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The Handbook of Group Research and Practice
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29 pages
1 file
The introduction of systems theory into the study of groups and group practice provides a metatheory for understanding groups and group dynamics. Systems theory can be used to look at the functioning of any group, regardless of the theoretical orientation of the group practitioner or leader, or of the group goal. This applies to all groups, whether a therapy or work group, an organization, or a political body. Systems theory offers an orientation for thinking about how groups form, develop and change, and manage the vicissitudes of group dynamics. Systems thinking emerged from the shift of scientific assumptions that occurred in the early 20th century as theories of relativity and quantum mechanics upended the security of
The Journal for Specialists in Group …, 2005
The study of human behavior and human problems was mainly concerned with individuals until systems theory emerged around sixty years ago. The explosion of interest in systems thinking spurred a flurry of theories and studies about the functioning of families, soon followed by the development of the field of group dynamics. It was not until the 1990's until relationship science took hold and focused scientific inquiry onto how intimate relationships work Together, these relationship centered approaches have tremendously expanded our understanding of how relationships work. This chapter will describe many of the ways that relationship behaviors are explained by systems, especially the more recent developments. This chapter describes a number of systems theories, including general system theory, family systems theory and interpersonal systems theory, as well as the general movement of systems thinking. There are other systems theories, but a discussion of them would take hundreds of pages.
Advances in psychology, 1998
In it's broadest conception, a "system" may be described as a complex of interacting components together with the relationships among them that permit the identification of a boundary-maintaining entity or process. Since social and psychological phenomena tend to resist quantitative modeling by posing basic difficulties already on the plane of boundary identification, alternative approaches must be relied upon. One such approach draws on the body of knowledge derived from General System Theory and its application in the domain of human activity systems.
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Systems theory has influenced and spawned theory and research development in organizational studies since the 1960s. Seeing a parallel between biological and human social systems, systems theory places dual emphases on organizations' relationships and interdependence among the components of the system as well as the organization–environment relationships. The structure and patterns and relationships of a system emerge from interactions among components, thus each system is unique. Systems have common defining properties, such as hierarchical ordering, coupling, permeability, holism, emergence, equifinality, and homeostasis. Representing the broader systems perspective are several specific theories and perspectives, such as Weick's theory of organizing, communication network perspectives, ecological and evolutionary perspectives, and self-organizing systems theory. Systems theory has been extensively applied in research areas ranging from communication design and adoption of technology use in organizational operations to professional communication, health campaigns, and public relations.
Annual Reviews in Control, 2002
In this paper, the relevance of system theory for modeling and investigating problem in human science and human centered systems as well as the mutual relationship between systems theory and human science are explored. It is not a completed research but rather ideas and thoughts which need further investigations. The cause and purpose myths and their impact in several fields are discussed through the use of the variational principle. The feasibility of phenomenalistic models and the potential and limitations of qualitative and quantitative results are discussed through examples of human learning, and human conformity behavior and a typical dictatorial political system. The need for combined application of scientific approach along with basic principles of ethics and religion to human centered systems is demonstrated. It is shown that the non-technical forces in terms of fairness and justice are rather essential in governing human centered systems and stabilizing their equilibria while avoiding conflicting situations.
Routledge eBooks, 2021
Background The idea of 'systems' has been discussed in almost all disciplines since its origin in the 17th century including physics, biology and chemistry, and was eventually used for explanations in ecology, engineering, economics, anthropology, geography, sociology, cybernetics and so on. It has emerged as a meta-discipline and as a metalanguage (Checkland & Scholes, 1999). Using the idea of systems, Checkland (1981 to date) provides the seminal work on 'systems-thinking'. 'Systems-thinking' is about consciously organised thinking processes (Arnold & Wade, 2015; Checkland, 1981). Systems-thinking is a world view which allows appreciation of holistic systems, having interconnections between the elements of which systems-thinking is made of, called system-components. This includes human and non-human elements of the system, encompassing physical, natural, social, economic, cultural and cognitive attributes, established in the form of the wider, linked processes between the users (human) and technologies or structures (non-human) of the system (Clegg, 2000). These system-components contribute to properties such as drivers, outcomes and feedbacks, and can be applied to problems of multiple disciplines (Cerar, 2012; Forrester, 1994; Voinov & Farley, 2007). As a core concept, systemsthinking is an idea of the 'adaptive whole'. As a whole, a system has its own emergent properties, layered structure and processes of communication and control (Arnold & Wade, 2015; Checkland, 1981). Systems-thinking involves several principles, which on their own are looked upon as disciplines of systems-thinking. Anderson and Johnson (1997) provide the basic principles of systems-thinking: 1 The 'Big Picture' principle demands widening one's perspective to find a more effective solution (e.g. in stressful times, one tends to focus on the immediate, most pressing problem and this perceives only the effects of changes elsewhere in the system). Therefore, one should step back to look at the bigger picture and investigate the source of the problem, which would more likely identify a more effective solution. 2 The 'Long Term, Short Term' principle suggests that the best approach to strike a balance about any decision is to consider short-term (e.g., a week, a quarter, a year) and long-term
Among many available retrofitting technologies to improve power generation capacity and efficiency of simple cycle gas turbine, inlet air cooling (IAC) and steam injection gas turbine (STIG) are considered most effective ways to modify an existing simple cycle unit. In this study, a simple cycle generation unit is considered as base unit and STIG and IAC features are sequentially retrofitted to the system. To evaluate individual effects after system modifications, a computer program has been developed in EES (Engineering Equation Solver) software to stimulate performance parameters. Retrofitting of simple cycle combined with IAC and STIG has been found to boost power output from 30 MW to 48.25 MW, while generation efficiency can be increased from 29.9% to 33.4%. Exergy destruction rate per MW of power output reduces for combustion chamber, compressor and HRSG, while increases for gas turbine for retrofitted cycles.
etabs buildings designed., 2022
برامج ايتابس تعليمي, تصميم عناصر هياكل الأبنية البرجية للقوى الشاقولية والزلازل Etabs programs learning, designing the structural elements of tower buildings for vertical forces and earthquakes
Solar tracking systems aim to optimize solar photovoltaic (PV) panel efficiency by maximizing exposure to sunlight. This paper explores solar tracking, its benefits, and various system types, emphasizing the goal of ensuring panels are perpendicular to the sun's rays. Tracking enhances energy generation potential compared to fixed installations, increasing output by 25-35%. This boosts return on investment and reduces payback periods. In agriculture, solar tracking promotes energy efficiency, productivity, and sustainability. However, long-term benefits, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts require further research. This study proposes evaluating solar panel output under different weather conditions, comparing tracking and non-tracking modes. The analysis concludes that tracking mode generates more power than non-tracking mode. This finding underscores the efficacy of solar tracking technology in maximizing energy production. Overall, adopting solar tracking systems can foster a greener, more sustainable future, particularly in agricultural contexts.
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