appeared to benefit from this nesting of decisions. Estimations from discrete choice equations produce probabilistic outcomes for boating demands that are useful to managers in determining the amount of boating trips to each lake in a region and in calculating estimates of the willingness to pay per boating occasion to each lake.

Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2013

We report results from contingent valuation studies in each of two Tasmanian fisheries that estimate the value of a day's recreational fishing. Published studies estimating the economic value of recreational fishing in Australia and New Zealand are limited, although the economic and social benefits associated with this activity are sizable and the importance of understanding the behaviour of recreational fishers for the sustainable management of aquatic resources is well recognised. In our contingent valuation surveys, we use a double-bounded version of the dichotomous choice question, which improves the statistical efficiency of the estimates relative to those based on a single dichotomous choice question. We test and control for response bias, in the form of anchoring and a shift effect, that may occur in data collected using a double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) elicitation format. We highlight the importance of identifying and correcting for response bias in DBDC models on a case-by-case basis. Our estimation results show that there is no significant difference in the willingness to pay for a day of recreational fishing across individuals who caught different number of fish in either fishery. This suggests that high and low catch fishers placed the same value on a day's fishing.

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2000

Ecological Economics, 1996

This paper presents an empirical comparison of contingent valuation (CVM) and choice experiments which are used to value environmental quality changes. Both of these methods require individuals to state their preferences for environmental qualities. However, choice experiments differ from CVM in that environmental attributes are varied in an experimental design which requires respondents to make repeated choices between bundles of attributes. The empirical application involved the effect of environmental quality changes arising from forest management practices on recreational moose hunting values. Significant differences were found between the values derived from the two methods. However, detailed examination of the implied choice behaviour suggested that respondents ignored substitute recreation areas in the CVM question. Restricting the choice experiment model to consider only the one site where quality was varied, resulted in welfare estimates similar to the CVM model. This highlights the importance of substitutes in environmental valuation and suggests that choice experiments may be more appropriate than CVM in some cases.

2007

This work aims at analysing the value of recreational water uses for the Idro Lake (Lombardy, Northern Italy), which has been experiencing dramatic fluctuations in its levels in recent years, due to excessive productive withdrawal that affected recreational uses. It estimates the economic benefits deriving from recreational uses, by considering the current recreational demand and the hypothetical one obtained by considering an "improved quality" scenario. Through an on-site survey, we built a panel dataset. Following and we get welfare estimates by combining SP and RP responses. The present CS is estimated in €134 per individual, whilst the increase in CS is estimated in €173 per individual. These figures can be confronted with the economic value of competitive uses and with the clean up costs, respectively, to infer some policy indications.

Spelunca n° 170 - 2023, 2023

Discovery of a lion's head sculpted in calcite.

African journal of empirical research, 2024

The study explores the influence of school discipline policies on students' academic performance in secondary schools in Rwanda. This research was guided by a broad objective: The research aimed to analyze the impact of school discipline policies on the academic performance of students in selected secondary schools while also directing specific objectives: to examine how the administration of school rules and regulations contributes to students' academic performance; to examine how the students' restorative practices and management influence students 'academic performance; and to interpret the correlation between the secondary school discipline policies and students academic performance. This study was guided by McGregor's theories x and y. The fundamental concepts in McGregor's Theory X and Y encompass rules and regulations, disciplinary actions, primarily punishments, and time management, particularly in the context of school punishment administration. In applying McGregor's theory to this study, the main variables were school rules and regulations for efficient management and administration of punishments to students who do not abide by school rules and regulations and time management, which refers to the effective utilization of time allocated to individual activities in an education institution. The study was conducted in secondary schools with a population of 599, including students, teachers, the deputy head in charge of discipline, and head teachers. By using the Slovin formula, a sample size of 239 was used in this study, and stratified sampling was used so that each category would be represented. A descriptive design was used where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Secondary data were obtained through documentation, library, and internet research. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire, an interview guide, and documentary analysis. Data were presented in tabulation formats and interpreted using the statistical package for social science (SPSS). The major findings of the study revealed that proper administration and management of school rules and regulations positively influence students' academic performance; restorative practices in schools, such as providing punishment, guidance, and counseling, influence students' academic performances. Finally, the study revealed a significant relationship between school discipline policies and students' academic performance in secondary schools in Rwanda. Therefore, the study took the following as major recommendations: developing common measures for school discipline policies; enhancing the monitoring and evaluation of the rules and regulations' applicability; and establishing guidance and counseling services in schools.

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ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΤΗΣ ΕΝ ΑΘΗΝΑΙΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗΣ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑΣ ΑΝΑΣΚΑΦΗ ΜΕΣΣΗΝΗΣ Ἡ ἀνασκαφὴ τῆς Ἀρχαιολογικῆς Ἑταιρείας στὴν ἀρχαία Mεσσήνη συνεχίστηκε καὶ κατὰ τὸ 2014 ὑπὸ τὴ διεύθυνση τοῦ ὑπογραφομένου. Γιὰ τοὺς συνεργάτες τῆς ἀνασκαφῆς βλ. στὸ τέλος τῆς ἔκθεσης.