Great ape isotope ecology – moving beyond general patterns

PROGRAM OF THE 86TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS APRIL 19 – 22, 2017 To be held at the New Orleans Marriott 555 Canal Street New Orleans, LA 70130 AAPA Scientific Program Committee J. Josh Snodgrass, Chair Rebecca R. Ackermann Benjamin M. Auerbach Eric J. Bartelink Deborah Blom Juliet K. Brophy Habiba Chirchir Anthony DiFiore Elizabeth A. DiGangi Geeta Eick Dan T.A. Eisenberg Omer Gokcumen Yohannes Haile-Selassie Ashley S. Hammond M. Geoffrey Hayes Rachel L. Jacobs Haagen D. Klaus Britney Kyle Kristin L. Krueger Joanna E. Lambert Kristi L. Lewton Scott D. Maddux Felicia C. Madimenos James J. McKenna Elizabeth M. Miller Magdalena Muchlinski Robin G. Nelson Jill D. Pruetz Jennifer A. Raff David A. Raichlen Amy Rector Verrelli Laurie Reitsema Christopher A. Schmitt Lauren Schroeder Maja Šešelj Liza J. Shapiro Jon Stieglitz Jay T. Stock Nelson Ting Larry Ulibarri Samuel S. Urlacher Erin R. Vogel Vicki L. Wedel Julie Wieczkowski Todd R. Yokley AAPA Meetings Director Lori Strong, Burk & Associates, Inc. Leslie C. Aiello Susan C. Antón Anthony DiFiore New Orleans Advance Team Omer Gokcumen Anne L. Grauer Trenton W. Holliday Heide Rohland Christopher A. Schmitt Lori Strong Program Assistant Julia DiFiore Rue Trenton Holliday (Chair) Juliet K. Brophy Local Arrangements Committee Katharine M. Jack Ginesse A. Listi Robert G. Tague John W. Verano Teresa V. Wilson Conference Program 1 MESSAGE FROM THE VP & PROGRAM CHAIR I t is my pleasure to welcome you to the 2017 meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. This year’s meeting is our 86th, and will be held in New Orleans at the Marriott French Quarter. Our programming officially begins on Wednesday, April 19th, with the Committee on Diversity Undergraduate Research Symposium (open to everyone from 6-8 pm) and the Opening Reception (8-11 pm). This year we will kick off the main scientific program early with three invited Plenary Poster Sessions on Wednesday evening. These sessions address the practice and ethics of working with ‘vulnerable’ populations, integrating research into teaching, and training the next generation. These poster sessions will run from 8-11 pm just down the hall from the Opening Reception. Several special committee initiatives occur before and during the meetings. Among these are: the NSF-funded 2nd annual Committee on Diversity IDEAS (Increasing Diversity in Evolutionary Anthropology) workshop, which will be held all day Wednesday and supports 16 student scholars participating in the AAPA meeting; local school site visits and a Saturday educators workshop by the Education Committee; Thursday’s Career Development Panel (How to get funding in anthropology: A workshop on grantsmanship); and, a Thursday lunch event on mental health (Ending the Silence on Mental Health in Biological Anthropology). Nearly all the AAPA Committees meet or have an activity at some point during the meetings—check out the new app for their times and locations! Speaking of the app, thanks to Ed Hagen for developing our meetings app—available for Android and Apple! This year’s program includes a record 1300 scientific presentations which will be presented in podium or poster sessions on Wednesday evening or during one of the three full days of the meeting. The 71 sessions include 7 invited podium symposia, 21 invited poster symposia, 17 contributed podium sessions, and 26 contributed poster sessions. One particularly exciting event that is new this year is 2 the Up Goer Five PhysAnth Edition, which has been organized by Kim Valenta and Katherine H. Bannar-Martin. It is a series of nine 5-minute talks that challenge presenters to effectively communicate their research by using only the top 1000 most common words in the English language. This session takes place on Saturday afternoon from 4:45-5:30 pm, and clearly it can’t be missed! Our extensive program includes an impressive international group of scientists with authors from all over the world including Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Australia! We are pleased to be joined this year by the Paleopathology Association (PPA), the Human Biology Association (HBA), the American Association for Anthropological Genetics (AAAG), and the Dental Anthropology Association (DAA). Due to the size of our meetings we chose to contract with a second hotel—the Westin New Orleans Canal Place, located a short two blocks from the Marriott. This location will host all PPA and HBA events. The Wiley Symposium this year is a Saturday morning podium session, Humans as Holobionts: The Microbiome as a Biological System in Human Evolution, organized by Stephanie Schnorr and Meagan Rubel. Our joint AAPA-HBA session, which will be held on Friday morning, is the podium session Human Biology: Evolutionary Perspectives on Reproduction, Development, and Health, chaired by Aaron D. Blackwell. The joint AAPA-AAAG session this year will be held on Thursday afternoon, and is an invited podium symposium titled Collaborations across Anthropology and Genetics: Examples of Transdisciplinary Work. It is organized by Connie J. Mulligan and Catherine Panter-Brick. Finally, the joint AAPA-PPA session, Bioarchaeology of Transition: Health and Changing Environments, organized by Brittany S. Walter and Sharon N. DeWitte, will be held on Thursday morning. The significant number of abstracts submitted necessitated substantial changes to the program— our only alternative to rejecting a large number of abstracts. The biggest change is that we will be 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists hosting two contributed poster sessions per day (each of which includes several of its own sessions). We will be presenting a morning session from 8 am-1 pm (with authors present 12:30-1 pm) and an afternoon session from 1:30-6 pm (with authors present 1:30-2 pm); the Saturday schedule is a bit different (see below). Another key change is that the afternoon podium and invited poster sessions begin at 2:30 pm; this allows for an assortment of lunchtime events and workshops. This year we had planned to transition away from our traditional AAPA Luncheon on Saturday (because of the high cost of the lunch) in favor of returning to holding a Plenary Lecture. However, the announcement of the March for Science in Washington, DC on Saturday, April 22, and its associated march in New Orleans at 1 pm, led us (in consultation with this year’s planned speaker, Tony DiFiore), to cancel the Plenary Lecture and to instead reserve time so our conference attendees can march if they choose. We will convene at 12:30 pm in Carondelet where the two presidents— outgoing president Susan Antón and incoming president Leslie Aiello—will give brief remarks and then lead a procession the 8 blocks to the start of the march. To accommodate Saturday’s march, morning contributed poster sessions will conclude at 12:30 pm (with authors present 12-12:30); afternoon contributed poster sessions will begin at 2:30 pm with authors present from 5:30-6 pm. Other AAPA programming on Saturday will also resume as regularly scheduled at 2:30 with podium and poster sessions and the Presidential Panel. The Presidential Panel, starting at 2:30 pm, will feature a discussion of ‘How can the AAPA promote a positive environment for science?’ The afternoon sessions will extend our presentations later into the evening. On Thursday evening we are excited to hold our annual Auction, which starts with a silent auction (5-7 pm) and ends with a live auction (7-8:30 pm), and will be emceed by auctioneer Jon Bethard. The auction regularly raises thousands of dollars to support Pollitzer Student Travel Awards. Please participate through donations (contact organizers Valerie DeLeon, UF, or Jon Bethard, USF, if interested) and by bidding on our array of enticing auction items. Students, submit your raffle tickets for Lunches with Luminaries during the auction (you must be present to win!) and nominations for Amazing Advisors. On Friday, following the conclusion of the scientific sessions, the annual Business Meeting will begin at 6:30 pm. This meeting will include acknowledgement of this year’s IDEAS Scholars, Early Career Grants, and Pollitzer and COD Undergraduate Research travel awards, as well as presentations of the Charles R. Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award and the Gabriel W. Lasker Service Award. This year’s Darwin Award will be presented to Alan Walker and the Lasker Award to John Relethford. Please join us in celebrating this year’s winners. Saturday evening brings with it the Student Awards Ceremony and Closing Reception from 6-9 pm— please join us to learn who won the 2017 Student Presentation Awards! I am very grateful to all those who have helped assemble the 2017 program. Thanks are due to our meetings guru, Lori Strong (from Burk & Associates), as well as Ed Hagen (our webmaster and developer of a new meetings app). A huge thank you goes to the 44 members of the Program Committee and to the Advance Team. The Advance Team consisted of the Officers and representatives from Burk and the Program Committee who visited New Orleans in October. The program assistant, Julia DiFiore Rue, has been a tremendous help, as have the Officers and other members of the Executive Committee. Special thanks also to Local Arrangements Chair, Trent Holliday, and his Local Arrangements Committee. These meetings would not have been possible without these exemplary individuals, so please join me in thanking them when you see them in New Orleans! J. Josh Snodgrass AAPA Vice President and Program Chair Conference Program 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Message from the VP & Program Chair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Marriott Hotel Floor Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Conference Schedule Day-By-Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 AAPA Presentation Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Author/Session Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Abstracts of the AAPA presentations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Cover caption: Canal Streetcar with the Marriott Hotel in the distance, New Orleans, Louisiana. Photo by Didier Moïse. KEY TO ACRONYMS AAAG – American Association of Anthropological Genetics AAPA – American Association of Physical Anthropologists AJHB – American Journal of Human Biology AJPA – American Journal of Physical Anthropology COD – AAPA’s Committee on Diversity DAA – Dental Anthropology Association HBA – Human Biology Association JHE – Journal of Human Evolution PAWMN – AAPA Physical Anthropology Women’s Mentoring Network PPA – Paleopathology Association 4 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists EVENTS Monday, April 17 Wednesday, April 19 PPA AAAG Paleopathology Association Pre-Meeting Excursion 10:00 am – 6:00 pm Meet in Lobby, Westin Paleopathology Association Registration 6:00 pm – 9:00 pm 3rd Floor Prefunction, Westin Tuesday, April 18 HBA Human Biology Association Executive Committee (closed session) 6:00 pm – 10:00 pm Chairman's Room, Westin PPA Paleopathology Association Registration 7:45 am – 5:00 pm 3rd Floor Prefunction, Westin Paleopathology Association Workshop 1 (Requires PPA meeting registration) 8:30 am – 11:00 am Azalea 2, Westin Paleopathology Association Workshop 2 (Requires PPA meeting registration) 8:30 am – 11:00 am Azalea 1, Westin Paleopathology Association Podium Presentations (requires PPA meeting registration) 1:30 pm – 5:00 pm Azalea Ballroom, Westin AAAG Educational Event 12:00 pm – 3:00 pm Studio 5, Marriott AAPA Speaker Ready/Press Room 7:30 am – 5:00 pm Blues, Marriott COD Ideas Workshop (pre-registration required) 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Studio 2, Marriott AAPA Executive Committee (board members only) 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Board Room, Marriott Family Respite Room 9:00 am – 10:00 pm Rhythm, Marriott AJPA Editorial Board Lunch (board members) 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm Studio 3, Marriott AAPA Executive Committee & IDEAS Lunch (invitation required) 12:00 pm – 1:30 pm Studio 8, Marriott Registration 2:00 pm – 7:00 pm Ballroom Foyer, Marriott Student Committee Meeting 4:00 pm – 5:00 pm Studio 3, Marriott Student Early Career Event 5:00 pm – 6:00 pm Studio 3, Marriott Paleopathology Association Student Action Committee (requires PPA Meeting registration) 5:00 pm – 6:30 pm Salon Room, Westin AAPA COD Undergrad Research Symposium & Reception 5:00 pm – 8:00 pm Acadia, Marriott (open to everyone from 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm) Paleopathology Association Banquet & Business Meeting (ticketed event) 6:45 pm – 10:00 pm River 127 & Terrace, Westin Daycare Room 5:00 pm – 10:00 pm Audubon, Marriott Opening Reception 8:00 pm – 11:00 pm Carondelet/ Bissonet, Marriott DAA DAA Workshop 9:00 am – 4:30 pm Studio 7, Marriott Conference Program 5 EVENTS HBA AJHB Editorial Board (board members only) 7:30 am – 9:00 am Chairman's Room, Westin Human Biology Association Registration 8:00 am – 8:00 pm Foyer 2, Westin Human Biology Association Poster Session (requires HBA Meeting Registration) 8:00 am – 11:00 am Magnolia Ballroom, Westin Audubon, Marriott Family Respite Room 7:30 am – 10:00 pm Rhythm, Marriott Exhibits 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Acadia, Marriott AAPA COD LGBTQQIAA Meeting 12:00 pm – 2:00 pm St Charles, Marriott Human Biology Association Breakout Session 1 (requires HBA Meeting registration) 11:30 am – 12:30 pm River Room 1, Westin Yearbook Editorial Board Meeting (board members) 12:00 pm – 2:00 pm Napolean, Marriott Human Biology Association Breakout Session 2 (requires HBA Meeting registration) 11:30 am – 12:30 pm River Room 2, Westin Lafayette, Marriott Human Biology Association Plenary Session & Pearl Memorial Lecture (requires HBA Meeting registration) 1:00 pm – 6:00 pm Grand Ballroom, Westin Human Biology Association Reception & Banquet (ticketed event) 6:30 pm – 9:30 pm River127/ Riverbend Terrace, Westin PPA COD - AACT Meeting 12:00 pm – 2:00 pm Science Policy and Working in Government Q&A 12:30 pm – 2:00 pm Studio 4/5, Marriott PAWMN Lunch (pre-registration required) 1:15 pm – 2:15 pm Riverview 2, Marriott Silent Auction 5:00 pm – 7:00 pm Riverview, Marriott PAWMN Happy Hour 6:00 pm – 8:00 pm Preservation Hall Foyer Paleopathology Association Registration 8:00 am – 12:00 pm 3rd Floor Prefunction, Westin Live Auction 7:00 pm – 8:30 pm Paleopathology Association Posters & Silent Auction (requires PPA meeting registration) 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Magnolia Ballroom, Westin JHE Editorial Board (board members only) 7:30 pm – 10:00 pm St. Charles, Marriott Riverview, Marriott HBA Paleopathology Association Podium Presentations (requires PPA meeting registration) 8:30 am – 5:00 pm Azalea Ballroom, Westin Human Biology Association Registration 7:30 am – 8:30 am Foyer 2, Westin Thursday, April 20 Human Biology Association Podium Presentations (requires HBA Meeting registration) 8:30 am – 11:45 am Grand Ballroom, Westin Human Biology Association Awards Luncheon (ticketed event) 12:00 pm – 1:15 pm Terrace Room, Westin AAAG AAAG Business Meeting 7:00 pm – 8:00 pm Studio 4/5, Marriott AAAG Cocktail Hour 8:00 pm – 9:00 pm Studio 6, Marriott AAPA Registration 7:00 am – 5:00 pm Speaker Ready/Press Room 7:30 am – 5:00 pm 6 Daycare Room 7:30 am – 7:00 pm Ballroom Foyer, Marriott Human Biology Association Podium Presentations (requires HBA Meeting registration) 1:30 pm – 4:30 pm Grand Ballroom, Westin Human Biology Association Business Meeting 5:00 pm – 6:30 pm Terrace, Westin Human Biology Association Student Reception (requires HBA Meeting registration) 7:00 pm – 9:30 pm Crescent, Westin Blues, Marriott 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists EVENTS Friday, April 21 Saturday, April 22 AAPA AAPA Registration 7:00 am – 5:00 pm Ballroom Foyer, Marriott Speaker Ready/Press Room 7:30 am – 5:00 pm Daycare Room 7:30 am – 7:00 pm Blues, Marriott Audubon, Marriott Family Respite Room 7:30 am – 10:00 pm Rhythm, Marriott Exhibits 8:00 am – 5:00 pm Acadia, Marriott Fossil Casts 8:00 am – 5:00 pm St. Charles, Marriott COD IDEAS Meeting 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm Beauregard, Marriott Ethics Committee (open meeting first half hour; committee members only thereafter) 12:30 pm – 2:30 pm Galvez, Marriott COD Steering Committee 1:00 pm – 2:30 pm Beauregard, Marriott Career Development Panel: How to get funding in anthro­pology: A workshop on grantsmanship 2:30 pm – 4:00 pm Studio 10, Marriott Education Committee 5:00 pm – 6:00 pm Galvez, Marriott AAPA Business Meeting (open to all AAPA members) 6:30 pm – 8:30 pm Bisonet, Marriott Registration 7:00 am – 5:00 pm COD-MAIN Comm Breakfast 7:30 am – 9:00 am Daycare Room 7:30 am – 5:00 pm Family Respite Room 7:30 am – 10:00 pm Ballroom Foyer, Marriott Beauregard, Marriott Audubon, Marriott Rhythm, Marriott Edu Comm K-12 Teacher Workshop 8:00 am – 12:00 pm St. Charles/ Lafayette, Marriott Speaker Ready/Press Room 8:00 am – 2:00 pm Exhibits 8:00 am – 6:00 pm Blues, Marriott Acadia, Marriott COD International Scholars 9:00 am – 10:00 am Beauregard, Marriott Science March Remarks 12:30 pm – 12:40 pm Carondelet, Marriott Presidential Panel 2:30 pm – 4:30 pm Studio 7/8/9, Marriott AAPA Student Awards Comm (committee members only) 5:00 pm – 6:00 pm Beauregard, Marriott AAPA Student Awards and Closing Reception 6:00 pm – 9:00 pm Carondelet, Marriott DAA DAA Business Meeting (DAA members) 8:00 pm – 9:00 pm Studio 4/5, Marriott Conference Program 7 MARRIOTT HOTEL FLOOR PLANS 2ND FLOOR 8 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists MARRIOTT HOTEL FLOOR PLANS 3RD FLOOR Conference Program 9 MARRIOTT HOTEL FLOOR PLANS 4TH FLOOR 5TH FLOOR 41ST FLOOR 10 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Session Title All events take place at the Marriott Hotel Session Session # type Room Time Training the Next Generation Acadia 8 p.m.-11 p.m. 1 Poster Integrating Research into Teaching: Examples from Biological Anthropology Acadia 8 p.m.-11 p.m. 2 Poster What is a ‘Vulnerable Population?’ Agency, Intimacy, and Protections in Biological Anthropology Acadia 8 p.m.-11 p.m. 3 Poster Bissonet 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 4 Podium Anthropological Genetics, Origins, Migrations, and Introgression Balcony I/J 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 5 Podium Primate Social Behavior Studio 1/2/3 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 6 Podium Paleoanthropology - Early Hominins Studio 7/8/9 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 7 Podium Child Health and Identity in Bioarchaeology Balcony K 8 a.m.-noon 8 Poster Back to the Root: The Use of Dental Cementum in Anthropology Studio 4/5 8 a.m.-noon 9 Poster Skeletal Ageing: Factors Affecting Population Variation in Rates of Bone Degeneration Studio 6 8 a.m.-noon 10 Poster Primate Nutrition/Foraging Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 11 Poster Primate Reproduction, Parentage, and Life History II Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 12 Poster Human Biology and Beyond Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 13 Poster Paleoanthropology: Early Homo II Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 14 Poster Functional Anatomy: Jaws and Teeth Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 15 Poster Human Skeletal Biology: Isotopes, Subsistence, and Mobility Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 16 Poster Bissonet 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 17 Podium Wednesday, Evening American Association of Physical Anthropologists Thursday, Morning AAPA and PPA Bioarchaeology of Transition: Health and Changing Environments American Association of Physical Anthropologists Thursday, Afternoon AAPA and AAAG Collaborations Across Anthropology and Genetics: Examples of Transdisciplinary Work Conference Program 11 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM All events take place at the Marriott Hotel Thursday, Afternoon (continued) American Association of Physical Anthropologists Primate Nutrition and Foraging Balcony I/J 2:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 18 Podium Primates and Evolution Studio 1/2/3 2:30 p.m.-7 p.m. 19 Podium Human Skeletal Biology: Life Experience, Violence, and Disease Studio 7/8/9 2:30 p.m.-6:45 p.m. 20 Podium Diversity, Variation, and Paleoecology: A View of Hominin Complexity from the Middle Pliocene of Eastern Africa Balcony K 2:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 21 Poster Foreign Affairs: Bioarchaeological Approaches to Ethnicity, Identity, and Interaction in The MENA Region Studio 4/5 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 22 Poster The Anthropology of Islands: Evolution, Variation, and New Research Directions Studio 6 2:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 23 Poster Primate Ecology and Conservation Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 24 Poster Human Biology and Genetics I Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 25 Poster Paleoanthropology: Late Homo Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 26 Poster Bioarchaeology and Paleopathology: Stress, Frailty, and Inequality Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 27 Poster Human Dental Anthropology: Health, Disease, and Other Cool Stuff with Teeth Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 28 Poster Balcony I/J 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 29 Podium Bissonet 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 30 Podium Studio 1/2/3 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 31 Podium Studio 7/8/9 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 32 Podium Here Comes the Sun: Evolutionary Responses to Solar Exposure Balcony K 8 a.m.-noon 33 Poster Adaptation: Identifying Form-Function Relationships in the Fossil Record Studio 4/5 8 a.m.-noon 34 Poster Friday, Morning American Association of Physical Anthropologists Human Skeletal Biology: Shape, Selection, Integration, and Kinship Paleoanthropology: Early Homo Primate Ecology, Cognition, and Conservation AAPA and HBA Human Biology: Evolutionary Perspectives on Reproduction, Development, and Health American Association of Physical Anthropologists 12 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM All events take place at the Marriott Hotel Friday, Morning (continued) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (continued) Anthropological Stories of Bone Histology and Remodeling: An Invited Session in Honor of Samuel D. Stout Studio 6 8 a.m.-noon 35 Poster Primate Social Behavior II Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 36 Poster Human Biology and Genetics II Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 37 Poster Functional Anatomy: Ontogeny Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 38 Poster Primates: Methods and Morphology Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 39 Poster Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology: Collections, Ancestry, and Age at Death Acadia 8 a.m.-1 p.m. 40 Poster Balcony I/J 2:30 p.m.-5:45 p.m. 41 Podium Signals in Evolutionary and Ecological Context Bissonet 2:30 p.m.-6:15 p.m. 42 Podium Human Skeletal Biology: Mobility, Isotopes, Diet Studio 1/2/3 2:30 p.m.-6:15 p.m. 43 Podium Primate Genetics and Adaptation Studio 7/8/9 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 44 Podium The Evolution of Form and Function in the Hominin Pelvis Balcony K 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 45 Poster The Axial Skeleton: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine and Thorax in Hominoid Evolution Studio 4/5 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 46 Poster Biological Investigations of Nomads: Developments and Innovations Studio 6 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 47 Poster Primate Cognition and Ecology Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 48 Poster Human Biology and Genetics III Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 49 Poster Paleoanthropology: Early Hominins II Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 50 Poster Human Skeletal Biology: Morphology, Variation, and Environment Acadia 1:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 51 Poster Bissonet 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 52 Podium Balcony I/J 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 53 Podium Friday, Afternoon American Association of Physical Anthropologists Beyond Visibility: How Academic Diversity is Transforming Scientific Knowledge Saturday, Morning American Association of Physical Anthropologists Humans as Holobionts: The Microbiome as a Biological System in Human Evolution Primate Reproduction, Parentage, and Life History Conference Program 13 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM All events take place at the Marriott Hotel Saturday, Morning (continued) American Association of Physical Anthropologists (continued) Functional Anatomy of the Pelvis, Limbs, and Jaws Studio 1/2/3 8 a.m.-12:15 p.m. 54 Podium Later Homo Evolution Studio 7/8/9 8 a.m.-noon 55 Podium Anthropological Demography, Well-being, and the Osteological Paradox: A Symposium in Honor of James W. Wood Balcony K 8 a.m.-noon 56 Poster Skeletal Standards: Documentation Software, Databases, and Online Digitization Resources Available to Researchers Studio 4/5 8 a.m.-noon 57 Poster Broadening Forensic Anthropology: Bringing East and Southeast Asia to the Forefront Studio 6 8 a.m.-noon 58 Poster Human Biology and Genetics IV Acadia 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 59 Poster Fossil Primates and Environments Acadia 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 60 Poster Bioarcheology and Paleopathology: Violence, Activity, Infection, and Congenital Conditions Acadia 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 61 Poster Bissonet 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 62 Podium Up Goer Five PhysAnth Edition: Communicate Your Science Using English's Ten Hundred Most Common Words Studio 7/8/9 4:45 p.m.-5:30 p.m. 63 Podium Human Adaptive Variation/Integrative Approaches Balcony I/J 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 64 Podium Primate Evolutionary Morphology Studio 1/2/3 2:30 p.m.-6:15 p.m. 65 Podium Division of Fossil Primates, Duke Lemur Center – 40th Anniversary Symposium Balcony K 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 66 Poster The Paleobiology of Upper Paleolithic / Later Stone Age Humans Studio 4/5 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 67 Poster Stable Isotope Advances in Studies of Stress and Disease Studio 6 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 68 Poster Functional Anatomy of the Limbs Acadia 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 69 Poster Human Skeletal Biology: Population History and Beyond Acadia 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 70 Poster Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology: Sex, Comingling, Postmortem Interval, and Decomposition Acadia 2:30 p.m.-6 p.m. 71 Poster Saturday, Afternoon American Association of Physical Anthropologists Primates and Dietary Ethanol: Evolutionary Outcome, or Modern Accident? 14 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists WEDNESDAY, EVENING SESSIONS Session 1 7 Human remains and vodou pracititioners in northern Haiti: Ethics and research design in ethnobioarchaeology. P.L. GELLER. 8 Anthropology education in the age of NAGPRA: Where we stand and where we might go. A.K. SIEVERT, T. Training the Next Generation Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: April Sievert, Teresa Nichols Acadia This symposium aims to create a space for professionals at various stages of their careers to reflect on core knowledge and skills that the next generation of bioanthropologists needs to address the ever-broadening research questions and methodologies available to the scientific community. A parallel area of discussion encourages educators to consider what content they are focusing on in their courses, in their field schools or laboratories, and during mentoring. The study of humanity necessitates an engagement with the ethics of conducting research on human subjects and research that holds profound implications for different human populations. As the AAPA Ethics Committee becomes a standing committee and is developing a fellows program and case studies initiative for teaching purposes, this is an important moment to reflect broadly about the central values that should be supported in the up and coming generation of professionals. This symposium offers a variety of perspectives, tackling issues ranging from the importance of inclusive learning environments to professional skills a career bioanthropologist might need. Furthermore, it encourages professionals to reflect on the many stakeholders who are interested and affected by research questions and methods and new possibilities for collaboration. We hope that educators and students alike will be engaged by these reflections on pedagogical and disciplinary values and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. 8:00 Individual poster presentations 9:30 Discussant: Dennis O’Rourke 1 What SLACS might lack: Teaching Biological Anthropology and ethics at a small liberal arts college. A.M. KAKALIOURAS 2 3 Engaging undergraduate students in research.S.R. WILLIAMS. What Biological Anthropology Can Teach Us about Conflict and Social Inequality: Teacher and Student Reflections. R.P. HARROD, N.M. JOHNSON, A.A. HANNIGAN, M.A. KINCAID. 4 5 6 Growth and opportunities in graduate education: A student’s perspective. B.M. HOLLISTER. Advancing ethical literacy through case studies. K.M. ZARENKO, J. EYRE. Engendering identity to anatomical collections: Using history, embodiment theory, and ethics to humanize skeletons. C.M. DE LA COVA. NICHOLS. 9 Building bridges: Learning to use science and indigenous knowledge to create productive partnerships. D.A. BOLNICK, R.S. MALHI. 10 NAGPRA in Practice: Moving from the Classroom to Collaboration. J. THOMAS. 11 Communicating early career research: The importance of outreach. J.A. RAFF. Session 2 Integrating Research into Teaching: Examples from Biological Anthropology Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Laurie Kauffman, Kerry Dore Acadia The Anthropologists outside of Anthropology departments, Contingent, and Teaching-focused faculty (AACT) Task Force, under the umbrella of the Committee on Diversity, was formed at the 2014 annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. This group began in order to serve the needs of AAPA members outside of traditional research faculty roles. Each year since its inception, the group has sponsored a poster session or panel discussion on topics of interest to our members. This poster session is the group’s event for 2017. Many members of the AAPA are affiliated with academic institutions of higher learning with some teaching responsibilities, and increasing numbers of AAPA members are employed with teaching as their primary responsibility. In addition, current research demonstrates that inquiry-based learning, active learning, and participation in undergraduate research helps students succeed in higher education. All of these methods make students responsible for their own learning, help them create knowledge, and give them broader skills needed for successful careers. Further, more and more biological anthropologists are becoming involved in the scholarship of teaching and learning, which provides evidence-based solutions to teaching problems. This symposium showcases how biological anthropologists integrate teaching and research through a diversity of methods. Here we present examples of teaching and research working together, from scholarship on teaching and learning done in the classroom, to integrating research with classes in liberal arts and small college environments, to managing undergraduate researchers. This symposium will serve as a space for biological anthropologists to gain inspiration and acquire tools to help them integrate research into their classrooms. Conference Program 15 WEDNESDAY EVENING SESSIONS 1 Student Biological Anthropology Research in the Liberal Arts Environment: What to Do Without a Zoo V.K. BENTLEY-CONDIT. 2 Integrating Major Original Research Projects into Undergraduate-level Courses. L. KAUFFMAN. 3 Students as Scholars in the field, lab, archive, and table: Models of undergraduate research in biological anthropology. B.M. USHER. 4 No monkeys on campus? Engaging undergraduates using local natural history. M. BEZANSON, T. GROVES. 5 Does a notecard “cheatsheet” help bio anth students on exams?. J.L. WESTIN. 6 From Foundational Concepts to Critical Reflection: Building Student Understanding in Introductory Courses. E. SOLURI. 7 Teaching critical thinking skills through the scientific method: a comparison of different levels of active engagement. M.S. SCHAEFER. 8 Cultivating collaboration through student-centered independent study. J. DANZY CRAMER. 9 Crossing the divide: co-teaching human diversity and evolution to advanced biology and anthropology undergraduate students through the use of interdisciplinary research groups. D.E. BLOM, A.L. YONAN 10 “What makes us human?” A question to engage students, the public, and research. A.R. ELLER, K.M. non-Western participants. Second, this label can deny agency to the participants with whom we work, and keep them from being involved in the scientific research conducted in their homes and on their bodies. Collecting biological materials and conducting interviews on sensitive topics are intimate experiences where we can find ourselves becoming paternalistic, rather than egalitarian, stewards of the data we collect and people we collect it from. Finally, we need to acknowledge that research success is sometimes predicated on participants staying ‘vulnerable’ – for instance, that traditional foragers remain foragers rather than transition to a market-based economy, orphans remain unadopted, some portion of the pregnant women we study have complications. How do we acknowledge the difficult moments we measure and document while creating opportunities for improvements in the lives of our participants? In recent years, biological anthropologists have borrowed and devised several research models in order to balance on the tightrope of providing adequate research protections and prioritizing the agency of research participants. To what extent are these models working? To what extent are they influencing communities in which they are used? Are there ways in which our research invades or influences their contexts? We offer a symposium of scholars who are directly engaged with these questions in their research, as well as in their roles on IRBs and funding agencies. 9:00 1 DORE. Community-based approaches to genomic research with Indigenous peoples of North America. R.S. MALHI, A.C. BADER, M.P. ROGERS. Session 3 What is a ‘Vulnerable Population?’ Agency, Intimacy, and Protections in Biological Anthropology Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Kathryn B. H. Clancy, Ripan Malhi, Alejandra Núñez-de la Mora 2 Vulnerability: Going Beyond the Physical to the Spiritual to Understand Indigenous Health in the Amazon. P.S. TALLMAN. 3 Agency and objectivity: Working together towards better science. H. SHATTUCK-HEIDORN. 4 Zika, Maternal Stress and Prematurity in Puerto Rico: Navigating Unforeseen Vulnerabilities. M. CHEYNEY, H. HORAN. 5 Evolutionary perspectives on dementia and the marginalization of the elderly. M. FOX. 6 Considering Vulnerability in War-affected and Forcibly Displaced Populations. P.F. CLARKIN. 7 The Wrong Side of the Tracks: How Sociocultural Expectations Produce Vulnerability and Risk for Urban Mobile Home Dwellers. A. FORMANACK. 8 Reflecting at 99: Engaging Ethics in the AJPA. J.K. Acadia ‘Vulnerable’ is often used to discuss the populations we conduct research on, ranging from small forager groups to pregnant women to orphans. This label carries with it a number of challenges. First, the label of ‘vulnerable’ used by many Institutional Review Boards comes from a specific, Western context that may not match participants’ view of themselves. This at times complicates IRB protections, and sometimes calls into question whether the concerns of IRBs are the appropriate concerns for 16 Discussants: Alejandra Núñez-de la Mora and Kathryn B. H. Clancy. WAGNER. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY, MORNING SESSIONS Session 4 Bioarchaeology of Transition: Health and Changing Environments 8:00 F. BOCQUENTIN. 8:15 Invited Podium Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Brittany S. Walter, Sharon N. DeWitte Bissonet Changing environmental conditions have the potential to affect human health. Numerous bioarchaeological studies have addressed the health consequences of transitional periods in the past, particularly those accompanied by the emergence of greater social and economic complexity, and they have often produced contradictory results. For example, it has been argued that the shift from foraging to agriculture precipitated changes in nutrition, population density, and disease load that resulted in worsened health, as reflected in increased frequencies of lesions in agricultural skeletal assemblages. However, others argue that these skeletal data could also be reflective of potential improvements in health after the transition. These, and other contradictory findings, suggest that inferences about secular changes in health in the past require approaches that move beyond relatively simple tests of association between changing environments and frequencies of pathologies in skeletal assemblages. Bioarchaeologists must take into account population heterogeneity, evolution of pathogen virulence, migration, diet, cultural variability, and changes in fertility, among other factors. Bioarchaeologists should also incorporate analytical approaches that accommodate multiple interacting factors and integrate several lines of evidence (e.g. stable isotopes, primary documents, and archaeological material) to construct comprehensive interpretations of health during periods of change. This symposium showcases research that investigates how human health has changed in response to transitional contexts in the past, such as agricultural intensification, urbanization, contact, colonization, industrialization, and globalization. Research investigating these transitional periods could reveal information about the evolution of human health, how different groups experience transitional environments, and could potentially be valuable for living populations currently undergoing transitions. The symposium ultimately aims to show how the effect of transitional periods on humans is not necessarily uniformly detrimental to health and may be experienced differently by subpopulations (e.g. age groups, the sexes, socioeconomic statuses), and should thus be investigated comprehensively and within an appropriate context. Biosocial Changes in Health before Agriculture: The Case of the Natufian Hunter-Gatherers. A.J. STUTZ, Adaptation and resiliency in hunter-gatherers: approaches to environmental variation in prehistoric hunter-gatherers of the Jomon period. D. TEMPLE. 8:30 Site dissection as a tool for microscale inferences of health and dietary transitions. A.R. HOFF, C.M. STOJANOWSKI. 8:45 The Development of the Mid-Continental U.S. Vacant Quarter: The Impact of Aggregation, Warfare and Climate Change on Late Pre-Columbian Population Dynamics. J.J. WILSON. 9:00 Reproductive Value across the Holocene: 8,000years of Transitions. R.R. PAINE, J.L. BOLDSEN. 9:15 The Earliest Urban Environment in Precolumbian Mesoamerica: Transitions through Time in Health and Morbidity in the Residents of Teotihuacan, Mexico. R. STOREY. 9:30 4,000 Years of Cultural and Adaptive Transitions in Lambayeque: Skeletal Biology, Ecology, and Sociopolitical Interplays in Ancient Peru. H.D. KLAUS. 9:45 Urbanizing Medieval London: Temporal Changes in Survivability. B.S. WALTER. 10:00 Break. 10:30 Alms for the Poor? Poverty, stress, and mortality in industrial-era Albany, New York. G.M. HUGHES-MOREY. 10:45 Isotopic evidence for diet in Iron Age and Roman Apulia – conformity in the face of major social change? T.L. PROWSE, L. SEMCHUK. 11:00 Modeling dietary variability in Middle Period San Pedro de Atacama, northern Chile. W.J. PESTLE, C. TORRES-ROUFF, M. HUBBE. 11:15 Let them eat corn: Cause-specific mortality and prehistoric population dynamics in transitional environments. A.L. WARREN, L. SATTENSPIEL, A.C. SWEDLUND. 11:30 Treponematosis in indigenous North America: Bioarchaeological perspectives on the epidemiological landscape of a spirochete disease. P.M. LAMBERT. 11:45 Ancient Parasites and Transition: Using Intestinal Infections to Track the Impact of Human Lifestyle Change. P.D. MITCHELL. 12:00 Discussant: Jane Buikstra. Conference Program 17 THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 5 Anthropological Genetics, Origins, Migrations, and Introgression Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Verena J. Schuenemann Balcony I/J 8:00 Y-chromosome STR analysis of ancient individuals from British Columbia. A.C. OWINGS, J.S. CYBULSKI, R.S. MALHI. 8:15 11:30 Neolithic familial migration contrasts Bronze Age male migration inferred from ancient X chromosomes. A. GOLDBERG, T. GUNTER, N.A. ROSENBERG, M. JAKOBSSON. 11:45 Ancient DNA Analysis of a Late 17th Century Plantation site in Delaware Yields Considerable Matrilineal Diversity and Relatedness in Early Colonists. R.E. FLESKES, F. WEST, G.S. CABANA, T.G. SCHURR. 12:00 Dynamics of clans in Human Unilineal populations: a genetic approach. B. ALARD, G. LY, R. LAURENT, S. LAFOSSE, C. MONIDARIN, G. DIFFLOTH, O. EVRARD, F. BOURDIER, S. PAVARD, R. CHAIX. A mitochondrial DNA study of the Beothuk and Maritime Archaic, extinct aboriginal populations from Newfoundland and Labrador. A.T. DUGGAN, A. Session 6 HARRIS, S. MARCINIAK, I. MARSHALL, V. GRIMES, H. POINAR. 8:30 Primate Social Behavior Genetic structure of populations of the Aleutian Archipelago based on 750,000 SNPs. M.H. Contributed Podium Presentations CRAWFORD, S.D. ALDEN, R. DAVID, K.G. BEATY. 8:45 W.J. PESTLE, J. BENN-TORRES, A.C. STONE. 9:00 Studio 1/2/3 8:00 Analysis of Mexican American full genome DNA sequences identifies 137 SNPs of unique Native American origin. S.D. NIEDBALSKI, J.C. LONG. 9:15 The genomic history of the First Australians. A. 9:30 Studying population genetics in war time: Syria and Iraq according to Genographic database. M. MALASPINAS, M.C. WESTAWAY, S. SUBRAMANIAN, J. WRIGHT, L. DAVID, E. WILLERSLEV. SHAMOON-POUR, G. VILSHANSKY, M.G. VILAR. 9:45 Chair: Adrian V. Jaeggi Migration, admixture and genetic continuity in pre and post-contact Puerto Rico. M.A. NIEVES-COLON, Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in postRoman periods. V.J. SCHUENEMANN, A. PELTZER, W. THOMPSON, Z.P. MACHANDA, R.W. WRANGHAM, M.N. MULLER. 8:15 10:30 Levantine and southern Arabian populations share many Neanderthal SNPs. D.N. VYAS, A. AL-MEERI, C.J. MULLIGAN. 10:45 Diverse Patterns of Neanderthal Introgression in Western Asia. R.O. TASKENT, D. ALIOGLU, E. FER, H.M. DONERTAS, M. SOMEL, O. GOKCUMEN. 11:00 Archaic hominin introgression in Africa contributes to functional salivary MUC7 genetic variation. D. XU, P. PAVLIDIS, N. ALACHIOTIS, C. FLANAGAN, R. BLEKHMAN, S. RUHL, O. GOKCUMEN. 11:15 Simultaneous Estimates of Archaic Admixture and Ancient Population Sizes. A.R. ROGERS, R.J. BOHLENDER. 18 Reciprocity can explain grooming, but not other forms of cooperation, among female bonobos at LuiKotale, DRC. A.V. JAEGGI, L.R. MOSCOVICE, L.G. GOLDSTONE, G. HOHMANN, B. FRUTH. 8:30 Female strategies during intergroup aggression among tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus). C.J. SCARRY. 8:45 Male ranging behavior and cooperative territorial defense in white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). A. DI FIORE, A. LINK. 9:00 Evolutionary patterns of intersexual power: The rise of male dominance in primates. R.J. LEWIS, E. KIRK, HAAK, S. SCHIFFELS, J. KRAUSE. 10:00 Break. Adolescent male aggression toward adult females represents dominance striving, not sexual coercion, in wild chimpanzees. D.K. ENIGK, M. EMERY A.D. ASHLEY GOSSELIN-ILDARI. 9:15 Impact of behavioral traits on diversification rates in primates. A. LASERNA, J.P. HERRERA. 9:30 Adolescent male chimpanzees form strong and differentiated social bonds with maternal brothers and old adult males. A.A. SANDEL. 9:45 The link between social networks and gut microbial composition in black-and-white colobus (Colobus vellerosus). E.C. WIKBERG, D. CHRISTIE, F.A. CAMPOS, P. SICOTTE, N. TING. 10:00 Break. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS 10:30 Attention to social grooming among immature East African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community at Kibale National Park. K. SABBI, M. EMERY THOMPSON, M.N. MULLER, Z. MACHANDA, E. OTALI, R.W. WRANGHAM. 10:45 Socializing by vocalizing: a test of the vocal grooming hypothesis in the gelada (Theropithecus gelada). E.T. TINSLEY JOHNSON, N. SNYDER- 9:00 B.A. PATEL, M.W. TOCHERI, W.L. JUNGERS. 9:15 A chimpanzee-sized ancestor of the earliest hominins and unusual patterns of body size evolution in the hominid clade. M. GRABOWSKI, W.L. JUNGERS. 9:30 Lucy’s Knee: Evidence of a High-energy Dislocative Compressive Epiphyseal Fracture. J. KAPPELMAN, MACKLER, T.J. BERGMAN, J.C. BEEHNER. 11:00 Dual rank attainment strategies by male chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. J.T. FELDBLUM, E.E. WROBLEWSKI, R.S. RUDICELL, Y. LI, B.H. HAHN, C. KRUPENYE, A.E. PUSEY, I.C. GILBY. 11:15 Group augmentation explains territorial boundary patrolling by male chimpanzees at Ngogo. K.E. LANGERGRABER, D.P. WATTS, L. VIGILANT, J.C. MITANI. 11:30 Dispersal is socially, but not energetically costly, in female chimpanzees of Gombe National Park. K.K. WALKER, C.M. MURRAY, A.E. PUSEY. 11:45 Coping with death: behavioral mitigation of the loss of an alpha male by female chacma baboons in South Africa. S. CHOWDHURY, L. SWEDELL. 12:00 Examining social stress through self-directed behavior in wild orangutans. C.A. O’CONNELL, C.D. KNOTT. Session 7 Paleoanthropology - Early Hominins Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Rhonda L. Quinn Studio 7/8/9 8:00 Calcar Femorale Development in Orrorin tugenensis Femora Provides Further internal Evidence for Bipedal Locomotion. A.J. KUPERAVAGE, S. CHAVANAVES, R. ECKHARDT. 8:15 Paleoecological reconstructions of c.4 Ma hominin sites from the Omo-Turkana Basin using fossil Bovidae. L. DUMOUCHEL, R. BOBE. 8:30 Reinvestigation of the ~4 Ma Yellow Sands of the Mursi Formation. M.S. DRAPEAU, J.G. WYNN, D. GERAADS, L. DUMOUCHEL, C.J. CAMPISANO, R. BOBE. 8:45 Functional morphology and evolution of the early hominin forefoot. P.J. FERNÁNDEZ, C.S. MONGLE, R.A. KETCHAM, S. PEARCE, L. TODD, W. AKINS, M. FESEHA, S.J. MATTOX, A. WITZEL. 9:45 Jaw kinematics in South African Plio-Pleistocene hominins inferred from maxillary molar root morphology: Implications for species identification. K. KUPCZIK, V. TORO-IBACACHE, G.A. MACHO. 10:00 Break. 10:30 A new reconstruction of the Sts 14 pelvis supports a human-like birth mechanism in Australopithecus africanus. J. EYRE, S.A. WILLIAMS. 10:45 The evolutionary and ontogenetic context of fossil hominin scapulae. D.J. GREEN, T.A. SPIEWAK, J.P. KELLY, B.C. SEITELMAN, J.R. KRECIOCH, P. GUNZ, Z. ALEMSEGED. 11:00 Micro-CT Evaluation of Femoral Neck Cortical Distribution in South African Fossil Hominins. A.G. CLAXTON, K.J. CARLSON. 11:15 Dental pathology, wear, and developmental defects in South African hominins. I. TOWLE, J.D. IRISH, I. DE GROOTE. 11:30 Discrete dental traits differentiating Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus evaluated from the perspective of a Great Ape Dental Scoring System. V.C. PILBROW. 11:45 Effect of Cusp Number on the Structural Integrity of Early Hominin Teeth. P.J. CONSTANTINO, M.B. BUSH, A. BARANI, B.R. LAWN. 12:00 Australopithecus sediba and the Origin of Homo: Questionable Evidence from the Cranium of the Juvenile Holotype MH 1. W.H. KIMBEL, Y. RAK. 12:15 Reconsidering Mid-Pliocene Hominin Ecology in the Turkana Basin, Kenya: Integrating Vegetation,Sedimentary, and Mammalian Community Reconstructions to Explore Hominin Sympatry. A. VILLASEÑOR, A.K. BEHRENSMEYER, R. BOBE. Oxygen isotopic correlates of diet and drinking behavior in extant mammals from Laikipia, Kenya: implications for gauging Pliocene Turkana hominin paleoecology. R. QUINN, C. RYDER, J. LEWIS, B. POBINER, O. MWEBI. Conference Program 19 THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 8 5 Life in the shadows: the impact of social status, geographic location, and vitamin D deficiency on child health in 18th-19th century England. S.L. NEWMAN. 6 Indentured: Bioarchaeological Evidence for Pauper Apprentices in Nineteenth Century Yorkshire, England. Child Health and Identity in Bioarchaeology Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Mary Lewis, Sian Halcrow, Rebecca Gowland Balcony K A child’s skeleton provides a rich repository of information relating to their physical and social worlds. This evidence, when properly contextualised, may be successfully harnessed by bioarchaeologists to explore such diverse aspects of childhood, including care and cultural constructions of the life course, the fluidity of gender and status identity with age, local disease ecologies, activities such as play and occupation, and even cases of physical abuse. Children have emerged as important social actors in the past as individuals who exercise considerable agency, and whose presence and societal contributions are vital to properly consider when interpreting the archaeological record. Bioarchaeologists are increasingly aware of the importance of younger members of society in our understanding of past cultures and lifeways. Children, particularly perinates and infants, are now regarded as crucial to assessing maternal health, adult morbidity patterns and longevity. Exposure to malnutrition or infectious diseases during the early stages of our development are recognised to have detrimental effects on health during adulthood and for our offspring. As vulnerable members of a society, wholly dependent on the care of others, understanding the survival of infants has the potential to provide an accurate measure of a population’s ability to adapt to their particular environmental circumstances. Our questions are becoming ever more sophisticated as we broaden our focus away from issues of representation of children and mortality rates to questioning specific issues that surround a child’s identity from infancy to adolescence, and the unique circumstances that influence their health and survival. R.L. GOWLAND, A. CAFFELL, M. ALEXANDER, L. QUADE, A. MILLARD, M. HOLST, P. YAPP, C. BROWN. 7 Invisible transitions: the search for new osteological signatures of menarche. M.E. LEWIS, F. ELAMIN. 8 Plagiocephaly and the maternal-fetal interface at Harappa. G. ROBBINS SCHUG. 9 A Comparative Growth Analysis of African Child Slaves in 15th to 17th Century Portugal. L. SPAKE, M. FERREIRA, H.F. CARDOSO, S. WASTERLAIN. 10 Small but healthy? The Shape of Childhood. S.Y. STARK, S. MAYS, J.R. SOFAER, S.R. ZAKRZEWSKI. 11 When to wean? The complex interaction between weaning behaviour, physiological stress and individual decision-making in the children of the Atacama Desert. C.L. KING, S.E. HALCROW, A.R. MILLARD, D.R. GRÖCKE, V.G. STANDEN, B.T. ARRIAZA. 12 Agriculture in the Atacama Desert: Implications for Human Health and Development. G.E. ELLIOTT, S. HALCROW, H. BUCKLEY, A. GRAY, V. STANDEN, B. ARRIAZA. Session 9 Back to the Root: The Use of Dental Cementum in Anthropology Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Stephan Naji, William Rendu, Lionel Gourichon Studio 4/5 10:30 Discussant: Sian Halcrow. 1 Stressful Starts: Investigating the impact of ‘stressors’ on fetal, perinatal and infant health and growth through time. C.M. HODSON, R.L. GOWLAND. 2 Childhood Survival and Perinatal Stress: A Case Study from Northern Peru. J.A. THOMAS, D.H. TEMPLE, H.D. KLAUS. 3 Growing up is hard to do: growth in urban and rural non-adults from Roman Britain. A.J. ROHNBOGNER. 4 Mouths to Feed: Subsistence Transition and Childhood Health in the Ancient Atacama Desert, Northern Chile (ca 5,500 – 1,500 BP). A.E. SOHLER-SNODDY, S.E. HALCROW, H.R. BUCKLEY, V. STANDEN, B. ARRIAZA. 20 Tooth enamel and dentin are the most studied hard tissues used to explore hominin evolution, life history, diet, health, and culture. Surprisingly, cementum (the interface between the alveolar bone and the root dentin) remains the least studied dental tissue even though its unique growth, which is continuous throughout life, has been acknowledged since the 1950’s. However, the hypothesized seasonal cementum increments have been successfully used to estimate accurate age and season at death in over 70 mammal species including human,and has opened a range of invaluable interpretative opportunities. Yet archaeological applications have been particularly limited by the lack of understanding of cementogenesis and the controversial nature of the observed increments. Following our initial meeting in 2013 on cementum studies, this symposium is the first attempt to bridge the gap between faunal and human analyses and to illustrate the growing multidisciplinary uses of cementum in 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS anthropology. The recent implementation of synchrotron x-ray imaging technologies in fluorescence mapping and micro-tomography provides new insight into cementum microstructure. Bioarchaeology and forensic age and season at death estimations now benefit from standardized protocols, as well as a greater understanding of taphonomic alterations and how to deal with them in archaeological and forensic samples. Finally, paleoanthropology can profit from nondestructive virtual cementum analyses to explore dental sexual dimorphism and morphology in hominin remains. With the recent advances in microbiology imaging technologies, and the consequent renewed awareness of cementum growth potentials, anthropologists are finally going back to the root. 10:30 Individual poster presentations and discussion led by Daniel Antoine. 1 Cementum ultrastructure, a comparative perspective from synchrotron x-ray scanning: fluorescence and diffraction. S. NAJI, W. RENDU, L. GOURICHON, Z. CAI, S. STOCK. 2 Taphonomy in cementochronology. W. RENDU, A.J. STUTZ, L. GOURICHON, S. NAJI, M. VUILLIEN, C. SÁNCHEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, E. PUBERT. 3 New insights on Broad Translucent Annulations. T. COLARD, M. DUBOIS, A. DE BROUCKER, B. BERTRAND. 4 Computerized cementochronology - taking the (16)bit between the teeth. B. BERTRAND, J. RAMOS MAGALHAES, T. COLARD. 5 Imaging cementum in primate deciduous teeth using synchrotron phase contrast micro-tomography. A. LE CABEC, M. TOUSSAINT, D.R. BEGUN, P. TAFFOREAU, C. DEAN. 6 Sexual dimorphism in dental cementum microstructure: potential for sexing hominin remains. K. ROBSON BROWN, E. NEWHAM, P. BAYLE, I. CORFE, P. GILL. 7 Synchrotron x-ray microtomography for non-destructive adult age-at-death estimation: visualizing cementum annulations in a historical human assemblage. N. TANG, A. LE CABEC, S. HILLSON, P. TAFFOREAU. 8 Development of Dental Cementum Increment Analysis for Age at Death Determination within the Identification Process of Unaccounted-for US Service Members. K. KOEL-ABT, N.D. WILSON, K.N. SCHMIDT. 9 The Utility of Dental Cementum Increment Analysis for Estimating Season-of-Death in Naturally Decomposed Skeletons. L.A. MECKEL, D.J. WESCOTT. 10 Determination of Season at Death Using Dental Cementum Increment Analysis to Assist in the Identification Process of Unaccounted-for US Service Members from Past Conflicts. N.D. WILSON, K. KOEL-ABT, K.N. SCHMIDT. 11 Out of the Mouths of Babes: Cementum Annulations in Human Deciduous Teeth. V.L. WEDEL, K.P. HERMSEN. 12 Cementochronology to the rescue: Osteobiography of a Middle Woodland woman with a combined skeletal dysplasia. A.A. CORMIER, J.E. BUIKSTRA, S. NAJI, T. COLARD. 13 Cementochronology and Palaeodemography: A New Method to Assess the Probable Age Distribution of Immatures. L. LANTERI, B. SALIBA-SERRE, B. BIZOT, J. GAUDART, M. SIGNOLI, A. SCHMITT. 14 Assessing Age-Related Mortality at Petra, Jordan Using Cementochronology and Hazard Modeling. A.S. PROPST, M. PERRY. 15 Seasonality and Neanderthal hunting strategies. L. GOURICHON, W. RENDU, S. NAJI, M. HASSANI, E. PUBERT, C. SANCHEZ-HERNANDEZ. Session 10 Skeletal Ageing: Factors Affecting Population Variation in Rates of Bone Degeneration Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Vanessa Campanacho, Andrew T. Chamberlain Studio 6 A persistent problem in physical anthropology is the lack of accuracy in age estimation for adult skeletons, especially when analysing macroscopic degenerative changes at joints of limited movement. To improve the accuracy and precision of age estimation methods a great deal of emphasis has been placed on improving the methodological components. Revised methodologies have re-arranged the number of phases and scoring procedures for morphological traits, and have applied different statistical approaches including Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference. However, these revisions have contributed only slight improvements in the accuracy of age estimation. Tests of established age estimation methods have indicated that bone ageing rates may not be uniform across populations, and it has been suggested that such differences may be caused by the effects of genetic and environmental factors. Limited research has been performed to understand the causes of variability in rates of ageing, but the effects of body size, occupation, and levels of physical activity, parturition and the consumption of drugs and alcohol may be important. This symposium will present current research on the variability of skeletal ageing rates across populations with the aim of raising awareness among researchers of the importance of learning more about the skeletal ageing process. Three main themes will be communicated at the symposium: variability in rates of ageing across populations, factors that have an effect on bone ageing in Conference Program 21 THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS skeletal remains and living individuals, and the implications for methods of age estimation. 4 Discussant: Vanessa Campanacho. Discussant: Andrew T. Chamberlain. 1 Macroscopic, microscopic and molecular biomarkers for age estimation: The role of environmental factors. A.T. CHAMBERLAIN. 2 Obesity affects the accuracy and precision of age at death estimations based on the pelvic joints. D.J. MACLATCHY, J. KINGSTON, G.T. SCHWARTZ. 5 Body size as a factor in skeletal age estimation: When size matters and how to deal with it. C.E. MERRITT. 4 The influence of body size in age estimation from the pelvic joints: methodological considerations. V. CAMPANACHO. 5 Aging using adult human pelvis morphology: effect of occupation or statistical method? M. MIRANKER. 6 The effects of osteoarthritis on age at death estimates from the human pelvis. S.E. CALCE, H.K. KURKI, D. WESTON, L. GOULD. 7 The relationship between pathology and age: diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in known-age individuals. L. CASTELLS NAVARRO, J. BUCKBERRY. 8 The Effect of Lifestyle Factors such as Smoking, Activity Level, and Pregnancy on Age Estimation from the Pubic Symphysis: A Study of 1,238 Living Volunteers. J. TRUESDELL. 9 Confounding factors: are molecular methods of age estimation less vulnerable? F. MAYER, T. ARENT, C. BOES, A. RECKERT, S. RITZ-TIMME. Session 11 Primate Nutrition/Foraging Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Taylor A. Polvadore Acadia 1 Nutrient limitation and orangutan facilitated nutrient recycling in a peat swamp habitat. S.E. ALAVI, S.S. Female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) select softer seeds than males. E. GEISSLER, D.J. DAEGLING, T.A. POLVADORE, W. MCGRAW. 6 Intraspecific Variation in a Food Mechanical Property: The Ecology of Fruit Hardness for a Primate Food at Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia. B.J. FINKEL, A.J. MARSHALL. WESCOTT, S.R. MAVROUDAS. 3 Histological sectioning and imaging of Papio dentition prior to isotopic sampling permits fine-tuned assessments of ages at dietary transitions. M. MALONE, L. 7 Niche Partitioning, Diet, and Oral Processing Behaviors in Three Sympatric Guenons in the Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. T.A. POLVADORE, E.E. KANE, M. WILKINS, F.M. GNEPA, D.J. DAEGLING, W. MCGRAW. 8 Near-infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool for Modeling Savanna Primate Diets. E.K. SMITH, J. LEICHLITER, M. SPONHEIMER, T. CERLING. 9 Variation in Sympatry Among Crowned Lemurs and Sanford’s Lemurs: A Comparison Between Mt.d’Ambre National Park and Analabe Gallery Forest. B.Z. FREED, K.O. ARTHUR. 10 Isotopic Variability of Chimpanzee Vertebrate and Invertebrate Prey at Gombe National Park. R.S. NOCKERTS, R.C. O’MALLEY, M.L. WILSON, D.L. FOX. 11 Oral processing profiles of three sympatric colobines in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire. J.N. TRAFF, M. WILLIAMS, E.E. KANE, D.J. DAEGLING, W. MCGRAW. 12 Unique Habitat Sharing between Humans and Wild Chimpanzees in Sierra Leone: Ecological Implications for the Human-Primate Interface. A.R. HALLORAN, C.E. BOLTEN. 13 Nutritional Balancing of Milk: Examining Nutritional Variability in Human Milk through a Geometric Framework. E.C. CANCELLIERE, K. HINDE, D. RAUBENHEIMER, J.M. ROTHMAN. 14 Correlates of energetic status among female chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park using urinary C-peptide. S. GUNTER, K.B. POTTS, J.L. BROWN. 15 Great ape isotope ecology – moving beyond general patterns. V.M. OELZE. UTAMI ATMOKO, M. DJINU, E.R. VOGEL. 2 Meat-eating in hamadryas baboons: temporal patterns of meat consumption and doum palm fruit availability. A.L. SCHREIER, R.M. SCHLAHT, L. SWEDELL. 3 22 Interannual variation in Piliocolobus badius badius diet in Cote d’Ivoire’s Tai National Park: implications for conservation. M. WILKINS, W. MCGRAW, E.E. KANE. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 12 Primate Reproduction, Parentage, and Life History II Contributed Poster Presentations 3 H.E. WEISS-BILKA, M.J. RAVOSA. 4 Chair: Magdalena N. Muchlinski Allocare in a captive population of hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas). A. CARTER. 2 Are Male Orangutans a Threat to Infants? Motheroffspring Interactions with Males in Wild Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii. A.M. SCOTT, C.D. KNOTT. 3 Correlates of fecal androgens in wild female whitefaced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator). G. 5 An ontogenetic perspective of the energetic contratins of brain growth on muscle mass. M.N. MUCHLINSKI. 5 Testosterone as a Predictor of Dispersal Strategies in Geladas. S. SEN, C. BARALE, J. BEEHNER. 6 Does the energetic status of wild orangutan mothers vary with infant age? T.D. BRANSFORD, M. EMERY 7 6 CHOI, J.L. PARHAM, J. BRANTLEY, S.P. PAQUETTE. 7 3D geometric morphometrics of lumbar vertebral curvatures in H. sapiens. S. LOIS ZLOLNISKI, D. GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ, E. BLANCO-PÉREZ, J.A. SANCHIS GIMENO, A. BARASH, S. MARTELLI, S. NALLA, M. BASTIR. 8 A theoretical demonstration for the effects of anthropometric secular changes relative to military accommodation rates among different race groups. H. CHOI, T.N. GARLIE, J. PARHAM, J. BRANTLEY, S.P. PAQUETTE. 9 High-stakes fighting: Monopolizability of females promotes intragroup killing in chimpanzees. M.L. 10 Studying yellow fever virus susceptibility in humans using a howler monkey model. N. TOROSIN, K. Session 13 Human Biology and Beyond Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Victoria M. Dominguez Acadia Maternal Environment and Craniofacial Growth: Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Mandibular Shape Changes Associated with In Utero Overexposure to Thyroxine in Mice. M.J. KESTERKE, M.A. JUDD, M.P. MOONEY, M.I. SIEGEL, J. CRAY, M. ELSALANTY, R. HOWIE, S.M. WEINBERG. 2 Comparison of body size changes among military personnel between 1988 and 2012. T.N. GARLIE, H. THOMPSON, D.J. NAUMENKO, A.M. MOLDAWER, A.J. PRITCHARD, M.A. VAN NOORDWIJK, S. UTAMI ATMOKO, E.R. VOGEL. WILSON, E.E. WROBLEWSKI, N.M. SIMMONS, D.C. MJUNGU, S.M. KAMENYA, R.S. RUDICELL, B.H. HAHN, A.E. PUSEY. 1 An evaluation of US educator product priorities and challenges for teaching human evolution. B. POBINER, D. PATTERSON. KING-BAILEY, K.M. JACK. 4 Investigating intra-skeletal variation in cortical bone strength parameters of the radius and tibia in non-osteoporotic males. R.L. HUNTER, K.C. BRILEY, A.J. YARD, M.M. MURACH, A.M. AGNEW. Acadia 1 Make no bones without it: Characterization of region-specific behaviors in non-sutural cranial osteoblasts using bone morphogenetic proteins. J.A. BRILL, Outreach initiatives related with health, obesity and osteology developed by the Anthropological Museum Montané in elementary schools and communities of Cuba. A. RANGEL, V. VÁZQUEZ, D. NIEBLA, M. DÍAZ. Male infants, risk, and postnatal depression: Evidence regarding the Trivers-Willard hypothesis in a contemporary low-fertility context. S.E. JOHNS, S. MYERS. FISCHER, J. ROUND, L.A. KNAPP. 11 Influence of anatomical, cognitive, and behavioral variables on the morphological variation of human corpus callosum. Y. HEUZÉ, N. TZOURIO-MAZOYER, E. MELLET, F. CRIVELLO. 12 Shape covariation of the human orbit and eyeball. A. RUEDELL. 13 Cortical Area vs Bone Area: Assessing Intracortical and Endosteal Bone Loss With Age. V.M. DOMINGUEZ, A.M. AGNEW. 14 The “other” drug: Implementing bird grasshoppers as a treatment for anemia. K.J. HURD. 15 Effects of ethanol on Porphyromonas gingivalis in planktonic and biofilm monocultures. N.A. SHORT, R.J. LAMONT, P.W. EWALD. 16 Timing and Duration of Epiphyseal Fusion and Implications for Growth Potential. M.E. BOEYER, R.J. SHERWOOD, C.B. DEROCHE, D.L. DUREN. 17 walkR: A Software Package to Analyze the Biomechanics of Human Locomotion. E.R. OTAROLACASTILLO, E.R. CASTILLO, M. HORA, M.G. TORQUATO, A.G. WARRENER, H. PONTZER. Conference Program 23 THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS 18 “It Sucks To Be A Boy On His Period”: Language Ideologies, “Women’s” Health, & Trans* Communities. 9 19 Variation in the Interface of Brain and Skull. S.Y. GREER, 10 New Insights on the Homo naledi Ankle Using Threedimensional Quantification. A. FERNANDEZ, W.E. A.E. GUITAR, S.M. PERRINO. I.D. GEORGE, K. ALDRIDGE. 20 As Tall as Goliath? Stature Among the Philistines at Ashkelon. S.C. FOX, K. MARKLEIN, R. KALISHER, M. FAERMAN, P. SMITH, D. MASTER, A. AJA. 21 Membership in a LGBT-Focused Organization Serves as a Buffer against Stigma: A Biocultural Approach to Stigma Stress. N.D. ROY, C. WALKER, H. ACOSTA, S. LAWSON, C.D. LYNN. 22 The US ARMY Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR II): Database of body-size and associated demographic data of military personnel. J.L. PARHAM, T.N. GARLIE, H. CHOI, J. BRANTLEY, S.P. PAQUETTE. Session 14 Paleoanthropology: Early Homo II Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Adam P. Van Arsdale Acadia 1 Sex Differences in Walking Kinematics among Modern Humans. L.T. GRUSS, C. WALL-SCHEFFLER. 2 The biomechanics of stone tool behaviors and implications for the evolution of the human hand. E. WILLIAMS-HATALA, K.G. HATALA, M. GORDON, M. KASPER, T.L. KIVELL. 3 4 The diet of Homo antecessor. M. LOZANO, A. ROMERO, J. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO, E. CARBONELL, J. ARSUAGA, A. PÉREZ-PÉREZ. Seasonal variation of δ C and δ O in extant African suid enamel and its implications for fossil suid diets and paleoecology of hominin fossil sites. D. YANG, K.T. 13 18 UNO. 5 The interaction of preservation bias and analytical bias in the fossil record. A.P. VAN ARSDALE. 6 Phosphate-water δ18O offset revision improves paleoclimatic reconstructions. D.R. GREEN, A.S. COLMAN. 7 Modeling Hominin Dispersal Patterns using Cost Path Analysis and Spectral Signature Models. R. An Analysis of Shape Differences in Crocodylian Dentition Using Geometric Morphometrics. P. FARRUGIA, J.K. NJAU, P. POLLY. HARCOURT-SMITH. 11 Can Small be All? The Limited Commonalities of Mata Menge and Liang Bua Hominins on Flores. M. HENNEBERG, A.J. KUPERAVAGE, S. CHAVANAVES, R.B. ECKHARDT. 12 Homo naledi’s pedal pathologies. Z. THROCKMORTON, B. ZIPFEL, P. RANDOLPH-QUINNEY, E. ODES, K. CONGDON, J. DESILVA, W. HARCOURT-SMITH, L. BERGER. 13 Minor Physical Anomalies as Additional Indicators of Developmental Disorder in LB1 from Liang Bua, Flores. R.B. ECKHARDT, S. CHAVANAVES, M. HENNEBERG. 14 Shifts in the distribution of rat body sizes through time at Liang Bua: New paleoecological insights into the extinction of Homo floresiensis and other endemic taxa. E.G. VEATCH, M.W. TOCHERI, T. SUTIKNA, JATMIKO, E.W. SAPTOMO, K.M. HELGEN. 15 Exploring the impact of collection strategies on interpretations of faunal abundance: a case study from the Koobi Fora Formation (Pleistocene, northern Kenya). A. ENNY, M. BIERNAT, D.R. BRAUN, W.H. REDA, A.S. HAMMOND, D.B. PATTERSON, W. BARR. 16 Problems in Predicting Anatomy and Inferring Behavior from the Gross Morphology of the Flexor Pollicis Longus Insertion Site. K.G. HATALA, E. WILLIAMS-HATALA, T. SCIBILIA, S. HILES, K.N. RABEY. 17 Revising the hypodigm of Homo heidelbergensis, a view from the Eastern Mediterrannean. M. ROKSANDIC. 18 Electromyography, Kinematics, and Kinetics of the Upper Limb during Oldowan Stone Tool Manufacture. E.M. FEUERRIEGEL, M. HALAKI, D. REED, C.P. GROVES, K.A. GINN. 19 Mechanical Diet and its Role in Evolutionary Anthropology. H. SELVEY, O. PAINE. 20 The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental and postcranial characters. D. ARGUE, C. GROVES, M. LEE, W. JUNGERS. MCPHERSON, C.M. MUSIBA. 8 A preliminary study of primate abundance in East Turkana collection areas relative to outcrop size. B. THOMPSON, J. ARENSON, M. BIERNAT, W. BARR, J. REEVES, D.R. BRAUN, A. HAMMOND. 24 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 15 Functional Anatomy: Jaws and Teeth Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Kate McGrath Acadia 1 The Developmental Cascade Biases Dates of Evolutionary Change in the Dentition. C.S. MONGLE, A. NESBITT, J.B. SMAERS, F.E. GRINE. 2 An Investigation of the Inhibitory Cascade Mechanism in Extant and Extinct Lemurs. K.K. CATLETT, L.R. GODFREY, K. SAMONDS, E. DALY, G.T. SCHWARTZ, A. EVANS. 3 What is a genus? Understanding craniodental diversity in Callicebus. L.B. HALENAR, S.B. COOKE. 4 First 3D dental topographic analysis of the enamel-dentine junction in non-primate euarchontans: investigating development, diet, and taxonomy. K.R. SELIG, M.T. SILCOX. 5 The Ontogeny of Masticatory Efficiency and Implications for Hominin Canine Reduction. H. GLOWACKA, G.T. SCHWARTZ. 6 Histological examination of molar development in Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. S.C. MCFARLIN, D.J. REID, K. ARBENZ-SMITH, M.R. CRANFIELD, T.S. STOINSKI, T.G. BROMAGE, A. MUDAKIKWA. 7 Coordination of upper and lower primary postcanine tooth size in the haplorrhine primates by the inhibitory cascade. E. DALY, K.K. CATLETT, S. KING, K. SAMONDS, L.R. GODFREY, G.T. SCHWARTZ, A. EVANS. 8 The relationship between dental eruption sequence, phylogeny and life history in the evolution of primate dentition. T.A. MONSON, L.J. HLUSKO. 9 Quantifying linear enamel hypoplasia in Virunga mountain gorillas and other great apes. K. MCGRATH, 12 Are developmental defects of enamel acquired according to seasonal schedules in Bornean gibbons and orangutans? An autocorrelation analysis. M. O’HARA, D. GUATELLI-STEINBERG. 13 Masticatory loading and diet type in relation to cross-sectional geometric properties of the primate zygomatic arch. H.M. EDMONDS. 14 The Biomechanical Consequences of Zygomatic Arch Shape. A.L. SMITH, I.R. GROSSE. 15 Effect of periodontal ligament on stress gradients in alveolar bone. A. RAPOFF, D. YANKOVA, W. MCGRAW, D. DAEGLING. 16 Subfamily affiliation conditions bone stiffness in Taï Forest monkeys. D.J. DAEGLING, J.D. PAMPUSH, W. MCGRAW. 17 Morphological Integration and Function in the Platyrrhine Mandible. M.A. HOLMES. 18 Scaling relationships within architectural properties of the jaw adductormusculature in Macaca fascicularis. E. DICKINSON, L.C. FITTON, K. KUPCZIK. 19 Analyzing the Morpho-functional Consequences of Seed Predation in the Pitheciid lower Jaw using Finite Element Analysis and Geometric Morphometrics. T.A. PÜSCHEL, J. MARCÉ-NOGUÉ, T.M. KAISER, R.J. BROCKLEHURST, W.I. SELLERS. 20 Trabecular symmetry in the primate temporomandibular joint. P.A. RAMOS, A.D. SYLVESTER, A.B. TAYLOR, C.E. TERHUNE. 21 Complex mandibular molar root size differences and similarities between non-human primate species (Gorilla, Pongo and Pan), and chimpanzee subspecies (Pan troglodytes verus). M. BÄUCHLE. Session 16 Human Skeletal Biology: Isotopes, Subsistence, and Mobility S. EL ZAATARI, M.R. CRANFIELD, T.S. STOINSKI, A. MUDAKIKWA, T.G. BROMAGE, S.C. MCFARLIN. Contributed Poster Presentations 10 Food toughness and dental microwear anisotropy. Acadia R.S. SCOTT, B.W. WRIGHT, K.A. WRIGHT, C. ROSS, A. VAN CASTEREN, M. FOGAÇA, D.M. FRAGASZY, C. MARCIL, D.S. STRAIT. 11 Many ways to form a pit, but not a scratch: modelling and measuring dental microwear signatures. M.A. BERTHAUME, E. SCHULZ-KORNAS, K. KUPCZIK. Chair: Luseadra J. McKerracher 1 Effects of Mounting Adhesives and Solvent Treatments on Sequential Sectioning of Dentine Samples for Stable Isotope Analysis (C, N). I. SCHARLOTTA. 2 The environmental sulfur isotope composition of the Maya region: A working model and preliminary results. A.J. RAND, V. GRIMES. Conference Program 25 THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS 3 Isotopes of Coastal Ecuador. L. VAN VOORHIS, J. KRIGBAUM, V. MARTINEZ, N. JASTREMSKI. 4 Stable isotope analyses of human bone collagen from Iron Age Switzerland - Diet and mobility of Swiss “Celtic” populations. N. MOGHADDAM, F. MÜLLER, S. LÖSCH. 5 Bone deep: stable nitrogen isotope ratios and histomorphometric measurements of bone remodelling within adult human skeletons. G.E. FAHY, C.A. DETER, R. PITFIELD, P. MAHONEY. 6 7 Inter-tooth differences in enamel defect and δ18O sequences: implications for research on individual high resolution stress histories. C. WITZEL, A. 17 Using Stable Isotopes to Assess Dietary Variation in Late Middle Woodland Settlements in the Central United States: Evidence from Human Burials at Monkey Mountain (23JO14) Warrensburg, Missouri. H.E. MARSH, A.J. WATERMAN, R.H. TYKOT. SOŁTYSIAK, E. KRZEMIŃSKA, Z. CZUPYT. Intermarriage and Hybridity at an Ancient Greek Colony: Oxygen Stable Isotope Analysis at Himera in Sicily. V.C. ALARCIA, L.J. REITSEMA, B. KYLE, S. 19 Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Diet at the Santa Bárbara Mining Encampment. T.K. PROCTOR, D.K. SMIT, B.J. SCHAEFER, B.L. TURNER. T.A. TUNG. Environmental background for a catastrophic event in an early urban centre in Syria: the evidence from oxygen isotopes and enamel defects. A. SOŁTYSIAK, C. 20 Reconstructing Székely Subsistence: Stable Isotope Evidence for Medieval Diet in Eastern Transylvania. Examining the pig in the poke: What happens with stable isotopes in the body tissues of livestock? D.F. 21 Temporal trends in medieval diet at Stoke Quay, Ipswich, England. E. FARBER, A. ROSE, J. LEE-THORP, L. WITZEL, H. SCHUTKOWSKI, E. KRZEMIŃSKA, Z. CZUPYT. 9 M. GIGANTE, V. WARTER, W. MÜLLER, A. SPERDUTI, L. BONDIOLI. 18 Bread and Porridge in Early Berlin: A Palaeodietary Analysis of the Medieval Cemetery at Petriplatz, Germany. M.E. ZECHINI, K. KILLGROVE, J. HOLMSTROM, VASSALLO. 8 16 Anthropological evidence of multi-ethnicity in the first Greek settlement In Italy. Strontium isotopic analysis of the skeletal sample from the necropolis of Pithekoussai, (Ischia VIII cent. BCE - III cent. CE). ANDERS, J.A. KRETZINGER, M.A. VOHBERGER. 10 Early Colonial Period Exodus to the Southern MayaSpanish Frontier: Investigating Immigration to Tipu through the use of Strontium and Oxygen Isotopes. W.R. TRASK. 11 Family isn’t everything: Strontium and oxygen stable isotope analysis of a known population from Fewston Parish, UK. L. QUADE, R. GOWLAND, A. MILLARD. E.M. PESCHEL, T.E. DUNN, J.D. BETHARD, Z. NYARADI, A. GONCIAR, M. KATZENBERG, S.H. AMBROSE. LOE, H. HAMEROW. 22 Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis of Archaeological Dental Calculus: Potential for Future Study. S.D. PRICE, H.P. SCHWARCZ, A. KEENLEYSIDE. 23 Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of dental calculus from Greenlandic Inuit are consistent with a proteinrich and fat-rich diet. G. SCOTT, S.R. POULSON, N. LYNNERUP. 12 From whence they came: Identifying natal landscapes using strontium isotope (87Sr/86Sr) signatures in late prehistoric southwestern Portugal. A.J. WATERMAN, E. 24 The Complexities and Interpretive Benefits of Employing Local Food Resources for Dietary Reconstruction via Stable Isotope Analysis. S.C. DENT, 13 Isotopic perspectives on human mobility at the Imperial Roman Rue Jacques Brel necropolis (ca. 1st to 3rd c. CE) in Saintes, France. R.J. STARK, T.L. 25 Micro-fossils Recovered from Dental Calculus: Implications for Reconstructing Moche Diet. C.M. WRIGHT, M. KUNST, J. CARDOSO, D.W. PEATE. PROWSE. 14 Assembling a Winning Army: Strontium Isotope Analysis of Local and Non-Local Soldiers from the Ancient Greek Battles of Himera (480 BCE, 409 BCE). J.R. STAMER, K.L. REINBERGER, B. KYLE, P. FABBRI, S. VASSALLO, L.J. REITSEMA. 15 Baseline characterization and biogeochemical variation for the identification of paleomobility in the Aegean. E. PREVEDOROU, J.E. BUIKSTRA, G.W. GORDON, D.L. HUTCHINSON. GAGNON, A.O. LAFFEY. 26 The Metagenomic Analysis of Oral Microbiome Composition of Dental Calculus Recovered from Institutionalized Individuals from the Mississippi State Asylum, Jackson MS. J.R. BELANICH, H.R. JORDAN, M.K. ZUCKERMAN, N.P. HERRMANN, S. MILLER, J. ROSCH. 27 Diet and Social Complexity in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile (AD 700 – 1100). R.M. SCOTT, S.E. HALCROW, V. STANDEN, B. ARRIAZA, C.W. SCHMIDT. K.J. KNUDSON. 26 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY MORNING SESSIONS 28 Human diet in the early medieval period: Tooth wear, mastication, enamel thickness and its relationship to social stratification. A. IBROVÁ, J. DUPEJ, P. STRÁNSKÁ, P. VELEMÍNSKÝ, L. POLÁČEK, J. VELEMÍNSKÁ. 29 Environment resources use of Rio De Janeiro’s state coast by shellmound builders: an estimate of diet composition. V. GUIDA, M. BASTOS, S. REIS, C. RODRIGUES-CARVALHO. 30 Isotopic and paleopathological analysis of Pre-Columbian secondary interments at Cueva Vigía, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. M. HERNANDEZ, A. RANGEL RIVERO, D. MACHADO MENDOZA. 31 The Importance of Shoes: Correlation between Grave Goods, Status, and Diet of Late Iron Age and Early Roman Individuals from Winterborne Kingston, UK. S.A. MCGUIRE, H. SCHUTKOWSKI, M. HUBBE. 32 Age, body size, and reproductive status affect δ13C and δ15N values: Evidence from living Maya women from Guatemala. L.J. MCKERRACHER, M. COLLARD, P. 40 Horse Trail Shelter (41VV166): Understanding subsistence and lifeways in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas during the Late Prehistoric using a novel SfM approach to osteological data collection. C.C. SIEGERT, C.W. KOENIG, A.M. CASTANEDA, S.L. BLACK, M.D. HAMILTON, L.A. MECKEL, D.S. GLEIBER, S.R. MAVROUDAS. 41 In Cibus Veritas: Palaeodietary Analysis of Skeletons from 5th Century BC, Italy. A.N. ACOSTA, K. KILLGROVE, B.L. TURNER, B.J. SCHAEFER. 42 Isotope paleodietary investigations on a Medieval Christian population from the 4th Cataract of the Nile River in Sudan. D. ANTOINE, M.A. MANNINO, M.P. RICHARDS. 43 A Multi-Isotopic Approach to the Reconstruction of Prehistoric Mobility and Burial Patterns in the Iranian plateau during Bronze Age. F. KHATIBI JAFARI. NEPOMNASCHY, M.P. RICHARDS. 33 Gender differences in diet and physical activity: Evidence of social difference in a Muisca community (Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia, 1000-1400 AD). M.J. MILLER, S.C. AGARWAL, C.H. LANGEBAEK. 34 A Bioarchaeological Investigation of Marine Resource Procurement among the Chumash of Santa Rosa Island, California. S.C. KUZMINSKY, J.M. ERLANDSON, T. XIFARA. 35 Adult and early childhood diet of early medieval untypical population group of Central Europe (10th century AD, Czech Republic) in relation to the health status. S. KAUPOVA, P. VELEMINSKY, P. STRANSKA, K. TOMKOVA. 36 Diet Reconstruction of the Ancient People from Chinese Silk Road: The Tooth Wear of the BronzeIron Age Population From Jiayi Cemetery in Xinjiang, China. W. ZHANG, H. ZHAO, S. YANG, A. WANG, X. MAN, N. LIANG, X. GAO. 37 An Isotopic Approach to Examining Culture Change at Casas Grandes, Mexico. A.M. OFFENBECKER, K.D. WALLER, J.H. KELLEY, M. KATZENBERG. 38 Revealing variation in social integration: Diet and migration at the ceremonial site of La Marcha, Peru in the southern Nasca region (1-1000 BCE). C.M. KELLNER, V. WHALEN, A. FIGUEROA FLORES. 39 Dietary variability and age-related behavioural changes among hunter-gatherers from Roonka, South Australia. C.B. SMITH, J. LITTLETON. Conference Program 27 THURSDAY, EVENING SESSIONS Session 17 4:00 Collaborations Across Anthropology and Genetics: Examples of Transdisciplinary Work Invited Podium Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Connie J. Mulligan, Catherine Panter-Brick Structural Racism, Genetic Variation, and Hypertension among African Americans: Evidence from HEAT Heart Health. C.C. GRAVLEE, J. QUINLAN, R. VACCA, C. MCCARTY, P. BOSTON, M. MITCHELL, C.J. MULLIGAN. 4:15 The “Environment” in Gene-Environment Interaction Research: An Anthropological View. W.W. DRESSLER. Bissonet 4:30 Break. Working across disciplines often helps us tackle new research issues and achieve better insights into questions which range from human health over the lifecourse to questions of human identity and evolution. How do geneticists, human biologists, medical anthropologists, psychologists, and archaeologists initiate collaborations, manage the integration of different types of data, and coordinate approaches to ask novel research questions? What do researchers gain from collaboration in terms of data capture, analytical strategy, and insights about what matters for individuals and populations in specific environments? Oftentimes inter-disciplinary collaborations lead to the formulation of new research questions, an overhaul of data collection and analytical strategies, and a more careful use of concepts such as race, resilience, and genetic inheritance. This symposium, sponsored by the American Association of Anthropological Genetics, showcases concrete examples of collaborative work which invites reflection on the value of transdisciplinary research. 4:45 Genetic Ancestry, Race, and National Belonging in Argentina: Interdisciplinary Investigations. G.S. 2:30 Epigenetic pathways of intergenerational phenotypic inertia in birth weight: Evidence from mothers in Cebu, Philippines. C.P. RYAN, M.J. JONES, J.L. MACISAAC, A. MORIN, J.B. BORJA, M.S. KOBOR, C.W. KUZAWA, T.W. MCDADE. 3:00 Posttraumatic stress and psychological resilience in Nepali child soldiers: an interdisciplinary study in human social genomics. C.M. WORTHMAN, B.A. KOHRT, S.W. COLE. 3:15 5:00 Ancient TB in the Americas: the partnership between bioarchaeology and genetics to identify a killer. A.C. STONE, T. HONAP, Å.J. VÅGENE, J.E. BUIKSTRA, A. HERBIG, K.I. BOS, J. KRAUSE. 5:15 Unstated Assumptions and Interdisciplinarity in the Study of Ancient Pathogen DNA. J.E. BUIKSTRA. 5:30 Discussant: Catherine Panter-Brick. Session 18 Primate Nutrition and Foraging Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Margaret J. Schoeninger Genetics of risk and resilience in Syrian refugee youth. C.J. MULLIGAN, C. CLUKAY, J. QUINLAN, R. DAJANI, D. HAMADMAD, G. ABUDAYYEH, C. PANTER-BRICK. 2:45 CABANA, M. MENDOZA, L. SMITH. Can acupuncture decrease stress and increase telomerase activity to promote healthy cellular aging among older adults with depression or anxiety? A.L. NON, E.S. CLAUSING, L.S. REDWINE, N.C. RODNEY. 3:30 Physiology, fertility, and population genetics. C.M. 3:45 A Bio-Ethnography of Environmental Health and Body Mass in Mexico City: Challenges and Preliminary Results. E.F. ROBERTS, M. TÉLLEZ-ROJO. Balcony I/J 2:30 The gut microbiome and metabolome of saddle-back tamarins (Leontocebus weddelli): Understanding the foraging ecology of a smallbodied primate. P.A. GARBER, A. GOMEZ. 2:45 The role of primate entomophagy in niche partitioning and species coexistence: a molecular case study from Kibale National Park (KNP), Uganda. M.M. LYKE, A. DI FIORE, N. FIERER, A.A. MADDEN, J.E. LAMBERT. 3:00 Who, What, Where: Patterns of Gut Microbial Diversity in Atelines. K.M. MILICH, K.R. AMATO, A. LINK, A. DI FIORE. 3:15 Orangutans, Fruit, and the Geometric Framework Fruit and Non-Fruit Choice in Wild Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii. A.L. DIGIORGIO, C.D. KNOTT. 3:30 Stable Isotope Ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of Hair Indicate Habitat Ecology and Diet at Two Chimpanzee Study Sites. M.J. SCHOENINGER, C.A. BEALL, A. DI RIENZO. MOST, J.J. MOORE, A.D. SOMERVILLE. 3:45 The Multidimensional Nutritional Niche of Baboons. C.A. JOHNSON, D. RAUBENHEIMER, J.M. ROTHMAN. 28 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 4:00 Elemental Ratios of Carbon and Nitrogen Track Weaning in a Graminivorous Primate (Theropithecus gelada). L.J. REITSEMA, N. SNYDERMACKLER, J.C. BEEHNER, T.J. BERGMAN, A. LU. 4:15 Nutritional balancing among Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in structurally distinct areas of the Diani Forest, Kenya. N.T. DUNHAM. 4:30 Break. 5:00 Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) experience fewer mechanical challenges during periods of low fruit availability. E.E. KANE, A. VAN CASTEREN, M. WILKINS, J.N. TRAFF, S.E. LAD, D.J. DAEGLING, W. MCGRAW. 5:15 From forest to savannah: exploring the mechanical properties of eastern chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) foods. A. VAN CASTEREN, K. KUPCZIK. 5:30 Nutritional strategies of female redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius). M.A. BRYER, D. RAUBENHEIMER, J.M. ROTHMAN. 6:00 The power of protein: protein regulation, energetics, and health in wild Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). E.R. VOGEL, T.D. BRANSFORD, S.E. ALAVI, M. EMERY THOMPSON, B.E. CROWLEY, W.M. ERB, M.A. VAN NOORDWIJK, S. UTAMI ATMOKO, D. RAUBENHEIMER, J.M. ROTHMAN. 6:15 Ancestral state reconstructions of dental development in Miocene fossil taxa. C. KUFELDT. 3:30 New fossil primates from the Lower Siwaliks of India. C.C. GILBERT, B.A. PATEL, N.P. SINGH, C.J. CAMPISANO, J.G. FLEAGLE, K.L. RUST, K.D. PUGH, R. PATNAIK. 3:45 Dietary abrasiveness and chewing efficiency in chimpanzees. E. SCHULZ-KORNAS, J. 4:00 4:15 4:30 Break. 5:00 The unusual and generically distinct face of the middle Miocene small-bodied ape “Micropithecus” leakeyorum from Maboko Island, Kenya. B.R. BENEFIT, M.L. MCCROSSIN, E. DAVIS. 5:15 5:30 Rethinking Neonatal Brain Size: Birth Timing Relative to Brain Growth and Neurodevelopmental Schedules in Primates and other Mammals. A.C. HALLEY, T.W. DEACON. 3:00 The effect of different patterns of cranial vasculature on encephalization within Primates. A.R. HARRINGTON, D.M. BOYER. Revisiting the Early Miocene Paleoenvironments of Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya based on Paleosols and Paleontological Analyses. L.A. MICHEL, K.P. MCNULTY, T. LEHMANN, A. NOVELLO, S.G. DRIESE, D.L. FOX, N.D. GARRETT, D.J. PEPPE. 6:00 Studio 1/2/3 2:45 Long bone cross-sectional diaphyseal shape follows different ontogenetic trajectories in captive and wild gorillas. S.L. CANINGTON, A.D. SYLVESTER, M. BURGESS, J. JUNNO, C.B. RUFF. Primates and Evolution Evolution of Gibbons and Siamang: What do we know? U.H. REICHARD, M.M. CROISSIER. Signals of Ecogeography and Phylogeny in the Macaque Dentition (Cercopithecidae: Macaca). N.D. GRUNSTRA, R.A. FOLEY, P. MITTEROECKER. Session 19 2:30 Geochronology and palaeoecological implications of new orangutan-bearing fossil deposits from the Padang Highlands, western Sumatra. J. LOUYS, G.J. PRICE, J. ZAIM, Y. RIZAL, W.D. SANTOSO, A. TRIHASCARYO. 5:45 Chair: Ulrich H. Reichard Yet another new cranium from the early Miocene: the most complete male cranial remains of the fossil ape Ekembo. S. MUTETI, T. LEHMANN, L. MICHEL, S. COTE, D.J. PEPPE, R.J. JANSMA, K.P. MCNULTY. STUHLTRAEGER, R. WITTIG, K. KUPCZIK. Contributed Podium Presentations New Small Catarrhine Fossils from Songhor and Lower Kapurtay and their Implications for Interpreting Early Miocene Primate Communities. R.J. JANSMA, I.O. NENGO, K.P. MCNULTY, S. COTE, N. MALIT, N.J. STEVENS. Foraging Efficiency and Ecological Risk Aversion in Juvenile Bornean Orangutans. C.D. KNOTT, K.E. DELONG. 5:45 3:15 Shift in Dental Topography and Size in the Early Euprimate Teilhardina in Response to Climate Change at the End of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. P.E. MORSE, D.M. BOYER, J.I. BLOCH. 6:15 Revised geochronology of the Early Miocene faunas from Rusinga Island and Mfangano Island (Lake Victoria, Kenya): Implications for Miocene hominoid evolution and faunal succession. D.J. PEPPE, A.L. DEINO, K.P. MCNULTY, M.S. MCCOLLUM, A.L. MITCHELL, S.G. DRIESE, H.M. DUNSWORTH, D.L. FOX, W.E. HARCOURT-SMITH, K. JENKINS, T. LEHMANN, L.A. MICHEL. Conference Program 29 THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 6:30 Does Size Matter? Using Size Variation to Diagnose the Presence of Multiple Species in Subfossil Lemur Samples. A.J. ZAMORA, J.P. HERRERA. 6:45 Dispersal of early haplorhine primates by rafting across Tethys: Discovery of an Eocene omomyid from northern Anatolia. K. BEARD, G. MÉTAIS, A. LICHT, P. COSTER, F. OCAKOĞLU, J. KAPPELMAN, M.H. TAYLOR. Session 20 Human Skeletal Biology: Life Experience, Violence, and Disease Contributed Podium Presentations 5:15 GUATELLI-STEINBERG, B. PIPERATA. 5:30 5:45 6:00 A Pact of Not Forgetting: Understanding Medellín’s Violent Past Through a Modern Documented Skeletal Collection. J.E. ROTHWELL. 6:15 Number of battle deaths scale with population size rather than differential proclivities for violence among humans living in nonstate and state societies. D. FALK, C. HILDEBOLT. 6:30 The costs of conquest: Detecting changing environmental stress in the transition from Iron Age to Roman England. A.R. TOBIN, C.A. ROBERTS. P. PERNTER, O. PESCHEL. 2:45 Get rid of the ugly one: congenital deformations and early childhood pathologies in the female monastic population in the Iberian Peninsula. N. Session 21 Diversity, Variation, and Paleoecology: A View of Hominin Complexity from the Middle Pliocene of Eastern Africa ŠARKIĆ, R. DINARÈS, L. MUÑOZ, J. HERRERÍN. 3:00 Delineating the effects of early life experience on adult immune function in 20th Century Portugal. K.E. BLEVINS, C. ROBERTS, A. SANTOS. 3:15 3:30 Treponemal Disease in Early China. K. PECHENKINA, S. CHEN, W. FAN. Palatal Destructive Lesions in the St. Jørgen’s Medieval Leprosarium: Paleopathological Analysis and Paleoepidemiological Inferences. V.M. MATOS, C. MARQUES. 3:45 Molecular evidence for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 1st-4th c. A.D. southern Italy. S. MARCINIAK, T.L. PROWSE, A. HERRING, J. KLUNK, M. KUCH, A.T. DUGGAN, L. BONDIOLI, E.C. HOLMES, H.N. POINAR. 4:00 Utilizing non-weight-bearing bones in archaeological investigations of the evolution of osteoporosis. Interpersonal violence during the Andean Early Intermediate Period and Middle Horizon. E.A. SHARP, R.E. BRIA. Studio 7/8/9 Radiological and Forensic Re-evaluation of the Cause of Death of the Iceman, c. 5300 BP. F. RUHLI, Trauma, Stress, and Sociopolitical Change in the Lower Río Verde, Oaxaca, Mexico. A.T. MAYES, A. JOYCE, S. BARBER. Chair: Emily A. Sharp 2:30 Can the Timing of Deciduous Tooth Emergence be Partially Accounted for by Mother’s Past or Current Circumstances? J.E. SPENCE, B. FLOYD, D. Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Amy L. Rector, Denise F. Su, Kaye E. Reed Balcony K Hominin fossil discoveries in the last two decades have dramatically increased the taxonomic diversity of hominin species from the middle Pliocene (~4-3 Ma) of eastern Africa. Detailed morphological, geological, and paleoecological studies show that this increase in diversity is not limited to taxonomic representation, but also to habitat, diet, and locomotion. This symposium brings together experts in hominins, paleoecology, and geology to synthesize the data from the last twenty years and examine the implications for our understanding of early hominin evolution. R. MOUNTAIN. 2:30 Individual poster presentations (Odd posters). 4:15 Hale and Frail: Skeletal Frailty in Medieval and Postmedieval London. D.E. CREWS, K.E. MARKLEIN. 3:30 Individual poster presentations (Even posters). 4:30 Break. 6:00 Discussants: William Kimbel and Carol Ward. 5:00 Long bone growth in a mid-19th century documented sample of the urban poor from Bethnal Green, London, UK. R. IVES, L.T. HUMPHREY. 30 1 Hominin Adaptation and Variation within a Paleoecological Context: An Integrative Approach. A.L. RECTOR, K.E. REED, D. SU. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 2 A Stable Oxygen Isotope Mosaic Index: Implications for Reconstructing Hominin Paleoenvironments in East Africa. M.M. BEASLEY, M.J. SCHOENINGER. 3 Warm pools, upwellings, and an early glacial. Are “mid-Pliocene” climate transitions reflected in the eastern African records? C.J. CAMPISANO, K.E. REED. 4 Biogeography, Endemism, and Functional Trait Community Structure: Basinal Differences in the Pliocene. K.E. REED, I.E. SMAIL, J. ROWAN, J. ROBINSON, E.M. LOCKE, I.A. LAZAGABASTER, C.J. CAMPISANO. 5 Pliocene African Cercopithecid Evolution, Turnover and Diversity. S.R. FROST. 6 Diversity, Abundance, and Paleoecology of East African Suidae in the Context of Hominin Evolution During the Pliocene. I.A. LAZAGABASTER, J.R. ROBINSON, C.J. CAMPISANO, K.E. REED. 7 Australopithecus afarensis habitat diversity: a unique perspective from Laetoli, Tanzania. D.F. SU, T. HARRISON. 8 Paleoenvironments and Dietary Adaptation of Australopithecus afarensis: A Synthesis. Z. ALEMSEGED, J.G. WYNN, W.H. KIMBEL. 9 adaptation, interaction, and mobility - both within and between human groups. Bioarchaeologists are uniquely suited to address such inquiries owing to interpretive frameworks that encompass not only biological assessment of skeletal material but that also link funerary archaeology, material culture, historical documents, and social theory. Such a holistic approach facilitates a more nuanced understanding of the ways in which communities and agents throughout this region maintained and negotiated their own identities and ethnicities amidst changing forms of both internal social organization and external political and/or economic influences. Moreover, given current events in MENA that threaten the lives, livelihoods, and histories of so many ethnic groups and communities today – from the refugee crisis to the destruction of cultural heritage – it is important for bioarchaeologists to pursue questions of identity in the region. The goal of this session is to bring together scholars working throughout the MENA region to more critically evaluate how identity, ethnicity, and past interaction might be re-approached using current methodologies and multiple lines of evidence coupled with explanatory theoretical models. 3:00 Individual poster presentations. 4:00 Discussant: Megan Perry. 1 Comparing the habitats of 3.5–3.2-million-year-old hominins at Woranso-Mille and Hadar, Ethiopia. Y. HAILE-SELASSIE. 2 10 Plio-Pleistocene hominid diversity interpreted through the genetic mechanisms that pattern the dentition. M.F. BRASIL, T.A. MONSON, C.A. SCHMITT, L.J. HLUSKO. 11 Evaluating the utility of extant reference samples for modelling hominin taxonomic variation. J. PLAVCAN. 12 Defining Homo or identifying Homo? The role of the genus in hominin taxonomy. B.A. VILLMOARE. Session 22 Foreign Affairs: Bioarchaeological Approaches to Ethnicity, Identity, and Interaction in The MENA Region Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Margaret A. Judd, Lesley A. Gregoricka Studio 4/5 Lineage and Lifestyle in Early Bronze Age Jordan: A Biogeochemical Investigation of Charnel House Human Remains. L.A. GREGORICKA, S.G. SHERIDAN. The monastic mosaic at Mount Nebo, Jordan. M.A. JUDD, L.A. GREGORICKA, D. FORAN. 3 States of Being: Exploring Nabataean Nationality. J. 4 Between Land and Sea – Bioarchaeological Dynamics at Middle Bronze Age Sidon, Lebanon. H. WALKER. SCHUTKOWSKI, N. SPEITH. 5 Bodies in Motion: Migration and Identity in Bronze Age Cyprus. A.J. OSTERHOLTZ. 6 Manipulation of the dead: exploring delayed burial practices at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. E.M. SCHOTSMANS, S.D. HADDOW, M.A. PILLOUD, M. MILELLA, B. GLENCROSS, B.J. BETZ, C.J. KNÜSEL. 7 Building Communities: Strontium isotope and cross-sectional geometry analysis in early sedentary communities. J.A. PEARSON, D. BAIRD, J. EVANS, E. GAROFALO, C.B. RUFF, S.D. HADDOW, C.J. KNÜSEL, C.S. LARSEN. Bioarchaeologists working in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) often face challenges unique to the discipline, from extensive commingling and fragmentation to poor preservation resulting from hyper-arid climates. As a result, the skeletal remains from this region have been understudied despite their rich potential in revealing past human behaviors. Questions of identity and ethnicity are especially critical to contextualizing Conference Program 31 THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 8 Mobility in Neolithic Central Anatolia: A Comparison of Dental Morphometrics and aDNA. M.A. PILLOUD, M. SOMEL, S.D. HADDOW, C.J. KNÜSEL, C. LARSEN, M. ӦZBAŞARAN, O. ERDAL, D. BAIRD, J. PEARSON, A. GÖTHERSTRÖM, J. STORÅ, M. JAKOBSSON, G. KILINÇ, F. ÖZER, D. KOPTEKIN, N. DAĞTAŞ. 9 Class and Continuity in a Roman/Parthian Period cemetery at Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad, Syria. J.G. KENNEDY, D. MERRIWETHER. 10 Commingled, Disarticulated, and Eroded… Oh My! Navigating Bioarchaeology in the Arabian Peninsula. A.C. CAINE. 11 Two Potential Cases of Eunuchism from a PtolemaicRoman Cemetery in the Western Delta of Egypt: Differential Diagnosis and Social Implications. S.D. HADDOW, S. ZAKRZEWSKI, J. ROWLAND. 12 Preservation poor—data rich: bioarchaeology of the Neolithic peoples from Gebel Ramlah, Western Desert, Egypt. J.D. IRISH, A. CZEKAJ-ZASTAWNY, J. KABACIŃSKI. 13 Kin structure of the Amarna South Tombs Cemetery. W.C. SCHAFFER, C.M. STOJANOWSKI, J.C. ROSE, J.E. BUIKSTRA. 14 Morphological Changes and Expansion in New Kingdom Egypt and the Levant. K.E. SANDERS. ecology applies to primates is important for several reasons: over half of all primate taxa on earth inhabit islands, unique island fossils (such as specimens associated with Oreopithecus and Homo floresiensis) have perplexed paleoanthropologists for years, and humans on islands exhibit extraordinary adaptations in isolated environments. Further, recent climate change and biodiversity crises neccesitate more research on how primates survive in stressful environments along with environments that restrict migration, two factors which can accelerate and exaggerate evolutionary processes. The purpose of this symposium is to highlight the importance of current research about insular organisms in order to better understand primates that inhabit island ecosystems. A wide range of presenters have been asked to present their research that encompasses pertinent island topics ranging from: paleontology, genetics, archaeology, primatology, and ecology. Presenters will highlight how their island research is important for understanding primate evolution and diversity. Further, they will make suggestions for future research that will deepen our understanding of island theory and its applications to hominins. 5:00 1 Discussant: Agustin Fuentes. Face in the Sand: Island Rules, Biogeography, and the Fallacy of Palauan Hobbits. J.H. STONE, S.M. FITZPATRICK. 2 15 Mortuary Patterns and Health in New Kingdom Juvenile Burials from Tombos. K.M. WHITMORE, M.R. High brachial and crural indices in Island Foxes: analysis of island fox and human populations and applications for understanding the pygmy body type. C.B. YOUNG, L.W. COWGILL. BUZON, S.T. SMITH. 16 Tooth Avulsion, Identity and Funerary Archaeology at Al Khiday 2, Central Sudan. T. JAKOB, J.W. WALSER III, 3 External Auditory Exostoses and their Relationship to Aquatic Activities on Santa Cruz and San Miguel Islands, California. B.M. LUCERO. 17 Foreign Exchange in the Fourth Cataract Region of Ancient Nubia. B.J. BAKER. 4 Multivariate craniodental allometry in tarsiers (Tarsius), a small-bodied, cryptic, insular primate. R.A. D. USAI, S. SALVATORI. Session 23 The Anthropology of Islands: Evolution, Variation, and New Research Directions MUNDS, G.E. BLOMQUIST. 5 Dietary Differences of Two Sympatric Folivorous Indriids as a Mechanism for Niche Separation in a Highly Seasonal Island Environment. L.K. OLIVER. 6 Life on the “Ultimate Island”: The Adaptive Radiation of the Sulawesi Macaques and their Shared Ecologies with Humans. E.P. RILEY. 7 Evolution of brain size in Macaca fascicularis on Southeast Asian islands. R.D. MARTIN, L. YAO. Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Colleen B. Young, Lu Yao Studio 6 Islands are excellent laboratories to study how ecological factors affect species size, shape, and development. Organisms’ historical bauplans are shaped into functional phenotypes within island ecosystems. Darwin (1859) observed this process in the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galapagos. While island evolution and ecology are regularly used to understand organismal diversity in non-human biological disciplines, fewer anthropologists have subscribed to this lens for understanding primate diversity. Understanding how island evolution and 32 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS Session 24 13 Ecological niche modeling of the genus Papio. A.J. Primate Ecology and Conservation 14 The Effects of Human Surrogacy on Hair Cortisol Levels in Orphaned Baboons (Papio ursinus). M.T. Contributed Poster Presentations FUCHS, C.C. GILBERT, J.M. KAMILAR. WALLER, S. SKINNER, S. FARDI, R.M. BERNSTEIN, H. YOUNG. Chair: Irene E. Smail Acadia 1 The Number of Male and Female Simakobus (Simias concolor) on the Pagai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia. L.M. PACIULLI, A. SHARMA, K. ALTABET. 2 Does National Park Protection influence Mammal Presence?: Comparing Chimpanzee’s Competitors, Predators, and Prey between Niokolo-Koba National Park and Fongoli Savanna Research Site in Senegal. S.L. BOGART, M. GUEYE, P. NDIAYE, J.D. PRUETZ, S.M. LINDSHIELD. 3 Comparison of the oral, rectal, vaginal, and penile microbiome in semi-free ranging Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). A.E. ASANGBA, L. MUGISHA, K.E. NELSON, S.R. LEIGH, B.A. WILSON, B.A. WHITE, R.M. STUMPF. 4 Behavior of Red Uakaris in a Heterogeneous Landscape in Northeastern Peru. R.M. HORES, S.M. FORD. 5 Homerange and sleeping site use by the Critically Endangered Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus). R.L. HENDERSHOTT, A.M. BEHIE, B.M. RAWSON. 6 Cathemerality in Crowned Lemurs and Sanford’s Lemurs: Evidence From Analabe Gallery Forest in Northern Madagascar. K. ARTHUR, B. FREED. 7 8 9 Mixed Effects of Modern Climate, Pleistocene Climate, and Anthropogenic Activity on Global Primate Diversity Patterns. J.J. ROWAN, I.E. SMAIL, K.E. REED. 15 Testing a novel method for collecting salivary cortisol from wild macaques. D.A. BERTRAND, C. BRET, C.M. BERMAN, S.W. MARGULIS, M. HEISTERMANN, A. MUHAMMAD, U. SUTIAH, A. ENGELHARDT. 16 Guided by voices: using social media to target small ape surveys in Peninsular Malaysia. T.Q. BARTLETT, S. LAPPAN, N. RUPPERT. 17 A Lack of Cathemeral Activity in Varecia variegata in Kianjavato, Madagascar. N.K. GUTHRIE, S.M. HOLMES, A.D. GORDON, E.E. LOUIS JR., S.E. JOHNSON. 18 Cultural Attitudes Toward Primate Conservation. S. GURSKY. 19 Aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) are not just deadwood specialists: Assessing the importance of live trees to larval foraging. T.M. SEFCZEK, D. RANDIMBIHARINIRINA, B. RAHARIVOLOLONA, D. RABEKIANJA, E.E. LOUIS, JR.. 20 Tree preference and coexistence of white-faced capuchins and mantled howler monkeys in a Costa Rican forest fragment. R.M. SCHLAHT, A.L. SCHREIER. 21 Behavioral and Fecal Hormonal Variation in Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in South African Rehabilitation Centers. A.I. GILLILAND-LLOYD, M.C. SORRENTI, T.R. TURNER. 22 A Survey of Crossing Structures among Captive Primates. L.E. GOTUACO, I.J. BROCK, C.M. BRAND, U.S. STREICHER, L.R. ULIBARRI. The Effect of Forest Disturbance on the Feeding Ecology and Behavior of Varecia variegata in Ranomafana National Park. M. DONOHUE, P.C. WRIGHT. Session 25 Meet me at the airstrip: Fission-fusion dynamics and ranging patterns in a kinda-chacma hybrid baboon group. M.M. MCDONALD. Human Biology and Genetics I Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Noah D. Simons 10 Primate Health Responses to Extreme Drought in Northwestern Costa Rica. K.M. JACK, S.A. CORTESE, G.L. KING-BAILEY, M. BERGSTROM, L.M. FEDIGAN. 11 Seed Dispersal Effectiveness in Two Populations of Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). A. BLACKBURN, S.E. ALAVI, P. LADY, . RIYANDI, E.R. VOGEL, C.D. KNOTT. 12 Coping with low-quality habitat: white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) alter diet and activity patterns where fig trees are scarce. L.E. LIGHT. Acadia 1 2 Diet and health in 18th to 20th century Copenhagen. M.S. JØRKOV, D.R. GRÖCKE. Genetics of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Traits Correlate with Geo-climate Variables, Pathogen Diversity, and Language {honological Complexity in European Populations. R. POLIMANTI, M. KAYSER, J. GELERNTER. Conference Program 33 THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 3 Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) and Selection in Warm and Cold Climates. L. NEVELL. 4 The evolution of the human hippocampus and neuroplasticity. B.M. SCHILDER, B.J. BRADLEY, C.C. SHERWOOD. 5 The value of understanding intraspecific relationships in comparative analyses. L. YAO, H. LI, C.S. MOREAU, 16 FOXP2 Variation in Great Ape Populations offers potential Insights into Variation in Communication. N. STAES, C.C. SHERWOOD, M.D. MONTERO, J.J. ELY, W.D. HOPKINS, B.J. BRADLEY. 17 Ancient hybridization between Papio and Theropithecus detected at a non-coding region of the X-chromosome. A.J. TOSI, C.M. BERGEY, A.S. BURRELL. 6 The Shape of Selection on Human Life Histories. J. 18 Genome Partitioning and Telomere Length in Primates and other Mammals. A.R. KLEGARTH, D.T. EISENBERG. 7 Internal craniofacial morphology of high-altitude Tibetans may reflect unique adaptations to hypoxic environments. L.N. BUTARIC, R. KLOCKE. 20 The New Genus Paragalago Suggests Convergent Dwarfism in the family Galagidae. L. POZZI, J.C. 8 High heritability and ancestry dominance are behind the genetics of short stature in South African KhoeSan populations. M. LIN, J.M. GRANKA, A.R. MARTIN, J. R.S. MALHI, R.D. MARTIN. JONES. MYRICK, E.G. ATKINSON, C.J. WERELY, D. GURDASANI, C. POMILLA, T. CARSTENSEN, B. SCELZA, M. MOLLER, M. SANDHU, C.D. BUSTAMANTE, E.G. HOAL, M.W. FELDMAN, C.R. GIGNOUX, B.M. HENN. 9 Identification of Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome Population Structure among Four Aye-aye Populations in Madagascar. M.L. AYLWARD, S.E. JOHNSON, G.H. PERRY, E.E. LOUIS JR.. 10 Megalencephaly and Macrocephaly Genes are Associated with Comparative Variation in Primate Brain Size. A.R. DECASIEN, A. YIM. 11 Host immune gene expression and viral infection status from whole blood transcriptomes in the Ugandan red colobus. N.D. SIMONS, G.N. EICK, M.J. RUIZ-LOPEZ, C.A. CHAPMAN, T.L. GOLDBERG, K.N. STERNER, N. TING. 12 A comparative analysis of wild non-human primate gut microbiomes. R.M. AUSTIN, K. SANKARANARAYANAN, C. WARINNER, C. LEWIS JR. 13 Sex differences in dimorphic dental trait heritability in Saguinus fuscicollis. A.M. HARDIN. 14 Associations between MHC-DQA1 Regulatory Variation and the Gut Microbiome in the Ugandan Red Colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles). D.M. CHRISTIE, N.D. SIMONS, M. RUIZ-LOPEZ, C.A. CHAPMAN, T.L. GOLDBERG, K. STAGAMAN, B.J. BOHANNAN, N. TING. 15 Rapid, Inexpensive Genotyping and Barcoding of Primates: Multiple Applications for High-resolution Melt Analysis in Primatology and Anthropology. D.C. 19 DNA barcodes and the identification of extant and extinct primates. V. NIJMAN, T. ROBBINS. MASTERS. 21 Association of ACE haplotypes and family members in social networks with blood pressure variation in African Americans. K.C. FULLER, C. MCCARTY, R. VACCA, C.C. GRAVLEE, C.J. MULLIGAN. 22 Adaptive Evolution of TCIRG1: A Gene Involved in Bone Development and Remodeling. A. YIM, S.A. WILLIAMS, T.R. DISOTELL. 23 Optimism and Social Support Buffer Effects of Childhood Disadvantage on Adult Health Behaviors. E.S. CLAUSING, J.C. ROMÁN, S.E. GILMAN, E.B. LOUCKS, S.L. BUKA, L.D. KUBZANSKY, A.A. APPLETON, A.L. NON. 24 Violence and Prostate Cancer Risk: Chronic Health implications of the Challenge Hypothesis for the Southern American Culture of Honor. L.C. ALVARADO. 25 Evidence of an ancient origin for contemporary chronic disease risk in South Asia. E. POMEROY, V. MUSHRIF-TRIPATHY, J.T. STOCK, J.C. WELLS. 26 Effects of Genetics and the Nuclear Family Environment on Shodagor Health. M.H. AHSAN, K.E. STARKWEATHER. 27 Suicidal Behavior as a Costly Signal of Apology. K.L. SYME, E.H. HAGEN. 28 Variation in clinical symptoms in sickle cell trait athletes: a study on genetic markers and behavioral traits. C. FLANSBURG, C.M. BALENTINE, R.W. GRIEGER, J. LUND, M. CIAMBELLA, E. GONZALEZ, D. WHITE, A.C. STONE, L. MADRIGAL. 29 Evidence of Prehistorical Atlantic and Pacific Transoceanic Genetic and Cultural Contacts with America. A. ARNAIZ-VILLENA, E. MUÑIZ, C. CAMPOS, M. MARTIN VILLA, J. PALACIO-GRUBER. FRANKEL, R.L. JACOBS, E.E. LOUIS JR, W.D. HOPKINS, B.J. BRADLEY. 34 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS Session 26 Paleoanthropology: Late Homo Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: P. Thomas Schoenemann Acadia 1 Mechanical Properties of the Masticatory System in Recent Northern Chinese populations. Q. WANG, Q. ZHANG, T. HAN, Z. SUN, M.J. KESTERKE, H. ZHU, P.C. DECHOW, Q. ZHANG. 2 14 Craniofacial Variation in Middle Pleistocene Hominins. S. WHITE, S. HILLSON, C. SOLIGO. 15 Comparison of Neandertal Mandibular First Molar Occlusal Outlines using Elliptical Fourier Function Analysis. F. L’ENGLE WILLIAMS, J.K. BROPHY. 16 Virtual cranial restoration of Qafzeh 6 by new methodology using photogrammetry. D. COUTINHO NOGUEIRA, B. DUTAILLY, F. COMTE, A. TILLIER, H. COQUEUGNIOT. 17 Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Koanaka Hills Pleistocene Fossil Locality in Botswana. Z.W. PIERCE, T.L. CAMPBELL, P.J. LEWIS. Is Broca’s cap really larger on the left in modern humans? Contradictory evidence via Non-rigid diffeomorphic mapping methods. L.M. KITCHELL. 18 Coordinate-system-invariant Assessment of Measurement Error in Landmark Coordinate Data. T.M. 3 Diploic patterns and vascular morphometrics in fossil specimens. G. RANGEL DE LAZARO, E. BRUNER. 4 Behavioral traces on dental wear in Pleistocene fossil humans. A. ESTALRRICH, M. LOZANO, L. BONDIOLI, 19 The impact of shared evolutionary history on the observed morphological differences in the femoral mid-shaft between archaic and modern humans. B.L. 5 20 Examination of Neandertal maxillary first molar occlusal outlines using Elliptical Fourier Analysis. W.G. Using a mouse model to understand the relationship between skeletal and ectodermal trait variation in mammalian hybrids. R.A. HUMPHREYS, T. RITZMAN, 21 Neandertal Dental Microwear Texture Analysis from l’Hortus: A Bioarchaeological Perspective. J.L. DROKE, Human remains and artefacts from Romualdo’s cave, Istria, Croatia. I. JANKOVIĆ, J.C. AHERN, D. KOMŠO, S. MIHELIĆ, F.H. SMITH. 7 Dolichocephaly and occipital hemi-bun development in extant humans. M.E. KARBAN. 8 The database of Worldwide Instances of Symbolic Data Outlining Modernity. M. KISSEL, A. FUENTES. 9 MOODY. I. FIORE, J. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO, J. ARSUAGA, E. CARBONELL, A. ROSAS, O. KULLMER, D. FRAYER. K. WARREN, C.J. PERCIVAL, B. HALLGRIMSSON, R.R. ACKERMANN. 6 COLE III, L. HU, S.R. LELE, J.T. RICHTSMEIER. ANDERSON, F. WILLIAMS. F. L’ENGLE WILLIAMS, C.W. SCHMIDT, J.C. WILLMAN. 22 Finite Element Modeling of Talar Loading in Modern Humans with Application to the Hominin Fossil Record. Z.S. SWANSON, N.M. WEBB, H. PONTZER, J.M. DESILVA, W.E. HARCOURT-SMITH. Session 27 Bioarchaeology and Paleopathology: Stress, Frailty, and Inequality It’s all in the wrist: New Neandertal carpal bones from El Sidrón (Asturias, Spain). T.L. KIVELL, A. ESTALRRICH, Contributed Poster Presentations R. HUGUET, A. GARCIA-TABERNERO, L. RIOS, M. DE LA RASILLA, A. ROSAS. 10 The origin of our species: an ancestral morphotype for modern humans. A. MOUNIER, M. MIRAZÓN LAHR. 11 Modern Human Variation in Brain Size: Implications for the Dmanisi Hominins and other Fossil Taxa. P. SCHOENEMANN, R.L. HOLLOWAY. 12 Trabecular Bone Properties in the Border Cave 3 Infant Ilium: Implications for the onset of Independent Gait in Early Modern Homo sapiens. K.A. TOMMY, B. ZIPFEL, J. KIBII, K.J. CARLSON. 13 Neanderthal Dental Remains from Chagyrskaya cave, Altai Mountains, Siberia. B. VIOLA, S.V. MARKIN, N. RUDAYA, S. VASILYEV, K. KOLOBOVA. Chair: Larissa Collier Acadia 1 Connected Lives: Maternal Health in Medieval and Post-medieval England. A.C. JONES, T. JAKOB. 2 The Impact of Multiple Skeletal Stress Markers on Survivorship and Longevity. J.D. MINSKY-ROWLAND. 3 Subadult Stress: continental Croatia vs Adriatic coast. 4 A characterization of nutritional stress among early Medievel subadult females of the central Dalmatian region of Croatia. L.J. THORSON, V. VYROUBAL, M. M. KLJAJIC LUKACEVIC, M. WOJCINSKI, M. SLAUS. ŠLAUS. Conference Program 35 THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 5 Stressful times: Investigating childhood health in urban and rural medieval Britain. E.R. DOVE, J.D. IRISH, 20 Health Conditions of Enslaved Africans, Freemen and Poor White Workers: A Biocultural Approach. A. LESSA, Stress in Transylvania: Utilizing macroscopic skeletal analysis to track metabolic and nutritional stress between Late Antiquity and Middle Ages in Romania. 21 Effects of Social Transition on Health at Tumilaca la Chimba, Peru. S.A. LOWMAN, B. TURNER, N. SHARRATT. Assessing skeletal indicators of childhood stress amongst 20th century northeastern (Isan) Thais. M. 23 Framing Function, Health, and Disability in the Roman Iron Age: Application of the ICF in Two Individuals with Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. L. COLLIER, L. C. ELIOPOULOS, I. DE GROOTE. 6 K.D. CROWDER, C.A. ROBERTS. 7 PANAKHYO, N. TECHATAWEEWAN. 8 9 Childhood and Famine in Medieval London. S.L. YAUSSY, S.N. DEWITTE. Analysis of Growth Disruptions in two Burial Populations in the Greek Colony of Himera. A.H. ZAHID, B. KYLE, N. LONOCE, A. SMITH, S. VASSALLO, P. FABBRI, L.J. REITSEMA. 10 An Inside View: Childhood Stress at the Greek Colony, Himera. M. CHOWNING, C. GARLAND, B. KYLE, S. VASSALLO, L.J. REITSEMA. 11 Examining the osteological paradox: frailty in mass graves versus the general population at the Greek colony of Himera. J. TYLER, B. KYLE, A. SMITH, S. G.N. CAMPOS, R.B. TAVARES. 22 Health, inequality, and conquest in Warring States China. E.S. BERGER, L. CHEN, J. SHAO, Z. SUN. LOWE. 24 Hip fractures and survivorship in old age: investigating trauma in the archaeological record. M.L. MANT, R. IVES, C. DE LA COVA, M. BRICKLEY. 25 Finding Etruscan Bones: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope in archaeological context. L. GASPARI, M. SANNIBALE, F. DE ANGELIS, P. CATALANO, O. RICKARDS. 26 Feeding the City: dietary variation in several communities of Roman Suburbium (I-III centuries CE). F. DE ANGELIS, S. VARANO, G. AMICUCCI, A. BATTISTINI, C. CALDARINI, S. DI GIANNANTONIO, R. MOSTICONE, W. PANTANO, F. ZAVARONI, C. MARTÍNEZ-LABARGA, P. CATALANO, O. RICKARDS. VASSALLO, P. FABBRI, L.J. REITSEMA. 12 The Cost of Early Stress in the Later Stone Age: Temporal Variation in the Relationship between Neural Canal Size and Early Mortality Among Adult Foragers. L. DOYLE. 27 Sex-specific patterns in age-related cortical and trabecular bone loss: A 2-D histomorphometric study using mid-thoracic ribs. A.C. BERESHEIM. 13 Childhood Death in a Southwest Basketmaker II Community. D.M. MULHERN, M.C. CHARLES. Session 28 14 Methodological Comparison of the Macroscopic vs. Radiographic Assessment of Cranial Porosities within the Texas State University Donated Skeletal Collection. Human Dental Anthropology: Health, Disease, and Other Cool Stuff with Teeth Contributed Poster Presentations B.S. MCCLAIN, M.D. HAMILTON. Chair: Christina L. Fojas 15 Childhood stress among the Postclassic Maya of Mayapan. S. SERAFIN. 16 Stressed Before Sacrifice? Reconstructing Psychosocial Stress from Archaeological Hair at Chotuna-Chornancap, Peru. B.J. SCHAEFER, B.L. Acadia 1 TURNER, H.D. KLAUS. 17 Skeletal Stress Markers in Undocumented Border Crossers: A Comparative Approach. A. GOOTS, L.A. MECKEL, D.S. GLEIBER, A. AYALA BAS. 18 Porotic hyperostosis versus cribra orbitalia for prehistoric populations from the southeastern United States: contributions to the etiology debate. T. SOMOGYI, E.A. DIGANGI. 19 Paleopathological Assessment of Health and Social Status in a Texas Gulf Coastal Plains Population. J.A. 2 The dawn of dentistry in the Late Upper Paleolithic. G.M. OXILIA, F.M. FIORILLO, F.D. BOSCHIN, E.D. BOARETTO, S.M. APICELLA, C.D. MATTEUCCI, D.D. PANETTA, R.P. PISTOCCHI, F.P. GUERRINI, C.M. MARGHERITA, M.D. ANDRETTA, R.M. SORRENTINO, G.P. BOSCHIAN, S.M. ARRIGHI, I.D. DORI, G.M. MANCUSO, J.D. CREZZINI, A.D. RIGA, M.M. SERRANGELI, A.M. VAZZANA, P.P. SALVADORI, M.P. VANDINI, C.P. TOZZI, A.P. MORONI, R.D. FEENEY, J.D. WILLMAN, J.P. MOGGI-CECCHI, S.D. BENAZZI. Intentional Dental Staining in the Mariana Islands. R.M. IKEHARA-QUEBRAL, T.M. RIETH, A.E. MORRISON, M. PIETRUSEWSKY, M. DOUGLAS. PYLE, C.C. SIEGERT, M.D. HAMILTON. 36 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists THURSDAY EVENING SESSIONS 3 Odontometric Sex Sssessment at the Early Bronze Age site of Ostojićevo (Serbia). A.N. KARABOWICZ, K.M. 20 Climate Change and Enamel Defects: Interpreting the Childhood Stress of Early Levantine Agriculturalists. Differences in the non-masticatory dental wear of two medieval assemblages from the 4th cataract, Sudan. 21 Tooth size, trait expression, and nutritional stress. E.C. 5 Regional Variation of Dental Microwear in the English Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. R.L. PERASH. 22 Sex-Related Differences in Dental Caries Prevalence in the Prehistoric American Southwest. R.T. WINEINGER. 6 Differentiating Dental Wear Patterns: A Dental Microwear Study on the Philistine Population from Ashkelon. R.E. KALISHER. 23 Dental Health and Diet at Tell el-Amarna: A Comparison of Carious Lesions, Dental Wear, and Antemortem Tooth Loss in Dynastic Egypt. E.L. MOREY. 7 Something To Chew On: Comparing Dentin Exposure in Ancient Egyptians and Dental Age Estimation Standards. C.L. KIRKPATRICK. 24 Dietary Reconstruction of Winnebago Phase Oneota: A Study of Dental Pathology. J. KARSTEN, T. DORSHORST, The applicability of dental wear in age estimation for a modern American population. K.E. FAILLACE, J.D. 25 Oral health among the Hadza foragers of Tanzania. A new method for estimating age from deciduous teeth in archaeological contexts. J. BECK. 26 Heterogeneity in Oral Health in Middle Tennessee during the Mississippian Period. C.L. FOJAS. POMPEANI. 4 R.J. WHITING, S. HILLSON, D. ANTOINE. 8 BETHARD, M.K. MARKS. 9 T.V. WILSON. BLANKENSHIP-SEFCZEK, D. GUATELLI-STEINBERG, A.H. GOODMAN. K. KUBEHL, L. SCHEIDER. A.N. CRITTENDEN, S. MOONIE, J. SORRENTINO, P.S. UNGAR. 10 Initiation of Permanent Premolar Tooth Crypt Formation in Individuals with Premolar Agenesis. M. 27 A large-scale analysis of the prevalence of dental caries and calculus over time, from the Bronze Age to the Post-medieval period in Britain. C.S. HIRST. 11 A Study of Human Tooth Eruption and Root Growth. 28 Disease and dental wear on the upper Texas coast: Cross-era comparison of Native American Health at site 41GV66. E.A. EDWARDS. ŠEŠELJ. H.M. LIVERSIDGE. 12 Estimating Age at Death through Cementum Annulations in Canines and 1st Molars: A Late Formative Period (400 B.C. - 150 B.C.) Population from Cerro de la Cruz in the Lower Río Verde Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. C. VEGA, A.T. MAYES, A.A. JOYCE. 13 Biorhythm tracks enamel thickness in humans and great apes. P. MAHONEY, J.J. MISZKIEWICZ, R. PITFIELD, C. DETER, D. GUATELLI-STEINBERG. 14 Human incremental hard tissue formation as evidence of a biorhythm: preliminary results. R. PITFIELD, P. MAHONEY. 15 Prenatal crown formation time of human deciduous central incisors in a pre-industrial population. A. NAVA, P.F. ROSSI, L. BONDIOLI. 16 Trace Element Studies Support Rapid Tooth Enamel Mineralization at the Enamel-Dentine Junction. T.M. SMITH, C. AUSTIN, D. GREEN, M. ARORA. 17 Growing up in Çatalhöyük : enamel hypoplasia and history houses. E. BOCAEGE, A. CLEMENT, S. HILLSON. 29 A new perspective on the population history of the pre-Incan South Central Andes through analysis of dental morphological data. A. CUCINA, A. COPPA, C. ARGANINI, F. CANDILIO. 30 Dental Modification and Human Sacrifice at Midnight Terror Cave. C. VERDUGO, K. ZHU, L. FEHREN-SCHMITZ. 31 Refining a Traditional Method in Dental Wear Analysis for Greater Application. E.M. LAGAN. 32 An assessment of oral health in prehistoric Ancón, Peru. C. MONESMITH. 33 Ethnic diversity in a 19th Century Colorado Insane Asylum: what the teeth tell us. E. HUBBARD, F. ERBIL, M. GLANTZ, A. MAGENNIS. 34 Hutchinson’s dental criteria diagnose congenital syphilis in pre-Columbian Old World. S. IOANNOU, R.J. HENNEBERG, M. HENNEBERG. 18 A lesson in stressin’: A comparison of linear enamel hypoplasias in children from the prehistoric Ohio Valley. E. MOES, S. BLATT. 19 Linear enamel hypoplasia incidence in bush-dwelling and village Hadza from Tanzania. P.S. UNGAR, A.N. CRITTENDEN, J.C. ROSE. Conference Program 37 FRIDAY, MORNING SESSIONS Session 29 Human Skeletal Biology: Shape, Selection, Integration, and Kinship Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Maureen J. Devlin Balcony I/J 8:00 Differences in Adult Female Human True Pelvis Morphology with Respect to Age are Not Due to Selection. B.M. AUERBACH. 8:15 Combining functional and forward genomics to explore the evolutionary developmental regulation of primate long bone length variation. T.D. 11:15 Can diaphyseal (cross-sectional) properties of arm and leg bones detect among-population genetic relationships? G. AGOSTINI, B. HOLT. 11:30 Comparative performance of deciduous and permanent dental morphology in reconstructing biological kinship. K.S. PAUL, C.M. STOJANOWSKI. 11:45 Population continuity and replacement in the pre-contact Valley of Mexico. C.S. RAGSDALE, H.J. EDGAR. 12:00 Defining the “Outsiders”: a biodistance analysis of Ottoman communities in Hungary and Romania. K. GROW ALLEN, N. VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL. Session 30 CAPELLINI, M. HILLER, J. WILLEN, A.W. WOHNS, H. DINGWALL. 8:30 Paleoanthropology: Early Homo High Fat, High Protein Diet Increases Bone Density in Cold-exposed Mice: Implications for Humans. Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Shelby S. Putt M.J. DEVLIN, A.E. ROBBINS, M.N. COSMAN, L.M. SHIPP, T.R. BRASH. 8:45 Bissonet Worldwide modern human morphological variation: exploring the association between morphological modules and climate and geographic distances. K.I. 8:00 Geography More than the Chronological Depth Explains the Structure of the Human Cranial Diversity. D.V. BERNARDO, T.F. DE ALMEIDA, T.C. Bovid locomotor traits track land cover and mean annual precipitation: using an ecometric approach to reconstruct paleoenvironments in the Shungura Formation (Plio-Pleistocene, Ethiopia). W. BARR. 8:15 Exploring the Utility of Carbon Isotope Analyses of Small Mammal Tooth Enamel as an Environmental Proxy. J.N. LEICHLITER, P. SANDBERG, M.J. DOWNEY, B. HERRERA, M. HUBBE. 9:00 CAMPOS, W.A. NEVES. 9:15 Integration Between the Lower Face and the Dentition throughout Ontogeny. A. NESBITT. 9:30 Integration between the cranium and mandible in recent humans. D.C. KATZ, M.N. GROTE, T.D. WEAVER. 9:45 Cranial integration is a major determinant of endocranial and brain shape. C.P. ZOLLIKOFER, T. BIENVENU, M.S. PONCE DE LEÓN. SPONHEIMER, B. PASSEY, N. AVENANT, O. PAINE, D. CODRON, J. CODRON. 8:30 Hybridization and reticulation in hominin evolution. 8:45 New insights into locomotion and posture in hominoid evolution: integration of the skull and cervical vertebrae. C.I. VILLAMIL. 9:00 Relative fibular strength and locomotor behavior in OH 35 and KNM-WT 15000. C.M. HARPER, D. MARCHI, H. CHIRCHIR, C.B. RUFF. 9:15 Virtual reconstruction of the pelvic remains of KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus from Nariokotome, Kenya. C. FORNAI, M. HAEUSLER. 9:30 Homo naledi’s frontal lobe: Modern in form, ancestral in size. S.D. HURST, R.L. HOLLOWAY, H.M. 10:00 Break. 10:30 Midline Bony Landmarks are Poor, but better than Soft Tissue Landmarks, for Estimating Population Affiliation in Unknown Individuals. H.J. EDGAR, K. GWIN, K. RUSK. 10:45 Evaluating the Limitations of Biological Distance Models of Gene Flow in Ancient Human Populations. A.M. MALLARD, J.T. WATSON, B.M. AUERBACH. 11:00 Social network analysis of cranial shape among Moquegua Tiwanaku-affiliated communities: a regional approach to kinship analysis. K.M. JOHNSON. 38 J.R. GAUTNEY, T.W. HOLLIDAY. GARVIN, T. SCHOENEMANN, W.B. VANTI, J. HAWKS, L.R. BERGER. 9:45 Homo naledi posterior endocasts and their significance for understanding brain reorganization. R.L. HOLLOWAY, S. HURST, H.M. GARVIN, T. SCHOENEMANN, W.B. VANTI, J. HAWKS, L. BERGER. 10:00 Break. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 10:30 Functional Neuroimaging Insights into Acheulian Cognition and Hominin Brain Evolution. S.S. PUTT, S. WIJEAKUMAR, R.G. FRANCISCUS, J.P. SPENCER. 10:45 A morphometric assessment of Homo naledi deciduous molar teeth from Dinaledi Chamber, Rising Star cave system, South Africa. J.K. BROPHY, S.E. BAILEY, J. MOGGI-CECCHI, L.K. DELEZENE, M. SKINNER, D.J. DE RUITER. 9:15 BRAAAINS!!! Chimpanzees at Gombe consume monkeys head-first. I.C. GILBY, D. WAWRZYNIAK. 9:30 Feverish Monkeys get Kicked when they’re Down. 9:45 Individual differences in spatial position during collective movements of vervet monkeys. M.B. R. MCFARLAND, L. BARRETT, A. FULLER, P. HENZI, S.K. MALONEY, D. MITCHELL, C. YOUNG, R.S. HETEM. BLASZCZYK. 11:00 Metric Variation in Homo naledi Molars. L.K. 10:00 Break. 11:15 The limb proportions of Homo naledi. S. TRAYNOR, 10:30 Identifying the Ecological Mechanisms Promoting Long-term Co-existence in a Mega-diverse Assemblage of Vertebrate Frugivores at Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. DELEZENE, J.D. IRISH, M.W. SKINNER, J. BROPHY, J. HAWKS, L.R. BERGER. J. HAWKS. 11:30 Functional and Evolutionary Implications of the Homo naledi Rearfoot. T.C. PRANG. 11:45 Hamadryas baboons as analogs for social evolution in early Homo. L. SWEDELL, T. PLUMMER. 12:00 A deformation-based approach to the frontal lobe morphology in OH9, UA 31 and Bodo. A. BEAUDET, E. BRUNER. Session 31 Primate Ecology, Cognition, and Conservation Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Fernando A. Campos Studio 1/2/3 8:00 Pairing Feeding Observations with Stable Isotope Data from Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Fecal Samples from the Lomako Nature Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo. J.E. LOUDON, H.M. KIMEL, M.T. WALLER, M.L. WAKEFIELD, A. HICKMOTT, F.J. WHITE, M. SPONHEIMER. 8:15 Patch-use Decisions in Geladas: Effects of Body Size and Food Type. L. CHRISTOPHER, V.V. VENKATARAMAN, J.T. KERBY, N. NGUYEN, P.J. FASHING. 8:30 A.J. MARSHALL, L. BEAUDROT, H.U. WITTMER. 10:45 Ranging patterns and behaviour of Javan slow lorises in a dynamic agroforestry landscape in West Java. A.I. NEKARIS, S.A. POINDEXTER, K.D. REINHARDT, M.A. SIGAUD, V.J. NIJMAN. 11:00 Fifteen Years of Forest Fragmentation in Southeastern Madagascar: Making sense of Fragmented Results. K.J. KLING, Z. ANDRIANDRASANA, A. DEHGAN, P.C. WRIGHT. 11:15 Quantifying Microcebus Habitat Loss Due to Roads. M.S. RAMSAY, A. RAZAFINDRAKOTO, H.N. RAVELONJANAHARY, S.M. LEHMAN. 11:30 Abrupt decline in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) but not in sympatric white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) in a tropical dry forest conservation area in Costa Rica. F.A. CAMPOS, K.M. JACK, L.M. FEDIGAN. 11:45 Variation in prey choice and hunting efficiency by season and technology among indigenous Waiwai hunters in Guyana. C.A. SHAFFER, C. YUKUMA, E. MARAWANARU, P. SUSE, M.S. MILSTEIN. 12:00 Strontium Isotope Ratios Indicate Mobility, Behavior Patterns in Modern Fauna from Kibale National Park, Uganda. M.I. HAMILTON. Session 32 I Did it My Way!: Three Nocturnal Lemur Species show Intraspecific Inter-individual Variation when Solving a Multi-destination Route. J.A. TEICHROEB, Human Biology: Evolutionary Perspectives on Reproduction, Development, and Health A.Q. VINING. 8:45 Comparative foraging strategies of Neotropical frugivores: Do primates forage ‘smarter’? M.C. Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Aaron D. Blackwell CROFOOT, R. MAREST, D. CAILLAUD, R. KAYS, B. HIRSCH. 9:00 The ontogeny of manipulation complexity within 26 primate species. S.A. HELDSTAB, J.M. BURKART, C.P. VAN SCHAIK, K. ISLER. Studio 7/8/9 8:00 Innate food aversions and culturally transmitted food avoidances in pregnancy: separate systems to protect the fetus? E.H. HAGEN, C.D. PLACEK. Conference Program 39 FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 8:15 The “cliff edge model” of human obstetric selection. P. MITTEROECKER. 8:30 Excessive gestational weight gain and birth outcomes among American Indians and Alaska Natives. K.G. ANDERSON, P. SPICER, M.T. PEERCY, G. SKREPNEK. 8:45 Paternal grandmothers increase and maternal grandmothers decrease fertility of couples they reside with. G. JASIENSKA, M. JASIENSKI, A. 11:45 The Importance of Ethnographic Data and Social Network Structures in Determining Infection Risk for Individuals in Rural Communities of Bangladesh and Uganda. L.S. BLOOMFIELD, A. HAZEL, J.H. JONES. 12:00 Remoteness Influences Access to Sexual Partners and Drives Patterns of Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence among Nomadic Pastoralists. A. HAZEL, J. HOLLAND JONES. GALBARCZYK, I. NENKO, M. KLIMEK. 9:00 Session 33 Maternal and paternal anthropometry influences on body size, body shape and obstetric capacity in growing girls. S. DECRAUSAZ, J.T. STOCK, M.S. Here Comes the Sun: Evolutionary Responses to Solar Exposure FEWTRELL, J.E. WILLIAMS, J.C. WELLS. 9:15 The human voice conveys information on developmental stability. A.K. HILL, R.A. CÁRDENAS, J.R. WHEATLEY, L.L. WELLING, R.P. BURRISS, P. CLAES, C.L. APICELLA, M.A. MCDANIEL, A.C. LITTLE, M.D. SHRIVER, D.A. PUTS. 9:30 Opportunity costs from potential nighttime activities trade off against time allocated to sleep behavior among Tsimane hunter-horticulturalists. G. YETISH, H. KAPLAN, M. GURVEN. 9:45 Divisions of Labor at Daily Timescales among Batek Hunter-Gatherers. V.V. VENKATARAMAN, T.S. KRAFT, K.M. ENDICOTT. 10:00 Break. 10:30 Life History Transitions: Parents Still Matter more than Female Friends for Adolescent Girls’ Mental Health. M.A. RODRIGUES, S.R. SANFORD, M.P. ROGERS, K.M. LEE, S.J. GAY, R.A. MITCHELL, Z. SULTANA, J. AMOS, C.D. HUNTER, K.B. CLANCY. 10:45 Atherosclerosis in contemporary preindustrial populations: does it exist and is it clinically relevant? M.D. GURVEN, B.C. TRUMBLE, J. STIEGLITZ, B. BEHEIM, A.D. BLACKWELL, D. MICHALIK, A.H. ALLAM, C. ROWAN, B. FROHLICH, L. SUTHERLAND, J.D. SUTHERLAND, J.K. MIN, C.E. FINCH, S. WANN, R.C. THOMPSON, G.S. THOMAS, H.S. KAPLAN. Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Ellen E. Quillen, Nina G. Jablonski Balcony K Throughout human evolution and recurrently in diverse environments, pigmentation genes have undergone some of the strongest intervals of selection found in the genome. Selection and genetic drift have shaped local genetic variation in striking ways. This symposium focuses on recent work on the genetics of skin pigmentation with a particular focus on distinct manifestations of overlapping allelic variation among populations. Comparison with our non-human primate relatives provide deeper perspectives on the evolutionary history of pigmentation variation while studies of more recent gene flow and admixture have generated novel interactions between genes influencing constitutive skin color within populations. Variation in constitutive pigmentation informs, but is insufficient to explain, variation in response to ultraviolet radiation. Increasingly, the genetic architectures of facultative pigmentation (tanning), vitamin D production, and epidermal thickening in response to solar exposure are being elucidated with both classic pigmentation genes and novel alleles influencing these biomedically and forensically important traits. By considering both constitutive pigmentation and these labile traits, which are heavily influenced by both genetics and the environment, we seek a more complete picture of variation in human skin. 11:00 Human parasitism in a comparative context: Are humans exceptionally parasitized? C.R. AMOROSO, 8:00 Introduction: Ellen E. Quillen. 8:05 Individual poster presentations (Posters #1-7). 11:15 Unwelcome Guests: Human-rodent Commensalism and its Implications for Zoonotic Disease Transfer. 10:30 Individual poster presentations (Posters #8-12). C.L. NUNN. C.M. MCCABE, H.S. YOUNG, S.B. WEINSTEIN, C.L. NUNN. 11:30 Immune function across the life-span in Amazonian horticulturalists. A.D. BLACKWELL, B.C. 11:15 Discussant: Nina G. Jablonski. 1 Pigmentation variation in the presence of strong UVR: genetic and phenotypic variation in Island Melanesia. H.L. NORTON, L. BOWSER, J.S. FRIEDLAENDER. TRUMBLE, I. MALDONADO SUAREZ, J. STIEGLITZ, B. BEHEIM, J. SNODGRASS, H. KAPLAN, M. GURVEN. 40 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 2 Session 34 Genetics of pigmentation in East Asia: The role of OCA2 polymorphisms. L. RAWOFI, M. EDWARDS, S. KRITHIKA, N. MURRAY, H.L. NORTON, E.J. PARRA. 3 Adaptation: Identifying Form-Function Relationships in the Fossil Record Rapid Evolution of Lighter Skin Pigmentation in Southern Africa. B.M. HENN, M. LIN, A.R. MARTIN, R. Invited Poster Symposium SIFORD. 4 MALLICK, A. MISHRA, R. GOTO, R. TAMANG, G. CHAUBEY, I. GALLEGO ROMERO, F. CRIVELLARO, R. PITCHAPPAN, L. SINGH, M. MIRAZON-LAHR, M. METSPALU, K. THANGARAJ, T. KIVISILD, N.G. JABLONSKI. 5 Variation in skin reflectance and pigmentation genes in young adults of Xhosa and Cape Mixed ancestry from the Western Cape, South Africa. N.G. JABLONSKI, T. LASISI, A. ABHIMANYU, A.K. COUSSENS, C.E. NAUDE, G. CHAPLIN, L.N. PEARSON, R. GOLIATH, M.D. SHRIVER, R.J. WILKINSON. 6 Fluidity of “Color” among Brazilians Investigated using Genomic Ancestry, Skin Pigmentation, and Facial Ancestry. L.N. PEARSON, D.A. HERNANDEZ, P. CLAES, R.W. PEREIRA, M.D. SHRIVER. 7 Mapping the Origins of Inter-Population Skin Color Variation with Admixed Indigenous Populations. K.C. ANG, V.A. CANFIELD, T.C. FOSTER, M.S. NGU, J. HAWLEY, M.M. CLYDE, B.M. MD-ZAIN, G. MEISENBERG, S.J. OPPENHEIMER, K.C. CHENG. 8 Pigmentation in a Comparative Context: Factors Shaping Variation and Convergence in Primate Pelage Patterns. B.J. BRADLEY, J.M. KAMILAR, A.N. SPRIGGS, B.C. WILHELM, S. WALSH. 9 Organizers/Chairs: Marisa E. Macias, Kari L. Allen The complicated genetic landscape of skin color in India. F. ILIESCU, G. CHAPLIN, N. RAI, G. JACOBS, C. BASU The prediction of human pigmentation phenotypes from DNA for forensic and anthropological usage. S. WALSH, K. BRESLIN, R. ELLER, C. MURALIDHARAN, E. POSPIECH, L. CHAITANYA, A. WOLLSTEIN, F. LIU, W. BRANICKI, M. KAYSER. 10 A Complex, Polygenic Architecture for Lightened Skin Pigmentation in the Southern African KhoeSan. A.R. MARTIN, C.R. GIGNOUX, M. LIN, J.M. GRANKA, A. ADAMS, X. LIU, E.G. ATKINSON, C.A. GUENTHER, S. BELEZA, C.J. WERELY, J. MYRICK, M. MÖLLER, D.M. KINGSLEY, M.J. DALY, M.W. FELDMAN, E.G. HOAL, C.D. BUSTAMANTE, B.M. HENN. 11 The role of FZD6 in the evolution of tanning response in the Americas. E.E. QUILLEN, J. FOSTER, A. SHELDRAKE, N.G. JABLONSKI, M.D. SHRIVER. 12 Complex adaptive forces shape skin barrier evolution in humans. Y. LIN, M. EAASWARKHANTH, P. PAJIC, Studio 4/5 A primary goal of paleoanthropology is to understand the relationship between form and function in extinct taxa. Interpretation of the form/function relationship requires an unambiguous definition of adaptation and a formalized set of criteria for the identification of this in the fossil record. Best practices involve a combination of indirect - comparative method using extant taxa - and direct - observation of the fossil record - approaches. In the the last few decades, we have seen an explosion of new methodology for evaluating associations between morphology and function using phylogenetic, morphometric, and evolutionary modeling approaches. Researchers have necessarily specialized in these approaches, creating discrete subfields within paleoanthropology. The aim of this symposium is to facilitate the synthesis of disparate methods and theoretical approaches for a more nuanced and holistic understanding of functional adaptations in primate evolution. This session will bring together researchers with a deep interest and expertise in 1) the construction of theoretical framework from which to assess the presence of adaptation in fossil taxa, 2) novel techniques in testing for adaptive evolution, and 3) the application of adaptive theoretical framework to a specific anatomical system, ecological variable, or primate clades. This session highlights a broad range of focuses, covering functional systems throughout the body, as well as across evolutionary time to discuss best practices for incorporating explicit theoretical framework into the understanding of the form-function relationship within the primate fossil record. 10:30 Discussant: Richard F. Kay. 1 Combining Indirect and Direct Evidence for the Coevolution of Brain Size and Diet in Primates. K.L. ALLEN. 2 Platyrrhine dynamic dental topography: implications for secondary dental morphology in brachydont, long-lived taxa. J.D. PAMPUSH, J.P. SPRADLEY, J.T. GLADMAN, D. GRIFFITH, L.A. GONZALES, R.F. KAY. 3 New specimens of Stirtonia from the La Victoria Formation, La Venta, Colombia and the evolution of alouattin dental and mandibular form. S.B. COOKE, A. VANEGAS, A. LINK, B.M. SHEARER, L.K. STROIK, M. TALLMAN. D. XU, M. RZHETSKAYA, M. HAYES, R. BLEKHMAN, N. JABLONSKI, O. GOKCUMEN. Conference Program 41 FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 4 Adaptive plasticity in the masticatory apparatus: inferences for form, function, and fossils. C.E. TERHUNE, to celebrate the stories and new trajectories from this work that have served to clarify the fundamentals of bone biology for generations of scholars in skeletal biology, forensic anthropology, paleoanthropology and bioarchaeology. You are how you eat: elucidating chewing patterns through 3D shape analysis of fossil primates. K.P. 8:00 6 Testing hypotheses about early hominin feeding adaptations. D.S. STRAIT. 1 7 The role of experimental approaches to the interpretation of form-function relationships in the fossil record. A.D. SYLVESTER, S. COINER-COLLIER, J.E. SCOTT, K.R. MCABEE, M.J. RAVOSA. 5 MCNULTY, R.P. KNIGGE, C.J. VINYARD. S.G. LARSON. 8 Inferring hominoid locomotor adaptation from bones: insights from the torso skeleton. C.V. WARD, E.R. MIDDLETON. 9 10:30 Participant Discussion. 10 Anatomical Determinants of Dysfunction Inform the Evolution of the Human Shoulder. N.M. YOUNG, N.T. ROACH, S. HERFAT, M. RAINBOW, M. MARMOR, B. FEELEY, T. BAUM, M. BEY. 11 Primate femoral condyle curvature: linking shape and locomotion. A.D. SYLVESTER. 12 Testing hypotheses about hominin locomotor evolution using models not analogies. D.E. LIEBERMAN, M.M. BARAK, C.P. ROLIAN, D.A. RAICHLEN, H. PONTZER. 2 After 25 years, revisiting clavicle histology. R.R. PAINE. 3 Applications of bone histomorphometry in bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and clinical studies. H. CHO. 4 5 6 Histological indicators of stress. E. RAGUIN, M.A. STREETER, M.S. DRAPEAU. You win some, you lose some: variation in bone growth, gain and loss across the skeleton. P. BEAUCHESNE, S.C. AGARWAL. 7 Mechanotransduction in bone: lessons from mice. A. 8 Distributions of secondary osteon collagen/lamellar morphotypes are important in avoiding stress fractures: A new hypothesis for the etiology of stress fractures. J.G. SKEDROS. 9 Fracture Resistance in the Human Rib: Contributions of Cross-Sectional Geometry. A.M. AGNEW, E. MISICKA, Session 35 Anthropological Stories of Bone Histology and Remodeling: An Invited Session in Honor of Samuel D. Stout Observer Variability in Identification of Histological Structures in Silver-Stained Bone Thin Sections. D.C. PINTO, C.M. CROWDER, G.T. PHILLIPS. 13 Primate Communities: Behavior and Morphology. J.G. FLEAGLE, K.E. REED, N. NAQVI, J. SMAERS. An analysis of infant bone composition using Raman Spectroscopy. M.E. SOTO MARTINEZ, C.M. CROWDER, X. BI. Adaptations in the upper limb of Australopithecus. M.E. MACIAS, M. GRABOWSKI. Introduction: Sabrina C. Agarwal. ROBLING. M.M. MURACH, V.M. DOMINGUEZ, T.P. GOCHA. 10 Longitudinal variation of osteon circularity in three-dimensional reconstructions of Haversian networks. I. MAGGIANO, C. MAGGIANO, J. CLEMENT, D. THOMAS, D. COOPER. Invited Poster Symposium Chair: Sabrina C. Agarwal Session 36 Studio 6 Sam Stout pioneered the early work on bone histomorphometry in ancient bone, and over the past decades his work has established the significant methodological and scientific contribution of histological studies to biological anthropology. He has examined some of the most fundamental aspects of skeletal variation including patterns in bone remodeling with disuse, taphonomy, population variation, biomechanical loading, bone remodeling in early hominids, and changes with disease and aging. He has continued to develop new microscopic age estimation methods and push our understanding of intra-skeletal variation in bone mass and microstructure. This session brings together the research of his colleagues and the students he has mentored 42 Primate Social Behavior II Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Monica L. Wakefield Acadia 1 Visitor effects on Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). A. KIRWEN. 2 Spatial Organization in Female Bonobos (Pan paniscus) Reflects Social Cohesion. A.J. HICKMOTT, C.M. BRAND, K.J. BOOSE, F.J. WHITE. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 3 Session 37 Males in uniform: intra-individual pelage color variation is associated with social style in male macaques. A. VAN HORN, A.N. SPRIGGS, B.C. WILHELM, J.M. KAMILAR, B.J. BRADLEY. 4 The Use of Color Cues in Within-group Competition over Food Resources by Tufted Capuchin Monkeys. A. COLOSIMO, C.J. SCARRY. 6 Should I stay or should I go? Using Hinde’s proximity index to understand changing social relationships in Hylobatid groups as offspring mature. A.C. SHELDON, G. SKOLLAR. 7 Group membership, individual identity, and sex encoded in Saguinus imperator long calls. E.E. ROBAKIS, M. WATSA, G. ERKENSWICK. 8 Methodological Considerations for Measuring Female Chimpanzee Social Relationships. M.L. WAKEFIELD, A.J. HICKMOTT, L.M. MEADOR, S.J. AMSLER, K.D. WILD. 9 Contributed Poster Presentations Gorilla Social Dynamics: Only Heterosexual Relationships Impact Long-Term Stress in Captive Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). A.N. EDES, B.A. WOLFE, D.E. CREWS. 5 Human Biology and Genetics II Chair: Kirsten A. Ziesemer Acadia 1 ZOELLER, G. EMBERLING, F. RUEHLI, A.W. BIGHAM. 2 10 Male Reproductive Strategies in the Context of Female Defense Polygyny: An Agent-Based Model. K.N. CROUSE, C.M. MILLER. 11 Propithecus as Prey: vigilance and Behavioral Changes in Propithecus edwardsi After a Perceived Predator Threat. A.R. LAMB, P. WRIGHT. 12 Individual Social Strategies Vary in Relation to Network Position Among Sub-Adult Male Long-Tailed Macaques. J.V. PETERSON, A. FUENTES. 13 Oxytocin (OT) and Arginine-Vasopressin (AVP) Cell Bodies and Fibers in the Social Behavioral Neural Network in Rhesus Macaques, Chimpanzees, and Humans. C. ROGERS, A.P. ROSS, J. DOOYEMA, M. CREE, S.P. SAHU, E. SIEGEL, E.G. STOPA, J.K. RILLING, H.E. ALBERS, L.J. YOUNG, T.M. PREUSS. Interpreting the Penutian migration through Genetics: Ancient human DNA analysis from Central California. F.A. VILLANEA, C. MONROE, R. CAMBRA, A. LEVENTHAL. 3 Paleogenomic investigations of human remains from Rapa Nui. L. FEHREN-SCHMITZ, K.M. HARKINS, C.L. JARMAN. 4 A new method for assessing postmortem DNA damage from ancient remains. K.M. HARKINS, J.D. KAPP, L. FEHREN-SCHMITZ, R.E. GREEN. 5 Nearly naked apes: A survey of hair plucking among captive bonobos (Pan paniscus). L.F. MARCHANT, C.M. BRAND. Recovery of ancient DNA from Upper Nubian skeletal remains. A.M. BREIDENSTEIN, A. BOUWMAN, G.E. Comparison of Five Different DNA Extraction Methods for Reconstructing Ancient Gut Microbiomes from Coprolites. R.W. HAGAN, C. HOFMAN, K. REINHARD, K. SANKARANARAYANANN, C. WARINNER. 6 Comparative Sub-Regional Population Structure within South America using MtDNA and Y-Chromosome DNA. B.C. HERRERA, M. HUBBE. 7 Investigating the genetic impacts of Spanish missionization on the Guale of St. Catherines Island, Georgia. L.C. SPRINGS, C.S. LARSEN, D.H. THOMAS, A.M. SEMON, D.A. BOLNICK. 8 Genetic Diversity in the Dominican Republic: Implications for the Population and Demographic History of Hispaniola. E.R. OAKLEY, R. PAULINO- RAMIREZ, B. VEGA, M.G. VILAR, A. MENCIA-RIPLEY, S. GUERRERO-MARTINEZ, A. BENITEZ, T.G. SCHURR. 9 History of Human Population Diversity Studies in Central America. N.F. BALDI, R. BARRANTES. 10 Comparison of southwestern US Hispanic populations to Mexican Hispanic populations using immunoglobulin haplotypes. M.S. SCHANFIELD. 11 Insights into the Cahokian Sphere of Influence through Ancient DNA Evidence. J.L. HARRISON, F.A. KAESTLE. 12 Y STR Variation in Six Garífuna Villages on the Honduran Coast. K.G. BEATY, E. HERRERA-PAZ, N. BALDI-SALAS, N. BRACCI, M. MATAMOROS, M.H. CRAWFORD, R. ROY. Conference Program 43 FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 13 The effect of mobility and modernization on co-residence patterns in Batek hunter-gatherers: a longitudinal analysis. T.S. KRAFT, V.V. VENKATARAMAN, 27 The Distribution of CFTR Haplotypes in Brazilian Quilombos as a Consequence of History. C. CARVALHO GONTIJO, D. MORAES, C.X. DE CARVALHO, E.M. COELHO, C.T. MENDES-JUNIOR, G. FEIJÓ, M. KLAUTAU-GUIMARÃES, S.F. DE OLIVEIRA. K.M. ENDICOTT. 14 Cultural and biological pathways of transmission among post-contact Native Americans on the High Plains. S.J. LYCETT, N. VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL. 15 Three-dimensional analysis of facial aging and asymmetry from juvenile to old age. J. VELEMÍNSKÁ, E. HOFFMANNOVÁ, J. KOUDELOVÁ, J. DUPEJ. 28 Placentophagy’s Effects on Postpartum Maternal Affect, Health, and Recovery. S.M. YOUNG, L.K. GRYDER, C. CROSS, D. ZAVA, D.W. KIMBALL, D.C. BENYSHEK. 29 Community Support Buffers Psychosocial Stress in Mothers of Infants. B.N. EVANS, B.L. TURNER. 16 Age-progression and age-regression face modelling in Czech girls from 6 to 15 years based on three-dimensional longitudinal data. E. HOFFMANNOVA, J. Session 38 KOUDELOVÁ, J. DUPEJ, J. VELEMÍNSKÁ. Functional Anatomy: Ontogeny 17 Neonatal hair cortisol in rural Gambian infants. S. Contributed Poster Presentations FARDI, S. DRAMMEH, A. DOEL, A.M. PRENTICE, S.E. MOORE, R.M. BERNSTEIN. 18 Age- and Testosterone-dependent Changes in Facial Asymmetry among Adolescent Bolivian Males and Females. C.R. HODGES-SIMEON, K.N. HANSON Chair: Jacqueline Runestad Connour Acadia 1 SOBRASKE, K. STEINHILBER, M. GURVEN, S.J. GAULIN. 19 Postnatal Neuron increase in the Human Amygdala is more Extensive than in other Hominids. N. BARGER, M.V. VARGAS, T.A. AVINO, K. SEMENDEFERI, C.M. SCHUMANN. 20 Greater variability in within-section cortical thickness among men relative to women and its effects on the accuracy of periosteally-derived cross-sectional geometry estimates. A.A. MACINTOSH, C.N. SHAW, T.M. RYAN, J.M. KAMILAR, S.R. TECOT, G.T. SCHWARTZ. 2 M.K. DARBOE, A.M. PRENTICE, R.M. BERNSTEIN. 22 An Evolutionary Perspective on Elective Cesarean Section. K.R. ROSENBERG, W.R. TREVATHAN. 23 Growth and reproduction in adult women: understanding the interactions of evolution and culture in American and rural Brazilian populations. A.C. RIVARA, S.G. PAIVA. 24 First case of cd39 β-thalassemia found in a Sardinian man from 2000 years ago. C. VIGANÒ, G. AKGÜL, F. RÜHLI, A. BOUWMAN. 3 26 Using Mitogenomes to Understand Dog Population History in the Americas. K.E. WITT, R.S. MALHI. A three-dimensional geometric morphometric evaluation of shape variation in the hybrid baboon cranium. T.B. RITZMAN, D.C. KATZ, K.E. WILLMORE, J. CHEVERUD, J. ROGERS, R.R. ACKERMANN. 4 Integration of the Anthropoid Skull: An Ontogenetic Perspective with Insights into Jaw Fusion. R.P. KNIGGE. 5 Spandrels and Functional Matrices: the Ontogenetic Basis for Primate Postorbital Septation. V.B. DELEON, A.L. ROSENBERGER, T.D. SMITH. 6 Relationship of Turbinal Surface Area and Nasal Cavity Volume in Primates. M.C. MARTELL, T.D. SMITH, V.B. DELEON. 7 Energetics of the Nasal cavity: The impact of Total Energy Expenditure on Cranial Airway Morphology. V.N. MASON, R.S. SCOTT, S. CACHEL. 8 25 Whole human genome enrichment on dental calculus. K.A. ZIESEMER, J. RAMOS MADRIGAL, A.E. MANN, K. SANKARANARAYANAN, C. WARINNER, C. HOFMAN, H. SCHROEDER. Functional morphology of the occipital condyles in anthropoids. A.C. NISHIMURA, P.J. FERNÁNDEZ, J.S. GUERRA, G.A. RUSSO. J.T. STOCK. 21 Breast milk macronutrient content in rural West African mothers is impacted by season of infant birth and maternal energy balance. M.A. GRUCA, S.E. MOORE, A ‘Hypophysis’ to Test: Comparative Aspects of Pituitary Gland Anatomy and its usefulness for Reconstructing Hominin Life History. A. MCGROSKY, A novel method for estimating ancestral ontogenetic trajectories of shape change using cercopithecine crania as a test case. E.A. SIMONS, S.R. FROST, M. SINGLETON. 9 Variation in osteon size in the cercopithecoid femur and its implications for bone fracture toughness. S.E. LAD, W. MCGRAW, D.J. DAEGLING. 10 Cancellous bone density in age-sorted atelines. J. RUNESTAD CONNOUR, K.M. NIDA, K.E. GLANDER. 44 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 39 11 Ontogenetic changes in trabecular architecture: A pilot study of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) manual and pedal elements. A.J. RAGNI, N. WEBB, W. Primates: Methods and Morphology HARCOURT-SMITH. Contributed Poster Presentations 12 Population-level Ontogenetic Variation in Gorilla and Pan. J.S. MASSEY, K.P. MCNULTY. Chair: Julia Arias-Martorell Acadia 13 Geometric Morphometrics of the Neonatal Pelvis in Strepsirrhine Primates. S.M. ZALESKI, T.D. SMITH, J.W. 1 14 Ontogeny of Morphological Variation in the Talar Trochlea of Gorilla. L.M. FATICA, K. TURLEY, A. A novel approach to anatomical complexity: Random Forest Analysis applied to jaw morphology in Homininae. J. LAWRENCE, M. SÓSKUTHY. 2 Correlated Responses to Selection among Elements of the Cranium and Appendicular Skeleton between Large-Bodied and Small-Bodied Tamarins. E.R. YOUNG, V.B. DELEON. MUDAKIKWA, M.R. CRANFIELD, T.S. STOINSKI, S.C. MCFARLIN, S. ALMÉCIJA. 15 Skeletal aging in mountain gorillas. C.B. RUFF, M. BURGESS, A. MUDAKIKWA, S. MCFARLIN. 16 Trauma, Growth, and Death: An analysis of Gorilla gorilla life history from specimens at the Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History. R.T. AGOSTO, B.M. AUERBACH. 3 A macroevolutionary perspective on human gut proportions. E.K. BOYLE, S. ALMÉCIJA. 4 A 2D Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Cercopithecoid Mandibular Symphysis Outline Shape: Implications forTtaxonomy and Systematics. C.M. MCRAE, G.P. ARONSEN. 17 Facial fluctuating asymmetry in wild Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). A.B. ERIKSEN, K. MCGRATH, A. GÓMEZ-ROBLES, L. SCHROEDER, J.S. MASSEY, T.G. BROMAGE, A. MUDAKIKWA, T.S. STOINSKI, M.R. CRANFIELD, M.W. TOCHERI, S.C. MCFARLIN, N. VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL. KIMOCK. 5 Distinguishing locomotor adaptation of non-human primates and hominoids using ulnar diaphyseal curvature. C.E. TAYLOR, Y. HAILE-SELASSIE. 6 Trabecular architecture of the hominoid humerus. J. 7 Brain size as an evolutionary constrain on facial form. 8 Evolutionary Implications of Variability and Rates of Change in the Primate Lumbosacral Plexus. B.M. 18 Possilbe idiopathic scoliosis in a bonobo. C.A. KIRCHHOFF, H.S. LLOYD. 19 Growth of the Catarrhine Ectotympanic Tube. E.E. FRICANO, V.B. DELEON. 20 Muscle proportions and body composition in an infant gorilla. D. BOLTER, C. UNDERWOOD, A. ZIHLMAN. 21 Middle phalanx morphology reflects postural differences of primate grooming and nail-bearing digits. S.A. MAIOLINO. 22 Hyoid Proportions, Growth, and Spatial Placement in Non-Human Primates. A.S. CUNNINGHAM, T.D. SMITH, V. BURKE DELEON. ARIAS-MARTORELL, R. DAVENPORT, T.L. KIVELL, M.M. SKINNER. A. PETTIT, B. VILLMOARE. SHEARER. 9 Looking beyond Phalangeal Length and Curvature: Functional Correlation between Manual Phalangeal Articular and Collateral Ligamentous Morpohology and Anthropoid Locomotor Adaptations. K.M. WILES, M.W. TOCHERI, A.S. DEANE. 10 Combining 3DGM analyses from multiple anatomical regions improves phylogenetic interpretations of phenetic data in Platyrrhini. J.T. GLADMAN, G.S. YAPUNCICH, S.B. COOKE. 11 Morphometric analysis of the chimpanzee maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. S.B. BOREN, D. DURAND. 12 Testing Hypotheses for the Embryonic Origins of Primate Neocortical Expansion. A. KRISHNAMURTHY, A.C. HALLEY, T.W. DEACON. 13 Paleobiogeography of the Colobinae. S. CARNATION. 14 Canine Tooth Robusticity mitigates Stress in the Jaw. Z.S. KLUKKERT. Conference Program 45 FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 40 Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology: Collections, Ancestry, and Age at Death Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Kyra Stull Acadia 1 The Shallow Biohistory of Recently-acquired Skeletal Material by the Louisiana Department of Justice. C.L. HALLING, R.M. SEIDEMANN. 2 Skull shapes, maps and museum collections: Representing modern human cranial variation. M. FRIESS, M. GALLAND. 3 Using sociological segregation indices to reintroduce geographical relationships in anatomical skeletal collections. A.C. ZIMMER. 4 Humans of Anthropology Teaching Collections: Lifehistories of Body Donors. O. LYSA, K. PECHENKINA. 5 Are virtual bones, derived from clinical CT scans, a precise source for a virtual skeletal reference database? K.L. COLMAN, J.G. DOBBE, K.E. STULL, J.M. RUIJTER, R. OOSTRA, R.R. VAN RIJN, A.E. VAN DER MERWE, H.H. DE BOER, G.J. STREEKSTRA. 6 3D Modeling of Skeletal Remains Using Agisoft Photoscan: Best practices for Field Data Collection. J.E. KAISER, A.M. DAMARANY. 7 Documenting Burials and Mortuary Context in the Field using 3D Technology. T. PARSONS, R.P. HARROD. 8 3D reconstructions of cortical canal network is an efficient method to differentiate human from animal fragmentary bones. C. RITTEMARD, O. DUTOUR, H. COQUEUGNIOT. 9 Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Vascular Pore Networks in the Human Rib from Two-dimensional Serial Sections. M.E. COLE, S.D. STOUT. 10 Measuring digit ratios from 2D hand scans versus negative handprints: Implications for archeology. A.P. GREMBA, C. TORGALSKI, S. WEINBERG. 11 Teaching Forensics in the Classroom: Considerations for Ancestry Determination in Educational Settings. A.R. DZUBAK, C. CHEVERKO. 12 Accuracy Rates of Ancestry Estimation by Forensic Anthropologists Using Identified Forensic Cases. R.M. THOMAS, C. PARKS, A. RICHARD. 13 Effect of age on nonmetric cranial traits for sex estimation in subadults and adults. K.M. LESCIOTTO, L.J. DOERSHUK. 46 14 The Effect of Age on Nasal Aperture Shape in Humans. A. VARVARES, V.B. DELEON. 15 Understanding (mis)classification trends of Hispanics in Fordisc 3.1: Incorporating cranial morphology, microgeographic origin, and admixture proportions for interpretation. C.E. HUGHES, B. DUDZIK, B.F. ALGEE-HEWITT. 16 Estimating ancestry in undocumented migrants along the south Texas border using dental morphological traits: a test of Edgar’s method. C.M. CLEMMONS, M. SPRADLEY, D.J. WESCOTT. 17 Estimating ancestry of patients from the Colorado State Insane Asylum from 1879-1899 using geometric morphometric software. R. PEREZ, A.H. ROSS. 18 Understanding the Degree of Craniometric Variation in South Texas Migrants. C.P. MCDANELD, T.P. GOCHA, C.C. SIEGERT, R.M. STRAND, L.E. BAKER, M. SPRADLEY. 19 Cranial growth in six- to eight-year-old humans: comparison of standard metric and 3D coordinate data. D.E. BECKER, N.A. CASTELLON-HINKLE, L.E. CIRILLO, R.S. JABBOUR, G.D. RICHARDS. 20 A critical review and classification of juvenile age estimation methods. L.K. CORRON, F. MARCHAL, S. CONDEMI, P. ADALIAN. 21 Estimating age at death in subadults from metaphyseal width of lower limb longs bones. C. ROSSETTI, M. LICATA, G. ARMOCIDA, A. VERZELETTI, A. TOSI. 22 Left or Right Pubic Symphysis: Asymmetry Analysis of Age-at-Death Estimation Using 3D Laser Scans and Computational Algorithms. D.K. STOYANOVA, B.F. ALGEE-HEWITT, J. KIM, D.E. SLICE. 23 Use of the structured light scanner David SLS-2 for recording auricular surface in 3D and implications for age at death assessment. J. BRŮŽEK, J. DUPEJ, A. KOTĚROVÁ, R. RMOUTILOVÁ, J. VELEMÍNSKÁ. 24 The effects of epiphyseal fusion asymmetry on juvenile age estimation. K.E. STULL, L. CORRON. 25 Estimation of ancestry in non-adults. A.L. SZEN. 26 Cortical Thickness as a Supplement to Osteon Population Density to Estimate Age at Death. T.P. GOCHA, M.M. MURACH, A.M. AGNEW. 27 A retrospective study of age estimation method performance on positively identified forensic cases. C.C. CATALDO-RAMIREZ, M.J. RUE, H.M. GARVIN. 28 Skeletal Midshaft Diameters as Estimators of Age at Death in Subadults. M.T. KETCHUM, S. NAWROCKI. 29 Quantitative assessment of age-related topographic changes in the pubic symphysis. M.K. STOCK, P.E. MORSE, C. VILLA. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY MORNING SESSIONS 30 A Test of Fazekas and Kósa (1978) Fetal Aging Standards using Ultrasound Data. J.A. CONLEY, S. OUSLEY. 31 The effect of pathology on bone microstructure: implications for histological age estimation. C.E. LILL, J.G. GARCIA-DONAS, R.R. PAINE, B. XHEMALI, E.F. KRANIOTI. 32 Histological age estimation on two Mediterranean Populations:A validation study of four existing methodologies. J. GARCÍA-DONAS, A.R. SCHOLL, A. DALTON, R.R. PAINE, E.F. KRANIOTI. 33 Revised Transition Analysis: Validation on a Historical Sample and the First Archaeological Application of the New Procedure. S.M. GETZ, G.R. MILNER, J.L. BOLDSEN. 34 Data standardization in anthropology: Curation and access. A.E. KENDELL, N.L. GESKE. 35 Data standardization in anthropology: methods and best practice. N.L. GESKE, A.E. KENDELL. 36 Experiences in the application and attendance of human skeletal biology graduate programs. N.V. PASSALACQUA, H.M. GARVIN. 37 Application and Accuracy of 3D Scanned Postcranial Bones. V. HARRINGTON, H. MCKILLOP. 38 A quantitative analysis of iodine stained CT (DiceCT) measurements in physical and digital dissection. J. LEVY, P.J. LEWIS, A. HARTSTONE-ROSE. 39 The Statistics of Tiny Samples: The Utility of ACTUS, an Alternative Method of Contingency Table Analysis Using Simulation, in Human Skeletal Biology. V.H. ESTABROOK, D.A. PROSSER. 40 Big Classes, Small Budgets, and Osteometric Lab Equipment: Is cost Commensurate with Quality? L.L. TAYLOR, M. FARALDO, G.A. CARDENAS. 41 Cortical Bone Dynamics and Skeletal Age at Death Assessed from Human Femoral Cortical Histomorphology. R.A. WALKER. 42 Trabecular Bone Morphometrics: A Methodological Appraisal of Software Applications. N.M. WEBB, Y. HU, X. GUO. 43 Dental Crown Morphological Variation at the Boothill Burial Ground: Ancestry Estimation Using rASUDAS. J.D. SYKES, K.A. VEROSTICK, E.H. KIMMERLE, J. BETHARD. 44 Alternative instrument bags: assessing the accuracy and precision of the iGaging 8” Digital Outside Calipers. J.M. BERGER, K.E. FAILLACE. Conference Program 47 FRIDAY, AFTERNOON SESSIONS Session 41 Beyond Visibility: How Academic Diversity is Transforming Scientific Knowledge 3:30 TORRES. 3:45 Invited Podium Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Deborah A. Bolnick, Rick W.A. Smith Balcony I/J In recent years the field of biological anthropology and the AAPA have taken center stage in national debates concerning sexual harassment, the need for greater integrity and safety in the field and workplace, and sex and gender equality in the sciences. The AAPA has also seen unprecedented efforts to increase diversity in the discipline, including the Committee on Diversity’s Undergraduate Symposium, the Increasing Diversity in Evolutionary Anthropological Sciences (IDEAS) workshop, and the formation of the GAYAPA interest group, among others. These developments have been important for increasing the inclusion of underrepresented groups in science and are crucial to broadening access and increasing justice within biological anthropology. However, while strides have been made towards improving visibility for underrepresented groups and their concerns in the field, less consideration has been given to the intellectual contributions that diversification brings. Such diversity includes new kinds of questions and theoretical perspectives, new approaches to research design and ethics, new insights and interpretations of data — leading to the production of new knowledge within biological anthropology and the sciences more generally. In this symposium we draw on the voices and insights of scholars from within biological anthropology and beyond to highlight how scientists from diverse backgrounds are producing new kinds of knowledge about humans and non-humans, the connections between bodies, biology, and culture, and the politics and practice of science. We show that diversity is not just a question of visibility and representation; it is also about making a new and vital science together. This session will explore how our collective efforts to change “who we are” also involves expanding and reconstituting “what we know”. 2:30 Alterity and Anthropometrics: Blackness, Vulnerability, and Post-Colonial Identities in Biological Anthropology. R.G. NELSON. 2:45 Land of Milk and Honey: Infiltrating Academia to Pursue Overlooked Topics. K. HINDE. 3:00 Belief(s), Identity, and Experience: Navigating Multiple Influences on Knowing in Biological Anthropology. A. FUENTES. 3:15 How subjectivity strengthens research: Developing new approaches to anthropological genetics in the Pacific Northwest. A.C. BADER, R.S. MALHI. 48 Marginal perspectives within hegemonic spaces: the marronage of genomic technologies. J. BENN Undisciplining Desire: Bisexual and Queer Approaches to Science. S.M. ARCHER, T. VILLASEÑOR-MARCHAL, R.W. SMITH. 4:00 The Coloniality of Philosophies of Biology. S. MCLEAN. 4:15 Dead end evolutionary lineage, says the White man: the evolution of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in Asia. S.G. ATHREYA. 4:30 Queer developments: LGBTQIA perspectives on ontogeny, growth and development, and ranges of variation in human and nonhuman primates. C.A. SCHMITT, C.M. ASTORINO, S.L. MEREDITH. 4:45 How social justice perspectives expose hidden exclusions in science. D.N. LEE, K.B. CLANCY. 5:00 Minority Rules: Social Capital, Scientific Obligations, and the Struggle to Decolonize Biological Anthropology. V.R. PÉREZ. 5:15 Discussant: Alan H. Goodman. 5:30 Discussant: Kim TallBear. Session 42 Signals in Evolutionary and Ecological Context Invited Podium Symposium Organizer/Chair: Michael P. Muehlenbein Bissonet Evolutionary signals are hypothesized to represent phenotypic traits that influence the behaviors of others. These signals develop through the mechanisms of natural and sexual selections, resulting from complex interactions between individuals within a variety of ecological contexts. Such traits have been studied extensively in a variety of taxa, with much recent work in human and nonhuman primates. The present symposium includes new and established experts in human and nonhuman primate signaling systems to review the present state of research on evolutionary signals in a variety of species across the order Primates (including humans, macaques, lemurs, and others). Drawing from concepts in sexual selection and life history theory, and a growing body of both field and laboratory observations and experiments, these presentations include discussion on skin and hair coloration, sexual swellings, pheromones, body and face size and shape, vocalizations, physiological performance, and even religious rituals and parenting behaviors as signals. Discussion is focused primarily within the context of mate selection (signaling between the sexes), although social status (signaling within the sexes) is also 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS considered. The potential costs behind these ‘viability-indicators’ are reviewed, especially the immunological and physiological correlates of coloration and other physical traits. 2:30 Session 43 Human Skeletal Biology: Mobility, Isotopes, Diet Contributed Podium Presentations Co-evolution of Male and Female Primate Sexual Signals, the Example of Crested Macaques. A. Chair: Bethany L. Turner ENGELHARDT. 2:45 Variation in Lemur Color Vision across Species, Populations and Habitats: Implications for Signal Evolution. R.L. JACOBS, T.S. MACFIE, J.M. KAMILAR, A.N. SPRIGGS, A.L. BADEN, T.L. MORELLI, M.T. IRWIN, R.R. LAWLER, J. PASTORINI, M. MAYOR, M.L. SAUTHER, R. LEI, R. CULLIGAN, M.T. HAWKINS, P.M. KAPPELER, P.C. WRIGHT, E.E. LOUIS JR, N.I. MUNDY, B.J. BRADLEY. 3:00 Female and male rhesus macaque red skin coloration in evolutionary context. C. DUBUC, J.P. HIGHAM. 3:15 Is primate sexual coloration an accurate indicator of immune functions? M.P. MUEHLENBEIN, S.P. Studio 1/2/3 2:30 Mobility and trabecular bone variation in the human foot. J.P. SAERS, C.N. SHAW, T.M. RYAN, J.T. STOCK. 2:45 Foot Muscle Size and Longitudinal Arch Biomechanics in a Minimally Shod, Non-industrial Human Population. N.B. HOLOWKA, E.F. KOCH, M. RUIZ, I.J. WALLACE, D.E. LIEBERMAN. 3:00 A.J. CHAUDHARI, T.D. WEAVER. 3:15 PRALL, E.C. SHATTUCK, C.S. SPARKS, K.C. BAKER. 3:30 How selection shapes primate major histocompatibility complex polymorphism. L.A. KNAPP. 3:45 Condition-dependent scent signals in strepsirrhine primates. C.M. DREA. 4:00 4:15 4:30 Are sexual swellings reliable indicators? C.L. FITZPATRICK, J. ALTMANN, S.C. ALBERTS. 3:30 3:45 Are human voices honest signals of condition? D.A. Cardiovascular fitness as a signal of reproductive potential. D. LONGMAN, J.C. WELLS, M.K. SURBEY, J.T. STOCK. 5:00 Evidence for specialized processing of facial kinship cues. L.M. DEBRUINE, E. TURNER, R. GORDON, B.C. JONES. 5:15 What does women’s facial attractiveness cue? 5:30 Behaviors, Badges, Bans, and Babies: Religious Commitment Signaling and Unwed Motherhood in American Samoa. C.D. LYNN, M.E. HOWELLS. 5:45 Signaling human fathering potential. P.B. GRAY. 6:00 Discussant: Jo Setchell. Roving Romans: Biomechanical and Fracture Evidence for Sex-related, Intensified Mobility at Vagnari, Italy. R.J. GILMOUR, T.L. PROWSE, E. JURRIAANS, M.B. BRICKLEY. Paleomobility in the 5th century Mediterranean: Oxygen isotope analysis of soldiers from the Battles of Himera (480 BCE, 409 BCE). K.L. REINBERGER, B. KYLE, P. FABBRI, S. VASSALLO, L.J. REITSEMA. 4:00 M.E. BENÍTEZ, T.J. BERGMAN, J.C. BEEHNER. 4:45 Horticultural activity predicts later localized limb status in a contemporary pre-industrial population. J. STIEGLITZ, B. TRUMBLE, H. KAPLAN, M. GURVEN. PUTS. Sizing up Strangers: Sexual Selection and Vocal Signals in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Femoral metaphyseal morphology as a predictor of locomotor behavior. P.A. STAMOS, Z. ALEMSEGED, Subsistence and mobility at Hellenistic New Halos, Greece: as reconstructed from stable carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and strontium isotope analysis. H.A. SPARKES, S. GARVIE-LOK, M. HAAGSMA. 4:15 Utilizing Isotope Analysis to Assess the Origins of Axis Combatants from World War II. K.E. KOLPAN, I. HANSON, G. KAMENOV, J. KRIGBAUM. 4:30 B.C. JONES, A.C. HAHN, C.I. FISHER, M. KANDRIK, H. WANG, C. HAN, L.M. DEBRUINE. Early Spanish Colonialism in Northern Guatemala: Identifying Itza Mayas at the Mission San Bernabé using Strontium, Carbon, and Oxygen Isotope Assays and Biodistance Analyses. C. FREIWALD, K. MILLER WOLF. 4:45 Assessing Demographic Change From the Iron Age (7th – 4th c. B.C.E) through the Roman Period (1st – 3rd c. C.E.) in Southern Italy Using Isotope and Whole-Mitochondrial Genome Analysis. M.V. EMERY, A.T. DUGGAN, H.P. SCHWARCZ, H.N. POINAR, T.L. PROWSE. 5:00 Gender, ethnicity, and diet in the Late Intermediate Period, Colca Valley, Peru: A study of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from bone collagen. M.C. VELASCO, T.A. TUNG. Conference Program 49 FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 5:15 Isotopic analysis of pre-Columbian Groups from the Brazilian coast. M.Q. BASTOS, A. LESSA, R.V. 4:15 SANTOS, C. RODRIGUES-CARVALHO. 5:30 Spanish Colonial Impacts on Foodways and Diet in the Zaña Valley of Peru: A Multi-Isotopic Reconstruction. B.L. TURNER, P. VANVALKENBURGH, B.J. SCHAEFER. 5:45 6:00 MACKLER, S. MADLON-KAY, K.K. WATSON, L.J. BRENT, J.H. SKENE, J.E. HORVATH, M.L. PLATT. 4:30 Stable Isotope Evidence for Salmon Consumption in the Prehistoric Sacramento Valley of California. E.J. BARTELINK, J. NELSON, D. FURLONG, S. KLINE, J. PRINCE-BUITENHUYS, A. MACKINNON, F. BAYHAM. Biological continuity over the transition to food production in Eastern Africa: human dental evidence from early pastoralists. E. SAWCHUK. Session 44 4:45 5:00 2:45 Population genomics disentangles taxonomic relationships and identifies ancient hybridization in the genus Chlorocebus. H. SVARDAL, A. JASINSKA, C.A. P. MOORJANI*, C.G. AMORIM*, P. ARNDT, M. PRZEWORSKI. SCHMITT, Y. HUANG, G. WEINSTOCK, J.P. GROBLER, R.K. WILSON, W.C. WARREN, N.B. FREIMER, M. NORDBERG, T.R. TURNER. 3:00 Tarsier Phylogenetic Inference using Museum Skin Samples. L.C. MATTHEWS. 3:15 Chimpanzees of the past: Full mitochondrial genomes from Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii skeletons from Gombe National Park. A.T. OZGA, M.A. NIEVES-COLON, R. NOCKERTS, M.L. WILSON, I.C. GILBY, A. PUSEY, A.C. STONE. 3:30 Evidence of frequent hybridization in guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) from phylogeny with genome-wide markers. C.M. BERGEY, A.S. BURRELL, A.J. TOSI. 3:45 Two-Way Anthropogenic Hybridization between Invasive Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata with Endemic C. aurita: A Threat to Marmoset Conservation. R.S. CARVALHO, J. MALUKIEWICZ, A.M. OLIVEIRA, D.G. PEREIRA, S. LOIOLA, E.F. CARVALHO, D.A. SILVA, H.G. BERGALLO. 4:00 50 A phylogeny of the CHIA gene in the context of insectivory. M.C. JANIAK, M.E. CHANEY, A.J. TOSI. Relationship between Reproductive status and Gut Microbial Community Composition in White-faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus). E.K. MALLOTT, P.A. GARBER, R.S. MALHI, K.R. AMATO. 5:15 Studio 7/8/9 An unsteady molecular clock in primates. Mechanisms of convergent testis transcriptome evolution in primates. E. SAGLICAN, M. DONERTAS, R. ROHLFS, E. OZKURT, H. HU, R. NEME, B. ERDEM, P. KHAITOVICH, M. SOMEL. Chair: C. Eduardo Amorim 2:30 An Evolutionary Perspective on the Contribution of Serotonergic Genetics to Health: Lessons from Rhesus Macaques. S.M. LARSON, A. RUIZ- LAMBIDES, J. HORVATH, A. ROBINSON, P. SKENE, M.L. PLATT, L.J. BRENT. Primate Genetics and Adaptation Contributed Podium Presentations An Integrative Approach for Evaluating Rhesus Macaque Social Behavior: Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Molecular Variation in a Suite of Neuroreceptors. M.J. MONTAGUE, N. SNYDER- Evidence for elevated diversity in genes linked to facial diversity in apes supports the hypothesis that individual facial recognition is important across hominoids. M.E. STEIPER, N.T. GRUBE, C.M. GAGNON. 5:30 Genomic basis for fatal Toxoplasma gondii infection in primates. Y. SUAREZ, S. GUNASEKERA, N. VALIZADEGAN, K. VAN ETTEN, W.H. WITOLA, J. LINDE, J.F. BRINKWORTH. 5:45 Genomic analyses of Mycobacterium leprae strains from naturally infected nonhuman primates. T.P. HONAP, L. PFISTER, A.C. STONE. Session 45 The Evolution of Form and Function in the Hominin Pelvis Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Karen L. Baab, Ashley S. Hammond, Matthew O’Neil Balcony K The pelvis conveys information about ape and hominin paleobiology, including phylogenetic history, body size and shape, development and locomotor capabilities. The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the number of hominin fossil pelvic remains, which has expanded our knowledge about pelvis evolution, while simultaneously raising many new and important questions. This new material has led researchers to reconsider long-standing ideas about the Pan-Homo last common ancestor, the earliest hominins and the origins of bipedalism (Ardipithecus ramidus), raised new questions about locomotor capabilities in 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS australopiths and early Homo (e.g. Australopithecus sediba), and ignited new debates about size, shape and adaptation in Homo erectus (Gona pelvis). Recent work has also highlighted both stasis and mosaicism in pelvis evolution during the last 500,000 years of hominin evolution (H. floresiensis, mid-Pleistocene Homo), and has generated new ideas about the relative role of neutral genetic evolution and climate-driven selection in shaping modern human pelvic variation. This symposium will explore how integrative methodologies and new data can address questions presented by the more complete paleontological record for the pelvis. Contributors use methods as diverse as functional genomics, experimental biomechanics, musculoskeletal modeling, 3D morphometrics, comparative analyses and population genetics to explore morphological variation and the underlying factors driving this variation. A particular focus will be paid to pelvic remains described in the past decade. This symposium brings together diverse analytical approaches to better trace the key modifications in pelvis size and shape throughout hominin evolution, as well as provide new insights into the functional implications of these modifications. 3:00 1 Individual poster presentations and discussion led by Carol V. Ward. The evolution of the human pelvis: A developmental genetics and functional genomics perspective. M. YOUNG, E. JAGODA, H. DINGWALL, T.D. CAPELLINI. 2 Developmental Perspectives on the Hominid Sacroiliac Complex. A.L. MACHNICKI, L.B. SPURLOCK, S.M. HRYCAJ, D.M. WELLIK, C. LOVEJOY, P.L. RENO. 3 Pelvic height, lumbar entrapment, and their effects on upper body stability during bipedalism. N.E. THOMPSON, M.C. O’NEILL, B. DEMES. 4 Pelvis shape, lumbar column length and the origin of the hominin walking stride. M.C. O’NEILL, N. OGIHARA, M. NAKATSUKASA, B. DEMES, N.E. THOMPSON, B.R. UMBERGER. 5 Mechanics of Hip Extension Characterize ArborealTerrestrial Trade-offs in Hominin Evolution. E.E. KOZMA, N.M. WEBB, W.E. HARCOURT-SMITH, D.A. RAICHLEN, K. D’AOÛT, M.H. BROWN, E. FINESTONE, S.R. ROSS, P. AERTS, H. PONTZER. 6 Defining Lateral Iliac Flare in Hominins. C. VANSICKLE. 7 Functional analysis of lower ilium shape and robusticity in Plio-Pleistocene hominins. K.L. LEWTON. 8 The functional significance of iliac buttressing in the genus Homo. S.E. CHURCHILL. 9 Comparative Morphometric Analysis and Digital Reconstruction of the Homo floresiensis Pelvis. K.L. BAAB, M.C. O’NEILL, A.S. HAMMOND, W.L. JUNGERS. 10 The middle Pleistocene human pelvis: a comparison across Eurasia. A. BONMATÍ, K. ROSENBERG, J. ARSUAGA, L. ZUNÉ. 11 Omo-Kibish pelvic morphology and implications for body form in the earliest modern humans. A.S. HAMMOND, D.F. ROYER, J.G. FLEAGLE. 12 Modern Variation in the Shape of the Birth Canal and the Effects of Climate and Population History. L. BETTI, A. MANICA. Session 46 The Axial Skeleton: Morphology, Function, and Pathology of the Spine and Thorax in Hominoid Evolution Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Ella Been, Alon Barash Studio 4/5 The vertebral spine and the thorax are vital for existence. Their main role is to protect the spinal cord, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as parts of the digestive tract. The axial skeleton with its muscles and joints provides stability for the attachment of the head and limbs and at the same time enables the mobility required for breathing and for locomotion. Despite its great importance the axial skeleton is often over looked by researchers mostly because: a) vertebrae and ribs are fragile in nature, which makes their fossilization a rare event; b) they are metameric (seriated and repeated elements) that make their anatomical determination and thus, their subsequent study difficult; and c) the plethora of bones and joints involved in every movement or function of the axial skeleton makes the reconstruction of posture, breathing mechanics and locomotion extremely difficult. It is well established that the axial skeleton has changed dramatically during human evolution. Spinal curvatures, spinal load transmission and thoracic shape of bipedal humans are derived among hominoids. Yet, there are many debates as too how and when these changes occurred and what their functional and pathological implications are. In recent years, renewed interest arose in the axial skeleton. New and exciting findings mostly from Europe and Africa as well as new methods for reconstructing the spine and thorax have been introduced to the research community. Gait analysis of primates also adds to our understanding of the axial skeleton. This symposium explores the new models and new data, including recent fossil, morphological, biomechanical, and theoretical advances regarding the axial skeleton. Conference Program 51 FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 3:00 Individual poster presentations. 5:00 Discussants: Liza J. Shapiro and Ella Been. 1 2 Session 47 Biological Investigations of Nomads: Developments and Innovations Intraspecific variation in hominoid vertebral morphology: effects of column position and locomotor adaptation. L.J. SHAPIRO, A.D. KEMP. Invited Poster Symposium Total numbers of vertebrae clarify the ancestral vertebral formula of African apes and humans. S.A. Organizers/Chairs: Selin E. Nugent, Mark Hubbe The Evolution of Foramen Magnum Position and Orientation in Anthropoids. G.A. RUSSO, E. KIRK, J.S. Nomadic people have historically been marginalized when compared to more sedentary populations. Nomads were frequently represented at the periphery of major developments in human history, such as cities, states, and empires, while present-day nomads face political and economic pressures that threaten their mobile lifestyles. However, mobility has characterized the vast majority of our history as a species, thus understanding the nature of nomadic lifestyles and their relationships with other populations, and to their environment has significant implications for both the study of our past as well as understanding of modern human variation. Because mobile lifestyles leave distinct marks on the human body that may not be noticeable in material or social contexts, biological anthropology through bioarchaeology and human biology is well positioned to broaden our understanding of the complexities of nomadic populations and their dynamic relationships to sedentary populations. This has become especially true when seen through the lenses of the innovative and constantly developing applications of isotopic, genetic, morphological, and biocultural analyses. The objective of this session is to unite scholars in biological anthropology studying both ancient and extant nomadic populations to present novel methods and analyses that highlight the utility of biological perspectives in elucidating the lives of mobile people. Our goal is to facilitate the exchange and development of innovative and interdisciplinary approaches that will help bring nomads out of the shadows of their sedentary counterparts and promote understanding of their lives to better serve their needs in the present. Studio 6 WILLIAMS, D. PILBEAM. 3 GUERRA, J.B. SMAERS. 4 Functional inferences from vertebral morphology and torso shape in anthropoids. E.R. MIDDLETON, C.V. WARD. 5 A comparative and ontogenetic analysis of zygapophyseal facets along the thoracolumbar transition in apes and humans. T.K. NALLEY, J. WOOD, C.V. WARD. 6 How did early hominins hold their heads? New evidence on head posture from the australopith cervical spine. M.R. MEYER, S.A. WILLIAMS. 7 Geometric morphometrics of hominoid thoraces and its bearing for reconstructing the ribcage of H. naledi. M. BASTIR, D. GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ, S.A. WILLIAMS, M.R. MEYER, S. NALLA, P. SCHMID, A. BARASH, M. OISHI, N. OGIHARA, S.E. CHURCHILL, J. HAWKS, L.R. BERGER. 8 The vertebral column of the Gran Dolina-TD6 and Sima de los Huesos hominins: new remains and new results. A. GÓMEZ-OLIVENCIA, J. ARSUAGA, J. BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO, E. CARBONELL. 9 The vertebral column of La Chapelle-aux Saints: the evidence of spinal osteoarthritis for Neanderthal spinal curvature. M. HAEUSLER, C. FORNAI, N. FRATER, N. BONNEAU. 10 Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures in hominins, where do we stand? E. BEEN, A. GÓMEZ-OLIVENCIA, A. BARASH. 5:00 1 11 Lordosis variability and shock attenuation in the hominin lumbar spine. E.R. CASTILLO, D.E. LIEBERMAN. 12 Sexual dimorphism of lumbar lordosis: a case for joint laxity. J.F. BAILEY, E. BEEN, P.A. KRAMER. 13 Bilateral Variation in Human Lumbar Zygapophyses. K. WHITCOME. Discussant: William R. Leonard. Socio-cultural influences on genetic variation in nomadic populations of northern Eurasia. T.G. SCHURR. 2 Identifying the effects of diverse ecological and biological variability in Bronze-Iron Age Inner Asian steppe populations. M. MACHICEK, J.T. ENG. 3 Intra-tooth Isotopic Variation and Implications for Reconstructing Seasonal Diet and Mobility in Ancient Nomadic Populations. S.E. NUGENT. 4 Moving across the desert: Investigating the remains of travelers who died traversing the Chilean Atacama. C. TORRES-ROUFF, W.J. PESTLE, G. PIMENTEL, K.J. KNUDSON. 52 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 5 Mobility patterns among pre-historic shell-mound builder populations from coastal Brazil. M. HUBBE, C. 9 CHEVERKO, M. OKUMURA, W.A. NEVES. 6 Limb biomechanics and terrestrial mobility among Pleistocene and Holocene foragers and herders in northern, eastern, and southern Africa. M.E. CAMERON, J.T. STOCK. 7 Global Environmental Change: Effects on East African Pastoral Mobility and Biology. K. GALVIN, T. BEETON. Session 48 Primate Cognition and Ecology Bonobos Exhibit Higher Connectivity in the Ventral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Relative to Chimpanzees. H.A. ISSA, N. STAES, J.P. TAGLIALATELA, C.D. STIMPSON, W.D. HOPKINS, C.C. SHERWOOD. 10 Sleep tree use by emperor and saddleback tamarins during the dry season: A test of food resource exploitation as a driving factor. M. DE VRIES, M. WATSA, G. ERKENSWICK. 11 Crossing Structure Design and Effectiveness for Primate Conservation. I.J. BROCK, L.E. GOTUACO, C.M. BRAND, U.S. STREICHER, L.R. ULIBARRI. 12 Long-term spatial memory in Eulemurs and effects of learning schedules. R. WOLK. Contributed Poster Presentations Session 49 Chair: Colin M. Brand 1 Acadia Human Biology and Genetics III Examining Heavy Metal Concentrations in Hair of South African Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to access Anthropogenic Impacts. A.E. Contributed Poster Presentations LEWIS, J.E. LOUDON, J.E. PENDER, J.C. ANDREWS, M.E. HOWELLS, J.P. GROBLER, T.R. TURNER. 2 Evidence for Euclidean maps in wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). R. SALMI, A. PRESOTTO, D.M. DORAN-SHEEHY. Chair: Theresa E. Gildner Acadia 1 A Woman’s World: Rate of Morphological Dilemmas in Romano-British Childbirth. C. MCGOVERN. 2 Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Central Asia Reveal a Complex Population History. B.M. CHRISTY. 3 Collective-Decision Making and Social Foraging Behavior in White-Faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus). G.H. DAVIS, M.C. CROFOOT. 3 4 Quantifying Countershading in Eulemur Using Eigencoats. A.N. SPRIGGS, B.J. BRADLEY, J.M. KAMILAR, Whole Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal the Maternal Origin of the Bronze Age Xiabandi Population in Xinjiang, Northwest China. C. NING, Y. CUI. 4 Characterizing blood composition in mothers and newborns: Implications for epigenetic studies. C. A.D. GORDON. 5 Evidence for handedness in termite fishing among Gombe chimpanzees. M. FERRY, L.F. MARCHANT, R.C. HSIAO, N.C. RODNEY, J. QUINLAN, C.J. MULLIGAN. 5 O’MALLEY. 6 7 Extractive foraging in wild Tana River Mangabeys, Cercocebus galeritus: Implication of Different Physical Properties of Foods. S.M. KIVAI, E.R. VOGEL, J.M. ROTHMAN, C.M. KIVAS, R.A. PALOMBIT. 8 ROOME, S. SCHUTTA, D. CASTELLANOS, S. BENDER, J. ECHARD, K. CASEY, M. SHAMOON-POUR, K. GOWEN, R. SPATHIS, R. GARRUTO, K. LUM. The Effects of Age and Sex on Long-term Spatial Memory. M.D. GONZALEZ, M. JANAL, R. WOLK, E. CUNNINGHAM. Preliminary results of a vocal self-recognition test in northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys). J. D’AGOSTINO, C. PASETTA, U. REICHARD. Human Settlement History of Papua New Guinea Highland Populations. M. LI, K. DEROSA, H. MANN, A. 6 One Generation Evolutionary Signal from Human Whole-exome Sequencing Data. T. FERREIRA DE ALMEIDA, D. VICENSOTTO BERNARDO, M.R. SANTOS PASSOS-BUENO. 7 New Problems with an Old Idea: Is Human Genetic Variation really Clinally Distributed? J.A. HODGSON. 8 Simulating effect of starting configuration on diversity in the context of range expansion. N.J. ANGAL, C.R. TILLQUIST. Conference Program 53 FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 9 Genome variation across the Bantu to Nilo-Saharan linguistic boundary in Uganda. R.L. RAAUM, D. ISABIRYE. 10 MtDNA analysis reveals presence of ancestral lineages between coastal and highland populations in Papua New Guinea. K.L. DEROSA, M. LI, H. MANN, S. SCHUTTA, A. ROOME, W. GUO, D. CASTELLANOS, S. BENDER, J. ECHART, K. CASEY, M. SHAMOON-POUR, H. DULIN, R. SPATHIS, R.M. GARRUTO, J. LUM. 11 Genetic variation of southern Africa hunter-gatherers and the impact of admixture with farming and pastoralist populations. M. VICENTE, P. EBBESEN, M. JAKOBSSON, C. SCHLEBUSCH. 12 Human races are not the same as dog breeds: Dismantling a powerful popular metaphor as an educational exercise. H. DUNSWORTH, A. BIGHAM, H. NORTON, L. PEARSON, E. QUILLEN. 13 Documenting the Changing Reproductive Landscape among Shuar Females from Amazonian Ecuador. F.C. MADIMENOS, M.A. LIEBERT, S.S. URLACHER, T.J. CEPON-ROBINS, T.E. GILDNER, C.J. HARRINGTON, J. SNODGRASS, L.S. SUGIYAMA. 14 Associations between testosterone levels and parasite load: Testing life history tradeoffs among indigenous Shuar men from Amazonian Ecuador. T.E. GILDNER, 22 Sex Ratio Imbalance affects Marriage and Reproductive Decisions among Pumé HunterGatherers. K.L. KRAMER, R. SCHACHT, R.D. GREAVES, A.V. BELL. 23 Early Life Influences on Dual-Hormone Output in Fathers When Playing With Their Children. M.S. SARMA, S. BECHAYDA, L.T. GETTLER. 24 Variation in dietary intake and DNA methylation: The possibility of a remnant thrifty epigenotype in populations remaining at risk for seasonal food shortages. M. MOSHER, A.J. WILLIAMS. 25 Maternal environment and the composition of breast milk immune proteins in mothers from urban and rural Poland. L.D. KLEIN, E. GOONATILLEKE, A. GALBARCZYK, A. KOTLINSKA, C. LEBRILLA, G. JASIENSKA, K. HINDE. 26 Skewed Pattern of X Chromosome Inactivation in Brazilian Women. S.F. OLIVEIRA, D.L. BRANDÃO, A. PIC-TAYLOR, J.F. ARAÚJO. 27 Central Asian Turkic and Indo-Iranian Genetic, Linguistic, and Geographic Differentiation. A.G. KITTOE, F. MANNI, É. HEYER, P. MENNECIER. 28 Men’s status and reproductive success in 33 non-industrial societies: effects of subsistence, marriage system, and reproductive strategy. C.R. VON RUEDEN, A.V. JAEGGI. M.A. LIEBERT, T.J. CEPON-ROBINS, R.G. BRIBIESCAS, S.S. URLACHER, J.M. SHROCK, C.J. HARRINGTON, F.C. MADIMENOS, L.S. SUGIYAMA, J. SNODGRASS. 29 Dating Behaviors and Attitudes among Single Parents in the U.S. C.Y. FRANCO, P.B. GRAY, J.R. GARCIA, A.N. 15 Relations of hot flash severity, stress and socioeconomic status among Mayan and non-Mayan women in Campeche, Mexico. D.E. BROWN, L.L. SIEVERT, L. 30 Pregnancy and the upper volumetric expansion of the barrel-shaped ribcage in Hylobates and Homo. J. UY, K. GESSELMAN, H.E. FISHER. O’BRIEN, J. HAWKS. HUICOCHEA GOMEZ, D. CAHUICH CAMPOS. 16 Does menstrual phase affect the relationships between catecholamines and perceived environmental stress? G.D. JAMES. 31 Ancient Yersinia pestis genomes provide novel insights into the phylogeographic history of Plague. M.A. SPYROU, R.I. TUKHBATOVA, M. FELDMAN, A. HERBIG, K.I. BOS, J. KRAUSE. 17 Evidence of Coastal New Guinea Population Geneflow and Implications for the Southern and East Asian Migration Route Hypotheses. S. RAGSDALE, H. MARSH. Session 50 18 A Study of Structural Variants in Ancient Genomes and their Introgression into Modern Humans. S. RESENDEZ, Paleoanthropology: Early Hominins II D. XU, J. BRADLEY, O. GOKCUMEN. Contributed Poster Presentations 19 Modeling the Effects of Multiple Transmission Pathways on the Spread of Enteric Pathogens. J. Chair: Zachary Cofran Acadia DIMKA, J. TROSTLE, J.N. EISENBERG. 20 Sex-related Connectivity Differences in the LSCN. I.D. 1 21 Human sickness behavior not expressed in response to the rabies vaccine. E.C. SHATTUCK, M.P. Dental microwear textures of an expanded sample of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein Member 4. E.F. ABELLA, F.E. GRINE, M.F. TEAFORD, P.S. UNGAR. 2 Paleoenvironmental reconstruction at Kanapoi through use of rodent dental microwear. J.H. GEORGE, K. ALDRIDGE. MUEHLENBEIN. BURGMAN, F. MANTHI, J. PLAVCAN, C.V. WARD, P.S. UNGAR. 54 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 3 Site-specific cortical bone topographic variation across the whole neck assessed in two hominin proximal femora from Swartkrans Member 1, South Africa: SK 82 and SK 97. M. CAZENAVE, J. BRAGA, F. DE BEER, J.W. HOFFMAN, R. MACCHIARELLI, A. OETTLÉ, J.F. THACKERAY. 4 Modularity and the evolution of the human canine. Z. 5 Bipedalism evolved from knuckle-walking: Evidence from 3D geometric morphometric analyses of cervical and upper thoracic vertebral shape of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo pygmaeus. M. COLLARD, COFRAN. K.A. PLOMP, K. DOBNEY, U.S. VIDARSDOTTIR, D.A. WESTON. 6 Using 4th order polynomial curve fitting to assess curvature and allometry of the hallucal facet in extant hominoids and fossil hominins. M.M. DUDAS, W.E. HARCOURT-SMITH. 7 An assessment of variation and its causes in the face of Paranthropus. N.M. HLAZO, T.D. RITZMAN, R.D. ACKERMANN. 8 9 A Comparison of Upper and Lower Molar Trait Associations in Modern Humans, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus. E.A. KOZITZKY, S.E. BAILEY. DNH 32: A distal humerus of Paranthropus robustus from Drimolen, South Africa. M.R. LAGUE, C.G. MENTER. 10 Subregion-scale heterogeneity in bovid abundance in the Koobi Fora Formation (Pleistocene, Northern Kenya). C. LLERA, L. BENITEZ, M. BIERNAT, D.R. BRAUN, 15 Plio-Pleistocene paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation based on bovid dental adaptation and abundance analysis. W.H. REDA, Z. ALEMSEGED. 16 Trace element evidence for trophic level in extant mammals from Laikipia, Kenya: implications for eastern African fossil hominin diet reconstructions. C. RYDER, R. QUINN, J. LEWIS, B. POBINER, O. MWEBI. 17 Navigating peaks of speciation and extinction: Did prime movers or random effects lead to the composition of the South African fossil record? D.C. PEART, J. MCKEE. 18 Taphonomic characterization of the honey badger, an actualistic first. B.F. COHEN, J.M. KIBII. 19 A technological study of the lithic artefacts from the Earlier Stone Age site of Maropeng in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. R. MOLL, K. KUMAN, D. STRATFORD. 20 “Rogue” taxa and hominin phylogeny. M. DEMBO, A. MOOERS, M. COLLARD. 21 Large mammal community structure and habitat variability in eastern and southern African Paranthropus. K.D. O’NEILL, A.L. RECTOR, C. STEININGER. 22 Arm Swing and the Evolution of Shorter Arms in Homo. A.K. YEGIAN, S. GILLINOV, Y. TUCKER, D.E. LIEBERMAN. 23 New Field Research at Galili, Afar State, Ethiopia. S.W. SIMPSON, J. QUADE, H. SAID. A.S. HAMMOND, D.B. PATTERSON, W. BARR. Session 51 11 Re-examining the Peroneal Trochlea of the StW 352 Calcaneus. E.J. MCNUTT, A.G. CLAXTON, K.J. CARLSON. Human Skeletal Biology: Morphology, Variation, and Environment 12 Photogrammetric Imaging: A Fresh Look at the Laetoli Hominin Footprints in Relation to Recent Discoveries. A.J. PELISSERO, C.M. MUSIBA, F. MASAO, A. MABULLA, C. MAGORI, E. MARO, A. GIDNA, H.T. BUNN, A. GURTOV, A. SARATHI, J. LI, G. OLE MOITA, M. KAISOE, J. WASHA, J. TEMBA, S. KILLINDO, J. PARESSO, A. LOWASSA, J. MWANKUNDA. 13 Dental microwear textures of Paranthropus robustus from Kromdraai, Drimolen, and an enlarged sample from Swartkrans. A.S. PETERSON, F.E. GRINE, M.F. TEAFORD, P.S. UNGAR. 14 Bipedalism evolved from knuckle-walking: Evidence from 3D geometric morphometric analyses of thoracic and lumbar vertebral shape of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo pygmaeus. K.A. PLOMP, U. Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Meghan Shirley Acadia 1 Shape differences in the proximal femur of a cadaver sample based on different classifiers of obesity. R.A. JOHNSTON, L.W. COWGILL, T. PASKOFF. 2 Estimation of individual body mass from the femur: insights from a CT-based analysis of body composition. A. LACOSTE JEANSON, J. DUPEJ, J. BRŮŽEK. STRAND VIDARSDOTTIR, D. WESTON, K. DOBNEY, M. COLLARD. Conference Program 55 FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 3 Osteometric Reconstruction of Body Mass in the Lambayeque Valley Complex, Peru: Pre-Hispanic Variability and the Impact of Spanish Conquest. S.J. BALL, H.D. KLAUS. 4 The effect of activity on the reliability of body mass estimated from long bone cross-sectional area. V. SLADEK. 5 A Test of the Mastication Hypothesis on Mandibular Morphology using Medieval and Modern Non-adult Individuals. E.E. HAMMERL, M.K. MOORE, E.A. DIGANGI, H.M. JUSTUS. 6 From form to function: insights into tooth function through the study of variation in tooth root size and shape. C.L. FERNEE, K.R. BROWN, A. DICKINSON, C. WOODS, S.R. ZAKRZEWSKI. 7 Raccoons, humans and Allen’s rule in eastern North America. T. STEEGMANN, R. STEEGMANN. 8 Climatic adaptation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)as a model for calibrating human intraspecific variation. L.T. BUCK, I. DE GROOTE, Y. HAMADA, J.T. STOCK. 9 Why did H. erectus disperse? Tracking variables between fleshed and skeletal individuals to find patterns of plasticity. S.C. ANTÓN, H.G. TABOADA, E.R. MIDDLETON, C.W. RAINWATER, T.R. TURNER, J.E. TURNQUIST, K.J. WEINSTEIN, S.A. WILLIAMS. 10 Integration and modularity within the human nasal region. N.E. HOLTON, A. PICHE, T.R. YOKLEY. 11 An investigation of the relationship between maxillary sinus volume and midfacial growth using a pig model. C.L. NICHOLAS, N.E. HOLTON, B. DOOLITTLE, T. SOUTHARD. 17 Cranial Vault Modification as a Possible Ethnic Marker in the Middle Cumberland Region. G.J. WEHRMAN. 18 Geometric Morphometric and Craniometric Analysis of the MidFace in Colombian Population. Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism. S.O. CHIÑAS, M.E. PEÑA, C. SANABRIA, L. MÁRQUEZ. 19 A Preliminary Analysis on the Cranial Variation within Prehistoric Mexico. S.R. RENNIE, M. CLEGG, S. GONZALEZ, J.C. LÓPEZ. 20 The Use of Geometric Morphometrics to Identify Distinct Mortuary Components at Koster Mounds. L. SACKS. 21 Explaining distinct crania from Colonial Delaware using craniometric and genetic analyses. K.A. HAUTHER, A.H. MCKEOWN, M. SNOW, M.K. SPRADLEY. 22 Exploration of craniometrics variation along the Nile River. C.R. BENNETT, A.H. ROSS. 23 Pelvic morphology and stature in South Asian women. M.K. SHIRLEY, O.J. ARTHURS, J.C. WELLS. 24 Osteon circularity variation with femur size and anatomical region in archaeological humans. P. FUENTE GARCÍA, J.J. MISZKIEWICZ, C. DETER, P. MAHONEY. 25 Bilateral Asymmetry in Cross-Sectional Properties Indicates Periarticular Plasticity in the Distal Humerus of Modern Humans. K.G. ZELAZNY, C.B. RUFF. 26 Are marital system, climate and geographic origin good predictors of human craniofacial size and shape variation? K. BALOLIA, C. SOLIGO. 27 Does the shape of the talus predict first metatarsal abduction? S.G. LAUTZENHEISER, A.D. SYLVESTER, P.A. KRAMER. 12 Statistical shape analysis using statistical shape models - comparing surface to outline data in the human zygomatic structure. S. SCHLAGER, A. RÜDELL. 28 Evaluation of the covariation in markers of robusticity in the locomotor skeleton. T.E. DUNN. 13 Investigating Pterion from Three Perspectives: Phylogeny, Biomechanics and Size. N.J. GAMET, J.C. 29 Ontogenetic trajectories of talo-crural joint shape among the two species of Pan, Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus: Life history and behavioral correlates. K. STEVENSON. 14 The Influence of EGCG on Cranial Vault Morphology. J. STARBUCK, E. HARRINGTON, A. GHONEMIA, K. KULA, R. ROPER. 15 Generalised Procrustes Analysis on an ontogenetic series clarifies the two-bandage cranial modification technique in Migration Period Hungary. P.R. MAYALL, V. PILBROW. 16 Exploring artificial cranial deformation in a 5th century Germanic population from Croatia using multiple lines of inquiry. M. NOVAK, K.A. SIRAK, D.M. FERNANDES, J. BURMAZ, M. ČAVKA, R. HOWCROFT, R. PINHASI. TURLEY, E.A. SIMONS, S.R. FROST, F.J. WHITE. 30 Comparison of fluctuating asymmetry level between normal and pathological specimens from modern Thai skeletal group. H. JUNG, E. WOO, N. VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL. 31 Sacral variability in tailless species: Homo sapiens and Ochotona princeps. R.G. TAGUE. 32 Similarities in Pelvic Dimorphism Across Populations. H. DELPRETE. 33 Divided Zygomata in Neolithic and Dynastic Northern Chinese Populations. Q. ZHANG, P.C. DECHOW, Q. ZHANG, Q. WANG. 56 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 34 A 3D geometric morphometric study of the ilium during growth and the influence of habitual activity in the Later Stone Age foragers of southern Africa. H. KURKI, L. HARRINGTON. 35 Developmental limb element asymmetry across three Native North American populations. E.B. WAXENBAUM, K.A. SIRAK. 36 An analysis of upper and lower limb cross-sectional properties in the Lake Nitchie skeleton from southwestern New South Wales, Australia. E.C. HILL, O.M. PEARSON, A.C. DURBAND. 37 Finding the Volume of the Femoral Intercondylar Fossa from a 3D Scanning Image Using CAD Modeling Software. B.E. HERNDON, S.K. BECKER. 38 The effect of temperature and population history on the shape of the distal and proximal epiphyses of the tibia. P. IBÁÑEZ-GIMENO, T.G. DAVIES, J.T. STOCK. 39 Regional Variation and Sexual Dimorphism in the Ontogeny of Humeral Asymmetry among Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. B. OSIPOV, L. HARRINGTON, L. COWGILL, D. TEMPLE, V.I. BAZALIISKII, A.W. WEBER. 40 Cortical Bone Structural Variation in Modern Human Metatarsals. T. JASHASHVILI, M.R. DOWDESWELL, L.A. SCHEPARTZ, P. CHABIKULI, B. ZIPFEL, K.J. CARLSON. 41 Patterns of Handedness Among Human Populations from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Y. SIEW, E. NIKITA, A.A. MACINTOSH, M.A. GASPERETTI, E. POMEROY, J.T. STOCK. 42 Juvenile skeletal sexual dimorphism under poor environmental conditions. S. REEDY. 43 Differences between the endosteal surface of human and non-human long bones: a potential feature to assist with identification. S.L. CROKER. 44 A Proposed Method for Determining Sex in Skeletal Remains Using the Position of the Sacral Auricular Surface. C.T. SKOOG, C. RANDO, S. HILLSON. Conference Program 57 SATURDAY, MORNING SESSIONS Session 52 Humans as Holobionts: The Microbiome as a Biological System in Human Evolution Invited Podium Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Stephanie Schnorr, Meagan Rubel Bissonet Tiny yet ubiquitous, microbiota play a major role in biological diversification throughout evolution. Symbiosis is not a new concept, having been popularized nearly half a century ago, yet the inclusion of prokaryotes, archaea, and viruses (microbiota) within this conceptual framework has only recently crystallized into the study of the human microbiome. Current research links the microbiome with myriad host physiological functions such as immunity, metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and behavior. The exact role of the microbiome as a primary epithelial interface between host and environment and the extent of its physiological relevance remains an open area of investigation. Human evolutionary research must therefore consider the communities and activities of associated microbiota to fully understand the selective factors that shaped the human species. Host-microbe associations have likely enabled many key evolutionary transitions over time, as microbial functions can confer adaptive faculties directly to hosts, and hosts mediate microbial colonization and survival through a multitude of physiological and biochemical pathways. This shared selective and adaptive platform challenges notions of a macroscopic singular “self,”- rather, humans can be considered as “holobionts,” or the sum of their host and microbial interdependent parts. The advent of massively parallelized sequencing, meta-omics functional assays, and increasingly sophisticated computational models have facilitated the interrogation of human microbiota at an unprecedented level of detail, revealing microbial functions, mechanisms of molecular information exchange, and genetic variability. This symposium brings together expertise from human evolutionary ecology, immunology, microbiology, and genetics to motivate open discourse about ways in which microbiome research can be effectively used to answer core anthropological questions about the selective factors that shaped human evolution and how this knowledge can be used to inform on contemporary human health issues. 8:00 Introduction: Stephanie Schnorr. 8:15 The Microbial Organ is Unlike any Other – Evidence for Conflict in Human-Microbiome Co-Evolution. J. 8:45 Creating context: Using non-human primates to understand the relationship between gut microbes and human diet, physiology, and health. K.R. AMATO, C.A. SCHMITT. 9:00 The role of host genetics in determining human gut microbiome composition. E.R. DAVENPORT. 9:15 Cospeciation of Gut Microbiota with Hominids. A.H. 9:30 Beyond the exclusive presence of Treponema and Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiota of hunter-gatherers and Western populations: new insights in microbes-host co-evolution. S. RAMPELLI, S. MOELLER, B.H. HAHN, A.E. PUSEY, E.V. LONSDORF, M.N. MULLER, A.V. GEORGIEV, H. OCHMAN. TURRONI, M. CANDELA. 9:45 Food and its Form: Cooking Shapes the Gut Microbiome. R.N. CARMODY, P.J. TURNBAUGH. 10:00 Break. 10:30 Patterns of Variation in the Oral and Gut Microbiomes of Traditional Populations. K. SANKARANARAYANAN, R. TITO, A. OBREGON-TITO, L. MARIN-REYES, C. WARINNER, C. LEWIS JR. 10:45 The Global Diversity of the Human Oral Microbiome. A. HÜBNER, M. STONEKING. 11:00 The Evolution of Host-microbiome Interactions in Humans. R. BLEKHMAN. 11:15 Three Years of Sampling the Gut Microbiota of Free-ranging Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator) in a Tropical Dry Forest. J.D. ORKIN, S.E. WEBB, A.D. MELIN. 11:30 Ecology of the Human Gut Microbiome: An Evolutionary Perspective and its Implications for Health. J. WALTER. 11:45 Insights from Neandertals and beyond: Evolution of the hominin microbiome on a global scale. L.S. WEYRICH, K. DOBNEY, A. COOPER. 12:00 Discussant: Meagan Rubel. Session 53 Primate Reproduction, Parentage, and Life History Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Brian M. Wood ALCOCK, R. KRAJMALNIK-BROWN, J. MALDONADO, A. AKTIPIS, C. HAN. 8:30 Meta-OMIC Reconstruction of Host-microbe Interactions in the Primate Gut: Impactions for Human Origins. A. GOMEZ, K. PETRZELKOVA. Balcony I/J 8:00 Infant handling in mountain gorillas: establishing its frequency, function and (ir)relevance for life history evolution. C.C. GRUETER, J. HALE, R. JIN, D.S. JUDGE, T.S. STOINSKI. 58 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS 8:15 Maternal Effects on the Development of Sex Differences in Sociality among Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Z. MACHANDA, M. EMERY THOMPSON, E. OTALI, M.N. MULLER, R.W. WRANGHAM. 8:30 Male-infant Relationships in Wild Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii). L.A. ABONDANO, K.M. ELLIS, A. DI FIORE. 8:45 11:45 Menopause is Common among Wild Female Chimpanzees in the Ngogo Community. B.M. WOOD, K.E. LANGERGRABER, J.C. MITANI, D.P. WATTS. 12:00 Countering infanticide: chimpanzee mothers are sensitive to the relative risks posed by males on differing rank trajectories. N.E. NEWTON-FISHER, A. LOWE. Female Olive Baboons (Papio anubis) Signal Sexual Interest in Socially Stable Males. J.T. WALZ, D.M. Session 54 KITCHEN. 9:00 Evidence of higher maternal investment for sons in wild chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda. I. BADESCU, A.M. KATZENBERG, D.P. WATTS, Functional Anatomy of the Pelvis, Limbs, and Jaws Contributed Podium Presentations D.W. SELLEN. 9:15 9:30 9:45 Attachment to older siblings can buffer the negative consequences of decreased maternal investment in wild infant olive baboons (P. anubis) in Laikipia, Kenya. C.A. MOST, S.C. STRUM. Insulin it to Win It: Patterns, Causes, and Consequences of Insulin Production during the Marmoset Monkey Pregnancy. J. RUTHERFORD, Chair: Marcia S. Ponce de León Studio 1/2/3 8:00 Linking manipulative abilities to hand morphology in bonobos. E.E. VEREECKE, M. VANHOOF. 8:15 Obstetric and Non-obstetric Determinants of Pelvic Sexual Dimorphism in Hylobatids. M.S. PONCE DE LEÓN, M. SCHERRER, C.P. ZOLLIKOFER. L. RIESCHE, T. ZIEGLER, C. ROSS, A. SILLS, D. LAYNE COLON, V. DEMARTELLY, S. TARDIF. 8:30 Triangulating weaning in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada) using observational, isotopic, and gut microbial evidence. A. LU, L.J. The Effect of Obstetric Demand on the Magnitude of Sexual Dimorphism in the Birth Canals of Anthropoid Primates. E.A. MOFFETT. 8:45 Functional adaptations of primate forearm and leg muscle fiber architecture. A. HARTSTONE-ROSE, C.L. REITSEMA, J.C. BEEHNER, T.J. BERGMAN, N. SNYDER-MACKLER. 10:00 Break. LEISCHNER, F. PASTOR, D. MARCHI. 9:00 10:30 Characterizing Non-Maternal Infant Care in a Communally Breeding Primate, Varecia variegata. GRANATOSKY, D. SCHMITT. A.L. BADEN. 10:45 Promiscuity or partner preference? Male-female interactions across reproductive states reflect female strategies for avoiding aggression. E.E. BOEHM, A.R. ROGERS, S. FOERSTER, E.E. WROBLEWSKI, A.E. PUSEY. 9:15 Modifying Descent Behaviors in Response to Support Steepness in Primates. B.A. PERCHALSKI. 9:30 Patellar response to knee flexion in the Miocene primates Epipliopithecus vindobonensis and Pierolapithecus catalaunicus. M. PINA, D. DEMIGUEL, F. PUIGVERT, J. MARCÉ-NOGUÉ, S. MOYÀ-SOLÀ. 11:00 Differences in Endocrine Fluctuations between Geriatric Pan troglodytes and Homo Sapiens. K.H. MACDOWELL, C.T. CLOUTIER BARBOUR, D.C. BROADFIELD. 11:15 Rank Differences in Male Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Reproductive Strategies. C.M. BRAND, A.J. HICKMOTT, K.J. BOOSE, F.J. WHITE. 11:30 Longitudinal changes in diet and reproduction among wild chimpanzees at Kanyawara, Kibale National Park. M. EMERY THOMPSON, Z.P. MACHANDA, S. PHILLIPS-GARCIA, E. OTALI, M.N. MULLER, R.W. WRANGHAM. Highly Protracted Hindlimbs and a Forward Foot Placement Increase Stability when Walking on Arboreal Substrates. A. ZEININGER, M.C. 9:45 Three-dimensional Subastragalar Rotation in Macaca using XROMM. S. KUO, N.J. GIDMARK, C.V. WARD. 10:00 Break. 10:30 Trabecular bone structural variation in the hominin femoral head. T.M. RYAN, K.J. CARLSON, L.J. DOERSHUK, A.D. GORDON, T. JASHASHVILI, C.N. SHAW, J.T. STOCK. Conference Program 59 SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS 10:45 Variation in the trabecular bone structure of the proximal humerus in four human populations. L.J. DOERSHUK, J.P. SAERS, J.T. STOCK, C.N. SHAW, K.J. CARLSON, T. JASHASHVILI, T.M. RYAN. 11:00 Feeding and Locomotor Systems Differ in Joint Excursions. C.F. ROSS, M.C. GRANATOSKY, A.B. TAYLOR, J. IRIARTE-DIAZ, E. MCELROY. 11:15 Cross-sectional geometry of the mandibular corpus and food mechanical properties in extant primates. 9:00 Utility of deciduous lower first molar crown outlines in diagnosing Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. S.E. BAILEY, S. BENAZZI, J. HUBLIN. 9:15 Rodeo Riders Revisited: A second look at Neandertal patterns of trauma. J. BAIN, L.W. COWGILL. 9:30 ROYER, M. PELLETIER, S. MADELAINE, F. LACRAMPECUYAUBÈRE, X. MUTH, C. COUTURE-VESCHAMBRE, E. LE GUEUT, E. DISCAMPS, A. TURQ, J. TEXIER, C. LAHAYE. S. COINER-COLLIER, A.C. PASQUINELLY, M.J. RAVOSA. 11:30 Dynamic chewing: A novel approach to analyzing three-dimensional motion sequences. M.F. LAIRD, P. O’HIGGINS. A reinterpretation of the Regourdou 1 burial using 3D photogrammetry and field notes from the original excavators. B.A. MAUREILLE, T. HOLLIDAY, A. 11:45 Hard food for stiffer jaws: A comparative Finite Element Analysis of different primate jaws. J. 9:45 12:00 Game of bones: intracranial and hierarchical perspective on dietary plasticity in mammals. E.M. 10:30 The dynamics of fundamental niche parameter fluctuation for late Neandertals and Upper Paleolithic humans in Western and Central Europe. MARCÉ-NOGUÉ, T.A. PÜSCHEL, T.M. KAISER. FRANKS, J.E. SCOTT, J.P. SCOLLAN, K.R. MCABEE, M.J. RAVOSA. Session 55 Later Homo Evolution Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Libby W. Cowgill Studio 7/8/9 8:00 A Taxonomic Scale-explicit Analysis of Brain Size Evolution in the Hominin Clade. A. DU, A.M. ZIPKIN, K.G. HATALA, E. RENNER, J.L. BAKER, S. BIANCHI, K.H. BERNAL, B.A. WOOD. 8:15 How the origin of curiosity may have boosted hominin cultural evolution. C. VAN SCHAIK, S. What we know (and don’t) about human sinus variation and climate. T.C. RAE, L.T. BUCK, T. KOPPE. 10:00 Break. R.C. BIBLE. 10:45 Of hybrid mice and hominins: disintegration key to understanding hominin hybrid morphologies. K.A. WARREN, C.J. PERCIVAL, T. RITZMAN, B. HALLGRIMSSON, R.R. ACKERMANN. 11:00 The zygomatic root in recent and fossil hominids. G.W. WEBER, V.A. KRENN. 11:15 Khoe-San and the origins of modern human cranial diversity. P. GUNZ, S.E. FREIDLINE, J. HUBLIN. 11:30 The evolution of modern human endocranial shape. S. NEUBAUER, P. GUNZ, J. HUBLIN. 11:45 The evolution of human altriciality and brain plasticity in comparative context. A. GÓMEZ-ROBLES, J.B. SMAERS, C.C. SHERWOOD. FORSS, L. DAMERIUS. 8:30 Characterizing early Pleistocene paleohabitats in Eastern Europe: Results from four years of research in the Olteţ River Valley of Romania. S.C. CURRAN, D.L. FOX, N. GARRETT, A. PETCULESCU, C. ROBINSON, M. ROBU, C.E. TERHUNE. 8:45 The Middle Pleistocene Human Cranium from Gruta da Aroeira Acheulian site Aroeira (Almonda Karst System,Torres Novas, Portugal). J. DAURA, M. SANZ, J. ARSUAGA, R. QUAM, D. HOFFMANN, M. ORTEGA, E. SANTOS, S. GÓMEZ, A. RUBIO, L. VILLAESCUSA, P. SOUTO, F. RODRIGUES, J. MAURICIO, A. FERREIRA, P. GODINHO, E. TRINKAUS, J. ZILHÃO. 60 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS Session 56 Anthropological Demography, Well-being, and the Osteological Paradox: A Symposium in Honor of James W. Wood Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Sharon N. DeWitte, Rebecca Ferrell, Corey Sparks, Bethany Usher Balcony K James W. Wood’s 40+ year career in anthropology has taken him from the highlands of Papua New Guinea to the cliffs of the Orkney Islands, and his research has examined a variety of topics related to the biodemography of mortality and reproduction, population ecology, historical demography, and paleodemography. Regardless of topic, Dr. Wood has consistently emphasized analytical and theoretical rigor and creativity and has encouraged the same in his students and colleagues. He has thus directly and indirectly advanced the field in innovative ways. This poster symposium brings together Dr. Wood’s colleagues and former graduate students to present specific research projects and syntheses of work that represent the ways that he has helped shape and answer important questions in biological anthropology and other fields. The breadth of topics included in this session demonstrates the interdisciplinary nature of his work and the widespread influence he has had and will continue to have on the field of biological anthropology. 9:00 Individual poster presentations (Posters #1-8). 10:30 Individual poster presentations (Posters #9-16). 1 Developmental effects on ovarian function. G.R. 2 Disentangling Fecundability and Fetal Loss: Implications for Age-specific Fertility. D.J. HOLMAN. 3 More than just menopause: Processes of female reproductive aging. K.A. O’CONNOR, R.J. FERRELL, D.J. 5 The household ecology of enteric pathogen transmission, diarrheal exposure risk and impaired childhood growth in rural Bangladesh and Kenya. K.Z. LONG, A.S. FARUQUE, T. AHMED, I. GUNANTI, S. ZAMORA, J.P. NATARO, D. NASRIN, M. LEVINE, K. KOTLOFF. 7 Household demography and land-use in a rice-farming village in Laos from 1971 to 2013. S. TOMITA, D.M. PARKER. 8 Households, Intensification and Well-being: James Wood and the Anthropology of Landscape. T.M. MURTHA. 9 Households at the edge of Europe: A reexamination. J.A. JENNINGS. 10 Parallel tracks: Cross-fertilization in studies of mortality and fertility throughout human history. L. SATTENSPIEL. 11 Experiments with extensions of the Siler model. T.B. GAGE, J.S. NAPIERALA. 12 James W. Wood’s contribution to the “Rostock Manifesto”. L.W. KONIGSBERG, S.R. FRANKENBERG. 13 The Osteological Paradox: Its Silver Jubilee. G.R. MILNER, J.L. BOLDSEN. 14 Hidden Heterogenity in Mortality – Perhaps not so Hidden. J.L. BOLDSEN, G.R. MILNER. 15 Sex differences in pre- vs. post-Black Death trends in survivorship. S.N. DEWITTE. 16 Short Children, Short Lives: Selective Mortality in Preindustrial and Prehistoric Communities. C. VIOLARIS, B.M. USHER. BENTLEY. HOLMAN. 4 6 It ain’t necessarily “so”: James W. Wood, just so stories and the triumph of the proximate determinants approach in human reproductive ecology. D.P. TRACER. Risk sensitive fertility behavior in historic Orkney, Scotland. C.S. SPARKS. Session 57 Skeletal Standards: Documentation Software, Databases, and Online Digitization Resources Available to Researchers Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: J. Christopher Dudar, Felix Engel, Leslie Williams Studio 4/5 Standardization of traditional osteological research data and evolving digitization capture is increasingly in demand by physical anthropology for a variety of reasons, such as international repatriation claims reducing institutional collections, or study of remains excavated in the field and subsequently rendered inaccessible by other legislation/policies. In addition, large-scale research projects require the compilation of coherent and accessible data sets from different sources in the scientific community. Since the publication of “Standards Conference Program 61 SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains” (Buikstra & Ubelaker 1994), various infrastructures for coding and managing digital resources have been developed. Despite these efforts, a common system for making data available has not yet evolved in Physical Anthropology. In order to have a positive impact on research, digital data and digitization standards must meet a number of requirements. Specific capture protocols must be established to reduce inter-observer error and ensure the accuracy, reliability and therefore the comparability of data and imaging compiled. All digital documentation should be coded according to unified standards, which serve as exchange formats when pooling data from different sources. The resulting datasets must then be archived in a way that data structures will be understood and remain accessible into the future. These requirements might imply a rigid separation of standards and software to make data compatible between different systems and applications. However, software development has often accompanied the formulation of data collection standards and plays a key role in advancing their use. In particular standardized data is advantageous only in the presence of digital infrastructures, connecting otherwise separate research endeavors. This session reviews current approaches to data and digitization standardization and related issues, addressing the following questions: how can data and imaging standardization keep pace with methodological innovation? Who should define standards? What prevents large-scale adoption of digital data infrastructures? 8:30 Authors of even numbered posters present. 9:00 Software demonstrations. 10:30 Authors of odd numbered posters present. 11:00 Comments by discussant George Milner followed by discussion. 1 Osteoware: Standardized Skeletal Documentation Software at the Smithsonian Institution. C. DUDAR, S. OUSLEY, E. JONES, C.W. WILCZAK, J. HEFNER, M. GWYN, D. MULHERN. 2 Standardised osteological recording of archaeological skeletal material using an Oracle platform database: The Wellcome Osteological Research Database (WORD). J.J. BEKVALAC. 3 Digitised Diseases and Data Structure: Challenges and Future Directions. J. BUCKBERRY, T. SPARROW, A.D. HOLLAND, R.A. STORM, K. MANCHESTER, E.L. BROWN, C. GAFFNEY, A.S. WILSON. 4 Combining Multiple Osteological Recording Standards in a Single Database: Applications for International Research. L.L. WILLIAMS. 5 Make research explicit using RDFBones, an extensible digital standard for research data. F. ENGEL, S. SCHLAGER. 62 6 VIRT.OS: virtual osteological library for research, education and heritage preservation. H. COQUEUGNIOT, A. COLOMBO, B. DUTAILLY, J. BERNARD, P. DESBARATS, O. DUTOUR. 7 The On-line IMPACT Radiological Mummy Database: the quest for standardization in mummy studies. A.J. NELSON, A.D. WADE. 8 OsteoSurvey: An Open-source Data Collection Tool for Studying Commingled Human Remains. A.E. AUSTIN. Session 58 Broadening Forensic Anthropology: Bringing East and Southeast Asia to the Forefront Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Matthew C. Go, Sean D. Tallman Studio 6 While forensic anthropology has expanded considerably in its theoretical and methodological scope as a discipline, it is nevertheless limited by an over-reliance on data from North America and Europe. Current methods largely developed from American skeletal collections that were established in the late 19th to early 20th centuries have become standards in forensic anthropology. However, it is unlikely that these methods developed on individuals of African, European and Native American descent can be accurately applied to worldwide populations. This is especially true when considering the wide range of human skeletal variation and the increasingly diverse biocultural demographics that exist in modern metropolises globally. In particular, Asian individuals make up approximately 60% of the global population, and East and Southeast Asia represent two of the largest sources of contemporary diasporic communities (approximately 6% of U.S. and 8% of Canadian populations); however, such groups are significantly underrepresented in forensic anthropological literature. Additionally, mass disasters, human rights violations, and armed conflict further necessitate the need for Asianspecific biological profile methods. The increasing number and availability of skeletal collections throughout Asia enables the development of forensic anthropological methods for these understudied populations, thereby addressing this mismatch between classic standards and the call for more representation from East and Southeast Asia. This symposium aims to highlight the diverse research on modern human skeletal variability in East and Southeast Asia that is ameliorating this problematic research gap. Thematic contributions include: the investigation of understudied collections in East and Southeast Asia; the establishment of novel and vital collections; the development of population-specific methods; and the evaluation and applicability of existing techniques. Taken together, these papers push forward the boundaries of current forensic anthropology theory, method, and practice by creating a more inclusive discipline that 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS better reflects modern global demographics and better benefits local and global communities. 14 Examining Japanese and Hispanic Morphological Similarities Using Geometric Morphometrics. B. DUDZIK. 10:30 Discussant: Hallie R. Buckley. 1 Building an osteological reference collection of modern Filipino individuals. M.C. GO, A.B. LEE, R. Session 59 CROZIER. 2 Human Biology and Genetics IV A large modern Southeast Asian skeletal collection from Thailand. N. TECHATAWEEWAN, P. TUAMSUK, Contributed Poster Presentations Y. TOOMSAN, M. NAMKING, P. AMARTTAYAKONG, S. RATANASUWAN, N. TAYLES. 3 Visual Versus Algorithmic Pair-Matching in a Modern Filipino Population. A.B. LEE, J. SANTOS, N. VESAGAS, M.C. GO. 4 Cranial and Pelvic Nonmetric Sexual Dimorphism in Modern Japanese and Thai Individuals. S.D. TALLMAN. 5 Sex Estimation from the Scapula in a Contemporary Thai Population. S.E. SCOTT, T.R. PECKMANN, S. MEEK, P. MAHAKKANUKRAUH. 6 Sex estimation from dental crown and cervical metrics in a contemporary Japanese sample. D. ADAMS, M. Chair: Melanie A. Martin Acadia 1 CRAWFORD. 2 Understanding population-specific age estimation using documented Asian skeletal samples. J. KIM. 8 Validity of Post-Mortem Age Estimation Using the Tooth Cementum Annulations in Northeastern Thai Adults. P. TUAMSUK, P. SUWANATHADA, 3 A numerical scoring system for estimation of age-atdeath via visual analysis of the pubic symphysis, modelled after the Brooks & Suchey (1990) phasing method, using a Thai population. A.E. BROWN, P. MAHAKKANUKRAUH. 10 Stature Estimation from the Calcaneus and Talus in Japanese Individuals. A. HAYASHI, P.D. EMANOVSKY, T.D. HOLLAND. 11 Ancestry estimation in Asian and Asian-derived populations using dental morphology. R.L. GEORGE, M.A. PILLOUD, J. GÓMEZ-VALDÉS. 12 Using the Digitized Cranial Angle Method for Ancestry Estimation in American Black, American White, and Japanese Individuals. J. MANABE. 13 Craniometric Variation in the Modern Thai Population: Forensic Applications and Population History Implications. L. FREAS, P. MAHAKKANUKRAUH, K. VICHAIRAT, P. TUAMSUK, A. SINTHUBUA. Objectively Measured Childhood Physical Activity among Small-scale Populations. S.S. URLACHER, J. SNODGRASS, K.L. KRAMER, M. KONECNA, H. PONTZER, L.S. SUGIYAMA. 4 The Effects of Lifestyle Factors and Social Support on Physical Activity Patterns among Older Adults from Uganda: Preliminary Analyses from WHO’s SAGE-PA Uganda Sub-study. T.J. CEPON-ROBINS, M. KUTEESA, T.M. BARRETT, J. MUGISHA, E. HALLETT, J. SCHROCK, L. GEDDES, P. MBABAZI, P. KOWAL, J. SEELEY, J. SNODGRASS. P. PUNGCHANCHAIKUL, N. KANHARAT, N. TECHATAWEEWAN. 9 Method Development: Enzyme-linked Immunoassay Techniques to Detect Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Afro-textured Hair. J.A. DOYLE, E. BRINDLE, D. ENQUOBAHRIE, S. GOODREAU. PILLOUD, D. MALARCHIK, C. ARCE. 7 Genetic structure of populations from six cities in Iraq based on 15 STRs. S.D. ALDEN, M. SABBAH, M.H. 5 “Skeletal maturation” vs. “critical fat threshold” in relation to pubertal development in Qom girls. M.A. MARTIN, C. VALEGGIA. 6 Objectively measured physical activity in a hunting and gathering population. D.A. RAICHLEN, H. PONTZER, J.A. HARRIS, T.W. ZDERIC, M.T. HAMILTON, B.M. WOOD. 7 Exploring the Use of Wrist-based Fitness Monitors in Network Creation. T. JASKOWIEC, M.V. FLINN. 8 Fosterage on Adult Strength and Body Fat in Himba Women. S. PRALL, B. SCELZA. 9 Reduced Immune Investment with Energy Stress: Evidence from a Mouse Model. A.L. SCHNEIDER, N.S. BURGHARDT, H. PONTZER. 10 Optimizing Long-Run Energy Harvesting Strategies in Central Asian Nomadic Pastoralists. A.Z. REYNOLDS, P.L. HOOPER. 11 Seasonal Fluctuation in Body Fat Sexual Dimorphism among Pumé Hunter-Gatherers. A. ACHENBACH, R.D. GREAVES, K.L. KRAMER. Conference Program 63 SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS 12 Overweight and obesity prevalence and tracking after 2 years follow up study in children and adolescents from Havana, Cuba. V. VAZQUEZ, J. GÁLVEZ, M. DÍAZ, D. NIEBLA. 13 Water Soluble Nutrient Intake and Leptin Phenotypes in the Kansas Mennonite. C.E. BARRETT, M. CRAWFORD, M. MOSHER. 14 Differential Impacts of Drought on Social and Ecological Adaptations of the Himba Across Local Environments of Kaokoveld. M. ANDERSON, A. HAZEL. 15 Stable isotope analysis of hair from three peoples in modern Ethiopia shows clear differences among isotopic signatures related to subsistence regimes. C.G. COOPER, K. LUPO, A. ZENA, M.P. RICHARDS. 16 Market integration and lifestyle in Vanutau, and their effects on health. E.D. MASSENGILL, S.M. MATTISON. 17 Modern human hair, nail and breath isotopic signals and their relevance to diet assessment in the past. M. CORREIA, R. FOLEY, T. O’CONNELL, F. RAMÍREZ-ROZZI, M. MIRAZÓN LAHR. 18 Osteoarthritis as an evolutionary mismatch disease. I.J. WALLACE, S. WORTHINGTON, D.T. FELSON, R.D. JURMAIN, K.T. WREN, H. MAIJANEN, R.J. WOODS, D.E. LIEBERMAN. 26 Harnessing the Power of the Genographic Project Database to Research Migrations in War-Torn Regions: Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Afghanistan. M.G. VILAR, G. VILSHANSKY, D. MERRIWETHER, M. SHAMOON POUR. 27 The Center on American Indian and Alaskan Native Genomics Research: Engaging Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. J. LUND, S. KETCHUM, P. SPICER, A. COBB-GREETHAM, V. HIRATSUKA, C.M. LEWIS. 28 Agent-Based Modeling of Geographic Barriers and Gene Flow in Fuego-Patagonia. V.M. BATTISTA. 29 Using historic fixed soft tissues for retrospective genomic analyses: a methodological evaluation. G. FERRARI, H.E. LISCHER, G. AKGÜL, F.J. RÜHLI, A.S. BOUWMAN. 30 Measures of Evolvability in Human Body Proportions across Latitude. K.R. SAVELL, B.M. AUERBACH. 31 Assessment of Cortical Thickness as a Non-Specific Indicator of Stress in Bone: An Experimental Animal Model. T.M. FRASIER, M.P. ALFONSO-DURRUTY, D. HEADLEY. 32 Population genetics analysis of Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis in a cohort of individuals from Island Melanesia. E.A. WERREN, H.L. NORTON, A.W. BIGHAM. 19 Objectively Measured Physical Activity among the Pokot Agro-Pastoralists of Kenya. M. SAYRE, D.A. Session 60 RAICHLEN, E.N. BUNKLEY, D.A. ODERA, C.A. REEVES, I.L. PIKE. Fossil Primates and Environments 20 The effects of high speed and weighted walking on head pitch and knee forces. J.T. WEBBER, D.A. Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Mary T. Silcox RAICHLEN. 21 Inferior Nasal Turbinate Morphology in Arctic and sub-Saharan African Humans: Implications for Understanding Climatic Adaptation in the Nasal Complex. T.N. MARKS, L.N. BUTARIC, S.D. MADDUX, R.G. Acadia 1 NACHMAN. FRANCISCUS. 22 Why are Men’s faces More Easily Recognized as Male? Evolutionary Conditioning of Perceptual Biases. T. GONZALEZ-ZARZAR, J. FERNANDEZ, M. BEASLEY, A. ZAIDI, P. CLAES, M.D. SHRIVER, J.K. WAGNER. 23 Differences between Human and Chimpanzee Costo-vertebral Joint Anatomy. W.É. CALLISON, D.E. LIEBERMAN. 24 Cranial and Mandibular Variation Preceding the Emergence of Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. M. GALLAND, A. GROMOV, V. MOISEYEV, S. VASILYEV, E. VESELOVSKAYA, R.M. PINHASI. 25 The Neolithic transition at the Western edge of Europe. G.M. GONZALEZ FORTES, T. FRANCESCA, G. SILVIA, H. KIRSTIN, H. MICHAEL, B. GUIDO. 64 New Tools and Methods for Developing a Geospatial Paleoanthropology. R.L. ANEMONE, C.W. EMERSON, B. 2 Evidence for grooming claws in the earliest omomyids. D.M. BOYER, S.A. MAIOLINO, P.A. HOLROYD, P.E. MORSE, J.I. BLOCH. 3 New primitive micromomyid plesiadapiform from the Wutu Formation, Shandong Province, China. S.G. CHESTER, K. BEARD, Y. TONG, X. NI, J. WANG. 4 New Estimates of Body Mass for “Giant” Subfossil Lemurs using Phylogenetic Regressions and Implications for Relative Brain Size, Life History and Risk of Extinction. K.E. THOMPSON, W. JUNGERS. 5 Molar Size and Shape Variation in a Large Sample of Niptomomys (Microsyopidae, Primates) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: One Species or Two? R.S. FELIBERT, P.E. MORSE, S.G. STRAIT, D.M. BOYER, J.I. BLOCH. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS 6 Body size estimation for the Shanghuang petrosal. 7 Exploring taxonomic and dietary signals in Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates) using 3D dental topographic metrics. S. LÓPEZ-TORRES, K.R. A.D. KEMP, E. KIRK, K. BEARD. SELIG, K.A. PRUFROCK, D. LIN, M.T. SILCOX. 8 Internal Nasal Morphology of Rooneyia viejaensis: Implications for Crown Primate Olfactory System Anatomy. I.K. LUNDEEN, E. KIRK. 9 Phenetic Affinities of Teilhardina (Primates, Omomyidae) from the Powder River Basin of Wyoming Reveal the First Known Occurrences of Teilhardina brandti Outside the Bighorn Basin. G.S. YAPUNCICH, B.A. WILLIAMS, D.M. BOYER. 10 Comparison Between Parapapio broomi and Pp. whitei from Makapansgat and Sterkfontein, South Africa using Dental Microwear Analysis. L.C. ADAY, F.L. WILLIAMS, W.G. ANDERSON. 11 Updated chronology for the Miocene primate succession at Abocador de Can Mata (NE Iberian Peninsula). D.M. ALBA, I. CASANOVAS-VILAR, M. GARCÉS, J.M. ROBLES. 12 Niche Separation of Large-Bodied Cercopithecidae at Koobi Fora, Upper Burgi Member. M. ANDERSON, S.R. FROST, E.H. GUTHRIE. 20 Paleoclimate and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Early Miocene Fossil Site Koru 16 (Nyanza Province, Western Kenya) and Its Implications for Hominoid Evolution. K. OGINGA, D. PEPPE, W. LUKENS, J. LUTZ. 21 New Material of Turkanapithecus and Simiolus from West Turkana, Kenya. J.B. ROSSIE, S. COTE. 22 Ecomorphology of the fossil monkey community of the Hadar and Ledi-Geraru sites, Afar Region, Ethiopia. M. VERGAMINI, A.L. RECTOR, K.L. LEWTON. 23 Oreopithecus bambolii is still an “enigmatic anthropoid”. C. ZANOLLI, D.M. ALBA, M. DEAN, J. FORTUNY, R. MACCHIARELLI, L. ROOK. 24 Taxonomic Diversity among Central European Miocene Hominids. D.R. BEGUN, M. BÖHME. 25 Endocranial anatomy of Late Paleocene (Clarkforkian NALMA) Carpolestes simpsoni (Plesiadapoidea, Primates) from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. M.T. SILCOX, R. RUSEN, J.I. BLOCH. 26 Three-dimensional analysis of the distal humerus in catarrhines with implications for Miocene locomotor diversity. F. MCGECHIE, S. KUO, C.V. WARD. 27 Tracking hylobatid taxonomic diversity from molar morphometrics. A. ORTIZ, C.I. VILLAMIL, C.M. KIMOCK, K. HE, T. HARRISON. 13 Now they’re Everywhere: New Fossil Primate Remains from Bukwa, Uganda, Demonstrate that Catarrhine Primates are ubiquitous at East African Early Miocene Fossil Sites. S. COTE, L. MACLATCHY. 28 Forest Composition and Miocene platyrrhine distributions: Why are there No Fossil Monkeys in Florida? J.I. 14 Preliminary Study of the Cercopithecidae from Leado Dido’a Locality, Woranso-Mille (central Afar), Ethiopia. 29 Discerning Hominid Taxonomic Variation in the Southern Chinese, Peninsular Southeast Asian, and Sundaic Pleistocene Dental Record. T.R. AVALOS. H. REDA, S.R. FROST, E. SIMONS, M. ANDERSON, Y. HAILE-SELASSIE. 15 Experimental Study of Sheep (Ovis aries) Bone Weathering Under UV-B Light. S. HAILESELASSIE. 16 Zygomaxillary morphology of Macaca cf. robusta (Middle Pleistocene, South Korea) and its phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. T. ITO, Y. LEE, T.D. BLOCH, E.D. WOODRUFF, A.F. RINCON, P.E. MORSE, A.R. HARRINGTON, G.S. MORGAN, A.R. WOOD, N.A. JUD. 30 Cranial Variation and Taxonomic Diversity among Late Miocene Hominoids from Yunnan, China. J. KELLEY. 31 Intraspecific Variation Among Plio-Pleistocene Primates of South Africa. R. STUDER-HALBACH. NISHIMURA, M. TAKAI. Session 61 17 An assessment of the mandibular ontogeny of Limnopithecus evansi. A.C. JAEGER, R.P. KNIGGE, K.P. Bioarcheology and Paleopathology: Violence, Activity, Infection, and Congenital Conditions MCNULTY, E.N. MBUA, F.K. MANTHI, I.O. NENGO. 18 Paleoenvironments and mammalian fauna of the early Miocene fossil site at Buluk, Kenya. W.E. LUKENS, D.J. Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Lori A. Tremblay Critcher PEPPE, E. LOCKE, E. MILLER, A.L. DEINO, K.O. OGINGA, I. NENGO. 19 Proximal Humeral Evidence for Partitioning of Locomotor Substrates by four Catarrhine Species from the Middle Miocene of Maboko Island, Kenya. M.L. MCCROSSIN, B.R. BENEFIT. Acadia 1 Analysis of central american machete cut marks: an application of microprofilometry and micro-computed tomography. S. MITCHELL, A. NOVOTNY, P. LEWIS. Conference Program 65 SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS 2 Bioarchaeological Analysis of Weapon-related Trauma in an Early Medieval Population from Central Europe. L. HOSEK. 3 4 Effect of mycobacterial species on immune cells and its potential impact on inflammatory responses in periosteal lesions. M.E. DUNCANSON, S.N. DEWITTE, F.A. CRESPO. 17 Patterns of Trauma and Violence among Nomadic Pastoralists at the Nileke Site (500-221 BCE), Northwestern Xinjiang Province, China. C. LEE, A. Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis or Disseminated Hematogenous Osteomyelitis? The Case of a High Status Child from Huanchaco, Peru. K.E. TSCHINKEL, G. 18 Evidence for violence along the Silk Road (206 BCE-420 CE), in Xinjiang Province, China. M. JOHNSON, A proposed method for scoring subadult entheseal morphology. J.L. PALMER, A.L. WATERS-RIST, A. 19 Violence in 18th and 19th Century London: Analyzing Trauma Prevalence by Cemetery, Age, and Sex. P. An Analysis of Gender Constructs in an Early Bronze Age Population Through Principal Coordinates Analysis of Scored Entheseal Changes. M. TOUSSAINT, 20 Conflict and warfare at the Chandman site (700400 BCE), in northwestern Mongolia. D. FORNELLI, Y. PRIETO, J. VERANO. 5 LIEVERSE. 6 P. WŁODARCZAK. 7 M. SANTOS, A. GARCIA, C. SEPULVEDA, C. LEE. BANKS, D. MILLER. GONZALEZ, P. ANG, C. CHICKANIS, C. LEE. 21 Building America on Broken Bones: Comparative Analysis of Antemortem Fracture Patterns of Three Contemporary American Poorhouse Cemeteries. J.F. Bulging Biceps: MicroCT Analysis of Entheseal Changes at Byzantine St. Stephen’s Monastery, Jerusalem. A.C. PASQUINELLY, K.A. PORTMAN, S.G. 22 Trauma Prevalence among Enslaved African Males and Females between the 17th and 19th Centuries in the United States. K. WILLIAMS. SHERIDAN, M.J. RAVOSA. 9 BELTRAN-BURGOS, M. ALVAREZ, A. TORRES. Testing the Coimbra Method: Discovering Possible Causes of Fibrocartilaginous Entheseal Change. K.C. JORGENSEN, E.F. KRANIOTI. 8 16 Approaching studies of multiple traumata from the leg up: An examination of the effect of prior injury location on patterns of subsequent injury in 18th and 19th century London. D.A. BOYD, C.F. MILLIGAN. Biological Stress Indicators Among Historically Documented Populations (1913-1935): An analysis of Entheseal Changes and Degenerative Joint Disease. A.P. ALIOTO. 10 A case of thoracic insufficiency syndrome in Cabeçuda Shellmound, Brasil. S. REIS, A. SALADINO, M. BASTOS, C. RODRIGUES-CARVALHO. 11 An Examination of Sex Differences in Pathological Conditions of the Spine in a Historic Population from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. L.A. TREMBLAY CRITCHER. BYRNES. 23 Evidence of an Iron Age Massacre at the Sandby borg Ringfort. C. ALFSDOTTER, A. KJELLSTRÖM. 24 Engaging in Combat: Interpersonal Violence in the Ancient Greek Colony, Himera. C. SAWYER, B. KYLE, N. LONOCE, S. VASSALLO, P.F. FABBRI, L.J. REITSEMA. 25 Osteomas on the cranial vault: Survey of presence and frequency Erin N. Hall1 and David R. Hunt2. 1 Department of Anthropology,Catholic University, 2 Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution. E. HALL. 12 Functional associations between Osteoarthritis and Vertebral Osteophytosis in Prehistoric Atacama Oases, Chile. R. LOPEZ BARRALES, V. LLAGOSTERA, W. 26 An Analysis of Human Remains from an Inca Ushnu: Polydactylism, Infection, Blunt Force Trauma, and Sharp Force Trauma at Soledad de Tambo, Huachis, Ancash Peru. A.R. TITELBAUM, J. QUEREVALÚ, N. RIOS, 13 Comparative analysis of osteoarthritis and implications for division of labor in two prehistoric skeletal populations. A.L. STANCO. 27 Ace in the Hole: Investigating High Levels of Glenoid Fossa Pathologies in Comparative Samples from the Americas. D.L. NEIDICH, S.A. JOLLY. 14 Palaeopathological Indicators of Mounted Pastoralism during the Mongolian Bronze Age. S.K. KARSTENS, 28 Effects of age, activity, and obesity on osteoarthritis in a modern European-American skeletal sample. A.P. 15 Bioarchaeology of Violence and Disease at Forbush Creek, North Carolina. S. BERGER, D. HUTCHINSON. 29 Limb Joint Degenerative Joint Disease Prevalence in German Populations from the Little Ice Age (AD 13001850). E.J. WADDLE, K. WEINRICH, L.L. WILLIAMS. NEVES, M. HUBBE. J. LITTLETON, B. FROHLICH, T. AMGALUNTUGS, P. KRISTEN. 66 R. CHIRINOS. WINBURN. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY MORNING SESSIONS 30 Healed Rib Fractures: A Micro-anatomical Assessment. K.M. HALL, R.R. PAINE. 31 Evidence for Cancer and Syphilis in a Prehistoric Native American Population from North Carolina. C.N. WAMSER, C.A. JUAREZ. 32 The case of a primary malignant bone tumor in a pre-Columbian skeleton from Cerro Brujo, Bocas del Toro, Panamá. N.E. SMITH-GUZMÁN, J.A. TORETSKY, R.G. COOKE. 33 Unidentified, multifocal joint disease from the Slovenian Kranj skeletal series. V. VYROUBAL, M. ŠLAUS, Ž. BEDIĆ, A. PLETERSKI, B. ŠTULAR. 34 The Effect of Leprotic Infection on the Risk of Death in Medieval Rural Denmark. K.S. KELMELIS, M.H. PRICE, J.W. WOOD. 35 Growing Pains: Developmental origins of tuberculosis and periodontal disease in Lisbon’s working poor during the turn of the 20th century. J.C. WHITE. 36 Pellagra mortality in the historic Mississippi State Asylum: An investigation and comparison of skeletal data and institutional records. M.L. DAVENPORT, M.K. ZUCKERMAN, N.P. HERRMANN, M. MURPHY. 37 An Examination of the Osteological Distribution of Leprosy Lesion Types: Results from a Meta-analysis on the Paleopathological Literature on Mycobacterium Leprae. M.A. SCHREIER. 38 Searching for pathogens in the earliest know colonial epidemic burial in Mexico, Teposcolula Yucundaa. Å.J. VÅGENE, M.G. CAMPANA, N. GARCÍA, D. HUSON, N. TUROSS, A. HERBIG, K.I. BOS, J. KRAUSE. 39 Periodontal disease and periosteal lesions in a prehistoric population from Kentucky: searching for evidence of systemic inflammation. K.N. WILHAM, P.J. DIBLASI, S.N. DEWITTE, F.A. CRESPO. 40 Spectroscopic Approach to Human Bone/Collagen in Pre-industrial Populations: Preservation vs Chronic Diseases. O. LÓPEZ-COSTAS, M. RIAL TUBÍO, J. KAAL, A. 44 Craniosynostosis and Inheritance: A Bioarchaeological review in the Middle Tennessee River Valley. B.S. THOMPSON. 45 Sixth Lumbar Sacralization and Familial Relatedness among Tiwanaku Individuals Buried at M70 in Moquegua, Peru. S.K. BECKER, B.E. HERNDON, G. TORRES MORALES, P.S. GOLDSTEIN. 46 Pre-Axial Polydactyly in a Mid-Holocene Human Skeleton from Gobero, Niger. S.E. BURNETT, C.M. STOJANOWSKI. 47 The Incidence and Variance of Metopism in Three Medieval British Populations. C.L. BURRELL, S. GONZALEZ, J.D. IRISH. 48 Extraction of cortical area thickness profiles from CT-scanned femurs. J. DUPEJ, A. LACOSTE JEANSON, J. BRŮŽEK, J. PELIKÁN. 49 The Effect of Mobility Impairment on Femoral Trabecular and Cortical Bone Structure. D.S. GLEIBER, D.J. WESCOTT. 50 Eastern States Mental Hospital: Does the Presence of Heavy Metals as Evidenced by pXRF in the Bone and Teeth Indicate use of “Heroic Medicine” ? P.E. KILLORAN. 51 Age, Exposure, and Disease: An Osteological Analysis of Three Juvenile Individuals from the Helton Site in the Lower Illinois River Valley. A. ROSSILLO. 52 Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in dental calculus from the Smithsonian’s Huntington Collection. S.E. YOUNG, A.L. WARNER-SMITH. 53 Prevalence of Degenerative Joint Disease and Schmorl’s nodes in Little Ice Age German populations. K. WEINRICH, E. WADDLE, L.L. WILLIAMS. 54 Assessment of the thoracolumbar transition in modern humans. E.O. CHO, T.K. NALLEY, E.R. MIDDLETON, C.V. WARD. MARTÍNEZ CORTIZAS. 41 Differential Diagnosis of a Possible Endocrine Disorder in an Ancient Maya Skeleton from the Chan Site, Belize. A. NOVOTNY, S. MITCHELL. 42 Micromorphological study of hypocellular human mastoids. S. FLOHR, A.K. BRESSLER, H. KIERDORF, M. SCHULTZ, U. KIERDORF. 43 Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FGFR3 gene: interpreting cranial, neural, and vascular changes in prehistoric cases of achondroplasia. S.M. LEE, N.K. APODACA, R.S. JABBOUR, G.D. RICHARDS. Conference Program 67 SATURDAY, AFTERNOON SESSIONS Session 62 4:30 Wild chimpanzees consume alcohol using tools. Primates and Dietary Ethanol: Evolutionary Outcome, or Modern Accident? 4:45 Origins of yeast domestication, as revealed from wine. J. LEGRAS. Invited Podium Symposium 5:00 Discussant: Erin R. Vogel. K.J. HOCKINGS, T. MATSUZAWA. Organizers/Chairs: Nathaniel J. Dominy, Robert Dudley Bissonet Session 63 Increasing recognition of the natural occurrence of ethanol within fruits and nectar has prompted speculation concerning the extent of dietary ingestion of this substance by various animals, including primates. Many animals (including modern humans) exhibit sensory and behavioral responses to ethanol-containing foods, but the broader ecological significance as well as evolutionary origins of these responses remain remarkably unstudied. Paleogenetic reconstruction of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes, demonstrable fermentation of sugars within fruits and nectar, and behavioral responses of some primates to ethanol are all consistent with ancestral exposure of hominids, and possibly all primates, to this most widespread of the psychoactive compounds consumed by humans today. Low-level alcohol consumption may thus characterize all nectarivores and frugivores. This symposium will review recent empirical evidence for the natural ingestion of ethanol by primates, the origins of directed fermentations, and assess the possible consequences for routine drinking behavior in modern humans, including excessive consumption. Up Goer Five PhysAnth Edition: Communicate Your Science Using English’s Ten Hundred Most Common Words 2:30 Are frugivores and nectarivores boozers too? R. DUDLEY. Invited Podium Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Kim Valenta, Katherine H. Bannar-Martin Studio 7/8/9 A major challenge to scientific researchers is effectively disseminating and communicating their work to diverse audiences. If we are to motivate change, human understanding, or explain the importance of our research to funding bodies and public policy makers, we must find ways to communicate complex concepts and findings to non-specialists. In this session, all speakers have agreed to the rules of the Up Goer Five challenge - to describe their research using only the top 1,000 most common words in the English language. Presentations will be followed by a moderated discussion about the role of language in physical anthropology and science communication. 4:45 Dogs go places they are not from and eat weird animals in their homes: Reasons for fewer weird animals. K. VALENTA, Z.J. FARRIS, S. ZOHDY. 4:50 How to tell people who are from a place and people who are not from that place by how they are put in the ground after death and from things in their teeth. M.A. KATZENBERG, A.M. OFFENBECKER. 2:45 Toxin Evolution for Organismal Defense: Is Ethanol a Special Case? R. SULLIVAN. 3:00 Aliphatic esters in primate-consumed fruits: a reliable cue for fruit quality? O. NEVO, K. VALENTA. 3:15 Spider monkeys and the functional ecology of olfactory sensitivities to alcohol. L. HERNANDEZ- 4:55 The ‘Drunken Monkey’ Hypothesis and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): Further Evaluation. C.J. Why Eating Flies and other very tiny Animals was Probably Important to No-longer-living, Human-like Animals. J.J. LESNIK. 5:00 How Much Food do Animals Need to Walk, Run, and Climb? This Much. H. PONTZER. Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation. M.A. 5:05 Tiny Old Dead Human-Like Animals Found in Rocks and What They Tell Us about How Life Changes Over a Long Time. A.L. ATWATER, E.C. KIRK. Nectar and the genetic basis of ethanol metabolism in Euarchonta. A.D. MELIN, G. DUYTSCHAEVER, 5:10 Are jumping tree animals getting smaller over time because humans catch and eat the larger ones? SALAZAR, M. LASKA. 3:30 CAMPBELL, V.R. WEAVER, R. DUDLEY. 3:45 CARRIGAN. 4:00 K. WELLS, P. ONG, N.J. DOMINY. 4:15 68 Some Strepsirrhines Prefer Alcohol. N.J. DOMINY, A.P. SULLIVAN, L.R. GODFREY, R. LAWLER, T. RYAN, G. PERRY. S.R. GOCHMAN. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 5:15 The relationship between the soft pink things and the hard white things. K.N. RABEY, R. MOSKAL, K.G. 4:15 HATALA, E. WILLIAMS-HATALA. 5:20 Little Green Men, Huge Angry People, and Across the Water Visits: Very Wrong Things People Say about Old Times in the New World. R.W. SMITH, J.A. RAFF. 5:25 C.P. RYAN, A. GEORGIEV, M. JONES, M.S. KOBOR, C.W. KUZAWA. 4:30 Which tree animal types live in areas together, and why? In part because of people things. K.H. BANNAR-MARTIN. 4:45 Balcony I/J 2:30 5:00 2:45 5:15 5:30 Effects of Agricultural Transitions on the Evolution of Human Sensory Systems. C.C. VEILLEUX, E.C. Association between maternal stress and telomere length in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. P.H. REJ, N.C. RODNEY, D.A. KERTES, C.J. 3:30 5:45 GRYDER, S.M. YOUNG, W.B. DAVID, Y. TENG, D. ZAVA, D.W. KIMBALL, S. GERSTENBERGER, D.C. BENYSHEK. Session 65 C.M. BERGEY, T. GONZALEZ-ZARZAR, P. CLAES, M.D. SHRIVER. Primate Evolutionary Morphology Genome-wide cytosine methylation differences between ancient hunter-gatherers and farmers. D. Chair: Kimberly Congdon Altered DNA Methylation of Methylation Complex Genes in Relation to Maternal Stress. C.J. CLUKAY, D.A. HUGHES, N.C. RODNEY, D.A. KERTES, C.J. MULLIGAN. 4:00 The Hormonal and Elemental Composition of Dehydrated Human Placenta Capsules. L.K. Deflating the “Good Genes Hypothesis”: Asymmetry may not be an honest indicator of genetic quality in humans. J.D. WHITE, A.A. ZAIDI, KOPTEKIN, G.M. KILINÇ, A.P. SÜMER, M. DÖNERTAŞ, M. SOMEL. 3:45 Associations between biomarkers of immune function and cognitive performance in forager-horticulturalists with high parasite and pathogen loads. B.C. TRUMBLE, J. STIEGLITZ, A.D. BLACKWELL, B. BEHEIM, D.K. CUMMINGS, H. KAPLAN, M. GURVEN. MULLIGAN. 3:15 Mother’s milk oligosaccharides and infant gut microbiota: seasonality and infant outcomes in rural Gambia. R.M. BERNSTEIN, J.C. DAVIS, Z.T. LEWIS, S. KRISHNAN, S.E. MOORE, A.M. PRENTICE, D.A. MILLS, C.B. LEBRILLA, A.M. ZIVKOIVC. GARRETT, R.J. BANKOFF, N.J. DOMINY, G.H. PERRY, A.D. MELIN. 3:00 The Social Worlds of Mothers, Infants, and Microbes: Cooperative Breeding and the Human Milk Microbiome. C.L. MEEHAN, K.A. LACKEY, E.H. HAGEN, J.E. WILLIAMS, M.A. MCGUIRE, M.K. MCGUIRE. Understanding human brain evolution through neuropathology: the case for Williams syndrome. K.L. HANSON, C.F. HORTON LEW, U. BELLUGI, K. SEMENDEFERI. Assessment of DNA Methylation Patterns in Nonhuman Primate Skeletal Tissue. G. HOUSMAN, E. QUILLEN, A.C. STONE. Contributed Podium Presentations Chair: Courtney L. Meehan Patterns of Genetic Coding Variation in a Native American Population Before and After European Colonization. J. LINDO, B. PETZELT, J. MITCHELL, M. DEGIORGIO, R.S. MALHI. Session 64 Human Adaptive Variation/ Integrative Approaches Costs of reproduction assessed via telomere length and epigenetic age measures of biological senescence in young adult women from Cebu, the Philippines. D.T. EISENBERG, M. HAYES, T. MCDADE, Genome-wide epigenetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Peru. A. CHILDEBAYEVA, D.C. DOLINOY, J.M. GOODRICH, M. RIVERA-CHIRA, F. LEON VALERDE, M. KIYAMU, T. BRUTSAERT, A.W. BIGHAM. Contributed Podium Presentations Studio 1/2/3 2:30 Estimating primate morphological ancestors: Implications for the analysis of hominoid cranial evolution. N. VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL, L. SCHROEDER. 2:45 Homoplasy in papionins: an explanation from genetic sources of variation shared by body size and craniofacial form. J.L. JOGANIC, K.E. WILLMORE, J.T. RICHTSMEIER, L.A. COX, M.C. MAHANEY, J. ROGERS, J.M. CHEVERUD. Conference Program 69 SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 3:00 Session 66 Processes that generate modularity in the mammalian skull: implications for primate skull evolution. N. SINGH, R.H. REEVES, J.T. RICHTSMEIER. 3:15 Division of Fossil Primates, Duke Lemur Center – 40th Anniversary Symposium Trait Variation, Convergence, and Ecogeographic Patterns in Macaca Crania. S.J. WILLIAMS, B.M. Invited Poster Symposium AUERBACH. 3:30 Organizers/Chairs: Gregg F. Gunnell, Erik R. Seiffert, Ellen R. Miller, Prithijit Chatrath The evolution of hominoid cranial diversity: a quantitative genetics approach. L. SCHROEDER, N. VON Balcony K CRAMON-TAUBADEL. 3:45 Running behavior predicts brain size in primates. 4:00 Functional Morphology of the Hominoid Ankle Joint: Locomotor Activity and Shape Variation of the Tibial Plafond. M.A. FRELAT, T. JASHASHVILI, K.J. A.M. DELOUIZE, F.L. COOLIDGE. CARLSON. 4:15 Trabecular anisotropy in the primate lower ilium reflects locomotor mode. D. SHAPIRO. 4:30 Locomotor mode and kinematics of the head, neck, and trunk in Varecia variegata. N. GRIDER-POTTER, A. ZEININGER. 4:45 Does increased contact with an arboreal substrate result in decreased digital grasping pressures? K.A. CONGDON. 5:00 Automatic segmentation of morphological structure into biologically corresponding features: implications for systematics and ecomorphology. E.L. FULWOOD, T. GAO, I. DAUBECHIES, D.M. BOYER. 5:15 Which Tooth Best Predicts Diet using Dental Complexity in Fossil Primates? S. PINEDA-MUNOZ, I.A. LAZAGABASTER. 5:30 The role of the hypocone in primate diversification: a test of the key-innovation hypothesis. J.E. SCOTT. 5:45 Dietary properties, chewing patterns and cyclical loading: It’s wicked hard always being tough. M.J. RAVOSA, S. COINER-COLLIER, K.R. MCABEE, A.L. FLING. 6:00 Exudate-feeding in Lorisidae: Evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and lower molar. A.M. BURROWS, A. HARTSTONE-ROSE, L.T. NASH. In 1977 Elwyn Simons moved from Yale University to become the Director of the Duke Primate Center. At that time he also established the Division of Fossil Primates (DFP) in order to enable and promote the study of primate evolutionary history at Duke University. When Simons arrived in Durham he already had an established field program in the Fayum Depression in Egypt where 30-37 million year old iconic fossils related to anthropoid origins were being found. Subsequently, in 1983 he initiated field work in Madagascar seeking subfossil specimens to document the giant lemurs that had once inhabited the island. In addition, whenever possible Simons augmented the collections at the DFP by trips to Wyoming to collect early Eocene fossil primates from the Willwood Formation. Also, occasional trips to India in search of Miocene monkeys and apes were interspersed along the way. All told, Simons and his trusted colleague Prithijit Chatrath led expeditions that amassed nearly 60,000 specimens over a 40 year history – of these over 35,000 are now housed at the DFP while the rest are stored in Cairo, Haritalyangar and Antananarivo. The DFP collections are unique and represent by far the most complete collection documenting the origination and radiation of early anthropoid primates anywhere in the world. Additionally, the collections from Madagascar are large and wide-ranging rivaled only by the collections at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris and those in Madagascar. Over 200 students and colleagues have been involved with field work over the past 40 years. This symposium features some of the students and professionals who have been directly responsible for amassing and studying the DFP collections over the years and highlights the discoveries that have influenced and advanced the sciences of primate paleontology and paleoanthropology. 4:00 1 Discussants: John G. Fleagle and Laurie Godfrey. Brain Proportions in Early Anthropoid Evolution: Evidence from the Fayum Fossil Record. R. LAVINGIA, K.L. ALLEN. 2 70 Documenting Skeletal Anatomy of Early Adapiforms. L.A. GONZALES, C.H. CRAWFORD, J.T. GLADMAN, J.P. ALEXANDER, J.I. BLOCH, G.F. GUNNELL, D.M. BOYER. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 3 Session 67 A multi-isotope investigation of extinct monkey lemurs (Archaeolemur) from Antsirondoha cave, Madagascar. B.E. CROWLEY. 4 The Paleobiology of Upper Paleolithic/ Later Stone Age Humans Exploring the mode and tempo of Madagascar’s lemuriform radiation. S. FEDERMAN, G. GUNNEL, R. Invited Poster Symposium RIVAS, E. SARGIS, A. YODER, G. PERRY, A. DORNBURG. 5 GONZALES, E.C. KIRK, E.R. SEIFFERT. 6 Distal Phalanges and the Origin of Crown-Group Anthropoids. D. GEBO, M. DAGOSTO, C. BEARD, X. NI. 7 Early anthropoid dental eruption and development. G.F. GUNNELL, E.R. MILLER, E.R. SEIFFERT, H.M. SALLAM, G.T. SCHWARTZ. 8 The impact of fossil data on inferences of lemur biogeographic history. J.P. HERRERA. 9 Organizers/Chairs: Erik Trinkaus, Sébastien Villotte Evolution of the primate vomeronasal system: fossil evidence from the Fayum. E.C. GARRETT, L.A. Are there any African Platyrrhines? R.F. KAY, B.A. WILLIAMS. 10 Evaluating Ecological Change in Western Madagascar: A Paleontological Perspective. K.M. MULDOON. 11 New fossils and the paleobiology of Karanisia clarki from the late Eocene of Egypt. B.A. PATEL, D.M. BOYER, B.A. PERCHALSKI, T.M. RYAN, E.M. ST. CLAIR, J.M. WINCHESTER, E.R. SEIFFERT. 12 Covariation in life history, body and brain size, and molecular substitution rate across the diverse radiation of extant and extinct (megafaunal) lemurs. G. PERRY, L. KISTLER, G.T. SCHWARTZ, L.R. GODFREY, L. ORLANDO. Studio 4/5 The past few decades of paleoanthropological research has seen a focus on the human paleobiology (and mortuary analysis) of the Upper Paleolithic / Later Stone Age (≈40 – ≈10 ka). These people have been increasingly viewed in terms of dynamic and culturally complex forager populations in a changing global climate, instead of being studied merely in terms of the establishment of modern versus archaic human biology. These analyses have been concerned with trends through this period in shifting body proportions, reflections of activity levels, growth and development, changing levels and patterns of paleopathology, aspects of dental structure and wear, skeletal reflections of diverse mortuary behaviors, patterns of population diversity and dispersal, and adaptations to diverse environments. The research has been greatly augmented by detailed reassessments of long-known important human skeletal samples, combined with the analyses of newly discovered remains. This symposium brings together an international group of paleoanthropologists addressing these issues with new data, new analyses and new fossils. It is designed to foster discussion on the biology and behavior of these Late Pleistocene early modern humans, the people who reflect both the heyday of highly successful global hunter-gatherers and provided the background for the increased sedentism of the early Holocene. 13 An additional caenopithecine adapiform primate from the late Eocene of Egypt. E.R. SEIFFERT, D.M. BOYER, 2:30 Introduction: Erik Trinkaus and Sébastien Villotte. 5:00 Discussant: Brigitte Holt. 14 Exploring an Undersampled Interval in Primate Evolutionary History: Insights from the Late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania. N.J. STEVENS, E.M. 1 J.G. FLEAGLE, J.M. PERRY, H.M. SALLAM, G.F. GUNNELL. ROBERTS, P.M. OCONNOR. 15 Bayesian Tip-dating of Caviomorph Rodent Phylogenies provides New Age Estimates for South America’s oldest Platyrrhines. D. DE VRIES, E. SEIFFERT. Upper Paleolithic and recent human brain variation and evolution. A. BALZEAU, D. GRIMAUD-HERVÉ, L. ALBESSARD. 2 Dental developmental patterns and tooth internal structure in European Upper Paleolithic humans. P. BAYLE, M. LE LUYER. 3 Late Pleistocene modern human diversity in Central Africa. I. CREVECOEUR, A. BROOKS, I. RIBOT, P. SEMAL. 4 Effects of technology on Upper Paleolithic human diet. 5 Later Stone Age infant remains from the Grotte des Pigeons at Taforalt. L. HUMPHREY, A. FREYNE, A. S. EL ZAATARI, F.E. GRINE, P.S. UNGAR, J. HUBLIN. BOUZOUGGAR, N. BARTON. Conference Program 71 SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 6 Evidence for Subsistence Shifts in the Late Upper Paleolithic of Europe: Caries and Antemortem Tooth Loss. S.A. LACY. 7 Dental remains of Late Pleistocene European foragers: external and internal characterization. M. LE LUYER. 8 Variation among inferred habitual activity in Upper Pleistocene modern humans. O.M. PEARSON, E.C. HILL, Session 68 Stable Isotope Advances in Studies of Stress and Disease Invited Poster Symposium Organizers/Chairs: Sammantha N. Holder, Laurie J. Reitsema V.S. SPARACELLO. 9 The Upper Paleolithic human remains from the Troisième caverne of Goyet (Belgium). H. ROUGIER, I. CREVECOEUR, A. GÓMEZ-OLIVENCIA, P. SEMAL. 10 Infracranial variability among the Magdalenian people of southwestern France. M. SAMSEL, C.J. KNÜSEL, S. VILLOTTE. 11 Paleobiology, Competition and Migration in Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia. A. ZACHWIEJA, L.L. SHACKELFORD. 12 Morphological variability of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic skulls from Sicily. L. SINEO, M. GALLAND, G. D’AMORE, M. FRIESS, R. PINHASI, R. MICCICHE’. 13 Late Upper Paleolithic funerary behavior at Arene Candide Cave (Finale Ligure, Italy). V.S. SPARACELLO, S. ROSSI, P. PETTITT, C.A. ROBERTS, J. RIEL-SALVATORE, V. FORMICOLA. 14 Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic human remains from Jordan: implications for understanding late Pleistocene population and foraging complexity in the Levant. J.T. STOCK, E. POMEROY, T. DAVIES, T. RICHTER, L. MAHER. 15 Population movements throughout northern Africa during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. C.M. STOJANOWSKI, R. BOOKMAN, C.L. CARVER. Studio 6 This session explores recent advances and future prospects in the application of stable isotope data to human paleopathology. Stable isotope analysis of human remains is widely used in anthropology to reconstruct past diet and migration, based on the adage “You are what you eat.” In addition to diet, pathological conditions and physiological stress affecting fractionation, uptake, and distribution of isotopes throughout the body also create isotopic variation in tissues. Although this additional source of isotope variation complicates dietary reconstructions, it provides novel opportunities for studying past stress and health in archaeological remains. The last 10 years have seen a surge in research exploring the utility of stable isotope ratios as indicators of malnutrition, stress, and disease. This symposium assembles some of this research into in vivo fractionation and distribution of isotopes, and addresses a persistent question: How may stress-induced fractionation and stable isotope variation shed light on questions of past health, when the tissues sampled are relatively inert? Subjects of particular interest include sampling strategies, tissue turnover, theoretical issues of health and disease, and individuals or groups with known histories of ill-health. 2:30 1 16 Puzzling Pairs from Pavlov: Mortuary Manipulation in the Mid Upper Paleolithic. E. TRINKAUS, P. WOJTAL, J. S. VILLOTTE, P. BAYLE, S. NATAHI, C. VERCOUTÈRE, C. FERRIER, C. SAN JUAN-FOUCHER, P. FOUCHER. 18 Biological and Cultural Factors influencing Non-masticatory Dental Wear in Early and Late Upper Paleolithic Humans. J.C. WILLMAN, K.L. KRUEGER. Addressing the Inertness of Bones and Teeth in Isotopic Studies of Stress and Disease: A review of Advances and Future Prospects. S. HOLDER, L.J. REITSEMA, C.J. GARLAND, A.K. SMITH, J. LUNSFORD, M. KRAJEWSKA, T. KOZLOWSKI. WILCZYNSKI, S. SAZELOVA, J.A. SVOBODA. 17 Gravettian human remains from Gargas (HautesPyrénées, France). Implication for biological diversity and mortuary practices during the Upper Paleolithic. Individual poster presentations and discussion led by Anne Katzenberg. 2 The Effects of Pathology on the Intra-tissue Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Variability of Human Bone Collagen. K.C. OLSEN, C.D. WHITE, F.J. LONGSTAFFE, K. VON HEYKING, G. MCGLYNN, G. GRUPE, F.J. RÜHLI. 3 Stable Isotope Reconstruction of Maladaptive Breastfeeding and Weaning Practices in a 19th Century Rural Dutch Community: The Effect of Possible Negative Nitrogen Balance on Stable Nitrogen Isotope Values. A.L. WATERS-RIST, M.L. HOOGLAND. 72 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 4 The Impact of Caloric Restriction on Tissue Isotopic (Nitrogen, Carbon and Oxygen) Values. N.C. TUROSS. 5 Early Life Stress at the Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: Combining Enamel Defects and Incremental Isotope Analysis of Dentin to Explore Nutrition as a Source of Stress. C.J. GARLAND, L.J. REITSEMA. 6 Sub-seasonal oxygen isotope variations in human bone reflect changes in drinking water. C.M. MAGGIANO, C. WHITE, R. STERN, F.J. LONGSTAFFE. Session 69 Functional Anatomy of the Limbs Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Aidan A. Ruth Acadia 1 Hindlimb Bone Strength Ratios reveal Decreased Limb Tapering in Humans vs. Other Great Apes. M.N. COSMAN, S. SCHLECHT, K. JEPSEN, L. MACLATCHY, M. DEVLIN. 2 When I Grow Up; Limb Development and Adaptation in Old World Primates. J.A. NADELL, S. ELTON, K. KOVAROVIC. 3 4 12 The Relationship of the Glenoid Fossa and Acromion process as a Predictor of Locomotor Behavior. K.E. BAILEY, N.B. GROW. 13 Intraspecific Variation and Functional Morphology in the Humerus of Cercopithecoids. A. GOSSELIN-ILDARI. 14 Examining the influence of function and phylogeny on skeletal shape: A case study involving proximal and distal articular surfaces of hominoid third metacarpals. T.R. REIN. 15 Quinticeps? Investigating a Possible Fifth Head of the Quadriceps femoris in Non-human Primates. H.W. HEMINGWAY, M.N. MUCHLINSKI. 16 The relationship of knee rotation to lateral meniscus shape and attachments in hominoids. A.A. RUTH. 17 Gait Asymmetry in Humans and Other Animals: How much is Normal and Why Does it Exist? A.Z. FITZSIMONS, M.C. GRANATOSKY, R.M. QUEEN, P. LEMELIN, A. ZEININGER, H. CHAPMAN, D. SCHMITT. SHATTUCK, L.A. PETRULLO, A. PETERSON, A.B. LEE, E. KACZMAREK, D.M. GOLDSTEIN, S.A. WILLIAMS. 19 Morphological Correlates of Locomotor Mode in the Volar Pads of Strepsirrhine Primates. A.K. KINGSTON. Intraspecific Variation during Quadrupedal Locomotion in Mammals. M.C. GRANATOSKY, P. 20 Hand and foot postures during vertical clinging and grasping: implications for digit length in primates. L.E. Is all Quadrupedalism the Same? Form-function Relationships in Behaviorally Flexible Primates. D. 21 Calcaneal trabecular structure in terrestrial and arboreal primates and marsupials: implications for the locomotor behaviour of the extinct wombat, Phascolmys mitchelli. D.A. SFORZIN, V.C. PILBROW, D.C. 6 Bipedal Loading Behaviors do Not Always Induce Cross-sectional Changes in Bone. A.D. FOSTER. 7 Quantifying muscular response to habitual activity: Toward understanding muscle-bone interactions for anthropological behavioral reconstructions. C.M. TURCOTTE, K.N. RABEY, D.J. GREEN, S.C. MCFARLIN. A foot for all seasons: Grauer gorillas reveal the effects of phylogeny and function on the evolution of gorilla foot morphology. M.W. TOCHERI, R.P. KNIGGE, C.M. ORR, K.P. MCNULTY. 9 11 Hominoid scapular morphology suggests a generalized last common ancestor. M.S. SELBY, C. LOVEJOY. 18 Intrinsic manual proportions affect the biomechanics of suspension. K.R. RAMIREZ, H. PONTZER. SCHMITT, M.C. GRANATOSKY. 8 CONAWAY, L. SCHROEDER, N. VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL. Pronogrady, not fast speed specifically, acts as a constraint on vertebral formula in mammals. M.R. LEMELIN, C.F. ROSS, E. MCELROY, D. SCHMITT. 5 10 Morphological integration of anatomical, functional, and developmental modules of the postcranium in the Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis). M.A. Morphological correlates of limb differentiation in the cross-sectional geometric properties of anthropoid primate metapodials. S.H. BUI, B.A. PATEL. JOHNSON, D. SCHMITT. ACKLAND. 22 Lateralization in the Slow Loris (Nycticebus spp.) ‘Venom Pose’. S.A. POINDEXTER, K. NEKARIS. 23 Geometric morphometric analysis of variation in human hallucal metatarsal periosteal and endosteal shape in rural and urban populations. L.A. WILSON, I. DE GROOTE, L.T. HUMPHREY. 24 A geometric morphometric analysis of pollical metacarpal shaft morphology in Gorilla, Pan, and Homo. L.A. BOWLAND, J.E. SCOTT, B.A. PATEL, M.W. TOCHERI, C.M. ORR. Conference Program 73 SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 25 Exploring morphological shape variation in modern human tali. R. SORRENTINO, C. MINGHETTI, W. PARR, K. TURLEY, S. WROE, C. SHAW, J. SAERS, A. SU, L. FIORENZA, F. FELETTI, S. FROST, K.J. CARLSON, M.G. BELCASTRO, T. RYAN, S. BENAZZI. 26 Walking in their shoes: A multidisciplinary approach to understanding tarsal coalition in Medieval Exeter. M.E. ALBEE. 27 Kinematic Effects of Body Size Differences during Walking. M.C. FOX, K.K. WHITCOME, J.D. POLK. 28 Ontogenetic Changes and Adult Variation in Human Metatarsal Torsion. A.N. HEARD-BOOTH, A.D. KEMP. 29 Incorporating Spatial Analysis into a Whole-epiphysis Approach to Studying Trabecular Bone Structure in the Distal Femur of Homo, Pan, Pongo, and Papio. S.M. SUKHDEO, T.M. RYAN. Human Skeletal Biology: Population History and Beyond Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Molly K. Zuckerman Acadia HAFNER, J. KRAUSE, S. LÖSCH. 9 Anthropological and bioarchaeological approaches to two medieval populations from Reigoldswil (Switzerland). V. TRANCIK PETITPIERRE, A. HAFNER, S. LÖSCH. 10 Keep your head high - Mesolithic crania mounted on stakes at Kanaljorden, Sweden. A.S. KJELLSTRÖM, S. GUMMESSON, F. HALLGREN. 11 Urbanization’s Impact: Health and Survivorship Patterns in Medieval Poland. T.K. BETSINGER, S. 12 Preliminary findings on relationships among neural canal dimensions, terminal adult stature, and risk of death in a medieval Polish sample at Bezławki. A. GRUENTHAL-RANKIN, M. RAMSIER, A. KOPERKIEWICZ, M. POLCYN. 13 Sexual dimorphism of the upper face, mandible and palate in elite of early medieval population from the Central Europe. Š. BEJDOVÁ, J. DUPEJ, J. VELEMÍNSKÁ, L. POLÁČEK, P. VELEMÍNSKÝ. 15 Bio-cultural analysis of an early 18th century noble family in Transylvania, Romania. K. ZEJDLIK, Z. Mortality Effects of Discrimination in Post-Medieval Ireland. M.A. CLARK. 4 Skeletal Height Estimation in Medieval Bioarchaeological Collections from Piedmont, Italy. N.M. WEISS, G. VERCELLOTTI, R. BOANO, M. GIROTTI, S.D. STOUT. P. STRÁNSKÁ, J. DUPEJ, P. HAVELKOVÁ, S. KAUPOVÁ, J. FROLÍK, L. POLÁČEK, J. BRUZEK. NYÁRÁDI, R. SANDQUIST, A. GONCIAR. 16 A rocky start: The conundrum of a post-medieval burial ground in Gibraltar. D.L. WARD, E. POMEROY, J. GRANT, S. BENADY, C. FINLAYSON, M. REINOSO DEL RÍO, J. GUTIÉRREZ LÓPEZ, K. LANE. 17 Biological distance between flexed and supine burials at the ancient Greek city of Himera using dental nonmetric data. J. CZAPLA, B. KYLE, S. VASSALLO, P. FABBRI, L.J. REITSEMA. Implementing Intersectionality in Bioarchaeology: A Study of Sex and Status at Roman Winchester. L. 18 The Bioanthropology of the inhabitants of the Late Middle to Early Late Bronze Age at Megiddo, southern Levant. M. FAERMAN, M. MARTIN, P. SMITH. The Rise of an Empire, the Decline of its People: Stature and body proportion in Roman Britain. L.J. 19 Assessing the role of migration during a cultural transition (fourth century BC to AD sixth century): Strontium isotope results from Samtavro cemetery, Central Georgia. N. LANGOWSKI, V. PILBROW, R. MAAS. AVERY, T.L. PROWSE, M.B. BRICKLEY. WALTHER, R.L. GOWLAND. 74 An Interdisciplinary Project on the Neolithic Population of Modern Switzerland. I. SIEBKE, A. FURTWÄNGLER, A. Reconstructing the monastic lifestyle: Bioarchaeological investigation of living conditions in a religious community based on human skeletal remains from el-Ghazali, Sudan. J.A. CIESIELSKA, R.J. 3 6 8 14 Sexual Dimorphism in an Early Medieval Population (IX.-XI. Century) from Central Europe and its relationship to socio-economic stratification. P. VELEMINSKY, STARK. 5 HOOGLAND, S.C. AGARWAL. Two recently excavated Megalithic gallery graves in Erwitte-Schmerlecke (North Rhine-Westphalia) from the Wartberg Culture (3500-2800 BC) with focus on the investigation of their builders. S. KLINGNER, M. SCHULTZ. 2 Age and Sex-related Changes in Cross-Sectional Geometry in a 17th-19th Century Rural Dutch Population. C. CHILCOTE, A.L. WATERS-RIST, M.L. DEWITTE. Session 70 1 7 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 20 Are the socially recognized ethnic groups of northern Pakistan meaningful biological entities for reconstruction of population histories? A dental morphology investigation. M. TARIQ, H. AHMAD, B. HEMPHILL. 33 Kinship Structures and Victim Origins in a Mass Human Sacrifice: Biodistance Analysis of Intracemetery Dental Phenetic Variation, Temple of the Sacred Stone, Túcume, Peru. J.E. YOUNG, H.D. KLAUS, 21 Historic era immigrants to northern Pakistan? A dental morphology investigation of Pathans, Gujars and Kohistanis. I. ULLAH, H. AHMAD, B.E. HEMPHILL. 34 The confusing case of Grave 42: a bioarchaeological analysis. C. JAMES, K. FLOR-STAGNATO, E. CANTOR, A.J. 22 Fetal Remains in Bioarchaeology: A Case Study from the 19th Century Spring Street Presbyterian Church. M.A. ELLIS. 23 Perinatal death - a multitude of fetal and neonatal burials at the churchyard of Michelberg, Austria. M. BERNER, A. STADLMAYR, D. PANY-KUCERA, E. RAMMER, E. LAUERMANN. 24 Biological and cultural evidence for social maturation at Point Hope, Alaska: Integrating data from archaeological mortuary practices and human skeletal biology. L. JUSTICE, D.H. TEMPLE. 25 Age Related Changes in Trabecular Bone Structure in a Sample of Early Agriculturalists. D.J. KLEBECK, T. RYAN. 26 Anterior femoral curvature tracks decreasing mobility from Woodland to Mississippian. A.Y. ABU DALOU. 27 Postcranial Robusticity of Two Precolonial Brazilian Coastal Shellmound Builders Groups Relative to Differences on Daily Activities and Mobility. A.D. SALLES, M. KONSKIER, E.T. TONOMURA, A. LESSA. 28 From the Shenks Ferry people to the Susquehannocks: Inferring population history in the Lower Susquehanna Valley from dental morphology. D.E. EHRLICH. 29 Bioarchaeological Assessment of Childhood Morbidity during the Coles Creek Period in the southern Lower Mississippi Valley. G.A. LISTI. 30 Steele: An Examination of Early Archaic Cremations from Southern Indiana. R. QUATAERT, C.W. SCHMIDT, C. TOMAK. 31 Historic and Skeletal Mortality of the Mississippi State Asylum. A.M. PLEMONS, M.L. DAVENPORT, N.P. HERRMANN. 32 Social Status, Skeletal Biology, and the Lords of Sipán: Bioarchaeological Perspectives on the Moche Elite, North Coast Peru. A.C. HAM, H. KLAUS, J. THOMAS, S. BALL, H. HULEY, G. BROWN, J. YOUNG, E. BRACAMONTE LEVANO, W. ALVA ALVA. J. TOYNE, B. DELGADO. OSTERHOLTZ, A. GONCIAR, Z. NYÁRÁDI. 35 A comparative bioarchaeological analysis of two Formative Period communities from the lower Rio Verde, Oaxaca, Mexico. A.J. YOUNG, A.T. MAYES, J. BRZEZINSKI, S. BARBER, A. JOYCE. 36 The Bioarchaeology Field and the Study of Ancient Egypt - Development and Characteristics of Academic Publications. L.B. FARIA. 37 Lost and Found: Forgotten Cemeteries Under the City of Milwaukee. S.A. BONCAL. 38 Ave Imperium! Mortui te salutamus: Bioarchaeological Research in the Roman Period Black Sea Region, Turkey. K.E. MARKLEIN. 39 Does the Number of Nuclear Microsatellite Loci affect Genetic Distances? Implications for Bioarchaeological Studies. A.R. HUBBARD. 40 A novel cranial base drilling method with direct access to petrous bones for analyzing ancient DNA and preserving ancient human remains. K.A. SIRAK, D.M. FERNANDES, O. CHERONET, M. NOVAK, B. GAMARRA RUBIO, T. BALASSA, Z. BERNERT, A. CSÉKI, J. DANI, J. GALLINA, I. KŐVÁRI, O. LÁSZLÓ, I. PAP, R. PATAY, Z. PETKES, G. SZENTHE, T. SZENICZEY, T. HAJDU, R. PINHASI. 41 Of Pirates, Pigs and Philistines: A novel perspective on the Late Bronze/Iron Age Transition in the Southern Levant. J.A. KRETZINGER, D.F. ANDERS, M. ARTZY, I. FINKELSTEIN, L. KOLSKA HORWITZ, P. SMITH, M. FAERMAN, M. MEIRI, A. MAEIR, R. STIDSING, G. GRUPE, J. MARAN, P. STOCKHAMMER, M.A. VOHBERGER. 42 Craniometric variation of Early Horizon Native Californians: New perspectives on the Howells Craniometric Dataset. W.B. REINER, L.J. HLUSKO. 43 Intra- and inter-population affinities among the Medieval English: a preliminary craniometric study. S. VALORIANI, J.D. IRISH, S. GONZALEZ, M. BORRINI. 44 Mortuary Archaeology of the Pre-Columbian Aklis Site, St. Croix, USVI: Normativity and Deviance. M.K. ZUCKERMAN, D.T. ANDERSON, D.S. MILLER, J. FLORES, S.B. HUDSON, G. WEHRMAN, M. REDONA. 45 The Biological Embodiment of Public Health Values: A Case Study from Two Working Class English Populations. S.A. MATHENA-ALLEN. Conference Program 75 SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 46 Cultural hybridity and Greek colonization: A case study of Himera utilizing strontium isotope analysis. A.C. KAZMI, L.J. REITSEMA, K.L. REINBERGER, B. KYLE, S. VASSALLO. 47 Mobility at Neolithic Çatalhöyük: Temporal and Ontogenetic Context. E.M. GAROFALO, C.B. RUFF, C.S. LARSEN. Session 71 Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology: Sex, Comingling, Postmortem Interval, and Decomposition Contributed Poster Presentations Chair: Nicholas P. Herrmann Acadia 1 Measuring bacterial communities in the humerus to estimate PMI. S.E. BIVENS, E. DAVID, N. RUBLE. 2 A metric approach to assessing sex in the Erie County Poorhouse Collection. B.A. KENYON, S.E. BAUMGARTEN, J.E. SIRIANNI. 3 The accuracy of tibial nutrient foramen vs. midshaft measurement location for sex determination. A.C. DAFOE, D. HUNT. 4 Sexual dimorphism of the humerus in a Japanese sample: A test of the İşcan et al. (1998) method. R. BONGIOVANNI, C.B. LEGARDE. 5 Biological sex assessment methods: A meta-analysis of trends in recent (2006-2015) forensic and archaeological research. A.B. CHECK, E. CRAIG-ATKINS. 6 Estimation of Sex in Fragmentary Archaeological Populations: A Test of Post-Cranial Estimation Methods. M.C. STEWART, G. VERCELLOTTI. 7 Sex Determination Using the Proximal Femur: a method for Portuguese Populations. F. CURATE, C. UMBELINO, C. NOGUEIRA, A. PERINHA, E. CUNHA. 8 Are metacarpals handy indicators of sex? The applicability of metacarpal metrics in sex determination. K.A. ROBINSON, T.K. BETSINGER, J.M. ULLINGER, D.R. TARQUINIO. 9 Sexual Dimorphism of the Capitate using 3D Data. J.V. MEYER, H.J. EDGAR, S. DANESHVARI BERRY, W.F. MARQUARDT. 10 Metric Sex Estimation using the Sustentaculum Tali. C.A. BAILEY, K.A. BROEHL, A.C. DUNCAN, A.Z. MUNDORFF, R. KOSALKA. 76 11 Postcranial Sectioning Points Derived from the Terry Collection for Utility in Sex Estimation in Historical Contexts. D.D. GRAHAM, A.K. COSTELLO, K.E. BRUN. 12 Reevaluating morphological sex estimation methods for the creation of a free user database. A.R. KLALES, S.J. COLE. 13 A multi methodological approach for human identification and reconstruction of cause and manner of death in forensic anthropology. F. KANZ, H. BRANDTNER, E. MÜLLER, F. NEUHUBER, S. TANGL, E. TUTSCH-BAUER, O. ANZBÖCK, J. CEMPER-KIESSLICH. 14 Historical Bioarchaeology and DVI: Data Integration of the Mississippi State Asylum Burial Sample and Archival Records. N.P. HERRMANN, M.L. DAVENPORT, A.M. PLEMONS, G.L. HARLEY, A.D. SHAEFER, M.K. ZUCKERMAN. 15 Sorting Out the Past: An evaluation of MNI Methods. S. KUISMANEN. 16 Harlyn Bay: A Case Study in the Analysis of a Curatorially Commingled Skeletal Collection. A.M. JORDAN. 17 Constructing Demographic Profiles in Commingled Collections: A Comparison of Methods for Estimating Age at Death in a Byzantine Monastic Assemblage. R.C. MAYUS, S. GUISE SHERIDAN, C.S. LARSEN. 18 Retrospective correspondence analysis of a commingling event. J.L. CAMPBELL. 19 Joint articulation in resolving commingled human remains: Osteometric analysis of the acetabulo-femoral and tibio-femoral articular surface areas. E.W. PARKINSON, E. CRAIG-ATKINS. 20 Bacterial Succession in Bone Marrow as a Potential Tool for Estimating PMI. C.T. FAKHRI, L. SPOONIRE, N. RUBLE. 21 The Use of the Pelvic Microbiome for PMI Estimation. L. RUDIE, M. MANN, N. RUBLE. 22 The Effects of Body Composition on Human Decomposition. S.T. AMMER. 23 An application of structure from motion to document the decomposition of hacking wounds. C.D. CARLTON, S. MITCHELL. 24 Seasonal Differences in Accumulated Degree-days on the Rate of Human Decomposition. S.L. GARZA, D.J. WESCOTT. 25 Initial in situ bone decomposition after short inhumation times: New insights from experimental degradation assays. N. HOKE, A. ROTT, M. HARBECK. 26 Exploring provision of care for disabled individuals in prehistoric alabama. D.S. SIMPSON. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SATURDAY AFTERNOON SESSIONS 27 Influence of body size on sexual dimorphism. H. HORBALY. 28 Allometry, sexual dimorphism in human ossa coxae, and its relevance for understanding human torso variation. S. TORRES, D. GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ, J. EYRE, S.A. WILLIAMS, J. HAWKS, C. VANSICKLE, M. BASTIR. 29 Arsenic fed piglets: Assessing arsenic levels in decomposing pig tissue and soil samples. C.L. BROWN, R.R. PAINE. 30 A comparative study of the effects of river flow rate on decomposition. M. NEUMAN. 31 Microbiome of Bone Marrow during Human Decomposition. N. RUBLE, P. LEWIS, A. LYNNE. 32 Sexual dimorphism in absolute and relative sizes of pubis dimensions from a documented human osteological collection. B.N. THOMPSON, F.L. WILLIAMS. 33 Using Bacterial Communities From Human Femora To Determine Post Mortem Interval. S.A. BAKER, S.N. MESA, M.N. RUBLE. Conference Program 77 AUTHOR INDEX Poster presentations indicated as Session#. Poster # (i.e., “13.14 is Poster # 14 in Session 13). Podium presentations indicated as Session # [presentation time] (i.e., ‘32[4:45] is a paper starting at 4:45 pm in Session 32). A Abella, Elicia F, 50.1 Abhimanyu, Abhimanyu, 33.5 Abondano, Laura A, 53[8:30] Abu Dalou, Ahmad Yosuf, 70.26 Abudayyeh, Ghufran, 17[2:30] Achenbach, Alan, 59.11 Ackermann, Rebecca R, 26.5, 38.3, 55[10:45] Ackermann, Rebecca R. Dr, 50.7 Ackland, David C, 69.21 Acosta, Andrea N, 16.41 Acosta, Harold, 13.21 Adalian, Pascal, 40.20 Adams, Alexandra, 33.10 Adams, Donovan, 58.6 Aday, Laura C, 60.10 Aerts, Peter, 45.5 Agarwal, Sabrina C, 16.33, 35.6, 70.7 Agnew, Amanda M, 13.4, 13.13, 35.9, 40.26 Agostini, Gina, 29[11:15] Agosto, Elizabeth R, 39.2 Ahern, James C.M, 26.6 Ahmad, Habib, 70.20, 70.21 Ahmed, Tahmeed, 56.6 Ahsan, Monica H, 25.26 Aja, Adam, 13.20 Akgül, Gülfirde, 37.24, 59.29 Akins, Wiley, 7[9:30] Aktipis, Athena, 52[8:15] Al-Meeri, Ali, 5[10:30] Alachiotis, Nikos, 5[11:00] Alarcia, Vanessa C, 16.7 Alard, Bérénice, 5[12:00] Alavi, Shauhin E, 11.1, 18[6:00], 24.11 Alba, David M, 60.11, 60.23 Albee, Malorie E, 69.26 Albers, H E, 36.13 Alberts, Susan C, 42[4:00] Albessard, Lou, 67.1 Alcock, Joe, 52[8:15] Alden, Sarah D, 5[8:30], 59.1 Aldridge, Kristina, 13.19, 49.20 Alemseged, Zeresenay, 7[10:45], 21.8, 43[3:00], 50.15 Alexander, John P, 66.2 Alexander, Michelle, 8.6 Alfonso-Durruty, Marta P, 59.31 Alfsdotter, Clara, 61.23 Algee-Hewitt, Bridget F.B, 40.15, 40.22 Alioglu, Duha, 5[10:45] Alioto, Anna P, 61.9 78 Allam, Adel H, 32[10:45] Allen, Kari L, 34.1, 66.1 Allen, Kathryn Grow, 29[12:00] Almécija, Sergio, 38.14, 39.3 Altabet, Katie, 24.1 Altmann, Jeanne, 42[4:00] Alva Alva, Walter, 70.32 Alvarado, Louis C, 25.24 Alvarez, Margarita, 61.17 Amarttayakong, Pattama, 58.2 Amato, Katherine R, 18[3:00], 44[5:00], 52[8:45] Ambrose, Stanley H, 16.20 Amgaluntugs, Tsend, 61.14 Amicucci, Giordana, 27.26 Ammer, Saskia TM, 71.22 Amorim*, Carlos Eduardo G, 44[2:30] Amoroso, Caroline R, 32[11:00] Amos, Jennifer, 32[10:30] Amsler, Sylvia J, 36.8 Anders, Dominic F, 16.9, 70.41 Anderson, Derek T, 70.44 Anderson, Kermyt G, 32[8:30] Anderson, Mary-Catherine, 59.14 Anderson, Monya, 60.12, 60.14 Anderson, William G, 26.20, 60.10 Andretta, Massimo DR, 28.1 Andrews, Joshua C, 48.1 Andriandrasana, Z. Anselmo, 31[11:00] Anemone, Robert L, 60.1 Angal, Neha J, 49.8 Ang, Khai C, 33.7 Ang, Peter, 61.20 Antoine, Daniel, 16.42, 28.4 Antón, Susan C, 51.9 Anzböck, Oliver, 71.13 Apicella, Coren L, 32[9:15] Apicella, Salvatore Andrea MR, 28.1 Apodaca, Nicole K, 61.43 Appleton, Allison A, 25.23 Araújo, Juliana FM, 49.26 Arbenz-Smith, Keely, 15.6 Arce, Chelsea, 58.6 Archer, Samantha M, 41[3:45] Arenson, Julia, 14.8 Arent, Tanja, 10.9 Arganini, Claudia, 28.29 Argue, Debbie, 14.20 Arias-Martorell, Julia, 39.6 Armocida, Giuseppe, 40.21 Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio, 25.29 Arndt, Peter, 44[2:30] Aronsen, Gary P, 38.16 Arora, Manish, 28.16 Arriaza, Bernardo T, 8.4, 8.11, 8.12, 16.27 Arrighi, Simona MS, 28.1 Arsuaga, Juan Luis, 14.3, 26.4, 45.10, 46.8, 55[8:45] Arthur, Katherine O, 11.9, 24.6 Arthurs, Owen J, 51.23 Artzy, Michal, 70.41 Asangba, Abigail E, 24.3 Ashley Gosselin-Ildari, Ashley D, 6[9:00] Astorino, Claudia M, 41[4:30] Athreya, Sheela G, 41[4:15] Atkinson, Elizabeth G, 25.8, 33.10 Atwater, Amy L, 63[5:05] Auerbach, Benjamin M, 29[8:00], 29[10:45], 39.2, 59.30, 65[3:15] Austin, Anne E, 57.8 Austin, Christine, 28.16 Austin, Rita M, 25.12 Avalos, Tobias R, 60.29 Avenant, Nico, 30[8:15] Avery, L Creighton, 70.5 Avino, Thomas A, 37.19 Ayala Bas, Alejandra, 27.17 Aylward, Megan L, 25.9 B Baab, Karen L, 45.9 Baden, Andrea L, 42[2:45], 53[10:30] Bader, Alyssa C, 3.1, 41[3:15] Badescu, Iulia, 53[9:00] Bailey, Christine A, 71.10 Bailey, Jeannie F, 46.12 Bailey, Katie E, 69.12 Bailey, Shara E, 30[10:45], 50.8, 55[9:00] Bain, James, 55[9:15] Baird, Douglas, 22.7, 22.8 Baker, Brenda J, 22.17 Baker, Jennifer L, 55[8:00] Baker, Kate C, 42[3:15] Baker, Lori E, 40.18 Baker, Stephanie A, 71.33 Balassa, Tímea, 70.40 Baldi-Salas, Norberto, 37.12 Baldi, Norberto F, 37.9 Balentine, Christina M, 25.28 Ball, Steven, 51.3, 70.32 Balolia, Katharine, 51.26 balzeau, antoine, 67.1 Bankoff, Richard J, 64[2:45] Banks, Petra, 61.19 Bannar-Martin, Katherine H, 63[5:25] Barak, Meir M, 34.12 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Barale, Caitlin, 12.5 Barani, Amir, 7[11:45] Barash, Alon, 13.7, 46.7, 46.10 Barber, Sarah, 20[5:30], 70.35 Barger, Nicole, 37.19 Barrantes, Ramiro, 37.9 Barrett, Christopher E, 59.13 Barrett, Louise, 31[9:30] Barrett, Tyler M, 59.4 Barr, W. Andrew, 14.8, 14.15, 30[8:00], 50.10 Bartelink, Eric J, 43[5:45] Bartlett, Thad Q, 24.16 Barton, Nick, 67.5 Bastir, Markus, 13.7, 46.7, 71.28 Bastos, Murilo, 16.29, 61.10 Bastos, Murilo Q. R, 43[5:15] Basu Mallick, Chandana, 33.4 Battista, Vincent M, 59.28 Battistini, Andrea, 27.26 Bäuchle, Melanie, 15.21 Baumgarten, Sarah E, 71.2 Baum, Tim, 34.10 Bayham, Frank, 43[5:45] Bayle, Priscilla, 9.6, 67.2, 67.17 Bazaliiskii, Valdimir I, 51.39 Beall, Cynthia M, 17[3:30] Beard, Chris, 66.6 Beard, K. Christopher, 19[6:45], 60.3, 60.6 Beasley, Mark, 59.22 Beasley, Melanie M, 21.2 Beaty, Kristine G, 5[8:30], 37.12 Beauchesne, Patrick, 35.6 Beaudet, Amélie, 30[12:00] Beaudrot, Lydia, 31[10:30] Bechayda, Sonny Agustin, 49.23 Becker, Dana E, 40.19 Becker, Sara K, 51.37, 61.45 Beck, Jess, 28.9 Bedić, Željka, 61.33 Beehner, Jacinta C, 6[10:45], 12.5, 18[4:00], 42[4:30], 53[9:45] Been, Ella, 46.10, 46.12 Beeton, Tyler, 47.7 Begun, David R, 9.5, 60.24 Beheim, Bret, 32[10:45], 32[11:30], 64[5:30] Behie, Alison M, 24.5 Behrensmeyer, Anna K, 7[12:15] Bejdová, Šárka, 70.13 Bekvalac, Jelena J, 57.2 Belanich, Jonathan R, 16.26 Belcastro, Maria G, 69.25 Beleza, Sandra, 33.10 Bell, Adrian V, 49.22 Bellugi, Ursula, 64[2:30] AUTHOR INDEX Beltran-Burgos, Ariana, 61.17 Benady, Sam, 70.16 Benazzi, Stefano, 28.1, 55[9:00], 69.25 Bender, Samanatha, 49.5, 49.10 Benefit, Brenda R, 19[5:00], 60.19 Benitez, Arismendy, 37.8 Benitez, Lorena, 50.10 Benn-Torres, Jada, 5[8:45], 41[3:30] Bennett, Caitlin R, 51.22 Bentley-Condit, Vicki K, 2.1 Bentley, Gillian R, 56.1 Benyshek, Daniel C, 37.28, 64[5:45] Benítez, Marcela E, 42[4:30] Beresheim, Amy C, 27.27 Bergallo, Helena G, 44[3:45] Berger, Elizabeth S, 27.22 Berger, Jacqueline M, 40.44 Berger, Lee, 14.12, 30[9:30], 30[9:45], 30[11:00], 46.7 Berger, Steph, 61.15 Bergey, Christina M, 25.17, 44[3:30], 64[3:15] Bergman, Thore J, 6[10:45], 18[4:00], 42[4:30], 53[9:45] Bergstrom, Mackenzie, 24.10 Berman, Carol M, 24.15 Bermúdez de Castro, José María, 14.3, 26.4, 46.8 Bernal, Kallista H, 55[8:00] Bernard, Jean-Francois, 57.6 Bernardo, Danilo V, 29[9:00] Berner, Margit, 70.23 Bernert, Zsolt, 70.40 Bernstein, Robin M, 24.14, 37.17, 37.21, 64[5:15] Berthaume, Michael A, 15.11 Bertrand, Benoit, 9.3, 9.4 Bertrand, Dominique A, 24.15 Bethard, Jonathon D, 16.20, 28.8, 40.43 Betsinger, Tracy K, 70.11, 71.8 Betti, Lia, 45.12 Betz, Barbara J, 22.6 Bey, Michael, 34.10 Bezanson, Michelle, 2.4 Bianchi, Serena, 55[8:00] Bible, Rachael C, 55[10:30] Bienvenu, Thibaut, 29[9:45] Biernat, Maryse, 14.8, 14.15, 50.10 Bigham, Abigail W, 37.1, 49.12, 59.32, 64[4:00] Bivens, Sarah E, 71.1 Bi, Xiaohong, 35.1 Bizot, Bruno, 9.13 Blackburn, Andrea, 24.11 Black, Stephen L, 16.40 Blackwell, Aaron D, 32[10:45], 32[11:30], 64[5:30] Blanco-Pérez, Esther, 13.7 Blankenship-Sefczek, Erin C, 28.21 Blaszczyk, Maryjka B, 31[9:45] Blatt, Samantha, 28.18 Blekhman, Ran, 5[11:00], 33.12, 52[11:00] Blevins, Kelly E, 20[3:00] Bloch, Jonathan I, 19[6:00], 60.2, 60.5, 60.25, 60.28, 66.2 Blom, Deborah E, 2.9 Blomquist, Gregory E, 23.4 Bloomfield, Laura SP, 32[11:45] Boano, Rosa, 70.4 Boaretto, Elisabetta DR, 28.1 Bobe, René, 7[8:15], 7[8:30], 7[12:15] Bocaege, Emmy, 28.17 Bocquentin, Fanny, 4[8:00] Boehm, Emily E, 53[10:45] Boes, Christina, 10.9 Boeyer, Melanie E, 13.16 Bogart, Stephanie L, 24.2 Bohannan, Brendan J.M, 25.14 Bohlender, Ryan J, 5[11:15] Böhme, Madelaine, 60.24 Boldsen, Jesper L, 4[9:00], 40.33, 56.13, 56.14 Bolnick, Deborah A, 1.9, 37.7 Bolten, Catherine E, 11.12 Bolter, Debra, 38.20 Boncal, Sarah A, 70.37 Bondioli, Luca, 16.16, 20[3:45], 26.4, 28.15 Bongiovanni, Rosanne, 71.4 Bonmatí, Alejandro, 45.10 Bonneau, Noémie, 46.9 Bookman, Rebecca, 67.15 Boose, Klaree J, 36.2, 53[11:15] Boren, Seth B, 39.11 Borja, Judith B, 17[2:45] Borrini, Matteo, 70.43 Boschian, Giovanni PROF, 28.1 Boschin, Francesco DR, 28.1 Bos, Kirsten I, 17[5:00], 49.31, 61.38 Boston, P. Qasimah, 17[4:00] Bourdier, Frédéric, 5[12:00] Bouwman, Abigail S, 37.1, 37.24, 59.29 Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil, 67.5 Bowland, Lucyna A, 69.24 Bowser, Lauren, 33.1 Boyd, Derek A, 61.16 Boyer, Doug M, 19[3:00], 19[6:00], 60.2, 60.5, 60.9, 65[5:00], 66.2, 66.11, 66.13 Boyle, Eve K, 39.3 Bracamonte Levano, Edgar, 70.32 Bracci, Nicole, 37.12 Bradley, Brenda J, 25.4, 25.15, 25.16, 33.8, 36.3, 42[2:45], 48.4 Bradley, Justin, 49.18 Braga, José, 50.3 Brand, Colin M, 24.22, 36.2, 36.9, 48.11, 53[11:15] Brandtner, Herwig, 71.13 Brandão, Diana LM, 49.26 Branicki, Wojciech, 33.9 Bransford, Timothy D, 12.6, 18[6:00] Brantley, J. David, 13.6, 13.8, 13.22 Brash, Timothy R, 29[8:30] Brasil, Marianne F, 21.10 Braun, David R, 14.8, 14.15, 50.10 Breidenstein, Abagail M, 37.1 Brent, Lauren J.N, 44[4:15], 44[4:30] Breslin, Krystal, 33.9 Bressler, Anna K, 61.42 Bret, Celine, 24.15 Bria, Rebecca E, 20[5:45] Bribiescas, Richard G, 49.14 Brickley, Megan, 27.24, 43[3:30], 70.5 Briley, Karen C, 13.4 Brill, Justin A, 13.3 Brindle, Eleanor, 59.2 Brinkworth, Jessica F, 44[5:30] Broadfield, Douglas C, 53[11:00] Brock, India J, 24.22, 48.11 Brocklehurst, Robert J, 15.19 Broehl, Kristen A, 71.10 Bromage, Timothy G, 15.6, 15.9, 38.17 Brooks, Alison, 67.3 Brophy, Juliet, 26.15, 30[10:45], 30[11:00] Brown, Alice E, 58.9 Brown, Chloe, 8.6 Brown, Courtney L, 71.29 Brown, Daniel E, 49.15 Brown, Emma L, 57.3 Brown, Gabriel, 70.32 Brown, Janine L, 11.14 Brown, Katharine R, 51.6 Brown, Mary H, 45.5 Bruner, Emiliano, 26.3, 30[12:00] Brun, Karen E, 71.11 Brutsaert, Tom, 64[4:00] Bruzek, Jaroslav, 70.14 Bryer, Margaret A. H, 18[5:45] Brzezinski, Jeffrey, 70.35 Brůžek, Jaroslav, 40.23, 51.2, 61.48 Buckberry, Jo, 10.7, 57.3 Buck, Laura T, 51.8, 55[9:45] Buckley, Hallie R, 8.4, 8.12 Buikstra, Jane E, 9.12, 16.15, 17[5:00], 17[5:15], 22.13 Bui, Stephanie H, 69.9 Buka, Stephen L, 25.23 Bunkley, Emma N, 59.19 Bunn, Henry T, 50.12 Burgess, M, 38.15 Burgess, M. Loring, 19[5:30] Burghardt, Nesha S, 59.9 Burgman, Jenny H.E, 50.2 Burkart, Judith M, 31[9:00] Burke DeLeon, Valerie, 38.22 Burmaz, Josip, 51.16 Burnett, Scott E, 61.46 Burrell, Andrew S, 25.17, 44[3:30] Burrell, Carla L, 61.47 Burriss, Robert P, 32[9:15] Burrows, Anne M, 65[6:00] Bush, Mark B, 7[11:45] Bustamante, Carlos D, 25.8, 33.10 Butaric, Lauren N, 25.7, 59.21 Buzon, Michele R, 22.15 Byrnes, Jennifer F, 61.21 C Cabana, Graciela S, 5[11:45], 17[4:45] Cachel, Susan, 38.7 Caffell, Anwen, 8.6 Cahuich Campos, Diana, 49.15 Caillaud, Damien, 31[8:45] Caine, Alyson C, 22.10 Cai, Zhonghou, 9.1 Calce, Stephanie E, 10.6 Caldarini, Carla, 27.26 Callison, William É, 59.23 Cambra, Rosemary, 37.2 Cameron, Michelle E, 47.6 Campanacho, Vanessa, 10.4 Campana, Michael G, 61.38 Campbell, Christina J, 62[3:30] Campbell, Jessica L, 71.18 Campbell, Timothy L, 26.17 Campisano, Christopher J, 7[8:30], 19[3:30], 21.3, 21.4, 21.6 Campos, Cristina, 25.29 Campos, Fernando A, 6[9:45], 31[11:30] Campos, Guadalupe N, 27.20 Campos, Tamires C, 29[9:00] Cancelliere, Emma C, 11.13 Candela, Marco, 52[9:30] Candilio, Francesca, 28.29 Canfield, Victor A, 33.7 Canington, Stephanie L, 19[5:30] Cantor, Erica, 70.34 Capellini, Terence D, 29[8:15], 45.1 Carbonell, Eudald, 14.3, 26.4, 46.8 Cardenas, Gabriel A, 40.40 Cárdenas, Rodrigo A, 32[9:15] Cardoso, Hugo F.V, 8.9 Cardoso, João Luís, 16.12 Carlson, Kristian J, 7[11:00], 26.12, 50.11, 51.40, 54[10:30], 54[10:45], 65[4:00], 69.25 Carlton, Connor D, 71.23 Carmody, Rachel N, 52[9:45] Carnation, Stevie, 39.13 Carrigan, Matthew A, 62[3:45] Carstensen, Tommy, 25.8 Carter, Amanda Rae, 12.1 Carvalho Gontijo, Carolina, 37.27 Carvalho, Elizeu F, 44[3:45] Carvalho, Rodrigo S, 44[3:45] Conference Program 79 AUTHOR INDEX Carver, Charisse L, 67.15 Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac, 60.11 Casey, Kalen, 49.5, 49.10 Castaneda, Amanda M, 16.40 Castellanos, Daniel, 49.5, 49.10 Castellon-Hinkle, Natasha A, 40.19 Castells Navarro, Laura, 10.7 Castillo, Eric R, 13.17, 46.11 Catalano, Paola, 27.25, 27.26 Cataldo-Ramirez, Chelsea C, 40.27 Catlett, Kierstin K, 15.2, 15.7 Čavka, Mislav, 51.16 Cazenave, Marine, 50.3 Cemper-Kiesslich, Jan, 71.13 Cepon-Robins, Tara J, 49.13, 49.14, 59.4 Cerling, Thure, 11.8 Chabikuli, Patricia, 51.40 Chaitanya, Lakshmi, 33.9 Chaix, Raphaëlle, 5[12:00] Chamberlain, Andrew T, 10.1 Chaney, Morgan E, 44[4:00] Chaplin, George, 33.4, 33.5 Chapman, Colin A, 25.11, 25.14 Chapman, Henry, 69.17 Charles, Mona C, 27.13 Chaubey, Gyaneshwer, 33.4 Chaudhari, Abhijit J, 43[3:00] Chavanaves, Sakdapong, 7[8:00], 14.11, 14.13 Check, Avery B, 71.5 Cheng, Keith C, 33.7 Chen, Liang, 27.22 Chen, Songtao, 20[3:15] Cheronet, Olivia, 70.40 Chester, Stephen G. B, 60.3 Cheverko, Colleen, 40.11, 47.5 Cheverud, James M, 38.3, 65[2:45] Cheyney, Melissa, 3.4 Chickanis, Caius, 61.20 Chilcote, Celise, 70.7 Childebayeva, Ainash, 64[4:00] Chirchir, Habiba, 30[9:00] Chirinos, Ricardo, 61.26 Chiñas, Shayra O, 51.18 Cho, Elizabeth O, 61.54 Cho, Helen, 35.3 Choi, Hyeg Joo, 13.6, 13.8, 13.22 Chowdhury, Shahrina, 6[11:45] Chowning, Melissa, 27.10 Christie, Diana M.C, 25.14 Christie, Diana, 6[9:45] Christopher, Lauren, 31[8:15] Christy, Bonny M, 49.2 Churchill, Steven E, 45.8, 46.7 Ciambella, Michelle, 25.28 Ciesielska, Joanna A, 70.2 Cirillo, Laura E, 40.19 Claes, Peter, 32[9:15], 33.6, 59.22, 64[3:15] 80 Clancy, Kathryn BH, 32[10:30], 41[4:45] Clarkin, Patrick F, 3.6 Clark, Melissa A, 70.3 Clausing, Elizabeth S, 17[3:15], 25.23 Claxton, Alexander G, 7[11:00], 50.11 Clegg, Margaret, 51.19 Clement, Anna, 28.17 Clement, John, 35.10 Clemmons, Chaunesey M.J, 40.16 Cloutier Barbour, Christina T, 53[11:00] Clukay, Chris, 17[2:30] Clukay, Christopher J, 64[3:45] Clyde, Mahani M, 33.7 Cobb-Greetham, Amanda, 59.27 Codron, Daryl, 30[8:15] Codron, Jacqueline, 30[8:15] Coelho, Elsa MGS, 37.27 Cofran, Zachary, 50.4 Cohen, Brigette F, 50.18 Coiner-Collier, Susan, 34.4, 54[11:15], 65[5:45] Colard, Thomas, 9.3, 9.4, 9.12 Cole III, Theodore M, 26.18 Cole, Mary E, 40.9 Cole, Stephanie J, 71.12 Cole, Steven W, 17[3:00] Collard, Mark, 16.32, 50.5, 50.14, 50.20 Collier, Larissa, 27.23 Colman, Albert S, 14.6 Colman, Kerri L, 40.5 Colombo, Antony, 57.6 Colosimo, Agostina, 36.5 Comte, Florent, 26.16 Conaway, Mark A, 69.10 Condemi, Silvana, 40.20 Congdon, Kimberly A, 14.12, 65[4:45] Conley, Jennifer A, 40.30 Constantino, Paul J, 7[11:45] Cooke, Richard G, 61.32 Cooke, Siobhan B, 15.3, 34.3, 39.10 Coolidge, Frederick L, 65[3:45] Cooper, Alan, 52[11:45] Cooper, Catherine G, 59.15 Cooper, David, 35.10 Coppa, Alfredo, 28.29 Coqueugniot, Helene, 26.16, 40.8, 57.6 Corfe, Ian, 9.6 Cormier, Aviva A, 9.12 Correia, Maria Ana, 59.17 Corron, Louise K, 40.20, 40.24 Cortese, Stephen A, 24.10 Cosman, Miranda N, 29[8:30], 69.1 Costello, Amanda K, 71.11 Coster, Pauline, 19[6:45] Cote, Susanne, 19[3:45], 19[4:00], 60.13, 60.21 Coussens, Anna K, 33.5 Coutinho nogueira, Dany, 26.16 Couture-Veschambre, Christine, 55[9:30] Cowgill, Libby W, 23.2, 51.1, 51.39, 55[9:15] Cox, Laura A, 65[2:45] Craig-Atkins, Elizabeth, 71.5, 71.19 Cranfield, Michael R, 15.6, 38.14, 38.17 Cranfield, Mike R, 15.9 Crawford, Callie H, 66.2 Crawford, Michael H, 5[8:30], 37.12, 59.1, 59.13 Cray, James, 13.1 Cree, Mary Ann, 36.13 Crespo, Fabian A, 61.3, 61.39 Crevecoeur, Isabelle, 67.3, 67.9 Crews, Douglas E, 20[4:15], 36.4 Crezzini, Jacopo DR, 28.1 Crittenden, Alyssa N, 28.19, 28.25 Crivellaro, Federica, 33.4 Crivello, Fabrice, 13.11 Crofoot, Margaret C, 31[8:45], 48.3 Croissier, Michelle M, 19[2:30] Croker, Sarah L, 51.43 Cross, Chad, 37.28 Crouse, Kristin N, 36.10 Crowder, Christian M, 35.1, 35.4 Crowder, Kayla D, 27.6 Crowley, Brooke E, 18[6:00], 66.3 Crozier, Rebecca, 58.1 Cséki, Andrea, 70.40 Cucina, Andrea, 28.29 Cui, Yinqiu, 49.3 Culligan, Ryan, 42[2:45] Cummings, Daniel K, 64[5:30] Cunha, Eugénia, 71.7 Cunningham, Andreana S, 38.22 Cunningham, Elena, 48.6 Curate, Francisco, 71.7 Curran, Sabrina C, 55[8:30] Cybulski, Jerome S, 5[8:00] Czapla, Jessica, 70.17 Czekaj-Zastawny, Agnieszka, 22.12 Czupyt, Zbigniew, 16.6, 16.8 D D’Agostino, Justin, 48.8 D’amore, Giuseppe, 67.12 D’Août, Kristiaan, 45.5 Daegling, David J, 11.5, 11.7, 11.11, 15.15, 15.16, 18[5:00], 38.9 Dafoe, Ashley C, 71.3 Dagosto, Marian, 66.6 Dajani, Rana, 17[2:30] Dalton, A, 40.32 Daly, E. susanne, 15.2, 15.7 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Daly, Mark J, 33.10 Damarany, Ayman M, 40.6 Damerius, Laura, 55[8:15] Daneshvari Berry, Shamsi, 71.9 Dani, János, 70.40 Danzy Cramer, Jennifer, 2.8 Darboe, Momodou K, 37.21 Daubechies, Ingrid, 65[5:00] Daura, Joan, 55[8:45] Davenport, Emily R, 52[9:00] Davenport, Michelle L, 61.36, 70.31, 71.14 Davenport, Rebecca, 39.6 David, Eric, 71.1 David, Lambert, 5[9:15] David, Randy, 5[8:30] David, Winnie B, 64[5:45] Davies, Thomas, 51.38, 67.14 Davis, Erica, 19[5:00] Davis, Grace H, 48.3 Davis, Jasmine C.C, 64[5:15] Dağtaş, Nihan Dilşad, 22.8 de Almeida, Tatiana F, 29[9:00] De Angelis, Flavio, 27.25, 27.26 de Beer, Frikkie, 50.3 de Boer, Hans H, 40.5 de Broucker, Amélie, 9.3 de Carvalho, Camila X, 37.27 De Groote, Isabelle, 7[11:15], 27.5, 51.8, 69.23 de la Cova, Carlina M, 1.6, 27.24 de la Rasilla, Marco, 26.9 de Ruiter, Darryl J, 30[10:45] de Vries, Dorien, 66.15 de Vries, Matthew, 48.10 Deacon, Terrence W, 19[2:45], 39.12 Deane, Andrew S, 39.9 Dean, M. Christopher, 9.5, 60.23 DeBruine, Lisa M, 42[5:00], 42[5:15] DeCasien, Alex R, 25.10 Dechow, Paul C, 26.1, 51.33 Decrausaz, Sarah-Louise, 32[9:00] DeGiorgio, Michael, 64[4:30] Dehgan, Alex, 31[11:00] Deino, Alan L, 19[6:15], 60.18 DeLeon, Valerie B, 38.6, 38.13, 38.19, 40.14 DeLeon, Valerie Burke, 38.5 Delezene, lucas K, 30[10:45], 30[11:00] Delgado, Bernarda, 70.33 DeLong, Kaelin E, 18[5:30] DeLouize, Alicia M, 65[3:45] DelPrete, Hillary, 51.32 deMartelly, Victoria, 53[9:30] Dembo, Mana, 50.20 Demes, Brigitte, 45.3, 45.4 DeMiguel, Daniel, 54[9:30] Dent, Sophia C, 16.24 Deroche, Chelsea B, 13.16 DeRosa, Kate L, 49.10 AUTHOR INDEX Derosa, Kate, 49.5 Desbarats, Pascal, 57.6 DeSilva, Jeremy M, 14.12, 26.22 Deter, Chris, 16.5, 28.13, 51.24 Devlin, Maureen J, 29[8:30], 69.1 DeWitte, Sharon N, 27.8, 56.15, 61.3, 61.39, 70.11 Di Fiore, Anthony, 6[8:45], 18[2:45], 18[3:00], 53[8:30] Di Giannantonio, Stefania, 27.26 Di Rienzo, Anna, 17[3:30] Díaz, María Elena, 13.2, 59.12 DiBlasi, Phil J, 61.39 Dickinson, Alex, 51.6 Dickinson, Edwin, 15.18 Diffloth, Gérard, 5[12:00] DiGangi, Elizabeth A, 27.18, 51.5 DiGiorgio, Andrea L, 18[3:15] Dimka, Jessica, 49.19 Dinarès, Rosa, 20[2:45] Dingwall, Heather, 29[8:15], 45.1 Discamps, Emmanuel, 55[9:30] Disotell, Todd R, 25.22 Djinu, Mardianto, 11.1 Dobbe, Johannes G.G, 40.5 Dobney, Keith, 50.5, 50.14, 52[11:45] Doel, Andrew, 37.17 Doershuk, Lily J, 40.13, 54[10:30], 54[10:45] Dolinoy, Dana C, 64[4:00] Dominguez, Victoria M, 13.13, 35.9 Dominy, Nathaniel J, 62[4:00], 62[4:15], 64[2:45] Donertas, Handan M, 5[10:45] Donertas, Melike, 44[4:45] Dönertaş, Melike, 64[3:30] Donohue, Mariah, 24.8 Doolittle, Bethany, 51.11 Dooyema, Jeromy, 36.13 Doran-Sheehy, Diane M, 48.2 Dore, Kerry M, 2.10 Dori, Irene DR, 28.1 Dornburg, Alex, 66.4 Dorshorst, Tabitha, 28.24 Douglas, Michele Toomay, 28.2 Dove, Eleanor R, 27.5 Dowdeswell, Mark R, 51.40 Downey, Kathleen I, 29[8:45] Doyle, Julius A, 59.2 Doyle, L. Elizabeth, 27.12 Drammeh, Saikou, 37.17 Drapeau, Michelle S. M, 7[8:30], 35.5 Drea, Christine M, 42[3:45] Dressler, William W, 17[4:15] Driese, Steven G, 19[5:45], 19[6:15] Droke, Jessica L, 26.21 Du, Andrew, 55[8:00] Dubois, Michel, 9.3 Dubuc, Constance, 42[3:00] Dudar, Christopher, 57.1 Dudas, Madelynne M, 50.6 Dudley, Robert, 62[2:30], 62[3:30] Dudzik, Beatrix, 40.15, 58.14 Duggan, Ana T, 5[8:15], 20[3:45], 43[4:45] Dulin, Harrison, 49.10 Dumouchel, Laurence, 7[8:15], 7[8:30] Duncan, Anielle C, 71.10 Duncanson, Megan E, 61.3 Dunham, Noah T, 18[4:15] Dunn, Tyler E, 16.20, 51.28 Dunsworth, Holly M, 19[6:15], 49.12 Dupej, Ján, 16.28, 37.15, 37.16, 40.23, 51.2, 61.48, 70.13, 70.14 Durand, Diana, 39.11 Durband, Arthur C, 51.36 Duren, Dana L, 13.16 Dutailly, Bruno, 26.16, 57.6 Dutour, Olivier, 40.8, 57.6 Duytschaever, Gwen, 62[4:00] Dzubak, Alexis R, 40.11 E Eaaswarkhanth, Muthukrishnan, 33.12 Ebbesen, Peter, 49.11 Echart, Jessica, 49.5, 49.10 Eckhardt, Robert B, 7[8:00], 14.11, 14.13 Edes, Ashley N, 36.4 Edgar, Heather JH, 29[10:30], 29[11:45], 71.9 Edmonds, Hallie M, 15.13 Edwards, Emily A, 28.28 Edwards, Melissa, 33.2 Ehrlich, Daniel E, 70.28 Eick, Geeta N, 25.11 Eisenberg, Dan T.A, 64[4:15] Eisenberg, Daniel TA, 25.18 Eisenberg, Joseph N.S, 49.19 El Zaatari, Sireen, 15.9, 67.4 Elamin, Fadil, 8.7 Eliopoulos, Constantine, 27.5 Eller, Andrea R, 2.10 Eller, Ryan, 33.9 Elliott, Gail E, 8.12 Ellis, Kelsey M, 53[8:30] Ellis, Meredith AB, 70.22 Elsalanty, Mohammed, 13.1 Elton, Sarah, 69.2 Ely, John J, 25.16 Emanovsky, Paul D, 58.10 Emberling, Geoff, 37.1 Emerson, Charles W, 60.1 Emery Thompson, Melissa, 6[8:00], 6[10:30], 12.6, 18[6:00], 53[8:15], 53[11:30] Emery, Matthew V, 43[4:45] Endicott, Kirk M, 32[9:45], 37.13 Engel, Felix, 57.5 Engelhardt, Antje, 24.15, 42[2:30] Eng, Jacqueline T, 47.2 Enigk, Drew K, 6[8:00] Enny, Alyssa, 14.15 Enquobahrie, Daniel, 59.2 Erbil, F. Nur, 28.33 Erb, Wendy M, 18[6:00] Erdal, Omur Dilek, 22.8 Erdem, Babur, 44[4:45] Eriksen, Amandine B, 38.17 Erkenswick, Gideon, 36.7, 48.10 Erlandson, Jon M, 16.34 Estabrook, Virginia H, 40.39 Estalrrich, Almudena, 26.4, 26.9 Evans, Alistair, 15.2, 15.7 Evans, Brandice N, 37.29 Evans, Jane, 22.7 Evrard, Olivier, 5[12:00] Ewald, Paul W, 13.15 Eyre, Jennifer, 1.5, 7[10:30], 71.28 F Fabbri, Pier F, 61.24 Fabbri, Pier Francesco, 16.14, 27.9, 27.11, 43[3:45], 70.17 Faerman, Marina, 13.20, 70.18, 70.41 Fahy, Geraldine E, 16.5 Faillace, Katie E, 28.8, 40.44 Fakhri, Christiana T, 71.20 Falk, Dean, 20[6:15] Fan, Wenquan, 20[3:15] Faraldo, Monica, 40.40 Farber, Eleanor, 16.21 Fardi, Sara, 24.14, 37.17 Faria, Luísa B, 70.36 Farris, Zach J, 63[4:45] Farrugia, Paul, 14.9 Faruque, Abu SG, 56.6 Fashing, Peter J, 31[8:15] Fatica, Lawrence M, 38.14 Federman, Sarah, 66.4 Fedigan, Linda M, 24.10, 31[11:30] Feeley, Brian, 34.10 Feeney, Robin DR, 28.1 Fehren-Schmitz, Lars, 28.30, 37.3, 37.4 Feijó, Gilvânia, 37.27 Feldblum, Joseph T, 6[11:00] Feldman, Marcus W, 25.8, 33.10 Feldman, Michal, 49.31 Feletti, Francesco, 69.25 Felibert, Rosa S, 60.5 Felson, David T, 59.18 Fer, Evrim, 5[10:45] Fernandes, Daniel M, 51.16, 70.40 Fernandez, Aileen, 14.10 Fernandez, Jose, 59.22 Fernee, Christianne L, 51.6 Fernández, Peter J, 7[9:00], 38.2 Ferrari, Giada, 59.29 Ferreira de Almeida, Tatiana, 49.6 Ferreira, Artur, 55[8:45] Ferreira, Maria Teresa, 8.9 Ferrell, Rebecca J, 56.3 Ferrier, Catherine, 67.17 Ferry, Matthew, 48.5 Feseha, Mulugeta, 7[9:30] Feuerriegel, Elen M, 14.18 Fewtrell, Mary S, 32[9:00] Fierer, Noah, 18[2:45] Figueroa Flores, Alejandra, 16.38 Finch, Caleb E, 32[10:45] Finestone, Emma, 45.5 Finkel, Benjamin J, 11.6 Finkelstein, Israel, 70.41 Finlayson, Clive, 70.16 Fiore, Ivana, 26.4 Fiorenza, Luca, 69.25 Fiorillo, Flavia MS, 28.1 Fischer, Kael, 13.10 Fisher, Claire I, 42[5:15] Fisher, Helen E, 49.29 Fitton, Laura C, 15.18 Fitzpatrick, Courtney L, 42[4:00] Fitzpatrick, Scott M, 23.1 Fitzsimons, Aidan Z, 69.17 Flanagan, Colin, 5[11:00] Flansburg, Carroll, 25.28 Fleagle, John G, 19[3:30], 34.13, 45.11, 66.13 Fleskes, Raquel E, 5[11:45] Fling, Annika L, 65[5:45] Flinn, Mark V, 59.7 Flohr, Stefan, 61.42 Flor-Stagnato, Kathleen, 70.34 Flores, Julie, 70.44 Floyd, Bruce, 20[5:15] Foerster, Steffen, 53[10:45] Fogaça, Mariana, 15.10 Fojas, Christina L, 28.26 Foley, Robert A, 19[5:15], 59.17 Foran, Debra, 22.2 Ford, Susan M, 24.4 Formanack, Allison, 3.7 Formicola, Vincenzo, 67.13 Fornai, Cinzia, 30[9:15], 46.9 Fornelli, David, 61.20 Forss, Sofia, 55[8:15] Fortuny, Josep, 60.23 Foster, Adam D, 69.6 Foster, Jaydee, 33.11 Foster, Tiffany C, 33.7 Foucher, Pascal, 67.17 Fox, David L, 11.10, 19[5:45], 19[6:15], 55[8:30] Fox, Maria C, 69.27 Fox, Molly, 3.5 Fox, Sherry C, 13.20 Fragaszy, Dorothy M, 15.10 Conference Program 81 AUTHOR INDEX Francesca, Tassi, 59.25 Franciscus, Robert G, 30[10:30], 59.21 Franco, Carol Y, 49.29 Frankel, David C, 25.15 Frankenberg, Susan R, 56.12 Franks, Erin M, 54[12:00] Frasier, Tuesday M, 59.31 Frater, Nakita, 46.9 Frayer, David, 26.4 Freas, Laurel, 58.13 Freed, Benjamin Z, 11.9, 24.6 Freidline, Sarah E, 55[11:15] Freimer, Nelson B, 44[2:45] Freiwald, Carolyn, 43[4:30] Frelat, Melanie A, 65[4:00] Freyne, Ali, 67.5 Fricano, Ellen E. I, 38.19 Friedlaender, Jonathan S, 33.1 Friess, Martin, 40.2, 67.12 Frohlich, Bruno, 32[10:45], 61.14 Frolík, Jan, 70.14 Frost, Stephen R, 21.5, 38.8, 51.29, 60.12, 60.14, 69.25 Fruth, Barbara, 6[8:15] Fuchs, Amanda J, 24.13 Fuente García, Paula, 51.24 Fuentes, Agustin, 26.8, 36.12, 41[3:00] Fuller, Andrea, 31[9:30] Fuller, Kia C, 25.21 Fulwood, Ethan Lucas, 65[5:00] Furlong, Denise, 43[5:45] Furtwängler, Anja, 70.8 G Gaffney, Chris, 57.3 Gage, Timothy B, 56.11 Gagnon, Celeste Marie, 16.25 Gagnon, Christian M, 44[5:15] Galbarczyk, Andrzej, 32[8:45], 49.25 Galland, Manon, 40.2, 59.24, 67.12 Gallego Romero, Irene, 33.4 Gallina, József zsolt, 70.40 Gálvez, Jorge Luis, 59.12 Galvin, Kathleen, 47.7 Gamarra Rubio, Beatriz, 70.40 Gamet, Nambi J, 51.13 Gao, Tingran, 65[5:00] Gao, Xiaofang, 16.36 Garber, Paul A, 18[2:30], 44[5:00] Garcia-Donas, Julieta G, 40.31, 40.32 Garcia-Tabernero, Antonio, 26.9 Garcia, Ariel, 61.18 Garcia, Justin R, 49.29 Garcés, Miguel, 60.11 García-Martínez, Daniel, 13.7, 46.7, 71.28 García, Nelly Robles, 61.38 82 Garland, Carey J, 27.10, 68.1, 68.5 Garlie, Todd N, 13.6, 13.8, 13.22 Garofalo, Evan, 22.7, 70.47 Garrett, Eva C, 64[2:45], 66.5 Garrett, Nicole, 19[5:45], 55[8:30] Garruto, Ralph M, 49.5, 49.10 Garvie-Lok, Sandra, 43[4:00] Garvin, Heather M, 30[9:30], 30[9:45], 40.27, 40.36 Garza, Shelby L, 71.24 Gaspari, Luca, 27.25 Gasperetti, Matthew A, 51.41 Gaudart, Jean, 9.13 Gaulin, Steven JC, 37.18 Gautney, Joanna R, 30[8:30] Gay, Sara J, 32[10:30] Gebo, Dan, 66.6 Geddes, Louise, 59.4 Geissler, Elise, 11.5 Gelernter, Joel, 25.2 Geller, Pamela L, 1.7 George, Ian D, 13.19, 49.20 George, Rebecca L, 58.11 Georgiev, Alex, 64[4:15] Georgiev, Alexander V, 52[9:15] Geraads, Denis, 7[8:30] Gerstenberger, Shawn, 64[5:45] Geske, Nicole L, 40.34, 40.35 Gesselman, Amanda N, 49.29 Gettler, Lee T, 49.23 Getz, Sara M, 40.33 Ghonemia, Ahmed, 51.14 Gidmark, Nicholas J, 54[9:45] Gidna, Agnes, 50.12 Gigante, Melania, 16.16 Gignoux, Christopher R, 25.8, 33.10 Gilbert, Christopher C, 19[3:30], 24.13 Gilby, Ian C, 6[11:00], 31[9:15], 44[3:15] Gildner, Theresa E, 49.13, 49.14 Gilliland-Lloyd, Auriana I, 24.21 Gillinov, Stephen, 50.22 Gill, Pam, 9.6 Gilman, Stephen E, 25.23 Gilmour, Rebecca J, 43[3:30] Ginn, Karen A, 14.18 Girotti, Marilena, 70.4 Gladman, Justin T, 34.2, 39.10, 66.2 Glander, Kenneth E, 38.10 Glantz, Michelle, 28.33 Gleiber, Devora S, 16.40, 27.17, 61.49 Glencross, Bonnie, 22.6 Glowacka, Halszka, 15.5 Gnepa, Frederic M, 11.7 Gocha, Timothy P, 35.9, 40.18, 40.26 Gochman, Samuel R, 62[4:15] Godfrey, Laurie R, 15.2, 15.7, 63[5:10], 66.12 Godinho, Paulo, 55[8:45] Gokcumen, Omer, 5[10:45], 5[11:00], 33.12, 49.18 Goldberg, Amy, 5[11:30] Goldberg, Tony L, 25.11, 25.14 Goldstein, Deanna M, 69.3 Goldstein, Paul S, 61.45 Goldstone, Lucas G, 6[8:15] Goliath, Rene, 33.5 Go, Matthew C, 58.1, 58.3 Gomez, Andres, 18[2:30], 52[8:30] Gómez-Olivencia, Asier, 46.8, 46.10, 67.9 Gómez-Robles, Aida, 38.17, 55[11:45] Gómez-Valdés, Jorge, 58.11 Gómez, Sandra, 55[8:45] Gonciar, Andre, 16.20, 70.15, 70.34 Gonzales, Lauren A, 34.2, 66.2, 66.5 Gonzalez Fortes, Gloria M, 59.25 Gonzalez-Zarzar, Tomas, 59.22, 64[3:15] Gonzalez, Eduardo, 25.28 Gonzalez, Maria D, 48.6 Gonzalez, Silvia, 51.19, 61.47, 70.43 Gonzalez, Yahaira, 61.20 Goodman, Alan H, 28.21 Goodreau, Steve, 59.2 Goodrich, Jaclyn M, 64[4:00] Goonatilleke, Elisha, 49.25 Goots, Alexis, 27.17 Gordon, Adam D, 24.17, 48.4, 54[10:30] Gordon, Gwyneth W, 16.15 Gordon, McKenzie, 14.2 Gordon, Rosie, 42[5:00] Gosselin-Ildari, Ashley, 69.13 Götherström, Anders, 22.8 Goto, Rie, 33.4 Gotuaco, Leslie E, 24.22, 48.11 Gould, Lisa, 10.6 Gourichon, Lionel, 9.1, 9.2, 9.15 Gowen, Kyle, 49.5 Gowland, Rebecca L, 8.1, 8.6, 16.11, 70.6 Grabowski, Mark, 7[9:15], 34.9 Graham, Deborah D, 71.11 Granatosky, Michael C, 54[9:00], 54[11:00], 69.4, 69.5, 69.17 Granka, Julie M, 25.8, 33.10 Grant, Jennifer, 70.16 Gravlee, Clarence C, 17[4:00], 25.21 Gray, Andrew, 8.12 Gray, Peter B, 42[5:45], 49.29 Greaves, Russell D, 49.22, 59.11 Green, Daniel, 14.6, 28.16 Green, David J, 7[10:45], 69.7 Green, Richard E, 37.4 Greer, Sean Y, 13.19 Gregoricka, Lesley A, 22.1, 22.2 Gremba, Allison P, 40.10 Grider-Potter, Neysa, 65[4:30] 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Grieger, Ryan W, 25.28 Griffith, Darbi, 34.2 Grimaud-Hervé, Dominique, 67.1 Grimes, Vaughan, 5[8:15], 16.2 Grine, Frederick E, 15.1, 50.1, 50.13, 67.4 Grobler, J. Paul, 44[2:45], 48.1 Gromov, Andrei, 59.24 Grosse, Ian R, 15.14 Grote, Mark N, 29[9:30] Groves, Colin P, 14.18, 14.20 Groves, Taylor, 2.4 Grow, Nanda B, 69.12 Grube, Natalia T, 44[5:15] Gruca, Margaret A, 37.21 Gruenthal-Rankin, Ariel, 70.12 Grueter, Cyril C, 53[8:00] Grunstra, Nicole D.S, 19[5:15] Grupe, Gisela, 68.2, 70.41 Gruss, Laura T, 14.1 Gryder, Laura K, 37.28, 64[5:45] Gröcke, Darren R, 8.11, 25.1 Guatelli-steinberg, Debbie, 15.12, 20[5:15], 28.13, 28.21 Guenther, Catherine A, 33.10 Guerra, Jordan S, 38.2, 46.3 Guerrero-Martinez, Suzana, 37.8 Guerrini, Franca PROF, 28.1 Gueye, Mallé, 24.2 Guida, Victor, 16.29 Guido, Barbujani, 59.25 Guise Sheridan, Susan, 71.17 Guitar, Amanda E, 13.18 Gummesson, Sara, 70.10 Gunanti, Inong, 56.6 Gunasekera, Suvanthee, 44[5:30] Gunnell, Gregg F, 66.2, 66.4, 66.7, 66.13 Gunter, Sholly, 11.14 Gunter, Torsten, 5[11:30] Gunz, Philipp, 7[10:45], 55[11:15], 55[11:30] Guo, Weiyi, 49.10 Guo, X. edward, 40.42 Gurdasani, Deepti, 25.8 Gursky, Sharon, 24.18 Gurtov, Alia, 50.12 Gurven, Michael, 32[9:30], 32[10:45], 32[11:30], 37.18, 43[3:15], 64[5:30] Guthrie, Emily H, 60.12 Guthrie, Nicola K, 24.17 Gutiérrez López, José María, 70.16 Gwin, Kiela, 29[10:30] Gwyn, Madden, 57.1 AUTHOR INDEX H Haagsma, Margriet, 43[4:00] Haak, Wolfgang, 5[9:45] Haddow, Scott D, 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 22.11 Haeusler, Martin, 30[9:15], 46.9 Hafner, Albert, 70.8, 70.9 Hagan, Richard W, 37.5 Hagen, Edward H, 25.27, 32[8:00], 64[5:00] Hahn, Amanda C, 42[5:15] Hahn, Beatrice H, 6[11:00], 12.7, 52[9:15] Haile-Selassie, Yohannes, 21.9, 39.5, 60.14 Haileselassie, Sewasew, 60.15 Hajdas, Irka, 70.22 Hajdu, Tamás, 70.40 Halaki, Mark, 14.18 Halcrow, Siân E, 8.4, 8.11, 8.12, 16.27 Hale, Jennifer, 53[8:00] Halenar, Lauren B, 15.3 Hall, Erin, 61.25 Hallett, Eliza, 59.4 Halley, Andrew C, 19[2:45], 39.12 Hallgren, Fredrik, 70.10 Hallgrimsson, Benedikt, 26.5, 55[10:45] Halling, Christine L, 40.1 Hall, Kate MW, 61.30 Halloran, Andrew R, 11.12 Hamada, Yuzuru, 51.8 Hamadmad, Deema, 17[2:30] Ham, Allison C, 70.32 Hamerow, Helena, 16.21 Hamilton, Marc T, 59.6 Hamilton, Marian I, 31[12:00] Hamilton, Michelle D, 16.40, 27.14, 27.19 Hammerl, Emily E, 51.5 Hammond, Ashley S, 14.8, 14.15, 45.9, 45.11, 50.10 Han, Chengyang, 42[5:15] Han, Cliff, 52[8:15] Hannigan, Ashley A, 1.3 Hanson Sobraske, Katherine N, 37.18 Hanson, Ian, 43[4:15] Hanson, Kari L, 64[2:30] Han, Tao, 26.1 Harbeck, Michaela, 71.25 Harcourt-Smith, Will, 38.11 Harcourt-Smith, William E.H, 14.10, 14.12, 19[6:15], 26.22, 45.5, 50.6 Hardin, Anna M, 25.13 Harkins, Kelly M, 37.3, 37.4 Harley, Grant L, 71.14 Harper, Christine M, 30[9:00] Harrington, Arianna R, 19[3:00], 60.28 Harrington, Christopher J, 49.13, 49.14 Harrington, Emily, 51.14 Harrington, Lesley, 51.34, 51.39 Harrington, Victoria, 40.37 Harris, Alison, 5[8:15] Harris, Jacob A, 59.6 Harrison, Jessica L, 37.11 Harrison, Terry, 21.7, 60.27 Harrod, Ryan P, 1.3, 40.7 Hartstone-Rose, Adam, 40.38, 54[8:45], 65[6:00] Hassani, Morgan, 9.15 Hatala, Kevin G, 14.2, 14.16, 55[8:00], 63[5:15] Hauther, Kathleen A, 51.21 Havelková, Petra, 70.14 Hawkins, Melissa T.R, 42[2:45] Hawks, John, 30[9:30], 30[9:45], 30[11:00], 30[11:15], 46.7, 49.30, 71.28 Hawley, John, 33.7 Hayashi, Atsuko, 58.10 Hayes, M. Geoffrey, 33.12, 64[4:15] Hazel, Ashley, 32[11:45], 32[12:00], 59.14 Headley, Dustin, 59.31 Heard-Booth, Amber N, 69.28 Hefner, Joseph, 57.1 Heistermann, Michael, 24.15 He, Kai, 60.27 Heldstab, Sandra A, 31[9:00] Helgen, Kristofer M, 14.14 Hemingway, Holden W, 69.15 Hemphill, Brian E, 70.20, 70.21 Hendershott, Rebecca L, 24.5 Henn, Brenna M, 25.8, 33.3, 33.10 Henneberg, Maciej, 14.11, 14.13, 28.34 Henneberg, Renata J, 28.34 Henzi, Peter, 31[9:30] Herbig, Alexander, 17[5:00], 49.31, 61.38 Herfat, Safa, 34.10 Hermsen, Ken P, 9.11 Hernandez-Salazar, Laura, 62[3:15] Hernandez, Diego A, 33.6 Hernandez, Mauricio, 16.30 Herndon, Brianna E, 51.37, 61.45 Herrera-PAz, Edwin-Francisco, 37.12 Herrera, Brianne, 29[8:45], 37.6 Herrera, James P, 6[9:15], 19[6:30], 66.8 Herrerín, Jesús, 20[2:45] Herring, Ann, 20[3:45] Herrmann, Nicholas P, 16.26, 61.36, 70.31, 71.14 Hetem, Robyn S, 31[9:30] Heuzé, Yann, 13.11 Heyer, Évelyne, 49.27 Hickmott, Alexana J, 31[8:00], 36.2, 36.8, 53[11:15] Higham, James P, 42[3:00] Hildebolt, Charles, 20[6:15] Hiles, Shannon, 14.16 Hill, Alexander K, 32[9:15] Hiller, Michael, 29[8:15] Hill, Ethan C, 51.36, 67.8 Hillson, Simon, 9.7, 26.14, 28.4, 28.17, 51.44 Hinde, Katie, 11.13, 41[2:45], 49.25 Hiratsuka, Vanessa, 59.27 Hirsch, Ben, 31[8:45] Hirst, Cara S, 28.27 Hlazo, Nomawethu Ms, 50.7 Hlusko, Leslea J, 15.8, 21.10, 70.42 Hoal, Eileen G, 25.8, 33.10 Hockings, Kimberley J, 62[4:30] Hodges-Simeon, Carolyn R, 37.18 Hodgson, Jason A, 49.7 Hodson, Claire M, 8.1 Hoff, Aliya R, 4[8:30] Hoffman, Jakobus W, 50.3 Hoffmann, Dirk L., 55[8:45] Hoffmannova, Eva, 37.15, 37.16 Hofman, Corinne, 37.25 Hofman, Courtney, 37.5 Hohmann, Gottfried, 6[8:15] Hoke, Nadja, 71.25 Holder, Sammantha, 68.1 Holland Jones, James, 32[12:00] Holland, Andrew D, 57.3 Holland, Thomas D, 58.10 Holliday, Trenton, 30[8:30], 55[9:30] Hollister, Brittany M, 1.4 Holloway, Ralph L, 26.11, 30[9:30], 30[9:45] Holman, Darryl J, 56.2, 56.3 Holmes, Edward C, 20[3:45] Holmes, Megan A, 15.17 Holmes, Sheila M, 24.17 Holmstrom, Jane, 16.18 Holowka, Nicholas B, 43[2:45] Holroyd, Patricia A, 60.2 Holst, Malin, 8.6 Holt, Brigitte, 29[11:15] Holton, Nathan E, 51.10, 51.11 Honap, Tanvi, 17[5:00], 44[5:45] Hoogland, Menno L.P, 68.3, 70.7 Hooper, Paul L, 59.10 Hopkins, William D, 25.15, 25.16, 48.9 Hora, Martin, 13.17 Horan, Holly, 3.4 Horbaly, Haley, 71.27 Hores, Rose M, 24.4 Horton Lew, Caroline F, 64[2:30] Horvath, Julie, 44[4:15], 44[4:30] Hosek, Lauren, 61.2 Housman, Genevieve, 64[4:45] Howcroft, Rachel, 51.16 Howells, Michaela E, 42[5:30], 48.1 Howie, R. Nicole, 13.1 Hrycaj, Steven M, 45.2 Hsiao, Chu, 49.4 Huang, Yu, 44[2:45] Hubbard, Amelia R, 70.39 Hubbard, Elliot, 28.33 Hubbe, Mark, 4[11:00], 16.31, 29[8:45], 37.6, 47.5, 61.12 Hublin, Jean-Jacques, 55[9:00], 55[11:15], 55[11:30], 67.4 Hudson, Savannah B, 70.44 Hughes-Morey, Gail M, 4[10:30] Hughes, Cris E, 40.15 Hughes, David A, 64[3:45] Huguet, Rosa, 26.9 Hu, Haiyang, 44[4:45] Huicochea Gomez, Laura, 49.15 Huley, Hilarie, 70.32 Hu, Liangyuan, 26.18 Humphrey, Louise, 20[5:00], 67.5, 69.23 Humphreys, Robyn A, 26.5 Hunt, David, 71.3 Hunter, Carla D, 32[10:30] Hunter, Randee L, 13.4 Hurd, Kayla J, 13.14 Hurst, Shawn, 30[9:30], 30[9:45] Huson, Daniel, 61.38 Hutchinson, Dale, 16.24, 61.15 Hu, Yizhong, 40.42 Hübner, Alexander, 52[10:45] Huysecom, Eric, 70.22 I Ibrová, Alexandra, 16.28 Ibáñez-Gimeno, Pere, 51.38 Ikehara-Quebral, Rona M, 28.2 Iliescu, Florin Mircea, 33.4 Ioannou, Stella, 28.34 Iriarte-Diaz, Jose, 54[11:00] Irish, Joel D, 7[11:15], 22.12, 27.5, 30[11:00], 61.47, 70.43 Irwin, Mitchell T, 42[2:45] Isabirye, Dan, 49.9 Isler, Karin, 31[9:00] Issa, Habon A, 48.9 Ito, Tsuyoshi, 60.16 Ives, Rachel, 20[5:00], 27.24 J Jabbour, Rebecca S, 40.19, 61.43 Jablonski, Nina G, 33.4, 33.5, 33.11, 33.12 Jack, Katharine M, 12.3, 24.10, 31[11:30] Jacobs, Guy, 33.4 Jacobs, Rachel L, 25.15, 42[2:45] Jaeger, Amber C, 60.17 Conference Program 83 AUTHOR INDEX Jaeggi, Adrian V, 6[8:15], 49.28 Jagoda, Evelyn, 45.1 Jakobsson, Mattias, 5[11:30], 22.8, 49.11 Jakob, Tina, 22.16, 27.1 James, Coco, 70.34 James, Gary D, 49.16 Janal, Malvin, 48.6 Janiak, Mareike C, 44[4:00] Janković, Ivor, 26.6 Jansma, Rutger JW, 19[3:45], 19[4:00] Jarman, Catrine L, 37.3 Jashashvili, Tea, 51.40, 54[10:30], 54[10:45], 65[4:00] Jasienska, Grazyna, 32[8:45], 49.25 Jasienski, Michal, 32[8:45] Jasinska, Anna, 44[2:45] Jaskowiec, Thomas, 59.7 Jastremski, Nicole, 16.3 Jatmiko,, 14.14 Jenkins, Kirsten, 19[6:15] Jennings, Julia A, 56.9 Jepsen, Karl, 69.1 Jin, Ruibing, 53[8:00] Joganic, Jessica L, 65[2:45] Johnson, Caley A, 18[3:45] Johnson, Kent M, 29[11:00] Johnson, Laura E, 69.20 Johnson, Megan, 61.18 Johnson, Norma M, 1.3 Johnson, Steig E, 24.17, 25.9 Johns, Sarah E, 13.9 Johnston, Rob’yn A, 51.1 Jolly, Sarah A, 61.27 Jones, Amanda C, 27.1 Jones, Benedict C, 42[5:00], 42[5:15] Jones, Erica, 57.1 Jones, James H, 32[11:45] Jones, James Holland, 25.6 Jones, Meaghan, 17[2:45], 64[4:15] Jordan, Alexis M, 71.16 Jordan, Heather R, 16.26 Jorgensen, Kelsey C, 61.7 Jørkov, Marie Louise S, 25.1 Joyce, Arthur, 20[5:30], 28.12, 70.35 Juarez, Chelsey A, 61.31 Judd, Margaret A, 13.1, 22.2 Judge, Debra S, 53[8:00] Jud, Nathan A, 60.28 Jungers, William L, 7[9:00], 7[9:15], 14.20, 45.9, 60.4 Jung, Hyunwoo, 51.30 Junno, Juho-Antti, 19[5:30] Jurmain, Robert D, 59.18 Jurriaans, Erik, 43[3:30] Justice, Lauryn, 70.24 Justus, Hedy M, 51.5 84 K Kaal, Joeri, 61.40 Kabaciński, Jacek, 22.12 Kaczmarek, Elska, 69.3 Kaestle, Frederika A, 37.11 Kaiser, Jessica E, 40.6 Kaiser, Thomas M, 15.19, 54[11:45] Kaisoe, Margaret, 50.12 Kakaliouras, Ann M, 1.1 Kalisher, Rachel E, 13.20, 28.6 Kamenov, George, 43[4:15] Kamenya, Shadrack M, 12.7 Kamilar, Jason M, 24.13, 33.8, 36.3, 38.1, 42[2:45], 48.4 Kandrik, Michal, 42[5:15] Kane, Erin E, 11.3, 11.7, 11.11, 18[5:00] Kanharat, Nongnuch, 58.8 Kanz, Fabian, 71.13 Kaplan, Hillard, 32[9:30], 32[10:45], 32[11:30], 43[3:15], 64[5:30] Kappeler, Peter M, 42[2:45] Kappelman, John, 7[9:30], 19[6:45] Kapp, Joshua D, 37.4 Karabowicz, Amy N, 28.3 Karban, Miranda E, 26.7 Karsten, Jordan, 28.24 Karstens, Sarah K, 61.14 Kasper, Margaret, 14.2 Katz, David C, 29[9:30], 38.3 Katzenberg, Anne M, 53[9:00], 63[4:50] Katzenberg, M. Anne, 16.20, 16.37 Kauffman, Laurie, 2.2 Kaupova, Sylva, 16.35, 70.14 Kay, Richard F, 34.2, 66.9 Kayser, Manfred, 25.2, 33.9 Kays, Roland, 31[8:45] Kazmi, Adam C. S, 70.46 Keenleyside, Anne, 16.22 Kelley, Jane H, 16.37 Kelley, Jay, 60.30 Kellner, Corina M, 16.38 Kelly, Joseph P, 7[10:45] Kelmelis, Kirsten S, 61.34 Kemp, Addison D, 46.1, 60.6, 69.28 Kendell, Ashley E, 40.34, 40.35 Kennedy, Jennifer G.L, 22.9 Kenyon, Brittany A, 71.2 Kerby, Jeffrey T, 31[8:15] Kertes, Darlene A, 64[3:00], 64[3:45] Kesterke, Matthew J, 13.1, 26.1 Ketcham, Richard A, 7[9:30] Ketchum, Marisa T, 40.28 Ketchum, Scott, 59.27 Khaitovich, Philipp, 44[4:45] khatibi Jafari, farnaz, 16.43 Kibii, Job M, 26.12, 50.18 Kierdorf, Horst, 61.42 Kierdorf, Uwe, 61.42 Kılınç, Gülşah M, 64[3:30] Kılınç, Gülşah Merve, 22.8 Killgrove, Kristina, 16.18, 16.41 Killindo, Said, 50.12 Killoran, Peter E, 61.50 Kimball, David W, 37.28, 64[5:45] Kimbel, William H, 7[12:00], 21.8 Kimel, Heather M, 31[8:00] Kim, Jieun, 40.22, 58.7 Kimmerle, Erin H, 40.43 Kimock, Clare M, 39.4, 60.27 Kincaid, Meaghan A, 1.3 King-Bailey, Gillian, 12.3, 24.10 King, Charlotte L, 8.11 Kingsley, David M, 33.10 King, Stephen, 15.7 Kingston, Amanda K, 69.19 Kingston, John, 11.4 Kirchhoff, Claire A, 38.18 Kirk, E. C, 63[5:05], 66.5 Kirk, E. Christopher, 6[9:00], 46.3, 60.6, 60.8 Kirkpatrick, Casey L, 28.7 Kirstin, Henneberger, 59.25 Kirwen, Alison, 36.1 Kissel, Marc, 26.8 Kistler, Logan, 66.12 Kitchell, Lindsey M, 26.2 Kitchen, Dawn M, 53[8:45] Kittoe, Amanda G, 49.27 Kivai, Stanislaus M, 48.7 Kivell, Tracy L, 14.2, 26.9, 39.6 Kivisild, Toomas, 33.4 Kiyamu, Melisa, 64[4:00] Kjellström, Anna, 61.23 Kjellstr�m, Anna S.E, 70.10 Klales, Alexandra R, 71.12 Klaus, Haagen D, 4[9:30], 8.2, 27.16, 51.3, 70.32, 70.33 Klautau-Guimarães, Maria de Nazaré, 37.27 Klebeck, Darci J, 70.25 Klegarth, Amy R, 25.18 Klein, Laura D, 49.25 Klimek, Magdalena, 32[8:45] Kline, Stefanie, 43[5:45] Kling, Katherine J, 31[11:00] Klingner, Susan, 70.1 Kljajic Lukacevic, Marijana, 27.3 Klocke, Ross, 25.7 Klukkert, Zachary S, 39.14 Klunk, Jennifer, 20[3:45] Knapp, Leslie A, 13.10, 42[3:30] Knigge, Ryan P, 34.5, 38.4, 60.17, 69.8 Knott, Cheryl D, 6[12:00], 12.2, 18[3:15], 18[5:30], 24.11 Knudson, Kelly J, 16.15, 47.4 Knüsel, Christopher J, 22.6, 22.7, 22.8, 67.10 Kobor, Michael S, 17[2:45], 64[4:15] 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Koch, Elizabeth F, 43[2:45] Koel-Abt, Katrin, 9.8, 9.10 Koenig, Charles W, 16.40 Kohrt, Brandon A, 17[3:00] Kolobova, Ksenya, 26.13 Kolpan, Katharine E, 43[4:15] Kolska Horwitz, Liora, 70.41 Komšo, Darko, 26.6 Konecna, Martina, 59.3 Konigsberg, Lyle W, 56.12 Konskier, Mônica, 70.27 Koperkiewicz, Arkadiusz, 70.12 Koppe, Thomas, 55[9:45] Koptekin, Dilek, 22.8, 64[3:30] Kosalka, Renee, 71.10 Kotlinska, Anna, 49.25 Kotloff, Karen, 56.6 Kotěrová, Anežka, 40.23 Koudelová, Jana, 37.15, 37.16 Kővári, Ivett, 70.40 Kovarovic, Kris, 69.2 Kowal, Paul, 59.4 Kozitzky, Emma A, 50.8 Kozlowski, Tomasz, 68.1 Kozma, Elaine E, 45.5 Kraft, Thomas S, 32[9:45], 37.13 Krajewska, Magdalena, 68.1 Krajmalnik-Brown, Rosa, 52[8:15] Kramer, Karen L, 49.22, 59.3, 59.11 Kramer, Patricia A, 46.12, 51.27 Kranioti, E F, 40.32 Kranioti, Elena F, 40.31, 61.7 Krause, Johannes, 5[9:45], 17[5:00], 49.31, 61.38, 70.8 Krecioch, Joseph R, 7[10:45] Krenn, Viktoria A, 55[11:00] Kretzinger, Julia AM, 16.9, 70.41 Krigbaum, John, 16.3, 43[4:15] Krishnamurthy, Anjana, 39.12 Krishnan, Sridevi, 64[5:15] Kristen, Pearlstein, 61.14 Krithika, S, 33.2 Krueger, Kristin L, 67.18 Krupenye, Christopher, 6[11:00] Krzemińska, Ewa, 16.6, 16.8 Kubehl, Kayla, 28.24 Kubzansky, Laura D, 25.23 Kuch, Melanie, 20[3:45] Kufeldt, Chrisandra, 19[3:15] Kuismanen, Sonia, 71.15 Kula, Katherine, 51.14 Kullmer, Ottmar, 26.4 Kuman, Kathleen, 50.19 Kunst, Michael, 16.12 Kuo, Sharon, 54[9:45], 60.26 Kupczik, Kornelius, 7[9:45], 15.11, 15.18, 18[5:15], 18[6:15] Kuperavage, Adam J, 7[8:00], 14.11 Kurki, Helen K, 10.6, 51.34 Kuteesa, Monica, 59.4 AUTHOR INDEX Kuzawa, Christopher W, 17[2:45], 64[4:15] Kuzminsky, Susan C, 16.34 Kyle, Britney, 16.7, 16.14, 27.9, 27.10, 27.11, 43[3:45], 61.24, 70.17, 70.46 L L’Engle Williams, Frank, 26.15, 26.21 Lackey, Kimberly A, 64[5:00] Lacoste Jeanson, Alizé, 51.2, 61.48 Lacrampe-Cuyaubère, François, 55[9:30] Lacy, Sarah A, 67.6 Lad, Susan E, 18[5:00], 38.9 Lady, Prima, 24.11 Laffey, Ann O, 16.25 Lafosse, Sophie, 5[12:00] Lagan, Emma M, 28.31 Lague, Michael R, 50.9 Lahaye, Christelle, 55[9:30] Laird, Myra F, 54[11:30] Lamb, Alicia R, 36.11 Lambert, Joanna E, 18[2:45] Lambert, Patricia M, 4[11:30] Lamont, Richard J, 13.15 Lane, Kevin, 70.16 Langebaek, Carl H, 16.33 Langergraber, Kevin E, 6[11:15], 53[11:45] Langowski, Natalie, 70.19 Lanteri, Laëtitia, 9.13 Lappan, Susan, 24.16 Larsen, Clark S, 22.7, 37.7, 70.47, 71.17 Larsen, Clark Spencer, 22.8 Larson, Sam M, 44[4:30] Larson, Susan G, 34.7 Laserna, Alejandro, 6[9:15] Lasisi, Tina, 33.5 Laska, Matthias, 62[3:15] László, Orsolya, 70.40 Lauermann, Ernst, 70.23 Laurent, Romain, 5[12:00] Lautzenheiser, Steven G, 51.27 Lavingia, Richa, 66.1 Lawler, Richard, 42[2:45], 63[5:10] Lawn, Brian R, 7[11:45] Lawrence, Julie, 39.1 Lawson, Sierra, 13.21 Layne Colon, Donna, 53[9:30] Lazagabaster, Ignacio A, 21.4, 21.6, 65[5:15] Le Cabec, Adeline, 9.5, 9.7 Le Gueut, Erwan, 55[9:30] Le Luyer, Mona, 67.2, 67.7 Lebrilla, Carlito B, 49.25, 64[5:15] Lee-Thorp, Julia, 16.21 Lee, Amanda B, 58.1, 58.3, 69.3 Lee, Christine, 61.17, 61.18, 61.20 Lee, Danielle N, 41[4:45] Lee, Katharine M.N, 32[10:30] Lee, Michael, 14.20 Lee, Sierra M. H, 61.43 Lee, Yung-Jo, 60.16 LeGarde, Carrie B, 71.4 Legras, Jean-Luc, 62[4:45] Lehmann, Thomas, 19[4:00], 19[5:45], 19[6:15] Lehman, Shawn M, 31[11:15] Leichliter, Jennifer N, 11.8, 30[8:15] Leigh, Steven R, 24.3 Lei, Runhua, 42[2:45] Leischner, Carissa L, 54[8:45] Lele, Subhash R, 26.18 Lemelin, Pierre, 69.4, 69.17 Leon Valerde, Fabiola, 64[4:00] Lesciotto, Kate M, 40.13 Lesnik, Julie J, 63[4:55] Lessa, Andrea, 27.20, 43[5:15], 70.27 Leventhal, Alan, 37.2 Levine, Myron, 56.6 Levy, Justin, 40.38 Lewis Jr., Cecil, 25.12, 52[10:30] Lewis, Alycia E.A, 48.1 Lewis, Cecil M, 59.27 Lewis, Jason, 7[8:45], 50.16 Lewis, Mary E, 8.7 Lewis, Patrick, 26.17, 40.38, 61.1, 71.31 Lewis, Rebecca J, 6[9:00] Lewis, Zachery T, 64[5:15] Lewton, Kristi L, 45.7, 60.22 Liang, Ningning, 16.36 Licata, Marta, 40.21 Licht, Alexis, 19[6:45] Lieberman, Daniel E, 34.12, 43[2:45], 46.11, 50.22, 59.18, 59.23 Liebert, Melissa A, 49.13, 49.14 Lieverse, Angela, 61.5 Light, Lydia E. O, 24.12 Li, Hongjie, 25.5 Li, Jingshu, 50.12 Lill, Caroline E, 40.31 Li, Mian, 49.5, 49.10 Linde, Jörg, 44[5:30] Lin, Derrick, 60.7 Lindo, John, 64[4:30] Lindshield, Stacy M, 24.2 Link, Andres, 6[8:45], 18[3:00], 34.3 Lin, Meng, 25.8, 33.3, 33.10 Lin, Yen-Lung, 33.12 Lischer, Heidi E.L, 59.29 Listi, Ginesse A, 70.29 Little, Anthony C, 32[9:15] Littleton, Judith, 16.39, 61.14 Liu, Fan, 33.9 Liu, Xiaomin, 33.10 Liversidge, Helen M, 28.11 Li, Yingying, 6[11:00] Llagostera, Vivivana, 61.12 Llera, Catherine, 50.10 Lloyd, Hallie M. S, 38.18 Locke, Ellis M, 21.4, 60.18 Loe, Louise, 16.21 Loiola, Silvia, 44[3:45] Lois Zlolniski, Stephanie, 13.7 Long, Jeffrey C, 5[9:00] Long, Kurt Z, 56.6 Longman, Daniel, 42[4:45] Longstaffe, Fred J, 68.2, 68.6 Lonoce, Norma, 27.9, 61.24 Lonsdorf, Elizabeth V, 52[9:15] López, José CJ, 51.19 Lopez Barrales, Rocio, 61.12 López-Costas, Olalla, 61.40 López-Torres, Sergi, 60.7 Lösch, Sandra, 16.4, 70.8, 70.9 Loucks, Eric B, 25.23 Loudon, James E, 31[8:00], 48.1 Louis, Jr., Edward E, 24.17, 24.19, 25.9, 25.15, 42[2:45] Louys, Julien, 19[4:15] Lovejoy, C. Owen, 45.2, 69.11 Lowassa, Andrew, 50.12 Lowe, Adriana, 53[12:00] Lowe, Leah, 27.23 Lowman, Shannon A, 27.21 Lozano, Marina, 14.3, 26.4 Lu, Amy, 18[4:00], 53[9:45] Lucero, Brittany M, 23.3 Lukens, William E, 60.18, 60.20 Lum, J. Koji, 49.10 Lum, Koji, 49.5 Lundeen, Ingrid K, 60.8 Lund, Justin, 25.28, 59.27 Lunsford, Janae, 68.1 Lupo, Karen, 59.15 Lutz, James, 60.20 Lycett, Stephen J, 37.14 Ly, Goki, 5[12:00] Lyke, Martha M, 18[2:45] Lynn, Christopher D, 13.21, 42[5:30] Lynne, Aaron, 71.31 Lynnerup, Niels, 16.23 Lysa, Olha, 40.4 M Maas, Roland, 70.19 Mabulla, Audax, 50.12 Macchiarelli, Roberto, 50.3, 60.23 MacDowell, Kenton H, 53[11:00] MacFie, Tammie S, 42[2:45] Machado Mendoza, Dodany, 16.30 Machanda, Zarin P, 6[8:00], 6[10:30], 53[8:15], 53[11:30] Machicek, Michelle, 47.2 Machnicki, Allison L, 45.2 Macho, Gabriele A, 7[9:45] Macias, Marisa E, 34.9 Macintosh, Alison A, 37.20, 51.41 Macisaac, Julia L, 17[2:45] MacKinnon, Amy, 43[5:45] MacLatchy, Laura, 11.4, 60.13, 69.1 Madden, Anne A, 18[2:45] Maddux, Scott D, 59.21 Madelaine, Stéphane, 55[9:30] Madimenos, Felicia C, 49.13, 49.14 Madlon-Kay, Seth, 44[4:15] Madrigal, Lorena, 25.28 Maeir, Aren, 70.41 Magennis, Ann, 28.33 Maggiano, Corey, 35.10, 68.6 Maggiano, Isabel, 35.10 Magori, Cassian, 50.12 Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk, 58.5, 58.9, 58.13 Mahaney, Michael C, 65[2:45] Maher, Lisa, 67.14 Mahoney, Patrick, 16.5, 28.13, 28.14, 51.24 Maijanen, Heli, 59.18 Maiolino, Stephanie A, 38.21, 60.2 Malarchik, Diana, 58.6 Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, 5[9:15] Maldonado Suarez, Ivan, 32[11:30] Maldonado, Juan, 52[8:15] Malhi, Ripan S, 1.9, 3.1, 5[8:00], 25.5, 37.26, 41[3:15], 44[5:00], 64[4:30] Malit, Nasser, 19[3:45] Mallard, Angela M, 29[10:45] Mallott, Elizabeth K, 44[5:00] Malone, Maire, 11.4 Maloney, Shane K, 31[9:30] Malukiewicz, Joanna, 44[3:45] Manabe, Jiro, 58.12 Manchester, Keith, 57.3 Mancuso, Giuseppe MR, 28.1 Manica, Andrea, 45.12 Mann, Allison E, 37.25 Mann, Hayley, 49.5, 49.10 Manni, Franz, 49.27 Mannino, Marcello A, 16.42 Mann, Meredith, 71.21 Manthi, Fredrick K, 60.17 Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo, 50.2 Mant, Madeleine L, 27.24 Man, Xingyu, 16.36 Maran, Joseph, 70.41 Marawanaru, Elisha, 31[11:45] Marchal, François, 40.20 Marchant, Linda F, 36.9, 48.5 Marchi, Damiano, 30[9:00], 54[8:45] Marcil, Claire, 15.10 Marciniak, Stephanie, 5[8:15], 20[3:45] Marcé-Nogué, Jordi, 15.19, 54[9:30], 54[11:45] Marest, Rafael, 31[8:45] Margherita, Cristiana MS, 28.1 Conference Program 85 AUTHOR INDEX Margulis, Susan W, 24.15 Marin-Reyes, Luis, 52[10:30] Markin, Sergey V, 26.13 Marklein, Kathryn E, 13.20, 20[4:15], 70.38 Marks, Murray K, 28.8 Marks, Tarah N, 59.21 Marmor, Meir, 34.10 Maro, Eliwasa, 50.12 Marquardt, William F, 71.9 Marques, Carina, 20[3:30] Márquez, Lourdes, 51.18 Marshall, Andrew J, 11.6, 31[10:30] Marshall, Ingeborg, 5[8:15] Marsh, Hannah E, 16.17, 49.17 Martelli, Sandra, 13.7 Martell, Molly C, 38.6 Martin Villa, Manuel, 25.29 Martin, Alicia R, 25.8, 33.3, 33.10 Martinez, Valentina, 16.3 Martin, Mario, 70.18 Martin, Melanie A, 59.5 Martin, Robert D, 23.7, 25.5 Martínez Cortizas, Antonio, 61.40 Martínez-Labarga, Cristina, 27.26 Masao, Fidelis, 50.12 Mason, Veronica N, 38.7 Massengill, Eric D, 59.16 Massey, Jason S, 38.12, 38.17 Master, Daniel, 13.20 Masters, Judith C, 25.20 Matamoros, Mireya, 37.12 Mathena-Allen, Sarah A, 70.45 Matos, Vitor MJ, 20[3:30] Matsuzawa, Tetsuro, 62[4:30] Matteucci, Chiara DR, 28.1 Matthews, Laura C, 44[3:00] Mattison, Siobhan M, 59.16 Mattox, Sissi J, 7[9:30] Maureille, Bruno A. M, 55[9:30] Mauricio, João, 55[8:45] Mavroudas, Sophia R, 10.2, 16.40 Mayall, Peter R, 51.15 Mayer, Felix, 10.9 Mayes, Arion T, 20[5:30], 28.12, 70.35 Mayor, Anne, 70.22 Mayor, Mireya, 42[2:45] Mays, Simon, 8.10 Mayus, Rebecca C, 71.17 Mbabazi, Pelegrino, 59.4 Mbua, Emma N, 60.17 McAbee, Kevin R, 34.4, 54[12:00], 65[5:45] McCabe, Collin M, 32[11:15] McCarty, Christopher, 17[4:00], 25.21 McClain, Brittany S, 27.14 McCollum, Mark S, 19[6:15] McCrossin, Monte L, 19[5:00], 60.19 Mcdade, Thomas W, 17[2:45] 86 McDade, Thomas, 64[4:15] McDaneld, Chloe P, 40.18 McDaniel, Michael A, 32[9:15] McDonald, Monica M, 24.9 McElroy, Eric, 54[11:00], 69.4 McFarland, Richard, 31[9:30] McFarlin, Shannon C, 15.6, 15.9, 38.14, 38.15, 38.17, 69.7 McGechie, Faye, 60.26 McGlynn, George, 68.2 McGovern, Candace, 49.1 McGrath, Kate, 15.9, 38.17 McGraw, W. Scott, 11.3, 11.5, 11.7, 11.11, 15.15, 15.16, 18[5:00], 38.9 McGrosky, Amanda, 38.1 McGuire, Mark A, 64[5:00] McGuire, Michelle K, 64[5:00] McGuire, Sara A, 16.31 McKee, Jeffrey, 50.17 McKeown, Ashley H, 51.21 McKerracher, Luseadra J, 16.32 McKillop, Heather, 40.37 McLean, Shay Akil, 41[4:00] McNulty, Kieran P, 19[3:45], 19[4:00], 19[5:45], 19[6:15], 34.5, 38.12, 60.17, 69.8 McNutt, Ellison J, 50.11 McPherson, Rachel, 14.7 McRae, Ryan T, 38.16 Md-Zain, Badrul M, 33.7 Meador, Lindsey M, 36.8 Meckel, Lauren A, 9.9, 16.40, 27.17 Meehan, Courtney L, 64[5:00] Meek, Susan, 58.5 Meiri, Meirav, 70.41 Meisenberg, Gerhard, 33.7 Melin, Amanda D, 52[11:15], 62[4:00], 64[2:45] Mellet, Emmanuel, 13.11 Mencia-Ripley, Aida, 37.8 Mendes-Junior, Celso T, 37.27 Mendoza, Marcela, 17[4:45] Mennecier, Phillipe, 49.27 Menter, Colin G, 50.9 Meredith, Stephanie L, 41[4:30] Merritt, Catherine E, 10.3 Merriwether, D. Andrew, 22.9, 59.26 Mesa, Sarai N, 71.33 Métais, Grégoire, 19[6:45] Metspalu, Mait, 33.4 Meyer, Jana V, 71.9 Meyer, Marc R, 46.6, 46.7 Micciche’, Roberto, 67.12 Michael, Hofreiter, 59.25 Michalik, David, 32[10:45] Michel, Lauren, 19[4:00], 19[5:45], 19[6:15] Middleton, Emily R, 34.8, 46.4, 51.9, 61.54 Mihelić, Sanjin, 26.6 Milella, Marco, 22.6 Milich, Krista M, 18[3:00] Millard, Andrew R, 8.6, 8.11, 16.11 Miller Wolf, Katherine, 43[4:30] Miller, Carrie M, 36.10 Miller, D S, 70.44 Miller, D. Shane, 61.19 Miller, Ellen R, 60.18, 66.7 Miller, Melanie J, 16.33 Miller, Shane, 16.26 Milligan, Colleen F, 61.16 Mills, David A, 64[5:15] Milner, George R, 40.33, 56.13, 56.14 Milstein, Marissa S, 31[11:45] Minghetti, Caterina, 69.25 Min, James K, 32[10:45] Minsky-Rowland, Jocelyn D, 27.2 Miranker, Molly, 10.5 Mirazon-Lahr, Marta, 33.4 Mirazón Lahr, Marta, 26.10, 59.17 Mishra, Anshuman, 33.4 Misicka, Elina, 35.9 Miszkiewicz, Justyna j, 28.13, 51.24 Mitani, John C, 6[11:15], 53[11:45] Mitchell, Alexandra L, 19[6:15] Mitchell, Duncan, 31[9:30] Mitchell, Joycellyn, 64[4:30] Mitchell, M. Miaisha, 17[4:00] Mitchell, Piers D, 4[11:45] Mitchell, Rachel A, 32[10:30] Mitchell, Samantha, 61.1, 61.41, 71.23 Mitteroecker, Philipp, 19[5:15], 32[8:15] Mjungu, Deus C, 12.7 Moeller, Andrew H, 52[9:15] Moes, Emily, 28.18 Moffett, Elizabeth A, 54[8:30] Moggi-Cecchi, Jacopo, 28.1, 30[10:45] Moghaddam, Negahnaz, 16.4 Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, 59.24 Moldawer, Alysse M, 12.6 Moll, Rosa, 50.19 Möller, Marlo, 25.8, 33.10 Monesmith, Caitlin, 28.32 Mongle, Carrie S, 7[9:00], 15.1 Monidarin, Chou, 5[12:00] Monroe, Cara, 37.2 Monson, Tesla A, 15.8, 21.10 Montague, Michael J, 44[4:15] Montero, Marc DM, 25.16 Moody, Brittany L S, 26.19 Mooers, Arne, 50.20 Mooney, Mark P, 13.1 Moonie, Sheniz, 28.25 Moore, Jim J, 18[3:30] Moore, Megan K, 51.5 Moore, Sophie E, 37.17, 37.21, 64[5:15] Moorjani, Priya, 44[2:30] 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Moraes, Diana, 37.27 Moreau, Corrie S, 25.5 Morelli, Toni L, 42[2:45] Morey, Erika L, 28.23 Morgan, Gary S, 60.28 Morin, Alexander, 17[2:45] Moroni, Adriana PROF, 28.1 Morrison, Alex E, 28.2 Morse, Paul E, 19[6:00], 40.29, 60.2, 60.5, 60.28 Moscovice, Liza R, 6[8:15] Mosher, M.j., 59.13 Mosher, Mj, 49.24 Moskal, Russell, 63[5:15] Most, Corinna A, 18[3:30], 53[9:15] Mosticone, Romina, 27.26 Mounier, Aurélien, 26.10 Mountain, Rebecca, 20[4:00] Moyà-Solà, Salvador, 54[9:30] Muchlinski, Magdalena N, 12.4, 69.15 Mudakikwa, Antoine, 15.6, 15.9, 38.14, 38.15, 38.17 Muehlenbein, Michael P, 42[3:15], 49.21 Mugisha, Joseph, 59.4 Mugisha, Lawrence, 24.3 Muhammad, Agil, 24.15 Muldoon, Kathleen M, 66.10 Mulhern, Dawn, 27.13, 57.1 Müller, Eva, 71.13 Müller, Felix, 16.4 Muller, Martin N, 6[8:00], 6[10:30], 52[9:15], 53[8:15], 53[11:30] Mulligan, Connie J, 5[10:30], 17[2:30], 17[4:00], 25.21, 49.4, 64[3:00], 64[3:45] Müller, Wolfgang, 16.16 Mundorff, Amy Z, 71.10 Munds, Rachel A, 23.4 Mundy, Nicholas I, 42[2:45] Murach, Michelle M, 13.4, 35.9, 40.26 Muralidharan, Charanya, 33.9 Murphy, Michael, 61.36 Murray, Carson M, 6[11:30] Murray, Nicole, 33.2 Murtha, Timothy M, 56.8 Mushrif-Tripathy, Veena, 25.25 Musiba, Charles M, 14.7, 50.12 Muteti, Samuel, 19[4:00] Muth, Xavier, 55[9:30] Muñiz, Ester, 25.29 Muñoz, Lucía, 20[2:45] Mwankunda, Joshua, 50.12 Mwebi, Ogeto, 7[8:45], 50.16 Myers, Sarah, 13.9 Myrick, Justin, 25.8, 33.10 AUTHOR INDEX N Nachman, Brett, 60.1 Nadell, Jason A, 69.2 Naji, Stephan, 9.1, 9.2, 9.12, 9.15 Nakatsukasa, Masato, 45.4 Nalla, Shahed, 13.7, 46.7 Nalley, Thierra K, 46.5, 61.54 Namking, Malivalaya, 58.2 Napierala, Jeffery S, 56.11 Naqvi, Nisa, 34.13 Nash, Leanne T, 65[6:00] Nasrin, Dilruba, 56.6 Natahi, Selim, 67.17 Nataro, James P, 56.6 Naude, Celeste E, 33.5 Naumenko, Daniel J, 12.6 Nava, Alessia, 28.15 Nawrocki, Stephen, 40.28 Ndiaye, Papa ibnou, 24.2 Neidich, Deborah L, 61.27 Nekaris, Anna I, 31[10:45] Nekaris, K. a. i., 69.22 Nelson, Andrew J, 57.7 Nelson, James, 43[5:45] Nelson, Karen E, 24.3 Nelson, Robin G, 41[2:30] Neme, Rafik, 44[4:45] Nengo, Isaiah O, 19[3:45], 60.17, 60.18 Nenko, Ilona, 32[8:45] Nepomnaschy, Pablo, 16.32 Nesbitt, Allison, 15.1, 29[9:15] Neubauer, Simon, 55[11:30] Neuhuber, Franz, 71.13 Neuman, Maddisen, 71.30 Nevell, Lisa, 25.3 Neves, Walter A, 29[9:00], 47.5, 61.12 Nevo, Omer, 62[3:00] Newham, Elis, 9.6 Newman, Sophie L, 8.5 Newton-Fisher, Nicholas E, 53[12:00] Ngu, Mee S, 33.7 Nguyen, Nga, 31[8:15] Nicholas, Christina L, 51.11 Nichols, Teresa, 1.8 Nida, Kayla M, 38.10 Niebla, Dulce Milagros, 13.2, 59.12 Niedbalski, Sara D, 5[9:00] Nieves-Colon, Maria A, 5[8:45], 44[3:15] Nijman, Vincent J, 25.19, 31[10:45] Nikita, Efthymia, 51.41 Ning, Chao, 49.3 Nishimura, Abigail C, 38.2 Nishimura, Takeshi D, 60.16 Ni, Xijun, 60.3, 66.6 Njau, Jackson K, 14.9 Nockerts, Rebecca, 11.10, 44[3:15] Nogueira, Catarina, 71.7 Non, Amy L, 17[3:15], 25.23 Nordberg, Magnus, 44[2:45] Norton, Heather L, 33.1, 33.2, 49.12, 59.32 Novak, Mario, 51.16, 70.40 Novello, Alice, 19[5:45] Novotny, Anna, 61.1, 61.41 Nugent, Selin E, 47.3 Nunn, Charles L, 32[11:00], 32[11:15] Nyaradi, Zsolt, 16.20 Nyárádi, Zsolt, 70.15, 70.34 O O’Brien, Kaedan, 49.30 O’Connell, Caitlin A, 6[12:00] O’Connor, Kathleen A, 56.3 O’Hara, Mackie, 15.12 O’Malley, Robert C, 11.10, 48.5 O’Neill, Kelsey D, 50.21 O’Neill, Matthew C, 45.3, 45.4, 45.9 Oakley, Elizabeth R, 37.8 Obregon-Tito, Alexandra, 52[10:30] Ocakoğlu, Faruk, 19[6:45] Ochman, Howard, 52[9:15] O’Connell, Tamsin, 59.17 OConnor, Patrick M, 66.14 Odera, Doreen A, 59.19 Odes, Edward, 14.12 Oelze, Vicky M, 11.15 Oettlé, Anna, 50.3 Offenbecker, Adrianne M, 16.37, 63[4:50] Ogihara, Naomichi, 45.4, 46.7 Oginga, Kennedy O, 60.18, 60.20 O’Higgins, Paul, 54[11:30] Oishi, Motoharu, 46.7 Okumura, Mercedes, 47.5 Ole Moita, Godfrey, 50.12 Oliveira, Andrea M, 44[3:45] Oliveira, Silviene F, 37.27, 49.26 Oliver, Lana K, 23.5 Olsen, Karyn C, 68.2 Ong, Perry, 62[4:00] Oostra, Roelof-Jan, 40.5 Oppenheimer, Stephen J, 33.7 Orkin, Joseph D, 52[11:15] Orlando, Ludovic, 66.12 Orr, Caley M, 69.8, 69.24 Ortega, Maria Cruz, 55[8:45] Ortiz, Alejandra, 60.27 Osipov, Benjamin, 51.39 Osterholtz, Anna J, 22.5, 70.34 Otali, Emily, 6[10:30], 53[8:15], 53[11:30] Otarola-Castillo, Erik R, 13.17 Ousley, Stephen, 40.30, 57.1 Owings, Amanda C, 5[8:00] Oxilia, Gregorio MR, 28.1 Ӧzbaşaran, Mihriban, 22.8 Özer, Füsun, 22.8 Ozga, Andrew T, 44[3:15] Ozkurt, Ezgi, 44[4:45] P Paciulli, Lisa M, 24.1 Paine, Oliver, 14.19, 30[8:15] Paine, R R, 40.32, 61.30 Paine, Richard R, 4[9:00] Paine, Robert R, 35.2, 40.31, 71.29 Paiva, Sabrina G, 37.23 Pajic, Petar, 33.12 Palacio-Gruber, Jose, 25.29 Palmer, Jessica L. A, 61.5 Pampush, James D, 15.16, 34.2 Panakhyo, Maria, 27.7 Panetta, Daniele DR, 28.1 Pantano, Walter, 27.26 Panter-Brick, Catherine, 17[2:30] Pany-Kucera, Doris, 70.23 Pap, Ildikó, 70.40 Paquette, Steven P, 13.6, 13.8, 13.22 Paresso, John, 50.12 Parham, Joesph L, 13.6 Parham, Joseph, 13.8, 13.22 Parker, Daniel M, 56.7 Parkinson, Eóin W, 71.19 Parks, Connie, 40.12 Parra, Esteban J, 33.2 Parr, William, 69.25 Parsons, Ted, 40.7 Pasetta, Christina, 48.8 Paskoff, Taylor, 51.1 Pasquinelly, Adam C, 54[11:15], 61.8 Passalacqua, Nicholas V, 40.36 Passey, Ben, 30[8:15] Pastor, Francisco, 54[8:45] Pastorini, Jennifer, 42[2:45] Patay, Róbert, 70.40 Patel, Biren A, 7[9:00], 19[3:30], 66.11, 69.9, 69.24 Patnaik, Rajeev, 19[3:30] Patterson, David B, 13.5, 14.15, 50.10 Paulino-Ramirez, Robert, 37.8 Paul, Kathleen S, 29[11:30] Pavard, Samuel, 5[12:00] Pavlidis, Pavlos, 5[11:00] Pearce, Stephen, 7[9:30] Pearson, Jessica, 22.7, 22.8 Pearson, Laurel N, 33.5, 33.6, 49.12 Pearson, Osbjorn M, 51.36, 67.8 Peart, Daniel C, 50.17 Peate, David W, 16.12 Pechenkina, Kate, 20[3:15], 40.4 Peckmann, Tanya R, 58.5 Peercy, Michael T, 32[8:30] Pelikán, Josef, 61.48 Pelissero, Alex J, 50.12 Pelletier, Maxime, 55[9:30] Peltzer, Alexander, 5[9:45] Pender, Jack E, 48.1 Peppe, Daniel J, 19[4:00], 19[5:45], 19[6:15], 60.18, 60.20 Perash, Rose L, 28.5 Perchalski, Bernadette A, 54[9:15], 66.11 Percival, Christopher J, 26.5, 55[10:45] Pereira, Daniel G, 44[3:45] Pereira, Rinaldo W, 33.6 Perez, Rosa, 40.17 Pérez, Ventura R, 41[5:00] Pérez-Pérez, Alejandro, 14.3 Perinha, Andreia, 71.7 Pernter, Patrizia, 20[2:30] Perrino, Sabina M, 13.18 Perry, George, 25.9, 63[5:10], 64[2:45], 66.4, 66.12 Perry, Jonathan M.G, 66.13 Perry, Megan, 9.14 Peschel, Emily M, 16.20 Peschel, Oliver, 20[2:30] Pestle, William J, 4[11:00], 5[8:45], 47.4 Petculescu, Alexandru, 55[8:30] Peterson, Alexandria S, 50.13 Peterson, Amy, 69.3 Peterson, Jeffrey V, 36.12 Petkes, Zsolt, 70.40 Petrullo, Lauren A, 69.3 Petrzelkova, Klara, 52[8:30] Pettit, Alesha, 39.7 Pettitt, Paul, 67.13 Petzelt, Barbara, 64[4:30] Peña, María E, 51.18 Pfister, Luz-Andrea, 44[5:45] Phillips-Garcia, Sarah, 53[11:30] Phillips, Garrett T, 35.4 Pic-Taylor, Aline, 49.26 Piche, Amanda, 51.10 Pierce, Zachary W, 26.17 Pietrusewsky, Michael, 28.2 Pike, Ivy L, 59.19 Pilbeam, David, 46.2 Pilbrow, Varsha C, 7[11:30], 51.15, 69.21, 70.19 Pilloud, Marin A, 22.6, 22.8, 58.6, 58.11 Pimentel, Gonzalo, 47.4 Pina, Marta, 54[9:30] Pineda-Munoz, Silvia, 65[5:15] Pinhasi, Ron, 51.16, 59.24, 67.12, 70.40 Pinto, Deborrah C, 35.4 Piperata, Barbara, 20[5:15] Pistocchi, Rossella PROF, 28.1 Pitchappan, Ramasamy, 33.4 Pitfield, Rosie, 16.5, 28.13, 28.14 Conference Program 87 AUTHOR INDEX Placek, Caitlyn D, 32[8:00] Platt, Michael L, 44[4:15], 44[4:30] Plavcan, J. Michael, 21.11, 50.2 Plemons, Amber M, 70.31, 71.14 Pleterski, Andrej, 61.33 Plomp, Kimberly A, 50.5, 50.14 Plummer, Thomas, 30[11:45] Pobiner, Briana, 7[8:45], 13.5, 50.16 Poinar, Hendrik N, 5[8:15], 20[3:45], 43[4:45] Poindexter, Stephanie A, 31[10:45], 69.22 Polcyn, Marek, 70.12 Polimanti, Renato, 25.2 Polk, John D, 69.27 Polly, P. David, 14.9 Polvadore, Taylor A, 11.5, 11.7 Poláček, Lumír, 16.28, 70.13, 70.14 Pomeroy, Emma, 25.25, 51.41, 67.14, 70.16 Pomilla, Cristina, 25.8 Pompeani, Katherine M, 28.3 Ponce de León, Marcia S, 29[9:45], 54[8:15] Pontzer, Herman, 13.17, 26.22, 34.12, 45.5, 59.3, 59.6, 59.9, 63[5:00], 69.18 Portman, Katherine A, 61.8 Pospiech, Ewelina, 33.9 Potts, Kevin B, 11.14 Poulson, Simon R, 16.23 Pozzi, Luca, 25.20 Prall, Sean P, 42[3:15], 59.8 Prang, Thomas C, 30[11:30] Prentice, Andrew M, 37.17, 37.21, 64[5:15] Presotto, Andrea, 48.2 Preuss, Todd M, 36.13 Prevedorou, Eleanna, 16.15 Price, Gilbert J, 19[4:15] Price, Michael H, 61.34 Price, Samantha DR, 16.22 Prieto, Gabriel, 61.4 Prince-Buitenhuys, Julia, 43[5:45] Pritchard, Alexander J, 12.6 Proctor, Terren K, 16.19 Propst, Akacia S, 9.14 Prosser, David A, 40.39 Prowse, Tracy L, 4[10:45], 16.13, 20[3:45], 43[3:30], 43[4:45], 70.5 Pruetz, Jill D, 24.2 Prufrock, Kristen A, 60.7 Przeworski, Molly, 44[2:30] Pubert, Eric, 9.2, 9.15 Pugh, Kelsey D, 19[3:30] Puigvert, Francesc, 54[9:30] Pungchanchaikul, Patimaporn, 58.8 Püschel, Thomas A, 15.19, 54[11:45] Pusey, Anne E, 6[11:00], 6[11:30], 12.7, 44[3:15], 52[9:15], 53[10:45] 88 Puts, David A, 32[9:15], 42[4:15] Putt, Shelby S, 30[10:30] Pyle, Justin A, 27.19 Q Quade, Jay, 50.23 Quade, Leslie, 8.6, 16.11 Quam, Rolf, 55[8:45] Quataert, Robin, 70.30 Queen, Robin M, 69.17 Querevalú, José, 61.26 Quillen, Ellen, 33.11, 49.12, 64[4:45] Quinlan, Jacklyn, 17[2:30], 17[4:00], 49.4 Quinn, Rhonda, 7[8:45], 50.16 R Raaum, Ryan L, 49.9 Rabekianja, Desire, 24.19 Rabey, Karyne N, 14.16, 63[5:15], 69.7 Rae, Todd C, 55[9:45] Raff, Jennifer A, 1.11, 63[5:20] Ragni, Anna J, 38.11 Ragsdale, Corey S, 29[11:45] Ragsdale, Sarah, 49.17 Raguin, Emeline, 35.5 Raharivololona, Brigitte Marie, 24.19 Raichlen, David A, 34.12, 45.5, 59.6, 59.19, 59.20 Rainbow, Michael, 34.10 Rai, Niraj, 33.4 Rainwater, Christopher W, 51.9 Rak, Yoel, 7[12:00] Ramirez, Kristen R, 69.18 Rammer, Elisabeth, 70.23 Ramos Madrigal, Jazmin, 37.25 Ramos Magalhaes, José, 9.4 Ramos, Patricia A, 15.20 Rampelli, Simone, 52[9:30] Ramsay, Malcolm S, 31[11:15] Ramsier, Marissa, 70.12 Ramírez-Rozzi, Fernando, 59.17 Rand, Asta J, 16.2 Randimbiharinirina, Domenico, 24.19 Rando, Carolyn, 51.44 Randolph-Quinney, Patrick, 14.12 Rangel de Lazaro, Gizeh, 26.3 Rangel Rivero, Armando, 16.30 Rangel, Armando, 13.2 Rapoff, Andrew, 15.15 Ratanasuwan, Somsiri, 58.2 Raubenheimer, David, 11.13, 18[3:45], 18[5:45], 18[6:00] Ravelonjanahary, Hajanirina N, 31[11:15] Ravosa, Matthew J, 13.3, 34.4, 54[11:15], 54[12:00], 61.8, 65[5:45] Rawofi, Lida, 33.2 Rawson, Benjamin M, 24.5 Razafindrakoto, Andriamahery, 31[11:15] Reckert, Alexandra, 10.9 Rector, Amy L, 21.1, 50.21, 60.22 Reda, Hailay, 60.14 Reda, Weldeyared H, 14.15, 50.15 Redona, Mikayla, 70.44 Redwine, Laura S, 17[3:15] Reed, Darren, 14.18 Reed, Kaye E, 21.1, 21.3, 21.4, 21.6, 24.7, 34.13 Reedy, Sarah, 51.42 Reeves, Cassidy A, 59.19 Reeves, Jonathan, 14.8 Reeves, Roger H, 65[3:00] Reichard, Ulrich H, 19[2:30], 48.8 Reid, Donald J, 15.6 Reinberger, Katherine L, 16.14, 43[3:45], 70.46 Reiner, Whitney B, 70.42 Reinhard, Karl, 37.5 Reinhardt, Kathleen D, 31[10:45] Reinoso del Río, María Cristina, 70.16 Rein, Thomas R, 69.14 Reis, Silvia, 16.29, 61.10 Reitsema, Laurie J, 16.7, 16.14, 18[4:00], 27.9, 27.10, 27.11, 43[3:45], 53[9:45], 61.24, 68.1, 68.5, 70.17, 70.46 Rej, Peter H, 64[3:00] Rendu, William, 9.1, 9.2, 9.15 Renner, Elizabeth, 55[8:00] Rennie, Samuel R, 51.19 Reno, Philip L, 45.2 Resendez, Skyler, 49.18 Reynolds, Adam Z, 59.10 Rial Tubío, Marcela, 61.40 Ribot, Isabelle, 67.3 Richard, Adam, 40.12 Richards, Gary D, 40.19, 61.43 Richards, Michael P, 16.32, 16.42, 59.15 Richter, Tobias, 67.14 Richtsmeier, Joan T, 26.18, 65[2:45], 65[3:00] Rickards, Olga, 27.25, 27.26 Riel-Salvatore, Julien, 67.13 Riesche, Laren, 53[9:30] Rieth, Timothy M, 28.2 Riga, Alessandro DR, 28.1 Riley, Erin P, 23.6 Rilling, James K, 36.13 Rincon, Aldo F, 60.28 Rios, Luis, 26.9 Rios, Nilton, 61.26 Rittemard, Charlotte, 40.8 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Ritz-Timme, Stefanie, 10.9 Ritzman, Terrence, 26.5, 38.3, 55[10:45] Ritzman, Terry Ritzman Dr, 50.7 Rivara, Anna C, 37.23 Rivas, Roslyn, 66.4 Rivera-Chira, Maria, 64[4:00] Riyandi,, 24.11 Rizal, Yan, 19[4:15] Rmoutilová, Rebeka, 40.23 Roach, Neil T, 34.10 Robakis, Efstathia E, 36.7 Robbins Schug, Gwen, 8.8 Robbins, Amy E, 29[8:30] Robbins, Tim, 25.19 Roberts, Charlotte, 20[3:00], 20[6:30], 27.6, 67.13 Roberts, Elizabeth F.S, 17[3:45] Roberts, Eric M, 66.14 Robinson, Athy, 44[4:30] Robinson, Chris, 55[8:30] Robinson, Joshua R, 21.4, 21.6 Robinson, Kashique A.S, 71.8 Robles, Josep M, 60.11 Robling, Alexander, 35.7 Robson Brown, Kate, 9.6 Robu, Marius, 55[8:30] Rodney, Nicole C, 49.4, 64[3:00], 64[3:45] Rodney, Nikki C, 17[3:15] Rodrigues-Carvalho, Claudia, 16.29, 43[5:15], 61.10 Rodrigues, Filipa, 55[8:45] Rodrigues, Michelle A, 32[10:30] Rogers, Alan R, 5[11:15] Rogers, Allison R, 53[10:45] Rogers, Christina, 36.13 Rogers, Jeffrey, 38.3, 65[2:45] Rogers, Mary P, 3.1, 32[10:30] Rohlfs, Rori, 44[4:45] Rohnbogner, Anna J, 8.3 Roksandic, Mirjana, 14.17 Rolian, Campbell P, 34.12 Romero, Alejandro, 14.3 Román, Jorge C, 25.23 Rook, Lorenzo, 60.23 Roome, Amanda, 49.5, 49.10 Roper, Randall, 51.14 Rosas, Antonio, 26.4, 26.9 Rosch, Jason, 16.26 Rose, Alice, 16.21 Rose, Jerome C, 22.13, 28.19 Rosenberger, Alfred L, 38.5 Rosenberg, Karen, 37.22, 45.10 Rosenberg, Noah A, 5[11:30] Ross, Amy P, 36.13 Ross, Ann H, 40.17, 51.22 Ross, Callum F, 15.10, 54[11:00], 69.4 Ross, Corinna, 53[9:30] Rossetti, Chiara, 40.21 AUTHOR INDEX Rossie, James B, 60.21 Rossillo, Amanda, 61.51 Rossi, Paola F, 28.15 Rossi, Stefano, 67.13 Ross, Steven R, 45.5 Rothman, Jessica M, 11.13, 18[3:45], 18[5:45], 18[6:00] Rothwell, Jessica E, 20[6:00] Rott, Andreas, 71.25 Rougier, Hélène, 67.9 Round, June, 13.10 Rowan, Christopher, 32[10:45] Rowan, John, 21.4, 24.7 Rowland, Joanne, 22.11 Royer, Aurélien, 55[9:30] Royer, Danielle F, 45.11 Roy, Nicholas D, 13.21 Roy, Reena, 37.12 Rubio, Angel, 55[8:45] Ruble, Mary N, 71.33 Ruble, Nichole, 71.1, 71.20, 71.21, 71.31 Rudaya, Natasha, 26.13 Rüdell, Alexandra, 13.12, 51.12 Rudicell, Rebecca S, 6[11:00], 12.7 Rudie, Lauren, 71.21 Rue, Megan J, 40.27 Ruff, Christopher B, 19[5:30], 22.7, 30[9:00], 38.15, 51.25, 70.47 Ruhli, Frank, 20[2:30], 37.1 Rühli, Frank J, 37.24, 59.29, 68.2 Ruhl, Stefan, 5[11:00] Ruijter, Jan M, 40.5 Ruiz-Lambides, Angelina, 44[4:30] Ruiz-Lopez, Maria J, 25.11 Ruiz-Lopez, Maria Jose, 25.14 Ruiz, Michael, 43[2:45] Runestad Connour, Jacqueline, 38.10 Ruppert, Nadine, 24.16 Rusen, Rachel, 60.25 Rusk, Kate, 29[10:30] Russo, Gabrielle A, 38.2, 46.3 Rust, Kathleen L, 19[3:30] Ruth, Aidan A, 69.16 Rutherford, Julienne, 53[9:30] Ryan, Calen P, 17[2:45], 64[4:15] Ryan, Tim, 69.25 Ryan, Timothy M, 37.20, 43[2:30], 54[10:30], 54[10:45], 63[5:10], 66.11, 69.29, 70.25 Ryder, Christina, 7[8:45], 50.16 Rzhetskaya, Margarita, 33.12 S Sabbah, Majeed Arsheed, 59.1 Sabbi, Kris, 6[10:30] Sacks, Lita, 51.20 Saers, Jaap PP, 43[2:30], 54[10:45], 69.25 Saglican, Ekin, 44[4:45] Sahu, Shweta P, 36.13 Said, Hasen, 50.23 Saladino, Alejandra, 61.10 Saliba-Serre, Bérengère, 9.13 Sallam, Hesham M, 66.7, 66.13 Salles, Adilson D, 70.27 Salmi, Roberta, 48.2 Salvadori, Piero PROF, 28.1 Salvatori, Sandro, 22.16 Samonds, Karen, 15.2, 15.7 Samsel, Mathilde, 67.10 San Juan-Foucher, Cristina, 67.17 Sanabria, César, 51.18 Sánchez-Hernández, Carlos, 9.2, 9.15 Sanchis Gimeno, Juan A, 13.7 Sandberg, Paul, 30[8:15] Sandel, Aaron A, 6[9:30] Sanders, Kaitlyn E, 22.14 Sandhu, Manj, 25.8 Sandquist, Rachel, 70.15 Sanford, Summer R, 32[10:30] Sankaranarayanan, Krithivasan, 25.12, 37.5, 37.25, 52[10:30] Sannibale, Maurizio, 27.25 Santos Passos-Bueno, Maria R, 49.6 Santos, Ana Luísa, 20[3:00] Santos, Elena, 55[8:45] Santos, Jana, 58.3 Santos, Mariana, 61.18 Santoso, Wahyu D, 19[4:15] Santos, Roberto V, 43[5:15] Sanz, Montserrat, 55[8:45] Saptomo, E. Wahyu, 14.14 Sarathi, Akshay, 50.12 Sargis, Eric, 66.4 Šarkić, Nataša, 20[2:45] Sarma, Mallika S, 49.23 Sattenspiel, Lisa, 4[11:15], 56.10 Sauther, Michelle L, 42[2:45] Savell, Kristen R. R, 59.30 Sawchuk, Elizabeth, 43[6:00] Sawyer, Caitlin, 61.24 Sayre, M. Katherine, 59.19 Sazelova, Sandra, 67.16 Scarry, Clara J, 6[8:30], 36.5 Scelza, Brooke, 25.8, 59.8 Schacht, Ryan, 49.22 Schaefer, Benjamin J, 16.18, 16.41, 27.16, 43[5:30] Schaefer, Melissa S, 2.7 Schaffer, William C, 22.13 Schanfield, Moses S, 37.10 Scharlotta, Ian, 16.1 Scheider, Lauren, 28.24 Schepartz, Lynne A, 51.40 Scherrer, Marc, 54[8:15] Schiffels, Stephan, 5[9:45] Schilder, Brian M, 25.4 Schlager, Stefan, 51.12, 57.5 Schlaht, Renate M, 11.2, 24.20 Schlebusch, Carina, 49.11 Schlecht, Stephen, 69.1 Schmid, Peter, 46.7 Schmidt, Christopher W, 16.27, 26.21, 70.30 Schmidt, Kristina N, 9.8, 9.10 Schmitt, Aurore, 9.13 Schmitt, Christopher A, 21.10, 41[4:30], 44[2:45], 52[8:45] Schmitt, Daniel, 54[9:00], 69.4, 69.5, 69.17, 69.20 Schneider, Alaina L, 59.9 Schoenemann, P. Thomas, 26.11 Schoenemann, Tom, 30[9:30], 30[9:45] Schoeninger, Margaret J, 18[3:30], 21.2 Scholl, A R, 40.32 Schotsmans, Eline MJ, 22.6 Schreier, Amy L, 11.2, 24.20 Schreier, Mallory A, 61.37 Schroeder, Hannes, 37.25 Schroeder, Lauren, 38.17, 65[2:30], 65[3:30], 69.10 Schuenemann, Verena J, 5[9:45] Schultz, Michael, 61.42, 70.1 Schulz-Kornas, Ellen, 15.11, 18[6:15] Schumann, Cynthia M, 37.19 Schurr, Theodore G, 5[11:45], 37.8, 47.1 Schutkowski, Holger, 16.8, 16.31, 22.4 Schutta, Stephen, 49.5, 49.10 Schwarcz, Henry P, 16.22, 43[4:45] Schwartz, Gary T, 11.4, 15.2, 15.5, 15.7, 38.1, 66.7, 66.12 Scibilia, Teresa, 14.16 Scollan, Joseph P, 54[12:00] Scott, Amy M, 12.2 Scott, G Richard, 16.23 Scott, Jeremiah E, 34.4, 54[12:00], 65[5:30] Scott, Jill E, 69.24 Scott, Rachel M, 16.27 Scott, Robert S, 15.10, 38.7 Scott, Shelby E, 58.5 Sealy, Judith, 70.22 Seeley, Janet, 59.4 Sefczek, Timothy M, 24.19 Seidemann, Ryan M, 40.1 Seiffert, Erik R, 66.5, 66.7, 66.11, 66.13, 66.15 Seitelman, Brielle C, 7[10:45] Selby, Michael S, 69.11 Selig, Keegan R, 15.4, 60.7 Sellen, Daniel W, 53[9:00] Sellers, William I, 15.19 Selvey, Hannah, 14.19 Semal, Patrick, 67.3, 67.9 Semchuk, Lisa, 4[10:45] Semendeferi, Katerina, 37.19, 64[2:30] Semon, Anna M, 37.7 Sen, Sharmi, 12.5 Sepulveda, Cecilia, 61.18 Serafin, Stanley, 27.15 Serrangeli, Maria Cristina MS, 28.1 Šešelj, Maja, 28.10 Sforzin, David A, 69.21 Shackelford, Laura L, 67.11 Shaefer, Audrey D, 71.14 Shaffer, Christopher A, 31[11:45] Shamoon Pour, Michel, 5[9:30], 49.5, 49.10, 59.26 Shao, Jing, 27.22 Shapiro, Darshana, 65[4:15] Shapiro, Liza J, 46.1 Sharma, Anmol, 24.1 Sharp, Emily A, 20[5:45] Sharratt, Nicola, 27.21 Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather, 3.3 Shattuck, Eric C, 42[3:15], 49.21 Shattuck, Milena R, 69.3 Shaw, Colin N, 37.20, 43[2:30], 54[10:30], 54[10:45], 69.25 Shearer, Brian M, 34.3, 39.8 Sheldon, Alexandra C, 36.6 Sheldrake, Anne, 33.11 Sheridan, Susan G, 22.1, 61.8 Sherwood, Chester C, 25.16 Sherwood, Chet C, 25.4, 48.9, 55[11:45] Sherwood, Richard J, 13.16 Shipp, Lillian M, 29[8:30] Shirley, Meghan K, 51.23 Short, Nicholas A, 13.15 Shriver, Mark D, 32[9:15], 33.5, 33.6, 33.11, 59.22, 64[3:15] Shrock, Joshua M, 49.14, 59.4 Sicotte, Pascale, 6[9:45] Siebke, Inga, 70.8 Siegel, Ethan, 36.13 Siegel, Michael I, 13.1 Siegert, Courtney C, 16.40, 27.19, 40.18 Sievert, April K, 1.8 Sievert, Lynnette L, 49.15 Siew, Yun Ysi, 51.41 Siford, Rebecca, 33.3 Sigaud, Marie A, 31[10:45] Signoli, Michel, 9.13 Silcox, Mary T, 15.4, 60.7, 60.25 Sills, Aubrey, 53[9:30] Silva, Dayse A, 44[3:45] Silvia, Ghirotto, 59.25 Simmons, Nicole M, 12.7 Simons, Evan A, 38.8, 51.29, 60.14 Simons, Noah D, 25.11, 25.14 Simpson, Diana S, 71.26 Simpson, Scott W, 50.23 Sineo, Luca, 67.12 Conference Program 89 AUTHOR INDEX Singh, Lalji, 33.4 Singh, N. P, 19[3:30] Singh, Nandini, 65[3:00] Singleton, Michelle, 38.8 Sinthubua, Apichat, 58.13 Sirak, Kendra A, 51.16, 51.35, 70.40 Sirianni, Joyce E, 71.2 Skedros, John G, 35.8 Skene, J H, 44[4:15] Skene, Pate, 44[4:30] Skinner, Matthew W, 30[10:45], 30[11:00], 39.6 Skinner, Samantha, 24.14 Skollar, Gabriella, 36.6 Skoog, Chelsea T, 51.44 Skrepnek, Grant, 32[8:30] Sladek, Vladimir, 51.4 Šlaus, Mario, 27.3, 27.4, 61.33 Slice, Dennis E, 40.22 Smaers, Jeroen, 15.1, 34.13, 46.3, 55[11:45] Smail, Irene E, 21.4, 24.7 Smit, Douglas K, 16.19 Smith-Guzmán, Nicole E, 61.32 Smith, Amanda L, 15.14 Smith, April, 27.9, 27.11, 68.1 Smith, Caitlin B, 16.39 Smith, Erin K, 11.8 Smith, Fred H, 26.6 Smith, Lindsay, 17[4:45] Smith, Patricia, 13.20, 70.18, 70.41 Smith, Rick W. A, 41[3:45], 63[5:20] Smith, Stuart T, 22.15 Smith, Tanya M, 28.16 Smith, Timothy D, 38.5, 38.6, 38.13, 38.22 Snodgrass, J. Josh, 32[11:30], 49.13, 49.14, 59.3, 59.4 Snow, Meradeth, 51.21 Snyder-Mackler, Noah, 6[10:45], 18[4:00], 44[4:15], 53[9:45] Sofaer, Joanna R, 8.10 Sohler-Snoddy, Anne Marie E, 8.4 Soligo, Christophe, 26.14, 51.26 Soluri, Elizabeth, 2.6 Somel, Mehmet, 5[10:45], 22.8, 44[4:45], 64[3:30] Somerville, Andrew D, 18[3:30] Somogyi, Tessa, 27.18 Sorrenti, Mary C, 24.21 Sorrentino, John, 28.25 Sorrentino, Rita MS, 28.1, 69.25 Sóskuthy, Márton, 39.1 Soto Martinez, Miriam E, 35.1 Southard, Thomas, 51.11 Souto, Pedro, 55[8:45] Sołtysiak, Arkadiusz, 16.6, 16.8 Spake, Laure, 8.9 Sparacello, Vitale S, 67.8, 67.13 Sparkes, Hillary A, 43[4:00] Sparks, Corey S, 42[3:15], 56.5 90 Sparrow, Tom, 57.3 Spathis, Rita, 49.5, 49.10 Speith, Nivien, 22.4 Spence, Jennifer E, 20[5:15] Spencer, John P, 30[10:30] Sperduti, Alessandra, 16.16 Spicer, Paul, 32[8:30], 59.27 Spiewak, Ted A, 7[10:45] Sponheimer, Matt J, 11.8, 30[8:15], 31[8:00] Spoonire, Laura, 71.20 Spradley, Jackson P, 34.2 Spradley, M K, 51.21 Spradley, M. Kate, 40.16 Spradley, M. Katherine, 40.18 Spriggs, Amanda N, 33.8, 36.3, 42[2:45], 48.4 Springs, Lauren C, 37.7 Spurlock, Linda B, 45.2 Spyrou, Maria A, 49.31 St. Clair, Elizabeth M, 66.11 Stadlmayr, Andrea, 70.23 Staes, Nicky, 25.16, 48.9 Stagaman, Keaton, 25.14 Stamer, Julianne R, 16.14 Stamos, Peter A, 43[3:00] Stanco, Alyxandra L, 61.13 Standen, Vivien G, 8.4, 8.11, 8.12, 16.27 Starbuck, John, 51.14 Stark, Robert J, 16.13, 70.2 Stark, Sarah Y, 8.10 Starkweather, Kathrine E, 25.26 Steegmann, Ruth, 51.7 Steegmann, Ted, 51.7 Steinhilber, Kylie, 37.18 Steininger, Christine, 50.21 Steiper, Michael E, 44[5:15] Sterner, Kirstin N, 25.11 Stern, Richard, 68.6 Stevens, Nancy J, 19[3:45], 66.14 Stevenson, Joan C, 51.13 Stewart, Marissa C, 71.6 Stidsing, Ragna, 70.41 Stieglitz, Jonathan, 32[10:45], 32[11:30], 43[3:15], 64[5:30] Stimpson, Cheryl D, 48.9 Stockhammer, Philipp, 70.41 Stock, Jay T, 25.25, 32[9:00], 37.20, 42[4:45], 43[2:30], 47.6, 51.8, 51.38, 51.41, 54[10:30], 54[10:45], 67.14 Stock, Michala K, 40.29 Stock, Stuart, 9.1 Stoinski, Tara S, 15.6, 15.9, 38.14, 38.17, 53[8:00] Stojanowski, Christopher M, 4[8:30], 22.13, 29[11:30], 61.46, 67.15 Stone, Anne C, 5[8:45], 17[5:00], 25.28, 44[3:15], 44[5:45], 64[4:45] Stone, Jessica H, 23.1 Stoneking, Mark, 52[10:45] Stopa, Ed G, 36.13 Storey, Rebecca, 4[9:15] Storm, Rebecca A, 57.3 Storå, Jan, 22.8 Stout, Sam D, 70.4 Stout, Samuel D, 40.9 Stoyanova, Detelina K, 40.22 Strait, David S, 15.10, 34.6 Strait, Suzanne G, 60.5 Strand Vidarsdottir, Una, 50.14 Strand, Ryan M, 40.18 Stranska, Petra, 16.35 Stratford, Dominic, 50.19 Streekstra, Geert J, 40.5 Streeter, Margaret A, 35.5 Streicher, Ulrike S, 24.22, 48.11 Stroik, Laura K, 34.3 Strum, Shirley C, 53[9:15] Stránská, Petra, 16.28, 70.14 Studer-Halbach, Rene, 60.31 Stuhltraeger, Julia, 18[6:15] Štular, Benjamin, 61.33 Stull, Kyra E, 40.5, 40.24 Stumpf, Rebecca M, 24.3 Stutz, Aaron J, 4[8:00], 9.2 Su, Anne, 69.25 Suarez, Yaravi, 44[5:30] Subramanian, Sankar, 5[9:15] Su, Denise F, 21.1, 21.7 Sugiyama, Lawrence S, 49.13, 49.14, 59.3 Sukhdeo, Simone M, 69.29 Sullivan, Alexis P, 63[5:10] Sullivan, Roger, 62[2:45] Sultana, Zarin, 32[10:30] Sümer, Arev P, 64[3:30] Sun, Zhanwei, 27.22 Sun, Zhichao, 26.1 Surbey, Michele K, 42[4:45] Suse, Phillip, 31[11:45] Sutherland, James D, 32[10:45] Sutherland, Linda, 32[10:45] Sutiah, Uni, 24.15 Sutikna, Thomas, 14.14 Suwanathada, Pimpong, 58.8 Svardal, Hannes, 44[2:45] Svoboda, Jiri A, 67.16 Swanson, Zane S, 26.22 Swedell, Larissa, 6[11:45], 11.2, 30[11:45] Swedlund, Alan C, 4[11:15] Sykes, Jaime D, 40.43 Sylvester, Adam D, 15.20, 19[5:30], 34.4, 34.11, 51.27 Syme, Kristen L, 25.27 Szen, Amy L, 40.25 Szeniczey, Tamás, 70.40 Szenthe, Gergely, 70.40 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists T Taboada, Hannah G, 51.9 Tafforeau, Paul, 9.5, 9.7 Taglialatela, Jared P, 48.9 Tague, Robert G, 51.31 Takai, Masanaru, 60.16 Tallman, Melissa, 34.3 Tallman, Paula S, 3.2 Tallman, Sean D, 58.4 Tamang, Rakesh, 33.4 Tangl, Stefan, 71.13 Tang, Nancy, 9.7 Tardif, Suzette, 53[9:30] Tariq, Muhammad, 70.20 Tarquinio, Daniella R, 71.8 Taskent, Recep O, 5[10:45] Tavares, Reinaldo B, 27.20 Tayles, Nancy, 58.2 Taylor, Andrea B, 15.20, 54[11:00] Taylor, Catherine E, 39.5 Taylor, Linda L, 40.40 Taylor, Michael H, 19[6:45] Teaford, Mark F, 50.1, 50.13 Techataweewan, Nawaporn, 27.7, 58.2, 58.8 Tecot, Stacey R, 38.1 Teichroeb, Julie A, 31[8:30] Téllez-Rojo, Martha, 17[3:45] Temba, Jesuit, 50.12 Temple, Daniel H, 4[8:15], 8.2, 51.39, 70.24 Teng, Yuanxin, 64[5:45] Terhune, Claire E, 15.20, 34.4, 55[8:30] Texier, Jean-Pierre, 55[9:30] Thackeray, John F, 50.3 Thangaraj, Kumarasamy, 33.4 Thomas, David, 35.10, 37.7 Thomas, Gregory S, 32[10:45] Thomas, Jaclyn A, 8.2, 70.32 Thomas, Jayne-Leigh, 1.10 Thomas, Richard M, 40.12 Thompson, Benjamin, 14.8 Thompson, Brandon S, 61.44 Thompson, Brittany N, 71.32 Thompson, Katharine ETH, 60.4 Thompson, Nathan E, 45.3, 45.4 Thompson, Randall C, 32[10:45] Thorson, Lindsey J, 27.4 Throckmorton, Zach, 14.12 Tillier, Anne-marie, 26.16 Tillquist, Christopher R, 49.8 Ting, Nelson, 6[9:45], 25.11, 25.14 Tinsley Johnson, Elizabeth T, 6[10:45] Titelbaum, Anne R, 61.26 Tito, Raul, 52[10:30] Tobin, Alexandra R, 20[6:30] Tocheri, Matthew W, 7[9:00], 14.14, 38.17, 39.9, 69.8, 69.24 AUTHOR INDEX Todd, Lawrence, 7[9:30] Tomak, Curtis, 70.30 Tomita, Shinsuke, 56.7 Tomkova, Katerina, 16.35 Tommy, Kimberleigh A, 26.12 Tong, Yongsheng, 60.3 Tonomura, Elise T, 70.27 Toomsan, Yanyong, 58.2 Toretsky, Jeffrey A, 61.32 Torgalski, Christopher, 40.10 Toro-Ibacache, Viviana, 7[9:45] Torosin, Nicole, 13.10 Torquato, Melissa G, 13.17 Torres Morales, Genesis, 61.45 Torres-Rouff, Christina, 4[11:00], 47.4 Torres, Alejandra, 61.17 Torres, Sheila Nicole, 71.28 Tosi, Adelaide, 40.21 Tosi, Anthony J, 25.17, 44[3:30], 44[4:00] Toussaint, Mark, 61.6 Toussaint, Michel, 9.5 Towle, Ian, 7[11:15] Toyne, J. Marla, 70.33 Tozzi, Carlo PROF, 28.1 Tracer, David P, 56.4 Traff, Jordan N, 11.11, 18[5:00] Trancik Petitpierre, Viera, 70.9 Trask, Willa R, 16.10 Traynor, Sarah, 30[11:15] Tremblay Critcher, Lori A, 61.11 Trevathan, Wenda R, 37.22 Trihascaryo, Agus, 19[4:15] Trinkaus, Erik, 55[8:45], 67.16 Trostle, James, 49.19 Truesdell, Janamarie, 10.8 Trumble, Benjamin C, 32[10:45], 32[11:30], 43[3:15], 64[5:30] Tschinkel, Khrystyne E, 61.4 Tuamsuk, Panya, 58.2, 58.8, 58.13 Tucker, Yanish, 50.22 Tukhbatova, Rezeda I, 49.31 Tung, Tiffiny A, 16.19, 43[5:00] Turcotte, Cassandra M, 69.7 Turley, Kevin, 38.14, 51.29, 69.25 Turnbaugh, Peter J, 52[9:45] Turner, Bethany L, 16.18, 16.41, 27.16, 27.21, 37.29, 43[5:30] Turner, Eilidh, 42[5:00] Turner, Trudy R, 24.21, 44[2:45], 48.1, 51.9 Turnquist, Jean E, 51.9 Tuross, Noreen C, 61.38, 68.4 Turq, Alain, 55[9:30] Turroni, Silvia, 52[9:30] Tutsch-Bauer, Edith, 71.13 Tykot, Robert H, 16.17 Tyler, Janelle, 27.11 Tzourio-Mazoyer, Nathalie, 13.11 U Ulibarri, Larry R, 24.22, 48.11 Ullah, Inam, 70.21 Ullinger, Jaime M, 71.8 Umbelino, Cláudia, 71.7 Umberger, Brian R, 45.4 Underwood, Carol, 38.20 Ungar, Peter S, 28.19, 28.25, 50.1, 50.2, 50.13, 67.4 Uno, Kevin T, 14.4 Urlacher, Samuel S, 49.13, 49.14, 59.3 Usai, Donatella, 22.16 Usher, Bethany M, 2.3, 56.16 Utami Atmoko, Sri S, 11.1 Utami Atmoko, Sri Suci, 12.6, 18[6:00] Uy, Jeanelle, 49.30 V Vacca, Raffaele, 17[4:00], 25.21 Vågene, Åshild J, 17[5:00], 61.38 Valeggia, Claudia, 59.5 Valenta, Kim, 62[3:00], 63[4:45] Valizadegan, Negin, 44[5:30] Valoriani, Satu, 70.43 Van Arsdale, Adam P, 14.5 van Casteren, Adam, 15.10, 18[5:00], 18[5:15] van der Merwe, Alie E, 40.5 Van Etten, Katherine, 44[5:30] Van Horn, Andrew, 36.3 van Noordwijk, Maria A, 12.6, 18[6:00] van Rijn, Rick R, 40.5 van Schaik, Carel, 31[9:00], 55[8:15] Van Voorhis, Laura, 16.3 Vandini, Mariangela PROF, 28.1 Vanegas, Andres Felipe, 34.3 Vanhoof, Marie, 54[8:00] VanSickle, Caroline, 45.6, 71.28 Vanti, Will B, 30[9:45] Vanti, William B, 30[9:30] VanValkenburgh, Parker, 43[5:30] Varano, Sara, 27.26 Vargas, Martha V, 37.19 Varvares, Alexis, 40.14 Vasilyev, Sergey, 26.13, 59.24 Vassallo, Stefano, 16.7, 16.14, 27.9, 27.10, 27.11, 43[3:45], 61.24, 70.17, 70.46 Vázquez, Vanessa, 13.2, 59.12 Vazzana, Antonino MR, 28.1 Veatch, Elizabeth Grace, 14.14 Vega, Bernardo, 37.8 Vega, Carlos, 28.12 Veilleux, Carrie C, 64[2:45] Velasco, Matthew C, 43[5:00] Veleminsky, Petr, 16.35, 70.14 Velemínská, Jana, 16.28, 37.15, 37.16, 40.23, 70.13 Velemínský, Petr, 16.28, 70.13 Venkataraman, Vivek V, 31[8:15], 32[9:45], 37.13 Verano, John, 61.4 Vercellotti, Giuseppe, 70.4, 71.6 Vercoutère, Carole, 67.17 Verdugo, Cristina, 28.30 Vereecke, Evie E, 54[8:00] Vergamini, Marie, 60.22 Verostick, Kirsten A, 40.43 Verzeletti, Andrea, 40.21 Vesagas, Nikki, 58.3 Veselovskaya, Elizaveta, 59.24 Vicensotto Bernardo, Danilo, 49.6 Vicente, Mário, 49.11 Vichairat, Karnda, 58.13 Vidarsdottir, Una S, 50.5 Viganò, Claudia, 37.24 Vigilant, Linda, 6[11:15] Vilar, Miguel G, 5[9:30], 37.8, 59.26 Villa, Chiara, 40.29 Villaescusa, Lucia, 55[8:45] Villamil, Catalina I, 30[8:45], 60.27 Villanea, Fernando A, 37.2 Villaseñor-Marchal, Toni, 41[3:45] Villaseñor, Amelia, 7[12:15] Villmoare, Brian A, 21.12, 39.7 Villotte, Sebastien, 67.10, 67.17 Vilshansky, Gregory, 5[9:30], 59.26 Vining, Alexander Q, 31[8:30] Vinyard, Christopher J, 34.5 Viola, Bence, 26.13 Violaris, Chysanthi, 56.16 Vogel, Erin R, 11.1, 12.6, 18[6:00], 24.11 Vohberger, Marina A, 16.9, 70.41 von Cramon-Taubadel, Noreen, 29[12:00], 37.14, 38.17, 51.30, 65[2:30], 65[3:30], 69.10 von Heyking, Kristen, 68.2 von Rueden, Christopher R, 49.28 Vuillien, Manon, 9.2 Vyas, Deven N, 5[10:30] Vyroubal, Vlasta, 27.4, 61.33 W Waddle, Eleanor J, 61.29, 61.53 Wade, Andrew D, 57.7 Wagner, Jennifer K, 3.8, 59.22 Wakefield, Monica L, 31[8:00], 36.8 Walker, Caitlyn, 13.21 Walker, Jessica, 22.3 Walker, Kara K, 6[11:30] Walker, Robert A, 40.41 Wall-Scheffler, Cara, 14.1 Wallace, Ian J, 43[2:45], 59.18 Waller, Kyle D, 16.37 Waller, Michel T, 24.14, 31[8:00] Walser III, Joe W, 22.16 Walsh, Susan, 33.8, 33.9 Walter, Brittany S, 4[9:45] Walter, Jens, 52[11:30] Walther, Lauren J, 70.6 Walz, Jessica T, 53[8:45] Wamser, Caitlin N, 61.31 Wang, Anqi, 16.36 Wang, Hongyi, 42[5:15] Wang, Jingwen, 60.3 Wang, Qian, 26.1, 51.33 Wann, Samuel, 32[10:45] Ward, Carol V, 34.8, 46.4, 46.5, 50.2, 54[9:45], 60.26, 61.54 Ward, Devin L, 70.16 Warinner, Christina, 25.12, 37.5, 37.25, 52[10:30] Warner-Smith, Alanna L, 61.52 Warren, Amy L, 4[11:15] Warrener, Anna G, 13.17 Warren, Kerryn A, 26.5, 55[10:45] Warren, Wesley C, 44[2:45] Warter, Viola, 16.16 Washa, Jackson, 50.12 Wasterlain, Sofia, 8.9 Waterman, Anna J, 16.12, 16.17 Waters-Rist, Andrea L, 61.5, 68.3, 70.7 Watsa, Mrinalini, 36.7, 48.10 Watson, James T, 29[10:45] Watson, Karli K, 44[4:15] Watts, David P, 6[11:15], 53[9:00], 53[11:45] Wawrzyniak, Daniel, 31[9:15] Waxenbaum, Erin B, 51.35 Weaver, Timothy D, 29[9:30], 43[3:00] Weaver, Victoria R, 62[3:30] Webber, James T, 59.20 Webb, Nicole M, 26.22, 38.11, 40.42, 45.5 Webb, Shasta E, 52[11:15] Weber, Andrzej W, 51.39 Weber, Gerhard W, 55[11:00] Wedel, Vicki L, 9.11 Wehrman, Greg J, 51.17 Wehrman, Gregory, 70.44 Weinberg, Seth, 13.1, 40.10 Weinrich, Kendra, 61.29, 61.53 Weinstein, Karen J, 51.9 Weinstein, Sara B, 32[11:15] Weinstock, George, 44[2:45] Weiss-Bilka, Holly E, 13.3 Weiss, Nicole M, 70.4 Wellik, Deneen M, 45.2 Welling, Lisa L.M, 32[9:15] Wells, Jonathan CK, 25.25, 32[9:00], 42[4:45], 51.23 Wells, Konstans, 62[4:00] Werely, Cedric J, 25.8, 33.10 Werren, Elizabeth A, 59.32 Conference Program 91 AUTHOR INDEX Wescott, Daniel J, 9.9, 10.2, 40.16, 61.49, 71.24 Westaway, Michael C, 5[9:15] West, Frankie, 5[11:45] Westin, Jessica L, 2.5 Weston, Darlene, 10.6, 50.5, 50.14 Weyrich, Laura S, 52[11:45] Whalen, Verity, 16.38 Wheatley, John R, 32[9:15] Whitcome, Katherine, 46.13, 69.27 White, Bryan A, 24.3 White, Christine, 68.2, 68.6 White, DeAndre, 25.28 White, Frances J, 31[8:00], 36.2, 51.29, 53[11:15] White, Jacob C, 61.35 White, Julie D, 64[3:15] White, Suzanna, 26.14 Whiting, Rebecca J, 28.4 Whitmore, Katie M, 22.15, 38.3 Wijeakumar, Sobanawartiny, 30[10:30] Wikberg, Eva C, 6[9:45] Wilczak, Cynthia W, 57.1 Wilczynski, Jaroslaw, 67.16 Wild, Kyleb D, 36.8 Wiles, Kathleen M, 39.9 Wilham, Krysta N, 61.39 Wilhelm, Benjamin C, 33.8, 36.3 Wilkins, M. Alexandra, 11.3, 11.7, 18[5:00] Wilkinson, Robert J, 33.5 Willen, Jessica, 29[8:15] Willerslev, Eske, 5[9:15] Williams-Hatala, Erin Marie, 14.2, 14.16, 63[5:15] Williams, Aaron J, 49.24 Williams, Blythe A, 60.9, 66.9 Williams, Frank L, 60.10, 71.32 Williams, Frank L’Engle, 26.20 Williams, Jane E, 32[9:00], 64[5:00] Williams, Kortney, 61.22 Williams, Leslie Lea, 57.4, 61.29, 61.53 Williams, M. Alexandra, 11.11 Williams, Samuel J, 65[3:15] Williams, Scott A, 7[10:30], 25.22, 46.2, 46.6, 46.7, 51.9, 69.3, 71.28 Williams, Sloan R, 1.2 Willman, John C, 26.21, 67.18 Willman, John DR, 28.1 Willmore, Katherine E, 65[2:45] Wilson, Andrew S, 57.3 Wilson, Brenda A, 24.3 Wilson, Jeremy J, 4[8:45] Wilson, Laura A.B, 69.23 Wilson, Michael L, 11.10, 12.7, 44[3:15] Wilson, Nicholas D, 9.8, 9.10 Wilson, Richard K, 44[2:45] Wilson, Teresa V, 28.20 92 Winburn, Allysha P, 61.28 Winchester, Julia M, 66.11 Wineinger, Robin T, 28.22 Witola, William H, 44[5:30] Wittig, Roman, 18[6:15] Witt, Kelsey E, 37.26 Wittmer, Heiko U, 31[10:30] Witzel, Adrienne, 7[9:30] Witzel, Carsten, 16.6, 16.8 Włodarczak, Piotr, 61.6 Wohns, Anthony W, 29[8:15] Wojcinski, Marissa, 27.3 Wojtal, Piotr, 67.16 Wolfe, Barbara A, 36.4 Wolk, Rachelle, 48.6, 48.12 Wollstein, Andreas, 33.9 Wood, Aaron R, 60.28 Wood, Bernard A, 55[8:00] Wood, Brian M, 53[11:45], 59.6 Wood, Jacob, 46.5 Wood, James W, 61.34 Woodruff, Emily D, 60.28 Woods, Chris, 51.6 Woods, Robert J, 59.18 Woo, Eun Jin, 51.30 Worthington, Steven, 59.18 Worthman, Carol M, 17[3:00] Wrangham, Richard W, 6[8:00], 6[10:30], 53[8:15], 53[11:30] Wren, Kimberly T, 59.18 Wright, Barth W, 15.10 Wright, Elizabeth, 16.12 Wright, Joanne, 5[9:15] Wright, Kristin A, 15.10 Wright, Patricia C, 24.8, 31[11:00], 36.11, 42[2:45] Wroblewski, Emily E, 6[11:00], 12.7, 53[10:45] Wroe, Stephen, 69.25 Wynn, Jonathan G, 7[8:30], 21.8 X Xhemali, Bledar, 40.31 Xifara, Tatiana, 16.34 Xu, Duo, 5[11:00], 33.12, 49.18 Y Yang, Deming, 14.4 Yang, Shiyu, 16.36 Yankova, Dima, 15.15 Yao, Lu, 23.7, 25.5 yapp, poppy, 8.6 Yapuncich, Gabriel S, 39.10, 60.9 Yard, Allison J, 13.4 Yaussy, Samantha L, 27.8 Yegian, Andrew K, 50.22 Yetish, Gandhi, 32[9:30] Yim, An-Di, 25.10, 25.22 Yoder, Anne, 66.4 Yokley, Todd R, 51.10 Yonan, Amanda L, 2.9 Young, Aaron J, 70.35 Young, Christopher, 31[9:30] Young, Colleen B, 23.2 Young, Hannah, 24.14 Young, Hillary S, 32[11:15] Young, Jesse W, 38.13 Young, Johanna E, 70.32, 70.33 Young, Larry J, 36.13 Young, Mariel, 45.1 Young, Nathan M, 34.10 Young, Sharon M, 37.28, 64[5:45] Young, Soleil E, 61.52 Yukuma, Charakura, 31[11:45] Z Zachwieja, Alexandra, 67.11 Zahid, Abdul H, 27.9 Zaidi, Arslan A, 59.22, 64[3:15] Zaim, Jahdi, 19[4:15] Zakrzewski, Sonia R, 8.10, 22.11, 51.6 Zaleski, Sarah M, 38.13 Zamora, Andrew J, 19[6:30] Zamora, Salvador, 56.6 Zanolli, Clément, 60.23 Zarenko, Kristina M, 1.5 Zava, David, 37.28, 64[5:45] Zavaroni, Federica, 27.26 Zderic, Theodore W, 59.6 Zechini, Mariana E, 16.18 Zeininger, Angel, 54[9:00], 65[4:30], 69.17 Zejdlik, Katie, 70.15 Zelazny, Kaya G, 51.25 Zena, Ashenafi, 59.15 Zhang, Quanchao, 26.1, 51.33 Zhang, Qun, 26.1, 51.33 Zhang, Wenxin, 16.36 Zhao, Huijie, 16.36 Zhu, Hong, 26.1 Zhu, Kimberly, 28.30 Ziegler, Toni, 53[9:30] Ziesemer, Kirsten A, 37.25 Zihlman, Adrienne, 38.20 Zilhão, João, 55[8:45] Zimmer, Adam C.N, 40.3 Zipfel, Bernhard, 14.12, 26.12, 51.40 Zipkin, Andrew M, 55[8:00] Zivkoivc, Angela M, 64[5:15] Zoeller, Gretchen E, 37.1 Zohdy, Sarah, 63[4:45] Zollikofer, Christoph P E, 29[9:45], 54[8:15] Zuckerman, Molly K, 16.26, 61.36, 70.44, 71.14 Zuné, Lü, 45.10 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists ABSTRACTS Dental microwear textures of an expanded sample of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein Member 4 ELICIA F. ABELLA1, FREDRICK E. GRINE2, MARK F. TEAFORD3 and PETER S. UNGAR1 Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, 2Departments of Anthropology and Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, 3Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592 1 Previous study has suggested that Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus have overlapping molar microwear textures, but that A. africanus had a greater spread of anisotropy values, whereas P. robustus had more variable but a higher average complexity. This was taken to suggest overlapping diets, but more tough-food consumption by A. africanus and more hard-object feeding by P. robustus. The basis of that original work was a comparatively small sample, including only ten A. africanus specimens. Here we present data for an expanded sample, including both Sts and Stw specimens (n = 25 individuals) from Sterkfontein Member 4 with specimens from the previous study, to assess within-species variation in A. africanus. We considered only molar teeth, and examined them using standard confocal profilometry and scale-sensitive fractal analyses. Our results for both microwear texture complexity and anisotropy are consistent with the previous study based on the smaller sample. While the new data slightly extend the range of values for anisotropy and complexity, the expanded sample of A. africanus still overlaps with that for P. robustus, but has a higher average anisotropy and lower average complexity. This suggests, again, that compared with P. robustus, A. africanus individuals at Sterkfontein consumed more tough foods, and fewer hard, brittle ones in Member 4 times. This study was funded by a U.S. National Science Foundation grant to PSU, FEG, and MFT Male-infant Relationships in Wild Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) LAURA A. ABONDANO , KELSEY M. ELLIS and ANTHONY DI FIORE1,2 1,2 1,2 Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Fundación Proyecto Primates 1 2 Male-infant interactions in primates are associated with male strategies that can reflect paternal investment in offspring, mating effort, or a combination of strategies. Male caretaking is expected to be more prevalent in species with high paternity certainty, maximizing the chances of males investing in their own offspring. More extensive male care is also expected when infants have high risk of mortality, if increased paternal care can improve infant survival. Here, we describe male interactions with infants and their mothers in wild woolly monkeys at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. This species is described as having low paternity certainty, low infant mortality, and no reported cases of infanticide, suggesting that male caretaking behavior should be rare. Over 16 months (2014-2016) of observation, we recorded, ad libitum, at least 19 cases of intense male interest in infants. These interactions included males inspecting, touching, grooming, carrying, or playing with infants as well as their maintaining frequent spatial proximity (within 2 meters) to mothers carrying infants. Additionally, in male-female dyads (N = 32), males were 6.5 times more likely to be in spatial proximity of females with infants than females without infants (W = 21, p < 0.001), despite the fact that females without infants were more numerous in the group. Our results suggest that male-infant interactions in woolly monkeys may be important, despite low paternity certainty and low infant mortality, and could reflect a male strategy to strengthen social bonds with females and increase future mating opportunities. Funded by NSF BCS 1540403, the Leakey Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the National Geographic Society/Waitt Grants Program, and the University of Texas at Austin. Anterior femoral curvature tracks decreasing mobility from Woodland to Mississippian AHMAD YOSUF. ABU DALOU Anthropology, Yarmouk University Trends of change in terrestrial logistic mobility has been investigated by several methods, including femoral midshaft shape as determined by external measurements and cross-sectional geometry. This study used anterior femoral curvature and shape of femur at the midshaft to test the hypothesis that mobility decreased significantly as a result of shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture in North America. Femoral curvature develops during childhood and adolescence from the more straight condition at birth. Degree of curvature and shape at the midshaft of femur of 48 skeletons from the Woodland Period and 24 from the Mississippian Period were measured. Findings showed that young people of the Woodland Period who participated in foraging and horticulture displayed a significantly greater degree of femoral curvature than those of the Mississippian Period whose principal subsistence strategy was agriculture. Sexual dimorphism in curvature was significantly greater in the Woodland than in the Mississippian, a pattern repeated with femoral midshaft shape. Males showed more anteriorly curved femora and anterio-posteriorly elongated oval femoral midshafts than females. Simple measurement of the development of anterior femoral curvature in adults as a proxy for mobility holds advantages over cross-sectional geometry since it does not requires sections, radiographs or computed tomography. Seasonal Fluctuation in Body Fat Sexual Dimorphism among Pumé Hunter-Gatherers ALAN ACHENBACH, RUSSELL D. GREAVES and KAREN L. KRAMER Anthropology, University of Utah Human females cross-culturally have a greater percentage of body fat than males. Based on studies in developed (stable food) populations, females are expected to be more resistant to weight loss. However, in the majority of seasonal hunger studies in traditional populations, females experience greater weight fluctuation than males. Thus, sexual dimorphism in body fat appears ecologically dependent. To address this, we test the hypotheses that in food-fluctuating populations, females will show both a higher mean and variance in body fat relative to males when food is plentiful. We test this hypothesis in two genetically related South American populations, the Savanna Pumé, a group of mobile hunter-gatherers (n=72) and the River Pumé, a group of horticulturalists (n=57). The Pumé live in close geographic proximity, have similar life histories and pathogenic exposure, but experience different levels of seasonal variation in food availability. We compare two body fat measures (BMI and triceps skinfold) among reproductive-aged adults during lean and abundant seasons. Results show that 1) Savanna Pumé male and female body fat variance is similar during food scarcity; 2) but female body fat increases significantly and has greater variance during food abundance; 3) and among the more food stable River Pumé, body fat dimorphism is reduced in both intersexual mean and variance. Results imply that body fat sexual dimorphism is linked to the degree of food stability. Females are distinguished by their ability to take advantage of abundant season weight gain, not by resistance to weight loss during lean season. Support: National Science Foundation; Grant number: 0349963; NSF; Grant number: DBS-9123875; L.S.B. Leakey Foundation; Harvard University In Cibus Veritas: Palaeodietary Analysis of Skeletons from 5th Century BC, Italy ANDREA N. ACOSTA1, KRISTINA KILLGROVE1, BETHANY L. TURNER2 and BENJAMIN J. SCHAEFER2 1 Anthropology and Archaeology, University of West Florida, 2Anthropology, Georgia State University The Archaic period (c. 6th-5th BC) of central Italy is a liminal one, representing an increase in urban settlement prior to the rise of Rome. Differences between the earlier Latins and the later Romans are evident in burial practices, but very little Conference Program 93 ABSTRACTS bioarchaeological analysis of Archaic cemeteries has been done. This project involves eight individuals from Archaic chamber tombs at the site of Gabii, an early urban center located 15km east of Rome. A combination of biochemical and osteological analyses of these skeletons shed new light on the Archaic diet and lifestyle in central Italy. Palaeodietary (C/N isotope) analysis of rib samples was conducted to answer questions regarding dietary patterns, and these results are combined with historical and archaeological data to provide context for life in Archaic Gabii. Statistical analysis based on t-tests of adult sample means shows that the δ13Cap values of the six Archaic adults (-12.3‰ VPDB) are the same on average as adults from urban Imperial Rome (-12.3‰, p=.85), but significantly different than those from suburban Imperial Rome (-10.5‰, p=.0001) and from suburban Republican Rome (-9.9‰, p=.0003). This suggests that the Archaic population buried at Gabii was consuming more C3 resources than that of the later suburban population. Ongoing analyses of C and N isotopes from rib collagen further elucidate diet and subsistence at urban Archaic Gabii. This study therefore provides the first palaeodietary isotope data from the Archaic period in Italy, precursor of Republican and Imperial Rome. Sex estimation from dental crown and cervical metrics in a contemporary Japanese sample DONOVAN ADAMS, MARIN PILLOUD, DIANA MALARCHIK and CHELSEA ARCE Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno Various sex estimation methods exist; however, few are population-specific, which can make estimations of sex across populations problematic. Additionally, sex estimation becomes increasingly difficult with fragmentary remains. This study attempts to address both problems in skeletal analyses by presenting a study in which various dental measurements can be used in a population-specific method to estimate sex. Data were collected on Japanese individuals (males=75 and females=22) who lived in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, comprising part of a skeletal collection housed at Chiba University in Chiba, Japan. Maximum crown and cervical dimensions (mesiodistal and buccolingual) were collected on the left dental arcade; the right antimere was substituted in the case of a missing tooth. Univariate t-tests indicate sexual dimorphism in both crown dimensions of UI2; crown buccolingual dimensions of UC, UM2, LI1, and LC; both cervical dimensions of UI2, UP3, LC; cervical buccolingual dimensions of UP4, UM2, LI1, LP3, LP4; and cervical mesiodistal 94 dimensions of UC and LM2. A step-wise discriminant function utilizing the cervical buccolingual dimensions of the maxillary canine and mandibular lateral incisor and second molar worked moderately well at classifying individuals by sex (75.9% of original group correctly classified, 59.3% of cross-validated group). Finally, various equations were created to aid in the estimation of sex in the case of an unknown individual. This study highlights the variability in sexual dimorphism between populations and the importance of producing population-specific equations. Comparison Between Parapapio broomi and Pp. whitei from Makapansgat and Sterkfontein, South Africa using Dental Microwear Analysis LAURA C. ADAY, FRANK L. WILLIAMS and WILLIAM G. ANDERSON Anthropology, Georgia State University Cercopithecoid fossils attributed to Parapapio broomi and Pp. whitei are found at Makapansgat Members 3-4 dated to 2.9 Ma as well as at Sterkfontein Member 4 dated to 2.4 Ma. Size differences are purported to characterize the two taxa, such that Pp. broomi and Pp. whitei may have occupied distinct but stable dietary niches. To examine whether site or taxon better explains the variation in dietary signals, Pp. broomi from Makapansgat (n = 8) and Sterkfontein (n = 20) and Pp. whitei from Makapansgat (n = 10) and Sterkfontein (n = 20) were examined using low magnification stereomicroscopy with an external light source and a 0.4 mm2 ocular reticle, using averages of two observations on the paracone or protoconid as a sampling strategy. Comparative samples included Pp. jonesi from Sterkfontein (n = 20), Cercocebus agilis (n =10) and Colobus angolensis (n = 10). Canonical Scores Axis 1 (64.6% of variance) imperfectly separates Makapansgat and Sterkfontein Parapapio suggesting paleoecological differences characterize the two sites. The second axis (28.4% of variance) largely separates C. angolensis from C. agilis on the basis of the number of fine scratches in the former and large pits and coarse scratches in the latter. None of the Parapapio taxa appear to have been folivorous, such as C. angolensis, and Pp. whitei from Makapansgat and Pp. broomi from Sterkfontein may have engaged in hard-object feeding, such as in C. agilis. Site rather than taxon may account for more of the dietary variation in Pliocene Parapapio of South Africa. Funding for this research was received from the Office of the Vice President for Research at Georgia State University. 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Fracture Resistance in the Human Rib: Contributions of Cross-Sectional Geometry AMANDA M. AGNEW, ELINA MISICKA, MICHELLE M. MURACH, VICTORIA M. DOMINGUEZ and TIMOTHY P. GOCHA Skeletal Biology Research Lab, Injury Biomechanics Research Center, The Ohio State University Rib fractures are a common form of trauma in individuals of all ages, and can negatively impact morbidity and mortality. In this study, a hierarchical approach was used to assess variability in rib parameters that contribute to differential risk of fracture in humans. A large sample of mid-level ribs (4-7) from male and females of all ages of skeletally mature individuals (15-108 years) are included in this study. Variation is assessed between individuals according to sex, age, and stature, and is assessed within individuals according to rib levels, location along the rib and cortex (i.e., pleural vs. cutaneous) where appropriate. Results indicate significant (p<0.05) differences between rib levels, location along the rib, and cortex according to individual level characteristics (e.g., sex) for Cortical Area (Ct.Ar), Cortical Thickness (Ct.Th), Robusticity, Section Modulus (Z), and Area Moment of Inertia (I). Additionally, these parameters are significantly correlated with rib structural properties including stiffness and peak force. These relationships suggest differential fracture risk may result from the functional adaptation of the ribs to their local loading environment (i.e., via respiration), as well as systemic, metabolic influences and highlights the degree of variability present across the population. Can diaphyseal (cross-sectional) properties of arm and leg bones detect among-population genetic relationships? GINA AGOSTINI and BRIGITTE HOLT Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst The ability of diaphyseal bone to adapt to physical activity is well documented. However, few studies have investigated whether the same properties reflect among-population genetic relationships despite evidence that craniofacial and pelvic dimensions do so well. Craniofacial and long bone data were gathered for 1003 individuals throughout Europe and South Africa. Diaphyseal (cross-sectional) shape and rigidity properties were gathered for the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia. Population genetics methods commonly applied to crania (the “RelethfordBlangero” model) were used to compare the abilities of craniofacial and diaphyseal data to detect population distances.Results show that diaphyseal properties have higher coefficients of variation and lower differentiation (QST) values than do crania. This is consistent with increased plasticity and intrapopulation variation. Despite this, relationship and distance matrices ABSTRACTS show diaphyseal properties consistently and competently parse out genetic affinities, with plotted among-population relationships similar to those produced by the crania. This similarity is corroborated by a Mantel test confirming the genetic distances generated by craniofacial and long bone variables are highly correlated irrespective of their common origin. These results hold across multiple tests designed to probe the behavior/genetics relationship, including analysis of populations from different behavioral contexts and sympatric populations of differing ancestry. These results in aggregate suggest that behaviorally or environmentally induced plasticity does not fully erase the genetic substructure of limb bones, showing promise for future genetic or phylogenetic applications. Furthermore, some control for genetic autocorrelation should be employed for studies reliant upon interpopulation comparisons of long bones prior to making behavioral predictions. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation (Award#1411887), the “Culture and Heritage in European Societies and Spaces,” program, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Correlated Responses to Selection among Elements of the Cranium and Appendicular Skeleton between Large-Bodied and SmallBodied Tamarins ELIZABETH R. AGOSTO and BENJAMIN M. AUERBACH Anthropology, University of Tennessee - Knoxville The correlated evolution of the appendicular skeleton and cranium is largely unexamined. The skeletal elements of the skull, neck, and upper thorax share soft tissue and developmental pathways, and so we hypothesize that these elements exhibit shared responses to evolution. If such a relationship exists, we anticipate that correlated responses to evolutionary forces may be related to changes in body size over time. This study utilizes retrospectively estimated selection gradients of four basicranial, three shoulder girdle, and one appendicular dimension to assess the response to selection among these elements between two species of tamarins: large-bodied Saguinus oedipus, and the small-bodied Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri. Vectors of estimated selection gradients required to evolve one tamarin species into another were analyzed using the following eight measurements: foramen magnum length and width, condylar length, size of the nuchal region, and the lengths of the scapula, scapular spine, clavicle, and humerus. For each selection gradient, a 95% confidence interval was estimated using a non-parametric bootstrap. Results show correlated responses to selection among cranial and post-cranial elements. Most traits evolved by correlated responses to selection on other traits, most significantly between cranial and postcranial traits. We show that the basicranium and the scapula and humerus are not independently evolving. While most of the observed responses to selection appear to follow expected changes in body size, the foramen magnum width (for both transitions) and the scapular length (small to large transition) do not, and may be reflective of underlying genetic covariances affecting these traits. Effects of Genetics and the Nuclear Family Environment on Shodagor Health MONICA H. AHSAN and KATHRINE E. STARKWEATHER Anthropology, University of Missouri Measures of height, weight, and BMI capture general health status, reflecting issues such as malnutrition and stunting. Assessing sources of variation in these outcomes reveals population-specific variables of importance to health and nutrition. The Shodagor are a semi-nomadic, boat-dwelling community in Matlab, Bangladesh with nuclear family-focused childcare and economic behaviors. Boat-dwelling presents unique challenges (particularly related to childcare), and the Shodagor utilize distinct economic strategies in which women often engage in riskier work outside the home. We analyze the impacts of genetic variation and household socioeconomic variables on height, weight, and BMI among the Shodagor using Bayesian linear mixed models, and we implement an “animal model” framework to estimate heritabilities using complex genealogical relationships. Householdlevel socioeconomic variables were screened for inclusion in these models using likelihood ratio tests, and the effects of retained predictors on height, weight, and BMI were estimated according to “types” of individuals: children, mothers, and fathers. This enabled us to assess how these predictor variables differentially impact health between the different types of individuals within households. Genetic variation accounts for approximately 66.9% of the variation in height, 50.5% in weight, and 48.6% in BMI among the Shodagor as a population. Predictor variables such as number of children in each household and wife’s income percentage have surprisingly weak relationships with health outcomes, whereas average number of years mothers spent breastfeeding and parental education levels have substantial associations with weight and BMI, particularly for fathers. Intermarriage and Hybridity at an Ancient Greek Colony: Oxygen Stable Isotope Analysis at Himera in Sicily VANESSA C. ALARCIA1, LAURIE J. REITSEMA2, BRITNEY KYLE3 and STEFANO VASSALLO4 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, 80631, 4Regional Archaeological Superintendence of Palermo, Italy This study addresses residential mobility of individuals interred at the Greek colony site of Himera, Sicily (648-409 BCE), using oxygen stable isotope analysis of human tooth enamel. Studies addressing Greek colonization historically have focused on the process of Hellenization, the more or less unidirectional outward flow of Greek people and culture throughout the Mediterranean. However, Hellenization models discount the important role of indigenous populations, including intermarriage, in the creation of hybrid cultures and ethnicities. Co-occurrence of flexed and supine interment styles at Himera hint at intrapopulation cultural differences in this multiethnic colony site. To examine whether burial styles were shared among the population, or segregated depending on a person’s geographic point-of-origin, we analyzed oxygen stable isotope ratios of 24 adult individuals, testing two null hypotheses: that there are no significant differences in the oxygen stable isotope ratios of skeletons in flexed versus supine graves, and that females and males are equally likely to be local/ non-local. Fifteen individuals were determined to be local to the area whereas seven were non-locals. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant sex differences (X2=1.62, p=0.2) and geographic origin appears to be unrelated to interment style (X2=0.04, p=0.85). This mix of local and non-local males and females in both burial styles, along with material culture at the site exhibiting both Greek and Sicilian elements, point to intermarriage and hybridity in ethnicity at Himera. This research was funded by National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates award numbers 1560227 and 1560158, the University of Georgia, and the University of Northern Colorado. Dynamics of clans in Human Unilineal populations: a genetic approach BÉRÉNICE ALARD1, GOKI LY1, ROMAIN LAURENT1, SOPHIE LAFOSSE1, CHOU MONIDARIN2, GÉRARD DIFFLOTH3, OLIVIER EVRARD4, FRÉDÉRIC BOURDIER5, SAMUEL PAVARD1 and RAPHAËLLE CHAIX1 1 Eco-Anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, UMR 7206 CNRS, MNHN, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75016 Paris, France., 2Faculty of Pharmacy and Rodolphe Mérieux Laboratory, University of Health Sciences, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3 Siem Reap, Cambodia, 4Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance, UMR 208, IRD, MNHN, Paris, France, 5 Développement et Sociétés, UMR 201, Panthéon Sorbonne, IEDES, IRD, Paris, France Societies are often structured into descent groups, such as clans. The descent group affiliation is transmitted either maternally (matrilineal populations) or paternally (patrilineal populations). People of a same descent groups define Conference Program 95 ABSTRACTS themselves through a common ancestry, on the male (patrilineal populations) or female (matrilineal populations) line. Consequently, women from the same matrilineal clan should be related through their maternal lines while men from the same patrilineal clan should be related through their paternal lines. However, if there is no recent common ancestry and/or if a clan incorporates individuals through horizontal processes, a lower relatedness is expected. In this study, we investigated clan dynamics in four matrilineal and four patrilineal South-East Asian populations using uniparental genetic data. Indeed, the maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA and paternally transmitted Y-chromosome are powerful tools to explore fine scale sex-specific relatedness patterns. We sequenced the mitochondrial HVS-1 sequence (438 individuals), in addition to 17 Y-chromosome STRs loci (420 individuals). We show that the mitochondrial relatedness within matrilineal clans is higher than the Y-chromosome relatedness within patrilineal clans. This suggests that the descent rule is more strictly respected in matrilineal than in patrilineal populations or that patrilineal clans might be a conglomerate of men from diverse origins. Interestingly, ethnographic observations show that patrilineal clans from the studied populations tend to incorporate men from other villages and clans. Thus, genetic data unveil contrasted dynamics for matrilineal and patrilineal clans in South-East Asia. Nutrient limitation and orangutan facilitated nutrient recycling in a peat swamp habitat SHAUHIN E. ALAVI1,2, SRI S. UTAMI ATMOKO3, MARDIANTO DJINU4 and ERIN R. VOGEL1,2 1 Department of Anthropology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 2The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 3Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Nasional, Jakarta, 4Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Palangka Raya The ecological role of primates and their effects on forest dynamics have been largely limited to seed dispersal studies, with little attention paid to the other services that primates provide. Some soil nutrients are critically limiting in tropical forests, and large animals are thought to be disproportionately important for the translocation of soil nutrients. We present data on nutrient limitation in a Bornean peat swamp, and orangutans’ role in facilitating nutrient recycling. Data were collected at the Tuanan Research Station in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia from 2014-2015. Nutrient limitation was quantified with nutrient addition experiments using root in-growth cores. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium were the experimental treatments and were compared to control cores. After one year, the change in below ground (fine root) biomass for each treatment was measured. Orangutan fecal samples were 96 collected opportunistically during full-day focal follows, and soil samples were collected prior to nutrient addition experiments. Only phosphorous cores were significantly different from control cores in fine root biomass (p < 0.0001), with a 7-fold mean increase due to phosphorous addition. Mean total phosphorous per fecal sample was 2.85 times greater than mean total phosphorous per soil sample. These data suggest that phosphorous is limiting at Tuanan, and that orangutan feces is comparatively rich in phosphorous relative to the native soil. Orangutans are among the largest animal species at Tuanan, and are at a relatively high density. Orangutans are therefore potentially important regulators of soil phosphorous within peat swamps, and thus provide important ecosystem services to these habitats. United States Agency for International Development; The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies; International Primatological Society, National Science Foundation, Rutgers Department of Anthropology Updated chronology for the Miocene primate succession at Abocador de Can Mata (NE Iberian Peninsula) DAVID M. ALBA1, ISAAC CASANOVAS-VILAR1, MIGUEL GARCÉS2,3 and JOSEP M. ROBLES1 1 Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 3Institut Geomodels, Grup de Recerca Consolidat de Geodinàmica i Anàlisi de Conques, Universitat de Barcelona Continued paleontological fieldwork for more than ten years during the enlargement of the Abocador de Can Mata landfill (ACM; els Hostalets de Pierola, Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) led to the recovery of >60,000 vertebrate remains, incluing rare faunal elements such as pliopithecoid and hominoid primates. Based on magneto-, litho- and biostratigraphic data, here we report updated estimated (interpolated) ages for the 235 localities (19 with primates) of the 234 m-thick ACM composite stratigraphic sequence (MN6 and MN7+8; middle to late Miocene), to review the timing of the primate succession in this area. Our results indicate that seven magnetozones are included, being correlated to subchrons C5Ar.1r to C5r.2r (ca. 12.6 to 11.4 Ma). Dryopithecine great apes are first recorded at 12.4–12.3 Ma, although most of them (Anoiapithecus, Pierolapithecus and Dryopithecus) cluster between 12.0 and 11.9 Ma, followed by some indeterminate remains between 11.7 and 11.6 Ma. Pliopithecoids first appear at 12.1 Ma, being subsequently represented by Pliopithecus between 11.9 to 11.7 Ma. The small-bodied hominoid Pliobates is the youngest ACM primate with an age of 11.6 Ma. Although these primates probably overlapped in time, their co-occurrence is only recorded twice: a dryopithecine with Pliopithecus at 11.9 Ma, and a 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists dryopithecine with Pliobates at 11.6 Ma. The rare co-occurrence between great apes and small catarrhines might be attributable to sampling biases and/or to their presumed diverging ecological preferences. Detailed analyses of the ACM fauna will hopefully throw new light on this question in the future. Research funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL2014-54373-P, CGL2014-55900-P, and RYC-2013-12470 to ICV) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 416, GRC and 2014/100609). Walking in their shoes: A multidisciplinary approach to understanding tarsal coalition in Medieval Exeter MALORIE E. ALBEE Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University By combining clinical and archaeological data, this study aims to gain a better understanding of tarsal coalition, a supposedly rare congenital condition, through the differential diagnosis and analysis of a skeletal population from Exeter, England. The skeletal sample for this project was drawn from the 1971-72 and 1976 excavations of Exeter’s Cathedral Green by the Exeter Museums Archaeological Field Unit. In this sample of 183 individuals, eight individuals exhibiting coalitions of various forms were diagnosed by radiograph. These combined and separate frequencies are quite high for clinical estimations, but in line with other reported archaeological frequencies. Each individual was examined from the pelvis down for any bony changes related to increased muscle mass or degeneration of the joints associated with such a condition, as it was hypothesized that decreased ankle mobility would require changes in the movement of the rest of the lower limb. The result of statistical analysis of tibial metrics was that most patterns existed in dichotomies, which has been attributed to differing behavior of the individual in response to likely pain and stiffness brought on by the coalition. In particular, a matched pairs t-test was used to compare unilateral tarsal coalition with medial-lateral tibial diameter, and the relationship is significant at the 95% confidence level (p=0.0063). These data are useful not only in identifying and understanding tarsal coalition and its compensatory changes in skeletal collections, but also can be applied clinically to aid in diagnosis and treatment of a rare condition which currently is only documented radiographically. The Microbial Organ is Unlike any Other – Evidence for Conflict in HumanMicrobiome Co-Evolution JOE ALCOCK1, ROSA KRAJMALNIK-BROWN2, JUAN MALDONADO2, ATHENA AKTIPIS3 and CLIFF HAN4 Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Biodesign, Arizona State University, 3Psychology, 1 2 ABSTRACTS Arizona State University, 4Bioenergy and Biome Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory Recent research has highlighted the profound influence of resident microbes on their host’s phenotype, eliciting the viewpoint that the human microbiome is a forgotten organ. Organlike function of the human microbiome might evolve if selection acting on the hologenome - a combination of microbial and host genes - yields adaptations that increase the fitness of the composite organism - the holobiont. Because fitness interests of microbes and hosts are not perfectly aligned, conflict is an additional consequences of selection acting on the hologenome. We have proposed that altered eating behavior and energy metabolism is an outcome of host-microbiota conflict over energy and habitat. Our ongoing research is testing whether human food choices are affected by our oral and gut bacteria, and therefore are not a simple matter of willpower. We have tested whether changes in neuropeptides and eating behaviors are linked to functional changes in the microbiome of night shift workers (n=7) and patients with sleep apnea (n=24). Both shift workers and sleep apnea patients have previously demonstrated a preference for calorie-dense “junk” foods. Sleep apnea patients showed a significant relationship between the pathogen containing group Enterobacteriaceae and urinary norepinephrine (R2 = 0.57, p = 0.002). This presentation describes these preliminary findings and their implications for the current epidemic of obesity and metabolic disease. New approaches aimed at limiting host-microbiota conflict, including probiotics and time restricted eating, may help reduce the burden of these diseases. Supported by the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of the NIH through Grant Number ULI TR000041 Genetic structure of populations from six cities in Iraq based on 15 STRs SARAH D. ALDEN1, MAJEED ARSHEED SABBAH2 and MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD1 Anthropology, University of Kansas, 2Forensic DNA Center for Research and Training, Al-Nahrain University 1 15 STRs were sequenced for 1061 individuals from six dispersed cities within Iraq and these data were used to examine whether there is genetic differentiation among the various regions of Iraq. The samples were collected by buccal swabs from laboratory workers and patients at hospitals and private laboratories in each city and amplified at Al-Nahrain University in Iraq using AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® kit and sequenced at Macrogen Korea. The most frequent alleles in the Iraqi population were: 8 repeats at TPOX (0.510); 12 repeats at CSF1PO (0.329) and D5S818 (0.319); 11 repeats at D5S818 (0.308), CSF1PO (0.307), and D16S539 (0.306); and 12 repeats at D13S317 (0.304). The largest sample size came from Baghdad (n=354) and this city presented with alleles which were not found in the other cities nor seem common in surrounding countries: 8 repeats at vWA, 11 repeats at vWA, and 16 repeats at FGA. The rarest allele was found in the city of Wasit: 22 repeats at D13S317. Overall results indicate that Iraqi cities are genetically very similar to each other (Rst= 0.002) with Anbar being the most distinct. However, genetic clusters created with R package adegenet were not independent of city assignation (p = 0.003) and the DAPC function was able to correctly assign individuals to their city 48.7% of the time using 120 PCs. This reveals that microdifferentiation among these regions is possible at these loci. MDS plots grouped Iraq with other Middle Eastern countries, particularly Iran and Turkey. Paleoenvironments and Dietary Adaptation of Australopithecus afarensis: A Synthesis ZERESENAY ALEMSEGED1, JONATHAN G. WYNN2 and WILLIAM H. KIMBEL3 1 Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 2School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, 3School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University Paleoanthropologists are mostly preoccupied by questions relating to morphology, behavior, locomotion, phylogenetic position and evolutionary history of the specific hominin taxa they study. Yet, many issues pertaining to patterns in early hominin evolution cannot be fully investigated without a good understanding of the paleoenvironmental setting that at least in part controls the processes of evolution. Fortunately, the proliferation of fossil discoveries and concomitant advances in our ability to interpret paleoecological context of hominins have recently been remarkable. The wealth of fossil material amassed combined with the application of recently developed approaches ranging from ecomorphological methods, to stable isotope studies to finite element modeling have dramatically improved our knowledge. Still, paleoecological signals derived from diverse approaches are not necessarily congruent. Faunal abundance studies have long been our best proxies to assess paleolandscapes but their limitations are obvious. Hominin dental microwear studies shed light on type and texture of food consumed, yet isotopic data suggest that inferences made based on the these approaches are not straightforward. Particularly, diverging dental enamel istotopic signals from species that are otherwise very similar (Australopithecus anamensis vs Australopithecus afarensis and Paranthropus robustus vs Paranthropus boisei) underscore the complexity these issues. Fortunately, paleoecologists today are positioned to explore these questions in an integrated and holistic manner by looking into both consistencies and discrepancies resulting from diverse approaches. Here, we summarize the major gains made over the past decades, comment on the discrepancies and their potential sources, and point to future research directions both in the field and lab. Evidence of an Iron Age Massacre at the Sandby borg Ringfort CLARA ALFSDOTTER1 and ANNA KJELLSTRÖM2 Department of Cultural Sciences, Linnaeus University/Bohusläns museum, 2Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University 1 Due to the discovery of five jewelry caches from the Migration period (AD 400 - 550) in 2010, an excavation of the ringfort Sandby borg at the island Öland on the Swedish southeast coast, was undertaken by the Museum of Kalmar. During the excavation the remains of unburied bodies were found inside houses and on the streets. The zooarchaeological record implies that animals were abandoned to starve. Food was still lying by the hearth and luxury items were left exposed. Sandby borg was seemingly deserted, leaving no one to care for the dead or their belongings, the later bearing witness to vast riches and a strong connection with the contemporaneous declining Roman Empire. An osteological investigation was made of the human remains. The analysis followed standard anthropological protocol with a focus on trauma and forensic taphonomy (SWGANTH 2011). The analysis identified at least 21 individuals in all age groups, several skeletons exhibiting perimortem sharp and blunt force trauma. A decapitated young teen allude to the brutality of the event that lead to the individual’s death. All blows encountered have been executed from behind or from the side. The elemental and trauma characteristics imply interpersonal violence but resemble that of a mass execution rather than a battle field. Furthermore, the lack of females calls for interpretation. In this presentation, based on the remains from this “frozen moment”, the unique insights into the everyday life of the Migration period, as well as the brutal attack, will be discussed. The research is funded through The Graduate School in Contract Archaeology, Linnaeus University, by the Knowledge Foundation and Bohusläns museum as well as funding by Stiftelsen Riksbankens Jubileumsfond. Conference Program 97 ABSTRACTS Biological Stress Indicators Among Historically Documented Populations (1913-1935): An analysis of Entheseal Changes and Degenerative Joint Disease ANNA P. ALIOTO Anthropology, Western Michigan University Recent studies about the American past have aimed to examine multiple lines of evidence from different disciplines in order to reanalyze the American lived experience. Despite this, there has been limited research conducted using techniques and methodologies from biological anthropology. The Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection (n=118) consisting of individuals who lived in Cleveland, Ohio and the surrounding county was utilized to understand how the American lived experience impacted the biological stresses of these individuals. The objective was to investigate entheseal changes and degenerative joint disease on the upper limb to reconstruct activity patterns and to test for possible disparities which may represent differing biological stress experiences. The prevalence and distribution (patterning) among site locations of both entheseal changes and degenerative joint disease was scored using standard methodology and interpreted as evidence of biological stress variability and possible changing or different types of activity patterns. Entheseal changes and degenerative joint disease were also analyzed using population sub-groups of sex and biological affinity (“race”). Results indicate that the majority, eighty percent, of prevalence and distribution in entheseal changes and degenerative joint disease between the sub-groups were similar. However, there are instances of particular site locations and muscle groups which demonstrate statistically significant differences and patterning between the sexes and biological affinities, indicative of different life experiences and stresses. This study contributes to biological anthropology as individuals from this collection are historically documented and demographically known samples and could be used as comparative research for other populations where demographic data is less clear. Combining Indirect and Direct Evidence for the Coevolution of Brain Size and Diet in Primates KARI L. ALLEN Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine Based on the premises that “bigger is better” and that brain tissue is too metabolically expensive to rapidly expand via neutral evolution, many social and ecological factors have been proposed to explain variation in encephalization within extant primates. The comparative approach presupposes that co-variation in an extant dataset indicates that changes in encephalization 98 occurred in tandem with shifts in ecological niche. However, the fossil record—the only “direct evidence” for primate brain evolution—demonstrates that relative brain size has persistently increased in parallel, both within and among multiple primate subgroups, a fact that is unaccounted for in analyses restricted to extant-only data. Morphological proxies for ecological behaviors, such as diet, are observable in the fossil record, allowing for a more direct analysis of co-evolution between brain size and ecology through geological time. This study combines direct and indirect approaches to an analysis of co-variation between brain size and diet in primate evolution. Encephalization (residual endocranial volume from a PGLS regression of endocranial volume on body size proxy), body size (skull size, calculated as the first Principal Component of 14 craniodental dimensions), and diet category (assessed via molar shear quotient) were examined for correlated evolution in a dataset of 50 extant and 11 extinct primate species, covering a broad range of phylogenetic and ecological groups. The analysis suggests weak, but inconsistent support that brain size co-evolved with diet across primates. Disconnect between the extantonly and combined datasets are discussed in the context of the theoretical basis for analyses of brain evolution. Defining the “Outsiders”: A Biodistance Analysis of Ottoman Communities in Hungary and Romania KATHRYN GROW ALLEN and NOREEN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo Starting in the 14th century, the Ottoman Empire expanded its territory into southeastern Europe. Much debate persists on the roles of conversion and migration in shaping the demography of European Ottoman garrisons. We present here a biodistance analysis of cranial samples from multiple Ottoman cemeteries across Romania and Hungary, in order to assess the extent to which European Ottomans resemble other European or Anatolian populations. Craniometric data were collected from three Ottoman skeletal series, one from Budapest, a location of high geopolitical importance during the Ottoman period, and two from more distant, hinterland communities. These samples were compared to two geographically-proximate medieval series and a sample from Anatolia. Principal component analyses and multidimensional scaling analysis of biodistance matrices based on size-adjusted craniometric data indicate several interesting results. First, the Ottoman samples do not share strong affinities with either the medieval or Anatolian groups. Second, the Ottoman sample from Budapest is distinct from the two 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists outlying Ottoman communities. The latter show a closer biological affinity with each other but are more distinctive from the Anatolian series than the group in Budapest. Lastly, in all three Ottoman series, statistical analyses comparing male and female biodistance indicate greater average shape differences between the sexes compared to the medieval and Anatolian series. Our results have implications for understanding the population dynamics of Ottoman expansion into southeastern Europe, an aspect of history rarely studied by archaeologists and biological anthropologists, but significant in light of modern sociopolitical issues relating to the history of Islam in Europe. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1642007 Violence and Prostate Cancer Risk: Chronic Health implications of the Challenge Hypothesis for the Southern American Culture of Honor LOUIS C. ALVARADO Anthropology, University at Albany -- State University of New York Recent data suggests that greater testosterone exposure across the lifespan predicts prostate cancer risk. Accumulating evidence also suggests that unconstrained energy availability, typical of Westernized diets, permits men’s steroid physiology to operate at near maximal capacity. Accordingly, the highest rates of prostate cancer are found within developed regions of the world. However, even among well-nourished Westernized populations, considerable variation exists in testosterone values and prostate cancer rates. Formally known as the challenge hypothesis, among vertebrate species, testosterone production is predicted to rise with the intensity of male-male competition. Applied to human males, specifically those with nutritional status able to support chronically elevated testosterone, social environments that place a premium on dominance contests and competitive interactions are hypothesized to aggravate cancer risk. This hypothesis may be particularly salient for the aptly-termed Southern American “culture of honor”. Relative to their Northern counterparts, Southern men, especially rural white Southerners, are more accepting of violence as an appropriate recourse to status affronts, exhibit higher homicide rates, and show more pronounced testosterone reactivity to male contests. Available county-level homicide rates (proxy for aggressive social environment) for white males, along with median household income, percentage of the population below the poverty line, percentage over 65 yrs., and rural/urban residence were collected for Northern and Southern states. These variables were regressed on county-level, age-adjusted rates of prostate cancer incidence for white men. Homicide and rural residence ABSTRACTS positively predicted prostate cancer incidence in Southern counties, whereas there was no association observed among Northerners. Future directions will be discussed. Creating Context: Using Non-human Primates to understand the Relationship between Gut Microbes and Human Diet, Physiology, and Health KATHERINE R. AMATO1 and CHRISTOPHER A. SCHMITT2 Anthropology, Northwestern University, Anthropology, Boston University 1 2 The human gut microbiota is shaped by host diet and physiology and influences host nutrition and metabolism. Because these interactions affect human health, gut microbiome research relies on animal models to investigate the mechanisms driving host-gut microbe dynamics. However, because human evolution was characterized by multiple shifts in diet and physiology, it is likely that host-gut microbe dynamics are distinct in humans compared to other animals. Here, we show that the human gut microbiota reacts differently to a high-fat, low-fiber (HFLF) diet than that of a model primate, the African green monkey, or vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Humans consuming a HFLF diet (Italy, U.S.) possess a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and a lower relative abundance of Prevotella compared to humans consuming a low-fat, high-fiber diet (LFHF; Malawi, Venezuela, Tanzania). However, a comparison of captive vervets being fed a HFLF diet and wild vervets consuming a LFHF diet demonstrates the opposite pattern. Additionally, predictive metagenomics demonstrate an increased relative abundance of genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism only in the microbiome of humans consuming HFLF diet. Samples from wild vervets with access to human food are being analyzed to eliminate potential confounds associated with captivity. However, these results provide preliminary evidence that the human gut microbiota has unique properties that may be related to modulation of metabolism and fat storage. While it is possible that these properties are simply a result of unique human diet and physiology, we speculate that they may have contributed to the evolution of human physiology. This work was supported by NSF (#0935347), NCRR P40 (#RR019963), a VA contract (#VA247-P-0447), and the NIH (#5R01RR016300). Northwestern University and Boston University also provided support. The Effects of Body Composition on Human Decomposition SASKIA TM. AMMER Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University It is known that many variables influence decomposition and PMI estimation. However, previous studies that have examined the differences in decomposition rates in respect to body size primarily used animal models and presented contradicting results. A modified version of Megyesi et al.’s (2005) total body scoring system was used to examine the influence of body composition on human decomposition using 35 study subjects at the Texas State University’s FARF. A total of 32 phases/time periods were established for three anatomical regions. The phases and time periods of decomposition were examined daily until full mummification occurred and ADD were calculated. These results were further statistically analyzed using a Student’s Slope t-test. The results showed a strong statistically significant correlation between ADD and BMI for seven of the 32 phases and time periods. In the Head’s Loss of Tissue phase and the Limbs’ Placement until Start of Mummification time period showed a strong statistically significant correlation (R² = 0.70051 & R² = 0.77258 respectively). The strongest and most prominent correlations were seen in the Trunk: Purge (R² = 0.77396), Placement until End of Purge (R² = 0.73464), Caving In (R² = 0.77991), Placement until End of Caving In (R² = 0.6888) and Mummification (R² = 0.71958). The statistical analyzes of how phases and time periods correlate to each other presented that the slopes of the Trunk Mummification & Trunk Placement until Mummification and Trunk Purge & Placement until Purge End phases and time periods do not show a significant difference and are therefore comparable. Thank you very much to Bournemouth Univeristy and its committees for awarding me with the Global Horizon and Santander Fund without which this researc would not have been possible. An unsteady molecular clock in primates PRIYA MOORJANI*1,2, CARLOS EDUARDO G. AMORIM*1, PETER ARNDT3 and MOLLY PRZEWORSKI1,4 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 2Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 3 Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 4 Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Evolutionary events, such as species splits and the peopling of a new continent, are often dated under the assumption of a steady rate of substitution. This is well justified for neutral substitutions, as long as the mutation rate per year remains constant. Among mammals, however, there is evidence for substantial variation in yearly substitution rates, often associated with differences in generation length and other life-history traits. Since even among closely related primates, there is substantial variation in such traits, we sought to quantify the extent to which substitution rates vary among 12 primates, including Old World Monkeys (OWMs), New World Monkeys (NWMs), and Apes. We used whole-genome sequence data and controlled for possible effects of biased gene conversion, methylation at CpG sites, and uncertainty in ancestral genome reconstruction. Substitution rates are up to 64% higher in lineages leading from the hominoid-NWM ancestor to NWMs than to Apes. Moreover, there is variation even among Apes: rates are ~2% higher in chimpanzees and ~7% higher in the gorilla than in humans. The extent of rate variation differs among mutation types and is markedly less for CpG transitions. As a consequence, not only the total rate but also the mutational spectrum varies among primates. These findings suggest that events in primate evolution are most reliably dated using CpG transitions. We therefore re-estimated the ape divergence time using only this subset of substitutions, and found it to be 12.1 million years for humans and chimpanzees and 15.1 million years for humans and gorillas. P.M. was supported by the NIH under Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award F32 GM115006-01. C.E.G.A. was supported by a Science Without Borders fellowship from CNPq, Brazil (PDE 201145/2015-4). Human parasitism in a comparative context: Are humans exceptionally parasitized? CAROLINE R. AMOROSO1 and CHARLES L. NUNN1,2 1 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 2Global Health Institute, Duke University Understanding how humans compare to and are unique from other primates is a central goal in biological anthropology. We investigated whether evolutionary shifts along the human lineage have resulted in unique parasite richness, specifically testing two hypotheses. (1) Under the hyper-parasitism hypothesis, humans host more parasites than other primates because of contacts with domesticated animals, sedentary lifestyles, and high densities. (2) Alternatively, the cultural benefits hypothesis proposes that human parasitism has been reduced by behavioral and psychological traits like medicinal plant use, hygienic behaviors, and disgust responses. In sheer numbers, humans host many more disease-causing organisms (1415) than any other primate species (maximum 82). However, humans also live across the globe, have enormous populations, and are better studied than any other primate. To predict how many parasites humans are expected to have, we built a statistical model using predictors of parasite richness in non-human primates and phylogeny. To avoid extrapolating beyond the primate data, we focused on parasites in eight human countries. We used Bayesian phylogenetic methods to fit the model. For helminths, we found support Conference Program 99 ABSTRACTS for the cultural benefits hypothesis (true parasite richness for all 8 countries fell below the mean predicted richness, p=0.008, binomial test, null probability=0.5). Other results were not significant, but clearly did not support the hyper-parasitism hypothesis (true richness for 6 of 8 countries fell below the predicted mean for protozoa, p=0.29, and 7 of 8 for viruses, p=0.07). Thus, our findings challenge current thinking about how transitions on the human lineage impacted parasitism. Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation (BCS-1355902) and by the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center and Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine (EF-0905606). Examining the pig in the poke: What happens with stable isotopes in the body tissues of livestock? DOMINIC F. ANDERS, JULIA AM. KRETZINGER and MARINA A. VOHBERGER Anthropology, LMU Munich The analysis of stable isotopes in physical anthropology was established as an important tool over the past decades. It is also used in several other scientific disciplines such as ecology and forensics. In general, stable isotope ratios serve as natural markers for different transport processes of matter through the geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. In physical anthropology, stable isotope ratios can be used to detect possible migrations or trading of ancient populations or individuals, for the reconstruction of dietary habits, palaeobiodiverstity and climatic conditions. However various species specific physiological and metabolic peculiarities are surprisingly unknown and hence not taken into account during application of this methodology. One such specific concern is the source partitioning of stable isotopic ratios into the different consumers’ tissues such as bone, teeth, fur, bristles, blood, and meat. Therefore, the SPOCK-project (Source partitioning of stable isotopes in the body tissues of livestock) aims to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the distribution and flow of stable isotopes into and within the organism of domestic livestock by conducting several controlled feeding studies on different species. In the first phase the focus is on the analysis of stable strontium isotopes in pigs and chicken which are commonly used for reconstructing migratory events. First results show that there is a relation between water source, food and body tissue but no influence by underlying soil. This research project/publication was funded by LMU Munich’s InstitutionalStrategy LMUexcellent within the framework of the German ExcellenceInitiative. Excessive Gestational Weight Gain and Birth Outcomes among American Indians and Alaska Natives KERMYT G. ANDERSON1, PAUL SPICER1, MICHAEL T. PEERCY2 and GRANT SKREPNEK3 Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 2Department of Health, Chickasaw Nation, 3College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma 1 Obesity and diabetes are at epidemic levels among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ AN), though the mechanisms influencing these outcomes are not well understood. This study examines the relationship between excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), or gaining more than the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommendation, and four birth outcomes: premature delivery, low birthweight (<2500g), macrosomia (>4000g), and caesarian delivery. A total of 120,995 singleton births to AI/AN women from 2009-2013 were extracted from U.S. natality files. For comparison, births to whites (n=7,295,639), African Americans (n=1,817,989), Asians (n= 809,142), and Hispanics (3,405,292) were also included. EGWG is related to pre-pregnancy body-mass index (BMI): among AI/AN, underweight women are the least likely to exceed ACOG guidelines, overweight women the most likely. Among underweight and normal weight women, only AI/AN were more likely than whites to experience EGWG. Among overweight and obese women, however, all non-white groups were significantly less likely than whites to gain excessively. Compared with other groups, AI/ AN are the second most likely to have premature delivery (after African Americans), the most likely to experience macrosomia, and the least likely to have a C-section, while low birthweight prevalence among AI/AN is intermediate. EGWG is associated with reduced odds of preterm delivery and low birthweight for all groups, and with increased odds of macrosomia and C-section. While EGWG may be protective against deleterious birth outcomes such as preterm delivery and low birthweight, its association with macrosomia may contribute to obesity and Type II diabetes among AI/AN children. Funded in part by National Institute of General Medical Sciences U54 GM104938-01A1 Oklahoma Shared Clinical and Translational Resources (Judith James PI) Differential Impacts of Drought on Social and Ecological Adaptations of the Himba Across Local Environments of Kaokoveld MARY-CATHERINE ANDERSON and ASHLEY HAZEL Earth System Science, Stanford University The ongoing drought in Kaokoveld, Namibia is the region’s worst ecological crisis in decades and poses a severe threat to the livelihoods of the Himba, a group of semi-nomadic pastoralists that primarily inhabit Kaokoveld. While environmental 100 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists impacts of drought are apparent at a regional level, there exists substantial, small-scale heterogeneity in Kaokoveld’s local landscapes, which are unlikely to be impacted by drought equally. Furthermore, these distinctive sub-environments comprising the larger environmental mosaic of Kaokoveld may differentially influence the adaptive processes contributing to social structure, social networks, and diffusion processes that take these networks as their substrates.Herein, we investigated whether differential impacts of drought exist across local Kaokoveld landscapes. Using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from MODIS satellite data at the peak of the dry seasons from 2009-2015, we found significant spatial clustering of Himba villages with both high and low inter-annual EVI variance, indicating heterogeneity in resilience to inter-annual fluctuations in dry season vegetation across regions. Additionally, we found significant spatial clustering of Himba villages that had a considerably lower EVI in 2015 than the average EVI between 2009-2014, indicating heterogeneity in drought impact across regions. Individuals residing in regions with the lowest dry season EVI were also found to have the smallest herd sizes of all surveyed regions (p=0.03), suggesting a possible tradeoff between harsh environments and herd size. These findings indicate the even within a small, cohesive society residing in a narrow geographic range, it is possible that unique ecological adaptations will arise from distinct local environments. Niche Separation of Large-Bodied Cercopithecidae at Koobi Fora, Upper Burgi Member MONYA ANDERSON1, STEPHEN R. FROST1 and EMILY H. GUTHRIE1,2 Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Human Subjects Division, University of Washington 1 2 The number of sympatric large colobines occurring at Pliocene African sites is unmatched in modern environments. This study examines niche overlap among large-bodied cercopithecids known from hominin-bearing Upper Burgi Member of the Koobi-Fora Formation using body mass, fruit/leaves dietary composition, and percent time terrestrial as environmental variables. We compared Cercopithecoides williamsi, Paracolobus mutiwa, and Rhinocolobus turkanensis, along with the large cercopithecine Theropithecus oswaldi: the only taxa complete enough for inclusion. Estimates for body mass and diet composition were compiled from the literature. To estimate percent time on ground 5 forelimb indices from 292 extant and fossil cercopithecid specimens including 11 colobine (P. mutiwa from West Turkana) and 17 cercopithecine taxa were selected based on availability in fossils and for ABSTRACTS being significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with terrestriality in extant taxa. The three fossil colobines are all estimated to be more terrestrial than extant colobines, with P. mutiwa more so than the other fossil colobines. The fossil taxa also separate out in other variables: P. mutiwa and C. williamsi overlap in size and terrestriality, but not diet; C. williamsi and R. turkanensis overlap in body mass but not terrestriality or diet; and P. mutiwa and T. oswaldi overlap in size but not diet. Further analyses with more environmental variables are necessary, but niche separation may have contributed to the diversity of large-bodied primates in the Upper Burgi Member of Koobi Fora. This research was supported by the University of Oregon to MA, SF, EG; the Geological Society of America, the Paleontological Society, the National Science Foundation, the Leakey Foundation to EG. Examination of Neandertal maxillary first molar occlusal outlines using Elliptical Fourier Analysis WILLIAM G. ANDERSON and FRANK L’ENGLE WILLIAMS Department of Anthropology, Georgia State University Neandertal permanent maxillary first molars vary in both size and shape. However, whether ecogeography or chronology better explains these differences is unknown. Occlusal outlines of Neandertal maxillary first molar casts from northern Europe (Spy 1, Sclayn and Engis 2), Dordogne, France (La Quina 5), and the Mediterranean (Hortus 8) were extracted through photostereomicroscopy and non-landmark smooth tracing methods, and occlusal areas were measured by calibrated Motic 3.0 microscope cameras. Principal component (PC) scores of elliptical Fourier harmonic descriptors were calculated using SHAPE v1.3, yielding a total of 117 PC scores with nearly 100% of the variance represented by the first four vectors. A significant correlation exists between PC1 (58.4% of variance) and area, and both represent size in which the smallest (Engis 2), is followed by Sclayn, Hortus 8, La Quina 5 and Spy 1. On PC2 (23% of variance), Sclayn is distinct, whereas on PC3 (12.6%), Hortus 8 is polarized from the others with the exception of Sclayn which is difficult to classify. PC4 separates Spy 1 from La Quina 5 by a small amount of shape variation (5.8%). A cluster analysis of PC scores links Spy 1 and La Quina 5 via the shortest branch length, followed by Hortus 8 whereas Sclayn and Engis 2 are outliers. These results indicate ecogeography poorly explains maxillary first molar occlusal outlines, whereas chronology is a better predictor given the older age and distinctiveness of Sclayn and the clustering of Spy 1, La Quina 5 and Hortus 8 which are more recent. Fulbright-Belgium and the Commission for Educational Exchange between the US, Belgium and Luxembourg. New Tools and Methods for Developing a Geospatial Paleoanthropology ROBERT L. ANEMONE1, CHARLES W. EMERSON3 and BRETT NACHMAN1,2 1 Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 3Geography, Western Michigan University Paleoanthropology has long been an interdisciplinary science whose practitioners rely on analytical methods and conceptual approaches borrowed from related scientific fields. Increasingly, the location, collection, and analysis of fossils in different field settings have benefitted from the current and ongoing revolution in the geospatial sciences. During the past 5 years, our fieldwork in Paleocene and Eocene deposits of the Fort Union, Green River, and Wasatch formations in Wyoming’s Great Divide Basin has utilized a series of such methods to develop a new, geospatially informed paleontology. We discuss these tools, data sets, and analytical methods and demonstrate that they have improved our ability to locate fossils in a remote and large field area. While all of these methods currently have limitations, the near term future potential of geospatial paleontology is substantial. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones can be of helicopter or fixed wing design, and can provide high resolution imagery in still or HD video formats of individual localities or entire landscapes. These images can then be utilized by photogrammetry software to create 3 dimensional digital models. In addition to cameras, potential UAV payloads now include miniaturized LiDAR scanners, thermal cameras, or multispectral scanners, allowing investigators to collect a multitude of different electromagnetic signatures that can reveal mineralogy, lithology and other aspects of paleoanthropological interest. By using a combination of drones, medium and high resolution satellite imagery, pixel and object based image classifications, and artificial intelligence algorithms, we have developed predictive models that guide our continued search for early primates. Supported by NSF-BCS 1227329, Developing and Testing New Geospatial Approaches in Paleoanthropology, PIs RL Anemone and CW Emerson. MEISENBERG3, STEPHEN J. OPPENHEIMER4 and KEITH C. CHENG1 1 Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, 2School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 3 School of Medicine, Ross University, 4Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, Oxford University Several genes that are responsible for the lighter skin color in Europeans as compared to Africans has been discovered, but our knowledge of global skin color remains incomplete without the identification of the primary polymorphisms responsible for the lighter skin of East Asians and/or Amerindians. To map those polymorphisms, we searched for populations admixed for either East Asian or Amerindian ancestry and a darker-skinned ancestry. The Orang Asli of Malaysia and the Kalinago of Dominica are the only two populations we found with such an admixture that also lacked significant European admixture that would otherwise confound our analysis. Both groups exhibit large variation in skin pigmentation. DNA samples and skin reflectance measurements were collected from a total of >1000 individuals. Skin pigmentation, expressed as Melanin Index, ranged from 20 to 80 units, averaging 47.6 and 45.8 for the Orang Asli and Kalinago, respectively. We excluded samples with either of the most common European skin color alleles, SLC24A5A111T and SLC45A2L374F from our downstream analysis. Admixture analysis of the Kalinago subsample showed 61% Amerindian, 31% African and 8% European ancestry, representing the highest Amerindian ancestry known among Caribbean populations. Albinism in the Kalinago was found by exome sequencing of an albino and an obligate carrier to be caused by a 4bp inversion in OCA2. Orang Asli genotyping revealed that the Negritos are distinct, and that the six Senoi subtribes show significant diversity and that a highland Senoi subtribe is distinct from the rest of the Senoi. This research is funded by Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Stabler Foundation, NIH 3R01 AR052535-03S1, PA Tobacco CURE Fund, Penn State Institute of Personalize Medicine, www.Experiment.com, Hershey Rotary Club. Simulating effect of starting configuration on diversity in the context of range expansion NEHA J. ANGAL and CHRISTOPHER R. TILLQUIST Mapping the Origins of Inter-Population Skin Color Variation with Admixed Indigenous Populations KHAI C. ANG1, VICTOR A. CANFIELD1, TIFFANY C. FOSTER1, MEE S. NGU2, JOHN HAWLEY3, MAHANI M. CLYDE2, BADRUL M. MD-ZAIN2, GERHARD Department of Anthropology, University of Louisville Simulations are a critical methodology for testing evolutionary models, and are particularly useful for exploring the impacts of range expansions upon spatial distributions of genetic diversity. Theory predicts loss of diversity in a range expansion. Our previous work demonstrated high carrying capacity, fecundity, and migration attenuate signals of expansion. This current project Conference Program 101 ABSTRACTS investigates implications of varied starting configurations of range expansions upon spatial distributions of averaged locus patch-wise heterozygosity. Configurations were: a filled grid, all four edges, a u-shape, opposing edges, adjacent edges, a central region, and a corner region. All simulations occurred on a 10x10 grid for 500 generations. Simulation parameters were low growth (0.1), low migration (0.2), and low/high carrying capacity (200/500). Five neutral SNP loci were simulated for each individual within demes, and data were collected in generations 100/250/500. In all configurations each deme had minimally 25 individuals by generation 100. Results were visualized using heatmaps. We found, that of the initial configurations, those starting in the corner or the center gave a pattern characterized by lower overall diversity, whereas in all others, diversity was high overall. These results accord with expectation. most intense and prolonged. The δ13C values range from -12.8‰ to -8.7‰, suggesting that the people buried at 3-J-18 consumed both C3 and C4 plants, but that (irrespective of burial type) this mixture was strongly imbalanced in favour of the latter. The mean δ13C value for Phase II is the lowest (= -10.5±1.0‰) of any population investigated to date from Sudan, and the mean δ15N value is among the lowest (= 10.9±1.0‰). These data indicate that C4 plants (e.g. sorghum, millet) dominated the diets of the inhabitants of Mis, who consumed little animal protein. Our findings have implications for reconstructing life in the middle Nile valley and the Medieval Kingdom of Makuria. Study of range expansions into continental regions, such as Europe, has occupied anthropological genetics research for decades. Most published simulations testing hypotheses of human range expansion neglected consideration of the effect of starting configuration. Since inferences of range expansion have been made from modern data based on these simulations, this current project has implications concerning the validity of such inferences. Why did H. erectus disperse? Tracking variables between fleshed and skeletal individuals to find patterns of plasticity This work was conducted in part using the resources of the University of Louisville Research Computing Group and the Cardinal Research Cluster. Isotope paleodietary investigations on a Medieval Christian population from the 4th Cataract of the Nile River in Sudan DANIEL ANTOINE1, MARCELLO A. MANNINO2,3 and MICHAEL P. RICHARDS3,4 1 Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan, The British Museum, London, UK, 2Department of Archaeology, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark, 3Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, 4Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada The Sudan Archaeological Research Society, in conjuction with the British Museum, conducted rescue excavations at the Fourth Nile Cataract in northern Sudan prior to the construction of the Merowe Dam. Several cemeteries from the Neolithic to medieval period were excavated and a pilot study was conducted to test the potential of the human remains recovered for carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses. The site with the best-preserved collagen was the Late Medieval Christian cemetery 3-J-18, on the island of Mis, in use around 1,000-1,500AD. Human bone collagen was extracted from individuals dating to different phases, although most of the available data is from inhumations dating to Phase II, the The stable isotope analyses were funded by the Max Planck Society (Germany) and research supported by the Institute for Bioarchaeology (British Museum, United Kingdom). SUSAN C. ANTÓN1, HANNAH G. TABOADA1, EMILY R. MIDDLETON2, CHRISTOPHER W. RAINWATER1,3, TRUDY R. TURNER4,5, JEAN E. TURNQUIST6, KAREN J. WEINSTEIN7 and SCOTT A. WILLIAMS1 1 Anthropology & Center for the Study of Human Origins & NYCEP, New York University, 2Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, 3 Anthropology, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, NY, 4Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 5Anthropology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, 6Caribbean Primate Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico, 7Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Dickinson College The rapid spread of Homo erectus from Africa, especially into the more temperate climates of Eurasia, has been variously attributed to technological, energetic, and foraging shifts. The temporal and regional anatomical variation in H. erectus suggests a high level of developmental plasticity, or the ability to modify development in response to environmental conditions. Developmental plasticity, a key factor in the ability of H. sapiens to occupy a variety of habitats worldwide, results in differences in size, shape, and dimorphism across populations. These differences predict regional variation, overall smaller adult sizes, and lower levels of dimorphism in instances of resource scarcity and high predator load. However, determining whether the human pattern of variability is unique and relatively great compared to other widely dispersed nonhuman primates, and whether it can be retrieved from the skeletal record of these taxa is a non-trivial question. As part of a broader study that looks at metric variation in 35 human and nonhuman primate ‘populations’ from known environmental contexts and 14 time- and space- restricted paleodemes of H. erectus and other fossil Homo, here we delve deeper into the relationship between 102 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists somatic and skeletal variation in recent Homo sapiens and Macaca mulatta. We find that skeletal measurements track somatic measurements with varying accuracy across different types of variables but with similar patterns in both humans and macaques. Further, skeletal and somatometric variables yield similar patterns of sexual dimorphism within groups, suggesting that inferences about fleshed bodies may be made from carefully chosen skeletal proxies. Caribbean Primate Research Center (CPRC) Grant Number 5P40OD012217 Undisciplining Desire: Bisexual and Queer Approaches to Science SAMANTHA M. ARCHER, TONI VILLASEÑORMARCHAL and RICK W.A. SMITH Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin Both humans and nonhumans are shaped by complex interactions of biological and social forces, but the study of such forces has long been divided in the academy, where the life sciences study nature, while the humanities study culture. Feminist and queer critiques of science have powerfully demonstrated that these disciplinary divisions have been shaped by implicit assumptions of binary sex in the western academy, where the male/female divide underlies the separation of science from the humanities, nature from culture, and mind from body. Because biological anthropology is located at the interstices of these ostensibly opposing areas of study, there are opportunities for our field to develop more interdisciplinary, biosocial forms of inquiry. Indeed, there has been a long history of evaluating the connections between nature and culture in biological anthropology, but often, these approaches have reproduced hierarchies of knowledge, privileging biological processes and framing culture as an outcome of nature. Such narratives have been intensively shaped by heterosexual, male perspectives, so moving beyond the nature/culture divide depends in part upon diversifying our field. In this presentation, we argue that bisexual and queer perspectives provide new ways of knowing the world that do not take binaries as a given. Focusing on recent developments in bioarchaeology and paleogenomics, we present interdisciplinary case studies that represent vital sites of transformation, where science is being remodeled via bisexual and queer perspectives. In doing so, we will highlight the impact of queer desires in producing new kinds of biosocial knowledge in biological anthropology. ABSTRACTS The affinities of Homo floresiensis based on phylogenetic analyses of cranial, dental and postcranial characters DEBBIE ARGUE1, COLIN GROVES1, MICHAEL LEE2 and WILLIAM JUNGERS3 1 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 2Earth Sciences Section, South Australian Museum, 3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University Medical Center Although Homo floresiensis has been known for 13 years, its phylogenetic status remains highly contentious. Bones that have been placed in the Homo floresiensis hypodigm have been interpreted in three ways: that the species is descended from an early hominin lineage; that it is a dwarfed descendant of Homo erectus; that the remains are those of anatomically modern humans that had genetic or metabolic disorders. Here we present the results of parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of an expanded morphological dataset comprising a comprehensive range of specimens for Australopithecus and Homo: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus sediba, Homo habilis, Homo georgicus, Homo naledi, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus (Sangiran and Trinil), and Homo sapiens. We broaden the range of traits previously applied to the H. floresiensis question by including characters from the crania, mandibles, dentition and postcrania. This has not been attempted before and provides an unparalleled database to apply to the problem of the phylogenetic position of this species. The new data and analyses support the hypothesis that H. floresiensis is an early Homo lineage and suggest that H. floresiensis is a long-surviving relict of an early (>1.9Ma) hominin. A close phylogenetic relationship between H. floresiensis and H. erectus or H. sapiens can be rejected – we conclude that H. floresiensis is not derived from either of these species. These results indicate a hitherto unknown hominin migration out of Africa. This project was funded by The Australian Research Council Discovery Project Scheme (DP1096870). Trabecular architecture of the hominoid humerus JULIA ARIAS-MARTORELL1, REBECCA DAVENPORT2, TRACY L. KIVELL1,3 and MATTHEW M. SKINNER1,3 1 Animal Postcranial Evolution Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK, 2 Department of Anthropology, University College London, UK, 3Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Trabecular bone can respond to mechanical loading, remodeling in relation to load magnitude and joint posture, and thus can be a key source of functional information in relation to primate locomotion. Trabecular structure of the primate proximal humerus has been investigated by several researchers but often with ambiguous functional signals. Such equivocal results may reflect the true internal morphology, but may also partially reflect methodological limitations, such that only a subset of the trabeculae has been analyzed. In this study, we build upon previous work by quantifying trabecular structure and inferring joint posture in the proximal humerus using a “whole-epiphysis” analysis. We study humeral trabeculae in several extant primates: Gorilla [n=6], Pan [n=12], Pongo [n=8], Symphalangus [n=3], and Ateles [n=4]. Results indicate that the trabeculae are generally more dense and connected near the articular surface in all taxa. The proximal epiphysis of the African great apes shows higher trabecular bone volume (BV/TV), with Gorilla exhibiting thicker trabeculae than all other taxa. Additionally, a superior concentration of BV/TV in Asian apes is consistent with glenohumeral joint position during suspension, but is not as clear in Ateles likely reflecting their more diverse locomotor repertoire. African apes generally share a medioposterior concentration of BV/TV, which differs from the remaining taxa, but its functional link to knuckle-walking is not conclusive. Overall, the results show that trabecular structure within the proximal humerus is complex but can provide novel information for investigating locomotor behaviors in living and fossil primates. TItikaka Lake Tiwuanaku culture characters, particularly those related to ritual sound amplifications artifacts were found. Our conclusions are: a) PacificEaster Island (Chile,2,182 miles far from mainland) cultural and HLA genetic contacts seem to be evident withTiwanaku (Bolivia)culture; this supportsTor Heyerdal expeditions conclusions (KonTiki,1947) about South America and Easter Island contacts in antiquity, b) Genetics needs to be contextualizedi In the frame of other knowledge areas, like Physical Anthropology and Archaeology in order to obtain more information about World populations origins and Americas peopling. This research was funded by the Marie-Sklodowska Curie Project 703608 to JAM, and the ERC Starting Grant 336301 to TLK and MMS. Anthropology, Sociology, and Social Work, Eastern Kentucky University Evidence of Prehistorical Atlantic and Pacific Transoceanic Genetic and Cultural Contacts with America ANTONIO ARNAIZ-VILLENA, ESTER MUÑIZ, CRISTINA CAMPOS, MANUEL MARTIN VILLA and JOSE PALACIO-GRUBER Immunology, University Complutense.The Madrid Regional Blood Center Transatlantic cultural (Solutrean North Spain/ France) and/or gene exchanges have occurred between America First Inhabitants and people coming from Atlantic Europe, Pacific Ocean and America in prehistorical times. We have studied Amerindian ,European and World wide populations for autosomal HLA genes which account for both human genera genetic history.HLA DNA typing has been done by standard methodologies.14,430 Chromosomes have been studied from our own data base: 1)Relatedness studies with HLA genes in Aymara (Titikaka Lake Area First Inhabitants,Bolivia) and other Amerindian, Asian Pacific Islanders and Mediterranean populations have been performed by using Arlequin software programs for obtaining genetic distances and NeighbourJoining trees.Also,correspondence analyses among populations were carried out., 2) Alberite Dolmen (Cadiz,southern, Spain) and Finally, Genetics by itself have been unable to satisfactory explain population relatedness up until now, particularly regarding to Americas peopling: a integrative view of Pacific and Atlantic Oceans genetic and cultural relationships between Pacific Islands, Americas and southern West Europe (Iberians)and British Isles (Celts) in prehistoric time is discussed. This work was supported in part by grant from theSpanish Ministry of Economy and Research(PI14/01067) and European FEDER funds Cathemerality in Crowned Lemurs and Sanford’s Lemurs: Evidence From Analabe Gallery Forest in Northern Madagascar KATHERINE ARTHUR and BENJAMIN FREED Cathemerality, a trait found in nearly all Lemur/ Eulemur species, may have provided lemur species with a means by which they could reduce interspecific competition, cope with unpredictable environments, or perhaps even reduce predation risk (Curtis 2004). One lemur community in which cathemerality was not readily observed is that of crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus) and Sanford’s lemurs (Eulemur sanfordi) of Mt. d’Ambre, a large primary forest (Freed 1996). In June – August 2016, we collected 180 hours of quantitative behavioral data of a sympatric community of these species in Analabe, a small gallery forest. We hypothesized no differences in the species’ dry season activity budgets, sleeping site preferences, and daily path length. We observed: 1) both species were highly nocturnal when Ceiba pentandra trees were in flower, but otherwise had similar activity budgets to those in Mt. d’Ambre; 2) unlike Mt. d’Ambre, both species preferred to rest in dense cover; and 3) not unlike Mt. d’Ambre the lemurs’ average daily path length differed significantly (greater than 100 meters). Cathemerality in Analabe serves as a means by which the lemurs can cope with a habitat that is limited in the amount of large, concentrated arboreal food patches. Cathemerality tended not to reduce interspecific competition, as both species frequently formed polyspecific associations, Conference Program 103 ABSTRACTS alerted each other of predators, and fed together. Differences in cathemerality between the two sites serve as evidence of remarkable behavioral variation in Eulemur, a strategy that has allowed some species to cope with tremendous habitat change. Comparison of the Oral, Rectal, Vaginal, and Penile Microbiome in Semi-free Ranging Eastern Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) ABIGAIL E. ASANGBA1,2, LAWRENCE MUGISHA3, KAREN E. NELSON4, STEVEN R. LEIGH5, BRENDA A. WILSON2,6, BRYAN A. WHITE2,6,7 and REBECCA M. STUMPF1,2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 2Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources & Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, 4Genomic Medicine Group, The J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 5Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA, 6 Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 7Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA The study of the primate gut and vaginal microbiomes has served as a critical tool in understanding the impact of bacterial communities on the health of both non-human primates and humans. These bacterial communities have been found to play a number of significant roles in the host organism. These include providing the necessary metabolic pathways for the breakdown of fibers, supplying gut lining with nutrients and serving as a source of proteins as well as protection from hostile competitors. They have also been found to be associated with a number of metabolic, auto-immune, and infectious human diseases. In this study, we collected and analyzed matched oral, rectal and penile/vaginal swabs from 31 semi-free ranging eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we compared the bacterial communities found in these different body sites. Preliminary results show a clustering of bacterial communities by body site, similar to the site clustering found for human microbiomes. We found greater inter-individual variation among the vaginal and penile bacterial communities in comparison to the much smaller inter-individual variation observed among the bacterial communities from the oral and rectal sites. Studies of the microbiome of chimpanzees permit a greater understanding of the variation and function of microbes across the body, support the uniqueness of an individual’s microbiome and its possible use in medical diagnosis and forensics, and serve as an invaluable point of comparison to the human microbiome. Funding: NSF BCS 0820709, NSF BCS 0935347. Experimental Study of Sheep (Ovis aries) Bone Weathering Under UV-B Light SEWASEW HAILESELASSIE Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver Bones prior to their incorporation into the fossil and archaeological assemblages undergo extensive surface alterations, which can macro- and microscopically be observed and quantified. In this paper, I report on observed actualistic skeletal tissue decomposition of two Bovines (Ovis aries) caused by constant UV-B light exposure. The experimental study was conducted over a five-week period using skeletal elements (n = 30) composed of radioulnai, humerii, femora, calcanei, astragali, naviculars, scapulae, and tibiae. The experimental setting controlled for temperature, humidity, soil properties, vegetation and taxon. The project was set up to test the effect of UV-light on bone surface and determine taphonomic signatures (weathering and decomposition). Behrensmeyer’s (1978) weathering stages approach was used to quantify bone surface modification. Evaluation of weathering and quantification of bone surface modification (percentage) was recorded weekly. Skeletal elements displayed similar weathering while exposed to UV-B light as they had been reported in previous studies exposing them to sunlight. Variation in the rate of weathering was also observed between different skeletal elements. However, incremental increase of bone surface weathering was not consistent from week to week. This project expands our understanding of solar radiation’s effect on skeletal decomposition and adds to discussions of information inferred from surface weathering. This study supports the argument that assemblage formation and duration of exposure can be acquired from bone weathering. Dead end evolutionary lineage, says the White man: the evolution of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens in Asia SHEELA G. ATHREYA Anthropology, Texas A&M University The role of Asian populations in models of Middle and Late Pleistocene hominin evolution has historically been framed in two ways. Before 1948, the predominant view was that East/ Southeast Asian Homo erectus was a “prehominid” species ancestral to Homo sapiens. After 1948 with the publication of Movius’s monograph, Asia was treated as a “marginal region of cultural retardation” that played no role in the evolution of H. sapiens. The perpetuation of this perspective into the late 20th and early 21st century has had the effect of marginalizing the Asian data in global models of human evolution. Perhaps more importantly, the contributions of scholars from the region have been viewed with skepticism, thus effectively keeping their voices 104 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists from contributing to an understanding of our evolutionary history. In keeping with the theme of the symposium, this presentation will discuss the implications of these events on two levels: first, in terms of how they impacted the developing narrative of human evolution; and second, in terms of how they reflect biases in the way Western physical anthropologists conduct scientific research. A proposal for opening the science of paleoanthropology to a broader regional and cultural range of scientific perspectives is offered. Tiny Old Dead Human-Like Animals Found in Rocks and What They Tell Us about How Life Changes Over a Long Time AMY L. ATWATER and E. C. KIRK Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin The Friars, Santiago, and Mission Valley Formations in San Diego County are composed of fluvial sediments that yield fossils from the Uintan land mammal age. Omomyine primates currently recognized from the Uintan formations of San Diego County include Dyseolemur, Chumashius, Omomys, Hemiacodon, Washakius, Macrotarsius, Yaquius, Stockia, and Ourayia. Here we describe new primates from the Middle Eocene Friars Formation. Eighteen specimens represent a new omomyoid genus, “Genus A.” Dental measurements reveal that Genus A is significantly smaller than Omomys carteri but larger than Dyseolemur. The upper molars of Genus A lack a pericone and lack a continuous lingual cingulum. Twenty-nine specimens represent a second new omomyoid genus, “Genus B.” Genus B is significantly larger than Omomys carteri but smaller than Macrotarsius. Genus B has an upper fourth premolar with a mesio-buccally oriented protocone. Genus B exhibits upper molars with moderate exodaenodonty and a continuous lingual cingulum. The dental characters of the new genera suggest a close relationship to Omomys. Numerous small anaptomorphine species thrived during the preceding Bridgerian land mammal age. However, by the beginning of the Uintan, only one anaptomorphine (Trogolemur) remained. By contrast, omomyines diversified from the Early Bridgerian to the Uintan. Accordingly, anaptomorphines and omomyines appear to exhibit opposite trends of species richness over time during the Middle Eocene. The discovery of two new genera from the Friars Formation enhances the known diversity of omomyines during the Middle Eocene and provides further evidence for this observed shift in Eocene primate richness. ABSTRACTS Differences in Adult Female Human True Pelvis Morphology with Respect to Age are Not Due to Selection BENJAMIN M. AUERBACH Anthropology, The University of Tennessee Recent studies call into question whether human pelvic morphology reflects evolutionary tradeoffs suggested in the obstetrical dilemma, in which responses to competing selection pressures for obstetrical sufficiency and locomotor efficiency shape the pelvis. Nevertheless, dimensions of the true pelvis likely evolved in response to selection pressures for parturition of large fetuses. Thus, females with narrow bony birth canals may have encountered difficulties in childbirth in the past, even though recent research shows that fetal size and maternal size covary, lessening the possible selection pressure that might result from mismatches in fetal and maternal size. In studies of skeletal remains from multiple archaeological sites, age-at-death in females is correlated with dimensions of the true pelvis, with younger females exhibiting narrower dimensions, a pattern not observed in males. Here, I examine whether selection motivated the relationship between female age-at-death and true pelvis dimensions. Fourteen linear pelvic dimensions were measured from the skeletons of 327 adults (188 females, 139 males) associated with six late Holocene Native American archaeological sites. Individuals were aged into two categories: “young” (approximately 25 years old and younger), and “not young” (approximately older than 25 years). Measurements were meanscaled within sex-and-age groups. If there were selection against young females with narrow dimensions, the variance for younger females should be greater than within not young females. Comparisons show no differences in variance between age groups. Further analysis indicates that the pelvis continues to grow throughout early adulthood, but this growth is not driven by any single region of the pelvis. Funding was provided by an NSF BCS collaborative grant #0962752. OsteoSurvey: An Open-source Data Collection Tool for Studying Commingled Human Remains ANNE E. AUSTIN History, Stanford University OsteoSurvey is an open-source set of forms that work with Open Data Kit (ODK) to enable bioarchaeologists to record observations on commingled human remains using Androidbased mobile devices. OsteoSurvey introduces several key features that streamline data collection, standardize collected data to enable future reuse, and link data with existing ontologies to connect our research within and outside the discipline. This poster presents how OsteoSurvey can be used by bioarchaeologists interested in digital data collection as well as recommendations for ways modular data collection and ontologies can be used to encourage reuse of bioarchaeological data. OsteoSurvey’s data collection forms are built using modules based on published standards. A modular collection form enables researchers to (1) clearly delineate the methods used during data collection, (2) combine any number of methods, and (3) easily customize a data collection form to record site- or project-specific data. OsteoSurvey also employs two web-based ontologies, Uberon and the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO), to enable future comparison and reuse by linking terms and concepts used in bioarchaeology. Uberon is an ontology of anatomical structures, which is particularly advantageous for fostering interconnections between bioarchaeologists publishing in different languages. The HPO identifies and relates phenotypic variations, such as spina bifida occulta. The HPO has the potential to link osteological research with research on human phenotypic variation in other disciplines. While these ontologies would require widespread adoption to be fruitful, they offer a new method for bioarchaeologists to link their research both within and outside the discipline. A comparative analysis of wild non-human primate gut microbiomes RITA M. AUSTIN1, KRITHIVASAN SANKARANARAYANAN1, CHRISTINA WARINNER1,2 and CECIL LEWIS JR.1 Anthropology, The University of Oklahoma, Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 1 2 Gut microbes have coevolved with their primate hosts and impart microbe-dependent abilities related to immunity, digestion, and behavior. Because microbes interact with, and are selected for, by the host, characterizing the diversity and structure of the gut microbiome is essential for understanding primate evolution and health, especially when considering conservation strategies. The majority of non-human primate (NHP) microbiome studies have focused primarily on great apes and captive primate populations. However, the gut microbiome has been shown to undergo significant changes under captive environments, making studies on wild NHP populations necessary. Here, we describe the gut microbial community diversity of two New World NHP species, Alouatta palliata (n=15; Nicaragua), and Callithrix spp. (n=18; Brazil). We extracted DNA from fecal samples, amplified the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, and generated microbial community profiles using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. We then compared these communities to previously published datasets for Pan trogolodytes (n=160; Tanzania), Pan paniscus (n=70; Democratic Republic of Congo), and Gorilla gorilla (n= 186; Cameroon). Across NHP species, the gut microbial community was dominated by members of the phylum Firmicutes (~44%), followed by Actinobacteria (~16%), and Bacteroidetes (~15%). Several microbial taxa showed strong association among host species (FDR adjusted p<0.0001); Bifidobacterium with Callithrix spp., Cerasicoccaceae with Alouatta palliata, Coriobacteriaceae with Pan trogolodytes and Pan paniscus, and Acinetobacter with Gorilla gorilla. Further functional analyses of these microbes will prove valuable to understanding their impact on the immunity and health of their primate hosts in both wild and captive environments. Funding was provided by the University of Oklahoma Graduate College. Discerning Hominid Taxonomic Variation in the Southern Chinese, Peninsular Southeast Asian, and Sundaic Pleistocene Dental Record TOBIAS R. AVALOS Anthropology, The University of Iowa Pleistocene hominid dental remains from East Asia that have not aligned with the known extinct Asian great apes in size or morphology have been difficult to classify. Therefore, a more thorough state of the art analysis through modern geomorphometrics, comparing living and extinct humans and Asian great apes for the first time, was performed. This unprecedented landmarked-based geomorphometric analysis on high resolution images of the occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars attributed to extinct and living East Asian hominids was undertaken in order to test the validity of these specimens’ a-priori assignments, particularly those previously placed within Homininae. This study revealed that some of the teeth from southern China and the Southeast Asian Peninsula originally classified as early human were non-human ape in origin, and that teeth originally assigned to invalid hominoid taxa, such as “Hemanthropus”, are representative of either the “Mystery Ape,” Pongo, or another taxon. This study refutes hominin assignment for key specimens previously classified as early East Asian hominins, maintaining support for the site of Dmanisi as yielding the earliest evidence of humans outside of Africa; not East Asia. This study presents a more accurate systematic model for Early Pleistocene hominid evolution, affirming the presence of additional Hominidae taxa in the Pleistocene Southeast Asian Mainland, while giving us a much clearer understanding of the composition paleoecology Conference Program 105 ABSTRACTS and regional distribution of the Pleistocene great ape communities of East Asia. NSF EAPSI Fellowship Implementing Intersectionality in Bioarchaeology: A Study of Sex and Status at Roman Winchester L CREIGHTON AVERY, TRACY L. PROWSE and MEGAN B. BRICKLEY Anthropology, McMaster University There is increasing awareness that human lives are multidimensional, and cannot be explained or understood through one facet of identity. Within bioarchaeology, however, studies tend to focus on inequalities of sex or social status independently, and rarely consider multiple aspects of identity concurrently. This research uses the feminist framework of Intersectionality to incorporate multiple aspects of identity simultaneously, during an analysis of dietary inequalities in 342 skeletons from Roman Winchester (4th5th century CE). Rates of antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), dental caries, and dental wear were analyzed by sex and social status, independently and concurrently, to explore how these aspects of identity influenced dental health variables, indicating possible dietary differences. Males and females exhibited statistically significant differences (p<0.05), with males having higher rates of anterior AMTL and dental wear. Differences were also evident between status groups, with lower status individuals have higher rates of posterior and total AMTL. When sex and status were considered concurrently, higher status males and females exhibited no differences, while differences were present between lower status males and females. In the lower status groups females had lower rates of anterior AMTL, anterior dental wear, and posterior dental wear. Dental caries rates did not differ between sex or status groups. These results suggest that dental health, and therefore likely dietary inequalities, were dependent on more than one aspect of identity. By incorporating multiple aspects of identity, bioarchaeologists may be able to better understand inequalities and diversity within past human experiences, and Intersectionality can assist in elucidating this variation. Supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada Insight Grant, File Number 435-2013-1006 (ID# 169793) (MBB). Comparative Morphometric Analysis and Digital Reconstruction of the Homo floresiensis Pelvis KAREN L. BAAB1, MATTHEW C. O’NEILL2, ASHLEY S. HAMMOND3 and WILLIAM L. JUNGERS4 Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of 1 2 Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 3Department of Anthropology and CASHP, George Washington University, 4Association Vahatra & Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University Pelvic remains from the type specimen of Homo floresiensis (LB1/7) may be informative about the evolutionary affinities and locomotor repertoire of this enigmatic hominin, but have yet to be analyzed morphometrically. Here, we analyze the preserved anatomy using 3D geometric morphometrics and attempt a series of digital reconstructions of a full os coxa. We collected a 3D landmark dataset from a sample of modern humans and fossil hominins tailored to the partial left os coxa of LB1, which lacks portions of the iliac crest and pubis. Principal components analysis indicated that modern humans are differentiated from early australopiths (Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus) along the primary axis of shape variation, with H. floresiensis approximately equidistant to these two groups. H. floresiensis was more distinct from two large-bodied early Homo specimens along this axis, as well as from the Kebara Neanderthal and A. sediba, which were overlap the H. sapiens range. This component captured variation in ischial tuberosity shape and iliac blade flare. To reconstruct the missing portions of the ilium and pubis, complete os coxae of A. afarensis (AL 288-1), A. sediba (MH2) and a small-bodied H. sapiens were warped to the shape of LB1 based on the regions of morphological overlap. Additional landmarks from the iliac crest and pubis resulted in better separation between modern humans and the full fossil sample. The two australopith-based reconstructions grouped together despite the different morphology of A. sediba and A. afarensis, while the human-based reconstruction fell at the periphery of the modern human range. We acknowledge ARKENAS for access to the fossil specimens. Characterizing Non-Maternal Infant Care in a Communally Breeding Primate, Varecia variegata ANDREA L. BADEN Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, Anthropology & Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, NYCEP, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Previously, we documented communal infant care in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Baden et al. 2013). We found that communally nesting mothers spent more time feeding and experienced greater infant survival. We attributed a female’s tendency to crèche infants in part to kin relations within the community, but also to the mutual benefits gained from crèching (e.g., higher infant survival). These explanations cannot, 106 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists however, easily explain why non-mothers also participated in care. Here, I aim to further characterize the communal breeding strategies (i.e., allomaternal care, AMC) in black-and-white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata), a seasonal breeder with facultative AMC. Data presented here were collected from one ruffed lemur community (N=24 individuals) at Mangevo in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar during 12 weeks of observation (October-December 2008; N=804 hours). AMC first occurred at approximately three weeks post-parturition. Sixteen of 24 community members (66.7%; 8 females, 8 males) were observed in proximity to a nest during the study period. Of these, only 11 individuals (68.8%) provided some form of AMC, including nest guarding, grooming, huddling and playing. Helpers varied significantly in their contributions to AMC (Kruskall Wallis, H=0.267, p=0.003). Adult males were the primary AMC providers (mean=18.67% ± 16.6 SD, range=0-41.84%), followed by mothers (mean=15.17% ± 12.27 SD; range=0-37.28%), and non-reproductive adult females (N=1, 3.57%); juvenile males did not help. Mothers averaged 3.00 helpers at the nest (± 1.41 SD; range=1-4) and helper number was unrelated to the total AMC infants received (Spearman rank, rs=0.447, p>0.05). Funding provided by NSF DDIG (BSC-0725975), The Leakey Foundation, US Fulbright Foundation, Primate Conservation, Inc., Primate Action Fund, Rowe-Wright Primate Fund, Stony Brook University, and Hunter College. How subjectivity strengthens research: Developing new approaches to anthropological genetics in the Pacific Northwest ALYSSA C. BADER1 and RIPAN S. MALHI1,2 Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 Scientific fields, including biological anthropology, are often framed by Western academia as conducting objective research. In fact, this is a core tenant of the scientific process: good science achieves experimental results that are replicable by any researcher. However, the assumption that science is, or can be, objective is flawed and overlooks the significant contributions that can be made by embracing the inherent subjectivity introduced by the perspective of the researcher. In biological anthropology and beyond, the values of the researcher influence the entirety of the scientific process, from the research questions asked to methods used. This presentation provides an example of how research in biological anthropology can be strengthened through the uniqueness of researchers’ connections to or interactions with the communities or populations they study. We discuss examples of how, when conducting genomic research with indigenous ABSTRACTS communities (living and ancient) from the Pacific Northwest coast, we employed methods and analyses such as incorporating oral history and community knowledge into interpretations of genomic data, utilizing less destructive methods of ancient DNA analysis, and advocating for and incorporating community consultation and engagement in paleogenomic research. This presentation demonstrates how, in research, embracing the subjectivity and wealth of new research perspectives that academics with diverse backgrounds bring to biological anthropology will enhance the depth of knowledge in our field. Funding provided by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Evidence of higher maternal investment for sons in wild chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda IULIA BADESCU1, ANNE M. KATZENBERG2, DAVID P. WATTS3 and DANIEL W. SELLEN1 Anthropology, University of Toronto, 2Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 3 Anthropology, Yale University 1 Maternal investment through lactation effort can affect reproductive rates and offspring survival in mammals and can be biased towards infants of one sex. Whether sex biases occur in chimpanzees remains largely unexplored. We compared behavioral indicators of weaning (infant age at last nursing bout and first maternal rejection observed) and a physiological indicator of maternal contribution to age-specific infant diet (mother-infant differences in fecal stable nitrogen isotopes, δ15N) for male (N = 26) versus female (N = 22) infants among Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii at Ngogo. We predicted that mothers would invest more in sons through later weaning and greater infant age-specific lactation effort, based on the assumptions that male philopatry means mothers can have more influence on the reproductive success of sons than daughters and that the potential for high reproductive success is greater for male than female offspring at Ngogo, a site with relatively high food abundance and low feeding competition. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses of age-specific differences by infant sex in the timing of weaning behaviors showed that male infants stopped nursing and received maternal rejections later than female infants (Breslow: P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Generalized Estimating Equations analyses showed that mother-infant differences in δ15N were greater for infant males than females (P < 0.05), which indicates that lactation effort of mothers with sons was higher because milk contributed more to males’ age-specific diets. Mothers seemed to invest more heavily in infant sons than daughters, which may be a strategy to maximize their own inclusive fitness. Funding provided by The Leakey Foundation, The Explorers Club, Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology, International Primatological Society, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and University of Toronto. . Metric Sex Estimation using the Sustentaculum Tali CHRISTINE A. BAILEY1, KRISTEN A. BROEHL2, ANIELLE C. DUNCAN1, AMY Z. MUNDORFF1 and RENEE KOSALKA3 Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Anthropology, California State University, Chico, 3 Anthropology, Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale, Québec 1 2 Complex mandibular molar root size differences and similarities between non-human primate species (Gorilla, Pongo and Pan), and chimpanzee subspecies (Pan troglodytes verus) MELANIE BÄUCHLE Department of Biomaterials, NYU, Paleoanthropology and Messel Research, Senckenberg Research Institute Traditionally, dentition is used to compare similarities and discrepancies between extant primates and fossil hominids. The most commonly used dental feature is “tooth size”, yet it is important to point out that “tooth size” refers almost exclusively to crown size. Crowns, however, are subjected to individual alteration from differing abrasions, and subsequently the crown surface (size, shape) is heavily altered, making comparison difficult. Roots in contrast, are protected in the aveolar bone and therefore much less affected by masticatory or even taphonomic processes. This study uses μCT to intensively investigate extant hominid mandibular molar root metrics and their value in discriminating sex, taxa and populations. Results show that molar root size and sexual dimorphism among great apes is highly complex and can be significant. Whether genus or populations differ, or sexual dimorphism is present in molar roots, depends on the molar and specific measurement, as well as genus and population affiliation. Overall, Gorilla have larger molars than Pongo and Pan; and Liberian chimpanzees have larger molars than Taï chimpanzees. The overall molar size order is M2>M1>M3. Interspecifically, Pongo has the most sexually dimorphic molars, followed by Pan and Gorilla. This study demonstrates that an assumption regarding sex or species differences based on single molar (root) measurements can be wrong. It also shows that molar root sizes can vary significantly between populations of one subspecies (Pan troglodytes verus), which challenges the concept of tooth size as tool to differentiate between (fossil) hominid species. The study has partially been funded through a Max-Planck-PhD-Stipend. Sex estimation is a critical component for developing a biological profile for unknown skeletal remains because it reduces the number of potential matches by half. Non-traditional methods for estimating sex can be valuable when conventional methods are limited by fragmentation or missing elements. The calcaneus is a skeletal element that is often recovered intact, due to its robustness and protection within shoes. Previous research has also shown the calcaneus to be a sexually dimorphic bone. While these studies have included sexually dimorphic measurements of the calcaneus that encompass the sustentaculum tali (ST), none focus specifically on the dimensions of the ST. Therefore, this study aims to use measurements developed for the ST to discriminate male and female calcanei. Four measurements were taken from 150 calcanei (75 males, 75 females) from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. These measurements include maximum calcaneal length, load arm width, and two novel measurements, ST length and medial talar facet length. T-tests were conducted to assess intra and inter-observer error. The maximum calcaneal length measurement was not included in the analysis due to inconsistent measuring. Discriminant function analyses were conducted in SPSS 23. An additional sample of 40 calcanei was used test the functions. Including all three measurements, 82% of the original sample and 81% of the test sample was classified correctly, and including the two new measurements, 69.3% of the original sample and 78.6% was classified correctly. These new measurements can be beneficial for classifying fragmented calcanei. Sexual dimorphism of lumbar lordosis: a case for joint laxity JEANNIE F. BAILEY1, ELLA BEEN2,3 and PATRICIA A. KRAMER4 1 Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 2Physical Therapy, Ono Academic College, Israel, 3Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel, 4Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle From an evolutionary medicine perspective, sexual dimorphism of the lumbar spine may be linked to sex-specific orthopaedic issues. However, why lumbar lordosis differs by sex remains uncertain. One hypothesis posits that lordosis is positively selected to be greater in Conference Program 107 ABSTRACTS females to aid in lumbar extension while bearing a pregnancy load. An alternative explanation hypothesizes that higher lordosis in females is a pleiotropic effect of the increased joint laxity associated with childbirth. Increased joint laxity, which can create joint instability, is positively associated with lumbar lordosis, but has not been demonstrated to be sexually dimorphic. We explored potential sex differences in lumbar joint laxity by comparing intervertebral range of motion and segmental instability between females and males. We conducted a retrospective analysis of rotation and translation of lumbar intervertebral segments from 350 females and 350 males without spinal trauma or previous surgeries (ages 19-90 years). Sex differences for sagittal rotation were dependent on age and in the older half of our study population lumbar flexion was 11.8% less in females than males (p=0.002) and lumbar extension was 6.8% greater in females (p=0.02). These sagittal rotation results correspond to higher lumbar lordosis in females. Furthermore, only females, regardless of age, had translational instability (spondylolisthesis) in the lower lumbar spine (L4-L5 and L5-S1). Our results support that compared to that of males, range of motion in the female lumbar spine is associated with both greater lumbar lordosis and a heightened risk lumbar instability, which suggested that sex differences in joint laxity exist. The Relationship of the Glenoid Fossa and Acromion process as a Predictor of Locomotor Behavior KATIE E. BAILEY1 and NANDA B. GROW2 Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 2Sociology, Social Work, and Anthropology, Utah State University 1 The functional relationship between the scapula and locomotion is well documented in primates. For example, a more cranially oriented glenoid fossa is attributed to suspensory behaviors. The relationship between the acromion process and glenoid fossa is relatively nebulous. Here we test if the straight-line distance from the distal most point of the acromion process to the central most point of the glenoid fossa can be used as an indicator for locomotor behavior. The initial sample for this study includes scapulae from primates typically categorized in the literature as brachiators (n=18) (Hylobates spp., Nomascus spp.), quadrupeds (n=48) (Piliocolobus spp., Trachypithecus spp., Cercopithecus spp.), and semibrachiators (n=35) (Pygathrix spp.). We predict brachiators will have an acromion process that projects the furthest past the glenoid fossa given how the acromioclavicular joint is often more robust for weight transfer between the glenohumeral joint, clavicle, and manubrium, and given how the clavicle is often elongated in brachiators because of their increased overhead arm use, followed by semibrachiators, then quadrupeds. Preliminary results show there is a significant effect of locomotor category on acromion process length (F1,2 = 59.174, p < 0.001). The distances are significantly different between locomotor categories (Tukey’s HSD: brachiator, quadruped p < 0.01; semibrachiator, brachiator p = 0.014; semibrachiator, quadruped p < 0.01) with brachiators having the longest acromion process projection, followed by semibrachiators, and then quadrupeds. This information is particularly applicable to incomplete fossils where large quantities of the scapula might be missing. Texas A&M Anthropology Department, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Fund. Utility of deciduous lower first molar crown outlines in diagnosing Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis SHARA E. BAILEY1,3, STEFANO BENAZZI2 and JEANJACQUES HUBLIN3 1 Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, 2Department of Cultural Heritage, Univerity of Bologna, 3Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of the outline shapes of deciduous upper and lower second molars and the deciduous upper first molar for diagnosing taxa – especially Homo neanderthalensis and H. sapiens. Building on these, here we assess the taxonomic significance of the crown outline of the deciduous lower first molar (dm1) through principal components analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis. We test whether the crown shape of the dm1 separates H. neanderthalensis from H. sapiens, and explore whether it can be used to correctly assign individuals to taxa. Our recent human sample includes 103 individuals from Africa, Europe, South America, India, and Australia. Our comparative sample includes 3 early H. sapiens, 8 Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens and 13 H. neanderthalensis individuals. Our results indicate that H. neanderthalensis dm1s cluster fairly tightly and separate well from those of Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens. However, the range of shapes in the recent human sample overlaps ranges of all fossil samples. Consequently, results of the quadratic discriminant analysis based on the first five PCs representing more than 90% of the variation were mixed. Lower dm­1­s were correctly classified in only 77.2% of the individuals: H. sapiens had better success (78.1%) than H. neanderthalensis (69.2%). When the analysis was re-run without recent humans (for whom variation was extensive) accuracy improved: 92.3% of H. neanderthalensis and 87.5% of Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens were classified correctly. We conclude that crown shape of dm­1 is useful for identifying H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens during the late Pleistocene. This research was funded by the LSB Leakey Foundation and the Max Planck Institute. 108 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Foreign Exchange in the Fourth Cataract Region of Ancient Nubia BRENDA J. BAKER Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University Recent work by the Bioarchaeology of Nubia Expedition (BONE) in the area upstream of the Fourth Cataract in northern Sudan enriches our understanding of the extent of isolation or integration of people peripheral to the main centers where state-level societies operated. Variability in grave architecture and burial treatment at intervisible cemetery sites from the Kerma period (c. 2500-1500 BC) is evident within and between sites. Differences in burial style and accompaniments may relate to differing expressions of identity. Exotic material includes shell beads from Red Sea molluscs, carnelian beads, Egyptian ceramic vessels, and other as yet unidentified ceramics. The latter appear in an outlier grave of a potential potter at Site ASU 09-01. One grave at ASU 14-04 seems to amalgamate local and Egyptianized styles. The usual circular or oval, rock-capped superstructure covers an ovoid burial shaft around 50-80 cm deep with a tightly flexed individual positioned on the right or left side in variable orientations. In the Egyptianized instance, the normative superstructure covered a shallow, trench-like shaft in which the body was placed in an extended, supine position in an east-west axis. Later Meroitic (c. 350 BC-AD 350) through Post-Meroitic (c. AD 350-550) period mortuary remains in the floodplain nearby also include a few burials with extra-local items, suggesting continuing access to exchange networks in the region despite the construction of forts and evidence of conflict at this time. An agropastoral lifestyle—not just exchange along the Nile River—may help explain these interconnections. Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project, A-17. Using Bacterial Communities From Human Femora To Determine Post Mortem Interval STEPHANIE A. BAKER, SARAI N. MESA and MARY N. RUBLE Biology, Sam Houston State University Current techniques of estimating postmortem interval (PMI) are based on changes in cadaver decomposition, insect activity and bacteria succession. These methods are subject to various abiotic and biotic factors, such as temperature and humidity. Additionally, soft tissue methods are only useful days to weeks post mortem. Bacteria inside marrow-containing bones, however, are protected from many external variables and persist in the environment for months. This project studies the makeup and succession of bacteria inside the human femur. ABSTRACTS We sampled bone marrow inside the femora of three cadavers (two male and one female) placed at the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science (STAFS) facility in Huntsville, Texas for four months. The left femurs were sampled every other day and the right femurs were sampled every fifth time as a control for introduced contamination. We used a sterilized drill to make a hole in the diaphysis of the femur. A sterilized T-Lok medical grade biopsy needle was then inserted to collect bone marrow, which was then placed into a cryotube. Holes were sealed to prevent contamination. Samples were shipped to Baylor College of Medicine and analyzed using deep sequencing of 16SrNA gene, which is unique to bacteria. Microbial communities were analyzed using UniFrac to identify relationships between microbial communities in each cadaver. Preliminary results indicate the bacterial communities in the femur change consistently and predictably. As such, the femur may offer a more accurate and persistent method for estimating PMI. History of Human Population Diversity Studies in Central America NORBERTO F. BALDI1 and RAMIRO BARRANTES2 Anthropology, University of Costa Rica, 2Biology, University of Costa Rica 1 Central America has been the site of continuous scientific studies of human population structure and diversity since the beginning of the 20th century, yet the history of these investigations has never been formally catalogued. In order to evaluate scholarly contributions to the development of human population genetics in Central America we summarize, classify, and compare 145 references contained in 117 scientific publications since 1920s until 2015. The development of human population genetics in Central America builds on studies elaborated from the 1920s to the 1960s of morphological and biochemical variation of local indigenous populations. Between the 1970s and the 1990s, new serological discoveries made microevolutionary studies possible among indigenous and afro-Caribbean populations. Molecular genetics investigations initiated in the 1990s in Central America ushered in a new era for the examination of 21st century evolutionary questions. During this period, the use of a wide variety of informative markers enabled the unraveling of demographic histories of national and indigenous populations. Despite the steady development of population genetics in Central America, differences exist in the quantity and quality of investigations in the area: Costa Rica (35%), Nicaragua (17%) and Panama (16.5%) are the most frequently studied countries in comparison with Guatemala (12.5%), Honduras (9%), El Salvador (6%), and Belize (4%). Through tracing the development of molecular genetics investigations in the region, the authors hope to focus future research towards areas of need in order to ensure the development of the most complete profile possible of human population genetics in Central America. Osteometric Reconstruction of Body Mass in the Lambayeque Valley Complex, Peru: Pre-Hispanic Variability and the Impact of Spanish Conquest STEVEN J. BALL1 and HAAGEN D. KLAUS1,2 1 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, George Mason University, 2Museo Nacional Sicán, Peru Body mass represents one of the least studied and understood reflections of biocultural relationships in ancient South America. Here, we present the results of the first diachronic, regional, and osteometric reconstruction of body mass variability in the Central Andes. In a region where previous studies demonstrated that terminal adult stature was highly developmentally canalized, we test the hypothesis that body mass was similarly invariant during in late pre-Hispanic and postcontact northern Peru. Maximum anterior-posterior femoral head diameter measurements were collected from the skeletal remains of 304 indigenous individuals spanning 2600 B.C.- A.D. 1750 in the Lambayeque Valley Complex (pre-Hispanic sites of Ventarrón, Arenal, Collud, and Zarpán [n=74]); postcontact sites of Eten [n=73] and Mórrope [n=157]). Body mass was estimated for males, females, and individuals of indeterminate skeletal sex using previously established standard equations. Results demonstrate unexpected variations of predicted body weight within and between pre-Hispanic sites. Also, following European conquest, average body mass values show a 7 % increase in Colonial Eten (4.0 kg) and a 5.4 % increase in Colonial Mórrope (3 kg) contained within a narrow range of variation. We reject the hypothesis. Body mass, unlike stature, appears to demonstrate a greater degree of biocultural and environmental plasticity than other previously studied components of body size. Further, the mild increase in body mass associated with the postcontact adaptive transition in Lambayeque may relate to widespread increased reliance on carbohydrates in Colonial-era native diets that is further concordant with bioarchaeological findings and ethnohistoric accounts from northern Peru. This research was supported by a George Mason University Summer Research Fellowship to Haagen Klaus. Are marital system, climate and geographic origin good predictors of human craniofacial size and shape variation? KATHARINE BALOLIA1 and CHRISTOPHE SOLIGO2 1 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, 2Department of Anthropology, University College London The majority of research investigating modern human craniofacial size and shape variation to date has focused on variables associated with climate, geographic origin and genetic drift, and few attempts have been made to understand whether variation in modern human craniofacial morphology is associated with aspects of social behaviour. Using a sample of 9 modern human populations (314 males and 260 females), we test the hypothesis that modern human facial and neurocranial size and shape variation is associated with marital system. Using 3D landmark data taken from cranial 3D surface scans, we assess the relative contributions of sex, climatic variables and geographic origin on craniofacial size and shape variation. We find significant sex differences in facial size allometry in monogamous populations that are not observed in polygynous populations. After controlling for climatic variables, marital system explains a small amount of facial size variation (2.4% in males and 5% in females) but we find no significant association between marital system and facial shape variation. Although marital system only explains a small amount of craniofacial size variation, the finding that sex-specific patterns of facial allometry differs between populations adopting a monogamous and polygynous marital system warrants further study. Our findings provide a basis to further investigate whether craniofacial morphology evolves in response to variables associated with social behaviour in modern humans. Upper Paleolithic and recent human brain variation and evolution ANTOINE BALZEAU, DOMINIQUE GRIMAUD-HERVÉ and LOU ALBESSARD Prehistory, CNRS, UMR 7194, Département de Préhistoire du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, UPMC, UPVD, Paris, France. The evolution of the hominin brain is well documented from studies of endocranial casts, or endocasts. However, and although the size and morphology of the brain are considered one of the most characteristic traits of Homo sapiens, variations in cerebral form, size and shape since the emergence of our species are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to compare fossil and extant AMH endocasts in order to start filling this gap in the litterature. Our comparative samples consist in a geographically diverse selection of extant AMH and of Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from the sites of Skhul, Qafzeh, Brno, Cioclovina, Cro-Magnon, Mladeč, Pataud, PeÈ™tera Muierii and Predmostí. Metric measures were acquired with callipers and cephalometers on the endocasts or on drawings for projected measures. 3D landmarks for geometric morphometric analyses were also digitized. Conference Program 109 ABSTRACTS A decrease in absolute endocranial volume since the Upper Palaeolithic was noticeable. Although extant and older endocrania share the same anatomical layout, we found non-allometric differences in the relative size and organization of different parts of the brain. Our results suggest a gradual change from the Upper Palaeolithic average morphology to those of extant populations and document previously unknown intraspecific anatomical variations in the H. sapiens brain, demonstrating its plasticity, with some areas (frontal and occipital lobes) having been more subject to variation than others (parietal, temporal or cerebellar lobes). That may be due to constraints to maintain an optimal performance while reducing in size and changing in shape during our recent evolution. Violence in 18th and 19th Century London: Analyzing Trauma Prevalence by Cemetery, Age, and Sex PETRA BANKS and D. SHANE MILLER Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University Socioeconomic disparity and crime are sometimes associated with increases in violence against lower-social status individuals, such as women, children, and the poor, particularly in highly stratified societies. 18th and 19th Century London was highly stratified, and characterized by insalubrious living conditions for the poor with high urban mortality and morbidity. Here, I investigate whether contemporary skeletal samples demonstrate demographic patterns of potential interpersonal violence. I analyzed three post-medieval assemblages, of different socioeconomic strata: the higher status Chelsea Old Church cemetery (n=784), and the lower socioeconomic status St. Brides Lower (n=1926) and Cross Bones cemeteries (n=690). Data for skeletons of all age ranges and sexes were derived from the Wellcome Osteological Research Database at the Museum of London Centre for Human Bioarchaeology. I investigated correlations between trauma, specifically lesions typically associated with interpersonal violence, and age, sex, and socioeconomic status at the level of the cemetery. Results indicate there is no significant correlation between rates of traumatic lesions typically associated with interpersonal violence, sex, age, and cemetery-level socioeconomic status. Although there were socioeconomic disparities between the original contemporary communities associated with these cemeteries, the skeletal samples do not yield any evidence of disparities in exposure to interpersonal violence between them, though this conclusion must be tempered by overall low frequencies of interpersonal trauma across all of the assemblages (less than 1%), and the relative rarity with which interpersonal violence may affect the skeleton in an archaeologically visible way. Which tree animal types live in areas together, and why? In part because of people things KATHERINE H. BANNAR-MARTIN Synthesis Centre (sDiv), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Landscape modification, through urbanization, agriculture, mining or other forms of land use, can disrupt the connectivity of forests, with major consequences for arboreal biodiversity. In Madagascar, extensive landscape modification has created anthropogenic matrices between protected areas, affecting their connectedness and the ability of species to potentially disperse between them. The primate communities of Madagascar comprise an endemic and endangered group of arboreal mammals. Dispersal limitation by distance between protected areas has been previously shown to be a stronger explanation for the composition of Malagasy arboreal mammal communities than environmental sorting. However, the anthropogenic matrix between protected areas in Madagascar poses an additional potential dispersal barrier for arboreal species. In this study, I contrasted the relative contribution of environmental sorting, dispersal limitation by distance, and site isolation via the anthropogenic matrix (from a composite measure of human population density, land transformation, transportation routes, and power infrastructure) to the composition of primate communities in 34 of Madagascar’s protected areas. Malagasy primate community composition was significantly and jointly explained by dispersal limitation by distance, environmental sorting, and the degree of isolation via the anthropogenic matrix. Protected areas were clustered and isolated by varying degrees of landscape modification, particularly in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar. This study provides evidence of the compounding effect of human land use modification and urbanization on the ecology and distribution of Malagasy primates. Postnatal Neuron increase in the Human Amygdala is more Extensive than in other Hominids NICOLE BARGER1,2, MARTHA V. VARGAS2, THOMAS A. AVINO1,2, KATERINA SEMENDEFERI3,4 and CYNTHIA M. SCHUMANN1,2 1 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2UC Davis MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 3Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, 4Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis The amygdala mediates socioemotional processing, has been linked to social complexity, and is one of few brain structures reported to incorporate new neurons postnatally. Neuron numbers increase through macaque development, but only in the paralaminar region. The influence of this increase on whole amygdala 110 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists number is unknown. We hypothesize that neurons in the amygdala’s basal and lateral nuclei, which incorporate the paralaminar in hominids, would be most likely to show age-related increase in hominids and that this might influence whole amygdala numbers. To test this, we fit regression lines and curves to stereological estimates of neuron number in humans 2 to 48 years (n=22) and African apes 9 months to 50 years (n=13). To better parse this broad developmental span, we also ran the analyses on sample subsets, iteratively decreasing sample composition by 10 year increments. In humans, we found a significant linear relationship between neuron number and age in the amygdala and basal nucleus up to 32 years. In apes, a significant inverse model (high rate of early increase that plateaus over time) fit basal data through all but the youngest subset, peaking between 10 and 20 years. Lateral nucleus models were not significant. We provide evidence for an age-related increase in neurons in the hominid basal nucleus. However, humans exhibited a longer period of age-related increase, into the third decade of life, also visible in the amygdala. We speculate that this protracted period of neuron increase supports the extended period of cultural and social learning characterizing our species. Research supported by the Wenner Gren Foundation, National Science Foundation (BCS-0726240), Chancellor’s Interdisciplinary Collaboratory Fellowship, UCSD, James S. MacDonnell Foundation (22002078), and National Institutes of Health (T3MH073124; R01MH097236). Bovid locomotor traits track land cover and mean annual precipitation: using an ecometric approach to reconstruct paleoenvironments in the Shungura Formation (Plio-Pleistocene, Ethiopia) W. ANDREW BARR Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University Reconstructing hominin habitats across space and time is a major goal of paleoecology. Studies of bovid (antelope and relatives) locomotor ecomorphology have used morphological traits to infer habitat-specific locomotor adaptations for fossil specimens. However, linking ecomorphic data with quantitative characteristics of hominin habitats has proved challenging. This study introduces a new approach using bovid locomotor traits as “ecometric” variables for estimating mean annual precipitation (MAP) and land cover. I compiled five traits of the astragalus and five traits of the metatarsal for bovid species occurring at gridded locations (50 km x 50 km) across sub-Saharan Africa and obtained MAP and land cover estimates for the corresponding locations. ABSTRACTS I used a General Linear Model (GLM) to quantify the relationship between MAP, land cover, and the average trait values for all species occurring at each location. Next, I measured astragalus ecometric traits on 216 fossil astragali from the Shungura Formation (covering the period 3.4 – 1.9 Ma). I applied the GLM to infer MAP for each Shungura geological member using the trait averages for all specimens in each member. Results on modern data demonstrate that several astragalus and metatarsal ecometric traits explain major proportions of variation in MAP and land cover (R2 > 0.6). In the Shungura Formation, results are consistent with habitats with MAP values ranging from ca. 700 mm to nearly 1600 mm. Although challenges remain in directly comparing the modern and fossil datasets, the ecometric method offers a promising way to quantitatively characterize hominin habitats. Supported by a Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Research Grant (number 8557) and the the GW Signature Program. Water Soluble Nutrient Intake and Leptin Phenotypes in the Kansas Mennonite CHRISTOPHER E. BARRETT1, MICHAEL CRAWFORD2 and M.J. MOSHER3 Anthropology, University of Kansas, 2Anthropology, University of Kansas, 3Anthropology, Western Washington University 1 Diseases of Western Civilization and metabolic dysfunctions have spread globally with alarming speed and prevalence. Causes are a racemic mix of environmental, biological, nutritional and behavioral factors which vary between populations and sex. Nutrients and their cellular receptors work in concert to modify genetic activity using nutrigenetic pathways. These gene-nutrient interactions are known to ameliorate certain risk factors including aberrant levels of hormones such as leptin. Adipose derived hormones, or ‘adipokines’, such as leptin regulate many homeostatic processes with novel utility in treating chronic and metabolic conditions. Research in human and non-human models suggests possible connections between select lipid or water soluble micronutrients and metabolic biomarkers. However, these reports are too often exclusively reductionist, use obsolete methodologies or hyper focus on a single nutrient explanations. We test the relationships between micronutrient intake and variation in leptin phenotypes using sex-specific and multi-nutrient models, examining the associations with measures of disease risk including adiposity, blood lipids and adipokine concentrations in a population of Kansas Mennonite (N=160) with histories of fission and fusion. Multivariate regressions were run sex-specifically (females=84; males=76) and were controlled for adipose tissue. Intake of water soluble vitamin B6 was significant for leptin phenotypes in women (β=0.324, p=0.043). Vitamin B6 is needed for neurotransmitter synthesis and regulating the bodily clock and epigenetic methylation. Results suggest associations between nutritional intake and metabolic biomarkers may be nutrient and sex-specific. Stable Isotope Evidence for Salmon Consumption in the Prehistoric Sacramento Valley of California ERIC J. BARTELINK1, JAMES NELSON2, DENISE FURLONG3, STEFANIE KLINE4, JULIA PRINCEBUITENHUYS5, AMY MACKINNON6 and FRANK BAYHAM1 1 Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico, 2Cultural Resources Division, Pacific Gas & Electric, 3Archaeology Division, Furlong & Associates, 4Cultural Rescue Initiative, Smithsonian, 5 Department of Anthropology, Notre Dame, 6 Archaeology Division, Parsons Brinckerhoff Evidence for the prehistoric consumption of salmon in the Sacramento Valley is based primarily upon the ethnographic record and ethnohistoric accounts. These lines of evidence, in conjunction with the known seasonal spawning runs of salmon documented during the historic period, suggest that salmon were a highly valued food resource throughout the Sacramento River watershed. However, zooarchaeological studies have found that salmon bones comprise a relatively small portion of fish bone assemblages in the southern Sacramento Valley region. To estimate the dietary importance of salmon along the northern and southern ends of the Sacramento Valley, stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of bone collagen are examined from human burials from six late Holocene (4500–200 B.P.) central and northern California sites. Individuals from the southern Sacramento Valley show low δ13C and δ15N values, regardless of time period, and very little dietary variation. These values are most consistent with a dietary focus on freshwater fish with small contributions from salmon. However, individuals from the northern Sacramento Valley show notably high δ13C and δ15N values, clearly indicating a larger contribution of salmon to the diet. Together, these data indicate strong evidence for salmon consumption in the northern Sacramento Valley, but not in the southern Sacramento Valley. These data corroborate patterns observed in late Holocene zooarchaeological assemblages, but contradict ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts regarding the importance of salmon in the southern Sacramento Valley. Funding was provided by the Wenner-Gren Foundation (Grant No. 7163) and National Science Foundation (Grant No. 0424292). Guided by voices: using social media to target small ape surveys in Peninsular Malaysia THAD Q. BARTLETT1, SUSAN LAPPAN2 and NADINE RUPPERT3 1 Anthropology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 2Anthropology, Appalachian State University, 3 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Citizen science communicated by social media has the potential to play an important role in primate conservation and assessment, particularly for populations that have not been surveyed recently. In preparation for a survey of small apes (Hylobatidae) in the Malay Peninsula we reviewed common social media outlets (e.g., YouTube, SoundCloud, and hosted blogs) for recent records of three hylobatid species (Hylobates lar, H. agilis, and Symphalangus syndactylus) throughout the peninsula. We deemed a record reliable if it included a date of observation, location information, and an audio recording, photograph, or video. Using these online records, we identified 23 sites outside of protected state and national parks with recent records indicating the presence of small apes. A preliminary ground survey during August 2016 confirmed the presence of the species indicated at 3 of these sites—Bukit Fraser (H. lar and S. syndactylus), Bukit Larut (H. agilis), and Genting Highlands (S. syndactylus). Hylobatids were not observed at two other sites (Cameron Highlands and Bukit Tinggi) where records indicated their presence as recently at 2010. We relied on auditory methods to document the occurrence of small apes, so it is possible that animals were present but not detected, since hylobatids do not call every day. Nonetheless, these results suggest that social media records of primates may help to identify sites and habitats under high threat or where extinction has occurred very recently. One issue that must be resolved is how to aggregate social media records without providing detailed information to potential poachers. Funding provided by The University of Texas at San Antonio. Geometric morphometrics of hominoid thoraces and its bearing for reconstructing the ribcage of H. naledi MARKUS BASTIR1,2, DANIEL GARCÍA-MARTÍNEZ1,2, SCOTT A. WILLIAMS2,3,4, MARC R. MEYER5, SHAHED NALLA2,6, PETER SCHMID2,7, ALON BARASH8, MOTOHARU OISHI9, NAOMICHI OGIHARA10, STEVEN E. CHURCHILL11,2, JOHN HAWKS12,2 and LEE R. BERGER2 1 Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC, 2Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 3Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, 4New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 5Department of Anthropology, Chaffey College, 6Department Conference Program 111 ABSTRACTS of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 7 Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8Faculty of Medicine Galilee, Bar Ilan University, 9Laboratory of Anatomy 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 10Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 11Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 12 Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison H. naledi shows a mosaic morphological pattern with several derived (Homo-like) features of the skull, hands and feet, and primitive (australopith-like) features in the ribcage, shoulder, and pelvis. This pattern reflects a morphology that might be expected of a hominin at the evolutionary transition between Australopithecus and Homo. Two thoracic vertebrae from levels 10 and 11 and the proximal aspect of an 11th rib were found in near anatomical connection in the Dinaledi Chamber of Rising Star cave, therefore likely belonging to the same individual. In this study we explore this association and report our ongoing work towards a quantitative 3D reconstruction of the H. naledi thorax. We measured 512 3D-(semi)landmarks on human and other hominoid ribcages (hylobatids, Pongo, Gorilla, Pan; N=33) for geometric morphometric analyses. Covariation between the 11th rib and remaining thorax shape was analyzed by partial least squares analysis (PLS) and overall thorax variation by principal components analysis (PCA). PCA results show wide ranges of complex thoracic variation. Gorilla and Pan are characterized by highly constricted upper thoraces when compared to their wide lower ribcages. Pongo and hylobatids have less narrow upper but also wide lower thoraces. Those of humans are expanded superiorly, narrow inferiorly, and with declined ribs. PLS analyses suggest that the morphology of the articulated rib-vertebra complex at the 11th level of H. naledi is compatible with a ribcage with declined ribs and inferiorly wider than observed in humans. This corresponds with evidence for laterally flared iliac blades of the H. naledi pelvis. Funding: CGl2012-37279, CGL2015-63648-P (MINECO, Spain), The Leakey Foundation Isotopic analysis of pre-Columbian Groups from the Brazilian coast MURILO Q. R. BASTOS1, ANDREA LESSA1, ROBERTO V. SANTOS2 and CLAUDIA RODRIGUES-CARVALHO1 1 Anthropology, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2Geosciences, Universidade de Brasília Carbon, nitrogen and strontium isotope analysis have been carried out on skeletal remains excavated from shellmounds and other pre-Columbian sites found in the South and Southeastern coast of Brazil in order to revise old models and propose new hypothesis of these groups’ diet, residential mobility and some other aspects of their lives. Bone, dentin and enamel preparation were performed considering diagenetic, breastfeeding period and isobaric interferences. In the case of Praia da Tapera and Forte Marechal Luz, coastal sites from Santa Catarina state that presented ceramics associated with inland groups, the isotopic analysis done on dental enamel and dentin pointed out that all individuals had a strong relation with the coast since their childhood, weakening the model that these sites were occupied by individuals from the plateau. The wider strontium variation found in women also suggests coastal migration and could be related to post-marital practices. While archaeological and isotopic analysis indicate that shellmound builders groups had in general marine food as the most important protein source, individuals analyzed from the Zé Espinho Shellmound, in Rio de Janeiro, presented a very diversified diet, deconstructing the perspective that these groups had an homogenous nutrition. New isotopic studies related to pre-Columbian costal Brazilian populations are underway in order to enhance our comprehension about their economy, life style and trade between these groups. However, due to the economic crisis Brazil is facing for the past few years, the budget for archaeological studies is being reduced, compromising the progress of our research. Scholarship funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Pós Doutorado Júnior Project number: 151004/2014-5. Agent-Based Modeling of Geographic Barriers and Gene Flow in Fuego-Patagonia VINCENT M. BATTISTA Anthropology, University of Michigan The first people to set foot in Southern Patagonia (Chile and Argentina) navigated mountainous terrain dominated by ice fields and glaciers. The distribution of rare mtDNA haplogroups and distinct craniometric traits found in FuegoPatagonia are possibly the result of this complex topography and isolation by distance. Presented is an agent-based model that investigates the hypothesis that geographic barriers led to marked genetic drift and a strong founder effect in southernmost Patagonia. This model generates a population of agents randomly distributed atop an interactive map of Late Pleistocene Patagonia; these “hunters” can disperse in random headings and can opportunistically admix with any other agents they encounter. Preliminary results suggest that barriers such as the Andes, glacial fields, and the Straits of Magellan alone could not prevent large amounts of geneflow from either entering or leaving Fuego-Patagonia. However, recursive 112 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists catastrophic events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, marine incursions) on small, structured groups minimized gene flow between mainland and island populations. Given that this model does not control for variation in climate, it is possible that environmental factors or merely a lack of adaptive mechanisms (e.g., to cold climate) also played a role in preventing population expansions into or away from Fuego-Patagonia. Overall, this exploratory and simplistic model suggests that static geographic barriers alone cannot account for genetic isolation in this topographically complex region. Dental developmental patterns and tooth internal structure in European Upper Paleolithic humans PRISCILLA BAYLE1 and MONA LE LUYER1,2 1 UMR5199 PACEA, University of Bordeaux, 2School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent While differences have been reported between Neandertals and extant humans in their patterns of dental development and internal tooth structure, few studies have focused on the evaluation of these parameters in Upper Paleolithic humans. Above all, dental maturational patterns and metameric variation in tissue proportions along the arcade, and how these processes are linked together, have not been quantified through the Upper Paleolithic. Here we used microCT-based data, as well as radiographic and CT records, to finely quantify these variables in the deciduous and permanent dentitions of the Gravettian child from Lagar Velho, in Portugal, the Middle Magdalenian individual Lafaye 25 from Bruniquel, and the Epipaleolithic child from La Madeleine, both in France, and compare the measures between themselves and to the Neandertals, historical and extant humans of worldwide origins. While the Gravettian child shows a discrepancy in its incisor relative to molar development compared to extant children, the Magdalenian and Epipaleolithic individuals fit this comparative sample and differ from the Neandertal pattern. This is complemented by differences in tissue proportions between Lagar Velho and the two more recent individuals, the first having particularly large incisor dentine volumes and high metameric variation. Although future investigations are needed to unlock the genetically- and/or functionally-related factors sustaining these observations, our results suggest that the dental developmental and structural variation, still far from being documented, may bring significant contribution to the recent reappraisal of the human paleobiological and phylogenetic history throughout the European Upper Paleolithic. ABSTRACTS Physiology, fertility, and population genetics CYNTHIA M. BEALL1 and ANNA DI RIENZO2 Anthropology, Case Western Reserve University, Human Genetics, University of Chicago 1 2 Adaptations resulting from natural selection can be difficult to detect because biological characteristics reflect both heritable and non-heritable factors. This study accounted for social, economic, and public health influences while testing the hypothesis that relatively low hemoglobin concentration associated with reproductive success in a sample of 1,006 post-reproductiveTibetan women residing at altitudes from 3000-4100m in Nepal. We collected reproductive histories by interviews in native dialects and DNA from saliva samples. Poisson and binomial regression analyses selected influential covariates of the number of pregnancies, livebirths, and children surviving to 15. We conducted genome-wide association studies using 3.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphism sites. Apart from physiological phenotype, the largest reproductive disadvantages accrued to women who never married or had a late first birth. The largest reproductive advantages accrued to women residing in one of four sub-districts or had a late last birth. Taking such factors into account, higher hemoglobin concentration associated with poorer reproductive success measured as the probability a pregnancy progressed to a livebirth. We detected a genome-wide significant association of EPAS1 variants with oxygenated hemoglobin concentration, consistent with previous reports, but these variants did not associate with pregnancy outcome. The findings illustrate the complexity of identifying adaptations. They support the hypothesis that selection is acting against elevated hemoglobin concentration or another correlated trait among Tibetans at high altitude. Funding sources: NSF 1153911 to CMB; NIH 5R01HL119577 to ADR The first Paleogene primate from Turkey has been recovered from the middle Eocene Lülük Member of the Uzunçarşıdere Formation (UCF) in the Orhaniye Basin. Geochronological constraints, based on U-Pb dating of detrital zircons and paleomagnetic reversal stratigraphy, indicate an age of 43-44 Ma for the mammalian fauna containing the new Turkish primate. The UCF primate can be allocated to Omomyidae, but it clearly represents a new taxon on the basis of its unique combination of primitive and autapomorphous characters. The lower molar morphology of the UCF omomyid resembles that of omomyines such as Ourayia and Mytonius. However, p4 in the new taxon is remarkably long, a primitive character that resembles conditions in early adapiforms, while p4 is typically compacted mesiodistally in omomyids. The UCF omomyid was part of a highly endemic mammalian fauna inhabiting this part of Anatolia during the middle Eocene. The UCF mammal fauna also includes marsupials, embrithopods, a primitive bat, and pleuraspidotheriid “condylarths”. The endemic and unbalanced character of the UCF mammal fauna indicates a long interval of isolation from adjacent parts of Eurasia, suggesting that northern Anatolia was an island in the Tethys Sea at this time. Based on the absence of such characteristic late Paleocene/early Eocene clades as rodents, artiodactyls and perissodactyls in the UCF fauna, the UCF omomyid probably dispersed to Anatolia by rafting across part of Tethys. The UCF omomyid antedates the oldest African anthropoids by several Ma, highlighting how rafting across Tethys may explain the origin of the African anthropoid radiation. Research supported by NSF grants BCS-1441585 and EAR-1543684. A Stable Oxygen Isotope Mosaic Index: Implications for Reconstructing Hominin Paleoenvironments in East Africa MELANIE M. BEASLEY and MARGARET J. SCHOENINGER Anthropology, University of California, San Diego Dispersal of early haplorhine primates by rafting across Tethys: Discovery of an Eocene omomyid from northern Anatolia K. CHRISTOPHER BEARD1,2, GRÉGOIRE MÉTAIS1,2,3, ALEXIS LICHT4, PAULINE COSTER1,2, FARUK OCAKOĞLU5, JOHN KAPPELMAN6 and MICHAEL H. TAYLOR7 Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 3Département Histoire de la Terre, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, 4 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, 5Department of Geological Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, 6 Department of Anthropology, University of Texas, 7 Department of Geology, University of Kansas 1 2 Paleoenvironmental reconstructions in east Africa often rely on surface-collected fossil fauna even though such collections traditionally combine multiple temporal and geographically dispersed components. Therefore the scale of analysis often generates an interpretation that early hominin environments were mosaic habitats. However, the term “mosaic” encompasses a variety of ecosystems varying from closed to open-canopy each of which will be differentially impacted by the relative wetness in an ecosystem. Among east African large mammals recovered from fossil localities, often Hippopotamidae have the lowest δ18Oen values and Giraffidae have the highest. Recently, a giraffe-hippo offset (εgir-hip), which indicates the relative wetness of a fossil locality, has been used to refine interpretations of paleoenvironments. This project compares the giraffe-hippo offset from Aramis (~4.4 Ma), Allia Bay (~3.97 Ma), Hadar (3.8-3.24 Ma), WoransoMille (3.76-3.57 Ma), and modern Koobi Fora. Traditional interpretations of the giraffe-hippo offset conclude drier sites have larger offsets, while wetter sites have smaller offsets. However, our analysis of the fossil localities and the known Koobi Fora arid environment result in the Koobi Fora giraffe-hippo offset as the smallest value. We argue that the giraffe-hippo offset might not suggest the relative wetness of an environment, but rather be used as an indicator of habitat variability. We suggest that large offsets indicate greater variability between the hippo and giraffe ecological niches within an ecoregion. Therefore larger offsets would have a greater number of niches within an ecoregion indicating a more mosaic habitat compared to localities with small offsets. Y STR Variation in Six Garífuna Villages on the Honduran Coast KRISTINE G. BEATY1, EDWIN-FRANCISCO HERRERA-PAZ2, NORBERTO BALDI-SALAS3, NICOLE BRACCI4, MIREYA MATAMOROS5, MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD1 and REENA ROY4 1 Laboratories of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA, 2Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Honduras, Campus San Pedro y San Pablo, San Pedro Sula, Honduras, 3 Escuela de Anthropología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica, 4Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 107 Whitmore Lab, University Park, PA, USA, 5Dirección de Medicina Forense, Ministerio Público de Honduras, Tegucigalpa M.D.C., Honduras The Garífuna are an Afro-Caribbean people, the product of escaped slaves intermarrying with native Arawak speakers on St. Vincent Island in the Caribbean. Britain took control of the island and, in 1796, the Garífuna lost control of their homeland to Britain. Some 2400 survivors were transported off the island to Roátan, an island off the northeastern coast of Honduras. Within months of deportation, Garífuna moved to the Honduran coast, establishing settlements in Trujillo. As the population rapidly expanded, settlements appeared throughout the Central American coast stretching from Belize to Nicaragua, settlements that are now home to some 300,000 Garífuna. This mode of settlement typically leaves marks of genetic drift that should be detected as distance from Trujillo increases. However, by the end of the 1800s, Garífuna men were consistently travelling throughout Central America for work. Today this migratory pattern is increasing in frequency. This study examines the effects of labor driven migration on Y-STR diversity in 6 Garífuna Villages on the Honduran coast (Cristales, Río Negro, Santa Fe, Iriona, Corozal Conference Program 113 ABSTRACTS and Bajamar). A total of 45 haplotypes were observed amongst participants. Thirty-two haplotypes were unique to their village, while the other 13 were commonly found in several villages, with an African haplotype found in 15 percent of participants from every village except Rio Negro. A relationship of genetic distances andgeography was not seen (r=0.0473, p=0.4496). These results reveal marks of genetic drift overlaid with marks of male gene flow. variation, the morphology of the frontal lobes did not display major differences among species of the human genus. Nonetheless, some changes in frontal proportions have been described in modern humans and Neanderthals, deserving further enquiries. In this study we describe the frontal lobe morphology of three Early to Middle Pleistocene African key specimens: OH 9 (H. erectus, c. 1.4 Ma, Tanzania), UA 31 (H. erectus-ergaster, 1 Ma, Eritrea), and Bodo (H. heidelbergensis, c. 0.6 Ma, Ethiopia). You win some, you lose some: variation in bone growth, gain and loss across the skeleton Using digital endocasts, frontal lobe form comparison is performed through a landmark-free registration method based on surface deformation, and both local and global information are used to compute topological mapping of shape differences. PATRICK BEAUCHESNE1 and SABRINA C. AGARWAL2 1 Behavioral Sciences, University of Michigan, Dearborn, 2Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley In the past two decades, one of the most important themes in Dr. Stout’s work has been his emphasis on the heterogeneity of the skeleton, both within elements and between. Studies that utilize a life course approach to examine bone aging and loss highlight the individual and population-level variability that is present within the skeleton during growth and later adulthood. In this paper we test the hypothesis that bone mass and maintenance in trabecular bone sites vs. cortical bone sites will show differing patterns of age-related bone loss, with cortical bone sites showing sex difference in bone loss that are similar to contemporary Western populations. We investigated this hypothesis in the Imperial Roman population of Velia using three methods: radiogrammetry of the second metacarpal (N = 71), bone histology of ribs (N = 70) and the analysis of lumbar trabecular bone architecture (N = 47). The results show differences in the timing of bone loss with each method, but all methods find no statistically significant sex differences in age-related bone loss. We argue that a multi-method approach reduces the influence of confounding factors by building a reconstruction of bone turnover over the life cycle that a limited singlemethod project cannot provide. The implications of using multiple methods beyond studies of bone loss, and how this work intersects with Dr. Stout’s contributions, are also discussed. A deformation-based approach to the frontal lobe morphology in OH9, UA 31 and Bodo AMÉLIE BEAUDET1 and EMILIANO BRUNER2 Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, South Africa, 2Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain 1 Frontal lobes are considered key cerebral areas in human brain evolution, particularly because of the role of the frontal cortex in executive functions and language. Apart from general brain size When compared with a modern human endocast, the three specimens display some differences. The frontal lobes of OH 9 are generally flatter, throughout their dorsal surface, while in the case of UA 31 and Bodo flattening is more restricted to the upper lateral areas. Whenever, at the Eastern African regional scale, these three fossils express some time-related morphoarchitectural evolutionary trends, therefore we must assume that frontal areas underwent first a general bulging of the whole dorsal surface, then a further dilation of the upper lateral surface. Interestingly, in the modern cast this method does not evidence any consistent relative widening of the lower frontal areas, including the third frontal circumvolution. AB is supported by AESOP+ program and EB by the Spanish Government (CGL2015-65387-C3-3-P). We acknowledge the Buia Research Project for sharing data on UA 31. We thank CALMIP supercomputing center. A New Method for Estimating Age from Deciduous Teeth in Archaeological Contexts JESS BECK Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh Teeth are well represented in the prehistoric record, and bioarchaeologists have developed many techniques to obtain demographic information from human dentition. Existing methods, such as modifications of the Miles method, are used to estimate adult age, and use of developmental standards like the London Atlas can estimate subadult age based on patterns of dental development and eruption. However, to date there is no method that allows for the estimation of age for loose, apex complete deciduous teeth. Here, I describe a newly developed method that regresses estimated midpoint ages (calculated using level of development of the developing sample) against wear in order to estimate the age of loose apex complete deciduous teeth.This method was developed for a sample of over 200 loose deciduous teeth from Necropolis 4 at the Copper Age 114 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (c.3250-2200 cal BC) site of Marroquíes Bajos, in Jaén Spain. Results from the subadult regression model showed that an approach which removed high leverage observations produced the strongest predictive equation, making it possible to estimate age from loose deciduous teeth that have finished development and are apex complete. When combined with a modified Miles method and a sample-specific odontometric approach, it was possible to estimate age and assess sex of both adult and subadult individuals at Necropolis 4. This new method makes it possible to obtain important demographic information about a bioarchaeological sample even when a portion of the sample is composed of fully developed loose deciduous teeth. This project was funded by NSF Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant (BCS-1440017). Sixth Lumbar Sacralization and Familial Relatedness among Tiwanaku Individuals Buried at M70 in Moquegua, Peru SARA K. BECKER1, BRIANNA E. HERNDON2, GENESIS TORRES MORALES3 and PAUL S. GOLDSTEIN4 1 Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, 2Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, 3Behavioral Science Department, York College of Pennsylvania, 4Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego Research on the Tiwanaku culture (AD 500-1100) describes the migration of highlanders into the lower elevation Moquegua Valley of Peru as diasporic family groups of colonizers. We present a likely case of familial relatedness from one Tiwanaku cemetery population, M70, in the Rio Muerto site group in the Moquegua Valley. Of the 74 burials from M70, 14 individuals (19%) have a sixth lumbar (L6) vertebra and almost all show L6 fully fused to the sacrum (i.e. sacralization). Clinical studies in modern humans note a sixth lumbar vertebra appearing in only 10% of the population. Sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra is also deemed rare, occurring in less than 20% of modern populations. The appearance of both of these traits, L6 with sacralization, is considered extremely rare. As this trait appears in 19% of all individuals from M70, and 39% (13 of 33) of M70 adults, it likely indicates some degree of genetic relatedness, supporting Tiwanaku colonial settlement as familial. We also see this trait in both sexes almost equally and among adults as young as 17 and as old as 60, with the one subadult age 12-15. Comparatively, there are two individuals at the nearby M43 site in the Rio Muerto group who have L6 sacralization (out of 25), while only two individuals at other Tiwanaku sites in Moquegua (i.e. M1, M10) or one in the highlands (i.e. Lukurmata). Thus, we explore the rarity of this trait and its relative uniqueness in people from the M70 site. Research funded by the University of California, Riverside ABSTRACTS ­ econstruction of the spinal curvatures in R hominins, where do we stand? Taxonomic Diversity among Central European Miocene Hominids ELLA BEEN1,2, ASIER GÓMEZ-OLIVENCIA3,4,5 and ALON BARASH6 DAVID R. BEGUN1 and MADELAINE BÖHME Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel, 2Physical Therapy, Ono Academic College, Israel, 3Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución, Spain, 4Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Spain, 5Department of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of the Basque Country, Spain, 6Faculty of Medicine in the GalIlee, Bar Ilan University 1 Reconstruction of the spinal curvatures of extinct hominins is essential in order to understand their posture and function. Despite its importance, researchers face many difficulties when trying to reconstruct spinal posture based on osseous material alone due to the absence of soft tissues. In this paper, we will summarize the current methods for spinal curvature reconstruction based on osseous material. As an example, we will apply it to the vertebral column of the Kebara 2 Neandertal, and present the 3D reconstruction of its spinal curvature. Two methods- Pelvic Incidence (PI) and Sacral Anatomical Angle (SAA) are used to describe sacral orientation. Both methods are applicable when there is a relatively complete pelvis. Three methods – Lumbar Vertebral Body Wedging (LVBW), Inferior Articular Process Angle (IAPA) and Lumbar Lordosis based on PI (LLPI) can define lumbar lordosis. Two methods- Thoracic Vertebral Body Wedging (TVBI) and Thoracic Vertebral Body Height Difference (TVBHT) define Thoracic Kyphosis. Finally, two methods - Foramen Magnum Orientation (FMO) and Cervical Vertebral Body Wedging (CVBW) can define the cervical lordosis. The calculated values for Kebara 2 are PI:34°, SAA:19°, IAPA:25°, LLPI:29°-36°, TVBHT:44°, FMO:26°. The different methods are consistent in each anatomical region and their combined use provide a more robust estimate. The plethora of methods can help researchers adopt the appropriate one for their needs. In order to conduct an educated discussion, paleoanthropologists should adopt the orthopedic approach, i.e. describe spinal curvatures by angular variables rather than the general phrase of human like or non-human like spinal curvatures. The study was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL2015-65387-C3-2-P -MINECO/FEDER-) and by the Gobierno Vasco/Eusko Jaurlaritza (Research Group IT834-13). 1 Anthropology, University of Toronto, 2Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP), University Tübingen Nine teeth from Swabian Alb region of Southern Germany are among the first ever identified fossil hominid remains. Two genera have been recognized based on these teeth, Neopithecus and Dryopithecus. Neopithecushas next priority after Dryopithecusover all other genus-level nomina based on fossil ape holotypes. Recently, Hispanopithecus has also been recognized, based on a tooth from Trochtelfingen. To test this hypothesis and assess the usefulness of the Neopithecusholotype, I re-examined the six original specimens in Tuebingen and high quality casts of the three specimens in Stuttgart. The Swabian Alb sites are derived from a karstic underground river system with specimens deposited in fine muds (M. Boehm, personal communication.) Specimens from these sites, including non-primates, have been polished by deposition and transport in the karst. This polishing accounts for nearly all of the differences identified as being of taxonomic significance within the primate sample. Neopithecus for example, has been distinguished from Dryopithecus in having lower cusps with apparently thicker enamel. In reality, the polishing accounts for this pseudomorphology. The sample of isolated teeth from the Swabian Alb are inadequate, given their unusual preservation, to represent types. Neopithecus is therefore a nomen dubium. There is no evidence for more than one taxon for all of the teeth from the Swabian Alb, with the exception of SMNS 43460, which is clearly a crouzelid pliopithecoid M2. More analysis is needed to determine the precise taxonomic affinities of the remaining eight teeth. This study was funded by the Wenner-Gren and Leakey Foundations and by NSERC and the University of Toronto. Homerange and sleeping site use by the Critically Endangered Cat Ba langur (Trachypithecus poliocephalus) REBECCA L. HENDERSHOTT1, ALISON M. BEHIE1 and BENJAMIN M. RAWSON2 1 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, 2Vietnam Program, Fauna&Flora International Home range size and habitat utilisation are affected by access to key resources including food, water and sleeping sites, all of which change seasonally. Limestone langurs (a group within the Trachypithecus genus) live on limestone karst hills with shrubby, stunted, and discontinuous vegetation. This study assesses home range size and sleeping site use in two groups of Critically Endangered Cat Ba langurs (Trachypithecus poliocephalus). Over 180 days of observations, we found that the larger group (n=10-13) had a home range size of 50ha, while the smaller group (n=7) ranged within a 22ha area. There was also a small 5 ha area of home range overlap, which represents 10% of the larger group and 24% of the smaller group’s home range; although this area was not used at the same time. Home range sizes increased in the wet season, which may reflect the need to spend more time searching for fruit, which is eaten more at this time of year. Most sleeping sites were ledges (61%) followed by caves (17%), however the caves that were used seemed to be preferentially chosen. Sleeping sites did not vary seasonally. The lack of reuse on consecutive nights indicates they may be chosen to provide safety from predators (primarily humans). This is the first long-term behavioural study of this highly threatened species to assess patterns of home range use and sleeping sites. This is key to conservation management planning as it can provide a measure of habitat use, which has implications long term viability. Funding for the project was recieved by Primate Action Fund, Primate Conservation Inc, Mohammed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Grant and The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Sexual dimorphism of the upper face, mandible and palate in elite of early medieval population from the Central Europe ŠÁRKA BEJDOVÁ1, JÁN DUPEJ1,2, JANA VELEMÍNSKÁ1, LUMÍR POLÁČEK3 and PETR VELEMÍNSKÝ4 1 Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 2Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 3Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, 4Department of Anthropology, National Museum, Czech Republic Sexual dimorphism of the facial skeleton is population-specific and, in addition to internal factors, is defined by the individual’s environment. Unfavorable living conditions may result in less pronounced sexual dimorphism. In this study, we compare sexual dimorphism of the facial skeleton in Great Moravian (GM) elite and recent population. In GM, despite the documented good living conditions, we expected less sexual dimorphism than in current population. The studied GM sample (9th and 10th century) comprised 105 individuals (54 males, 51 females), while the current population was represented by 106 individuals (59 males, 47 females). Threedimensional surface models of the skulls were created from CT scans. The facial skeleton was divided into three areas: upper face, mandible and palate. Landmark data were processed using geometric morphometrics. Size, shape and form were analyzed separately. Conference Program 115 ABSTRACTS In all facial segments, significant sexual dimorphism was found. Even though the supraorbital area of the skull is typically the most sexually dimorphic part, in our study the mandible had the greatest discriminatory power. Using its form, 80.4 % of the GM sample and 93.5 % of the recent sample was correctly classified, in terms of sex. The greatest differences in shape in both populations were localized at angulus mandibulae. As expected, in GM population, we detected less sexual dimorphism than in the recent population. Our results show that sexual dimorphism of the mandible is population-specific and reflect the lower socioeconomic standard in the early medieval elite of GM, in comparison to current population. The research was supported by research grant GAUK No. 309611 and by Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic (DKRVO 2016/18, National Museum). Standardised osteological recording of archaeological skeletal material using an Oracle platform database: The Wellcome Osteological Research Database (WORD) JELENA J. BEKVALAC Centre for Human Bioarchaeology, Museum of London Within the field of physical anthropology the demand for researchers to accessible osteological collections and data increases. Challenges are faced within institutions with holdings of human skeletal remains in selecting which methods to employ to record and share information, with data support issues in an ever changing digital technology. The Museum of London (MoL) through the Centre for Human Bioarchaeology (CHB) curates c.20, 000 archaeologically derived human skeletal remains, a unique collection of stratified remains charting the development of the history of London through the people. They are an invaluable research resource of national and international significance but posed a challenge for how to most efficiently and effectively capture the osteological data, support it in the long term and make available for access to researchers with confidence in the data. Funding from the Wellcome Trust in 2003 established the CHB enabling the MoL to be a leading light in the approach for accessible standardised and digitised osteological data, with the development and creation of the Wellcome Osteological Research Database (WORD), an inter relational database supported on an Oracle platform. The database is a powerful research engine and dynamic tool for curated collections and for reburied collections provides digital access to a virtual collection. Since launching in 2007 the data downloads freely available from the CHB website with the method statement and database manual, have proved an invaluable research tool accessed and utilised by researchers worldwide. It has proven the importance for such an application and the need for continued development. The Metagenomic Analysis of Oral Microbiome Composition of Dental Calculus Recovered from Institutionalized Individuals from the Mississippi State Asylum, Jackson MS JONATHAN R. BELANICH1,2, HEATHER R. JORDAN1, MOLLY K. ZUCKERMAN2, NICHOLAS P. HERRMANN3, SHANE MILLER2 and JASON ROSCH4 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, 2Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, 3 Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 4 Infectious Diseases Department, St. Jude Hospital Bacteria present within the human oral microbiome are integral to maintaining and preserving health and immunity. The microbial community can affect both oral and systemic health, and therefore composition can function as an indicator of disease. Consequently, a metagenomic analysis of the microbial communities preserved in dental calculus may allow for the generation of previously inaccessible reconstructions of microbial genomes from the past. By analyzing these, patterns of virulence and pathogenicity could be established, providing high-resolution, profiles of pathogenic diseases in the past, which can be compared against archaeological and skeletal data. Preserved dental calculus was analyzed from (N=4) 20th century skeletons recovered from the Mississippi State Asylum (1855-1935), a mental asylum in Jackson, MS. Isolated bacteria DNA was sequenced using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and analyzed through a metagenomics toolkit. Previous reporting focused on the community-level characterization of the microbiomes whereas here, the analysis focused on the metagenome. Preliminary results reveal an average percentage of reads of 3.105 ± 0.792 that were classified to taxonomic level, allowing for meaningful analysis of the metagenome. Research into these samples has potential to uncover additional novel information on the microbiome; these analyses can be utilized to examine the presence of virulence genes within pathogenic bacteria that were present in the oral microbiome in the pre-antibiotic early 20th century. By examining the metagenome, specific genes can be analyzed to establish host-microbe connections, thus adding to the small but growing body of paleopathological research into the health of marginalized and institutionalized populations. 116 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists The unusual and generically distinct face of the middle Miocene small-bodied ape “Micropithecus” leakeyorum from Maboko Island, Kenya BRENDA R. BENEFIT, MONTE L. MCCROSSIN and ERICA DAVIS Anthropology, New Mexico State University Small-bodied “apes” from the Miocene of Africa are an enigmatic group. Five new cranial specimens of “Micropithecus” leakeyorum from 15 my deposits at Maboko provide evidence about its craniofacial morphology and relationships. The maxillary sinus of “Micropithecus” leakeyorum is anteriorly placed, originating immediately behind the canine root as in Pan and Kalepithecus (KNM-SO 417). Maxillary sinuses of Aegyptopithecus, Limnopithecus, and Lomorupithecus extend only to P4/M1 and of other catarrhines less far anteriorly. Postcanine lateral inflation of maxilla KNM-MB 29101 externally resembles Cebus and Lagothrix but no other catarrhine. Other catarrhine postcanine maxillary bone is either depressed (canine fossa) to varying depths, or is neither inflated nor depressed as in Pliopithecus, Micropithecus clarki, Simiolus, and Pliobates. Maximum lateral expansion of the “Micropithecus” leakeyorum maxillary sinus occurs at the zygomatic root above and lateral to M2 as in most catarrhines, and unlike the rare anterior position above M1 in Cebus, Cacajao, Chiropotes, Lomorupithecus, Oreopithecus, some Pongo, and Kenyapithecus (K. wickeri and K. africanus). The orbital rim of “Micropithecus” leakeyorum is positioned well anterior to the zygomatic root as in Aotus, Lagothrix, Pliopithecus, Lomorupithecus, Micropithecus clarki, Pliobates, and hylobatids. However, of these anthropoids only “Micropithecus” leakeyorum and Lagothrix share a convex rather than planar anterior surface of the zygomatic/maxilla. Facial height below orbitale is significantly taller in “Micropithecus” leakeyorum (FACH/ P3Width=281) than Micropithecus clarki (FACH/ P3Width=228). Only Aotus (FACH/P3Width=182) has a shorter face than M. clarki. Craniofacial and other evidence indicates that “Micropithecus” leakeyorum is generically distinct from all other catarrhine genera. Fieldwork and analysis supported by National Science Foundation, LSB Leakey Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, Fulbright Collaborative and National Geographic Foundation. ABSTRACTS Sizing up Strangers: Sexual Selection and Vocal Signals in Male Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) MARCELA E. BENÍTEZ1,2, THORE J. BERGMAN2,3 and JACINTA C. BEEHNER1,2 Anthropology, 2Psychology, 3Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan 1 Geladas live in extraordinarily large groups that can exceed 1000 individuals, yet the males in gelada society do not recognize other males around them – even males that they encounter on a daily basis. This creates a problem for males competing for mates – how do males make informed decisions about unknown rivals? One solution is that gelada males use a sexually-selected signal as a proxy for assessment. Here, we examined a putative sexually-selected signal for male geladas – the loud call used in male displays – from a population of wild geladas in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. For the loud call to be a sexually-selected signal, it must (1) vary between males, (2) elicit differential responses from conspecifics, and (3) influence reproductive success. First, we found that acoustic features of loud calls reliably signal male condition with high-status males producing more calls, at a lower-frequency, and with a greater vocal range. Second, in simulated signal displays, gelada male subjects discriminated between loud calls based on the acoustic quality of the signal as well as their own status and quality. Females neither attended to loud calls nor differentiated between calls of high- and low-quality. Third, males that produced the strongest vocal signals exhibited the longest tenures and sired the most offspring based on genetic estimates. These results highlight the importance of rival assessment, rather than mate choice, in the evolution of loud calls in male geladas. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (IOS-1255974, BCS-1340911), the Leakey Foundation, and the University of Michigan. Exploration of craniometrics variation along the Nile River CAITLIN R. BENNETT1 and ANN H. ROSS2 Anthropology and Sociology, North Carolina State University, 2Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University 1 Egypt’s unique geographical setting can be interpreted historically as a location vulnerable to migration and colonization or an isolated oasis. The aim of the investigation is to use traditional craniometrics to examine biological variation in three samples from the 11th Dynasty to the Christian Period with the expectation of regional genetic continuity. Measurements were collected from 271 crania from the Von Luschan Collection housed at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, New York. The samples are from archaeological sites from El-Hesa (n=142) in Nubia, from Gizeh (n=36), and Thebes (n=39) in Egypt. From the measurements, size is defined as the geometric mean. Shape was calculated by dividing each variable by the geometric mean. An ANOVA was used to examined size differences between the sites, which showed no statistically significant size differences (p<0.07). The Mahalanobis squared distances showed significant differences between the groups and the most closely related were Gizeh and Thebes (El-Hesa and Gizeh = 66.07, p<0.0001; El-Hesa and Thebes = 65.532, p<0.0001; Gizeh and Thebes = 1.384, p<0.071. The unbiased minimum FST estimate between the populations using average heritability (h2=0.55) is 0.159. These results support regional continuity for Upper Egypt that could be attributed to geographical distance. Marginal perspectives within hegemonic spaces: the marronage of genomic technologies JADA BENN TORRES Anthropology, Vanderbilt University Genetic ancestry technologies advance our understanding of human evolution and biology, yet among the social sciences, the relationship between social and biological identities remains ambiguous and contested. In particular, social scientists argue that uncritical uses of genetic ancestry technologies reifies biological concepts of race. Furthermore, despite an increasing reliance on genetic ancestry techniques within biomedicine and direct-to-consumer testing companies, there has not been a robust movement within the social sciences that re-evaluates ideas about the relationship between race and contemporary genetics. Additionally, some genetic ancestry testing critics have warned against the proliferation of genetic techniques in lieu of methods that account for sociocultural factors that underlie health disparities. These critiques, in effect, isolate genetic ancestry technologies aligning them with contemporary iterations of scientific racism. Meanwhile, other researchers laud these same techniques for the potential to displace hegemonic narratives regarding marginalized communities as well as advance understandings about health disparities. To complicate issues further, very little academic research is available that explicitly studies how people’s core ideas about race are altered (or not) by genetic ancestry data thereby bringing in to question claims about the effect of genetic technologies on popular perceptions of race. Due to the inter-relatedness between genetics and environment, inclusive of sociocultural elements, it is important not to put genetic and social approaches in opposition, let alone privileging one over the other. Rather, educators and researchers should adopt a more nuanced understanding of human genetic diversity that is firmly situated within appropriate bio- and socio-cultural contexts. Developmental effects on ovarian function GILLIAN R. BENTLEY Anthropology, Durham University Jim Wood has been a foremost and wideranging intellectual in the field of demography and reproduction. His 1994 interdisciplinary book, Dynamics of Human Reproduction, was a landmark in the field, combining one of the most comprehensible and readable accounts of the processes of human reproduction with quantitative and anthropological approaches. The book continues to stand the test of time despite accelerating knowledge in human reproductive biology. Jim’s writing is a model for conveying complex ideas using elegant but simple prose. My time as a postdoctoral fellow with him in the 1990s had a profound and lasting influence on my academic life. My work progressed to focus on how early life development affects adult reproduction in order to explain the variation in ovarian function we commonly observe across populations. I owe Jim a huge debt that this short abstract cannot convey. The poster summarised here will present an overview of my collaborative work during twenty years with migrant Bangladeshi women, representing a model to understand how the childhood developmental environment influences adult ovarian function. In short, women who grow up in more challenging environments that include stressors derived from infectious diseases, nutrition or energetics exhibit features that suggest lower ovarian function and a shorter reproductive lifespan. These characteristics include a later menarche, earlier menopause, lower rates of ovulation and lower levels of reproductive hormones and have implications for health across the life course. This suite of studies, I like to think, builds on foundations I learnt from Jim Wood. Student Biological Anthropology Research in the Liberal Arts Environment: What to Do Without a Zoo? VICKI K. BENTLEY-CONDIT Anthropology, Grinnell College Although many anthropologists do substantial undergraduate teaching, many do not have access to zoos or museums. Yet, we want our students to engage in inquiry-based learning. Following are research projects from 100 (1styear), 200 (2nd and 3rd-year), and 300-level (3rd and 4th-year) courses that achieve my goals of getting students to “do”, think, and apply. In my 4-field introductory course, I present students with a set of casts/skulls and a list of names. Their assignment is to determine who’s who Conference Program 117 ABSTRACTS by collecting qualitative and quantitative data, making short arguments for each. They then use their data to write two paragraphs that discuss “big picture” issues across the specimens. For my 200-level Primate Behavior class, I developed a baboon “fieldwork” CD. Students work through several steps (e.g., identification) and then use those skills to record behaviors from video clips. They utilize their data in a short paper addressing an issue from class discussions. In my 300-level Human Ethology course, my students develop an observation-based project, create an ethogram, and collect 10-14 hours of data. They analyze and incorporate their data as a “pilot study” for a NSF proposal. These are three examples of research students can do wherever they are located. All are modifiable. Each is designed so that students collect data, analyze/interpret it, use it, and submit a product. My experience is that students get a better idea of what it is like to “do” anthropology, learn more, and, ultimately, are more successful in the class. (Materials available upon request.) Sex-specific patterns in Age-related Cortical and Trabecular Bone Loss: A 2-D Histomorphometric Study using Mid-thoracic Ribs AMY C. BERESHEIM Anthropology, University of Toronto This study provides histomorphometric bone loss data for South Africans who dealt with apartheid-era health issues. The sample consists of 206 individuals (nfemale=75, nmale=131, mean=47.9±15.8 years) from the Kirsten Skeletal Collection, University of Stellenbosch, and reflects the high degree of genetic and socioeconomic variability of the Cape Town metropole from the late 1960s to mid-1990s. To study bone quality and age-related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture, photomontages of mid-thoracic rib cross-sections were quantitatively examined using two image-analysis software programs. Variables include Rt.Ct. Ar, OPD, On.Ar, BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Th, and Tb.Sp. The relationship between age and histomorphometric parameters was investigated through correlation analysis. Regression models tested for nonlinear associations and incorporated interaction terms to allow for sex-specific comparisons with age. When necessary, box-cox transformations were performed. Predicted values were used to estimate age-related changes from 20 to 80 years in both sexes. All cortical variables demonstrate significant relationships with age in both sexes, with women showing stronger age-associations. In particular, greater predicted decrements in osteon size and relative cortical area for women suggest a structural disadvantage with age compared to men. Age-related changes in trabecular bone microarchitecture are more variable and less easily characterized. This research highlights important sex-specific differences in patterns of age-related bone loss, and provides context for discussion of post-apartheid changes to bone heath. While a significant proportion of the population is potentially at risk, osteoporosis research continues to be under-prioritized in South Africa. Health, inequality, and conquest in Warring States China ELIZABETH S. BERGER1, LIANG CHEN2, JING SHAO3 and ZHANWEI SUN3 1 Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, 3Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology This study compares three groups from two cemeteries of the Warring States period (475-221 BCE) in Shaanxi, China. The Zhaitouhe cemetery was used by a group from Western China known as the Rong, who lived under the State of Wei in the early Warring States period. The Shijiahe cemetery was possibly used by the Rong after the area was conquered by the State of Qin around 330 BCE, and was also used by a small number of Qin people who moved into the area after the conquest. Grave form and funerary goods, as well as a biodistance analysis, confirm the affinity of the two Rong groups and their cultural and biological distinctiveness from the Qin. However, many standard skeletal measures of health and diet show statistically significant differences between the Rong of Zhaitouhe and the Rong of Shijiahe, including in dental caries (x2=9.5883, p=0.0020), periosteal lesions (x2=9.5939, p=0.0083), and linear enamel hypoplasias (x2=8.7062, p=0.0032), while the Rong people buried at Shijiahe closely resemble the Qin people in most measures. Moreover, the Rong of Shijiahe have worse oral health, higher frailty, and more childhood growth disruptions than the Rong of Zhaitouhe. Historical texts suggest that the Qin buried at Shijiahe were likely low-status individuals forced to move into the conquered area, and the Rong buried at Shijiahe were possibly those low-status members of their community who could not afford to flee the invasion. Ethnic affiliation and social status therefore intersect in these populations to influence diet and health. This work was supported by by the National Geographic Society (Grant Number 9310-13) and the National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship Fellow ID 2011120027). Alternative instrument bags: assessing the accuracy and precision of the iGaging 8” Digital Outside Calipers JACQUELINE M. BERGER1 and KATIE E. FAILLACE2 1 Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 2Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine 118 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Spreading calipers are an essential tool for biological anthropological analysis, enabling cranial measurements not possible with sliding calipers. Though manual spreading calipers are accepted as standard, the instruments are not without drawbacks including cost, readability, and weight. This study examines an alternative instrument, which alleviates these drawbacks, for accuracy and precision. Five measurements were recorded for 30 Homo sapiens crania by two observers. Accuracy and inter-observer error were assessed for the iGaging 8” Digital Outside Calipers and compared to GPM rounded end spreading calipers. Other features of the digital calipers were qualitatively observed and discussed, including ease of use and construction quality. Analysis of Variance found no significant difference (lowest p=0.993) between measurements taken with both instruments. Inter-observer error analyzed using the IntraClass Correlation Coefficient found high levels of agreement (lowest r=0.913), demonstrating a higher level of agreement between users with the digital calipers (r>0.990) than the manual calipers (r>0.960), though significance was the same for all observer error (p=0.000). Based on these finding, iGaging 8” Digital Outside Calipers may offer a reliable, cost-effective alternative for students and fieldwork; however, differences in construction quality mean they are not a direct replacement for the standard manual spreading calipers. Bioarchaeology of Violence and Disease at Forbush Creek, North Carolina STEPH BERGER and DALE HUTCHINSON Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill First excavated in 1957, the Forbush Creek site (31 YD1) in Yadkin County, North Carolina, offers an important glimpse into the transition from the Early-Middle Woodland to Late Woodland Uwharrie phase (AD 700-1200) at the intersection of the western and northern Piedmont regions. This study analyzed the Forbush Creek human remains assemblage (n=55) to better understand the lived experiences of individuals during this period of increasing consolidation, competition and conflict. Roughly half of the individuals in the sample (n=28) were buried in ossuaries that contained the disarticulated, bundled remains of multiple individuals. The remaining individuals (n=27) were recovered from primary, single pit internments set apart from the tight cluster of ossuaries. Although these burial contexts have comparable demographic profiles, individuals buried in the ossuaries exhibit significantly different frequencies of pathological lesions and trauma (chi-square= 16.5, p<0.01) compared to individuals buried in the primary single pit internments. 61% of the ossuary individuals exhibit cranial and post-cranial trauma, including one ABSTRACTS male (30-45 yrs) who suffered a healed post-cranial arrowhead wound and perimortem cranial fracture from two different traumatic events, and fewer pathological lesions. The individuals buried in the pit internments have no evidence of trauma, but 67% of the assemblage exhibits pathological lesions, and the related differential diagnoses include osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, and scurvy. These results suggest that individual lifeways were impacted by changing cultural practices and social interactions as Late Woodland Uwharrie phase groups began to settle into nucleated sites and develop distinct tribal identities. Evidence of frequent hybridization in guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) from phylogeny with genome-wide markers CHRISTINA M. BERGEY1, ANDREW S. BURRELL2 and ANTHONY J. TOSI3 1 Department of Anthropology, Pennylvania State University, 2Department of Anthropology, New York University, 3Department of Anthropology, Kent State University Guenons, tribe Cercopithecini, represent one of the most speciose and successful primate radiations. Distributed primarily in the rainforests of Africa, multiple taxa are usually found in sympatry and often form polyspecific associations. Guenons generally have colorful, diverse facial pelage patterns and a complicated history of chromosomal rearrangements, both of which may be related to the maintenance of species boundaries. Despite, or perhaps because of this, guenon evolutionary history is not yet clearly understood. Mitochondrial, sex-chromosomal, karyotype and blood protein phylogenies all conflict in some areas, and both differential sorting and hybridization likely account for a number of the discordances. Obtaining trees from many unlinked loci can help distinguish between these two processes. Here we present the most comprehensive guenon evolutionary trees to date based on multilocus double digest restriction site associated DNA sequence (RAD-Seq) data from >30,000 loci. We included representative samples from most of the guenon species, including at least one individual from each the of commonly-recognized species groups. We used several approaches to infer trees, including concatenation followed by estimation of a maximum likelihood tree with RAxML and a gene tree-species tree coalescent method implemented using SNAPP. We estimated divergence dates using BEAST with nodes calibrated via the fossil record. We also employed D statistics and F4 ratios to explore possible admixture between lineages. We find multiple instances of incongruence between gene trees and ascribe several of these patterns to reticulation between separate evolutionary lineages, highlighting hybridization as a significant force in shaping this speciose primate radiation. Funding provided by the College of Arts and Sciences at Kent State University. The Genome Technology Center at NYU is partially supported by NIH Cancer Center Support Grant, P30CA016087. Geography More than the Chronological Depth Explains the Structure of the Human Cranial Diversity DANILO V. BERNARDO1, TATIANA F. DE ALMEIDA2, TAMIRES C. CAMPOS1 and WALTER A. NEVES3 1 Laboratório de Estudos em Antropologia Biológica, Bioarqueoloiga e Evolução Humana - Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 2Laboratório de Estudos de Genes do Desenvolvimento - Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 3Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos e Ecológicos Humanos - Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo In the last years, several works discussed the human variation from both genetic and craniometric data. These studies have demonstrated that the global amount of human variation, generally, decreases proportionally as increases their distance from Africa, suggesting a cline pattern as the better explanation to the structure of human variability. Some studies argued that other factors, as the geographic location of populations could have played a role in the process of diversification of human cranial morphology. Here, we used a sample represented by 5,993 skulls from 65 autochthones populations of worldwide dispersion whose chronological range can be determined, to test if the chronological depth can interpose some effect in the cranial diversification. Our expectation is that if time played a role rather than geography in the process of morphological specialization we can infer that stochastics process may be considered as the main signature of this process. Each skull of the dataset was represented for 24 measurements taken in accordance with the Howell’s protocol and both male and female specimens were used to perform analysis after the correction of size. We construct three types of Matrices: Biological, Geographical and Chronological, and compared them by means Mantel and Partial Mantel test. Our results shown that the correlation between Morphology and Geography (r=0.4173; p=0.001) is more adjusted than the between Morphology and Chronology (no statistical significance) to explain the human cranial diversity, suggesting that specific evolutionary conditions besides a unique stochastic process may played important role in the diversification of the human skull. CNPq 461122/2014-6 Perinatal death - a multitude of fetal and neonatal burials at the churchyard of Michelberg, Austria MARGIT BERNER1, ANDREA STADLMAYR1, DORIS PANY-KUCERA1,2, ELISABETH RAMMER3 and ERNST LAUERMANN4 1 Dept. of Anthropology, Natural History Museum, Vienna, 2Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology (OREA), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, 3Zentrum für museale Sammlungswissenschaften, Donauuniversität Krems, 4Landessammlungen Niederösterreich, Asparn a.d. Zaya Studying skeletons of fetal and neonatal burials provides rare information about cultural practices and demography of former populations as well as about the environmental and health factors they had to cope with. The present study determines the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and age at death of numerous neonatal and fetal skeletons excavated at the top of the hill of Michelberg, Austria. The burials were discovered in the context of former medieval and postmedieval catholic churches and date from the 10th/11th to 17th century. Fetal and neonatal ages at death were estimated using standard cranial and long bone measurements (Kósa 1989). MNI was calculated for each age class separately counting the most abundant skeletal element. In total, at least 200 individuals from fetuses to adults were buried at the site. Of all individuals 70% were fetuses or neonates. Of the latter around 9% were estimated an age less than seven lunar months, whilst 17% died between seven and nine lunar months. The number of individuals who died prenatally is comparable to postmedieval swiss findings. In contrast, the number of infants who died within the first weeks of life is considerably higher at Michelberg. This mortality profile may reflect differences in cultural practices as well as poor nutritional or health status of the child and the mother. Kòsa F. (1989) Age estimation from the fetal skeleton. In: İşcan Y (ed.) Age Markers in the Human Skeleton, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp. 21–54. This study was funded by the Abteilung Kunst und Kultur des Landes Niederösterreich, Austria. Mother’s milk oligosaccharides and infant gut microbiota: seasonality and infant outcomes in rural Gambia ROBIN M. BERNSTEIN1,2, JASMINE C.C. DAVIS3,4, ZACHERY T. LEWIS4,5, SRIDEVI KRISHNAN6, SOPHIE E. MOORE8,9, ANDREW M. PRENTICE9, DAVID A. MILLS4,5,7, CARLITO B. LEBRILLA3,4 and ANGELA M. ZIVKOIVC4,6 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, 2Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 4Foods for Health Conference Program 119 ABSTRACTS Institute, University of California, Davis, 5Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, 6Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 7Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, 8Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Medical Research Council, 9 MRC Unit, The Gambia, Medical Research Council Season of conception and birth in rural Gambia is related to infant morbidity and mortality, and a number of mechanisms ranging from epigenetic to immunological have been proposed to partially and additively account for these effects. Women experience seasonal fluctuations in food supply, energetic expenditure, and disease burden, and these factors influence maternal signaling to offspring in utero and in early postnatal life, through breast milk. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play an important role in the health of an infant as substrate for beneficial gut bacteria. We measured HMOs in mother’s milk and infant gut microbiota in 33 mother-infant pairs living in the West Kiang District, The Gambia, and assessed their influence on infant morbidity and growth outcomes at 4, 16, and 20 weeks postpartum. Results indicate that a higher relative amount of milk lacto-N-fucopentaose I was associated with decreased infant morbidity (P=0.02), and relative amount of 3-sialyllactose was found to be a good indicator of infant weight-for-age at 20 weeks (P=0.8x10-6). Mothers nursing in the wet season produced significantly less total oligosaccharides compared to those nursing in the dry season. Bifidobacteria were the dominant genus in the infant gut overall; bacterial genera Dialister and Prevotella were negatively correlated with morbidity, and Bacteroides was increased in infants with intestinal inflammation (calprotectin >120 mg/kg). Overall, our results suggest that in these populations, specific types and structures of HMOs are sensitive to environmental conditions, protective of morbidity, predictive of growth, and positively correlated with specific microbiota profiles. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1046163); UK Medical Research Council; UK Department for International Development; National Institutes of Health (AT007079; HD061923; AT008759); Alfred Sloan Foundation; University of California Davis Many ways to form a pit, but not a scratch: modelling and measuring dental microwear signatures MICHAEL A. BERTHAUME, ELLEN SCHULZKORNAS and KORNELIUS KUPCZIK Max Planck Weizmann Center, Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology Research into the etiology of dental microwear has focused primarily on the agents that cause wear and not the processes by which microwear features are formed. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate the processes by which particles can cause these features. A parametric FE model consisting of two enamel blocks with a particle between the blocks was constructed. Non-linear, elastic, contact simulations were run where the upper enamel block was displaced into the particle, compressing it into the lower enamel block, while ingesta (particle size, shape, concentration, material properties) and masticatory (attack angle, bite force) characteristics were varied. The particle was constrained at its center with weak spring elements. Worn surfaces of the enamel were extracted and quantified using 3D surface texture method following ISO 25178. Regardless of phytolith shape, increase in particle size and mechanical properties, and bite force cause deeper, wider pits to form on the enamel, while increases in particle concentration increases the number of features. Decreases in attack angle cause pits to become elongated, eventually becoming scratches. The only way to obtain a scratch is through horizontal movement of a particle, irrespective of its shape, size, mechanical properties, or bite force. Factors unrelated to ingesta such as masticatory kinematics and bite force appear to play an important role in pit and scratch formation. In addition, the intensity of the dental microwear signature (depth/number of pits, length/number of scratches) is sensitive to particle size, concentration, shape, and mechanical properties, attack angle, and bite force. This research is funded by the Max-Planck-Society. Computerized cementochronology - taking the (16)bit between the teeth BENOIT BERTRAND1, JOSÉ RAMOS MAGALHAES2 and THOMAS COLARD1 1 Lille University. Forensic Taphonomy Unit. Forensic Institute, Lille - France, 2FEI Visualization Sciences Group, Saint-Aubin - France Age-at-death estimation is a fundamental requirement for biological profile assessment in forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology. Cementochronology, that involves the count of acellular cementum increments on histological micrographs, is considered as an accurate and precise method to access the chronological age. However, cementochronology clearly suffers from the profusion in methodological protocols, from intra/inter-observer discrepancies and from implementation time. The main objectives of this presentation are: (i) to address the importance of establishing quality standards for the cementochronology protocol, namely through the certification according to the ISO-9001 that ensures the reproducibility of preparations (ii) to describe the development of a time saving module on the Visilog platform, which substitute the manual counting and eliminate factors such as subjectivity and tiredness of the investigator (iii) to present the results of the performance of this semi-automated tool on known-age 120 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists individuals, in order to evaluate the efficiency and to compare estimates. The application of the software on 16-bit micrographs from one hundred histological slices from anatomical collections allowed us to evaluate the software accuracy and the concordance of counts with the observers. The time saving module on the Visilog platform detects and counts cementum ring structures at a speed and accuracy unmatched by other methods. The computerized estimation provides consistent results and narrows down the range of estimation. This work demonstrates that, once standardized and semi-automated, cementochronology is neither time-consuming nor subjective. Testing a novel method for collecting salivary cortisol from wild macaques DOMINIQUE A. BERTRAND1, CELINE BRET2, CAROL M. BERMAN1,3, SUSAN W. MARGULIS4, MICHAEL HEISTERMANN2, AGIL MUHAMMAD5, UNI SUTIAH5 and ANTJE ENGELHARDT2,6 1 Anthropology Department, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 2Primate Sexual Selection, German Primate Center, 3Evolution, Ecology, & Behavior Program, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 4Departments of Animal Behavior and Biology, Canisius College, 5Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, 6 School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University Fecal sampling is the most prevalent, non-invasive method to measure stress hormones in wild primates. However, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fgcm) represent average concentrations (~24hrs after stressor). Therefore, there may be a lack of sensitivity to short term stress responses. Field ready, non-invasive salivary cortisol collection methods are in their infancy, but are useful because they detect finer tuned responses (~2030min after stressor). This study describes a procedure to collect saliva from critically endangered, wild crested macaques (Macaca nigra) aiming to circumvent problems associated with fgcms. Salivary samples were collected over 22mo from three habituated groups of crested macaques in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia. We tested our collection protocol using Sarstedt salivary swabs soaked in different flavors. Isolated macaques were presented with “dropped” swabs when conditions allowed collectors to remain hidden from view. Macaques chewed swabs for several minutes and then spat them out. In preliminary tests, mango was the most popular flavor; males chewed 69.24% of swabs overall, increasing to 100% by study’s end. Females were slow to accept/chew swabs until we more carefully hid ourselves, especially our eyes. For the main project, mango was no longer popular and was replaced with grape/currant. To date, we collected ~600 salivary samples from 27 monkeys (females:38%, males:62%). All samples were centrifuged, yielding at least 100ul each. ABSTRACTS Samples are currently frozen and awaiting assay. This procedure opens a new path to the noninvasive collection of saliva from primates, potentially allowing for the measurement of immediate stress responses in wild primates. We gratefully acknowledge our funders: National Science Foundation, Fulbright, Rufford, Chester Zoo, International Primatological Society, Nacey Maggioncalda Foundation, Nila T. Gnamm, UB Anthropology, and UB College of Arts & Sciences. Urbanization’s Impact: Health and Survivorship Patterns in Medieval Poland TRACY K. BETSINGER1 and SHARON DEWITTE2 Anthropology, SUNY Oneonta, 2Anthropology, University of South Carolina 1 Urbanization has been equivocally argued to cause significant negative health impacts in both historic and contemporary settings. Urbanization is associated with increasing population aggregation and increases in waste accumulation, which would increase exposure to and spread of pathogens. However, a recent bioarchaeological study of a medieval urban Polish population (AD 950-1250) found no trend of declining health based on various skeletal indicators, such as enamel hypoplasias, porotic hyperostosis, periostitis, and infectious diseases. Evaluation of survivorship is an alternative method of assessing whether a population experienced shifts in health. This study tests the hypothesis that there was no change in survivorship in a Polish population during three hundred years of urbanization. Medieval Polish skeletal samples (n=85) from the city of Poznan were divided temporally: AD 950-1025 (n=17), AD 1025-1100 (n=41), and AD 1100-1250 (n=27). The midpoint of age ranges was used for all individuals. Initial analyses revealed minimal differences between the two later periods, so these were pooled for further analyses (AD 950-1025 vs. AD 1025-1250). The results of Kaplan Meier survival analysis indicate that survivorship declined significantly from 28.9 years to 20.4 years overall (p = 0.037). Cox proportional hazards analysis reveals the odds of dying increased significantly over time (p=0.046). Collectively, these results suggest a trend of increased mortality (and by inference, declines in underlying levels of health) over time, which is contrary to the hypothesis. This study demonstrates the need for multiple types of analyses to gain a more complete understanding of health trends in the past. Funding for the original research project through the Global History of Health Project, The Ohio State University Alumni Grant, and The Ohio State University International Affairs Grant. Modern Variation in the Shape of the Birth Canal and the Effects of Climate and Population History LIA BETTI1 and ANDREA MANICA2 Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, 2Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge 1 Several studies have shown a wide range of variation in the shape of the female birth canal, part of which appears to be geographically structured. It is not clear, however, what the origin of such high variation is, both within and between human populations. I have previously shown that neutral evolutionary processes account for a large share of variation in the shape of the os coxae. Some aspects of pelvic shape have also been linked, by several authors, to climatic adaptation. Our research tested whether worldwide variation in birth canal shape can be explained by neutral processes (i.e. drift and migration), and if climatic adaptation played a significant role. Measurements of the main diameters of the birth canal were collected from 348 female individuals from 24 globally distributed populations. We show that differences in the shape of the canal between populations are significantly correlated with neutral genetic distances (estimated from available genetic data from matching populations), a fact that confirms the important role of neutral evolutionary processes in shaping pelvic and canal morphology. We found no significant correlation between birth canal differences and temperature differences. Shape differences between geographic regions do not reflect past climatic adaptation, and have likely arisen from a stochastic drift towards different average shapes along the various routes of expansion of our species out of Africa. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research; Ian and Christine Bolt Scholarship; Sigma Xi Grant; European Union Synthesys Grants; American Museum of Natural History Collection Study Grant; University of Kent PhD Research Scholarship. No monkeys on campus? Engaging undergraduates using local natural history MICHELLE BEZANSON and TAYLOR GROVES Anthropology, Santa Clara University SCU Gone Wild (SGW) is a community science and natural history initiative with a mission to characterize, record/preserve biodiversity on campus. It encourages observational data collection on campus and on field trips and/or field courses. We combine citizen science, long-term research, and community involvement in order to highlight natural history on and off campus. Faculty, students, community members, and entire courses are involved in several activities including bioblitzes, recording observations via iNaturalist, field notes, vegetation analysis, bird counts, researching landscape change, and several longer-term research projects. For example, students that participate in the summer primate ecology course submit their independent field projects/data into an archive maintained by the library. In addition, we are collecting behavioral and positional behavior data on the campus squirrel population. Finally, we are tracking bird activity via bird counts and recording ecological data on nesting patterns. Thus far, SGW has served as an interdisciplinary initiative to highlight the importance of natural history studies and urban wildlife. This has encouraged participation in primate field courses and related field opportunities because students are able to gain experience in field data collection without leaving campus. The Dynamics of Fundamental Niche Parameter Fluctuation for Late Neandertals and Upper Paleolithic Humans in Western and Central Europe RACHAEL C. BIBLE Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University Models of Late Pleistocene hominin evolution in Western and Central Europe ultimately seek to explore the dynamics of possible interaction between late-surviving Neandertals and the makers of Upper Paleolithic (UP) technologies, presumably early modern humans (EMHs). To investigate that question, this project utilizes Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) methods using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP) to produce predictive presence/absence maps of fundamental niche parameters for three time periods: 1) Pre-H4 (43.3-40.2 ky cal BP), 2) H4 (40.2-38.6 ky cal BP), and 3) Post-H4 (38.636.5 ky cal BP) using data from Neandertal fossil sites, Middle Paleolithic (MP), and UP archaeological sites. All but one sample (the Post-H4 sample of Neandertal fossil localities) produced statistically significant models able to correctly classify omitted test points at a better than random rate. Models based only on locations of Neandertal fossil remains show the largest area predicted present during the Pre-H4, which reduces dramatically in the H4. The largest area predicted present for models using MP archaeological sites occurs during the H4, but becomes restricted to the southern Europe in the Post-H4. Models based on UP archaeological sites demonstrate a sharp increase in the Post-H4 of geographic areas predicted as present in comparison to the Pre-H4 and H4. These results demonstrate that the areas where contact between Neandertals and the makers of UP technologies most likely occurred also became restricted through time prior to Neandertal extinction and were most concentrated in southern France and northern Spain during the Post-H4. Conference Program 121 ABSTRACTS Funding for this project was provided by the Vision 2020 Dissertation Enhancement Award and Professional Development Support Award from the College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University. Measuring bacterial communities in the humerus to estimate PMI SARAH E. BIVENS, ERIC DAVID and NICHOLE RUBLE Biology, Sam Houston State University Methods of estimating postmortem interval (PMI), or time since death, are largely dependent on changes in soft tissues, and the sampling of insects and bacteria. These traditional methods are influenced by several biotic and abiotic factors, such as moisture, temperature and geography. The interior of marrow-containing bones, however, are largely protected from many of these variables, and also persist much longer in the environment. Our research, therefor, focuses on estimating PMI based on bacterial community composition and succession in marrow-containing bones. We hypothesize bacterial communities inside the human humerus will change in a predictable and consistent manner. We began sampling three cadavers (two males and one female) at Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science (STAFS) facility in Huntsville, Texas, in May, 2016. Over four months, the left humerus was sampled every two days and the right humerus every eight days as a control for contamination. We used sterilized T-Lok bone marrow biopsy needles and a sterilized drill to extract marrow samples, and froze samples for shipment to Baylor School of Medicine. Microbiota were measured by deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene specific to bacteria, and statistical analysis of bacterial communities were determined using UniFrac. Preliminary results suggest that bacterial communities inside the humerus change at a predictable rate and are largely consistent across specimens. The results of this research could provide for improved methods of estimating PMI, which will be a valuable tool for forensic scientists and law enforcement. Seed Dispersal Effectiveness in Two Populations of Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) ANDREA BLACKBURN1, SHAUHIN E. ALAVI2,3, PRIMA LADY4, RIYANDI5, ERIN R. VOGEL2,3 and CHERYL D. KNOTT1 1 Anthropology, Boston University, 2Anthropology, Rutgers University, 3The Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, 4Biology, Universitas Nasional, 5Biology, University of Tanjungpura Orangutans consume large quantities of ripe fruit and disperse intact seeds over wide areas. However, few studies have quantified seed dispersal in orangutans (Galdikas 1982; Nielsen et al. 2012). We hypothesized that orangutans are effective seed dispersers. This was tested by identifying, measuring and counting seeds in orangutan feces and recording fecal coordinates to determine seed spatial distribution patterns. Orangutan feces were collected opportunistically from March- September 2015 at the Tuanan Research Station (n=97) and from July- August 2016 at the Cabang Panti Research Station in Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia (n=98). The feces were sieved, seeds were counted, and seed morphotypes were identified in at least 96% of fecal samples. Flanged males, unflanged males, adult females, and juveniles independent enough from their mother to allow for fecal collection, were all observed dispersing seeds. Four fruit genera were dispersed at Cabang Panti and nine fruit genera were dispersed at Tuanan. At Cabang Panti, the largest intact seed size recorded was 2.29cm in length and the smallest seeds dispersed were less than 1mm Ficus seeds. At Tuanan, 31% of fecal samples had 2 or more genera, 42% had 1 genera, and 26% had no seeds. We used descriptive GIS to describe the spatial distribution of the dispersed seeds. We concluded that orangutans have an important role in fruit tree recruitment. They disperse intact seeds of varying sizes and disperse several different genera of seeds. Future research will measure seed dispersal distances and orangutan gut-passage rates to establish the orangutan seed shadow. Funders include the National Geographic Society, the Leakey Foundation, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Agency for International Development, and the National Science Foundation (BCS-0936199). Immune function across the life-span in Amazonian horticulturalists AARON D. BLACKWELL1,2, BENJAMIN C. TRUMBLE2,3,4, IVAN MALDONADO SUAREZ2, JONATHAN STIEGLITZ2,6, BRET BEHEIM2,5,7, J. JOSH SNODGRASS8, HILLARD KAPLAN2,5 and MICHAEL GURVEN1,2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2Tsimane Health and Life History Project, 3Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 4School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 6Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 7Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 8Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon Amazonian populations are exposed to diverse parasites and pathogens, including protozoal, bacterial, fungal, and helminthic infections. Yet much of our understanding of the immune system is based on industrialized populations where these infections are relatively rare. We examine distributions and age-related differences in 22 measures of immune function for Bolivian forager-horticulturalists and US and European 122 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists populations. Subjects were 6,338 Tsimane aged 0-90 years. Blood samples collected between 2004-2014 were analyzed for 5-part blood differentials, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and total immunoglobulins E, G, A, and M. Flow cytometry was used to quantify naive and non-naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells, natural killer cells, and B cells. Compared to reference populations, Tsimane have elevated levels of most immunological parameters, particularly immunoglobulins, eosinophils, ESR, B cells, and natural killer cells. However, monocytes and basophils are reduced and naïve CD4 cells depleted in older age groups. Tsimane ecology leads to lymphocyte repertoires and immunoglobulin profiles that differ from those observed in industrialized populations. These differences have consequences for disease susceptibility and co-vary with patterns of other life history traits, such as growth and reproduction. Moreover, an understanding of immune function under high pathogen stress may help us to understand the emergence of many non-infectious diseases in industrialized populations where pathogen stress is low. National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging [R01AG024119, R56AG024119, P01AG022500]. National Science Foundation [BCS-0422690]. The Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) - Labex IAST. Tooth size, trait expression, and nutritional stress ERIN C. BLANKENSHIP-SEFCZEK1, DEBBIE GUATELLI-STEINBERG1 and ALAN H. GOODMAN2 1 Anthropology, Ohio State University, 2Anthropology, Hampshire College Physiological disruption, e.g. nutritional stress, often results in a slowing of growth and development in human biological systems. We investigated the relationship between nutritional stress and dental characteristics (crown size and trait expression) in maxillary dental casts of adolescents from Tezonteopan, Mexico. The unique casts are from individuals (n=34) who were provided daily nutritional supplements early in development and others (n=39) who were not (Chavez and Martinez, INN, Mexico City, 1979). We recorded buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters, and trait expression following ASUDAS. Based on previous research on nutritionally stressed samples, we predicted that teeth of the non-supplemented group would exhibit more variable trait expression and smaller size than teeth of the supplemented group. As predicted, we found the supplemented group exhibited significantly larger lateral incisors and canines than the non-supplemented group. However, no significant differences in crown size were found for other tooth types. Unexpectedly, the supplemented group exhibited significantly higher degrees of expression for double-shovel and tuberculum dentale. Conversely, as predicted, ABSTRACTS molars in the non-supplemented group exhibited higher degrees of trait expression for M1 cusp 5 and M2 hypocone. Further analysis incorporating intercusp distance is planned to investigate this difference, as previous studies suggest that interactions between intercusp distances and tooth size are most closely correlated with variation in trait expression. These findings indicate that developmental environments, in this case mild to moderate undernutrition, influences human tooth size and morphology, despite a high degree of genetic control, and should be considered in biodistance studies that rely on dental traits. Individual differences in spatial position during collective movements of vervet monkeys MARYJKA B. BLASZCZYK Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin Collective movement is a fundamental mechanism by which social animals maintain group cohesion. In this study I explore possible predictors of position within group movements in two troops of wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Soetdoring Nature Reserve, South Africa. A team of observers recorded individuals’ relative positions during group progressions (N = 117) over 11 months. I examined the effects of sex and age class, dominance rank, and individual identity on whether or not individuals were positioned in the front third of group progressions using a binomial mixed-effects model. Individual identity contributed significantly to the variance, and a separate repeatability test revealed that presence in the front third was significantly repeatable. Neither age nor sex had an effect, but dominance rank predicted relative spatial position for both study groups. I conducted a separate model to test whether the personality trait ‘boldness’ predicted position for the subset of individuals who participated in a complete set of field experiments with novel objects. Boldness did not predict spatial position. In sum, individual vervet monkeys were consistent in their within-group spatial position during collective movements, but spatial position was not related to sex, age class, or boldness. Higher-ranking animals were, however, more likely to be found towards the front of the group during progressions. Future research is needed to examine other factors that may contribute to interindividual variation in position within collective movements. This research was supported by grants from the WennerGren Foundation, The L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the American Society of Primatologists and the International Primatological Society, and by an AAUW Fellowship. The Evolution of Host-microbiome Interactions in Humans RAN BLEKHMAN Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Exciting new research is unraveling an extreme variation in the composition of microbial communities across primate species. The gut microbiota can regulate and train host immune response, perform important metabolic functions, produce nutrients, and protect against pathogen infection. While some of this variation is controlled by environmental factors, microbial composition is also heritable and shaped by host genetic variation. An important mechanism by which natural selection controls species-specific traits is by changing the regulation of gene expression. Comparing primate species, we and others have found that gene regulation can evolve under natural selection, potentially facilitating evolutionary adaptations in primates. In addition, changes in gene expression in the gut have a direct and marked impact on the composition of gut microbial communities. However, to date, we still do not understand how selection on primate gene regulation can facilitate adaptations in the microbiome. Here, we used a novel experimental system based on primary colonic epithelial cells co-cultured with live microbiomes extracted from four primate hosts (human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan), which enables dynamic profiling of host gene expression changes directly modulated by the microbiome. We find that the microbiome of different primate species elicits a species-specific response in host gene expression. In addition, genes that respond specifically to human microbiomes are enriched with genes that have been previously associated with microbiome-related health conditions. Our results suggest that the evolution of gene expression in primates might be affected by the symbiosis with gut microbial communities. Delineating the effects of early life experience on adult immune function in 20th Century Portugal KELLY E. BLEVINS1, CHARLOTTE ROBERTS2 and ANA LUÍSA SANTOS3 1 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 2Department of Archaeology, Durham University, 3Department of Life Sciences, Research Center for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), University of Coimbra The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis proposes that adult health outcomes are influenced by events that occur during critical periods of growth and development. Contemporary DOHaD hypothesis research focuses on the implications for chronic disease, such as diabetes and obesity, but few studies have examined the impact of early life experiences on adult immune function. Skeletal biologists have an advantage over medical researchers when doing longitudinal studies, as we can identify events chronicled in bone. This research takes advantage of the skeleton as an archive of physiological circumstance and tests the hypothesis that skeletal stress markers correlate to certain developmental windows and that the timing of physiological perturbations will differentially affect adult immune function. Multiple indicators of stress events were recorded in skeletons from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection, Portugal in adult individuals who died of tuberculosis (n=125) and those who died of non-infectious causes (n=125). Using tuberculosis infection as a proxy for compromised immune function, this study found no significant differences in early life circumstance between individuals who had compromised immune function and those who did not. This suggests that either skeletal indicators of stress actually reflect an increased ability to adapt and survive physiological insults (predictive adaptive response) or that the long-term effects of adverse early life experiences can be eclipsed by the adulthood environment. This research was partially funded by the Rosemary Cramp Fund, Durham University, UK. Forest Composition and Miocene platyrrhine distributions: Why are there No Fossil Monkeys in Florida? JONATHAN I. BLOCH1, EMILY D. WOODRUFF1,2, ALDO F. RINCON1,3, PAUL E. MORSE1,4, ARIANNA R. HARRINGTON1,2,5, GARY S. MORGAN6, AARON R. WOOD1,7 and NATHAN A. JUD1,8 1 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 2Department of Biology, University of Florida, 3 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 4Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 5Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 6Department of Paleontology, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 7 Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, 8School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University South America was separated from North America by an ocean until ~3.5 Ma, when the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama linked the two continents. Recent discovery of Panamacebus transitus, a medium-sized (~2.7 kg) cebid primate from the early Miocene of Panama, shows that platyrrhines crossed into the tropical lowlands of Central America at least once by ~21 Ma. However, there is no record of platyrrhines in localities of similar age at higher northern latitudes, including the Gulf Coastal Plain where many mammal taxa are closely related to those found in Panama. While this absence might be explained by lack of suitable tropical forest habitats, contemporaneous South American platyrrhine distributions include the high latitudes of Patagonia, introducing a potential paradox whereby primates are limited to Conference Program 123 ABSTRACTS tropical forests in North, but not South America. A possible resolution lies in the taxonomic composition of the forests themselves. Early Miocene forests of tropical South America have a shared Gondwanan history with those at higher southern latitudes (Patagonia), and southern Central America (Costa Rica and Panama), which are dominated by South American-derived tropical rainforest taxa. Northern tropical Central American forests, however, have predominantly Laurasian affinities in the Miocene. The upper molars of P. transitus have shearing quotient and relief index values comparable to the frugivorous cebid Aotus. Northward dispersal of platyrrhines in the early Miocene was likely limited more by their niche conservatism and a boundary between forests with different evolutionary histories than by differences in climate or the existence of major geographic barriers. foci and social norms in biology and biological anthropology. Further, the class successfully met learning objectives required for both the anthropology and biology curricula and gained important transferable skills that employers report as most desired in college graduates. Finally, the instructors’ professional development benefitted from this collaboration, and they enjoyed new intellectual challenges. This research was supported by NSF (PIRE project 0966884) LAURA SP. BLOOMFIELD1,2, ASHLEY HAZEL3 and JAMES H. JONES3 Crossing the divide: co-teaching human diversity and evolution to advanced biology and anthropology undergraduate students through the use of interdisciplinary research groups DEBORAH E. BLOM1 and AMANDA L. YONAN2 1 Anthropology, University of Vermont, 2Biology, University of Vermont Here we report on outcomes from a newly-developed, intensive seminar and lab-based course for advanced students majoring in Anthropology and Biology. The class integrates perspectives from biology and biological anthropology to investigate human evolution and diversity. Together the instructors and students engage, through critical analysis, reflective writing, discussion and practice, with a broad range of readings and laboratory methods from both disciplines. Where knowledge bases or epistemologies differ, instructors help guide students in their respective disciplines; peer-to-peer teaching also empowers students to take ownership over their learning. In the process of preparing a literature review and research proposal in interdisciplinary groups, students further practice effective research, writing, and collaboration skills. By the end of the semester, students proved adept at evaluating human variation, at both individual and population levels, from a biocultural perspective. They questioned concepts such as “normal” and “natural” and challenged essentializing and reductionistic explanations for human evolution, biology and behavior. Additionally, by understanding what goes into producing, organizing and interpreting knowledge in their “two cultures,” they learned that all researchers bring certain assumptions and see the world through particular lenses. Specifically, students were able to distinguish between research/theoretical This project was supported with grants from the University of Vermont College of Arts and Sciences Enhancing Excellence through Interdisciplinary Experiential Engagement Award and the National Science Foundation (BCS-0202329). The Importance of Ethnographic Data and Social Network Structures in Determining Infection Risk for Individuals in Rural Communities of Bangladesh and Uganda 1 Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources/Medicine, Stanford University, 2 Medicine, Stanford Medical School, 3Earth Systems Science, Stanford University Rural communities in less developed nations have often been sites for devastating emerging infectious disease outbreaks. These areas provide the ecological context and human-animal interactions needed for an infection spillover event. Relatively low population sizes and high social connectedness may allow infections to spread very rapidly through rural communities. These areas may also be a source of mobile infectious individuals, who may ignite an epidemic in urban and peri-urban populations. Network models have been one valuable method for modeling epidemics and predicting patterns of outbreaks. Network science is a computational field that owes its fundamental principles to structuralism in anthropology. However, ethnographically derived data is often omitted from this work. In this study, fine-scale social data from two very different high-risk disease transmission environments illustrate the importance of cultural context and social network structure to disease risk. In both Ugandan and Bangladeshi communities, close-friend networks had very high levels of connectivity, as compared to networks based on other types of relationships. However, the social and demographic structures between these environments are quite different, driving different types of exposures. In Bangladesh, network density is driven by female participants and their female relatives who live in close proximity and have substantial social relationships. Whereas, in Uganda, network density is partially driven by male community leaders, who have large and extended friendship networks. Anthropologically informed and field-based network models can play an important role in predicting epidemic 124 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists dynamics in high-risk populations and offer insights for effective public health interventions. AH’s research in Bangladesh was funded by a NIH/NSF grant and icddr,b. LSPB and JHJ’s research in Uganda was funded by a NIH/NSF grant. Growing up in Çatalhöyük : enamel hypoplasia and history houses EMMY BOCAEGE1, ANNA CLEMENT2 and SIMON HILLSON2 1 PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, MCC, Université de Bordeaux, 2Institute of Archaeology, University College London Çatalhöyük, a Neolithic settlement located in the Konya plain (7400–5900 BC), has a uniquely detailed archaeological record with a large number of excavated human remains. About two thirds of the sample are children and this provides an excellent opportunity for an in-depth study of human dental development. Here we focus on the variability in dental growth of children (N=54) buried in different houses at the site.Using a newly developed imaging technique (Alicona InfiniteFocus 3D measuring microscope), a detailed investigation into the variation in the expression of dental growth disturbances is carried out based on incremental structures (perikymata). Using a range of parameters (number of defects, defect duration, interval between defects, etc.), we compared the pattern of growth disruptions experienced by children buried in history houses (elaborated buildings of long duration) with the pattern experienced by children buried in non-history houses (less elaborated and of shorter duration) at the site. Analysis reveals no significant differences in enamel defect development between children buried in history houses and children buried in non-history houses. We stress the importance of using different defect parameters as well as high-resolution casting and imaging techniques in studies of dental growth disturbances. This study has received financial support from the French State in the frame of the “Investments for the future” Programme IdEx Bordeaux (ANR-10-IDEX-03-02). Promiscuity or partner preference? Malefemale interactions across reproductive states reflect female strategies for avoiding aggression EMILY E. BOEHM1, ALLISON R. ROGERS1, STEFFEN FOERSTER1, EMILY E. WROBLEWSKI2,3 and ANNE E. PUSEY1 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine 1 2 The permanent, mixed-sex groups typical of anthropoid primates create opportunities for both cooperation and conflict between the sexes. In chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), fission-fusion ABSTRACTS societies allow individuals flexibility in their overall sociality and preferences for particular social partners. Females’ preferences among male partners are likely to shift as they transition between reproductive states. We used long-term records of group composition and other social behaviors from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, to examine dyadic associations between females and males before, during, and after pregnancies of known paternity. Using linear mixed models, we tested two alternative hypotheses: 1) females associate, mate, and groom promiscuously to confuse paternity and avoid infanticide, or 2) females concentrate their relationships on males who are likely to act as protectors during lactation, such as high-ranking males, closely related males, and sires. Using model selection based on Akaike Information Criterion, we found that females have the strongest associations with males before conception and the weakest associations during pregnancy. Pregnant females groom with more aggressive males, but also with high-ranking males and sires. After pregnancy, females continue to groom more with highranking males and sires, as well as with more closely related males. Furthermore, lactating females receive less aggression from those males with whom they had groomed before pregnancy and mated during pregnancy. Together, these results suggest that female-male associations can protect against aggression during lactation and that females socialize more with males who are likely to provide this protection. multi-level 2nd order polynomial, we compared the relative percentage of final growth in height and metacarpal length with the duration of time spent in a state of active fusion. Children were categorized as “early, normal, or late” maturers based on relative skeletal age at the first sign of epiphyseal fusion. Data collection: Jane Goodall Institute, long-term database construction: NSF (DBS-9021946, SBR-9319909, BCS-0452315, IIS-0431141, IOS-LTREB-1052693), genetic analyses: NIH (R01 AI058715), Wroblewski: Kirschstein Award (NIH F32 AI085959-03) STEPHANIE L. BOGART1, MALLÉ GUEYE2, PAPA IBNOU NDIAYE3, JILL D. PRUETZ4 and STACY M. LINDSHIELD4,5 Timing and Duration of Epiphyseal Fusion and Implications for Growth Potential MELANIE E. BOEYER1,2, RICHARD J. SHERWOOD1,2, CHELSEA B. DEROCHE3 and DANA L. DUREN2 Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri Columbia, Columbia, MO, 3Department of Health Management and Informatics, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO 1 The hallmark of skeletal maturity is epiphyseal fusion, signaling the end of longitudinal growth. The process of fusion is not instantaneous; its timing and duration can provide vital information related to childhood growth potential and interpretations of significant life history events. To elucidate the relationship between epiphyseal fusion events and a child’s growth potential, we assessed serial measurements of height, metacarpal length, and metacarpal fusion, and the timing of the pubertal growth spurt in 528 children from the Fels Longitudinal Study, comprised of healthy children of European descent. Using a On average, children reached 93% of their total growth potential in both height and metacarpal length at the beginning of metacarpal fusion and 98% at completion. We found that 74% of children experience their growth spurt prior to the beginning of fusion in the metacarpals. Additionally, early maturers spent significantly more time in the process of active fusion and had significantly later ages of final height than early maturers. Using this new model, duration and relative percent of growth remaining can now be predicted for a child given knowledge of their skeletal age status at the first sign of fusion. This represents a significant advance in skeletal growth research. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01AR055927, R01HD056247, R01HD012252). Does National Park Protection influence Mammal Presence?: Comparing Chimpanzee’s Competitors, Predators, and Prey between Niokolo-Koba National Park and Fongoli Savanna Research Site in Senegal 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 2Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Senegal, 3Department of Animal Biology, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegal, 4Department of World Languages and Cultures, Iowa State University, 5 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University Mount Assirik Research Site (MARS) in Senegal’s Niokolo-Koba National Park (NKNP) contains this country’s only nationally protected chimpanzees, buffered from anthropogenic disturbance. Thus, research will illuminate referential questions of Plio-Pleistocene environmental impacts on human evolution with many competitors, prey, and predators. At MARS we collected data in July 2015 and January-May 2016. Mammal analyses include the use of camera traps (151 days, N=48,883 photos) and line-transects (N=16, 1.28km2), along with opportunistic and reconnaissance encounters for presence-absence comparisons. Fongoli is situated approximately 62km southeast of MARS and is outside of NKNP. Fongoli mammal data was collected opportunistically from 2001-2014. Comparing the two datasets on presence-absence of mammal species (Fongoli=29/37 and MARS=31/37 present species) indicates no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U=647.5, p=0.697), however several species are present exclusively at MARS. Among these species only encountered at MARS include African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Derby’s eland (Taurotragus derbianus), and aardvark (Orycteropus afer). Further, MARS-exclusive predators include lions (Panthera leo) and wild hunting dogs (Lycaon pictus). While Fongoli’s data stems from over 10 years of research, MARS had more Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) encounters in six-months of research (Fongoli N=2, MARS N=21). These results indicate that chimpanzee interactions with competitor, prey, and predator species differ between the MARS and Fongoli sites due to anthropogenic disturbances. Chimpanzees at MARS may be under more pressure from non-human competitors and predators. MARS offers an opportunity to investigate interspecific competition between chimpanzees and mammal species indicative of a savanna mosaic habitat similar to conditions influencing Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Supported by The Leakey Foundation, The Rufford Small Grant Foundation, and National Geographic Society. We also thank USC Jane Goodall Research Center and ISU’s Anthropology Department and College of LAS. Hidden Heterogenity in Mortality – Perhaps not so Hidden JESPER L. BOLDSEN1 and GEORGE R. MILNER2 ADBOU, University of Southern Denmark, Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University 1 2 The Osteological Paradox (Wood et al., 1992) – initially criticized, but after 25 years is gaining traction – pointed out serious methodological problems in reconstructing life in the past from observations of archaeological skeletons. The central message concerns our inability to directly infer from the dead the health risks the living experienced from disease, malnutrition, and trauma. That is a problem because perspectives on once-living populations are of interest when characterizing conditions in the past. The difficulty with mortality (skeletal) samples stems from death being an inherently a selective process because each of us experience different risks of dying. Sometimes such differences can be associated with observable conditions, such as specific recognized diseases, although that is often not the case (i.e., heterogeneity is hidden). Here we present work that exposes hitherto unrecognized heterogeneity, and in so doing point toward a new way to understand the risks experienced by people in the past. As a by-product of an ongoing project aimed at the generation of accurate and unbiased skeletal age estimates, it has been observed that several age-related skeletal characters show evidence for selective mortality in modern samples. These same skeletal characters were also subject to selective mortality in medieval Danish skeletons, Conference Program 125 ABSTRACTS showing that they are not solely a feature of modern life. Muscle proportions and body composition in an infant gorilla This research is derived in part from a National Institute of Justice (USA) project directed by the two authors and Stephen Ousley, with the assistance of Svenja Weise, Peter Tarp and Sara Getz. DEBRA BOLTER1,2, CAROL UNDERWOOD3 and ADRIENNE ZIHLMAN3 Building Bridges: Learning to Use Science and Indigenous Knowledge to Create Productive Partnerships DEBORAH A. BOLNICK1,2 and RIPAN S. MALHI3,4 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 4Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Over the last decade, anthropological genetics has been transformed by two key developments: the adoption of new genomic technologies, and increased sensitivity to the views of research participants and communities affected by genetic research. Many graduate programs in biological anthropology have recognized the importance of the technological developments, and have added training in genomic methods and computational analyses of genomic data. However, less pedagogical attention has been given to the ethics training that anthropological geneticists need, especially those who wish to work with indigenous or other marginalized communities. Given that the nature of interactions among researchers, participants, and communities is changing, and more collaborative approaches to study design and data interpretation are becoming expected, it is critical that we train the next generation of anthropological geneticists to take a new approach to research. In this presentation, we discuss two complementary types of training that are needed to produce future cohorts of anthropological geneticists who are equipped to conduct ethically informed research. First, we discuss the need for anthropological geneticists to become more familiar with bioethics, community-based participatory research, and the legal/social implications of their work. Second, we highlight the importance of training indigenous students to become genome scientists and bioanthropologists themselves, and describe our work with the Summer internship for INdigenous peoples in Genomics (SING) program, which helps provide such training. We illustrate the benefits of these approaches with examples from our collaborations with indigenous peoples, and show how partnerships that bring science and indigenous knowledge together yield better science. Funding provided by NIH, NSF, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and University of Texas at Austin. Anthropology, Modesto College, California, Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 3 Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz 1 2 During the process of growth, hard tissues like teeth and bones are most often the focus of study. They record markers of life history, for example, eruption of the first permanent molar to mark the juvenile stage, or complete eruption with fusion of humeral head to denote the adult stage. As body mass is added, particularly muscle, and size increases, body dimensions and tissue proportions also transform from infant through adult, and many of the changes relate to locomotor development. The accidental death of a 16 month-old captive female provided opportunity to study body composition in a healthy infant. At death she weighed 10.5 kg, all of her deciduous dentition were erupted, and no long bones fused. We dissected and measured limb and segment proportions, and separated muscle, bone, skin tissues, analyzed the data and compared them to those of an adult female gorilla dissected using the same methods (Zihlman & McFarland 2000). The infant had less muscle but more bone compared to the adult (34.4% and 18.3% vs. 38.0% and 13.4%) and relatively heavier forelimbs and hindlimbs relative to body mass (16.3%, 19.9% vs adult: 13.6%, 17.5%). Together the limbs comprised 36.2% of body mass compared to the adult’s at 31.1%. Within the limb segments the infant’s hands and feet were relatively twice as heavy as the adult. The distribution of body mass to the limbs, particularly to the hands and feet, indicate that the infant was in the process of acquiring the structural underpinnings of skilled locomotor behavior. Lost and Found: Forgotten Cemeteries Under the City of Milwaukee SARAH A. BONCAL Anthropology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee As cities developed over the centuries, copious cemeteries were forgotten, lost and/or enveloped by urban expansion. Historical records, while informative, repeatedly failed to mark cemeteries on early maps. Correspondingly, many cemeteries were relocated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as urban areas spread out. Prompted by the excavation of multiple cemeteries related to the Milwaukee County Institution Grounds Poor Farm in 1991 and 2013, a GIS study was undertaken to ascertain how many cemeteries might still remain under the greater city of Milwaukee. A series of historical platt maps were georeferenced and overlaid with recorded cemetery sites 126 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists identified from the Wisconsin Archaeological Sites Inventory. According to the results, there are at least 21 possible cemeteries that might remain under the city limits. This number could escalate as more maps are included, providing useful information for CRM archaeologists and historical preservation as urban expansion and construction continues. Sexual dimorphism of the humerus in a Japanese sample: A test of the İşcan et al. (1998) method ROSANNE BONGIOVANNI and CARRIE B. LEGARDE Anthropology, University of South Florida Metric sex estimation is often utilized in bioarchaeological and forensic settings, and population-specific formulae have been suggested to achieve optimal results. The purpose of this study is to validate the accuracy of formulae generated by İşcan et al. (1998) with data from a different Japanese sample: the Chiba skeletal collection. The following standard measurements of the humerus were utilized: maximum length, epicondylar breadth, vertical head diameter, and minimum and maximum midshaft diameter. Each measurement was compared between the two studies utilizing a Student’s t-test and no significant differences were found (p > 0.05). Formulae 2, 5, and 7 from İşcan et al.’s study were utilized in this study. Formula 2, a discriminant function, yielded the best overall accuracy (94%), while the univariate indices for the vertical head diameter (Formula 5) and epicondylar breadth (Formula 7) were only slightly lower: 90% and 92%, respectively. Overall, the accuracy for the female group was better than the males with rates ranging from 94-100% and 85-92%, respectively. In addition to standard measurements, the capitulum-trochlea breadth of the humerus was also tested as an index on the current sample. A sectioning point of 40.9 mm yielded an overall accuracy rate of 93% with the male and female accuracy rates performing almost equally (94% and 93%, respectively). This study confirms that the formulae proposed by İşcan and colleagues are reliable measures for use on Japanese samples, and proposes the capitulum-trochlea breadth be added as an additional technique with which to reliably estimate sex. The middle Pleistocene human pelvis: a comparison across Eurasia ALEJANDRO BONMATÍ1,2, KAREN ROSENBERG3, JUAN LUIS ARSUAGA1,2 and LÜ ZUNÉ4 1 Department of Palaeontology, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Complutense University, Spain, 2 Department of Human Evolution, Centro UCM-ISCIII de Evolución Humana, Spain, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Delaware, USA, 4 Department of Archaeology, Peking University, China ABSTRACTS A significant number of human pelvic remains have been published since the first fossil hip bone attributed to the genus Homo was discovered in the Neander Valley. However, there are still important gaps in the fossil record. Only three Eurasian middle Pleistocene remains are well enough preserved for comparative purposes: the virtually complete pelvis from Sima de los Huesos site in Spain (SH Pelvis 1), the quite complete hip bone from the Chinese cave of Jinniushan and the partially complete hip bone from the French cave of Arago (Arago 44). In the present study we make a direct comparison between Jinniushan and SH Pelvis 1 for the first time taking advantage of CT scans of the original fossils. The overall morphology of SH Pelvis 1 and Jinniushan is very similar. These two specimens are both very large overall. They retain the pelvic breadth seen in earlier, smaller bodied humans. Most differences between them can be explained as the result of sexual dimorphism. In particular, we think that these two specimens can be attributed to a male (SH Pelvis 1) and female (Jinniushan) individual due to differences in pubic and sciatic notch morphology, however they closely match each other in size. The similarity in pelvic morphology that we see across the Eurasian continent suggests that middle Pleistocene hominins shared a broad pelvis similar to their lower and middle Pleistocene ancestors (e.g. KNMER 3228 and OH28) but scaled up to a larger body size. Research supported by the Spanish MINECO and FEDER (CGL2012-38434-C03-01 and CGL2015-65387-C3-2-P). Bonmatí received a F.Atapuerca grant. Rosenberg received support from NAS, Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People’s Republic of China. Morphometric analysis of the chimpanzee maxillary and ethmoid sinuses SETH B. BOREN1 and DIANA DURAND2 1 Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas The paranasal sinuses are a relatively unexamined region of the primate skull. As such, a morphometric study of the sinuses can potentially yield new information on morphological variation between individuals of the same species. The following analysis tests to see if significant differences exist between chimpanzees in the morphology of the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. All of the sampled chimpanzee skulls were mapped for thirty landmarks present in the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses and subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA). The first three components of the PCA were then subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to see if a significant amount of variance existed between chimpanzees. No significant differences were found between chimpanzees grouped by sex and locality, but significant differences were found between chimpanzees when grouped by collection period. A greater samples of chimpanzee skulls with intact paranasal sinuses will be needed to further investigate how the observed significance differences came about. An analysis with a larger sample of species may lead to a greater understanding of variation in the overall paranasal sinus amongst great apes. A geometric morphometric analysis of pollical metacarpal shaft morphology in Gorilla, Pan, and Homo LUCYNA A. BOWLAND1, JILL E. SCOTT2,3, BIREN A. PATEL4, MATTHEW W. TOCHERI5,6 and CALEY M. ORR7 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, 2Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Metropolitan State University of Denver, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, 4Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 5Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, 6Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 7Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine 1 A robust thumb capable of powerful precision grasping is typically recognized as a shared, derived character trait of later hominins. However, tracing the evolution of this character and inferring the manipulative capabilities of fossil hominins requires an accurate quantification of thumb morphological differences among species. Here, we present preliminary results of a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of the pollical metacarpal (Mc1) from an adult sample of modern humans and African apes. Our aim is to quantify variation in aspects of hominid Mc1 shaft morphology relating to muscle enthesis development (opponens pollicis and first dorsal interosseous) and overall robusticity. Nine landmarks were placed on 3D virtual renderings (derived from laser, CT, and μCT scans) along the palmar shaft and a 20 x 20 semilandmark grid was placed across the palmar diaphyseal surface. The 3D semilandmark data were subjected to a principal components analysis (PCA) of Procrustes shape variables. The results demonstrate significant variation within and between species in their muscle-attachment cresting and shaft breadth, with taxa forming distinct clusters in the PCA. These results indicate that the dataset analyzed here can provide a useful quantitative framework for describing and analyzing thumb morphology. Moreover, the quantified shape differences have important functional implications and will be useful for understanding the evolution of the fully opposable thumb and powerful precision grasping that facilitate tool manufacture and use in Homo sapiens and fossil hominins. Funding provided by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Leakey Foundation, Canada Research Chairs Program, and National Science Foundation (BCS-1539741, BCS-1317047). Approaching studies of multiple traumata from the leg up: An examination of the effect of prior injury location on patterns of subsequent injury in 18th and 19th century London DEREK A. BOYD1 and COLLEEN F. MILLIGAN2 Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2Department of Anthropology, California State University, Chico 1 Injuries are thought to be but one of many biological outcomes of the interaction between individuals and their environments. Susceptibility to injury is dependent upon a myriad of factors, including previous injury. Recent studies have suggested that the location of a prior injury may also play an important role in risk of future injury. The objective of this study was to examine the impact, if any, that prior injury to different regions of the skeleton had on patterns of subsequent injury in Industrial-era London (AD 1700-1850). The skeletal remains of 46 adults from the parishes of St. Bride (n=33) and Chelsea (n=13) were examined for evidence of fractures to the head, trunk, arm, and leg. Individuals with multiple fractures were considered to exhibit evidence of subsequent injury if they presented at least one antemortem and one perimortem fracture. Assessment of subsequent injury was precluded by the absence of perimortem fractures in both parishes, which suggests that fracture treatment was accessible to individuals regardless of socioeconomic status. Of interest, however, is that individuals from the urban poor parish of St. Bride were more likely to present fractures to the leg than individuals from the affluent rural parish of Chelsea (OR=5.84, 95% CI: 1.18-30.55). The findings of this study underscore the importance of considering the timing of injuries in studies of injury recidivism, and reiterate the importance of the careful construction of archaeological samples. Evidence for grooming claws in the earliest omomyids DOUG M. BOYER1, STEPHANIE A. MAIOLINO2,3, PATRICIA A. HOLROYD4, PAUL E. MORSE5,6 and JONATHAN I. BLOCH6 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 3Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 4 Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkley, 5Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 6Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville 1 2 Conference Program 127 ABSTRACTS The physical appearance and behavior of the ancestor of living primates remains poorly constrained in many respects due to a lack of evidence on early fossil taxa. One feature that exhibits functionally and phylogenetically significant variation among modern primates is the form of the distal phalanx on the second pedal digit. Modern strepsirrhines and tarsiers exhibit a “grooming claw”, while all anthropoids except Aotus have a typical nail. Though at least two fossil adapiforms (the earliest known potential strepsirrhines) have been shown to have grooming claws, the question of whether the ancestral euprimate had a grooming claw has remained inconclusive due to a lack of information on this anatomy in fossil omomyiforms (the earliest known haplorhines). We now report the recovery of isolated distal phalanges from three early Eocene localities in Wyoming and present multiple lines of quantitative and qualitative, comparative evidence revealing that these bones most closely resemble those of the second pedal digit of extant prosimians. We therefore conclude that they represent grooming claws of primates. Based on the absolute size of these bones and faunal composition of their localities, we further conclude that at least four genera of omomyiforms sported a grooming claw. One of these grooming claws is contemporaneous with and attributed to the earliest known euprimate in North America, Teilhardina brandti. These new data on the phylogenetic distribution and antiquity of primate grooming claws strongly suggests that a grooming claw was present in the ancestral euprimate This research was supported by NSF BCS 1440742 (to DM Boyer and GF Gunnell), BCS 1440558 (to JI Bloch), BCS 1552848 (to DM Boyer) A Macroevolutionary Perspective on Human Gut Proportions EVE K. BOYLE1 and SERGIO ALMÉCIJA1,2 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP) 1 Gut proportions (GP) are assumed to reflect both phylogeny and the type of diet a species is best adapted to digest. Though data suggest that humans are unique among hominoids in having a relatively large small intestine and a relatively small colon, there is no consensus on what this reveals about human dietary evolution. Conflicting interpretations of the same data argue that human GP reflect adaptations to a carnivorous, omnivorous, frugivorous, or most recently, a ‘cucinivorous’ diet. To shed light on this matter, we use available data on mammalian gut organ surface area (stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon) and body weight to test instances of convergence with human GP in a macroevolutionary framework. ‘Extrinsic’ GP (i.e., each organ surface area relative to body weight) were calculated in a sample of 164 adult individuals representing 58 wild and 6 domestic species. These were incorporated in a multi-regime Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model, revealing a single convergent evolutionary regime. Species under this regime include humans, the Cebus–Saimiri clade, most carnivorans in the sample, cetaceans, and Potamogale velox (the giant otter shrew). All these species are characterized by a relatively small caecum and colon, suggesting that human extrinsic GP have evolved away from a generalized primate pattern characterized by a greater reliance on the hindgut for digestion. These results do not support the hypothesis that human GP are similar to those of an unspecialized frugivore. Future analyses will incorporate other physiologically relevant variables to better resolve the above debate. Funding provided by the National Science Foundation (Graduate Research Fellowship; BCS 1316947), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-54373-P) and The George Washington University (Provost’s Diversity Fellowship). Pigmentation in a Comparative Context: Factors Shaping Variation and Convergence in Primate Pelage Patterns BRENDA J. BRADLEY1, JASON M. KAMILAR2, AMANDA N. SPRIGGS1,3, BENJAMIN C. WILHELM1,3 and SUSAN WALSH4 1 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Albany, 4Department of Biology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis Human pigmentation varies spatially and temporally across populations, across body regions, and across cell types (skin and hair). Some aspects of pigmentation seem unique to humans (e.g. tanning) but others show marked phenotypic convergence with other primates (e.g. freckled/ mottled skin, red hair phenotypes, ontogenetic changes in melanism). Thus, a phylogenetic comparative framework can inform our understanding of the evolutionary and environmental factors that shape pigment variation in humans. With a particular focus on pelage, we measured patterning and coloration for >150 primate species (multiple individuals of both sexes) representing all major clades. Phenotypic data were generated via multiple methods including microscopy of pigment packaging, spectrophotometry, and digital photography. Comparative analyses indicate that pelage luminance is associated with aspects of the environment (e.g. humidity), but dark coloration is not necessarily synonymous with increased melanism. For example, our results indicate that ‘darker’ and ‘lighter’ phenotypes can be generated, not only by altering pigment type and content, but also 128 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists by modifying the structure of the medulla. To examine the molecular bases of pelage variation, we also measured gene expression in hair follicles of differing pigment phenotypes via RNAseq and qRT-PCR for a subset of primate species. Our preliminary results indicate that many of the same genes involved in mediating pigmentation in humans and other mammals (e.g. KITLG, PMEL) also underlie color variation and patterning in non-human primates. Rank Differences in Male Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Reproductive Strategies COLIN M. BRAND, ALEXANA J. HICKMOTT, KLAREE J. BOOSE and FRANCES J. WHITE Anthropology, University of Oregon Bonobos exhibit male philopatry without male dominance. This uncommon social structure results in communities where younger males can reside with their mothers. If those mothers are high ranking, they can affect their son’s reproductive success. We collected focal and interaction data over 242 hours on three bonobo communities at the N’dele site in the Lomako Forest, DRC. Here, we compared the success of the top ranking adult male and two lower ranking adult males in maintaining proximity and mating with potentially fertile versus non-fertile female bonobos in the Bakumba community. There were two adult females with maximal swellings during the period of focal sampling. The males differed significantly in their proximity maintenance with these females (Test of Independence G = 18.769, P < 0.001), with the top-ranking male spending 80% and the two males only averaging 3.1% with the fertile females. The two lower ranking males were not significantly different in their proximity frequency with non-fertile females (Non-significant subset G = 1.356, ns). Both lower ranking males maintained frequent proximity with different old, post-menopausal, low-ranking females possibly their mothers. The dominant male mated successfully with at least one fertile female. One subordinate male attempted to mate with this female but was aggressively interrupted by the dominant male. Male dominance in bonobos, therefore, is correlated with both proximity and mating with fertile females, and suggests that the advantages of association with mothers for adult males is strongly influenced by the rank of those mothers. Does the Energetic Status of Wild Orangutan Mothers vary with Infant Age? TIMOTHY D. BRANSFORD1,2, MELISSA EMERY THOMPSON3, DANIEL J. NAUMENKO1,2, ALYSSE M. MOLDAWER1,2, ALEXANDER J. PRITCHARD1,2, MARIA A. VAN NOORDWIJK4, SRI SUCI UTAMI ATMOKO5 and ERIN R. VOGEL1,2 Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, 3Department of Anthropology, University 1 2 ABSTRACTS of New Mexico, 4Anthropologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, 5Faculty of Biology and Primate Research Center, Universitas Nasional Female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) nurse their infants for up to eight years, spanning multiple periods of unpredictable fruit availability. During extended periods of fruit scarcity, it may be hard for mothers to meet the energetic costs of lactation and infant carrying. Yet we do not know if a mother’s energetic status varies during her extended nursing period. To examine this, we collected behavioral data and urine samples from seven females with infants of different ages during nest-to-nest focal follows in the Tuanan Research Station area (2009-2013). We examined if energetic status, quantified by radioimmunoassay of urinary C-peptide of insulin and ketone presence (an indicator of fat catabolism) measured with urine test strips, was related to the age of her infant, after controlling for individual ID. We did not find a significant relationship between a mother’s urinary C-peptide values and her infant’s age (p=0.44). We also did not find a significant relationship between the presence of ketones and infant age (p=0.11). However, we did find a significant relationship between the presence of ketones and both fruit availability (p=0.03) and daily protein intake (p=0.01). These results suggest that orangutans have adaptations to maintain a neutral energetic balance throughout most of their nursing period, and utilize fat reserves for energy when protein intake is highest and caloric intake is reduced. Thus, mother orangutans are adapted to these unpredictable episodes of fruit scarcity and use a flexible foraging strategy to avoid negative energy balance states throughout much of the lactation period. This project was funded by the United States Agency for International Development, Rutgers Center for Human Evolution, and the American Society of Primatologists. Recovery of ancient DNA from Upper Nubian skeletal remains ABAGAIL M. BREIDENSTEIN1,2, ABIGAIL BOUWMAN2, GRETCHEN E. ZOELLER3, GEOFF EMBERLING4, FRANK RUEHLI2 and ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM1 Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, 3Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 4Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan 1 2 The use of ancient samples from the Nile River Valley for anthropological genetic studies has proven difficult due to adverse conditions for preservation of biomolecules like DNA. Recent advances in recovery methodologies of ancient biomolecules, however, have allowed for the exploration of populations in this region previously not included, namely Upper Nubians (modern Sudan). For this study, we attempted to recover ancient DNA (aDNA) from a sample of Medieval Nubians, excavated from the Christian settlement site of el-Kurru. Skeletons of twenty-six individuals were exhumed from the adjacent cemetery using sterile techniques during recovery and post-field processing. aDNA was extracted and amplified using previously optimized protocols in a clean room setting. Initial results show human DNA is recoverable, despite poor preservation of the skeletal tissue and teeth due to thermal degradation in this climate and repeated inundations over many centuries at el-Kurru. These results demonstrate the potential to explore further the genetic history of Nubia by including populations from the region of Upper Nubia, thus expanding the use of aDNA throughout the ancient Nile Valley. With its rich and expansive history, the ability to examine the genetic makeup of the Nile Valley in a fuller capacity will undoubtedly provide valuable information allowing for an even deeper and more comprehensive understanding of this region for future research. Make no bones without it: Characterization of region-specific behaviors in non-sutural cranial osteoblasts using bone morphogenetic proteins JUSTIN A. BRILL1, HOLLY E. WEISS-BILKA1 and MATTHEW J. RAVOSA1,2,3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 2Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 3 Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame 1 Flexion of the basicranium is thought to be a consequence of encephalization. While the basicranium serves as a key architectural interface between the developing brain and face, basicranial osteoblast (BoB) behavior has yet to be investigated. Characterizing basicranial development vis-à-vis cytokine signaling pathways, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) will help elucidate targets of selection on hard-tissue formation during primate and hominid evolution. Interestingly, BoBs do not respond to traditional osteogenic induction in culture. Perhaps this is because the basicranium forms endochondrally, which contrasts with other cranial elements that ossify intramembranously. Thus, BMP6 was chosen as an induction cytokine due to its presence in mineralizing cartilage during development. Primary BoBs were isolated from neonatal mice, then high-density micromasses were formed to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment. Micromasses (n=3) were treated for 4–6 weeks using osteogenic media with (treatment) or without (control) 100 ng/mL BMP6. Genetic analysis via qRT-PCR demonstrated significant (p<0.05) increases in the expression of hypertrophic and osteogenic markers with BMP6 treatment vs. controls. Similarly, histological staining revealed a proteoglycan-rich cartilaginous tissue at 4 weeks that was largely replaced by calcium-rich mineralized tissue by 6 weeks of BMP6 treatment. These findings identified BMP6 as a potent inducer of BoB mineralization via the native endochondral pathway, which indicates it may play a key role in basicranial development. Ongoing experiments to determine the specificity of BMP6 to bone formation in the basicranium vs. other craniomandibular sites suggest that ossification mode may be a critical ontogenetic determinant of oB behavior. Funding was provided by a COS-SURF award from the University of Notre Dame and NIH Grant TL1TR001107 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences. Genomic basis for fatal Toxoplasma gondii infection in primates YARAVI SUAREZ1, SUVANTHEE GUNASEKERA1, NEGIN VALIZADEGAN1, KATHERINE VAN ETTEN1, WILLIAM H. WITOLA2, JÖRG LINDE3 and JESSICA F. BRINKWORTH1 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 3Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread, obligate intracellular parasite famous for inducing miscarriage in pregnant women, lethal infection in immunocompromised humans and behavioral irregularities in rodents. In most healthy, adult mammals T. gondii typically manifests as an asymptomatic, lifelong infection. In animals that lack an extensive evolutionary history with the parasite’s definitive host (most felines), T. gondii tends to generate swift and fatal necrotizing infections. In New World monkeys and Malagasy lemurs death can occur within a week of infection and mortality rates of some species near 100%. As the parasite commonly contaminates food, is readily transmitted by rodents and cats, and can persist in the environment for years, T. gondii infection presents a challenge for both human health and primate care. Monocytes play an important role in control of the parasite. To assess why some primates suffer severe infections, while others control T. gondii, we infected monocytes from healthy animals that develop lifelong (humans, olive baboons, rhesus macaques) and severe (common marmosets, ring-tailed lemurs) infections, with Toxoplasma gondii RH for 12 and 24 hours. We assessed cell parasite load, cell death and whole genome expression. Monocytes from the “severe” group maintain higher parasite loads and die at a higher rate. We noted inter-species differences in gene expression across multiple gene families, including genes involved in inflammation, and in pathway regulation in response to Toxoplasma. These observations suggest that primate monocyte function has diverged and that these changes contribute to inter-species differences in Toxoplasma lethality. Conference Program 129 ABSTRACTS Crossing Structure Design and Effectiveness for Primate Conservation INDIA J. BROCK, LESLIE E. GOTUACO, COLIN M. BRAND, ULRIKE S. STREICHER and LARRY R. ULIBARRI Department of Antropology, University of Oregon Habitat fragmentation is an increasing problem for wildlife populations, including primates. Infrastructure, such as roads, can dissect primate habitats into fragments, separating populations. There are publications on habitat fragmentation and on the methods used to reconnect habitat patches, but there is a near absence of literature on the specific use of canopy bridges to aid the movement of primates. The objective of this review is to gather published data so that we may apply it in the development of suitable roadcrossing structures for primates both in the wild and improve crossing structures in captivity. This study synthesizes published data on the design and effectiveness of crossing structures across various primate taxa including two studies on strepsirrhines, five on New World monkeys, two on Old World monkeys, and five on apes. The literature highlights overall success with these structures, however, we argue that these results may be biased as less successful trials are usually not published. In order to effectively conserve primate populations the results of both successful and unsuccessful trials need to be published. And although structure material, length, and bridge access are major factors influencing the effectiveness of crossing structures, our review highlights the need for species specificity in their design. We encourage the publication of both captive and wild studies on the effectiveness of crossing structures. Limited conservation resources highlight the utility and necessity of captive studies to contribute to the development of crossing structures and reduce costly trials in a wild setting. A morphometric assessment of Homo naledi deciduous molar teeth from Dinaledi Chamber, Rising Star cave system, South Africa JULIET K. BROPHY1,2, SHARA E. BAILEY3,4, JACOPO MOGGI-CECCHI5, LUCAS K. DELEZENE2,6, MATTHEW SKINNER2,4,7 and DARRYL J. DE RUITER2,8 1 Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 2Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 3Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, 4Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 5Laboratori di Antropologia, Universita` degli Studi di Firenze, 6Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, 7School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, 8Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University Fossil teeth play an important role in diagnosing and examining taxonomic differences in hominin species and factor strongly in discussions on the origins of the genus Homo. Less attention has been paid to deciduous teeth despite the fact that they are considered more conservative in their morphology compared to their permanent counterparts. This study uses elliptical fourier analysis to investigate the crown shape of the dm1, dm2, dm1, and dm2 of a sample of hominin teeth from the Plio-Pleistocene. The goal is to document the deciduous teeth of Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa, and to establish similarities/differences among hominins. The Dinaledi fossils were compared with deciduous molar teeth from hominins classified as Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, A. sediba, Paranthropus robustus, P. boisei, Homo sp., H. erectus, early H. sapiens, Upper Paleolithic H. sapiens, recent H. sapiens, and Neandertals. Principal component analyses were performed on the amplitudes of the digitized teeth. The results indicate that the dm2 overlaps the most with early and recent H. sapiens while the dm2 falls within the range of P. robustus. The trapezoidal outline of the dm1 is most similar to Neandertals. The dm1, however, is unique in its morphology when compared to the current sample due to its buccolingually narrow shape. The H. naledi teeth do not consistently align with any species in the comparative sample. A numerical scoring system for estimation of age-at-death via visual analysis of the pubic symphysis, modelled after the Brooks & Suchey (1990) phasing method, using a Thai population ALICE E. BROWN1 and PASUK MAHAKKANUKRAUH2 1 Science and Social Science, Peterborough Regional College, 2Department of Anatomy, Chiang Mai University The pubic symphysis is the most commonly used degenerative indicator for adult age-atdeath estimation from the skeleton. In current methodologies, the pubic symphysis is visually assessed based on largely predictable morphological changes which correspond with chronological age. However, issues with frequently used methods are many and varied. The Brooks & Suchey (1990) method specifically has been criticised for wide age ranges, high inter- and intra-observer error, sample size and population specificity. During research, ten features, all of which are mentioned by Brooks & Suchey (1990) were used and a hierarchy of scores for each feature developed. Weights were applied to each feature based on its “strength” and reliability as an indicator of age-at-death. This numerical scoring method was developed using a Thai population (n=486) and tested using the same population (n=252). Descriptors were used to assign and phase according to Brooks & Suchey (1990), then 130 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists scores, and a total weighted score, was determined using the new numerical method. Both males and females showed a very strong linear relationship; this led to the decision to use inverse prediction to develop a series of 95% age-at-death ranges based on weighted scores. Following the testing of the numerical method against both Brooks & Suchey (1990) methods (95% ranges and mean age +/- SD for the relevant phase), it was determined that the numerical method had an accuracy of 91.3%, vs. accuracies of 78.8% and 36.4% for Brooks & Suchey (1990)’s 95% ranges and mean +/- SD ranges respectively (n=252). Arsenic fed piglets: Assessing arsenic levels in decomposing pig tissue and soil samples COURTNEY L. BROWN and ROBERT R. PAINE Forensic Sciences, Texas Tech University This study develops expectations for assessing arsenic levels in pig tissue as it decomposes. There are several methods available for the assessment of arsenic. However, when one considers examining decomposing human tissue these tests are limited in arsenic detection. Furthermore, how arsenic degrades during decomposition is poorly understood, knowing this would help to assess acute-toxic antemortem dosages leading to death. Arsenic (potassium arsenate) was fed to 4 piglets at a sub-lethal concentration for a 3 day period. The piglets received 2.8 mg/kg of arsenic. Care of the pigs during arsenic feeding was done in accordance with Texas Tech University IUCAC procedures. Two additional piglets act as a control sample, and were not fed arsenic. After the fourth day they were euthanized and the 6 piglets were then placed for surface decomposition. Soil samples were taken before placement of the pigs and act as control samples. Tissue samples were taken from the pigs before they were set out. Additional tissues samples are taken after days ten, seventeen, thirty, sixty-six, and ninety. Soil and tissue samples show high levels of arsenic concentrations. Pre-carcass decomposition soil samples averaged 1.69 ppm of arsenic. The average amount of arsenic found in the soils on day ten was 2.57 ppm. There was no significant change in the arsenic concentrations from the soil under the control pigs. Tissue samples at day ten show a range of 0.017-0.0648 ppm. In conclusion, this project provides an assessment for expectations of arsenic concentrations in decomposing tissues and soil samples. ABSTRACTS Relations of hot flash severity, stress and socioeconomic status among Mayan and non-Mayan women in Campeche, Mexico DANIEL E. BROWN1, LYNNETTE L. SIEVERT2, LAURA HUICOCHEA GOMEZ3 and DIANA CAHUICH CAMPOS3 Anthropology, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 3Division of Society y Culture, ECOSUR Unidad Campeche, Mexico 1 2 Reports suggest psychosocial stress may invoke hot flashes. In a study of women at midlife residing in Campeche, Mexico, Maya and non-Maya participants were asked about the severity of hot flashes, completed the Perceived Stress Survey (PSS), had height and weight measured, provided information about socioeconomic status (SES) and education, and provided finger-stick blood samples for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Epstein-Barr virus antibodies (EBV). The blood samples were assayed using commercial ELIZA kits. No CRP values were over 10 mg/L that would indicate an acute inflammatory response, and all participants were EBV positive. PSS score was significantly correlated with hot flash intensity (n=305, ρ=0.17, p<0.01; Spearman correlations) and education (r=-0.18, p < 0.01), while EBV value was not significantly correlated with these variables nor with PSS score (n=114, r=-0.06, ns). In a regression model using backwards elimination with hot flash intensity as the dependent variable and EBV, PSS score, SES, education, BMI and age as predictor variables, PSS score (β=0.22, p < 0.05), EBV value (β=-0.18, p < 0.05) and SES (β=-0.16, p < 0.1) remained in the model. When the regressions were run separately for women of Mayan or non-Mayan ethnicity, respectively, for Maya, PSS score (r=0.31, p < 0.05) and SES (r=-0.20, p < 0.1) remained in the model; for non-Maya women, only EBV values (β=-0.33, p < 0.05) remained in the model. These results suggest an ethnic difference in the relation between stress and hot flash intensity among these women. Funding: NSF Grant #BCS-1156368. Use of the structured light scanner David SLS-2 for recording auricular surface in 3D and implications for age at death assessment JAROSLAV BRŮŽEK1, JÁN DUPEJ1,2, ANEŽKA KOTĚROVÁ1, REBEKA RMOUTILOVÁ1 and JANA VELEMÍNSKÁ1 1 Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 2Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Estimation of age at death by skeleton is complicated by errors that may arise from subjective evaluation of senescence related changes. This subjectivity can be mitigated with the use of three-dimensional imaging and mathematical evaluation of the data. Surface scanners allow for very precise and objective capture of bone surfaces; furthermore, their portability and affordability make them useful tools both on site and in a laboratory. The aim of this contribution is to capture the auricular surface on a small sample of pelvic bones (N=28) with the portable scanner David SLS-2 and to use methods of geometric morphometrics to describe the structural variability of the surfaces. We calculate Gaussian curvature in each vertex of the studied surface and use the distribution of curvature to estimate age at death with machine learning algorithms (support vector machines). Multivariate statistics are used to validate the differences in surface curvature distribution among age groups. The distribution of surface curvature is known to relate with age at death. Therefore, modern data mining techniques can be used to learn the patterns of senescence-related changes to the auricular surface and to predict age at death. Also, the scanner David SLS-2 is shown to be adequate for capturing the auricular surface for such purposes. Further perspectives of this research are discussed. This work has been supported by the grant SVV 260312/2016. Nutritional Strategies of Female Redtail Monkeys (Cercopithecus Ascanius) MARGARET A. H. BRYER1,2, DAVID RAUBENHEIMER3 and JESSICA M. ROTHMAN1,2,4 1 Anthropology Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 3Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, 4Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York Primates interact with complex foraging environments to assemble diets from available foods to meet their nutritional needs, which change, for example, with reproduction. Redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) are small-bodied guenons that are surprisingly flexible feeders, switching between a variety of food types and species. Given redtail monkeys’ reliance on fruits while also exploiting a variety of foods secondarily, we predicted that cycling females within and across groups would maintain a ratio of non-protein energy (NPE) to available protein (AP) that would place their nutritional strategy between what has previously been found for frugivorous spider monkeys and omnivorous baboons. We conducted full-day focal follows (n=96) on adult females (n=24) in three groups in Kibale National Park, Uganda and conducted nutritional analyses of >402 food samples with wet chemistry analyses and near-infrared spectroscopy. Plant reproductive parts contained a mean of 40.6 ± 16.4 (SD) hemicellulose, 31.5 ± 15.5 cellulose, 15.5 ± 9.6 lignin, 15.8 ± 5.7 crude protein, and 7.6 ± 7.6 fat. In contrast, leaf parts contained a mean of 42.3 ± 8.3 hemicellulose, 28.8 ± 7.5 cellulose, 14.6 ± 6.5 lignin, 24.6 ± 5.8 crude protein, and 2.8 ± 0.9 fat; insects contained a mean of 9 ± 2.3 chitin, 68.6 ± 10.6 crude protein and 12 ± 4.5 fat. Preliminary findings indicate that females maintain a NPE:AP balance of 7.8:1 and average daily energy intake of 407 ± 104 kcal, placing their nutritional strategy, as predicted, between that of frugivorous and omnivorous primates. This study was funded by NSF BCS 1540369 (DDRI Bio Anth), NSF BCS 1521528, NSF BCS 0922709, and NSF DGE 0966166 (NYCEP IGERT). Climatic adaptation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)as a model for calibrating human intraspecific variation LAURA T. BUCK1,2, ISABELLE DE GROOTE2,3, YUZURU HAMADA4 and JAY T. STOCK1 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, 2Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum (London), 3School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, 4Section of Evolutionary Morphology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Homo sapiens is a global species, a remarkable achievement for a tropical ape. Extensive phenotypic variation observed in our species may be, in part, a reflection of plasticity in response to these diverse environmental stresses. We seek to establish a base-line for intraspecific adaptation to climate by looking at outgroups e.g., non-human primates (NHPs), to better understand relative variation in humans. In this first phase we analysed latitudinal differences within Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). M. fuscata have the greatest latitudinal spread of any NHP, and are thus the best comparison. Climatic influences have been reported within M. fuscata, but a systematic study is lacking. We used linear measurements of postcrania and GMM analyses of CT-scanned crania on a sample of 80 M. fuscata from 4 different latitudes. There are differences in postcranial size and cranial size and shape. Yakushima Island (most southerly) is distinctive in postcranial size (smaller) but not shape. Although smaller size at lower latitudes fits Bergmann’s Law, lack of consistent latitudinal pattern in the rest of the sample may suggest Yakushima’s size results from resource scarcity, not climate. There are substantial cranial allometric differences between groups (led by Yakushima), yet groups can still be differentiated when this is corrected for. Allometry-free shape differences between groups show geographic patterning but do not simply reflect climatic expectations, other factors such as diet and gene-flow are likely also important. These results Conference Program 131 ABSTRACTS suggest climatic adaptation in the primate skeleton may be relatively modest This work was supported by the European Research Council (ADaPt Project: FP7-IDEAS-ERC 617627). Morphological correlates of limb differentiation in the cross-sectional geometric properties of anthropoid primate metapodials STEPHANIE H. BUI1 and BIREN A. PATEL1,2 1 Human and Evolutionary Biology, University of Southern California, 2Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Experimental studies investigating primate quadrupedal mechanics have consistently demonstrated that most taxa experience higher peak vertical forces on their hindlimbs than on their forelimbs. This functional differentiation in habitual limb loading is reflected in the structural properties of the mid-diaphysis of the humerus and femur, with the latter tending to be more robust. These results support the hypothesis that long bone diaphyses respond to their external loading history. This study further tests this hypothesis by investigating robusticity differences between hand and foot bones of anthropoids with published force plate data: Pan, Pongo, Chlorocebus, Erythrocebus, Macaca, Papio, Ateles, Sapajus, Callithrix. Using micro-CT scans, we measured polar second moment of area in the metacarpals (Mc) and metatarsals (Mt) of digits 1 and 3. As predicted, Mt1 was more robust than Mc1 in all taxa except Callithrix. In monkeys the Mt3 is more robust than the Mc3, supporting the hypothesis that there is a relationship between relative bone strength and habitual loads between limb pairs. In Pan, however, metapodials are either equal in strength or the Mc3 is stronger than the Mt3. Chimpanzees may need relatively stronger hand bones than monkeys because their weight is supported by a relatively smaller surface area when using a knuckle-walking hand posture. This could result in greater stresses in the hand than the foot, despite absolute magnitudes of forces being higher in the latter. We conclude that the strength of hand and foot bones is a result of both their kinetics and kinematics. Funded by the National Science Foundation (BCS1317047; BCS-1317029; BCS-1539741) and the USC Office of the Provost. Unstated Assumptions and Interdisciplinarity in the Study of Ancient Pathogen DNA JANE E. BUIKSTRA SHESC, Arizona State University Historically, the study of ancient disease(s) has attracted scholars drawn from an eclectic mix of biomedical and social scientists, clinicians, and historians of disease. The development of increasingly refined methods for ancient DNA study during the past quarter-century has shifted the interpretative balance into the laboratory and away from archaeological and historical contexts. is an unusual site within Pliocene deposits of the Turkana Basin as it preserves an extensive microfaunal record, providing an opportunity to begin to explore paleoenvironment, and possibly microhabitats, using rodent microwear. This paper will firstly consider the degree to which laboratory analyses can truly be contextfree. While many researchers today focus upon defining the phylogeography of infectious diseases, refined explanatory models will require increased emphasis upon contexts and conserving the non-renewable resource base that is the archaeological record. Truly collaborative, interdisciplinary research will be required. We conducted dental microwear texture analyses of fossil rodent molars (n=34) from Kanapoi utilizing a blue-light scanning confocal microscope at 150x magnification. Scale-sensitive fractal analysis was then applied to characterize diet-related microwear textures. The fossil sample included nine taxa identified to genus, and a small group of less certain taxonomic affinity. A taxon-free comparison of the fossils to our currently available extant baseline series indicates that the rodents from Kanapoi evince relatively low texture heterogeneity compared with highly opportunistic living omnivores, such as Mastomys coucha. Results suggest that rodents at Kanapoi likely included grass in their diets, and were able to be somewhat selective within the patchwork of habitats at the site. Secondly, focusing upon three competing models for the phylogeography of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, this paper will illustrate the importance of close interdisciplinary collaborations in developing and implementing scientific research on ancient pathogen DNA. These three models vary considerably in estimated time depth and the manner in which human and animal hosts are invoked. It is argued here that these conflicts rest on unstated assumptions within specific fields that may lead to fatal flaws in overall research designs. These assumptions include uniformitarian principles of disease expression in paleopathology, the genetics of mycobacteria, and the specificity of mycobacterial disease expression in non-human animals and in the archaeological record. It is argued here that collaborators from genetics and bioarchaeology, for example, must share core common knowledge about their approaches and the science they represent. The National Science Foundation, Programa Contisuyu, the Max Planck Institute (Jena), and the US National Museum of Natural History Paleoenvironmental reconstruction at Kanapoi through use of rodent dental microwear JENNY H.E. BURGMAN1, FREDRICK KYALO MANTHI2, J. MICHAEL PLAVCAN3, CAROL V. WARD4 and PETER S. UNGAR3 Environmental Dynamics, University of Arkansas, Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, 4Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine 1 2 Reconstructions of paleoenvironments at sites like Kanapoi offer valuable context for understanding hominin evolution during the PlioPleistocene. Dental microwear texture analysis offers one proxy by providing useful data on diet preferences, and hence the foods available to animals at given sites. Although most such work has been conducted on larger mammals, application of these methods to rodents may be particularly useful, as micromammals are constrained to small geographic ranges. Kanapoi 132 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists NSF BCS-1231749 (CVW FKM), NSF BCS-1231675 (JMP, PSU), NSF BCS-0948283 (PSU), the Wenner Gren Foundation, University of Missouri Research Board, the Leakey Foundation, and the Paleontological Scientific Trust. Pre-Axial Polydactyly in a Mid-Holocene Human Skeleton from Gobero, Niger SCOTT E. BURNETT1 and CHRISTOPHER M. STOJANOWSKI2 Department of Anthropology, Eckerd College, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University 1 2 Polydactyly is a congenital condition characterized by a hand or foot with six or more digits. Most cases affect the first ray (pre-axial polydactyly) or fifth ray (post-axial polydactyly). While among the more common musculoskeletal defects present today, few skeletal examples have been identified from archaeological contexts. The purpose of this study is to present the oldest known human case of polydactyly, excavated at the mid-Holocene site of Gobero in Niger. Pre-axial polydactyly was identified unilaterally in the hand skeleton of G3B41, an adult female aged 35-45 years old at death. The left first metacarpal is trifurcated with two additional heads diverging distally from the dorsal surface of the diaphysis. The normal left first metacarpal head is damaged post-mortem but the corresponding proximal phalanx and distal phalanx fragment are unremarkable. Both supernumerary metacarpal heads are roughened, with superficial pitting and the appearance of subchondral bone. One or more additional elements for articulation with these supernumerary metacarpal heads likely existed but were not recovered. Though it is unclear how this individual would have been viewed by their community, the find is ABSTRACTS significant for two primary reasons: 1) Post-axial polydactyly is most common in modern individuals of African ancestry, but pre-axial polydactyly as seen here is exceedingly rare; 2) the earliest known prior archaeological case of polydactyly is Pharaoh Seti I, dating to 1290 BC. The polydactylous individual from Gobero dates to 3620 cal BC, making it the oldest case yet identified by over 2300 years. The Incidence and Variance of Metopism in Three Medieval British Populations CARLA L. BURRELL, SILVIA GONZALEZ and JOEL D. IRISH Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University The metopic suture, identified from the nasion to the bregma, typically disappears during infancy and early childhood. However, in some cases, this suture persists into adulthood and this condition is known as metopism. Metopism is a frequently recorded variant of the human cranium and the incidence, persistence and completeness of this trait varies within and between different populations. This study identifies the variation of the metopic suture in 481 crania from three Medieval samples; the St. Owen’s Church Collection, Gloucestershire (n=57), the Poulton Chapel (n=344) and the Norton Priory (n=80) Collections, Cheshire. Metopism was observed in 12.1% of all cases while incomplete variation of the metopic suture was reported in 36.4% of cases. These incomplete variations were only exhibited within the lower portion of the frontal bone identifying further observations of variation concerning the shape of the metopic suture. The most common shape recorded was the ‘Wide side to side excursion’ type (48%). The next frequently observed variation was the ‘Linear’ shape (32.6%) followed by the ‘U shape’ (14.9%). Finally, the ‘V shape’ (10.9%) and ‘H Shape’ (9.1%) presented a similar rate of occurrences. No significant differences were reported between the sexes, or by site. However, there is a significate difference between the prevalence rate of metopism (H=9.506, p=0.009) and the incomplete variation of the metopic suture (H=6.940, p=0.031) between all three Medieval British sites. This study presents a much higher incidence of metopism and metopic suture variation in comparison to previous research on European populations. Exudate-feeding in Lorisidae: Evolutionary divergence in the toothcomb and lower molar ANNE M. BURROWS1, ADAM HARTSTONE-ROSE2 and LEANNE T. NASH3 1 Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, 2Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 3School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University Lorisids are among the most poorly understood primates but may provide important information on primate evolution. Nycticebus is a gouging exudativore while the other genera are carnivorous (Loris and Arctocebus)or frugivorous-exudativorous (Perodicticus), presenting an opportunity to investigate the evolution of exudativory in a defined group. We previous demonstrated that Nycticebus spp. had a robust toothcomb and molar reduction relative to Loris. This study was designed to probe exudativory across the lorisids by including Perodicticus and Arctocebus. Select teeth from 121 adult lorisids were measured with sliding, digital calipers to the nearest 0.01mm. Mean dental dimensions were calculated, with the geometric mean of dimensions per specimen as a scaler, and ability of the toothcomb to resist bending forces was calculated. Mean differences were compared using a one-way ANOVA with significance set at p<0.05. The exudativorous, gouging Nycticebus had a significantly higher ability in the toothcomb to resist bending forces (Nycticebus > Perodicticus > Arctocebus = Loris). Nycticebus and Perodicticus had significantly shorter, narrower toothcombs than Loris and Arctocebus,along with reduction in M3 (Loris = Arctocebus > Nycticebus = Perodicticus). Overall, Arctocebus and Loris consistently clustered together as did Nycticebus and Perodicticus. These results may be reflective of body size (Loris < Arctocebus < Nycticebus < Perodicticus), but this is unlikely since all raw measurements were scaled via the geometric mean. The patterning of dental dimensions appears congruent with the differences in diet and methods of exudate harvesting across these genera. Internal craniofacial morphology of high-altitude Tibetans may reflect unique adaptations to hypoxic environments LAUREN N. BUTARIC1,2 and ROSS KLOCKE2 Department of Anatomy, Des Moines University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University 1 2 High-altitude populations (>2500m) face increased respiratory pressures due to exposure to colder temperatures, lower humidity, and hypoxic conditions. Theoretically, adaptations in upper respiratory structures (i.e., nasal cavity, maxillary sinuses) could help alleviate some pressures, whereby tall/wide nasal cavities would augment oxygen uptake, tall/narrow nasal cavities would help in air conditioning processes, and/or larger sinuses could increase nitric oxide production or storage to facilitate oxygen delivery. Since previous research on high-altitude craniofacial morphology is limited, this initial study explores whether two high-altitude samples (Tibetans, Yauyos-Peruvians) exhibit different nasal-sinus morphologies compared to their lowland counterparts (Chinese, PachacamacPeruvians). Utilizing 3D-rendered models from CT scans, we collected 15 linear distances measuring the external midface, internal nasal cavity, and maxillary sinuses. Nasal cavity volume, maxillary sinus volume, and a geometric mean for craniofacial size were also calculated. ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests on size-standardized measures suggest that while samples do not differ in most craniofacial measures, Tibetans present significantly taller nasal cavities compared to low-altitude Chinese (p=0.040), and larger maxillary sinus volumes compared to both low-altitude Chinese (p=0.027) and PachacamacPeruvians (p=0.023). While regression analyses show that for most samples sinus volume is predominantly explained by facial height and breadth dimensions, relatively larger maxillary sinuses among Tibetans appear primarily related to anteroposterior length relationships. Thus, Tibetans display a unique internal craniofacial morphology, characterized by enlarged and elongated maxillary sinuses. We suggest these relatively large sinuses could relate to the increased levels of nitric oxide previously found among high-altitude Tibetans, allowing further adaptation to hypoxic environments. Building America on Broken Bones: Comparative Analysis of Antemortem Fracture Patterns of Three Contemporary American Poorhouse Cemeteries JENNIFER F. BYRNES Social Sciences, University of Hawaii - West Oahu The Industrial Revolution in the United States created major manufacturing centers built on the backs of the swelling immigrant population. Recently, several poorhouse cemeteries that were used to bury the urban poor have been excavated and analyzed. In the current study, three contemporaneous poorhouse cemeteries are compared via antemortem fracture rates and patterns: the Albany County Almshouse Cemetery (18261926), the Erie County Poorhouse Cemetery (1851-1913), and the Milwaukee County Institutional Grounds Cemetery (1882-1925). The primary question is whether the dominant industries in each urban center resulted in different fracture patterns in the skeletal samples from each city. Secondarily, are there observable inter-sample fracture differences between the sexes? The cemetery samples have similar overall demographics and similar inter-sample antemortem fracture patterns when examining males versus females. One obvious difference in prevalence is seen in the nasal region, with Milwaukee having the lowest nasal fracture rate (7.04%), Albany second highest (19.1%), and Erie County having the highest prevalence (25.5%). Only males had nasal fractures for Milwaukee, while Albany and Erie had both males (19.4% and 21.7%, respectively) and females (18.2% and Conference Program 133 ABSTRACTS 7.1%, respectively). Fractures of the upper limbs were similar in prevalence, with variations probably related to preservation of epiphyseal ends. The lower limb patterns were slightly different, with higher rates of tibial, fibular, and patellar fractures in the Erie County cemetery. There are similarities in injuries in urban poor during this time, and some interesting differences that may not be related to occupation but possibly interpersonal violence. Genetic Ancestry, Race, and National Belonging in Argentina: Interdisciplinary Investigations GRACIELA S. CABANA , MARCELA MENDOZA and LINDSAY SMITH4 1 2,3 Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, 3 Institute of Decision and Cognitive Studies, University of Oregon, Eugene, 4Anthropology, University of New Mexico 1 2 Social science and bioethics scholars have raised the question of whether genetic ancestry-based studies encourage a new form of race essentialism. To develop a better understanding of the dynamic between genetics and race, these scholars have called for further empirical research in varied social-cultural settings, as well as extending analyses into related notions of national belonging. In response to this call, we formed an interdisciplinary team comprised of three anthropologists (one biological, two cultural) and one statistician. Our team is engaged in an ongoing investigation of how genetic ancestry inference affects notions of race and national belonging in Argentina. The study combines genetic ancestry analyses with the exploration of individual and group attitudes via a longitudinal ethnographic study, participant observation, and evaluation of primary and secondary sources. More broadly, the cross-cultural and interdisciplinary collaboration allows for a recursive exploration of the meaning of race and intersectionality. Through team discussions about language use, form and questionnaire creation, and sampling, we have been forced to examine our tacit assumptions about categories and their utility as research concepts. The nature of this collaboration, with all team members participating in each aspect of data collection and analysis (rather than a traditional retreat to disciplinary strengths where, for example, the biological anthropologist does lab work and the cultural anthropologist, the ethnography) we have not only learned from each other but also about the epistemology of “population-making” in our respective fields. Supported by the National Science Foundation (NSFSES-1344185) and the Latin American and Iberian Institute, University of New Mexico. Commingled, Disarticulated, and Eroded… Oh My! Navigating Bioarchaeology in the Arabian Peninsula ALYSON C. CAINE Interdisciplinary Humanities, University of California, Merced Bioarchaeology in the Arabian Peninsula is characterized by brittle, eroded, and fragmented human remains. Secondary burial practices, looting, and poor climate have devastated the bioarchaeological record of individuals from prehistoric Arabia, leaving limited information to be gained about the individual. The aim of this poster is to highlight the importance, although arduous, bioarchaeology in the Arabian Peninsula is to understanding prehistoric society and identity. The results of two bioarchaeological projects will be utilized as the materials to present the possible demographic outcomes of analysis. Two different projects in the Arabian Peninsula, Batinah, Oman, and Ra’s al-Khaimah, UAE, depict the variable information obtainable of identity. One site is comprised of a minimum of 504 commingled, disarticulated individuals from a Wadi Suq (2000-1200 BC) cemetery comprised of four tombs. The other site is comprised of 64 tombs with a minimum of 27 discrete internments dating to Hafit (3200-2700/2500 BC)/Iron Age (1000-300 BC). Within and between these sites variation is observed in level of preservation and completeness, the majority of skeletal elements were recorded with fragmentation and erosion of cortical surface. Although cortical surface erosion and fragmentation is common in skeletal elements from these sites, distributions of age, sex, stature, pathological conditions were recorded providing an idea of demographic distribution and pathological condition prevalence. While sample size and preservation restricted statistically significant instances, these sites provide comparative samples and jumping off point for future excavations and research in the region, which will contribute to the greater knowledge about identity for the region. The effects of osteoarthritis on age at death estimates from the human pelvis STEPHANIE E. CALCE1, HELEN K. KURKI1, DARLENE WESTON2 and LISA GOULD1 1 Anthropology, University of Victoria, 2Anthropology, University of British Columbia Predictable age-progressive morphological arthritic traits have been used to derive several methods of estimating adult age at death in various skeletal joints. This study examined the degree of error in age at death estimates when osteoarthritis (OA) is present in age estimation methods based on three separate pelvic joint areas: 1) pubic symphysis, 2) auricular surface, and 3) acetabulum on a modern known-age European cemetery sample (N=252). 134 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Age at death ranged from 17–99 years (mean=50.9 years). OA in the pelvic joints was evaluated using standard ranked categorical scoring. Composite OA scores were derived through principal component analysis. Blind age assessments and all analyses were performed separately by region. Error between adult age groups (young, middle, old) and between OA severity groups (low, middle, high) was evaluated using one-way ANOVAs with post-hoc testing, ordinary least squares regression, and transition analysis with a cumulative probit model. Ages-attransition were compared with Nphases2. Three significant results emerge. First, OA severity has an effect on the accuracy of age estimates from os coxa joints in this sample. Second, this influence is most significant for different age cohorts in each joint region, demonstrating that varied rates of arthritic trait progression occur between the auricular surface, pubic symphyses, and acetabulum. Third, those with OA appear to be aging faster, a consistent trend among the os coxa regions. These results have significant consequences for understanding the rate of bone remodeling in relation to disease, aging, and the evaluation of skeletal age indicators. Funding provided by the Canadian Institute of Health Research Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship (SC), and by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (HK). Differences between Human and Chimpanzee Costo-vertebral Joint Anatomy WILLIAM É. CALLISON and DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Humans differ from other non-human primates, including chimpanzees, in being adapted for longterm endurance activities such as running, but how might the anatomy of the thorax facilitate increased aerobic capabilities? During sustained high aerobic activities, humans need to breathe approximately 60.4 milliliters of air/minute per kilogram of body mass, but it is unknown if differences in rib and vertebral anatomy enable the human thorax to produce such large volumetric changes and high flow rates. To investigate this challenge, a series of morphological measurements were taken on 7 adult Homo sapiens and 6 adult Pan troglodytes skeletons. Photographic images of the articular facets on the heads of the ribs and the corresponding superior and inferior costal facets on the vertebrae were used to make 3D computer models and determine the included angle of each costo-vertebral joint. We found that humans exhibit a distinctly different costo-vertebral joint morphology than chimps, with the superior (n=54, average included angle=72.90°) and inferior (n=68, average included angle=67.37°) costal facets of the vertebrae being significantly (p<.0001) more convex than the flattened facets ABSTRACTS found in chimps (n=48, average included angle=6.32°; n=60, average included angle=-4.49°, respectively). Furthermore, the corresponding inferior articular (n=53, average included angle=50.95°) and superior articular (n=53, average included angle=-42.59°) rib facets were significantly (p<.0001) more concave in humans than in chimps (n=48, average included angle=-1.44°; n=48, average included angle=-2.87°, respectively). These differences support the hypothesis that human costo-vertebral joint anatomy evolved to facilitate increased thoracic movement and simultaneously increase ventilatory capacity during endurance activities. Limb biomechanics and terrestrial mobility among Pleistocene and Holocene foragers and herders in northern, eastern, and southern Africa MICHELLE E. CAMERON and JAY T. STOCK Phenotypic Adaptability, Variation and Evolution (PAVE) Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge Mobile foraging strategies were undertaken throughout Africa during the Pleistocene and Holocene, and persisted to varying extents after the adoption of pastoralism. The morphological implications of mobile lifeways may be examined through biomechanical analyses of lower limb cross-sectional geometric properties (CSGPs). This paper will test whether large-scale spatial and temporal similarities in lower limb CSGPs exist between prehistoric foraging and herding groups from northern, eastern, and southern Africa. Femoral and tibial CSGPs were examined among three prehistoric foraging groups (Iberomaurusian; Later Stone Age, or LSA, Tanzanian; and LSA Cape coast foragers) and four herding groups (Badari herders; Masai herders; LSA southern African central interior herder-foragers; and Namib Desert herder-foragers) from northern, eastern, and southern Africa respectively. Midshaft (50%) torsional strength (J), total subperiosteal area (TA), and diaphyseal shape indicators (Imax/Imin and Ix/Iy) were compared. CSGPs were calculated from periosteal contours obtained using periosteal molds and 3D laser surface scans. Namib Desert and central interior herder-foragers, LSA foragers from Tanzania, and southern African LSA Cape coast foragers had significantly higher TA and J than Badari herders, Masai herders, and Iberomaurusian foragers. Significant differences in Ix/Iy and Imax/Imin were driven by high values among LSA Cape coast foragers. Low Iberomaurusian TA and J relative to other foragers indicate that foraging lifeways may encompass a range of mobility patterns and lower limb morphologies. Additionally, similarities between central interior and Namib Desert herder-foragers and exclusively foraging LSA groups indicate that biomechanical indicators of terrestrial mobility are not always distinguishable between mobile foragers and herders. This research was partly funded by the Natural Environment Research Council to JTS; and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, Tweedie Exploration Fellowship, and Palaeontological Scientific Trust to MEC. The influence of body size in age estimation from the pelvic joints: methodological considerations VANESSA CAMPANACHO CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, University of Coimbra, Portugal It has been suggested that variable rates of skeletal ageing among adults may be caused by genetic, cultural and environmental factors. However, few studies have investigated the possible effects of confounding factors in skeletal metamorphosis with age, such as occupation, diseases, drug and alcohol consumption, pregnancy and birth and body size. The majority of studies have analysed the effects of those factors on age estimation methods’ accuracy and bias. It is important to understand how a particular factor may influence an age estimation method, but it may not provide a complete picture of the direct effect it may have on skeletal degeneration with age. Therefore, the present study investigated if stature and body mass affected age-related criteria of the acetabulum in adult individuals of both sexes from the Coimbra (n= 311) and the William Bass Donated Skeletal collections (n= 236). Three sets of age-related criteria were analysed: 1) six acetabular traits, 2) two components (weighted linear combinations of traits), obtained with PCA, indicating a higher degenerative variance between the two fossa traits and between the four lunate surface traits, and 3) a composite score, which was the sum of all trait scores. Logistic regression analysis indicated that body mass and stature only influenced some of the age-related criteria, with different criteria being affected between both collections. The present investigation enhances our knowledge and understanding of the skeletal ageing process in adults by following a direct analysis of the body size effect in acetabular age-related criteria. The doctoral research was funded by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/ BD/77962/2011). The ‘Drunken Monkey’ Hypothesis and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): Further Evaluation CHRISTINA J. CAMPBELL1, VICTORIA R. WEAVER1 and ROBERT DUDLEY2 Anthropology, California State University, Northridge, Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley 1 2 The Drunken Monkey Hypothesis (DMH) proposes that human consumption of alcohol stems from a deep-rooted affinity present in all frugivorous nonhuman primates for naturally occurring ethanol within ripe fruit. Ethanol is naturally produced by the metabolic activity of fermentative yeasts within fruit pulp as the fruit ripens. There has been an increase in the number of studies examining the main tenets of the DMH over a variety of animal species (both primate and non-primate) showing that wild animals may in fact regularly consume naturally occurring ethanol. Previously we have presented data on ethanol concentrations in Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) fruits consumed by free ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama (BCI). Specifically, we have shown that more than 85% of the fruits collected that were partially consumed by the monkeys contained measureable levels of ethanol (typically in the 1-2% range). In this presentation we readdress these data from the broader perspective of foraging cues and ripeness and discuss ways in which ethanol may be used as an indicator of the palatability of a fruit. We also present new data on the presence of Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG), a metabolite of ethanol, in the urine of spider monkeys. Funded by Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, International Primatological Society (VRW), and California State University Northridge - College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, and a Scholarship and Creative Activity Award (CJC). Retrospective correspondence analysis of a commingling event JESSICA L. CAMPBELL Anthropology, University at Albany - State University of New York The Zona de Entierros (Mayapan, Yucatan) is a commingled assemblage consisting of taphonomically altered human and faunal bone. It consists of 7319 fragments representing at least 20 individuals with evidence of burning and processing. The purpose of this study is to identify relationships within this assemblage using original data and excavation records with the following goals: 1) identify possible relationships that may lead to re-association of remains, 2) lead to a more informed interpretation of this event, and 3) demonstrate the utility of correspondence analysis (CA) for commingling recoveries. CA identifies meaningful relationships and analyzes the frequencies of bone observed by transforming the original data into coordinates, which are then plotted to visually access relationships between units, bones, and treatment. Results indicated a pattern of concentrated burning, but the highest densities of fragments were not synonymous with burning. The cranial fragments were the most burned, processed, and fragmented of the anatomical regions; the Conference Program 135 ABSTRACTS lower limb and hands were spatially associated but the least altered. Elements of the feet had the strongest association with the trunk, and both of these regions had the greatest processing. The overall conclusion of this study indicates that there is no anatomical order to indicate bodies were complete at the time of deposition, and suggests dismemberment and fragmentation occurred prior to deposition and burning. As a methodology, CA is a useful tool for commingling recoveries to assist in the clarification of complex relationships and the re-creation and increased comprehension of a commingling event. Warm pools, upwellings, and an early glacial. Are “mid-Pliocene” climate transitions reflected in the eastern African records?” CHRISTOPHER J. CAMPISANO1,2 and KAYE E. REED1,2 Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University 1 2 The Piacenzian Age (~3.60-2.58 Ma) of the Pliocene, particularly the mid-Piacenzian, was a time of significant paleoclimate variability leading up to the onset and intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. For example, a “failed glacial” (Marine Isotope Stage M2) occurred just prior to the well documented mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP), a major focus of paleoclimatic research. This time interval has also been suggested to include significant paleogeographic changes that would have influenced ocean circulation and global climate, such as the final closure of the Central American Seaway and constriction of the Indonesian Throughflow. Most climate models indicate that northeast African climate was, in general, both colder and wetter during the mPWP. Using various paleorecords from Hadar, Ethiopia, we test for any correspondence between these global scale changes and local paleoenvironmental impacts. Changes in the Hadar faunal and floral assemblages may show a response to the cooling of MIS M2, but the directionality of this change compared to the expected response is dependent on the climate model used. In contrast, a shift in the Hadar/Afar record beginning ~3.2-3.1 Ma towards more open habitats is coincident not only with a significant increase in dust recorded in marine cores from the Gulf of Aden, but also broadly correlates with the proposed development of modern oceanic upwelling cells. In particular, as suggested by previous research, a cooling of the western Indian Ocean related to the constriction of the Indonesian Throughflow may have impacted the Somali Current and led a decrease in rainfall over northeastern Africa. Abrupt decline in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) but not in sympatric white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) in a tropical dry forest conservation area in Costa Rica FERNANDO A. CAMPOS1,2, KATHARINE M. JACK1 and LINDA M. FEDIGAN2 Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary 1 2 Long-term monitoring is essential for uncovering forces that shape population size and demographic structure, assessing environmental impacts, and evaluating conservation outlooks. Here, we report on disparate long-term population trends in sympatric primate species, mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator), that inhabit tropical dry forest in Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, based on 15 park-wide censuses collected over a 43-year period. We have previously described population growth in both species that reached approximate steady states along different timelines. Recently, we observed an abrupt decline of approximately 40% in the howler population that occurred between censuses in 2007 and 2011 and continued through 2015, during which period the capuchin population held approximately steady. Although the causes of the howler population decline remain unclear, several noteworthy climate trends occurred during this time that indicate increasing climate variability and greater potential for thermal stress: (1) prolonged oscillations in the dominant climate regime from La Niña to El Niño dominated phases, (2) a severe drought, and (3) a clear signal of climate warming. In addition, we examine a timeline of relevant regional events to evaluate evidence for several hypotheses, including epidemic disease, chemical exposure, and food resource failure, which have been proposed in conjunction with a spate of recent howler die-offs elsewhere. Although speculative, our findings suggest cause for concern and highlight the need for physiological and epidemiological investigations into the causes of this abrupt decline. We thank the Leakey Foundation, Louisiana Board of Regents, Roger Thayer Center for Latin American Studies, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and the Canada Research Chair Program Nutritional Balancing of Milk: Examining Nutritional Variability in Human Milk through a Geometric Framework EMMA C. CANCELLIERE1,2, KATIE HINDE3,4, DAVID RAUBENHEIMER5 and JESSICA M. ROTHMAN1,2,6 1 Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 2., New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology, 3School of Human Evolution & Social Change, Arizona State University, 4Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, 136 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 5 Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 6Anthropology, Hunter College The macronutrient composition in milk is thought to be a result of environment, diet, and life history characteristics. In turn, the composition of milk has implications for duration of nutritional reliance on the mother, infant growth and development rates, and weaning age. Within the order primates, milk is typically low in protein compared to other mammals, which supports the slow, linear growth characteristic of primates. Numerous studies have shown that human milk is not uniform nutritionally; the macronutrients in milk vary in relation to maternal, environmental, genetic, and temporal factors. This variation is present both within and between women, contributing to differences in the nutritional intake of infants. To better understand these dynamics, we considered the fat, protein and carbohydrate concentrations reported in the literature using the geometric framework of nutrition. We found that the relative proportion of protein in human milk is constant across lactational stage, while relative proportion of lipids shifts upward over the course of lactation. Further, we find that the relative proportion of fat and carbohydrates are inversely proportional. This relationship may assist in regulating the proportion of protein present in milk at any given time. This is supported by our finding of nutrient ratio shifts across lactation, consistent with changing breastfeeding physiology, infant developmental priorities, and weaning transitions. Lastly, our findings in humans are consistent with similar findings across primates, signaling the importance of these mechanisms in life history patterning across the order. Long bone cross-sectional diaphyseal shape follows different ontogenetic trajectories in captive and wild gorillas STEPHANIE L. CANINGTON1, ADAM D. SYLVESTER1, M. LORING BURGESS1, JUHO-ANTTI JUNNO2 and CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF1 1 Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2Department of Archaeology, University of Oulu Experimental and observational studies on a diversity of mammalian taxa have demonstrated the extent to which long bone diaphyseal structure is developmentally plastic, responding to mechanical forces during the individual’s life. The effects of captivity on limb bone structure are unclear, with some studies indicating little if any effect, and with vague definitions of “captivity”. The tendency to lump all zoo specimens within the same “captive” status may misrepresent the range of enclosure compositions and complexities, nutritional qualities of diet, and developmental or behavioral effects of long-term vs. short-term captivity. Our study analyzed 12 Western lowland gorillas (G. g. gorilla) from zoos, all well-documented as ABSTRACTS having been captive since infancy, defined as up to 2 years of age. These included 8 adults (fully fused epiphyses) and 4 juveniles (dental age 0.8-4 years). Captive specimens were compared with 36 adult and 28 age-matched juvenile wild-collected specimens. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to measure cross-sectional properties in mid-diaphyseal regions of femora, tibiae, and humeri. Cross-sectional shapes were assessed as AP/ ML bending strength ratios (Zx/Zy), as well as percent cortical area (%CA). Differences between captive and wild juvenile specimens were not statistically significant for both measures of cross-sectional shape (p>0.25). Adults, however, differed significantly in measures of Zx/Zy in all three bones (p<0.02), as well as %CA in humeri (p<0.01). Our results demonstrate that ontogenetic trajectories of long bone cross-sectional shape vary between captive and wild gorillas, which begin with very similar morphologies, but diverge throughout life. Funding provided by the National Science Foundation (BCS 1316104) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (8657). Combining functional and forward genomics to explore the evolutionary developmental regulation of primate long bone length variation TERENCE D. CAPELLINI1,2, MICHAEL HILLER3, JESSICA WILLEN1, ANTHONY W. WOHNS1 and HEATHER DINGWALL1 Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Genomics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 3 Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics 1 2 Differences in the lengths, shapes, and proportions of the fore- and hindlimb long bones reflect the skeletal adaptations primates have evolved to occupy diverse ecological niches. From an evolutionary perspective, this diversity reflects the actions of natural selection on variation in regulatory sequence governing pre- and postnatal developmental processes. To date, very few sequences have been identified that mediate length variation and it remains unclear whether primates with similar limb phenotypes have utilized similar or different regulatory mechanisms. Here, we address these issues by generating and synthesizing functional genomic, comparative genomic, and morphological datasets in the context of limb development and primate evolution. We have used the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq) to reveal genome-wide open chromatin “regulatory” profiles for the embryonic long bones. We reveal “regulatory” regions that are shared as well as unique to each skeletal element. Next, we employ comparative genomics and forward genomics approaches on these regulatory sequences to reveal sequences that have evolved in parallel in primates exhibiting similar limb phenotypes. For example, we find a number of potentially informative sequences shared between humans and tarsiers that may underlie hindlimb elongation in both primates. One locus consists of a regulatory enhancer intronic to the gene Biglycan, a proteoglycan expressed in cartilage growth plates whose loss results in bone length alterations. Surprisingly, modifications to this sequence are apparent in other mammals that also exhibit hindlimb elongation suggestive of a broader evolutionary trend in parallelism. These sequences are currently being tested in the mouse. This research has been funded in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation (No. BCS-1518596). useful skeletal correlates differentiating habitual bipedalism. Collectively, results suggest the combination, or perhaps either feature used in isolation, may be a useful mechanism for inferring ankle functional morphology in hominids or extinct hominins. For financial support, we thank the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation (South Africa), as well as the Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences (Wits). An application of structure from motion to document the decomposition of hacking wounds CONNOR D. CARLTON1 and SAMANTHA MITCHELL2 Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Texas Tech University 1 Functional Morphology of the Hominoid Ankle Joint: Locomotor Activity and Shape Variation of the Tibial Plafond MELANIE A. FRELAT1, TEA JASHASHVILI2,4 and KRISTIAN J. CARLSON3,4 1 UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille University/EFS/ CNRS, 2Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Georgian National Museum, 3Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Recent studies of ankle joint geometry, specifically outline shape of the tibial articulation with the talar trochlea (i.e., tibial plafond), highlight conflicting signals in functional correspondence between articular surface outline and (vertical) climbing frequency. This uncertainty hampers inferring activity patterns in fossil hominoids, including hominins, based on distal tibia morphology, and the ankle joint specifically. To further clarify functional signatures of diverse locomotor repertoires within the tibial plafond, we used 3D geometric morphometrics to document morphological variation within a sample of extant hominoids (Gorilla beringei, G. gorilla, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Pongo abelii, P. pygmaeus) and a non-hominoid anthropoid (Papio sp.). We also evaluated correlations between tibial plafond 3D shape and epiphyseal orientations (i.e., tibial plafond and tibial plateau angles relative to the shaft). Two between-group PCAs were performed, using either locomotor or phylogenetic groupings. Better cluster separation was observed within the former, supporting the presence of a functional signal in the region, but not in a way that supported the hypothesis of a trapezoidal-shaped (anteriorly-widened) tibial plafond being associated with (vertical) climbing frequency. The absence of a partial or fully anteroposterior-keeled tibial plafond, or the lack of a marked functional mortise, differentiated bipeds from non-bipeds, including climbers. A strong correlation between corresponding PC scores and tibial plafond angle relative to the shaft corroborates both features as 2 Over the past decade, Structure from Motion (SfM) has increasingly been used as a means of digital preservation and for documenting archaeological excavations, architecture, and cultural material. However, few studies have tapped the potential of using SfM to document and analyze taphonomic processes affecting burials for forensic sciences purposes. This paper utilizes SfM models to elucidate specific post-depositional events that affected a series of three human cadavers deposited at the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science (STAFS) Facility. Prior to deposition, a series of cuts were inflicted on each cadaver using a non-serrated machete. Afterwards, remains were deposited and placed within enclosures. For a series of three months a single lens reflex (SLR) camera was used to capture a series of overlapping images at periodic stages in the decomposition process of each cadaver. These images are processed through photogrammetric software that creates a 3D model that can be measured, manipulated, and viewed. This project used photogrammetric and geospatial software to map entomological changes in decomposition and movement of the body from original deposition points. Project results indicate significant movement of metacarpals and metatarsals immediately after deposition and increased entomological activity in areas afflicted by sharp force trauma. Furthermore, this project argues the use of SfM has potential to contribute to decomposition studies for time of death analyses. The results of this study indicate photogrammetry is an efficient, relatively simple, and affordable tool for the documentation of decomposing hacking trauma. Conference Program 137 ABSTRACTS Food and its Form: Cooking Shapes the Gut Microbiome RACHEL N. CARMODY1 and PETER J. TURNBAUGH2 1 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 2Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco The trillions of microbes resident in the human gut contribute importantly to multiple physiological processes, including digestion, detoxification, and energy regulation. These profound yet variable influences on the human phenotype offer targets for natural selection and contexts for human-microbial co-adaptation. Therefore, studies of factors dictating the structure and function of the gut microbiome, such as diet, permit a more comprehensive view of the selective forces driving human evolution. To date, investigations of dietary impacts on the gut microbiome have compared diets differing in composition, e.g. plant-based vs. animal-based, high-fat vs. low-fat, additives vs. no additives. However the human-specific, common, and ancient practice of cooking a given food could also be expected to impact the gut microbiome through heat-induced effects on the bioavailability of nutrients and xenobiotic compounds. Using conventional and gnotobiotic mouse models, we show that a tuber diet served cooked versus raw alters the membership, abundance, transcription, and physiology of the gut microbial community, with effects driven by heat-associated improvements in starch digestibility and inactivation of native foodborne antimicrobial compounds. These changes are relevant to host energy gain, with gut microbial communities conditioned on raw diets enhancing energy harvest when transplanted into germ-free recipients. Our results suggest that diet-driven interactions between host and microbiome depend on both the food and its form, and prompt the hypothesis that the human holobiont may reflect a legacy of cooking-related selection pressures. Our research was generously supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01HL122593 and F32DK101154), Leakey Foundation, Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center, G.W. Hooper Foundation, and UCSF Department of Microbiology & Immunology. Paleobiogeography of the Colobinae STEVIE CARNATION Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University To date, most colobine biogeographic hypotheses have been based on molecular data and focused on the origin and dispersal of modern forms, leaving a gap in our knowledge of the evolutionary history of this group. Thanks to recent advances in the phylogenetic study of fossil colobines, it is possible to investigate the true biogeography of this clade throughout time. This study mapped the geographic regions of all fossil and extant colobine taxa on a genus-level total evidence phylogeny and inferred the timing of dispersal events based on temporal data for fossil specimens. Results indicate an East African origin for the colobine clade, with at least two dispersals into Eurasia, and migration throughout Africa. In the late Miocene, a Mesopithecus-like form invaded Eurasia and quickly diversified. Pliocene colobine Dolichopithecus appears in Eurasia alongside Mesopithecus, but it’s unclear whether this lineage dispersed directly from Africa or evolved from Mesopithecus ancestors. Certain largebodied colobines (such as Rhinocolobus) from East Africa migrated north in the early Pliocene and gave rise to some modern Asian forms, while members of the genus Paracolobus moved west through central Africa and diversified into the modern African taxa. At least one colobine lineage dispersed to South Africa ~3.3-1.5 Ma, likely coinciding with the migration of papionins, hominins, and other mammals taking place in this corridor during the Plio-Pleistocene. Hopefully, the recent discoveries of fossil colobines in the Miocene and Pliocene of Asia will illuminate more specific migratory and dispersal patterns of the Colobinae following their arrival to the continent. Funding for this research was provided in part by the Turkana Basin Institute and The Leakey Foundation. Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation MATTHEW A. CARRIGAN Department of Biology, Haverford College, Natural Sciences Department, Santa Fe College Many modern human diseases are attributed to an incompatibility between our current environment and the environment for which our genome is adapted. For example, the emergence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension has been associated with a recent increase in the availability of refined sugar. The fossil record provides no indication of when human ancestors first consumed ethanol-rich food, so it is unclear if adaptationist explanations underlie human alcoholism. We used a paleogenetic approach to examine alcohol dehydrogenase class IV (ADH4), the first alcohol metabolizing enzyme in the digestive tract. We resurrected ancestral ADH4 enzymes from various points in the ~70 million years of primate evolution, and identified a single mutation that endowed our ancestors with a markedly enhanced ability to metabolize ethanol. The fixation of this variant occurred within the ancestral population of humans and gorillas ~ 10 Mya – a few million years after the mid-Miocene Climatic Transition that initiated the shrinking of forests in Africa, and approximately when our ancestors began transitioning to an increasingly terrestrial lifestyle. This episode of enzyme evolution may indicate the first time 138 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists our ancestors were exposed to (and adapted to) substantial amounts of dietary ethanol. Because fruit collected from the forest floor is expected to contain higher concentrations of ethanol than similar fruits hanging on trees, these results support the hypothesis that genetic adaptations enhancing ethanol metabolism could have enabled our ape-ancestors to exploit inferior, fallback foods when preferred foods were scarce, and hence contributed to our ancestors’ transition to a terrestrial lifestyle. This work was supported by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Grant R01AA017723. Allocare in a captive population of hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) AMANDA RAE CARTER Anthropology, UNC - Charlotte The goal of this project was to examine the social dynamics among extended matrilines of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) housed at the North Carolina (NC) Zoo in Asheboro, North Carolina. Specifically, I investigated the putative existence of allocare, defined as care provided to an infant by a conspecific other than the mother. Allocare does not typically occur in wild populations in which females disperse from their natal groups. Previous research at the NC Zoo suggested the presence of allocare behaviors in this population. I hypothesized that allocare is strongly dependent upon the existence of extended female kin-groups in captivity. To test this hypothesis, I collected data on the social interactions of four baboons (ages 1-3 years) using 15-minute focal animal sampling during zoo operational hours over the course of 14 weeks, yielding approximately 200 hours of observations. I predicted that infants/juveniles who were members of an extended kin network (EKN) would be the focus of more allocaretaking than infants/juveniles who lacked an EKN. Multi-and univariate statistical analyses were used to identify which variable(s) best predict variation in mean rates of allocare behaviors. My findings supported my hypothesis that allocare was dependent upon the existence of EKNs. Tinka, the juvenile with the longest matriline, was observed receiving allocare more frequently than the other three focal subjects, (p = 0.04). An effect of matriline was also observed on the frequency at which the focal subjects would approach conspecifics (p < 0.0001) as well as average hourly rates of agonism (p < 0.0001). Two-Way Anthropogenic Hybridization between Invasive Callithrix jacchus and C. penicillata with Endemic C. aurita: A Threat to Marmoset Conservation RODRIGO S. CARVALHO1,2, JOANNA MALUKIEWICZ3, ANDREA M. OLIVEIRA2, DANIEL G. ABSTRACTS PEREIRA1, SILVIA LOIOLA2, ELIZEU F. CARVALHO1,2, DAYSE A. SILVA1,2 and HELENA G. BERGALLO1 1 Ecology and Evolution, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 2DNA Diagnostics Laboratory, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 3Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa The endangered Callithrix aurita marmosets, endemic to the SW Brazilian Atlantic Forest, face threats from deforestation and competition with invasive C. jacchus and C. penicillata. The latter species have been introduced to SW Brazil through illegal pet trading and now occur in artificial sympatry with C. aurita. Consequently, invasive congeners interbreed with C. aurita and such hybridization may threaten the genetic integrity of the native species. A conservation plan is now active to preserve remaining C. aurita populations, along with their standing genetic variation. Thus, genetic introgression from invasive marmosets into C. aurita populations carries important conservation implications. To better understand marmoset hybridization in SW Brazil, we are examining two-way hybridization between C. aurita and C. jacchus/C. penicillata by using the mitochondrial COI and Y-chromosome SRY loci to genetically confirm such interbreeding. We sampled a total of 112 marmosets, which included C. aurita from São Paulo (SP) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ) states, RJ hybrids, and C. jacchus and C. penicillata native to northern and central Brazil, respectively. The presence of C. aurita x C. jacchus/C. penicillata hybrids was genetically confirmed in both RJ and SP, along with individuals of the three parental species. Further, the genetic data from RJ showed the occurrence of marmoset social groups composed of parental species and hybrids and other groups containing only hybrids. These results are part of a quickly escalating situation that seriously threatens the genetic integrity of C. aurita. of the pathogenic alleles found worldwide, and especially in populations of European descent. Quilombos are Brazilian peasant populations (campesinos) defined by a strong, though not exclusive African ancestry, and by a shared history of resistance against formal slavery and its consequences. Here, we present the analyses of rs916727, rs10487362, and rs113993960 haplotypes in four Quilombos from Central and Northeastern Brazil. The mutations were assessed by PCR-RFLP, as previously described. Our statistical analyses described basic populations genetics parameters and evaluated LD. We did not observe pathogenic alleles. The haplotypes we found did not differ from those observed in urban Brazilian populations. The most frequent haplotypes were those most common in African and European populations (1000 Genomes and HapMap). That observation agrees with our previous findings on populations genetics. As one would expect from the known general history of Quilombos, these populations were founded mostly by people of African descent, but also by Europeans (mostly men) and Amerindians (mostly women). Though not causal, these haplotypes help clarify demographic history, and hence might help defining guidelines for the diagnostic of CF in admixed populations with complex histories, as well as for focusing the search for pathogenic variants on those most common in a given group. The authors would like to thank CNPq, FAPDF, and CAPES. The relationship between pathology and age: diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in known-age individuals Funding for this project was provided by CAPES and ICMBio LAURA CASTELLS NAVARRO and JO BUCKBERRY The Distribution of CFTR Haplotypes in Brazilian Quilombos as a Consequence of History Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a spondyloarthropathy commonly associated with men over 50 years of age. It therefore has been used as a broad indicator of old age; however its onset and development remains poorly understood. This study aims to understand the relationship between age and DISH. 37 individuals (25 male, 12 female) between the ages of 52 and 89, all previously diagnosed with DISH, were analysed (WM Bass Donated Skeletal Collection). CAROLINA CARVALHO GONTIJO1, DIANA MORAES1, CAMILA X. DE CARVALHO1, ELSA MGS. COELHO1, CELSO T. MENDES-JUNIOR2, GILVÂNIA FEIJÓ1, MARIA DE NAZARÉ KLAUTAU-GUIMARÃES1 and SILVIENE F. DE OLIVEIRA1 1 Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Universidade de Brasília, 2Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP Populations with different histories show different strength and extension of LD. That information highly informative about migration processes and admixture. rs916727 and rs10487362 are extragenic markers in strong LD with the CFTR gene. rs113993960 is the most common causal mutation in CFTR, accounting to as much as 70% School of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford There was a weak correlation between the number of vertebrae ankylosed and the age of the individual (r=0.366; p=0.02), due to inter-individual variability. Some individuals show complete ankylosis of the thoracic spine at 55-60 years old and others ankylosis of just 3 or 4-vertebrae at the age of 70. Ankylosis was present in females, but generally for older individuals. The analysis revealed a weak non-significant correlation between the spinal ankylosis and size of enthesopathies at both patellae, calcanei and left ulna, but a weak significant correlation with the right ulna (r=0.338; p=0.041). The presence and size of the enthesophytes within and between individuals was very variable, with non-significant negative correlations between age and enthesopathy for both ulnae, calcanei and left patella. A weak negative correlation was observed with the right patella (r=-0.388, p=0.041). DISH could be used as indicator of middle-old adulthood, but is not only seen in males over the age of 50. Degree of ankylosis does not relate to age. Finally, extra-spinal manifestations generally show a negative relationship with increasing age in this sample. Lordosis variability and shock attenuation in the hominin lumbar spine ERIC R. CASTILLO and DANIEL E. LIEBERMAN Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Fossil evidence suggests considerable lordosis variability within and between hominin populations. However, interpreting these variations is challenging because the functional consequences of lordosis remain unclear. Although lordosis is crucial for postural stability, a complementary hypothesis predicts that lordosis represents a dynamic compromise between competing viscoelastic demands: the lumbar spine supports the trunk as a rigid, spring-like strut while curvature modulates its capacity to act like a shock absorber, dissipating energy from dynamic loads as bending and rotational deformations. To test this, 27 subjects (14 male, 13 female) walked and ran on a treadmill at 0.25 and 1.00 Froude. 3D kinematics were captured, and small lightweight tri-axial accelerometers were affixed to the back at T12/L1 and L5/S1. Impact shock attenuation in the lumbar spine was analyzed across frequency domains using a power spectral density transfer function. A simple, linear spring-damper model estimated viscoelastic parameters. Results suggest that walking accelerations are not associated with lordosis, but running showed a strong negative correlation with average dynamic and static lordosis (r<-0.50, p<0.01), which translated to more than 60% of the shock attenuated in the spines of individuals with the greatest lordosis. Multiple regression models revealed that greater shock attenuation was positively associated with lordosis angular displacements (a proxy for stiffness) but negatively associated with angular displacement velocity (a proxy for damping), thus providing support for the viscoelastic hypothesis. These findings may suggest that less lordotic Neanderthal lumbar spines were better adapted for stiffness and stability at the expense of reduced capacity for shock absorption. Conference Program 139 ABSTRACTS Funding provided by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Chapman Fellowship, the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation, and the American School of Prehistoric Research (Harvard University). A retrospective study of age estimation method performance on positively identified forensic cases CHELSEA C. CATALDO-RAMIREZ, MEGAN J. RUE and HEATHER M. GARVIN Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst University Published accuracy rates for assorted age estimation methods vary among studies, and depend on the samples and statistical information utilized. In this study, we examined the age estimation data that had been collected on 49 real forensic anthropology cases in which the individual was subsequently positively identified. Our goal was to determine which method provided the most accurate and precise age estimates and how accuracy rates vary if the ranges or standard deviations are used to create an age estimate. Age estimates obtained using Boldsen et al.’s ADBOU software provided high accuracy rates (88.23% correct using the 95% CI), the greatest precisions (average 18.27 year ranges), and minimal age bias. Brooks and Suchey (1990) presented the highest accuracy (100%), although the age estimate ranges were broader (average 35.91 years). For Buckberry and Chamberlain (2002), Meindl and Lovejoy (1985), and İşcan (1987), using the mean age +/- two standard deviations (2SD range) instead of the age ranges increased the accuracy rate by 12 to 19% with minimal decreases in precision (average 3.39 to 4.16 additional years). For Osborne (2004), use of the 2SD range improved both accuracy (92.8%) and precision (average 47.86 years). Using the mean age +/- one standard deviation resulted in accuracies between 41.17% (Buckberry and Chamberlain) to 75.8% (Suchey-Brooks). Buckberry and Chamberlain had the highest bias of the methods assessed, with a tendency to overage individuals. Overall, the results suggest that using a multifactorial method, such as ADBOU, can increase the precision of age estimates without compromising accuracy. An Investigation of the Inhibitory Cascade Mechanism in Extant and Extinct Lemurs KIERSTIN K. CATLETT1, LAURIE R. GODFREY2, KAREN SAMONDS3, E. SUSANNE DALY1,4, GARY T. SCHWARTZ1,4 and ALISTAIR EVANS5 1 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA, 4Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA, 5 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia anterior (A) and posterior (P) aspects of the neck remains unreported in fossil hominins. Control of relative postcanine tooth size proportions has been attributed to an inhibitory cascade (IC) mechanism, where a previously-initiated tooth influences a subsequently-developing tooth through the interaction of molecular activators and inhibitors produced during development. Evans and colleagues found that hominin lower primary postcanine (i.e., deciduous premolars and molars) tooth proportions fit the predictions of the IC model. Compared to hominins, lemurs have rapid dental development (some extremely so, regardless of body size) and exhibit a variety of derived traits (including vestigial deciduous teeth and different eruption sequences). Since the IC model is proposed to be highly constrained across mammals, we test whether the IC model holds in extant and extinct lemurs. Specifically, we test whether tooth size proportions change in a linear fashion within and across the upper and lower primary postcanine teeth. We used micro-focus X-ray tomography to detail site-specific bone topographic arrangement in two Early Pleistocene proximal femora from Swartkrans Member 1, South Africa, commonly attributed to Paranthropus robustus and likely representing two adult male individuals: SK 82 and SK 97. We measured and analyzed tooth areas of 22 extant and extinct species (N=439). Across the primary postcanine teeth, a linear relationship is rare and the fit of the IC model is variable. For example, we could not predict the size of M2 given size differences between dp4 and M1, nor could we extrapolate M3 size given the sizes of M1 and M2. Phylogeny explains much of the variation in dental proportions. Interestingly, across almost all families, the upper postcanine teeth exhibit greater deviations from linearity than the lowers. Lemurs exhibit highly derived dentitions, and this study expands our knowledge of lemur dental evolution. Site-specific cortical bone topographic variation across the whole neck assessed in two hominin proximal femora from Swartkrans Member 1, South Africa: SK 82 and SK 97 MARINE CAZENAVE1,2, JOSÉ BRAGA2,3, FRIKKIE DE BEER4, JAKOBUS W. HOFFMAN4, ROBERTO MACCHIARELLI5,6, ANNA OETTLÉ1 and JOHN F. THACKERAY3 1 Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, South Africa, 2UMR 5288 AMIS CNRS, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, France, 3Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, South Africa, 5UMR 7194 CNRS, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France, 6Unité Formation Géosciences, Université de Poitiers, France Compared to the ape condition, extant and fossil humans show a distinctly asymmetric cortical bone distribution pattern across the femoral neck, with thinner superior (S) and thicker inferior (I) cortex. Such functionally-related arrangement also variably characterizes australopiths. However, bone structural variation across the 140 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Acquisitions (isotropic voxel size: 70 μm) were performed at Necsa, Pelindaba. The locally shaded structural signal resulting from consolidated sedimentary infill and micro-cracking was enhanced by techniques of virtual imaging allowing assessment of a nearly uninterrupted lateromedial record in each percentage slice of the neck length. For comparative purposes, we also detailed 12 extant human (EH) femora. While absolute values differ, our refined S/I measurements support previous CT-based estimates (Ruff and Higgins, 2013) and confirm that asymmetry in both specimens is expressed to a slightly lower degree than usually recorded in EH. However, while cortical bone in SK 82 and SK 97 is absolutely thicker at all sites, both specimens nonetheless reveal (i) a trend of lateromedial S/I increase and (ii) a A/P distribution pattern both shared with our EH comparative sample. The latter evidence is relevant for evaluating the degree of adaptation in hominins to superoinferior bending loads at this skeletal site. Funding support provided by European Commission (EACEA), Erasmus Mundus programme, AESOP and AESOP+ consortia, South African DST-NRF (Necsa), French MAEDI and CNRS. The Effects of Lifestyle Factors and Social Support on Physical Activity Patterns among Older Adults from Uganda: Preliminary Analyses from WHO’s SAGE-PA Uganda Sub-study TARA J. CEPON-ROBINS1, MONICA KUTEESA2, TYLER M. BARRETT3, JOSEPH MUGISHA2, ELIZA HALLETT4, JOSHUA SCHROCK4, LOUISE GEDDES2,5, PELEGRINO MBABAZI2, PAUL KOWAL4,6, JANET SEELEY2,7 and J JOSH SNODGRASS4 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 2Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, 3Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 4Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, 5School of Public Health, University of Sydney, 6World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 7London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine The World Health Organization’s Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) examines the aging process and related health changes in older adults (50+ years) around the world. A major lifestyle change associated with aging is decreased physical activity. We examined data ABSTRACTS from the physical activity sub-study (SAGE-PA) conducted in Uganda in 2013. Physical activity data were collected using ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers worn by 168 participants (71 men, 97 women) over 7 days. Associations between age, sex, lifestyle, and physical activity measures were examined to understand which factors mitigate decreased physical activity with age. We hypothesized that lifestyle factors like socioeconomic status, social support, and engagement in social activities would have significant effects on physical activity based on age and sex. Age was negatively correlated with activity energy expenditure (AEE) in men (p < 0.001) and women (p < 0.001). Women in this study were significantly younger than men (p < 0.05), so One-Way ANCOVAs controlling for age compared AEE between sexes, finding no significant differences. While AEE was not correlated with age in women who were married, it was negatively correlated with age in women who were divorced/separated (p = 0.01) and widowed (p < 0.001). The reverse was true for men, with married men showing negative correlations between AEE and age (p < 0.01). These preliminary analyses suggest that marital status, a measure of social support, differentially affects physical activity based on age and sex. Further analyses examine relationships between physical activity and other lifestyle factors. Support: WHO; NIA Interagency Agreements (OGHA 04034785; YA1323-08-CN-0020; Y1-AG-1005-01); NIA R01AG044917; University of Oregon Macroscopic, microscopic and molecular biomarkers for age estimation: The role of environmental factors ANDREW T. CHAMBERLAIN School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester Inaccuracy in the estimation of age from the adult skeleton arises from individual and population variation in processes of skeletal ageing that can be attributed, at least in part, to the effects of environmental and genetic factors. The influence of these factors gives rise to reduced correlations between the expression of skeletal indicators (‘age biomarkers’) and chronological age, and may also be responsible for variation between populations in patterns of age-related change in the skeleton. Here I review the evidence for the effects of environmental factors on macroscopic age markers in the pelvic joint surfaces, microscopic markers in cortical bone and the dentition, and molecular markers in skeletal protein and DNA. The macroscopic markers (acetabulum, auricular surface and pubic symphysis) have the lowest correlations with age, typically in the range r = 0.4 to 0.6, and appear to show the largest potential influence of environmental variables, especially of body size. Microscopic markers tend to show higher correlations with age, typically r = 0.5 to 0.9, as well as less variation between populations in the relationship between biomarkers and chronological age. Nevertheless, significant effects of body size and diet on bone remodelling have been reported in some studies. Molecular biomarkers have the highest correlations with age (usually r > 0.7) but some effects of disease and immunity and of drug use history on age-related molecular changes have been detected. Much of this evidence has been acquired within the last decade and further research on a wider range of biomarkers is needed. Biological sex assessment methods: A meta-analysis of trends in recent (2006-2015) forensic and archaeological research AVERY B. CHECK and ELIZABETH CRAIG-ATKINS Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield Biological sex assessment methods are integral to human identification and productive forensic and archaeological research. Given the differing agendas of forensics and archaeology, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential for greater collaboration between these fields in developing sex assessment methods and to highlight the most fruitful lines of research to target in future studies. This review utilized statistical analyses, examining data from five major journals, to assess the nature of sex assessment methods research in recent (2006-2015) forensic and archaeological publications. The way in which error was reported, anatomical regions of study, populations studied, types of study (revised, refined, testing, or comparison), and approaches (morphological, metric, biomedical, three-dimensional, or molecular) were all considered. The results of these topics were presented hierarchically according to the importance of the findings. There was a deficit in standardized measures of error and accuracy in both fields. The skull, an anatomical region purported to be the second most accurate in sex assessment, was most studied. However, it yielded the lowest overall reported percentage of accuracy. The testing of published methods was lacking in both fields. Bias towards certain populations was evident in developing sex assessment methods, which demands greater collaboration between archaeology and forensics. Lastly, archaeology and forensics both favored metric approaches. Molecular approaches were more prevalently used in published archaeological research. These results will guide the organization of future biological sex assessment studies to fill these gaps in recent research. New primitive micromomyid plesiadapiform from the Wutu Formation, Shandong Province, China STEPHEN G. B. CHESTER1,2,3, K. CHRISTOPHER BEARD4,5, YONGSHENG TONG6, XIJUN NI6 and JINGWEN WANG6 1 Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2 Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 3New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, NYCEP, 4Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 5Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 6Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Micromomyid plesiadapiforms are diminutive euarchontan mammals previously known only from the late Paleocene and early Eocene of western North America. We describe the first potential Asian record for this clade, based on a partial dentary from the Wutu Basin in east-central China. IVPP V11990 is a right dentary fragment preserving the crowns of p2 (partial), p3-4, m2 (talonid), and m3. The lower dental formula and certain aspects of the lower anterior dentition remain ambiguous because of breakage. Among plesiadapiforms, the new Chinese taxon resembles micromomyids in being very small and having a hypertrophied p4 trigonid with a fairly developed talonid. However, it is more plesiomorphic than any known micromomyid in lacking a trenchant p4 paracristid, which has traditionally been used to diagnose the North American members of this family. Among micromomyids, the Wutu taxon most closely resembles the oldest known species, Foxomomys fremdi, from the middle Tiffanian (Ti-3) of Alberta, Canada, in possessing a relatively small and narrow p3, a relatively narrow p4, and tall trigonid cusps and a slightly enlarged, yet cuspidate hypoconulid on m3. Phylogenetic analysis reconstructs the new Chinese taxon as the basal-most member of the Micromomyidae and provides further support for a rather basal position for Micromomyidae among plesiadapiforms. Although the age of the Wutu fauna remains controversial (late Paleocene or early Eocene), this specimen further documents trans-Beringian plesiadapiform dispersal during or before the Tiffanian and suggests that important aspects of early plesiadapiform evolution are inadequately sampled in the Paleocene of Asia. This study was funded by NSF grant BCS-0820602 to K.C.B and a PSC-CUNY Award to S.G.B.C. Zika, Maternal Stress and Prematurity in Puerto Rico: Navigating Unforeseen Vulnerabilities MELISSA CHEYNEY and HOLLY HORAN Anthropology, Oregon State University This poster describes work in Puerto Rico with pregnant women at risk for Zika-affected offspring, prematurity and low birth weight. Our Conference Program 141 ABSTRACTS project was designed to investigate the biocultural production of maternal stress in a US territory/colony, and to determine whether and to what extent maternal stress contributes to the high rate of preterm birth in Puerto Rico. Data collection on the ground highlights the ways both researchers and IRB reviewers mis-anticipated points of vulnerability and agency among potential study participants. Specifically, we explore participants’ perspectives on vulnerability to Zika, prematurity and poverty as neocolonial disorders. We argue that concepts of “saved lives” or “babies saved” obscure the power dynamics that create vulnerabilities related to Zika and prematurity to begin with. We can then better understand the irony with which potential participants read consent documents aimed at “minimizing risks” related to research. Human subject protections, within the larger context of neocolonial disorders, expose what one participant called “double exploitation” whereby US policies create diseases or conditions that US researchers can then build lucrative academic careers studying. How do we as researchers acknowledge and respond to these types of difficult moments we measure and document, while creating opportunities for improvements in the lives of our participants? How are we complicit in creating the conditions of psychosocial stress and suffering we then receive grants to study? This project is funded by the National Science Foundation (Award ID 1628643). Age and Sex-related Changes in CrossSectional Geometry in a 17th-19th Century Rural Dutch Population CELISE CHILCOTE1, ANDREA L. WATERS-RIST2, MENNO LP. HOOGLAND2 and SABRINA C. AGARWAL1 Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University 1 2 Clinical and osteological studies have provided evidence that patterns in long bone cross-sectional geometry can be correlated with general patterns of activity. This study presents preliminary results of a larger research project examining social identity over the life course in the historic dairy farming community of Middenbeemster, NL, through the examination of long bone diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry to infer differing sex and age-related patterns of activity and workload. It was hypothesized that the high demand for Dutch dairy product exports during the 18th and 19th centuries would be reflected in the variability of limb bone strength and shape, suggesting age/sex specific workloads, for the historic population of Middenbeemster. Long bones, especially those of the upper limb, are prone to influences by habitual activities; therefore CT scans of both humerii and a femur of 88 adults (m=46, f=42) were taken in order to ascertain the diaphyseal structure and cross-sectional properties (including: second moments of area, the total subperiosteal area, medullary area and cortical area) of each long bone. After controlling for body size, statistically significant differences in upper limb activities between the sexes as well as in lower limb activities between different age groups were found, suggesting workloads divided by both age and sex. Combined analyses of the data with archival records on this historic community, provide a unique opportunity to examine and interpret patterns of activity related markers over the life course. Genome-wide epigenetic signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Peru AINASH CHILDEBAYEVA1,2, DANA C. DOLINOY2, JACLYN M. GOODRICH2, MARIA RIVERA-CHIRA3, FABIOLA LEON VALERDE3, MELISA KIYAMU3, TOM BRUTSAERT4 and ABIGAIL W. BIGHAM1 Anthropology, University of Michigan, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 3Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, 4 Exercise Science, Syracuse University 1 2 High-altitude adapted individuals show distinct circulatory, respiratory, and hematological adaptations to chronic hypoxia. Emerging genetic data support an evolutionary origin and a genetic basis for these observed physiological adaptations to high altitude. However, the epigenetic contribution to adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia has not been well characterized. We performed a genome-wide Illumina MethylationEPIC array on 28 whole-blood samples from individuals of Quechua ancestry living in Peru. We performed a differential methylation analysis of the samples between a group born-and-raised at high altitude and a group born-and-raised at low altitude. After data normalization, we found > 200 differentially methylated CpG sites between our groups at false-discovery rate cutoff 0.05. DAVID analysis revealed that these sites correspond to signaling regulation, signaling transduction, cell division, and other pathways. Our results illustrate that high altitude likely imbues lasting effects on the epigenome and contribute to our understanding of the ways in which the human organism responds and adapts to the environment. This project was funded by National Science Foundation grants 1132310 and 1613415, the Leakey Foundation, and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Michigan. Geometric Morphometric and Craniometric Analysis of the MidFace in Colombian Population. Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism SHAYRA O. CHIÑAS1, MARÍA E. PEÑA2,3, CÉSAR SANABRIA3 and LOURDES MÁRQUEZ4 1 Physical Anthropologist, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, 2Physical Anthropologist, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Instituto 142 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Nacional de Antropologia e Historia,, 3Branch of Scientific Research, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, 4Physical Anthropologist, Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia Discrimination of sexual dimorphism is of importance in forensic identification. It is also necessary to describe the association shape and size by sex within a population. The purpose of this paper is to establish the relationships of allometric changes and sexual dimorphism at the midface section on a collection of skeletons with known age at death. We depart from the assumption that variation in shape at midface is largely dependent on size and less influenced by sex. Data were collected on 159 male and female individuals from the Human Bone Collection Colombian Population Reference of Bogota, the National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences. Three-dimensional coordinates of 27 standard craniofacial landmarks were collected using a Microscribe digitizer, and six absolute dimensions collected by ThreeSkull. Discriminant analysis was used to describe form and sex relationships. The shape and size analysis was based on linear regression through MorphoJ Software. ANOVA a factor for sex and age, was used for craniometric analysis. Results for absolute dimensions corresponds to findings by the geometric morphometric. The main results at the midface are: bizygomatic width, shows clear dimorphism. The palate width trend with age is to be reduced, probably associated with tooth loss and bone resorption. While the nasal width did not differ by sex. The results of this study support the observation of combined effects on size and sex in the shape of the form of the midface. National Council for Science and Technology Assessment of the Thoracolumbar Transition in Modern Humans ELIZABETH O. CHO1, THIERRA K. NALLEY2, EMILY R. MIDDLETON3 and CAROL V. WARD3 Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Department of Medical Anatomical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 3Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri 1 2 The location and morphology of the thoracolumbar transition is of evolutionary and clinical interest due to its role in spinal stability and flexibility. Commonly found in modern humans at T12, the transition appears to be displaced cranially in early hominins. The functional relevance of this variation in reference to bipedality and species comparisons has been clouded by differing vertebral definitions and inconsistent criteria for determining transition type (gradual versus abrupt) in modern humans. Thoracolumbar junction morphology predisposes modern humans to spinal injuries, with individuals exhibiting an abrupt transition at greater risk. Published ABSTRACTS studies tend to quantify this transition by considering facet orientation or curvature, despite the fact that this transition involves both aspects of joint morphology, and that both potentially affect function. This study examined both the curvature and orientation of facets in a large sample (N=170) of modern humans from the HammanTodd osteological collection. All specimens were adult, and the sample included relatively even distribution of sex and ancestry. Vertebrae T9-L3 were photographed in cranial view. Landmarks were set on the midline and facet margins, with semilandmarks distributed along each cranial zygapophyseal facet. Procrustes and principle components analysis show that roughly half of the individuals exhibiting a gradual transition. Facet orientation and curvature generally change together moving caudally across the transition. Additionally, changes in facet orientation tend to coincide with or precede facet curvature. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of considering facet orientation and curvature in tandem to characterize the thoracolumbar transition. The Leakey Foundation Applications of bone histomorphometry in bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and clinical studies HELEN CHO Anthropology, Davidson College Sam Stout’s methodologies and advancements in histomorphometry and histomorphology continue to be have important applications in human skeletal biology. This presentation will discuss existing and new techniques that were developed by Stout and colleagues. Estimation of bone remodeling dynamics in diverse archaeological populations from the US to Italy to Egypt have elucidated our understanding of the universal phenomenon of age-associated bone loss and ancient skeletal health. The same theoretical framework and algorithms to deduce bone turnover rates in the past are imperative to understanding the sex differences and interpopulational variation in bone loss; contemporary populations are more vulnerable to osteopenia and osteoporosis due to increased longevity and various lifestyle factors. Furthermore, histological methods enhance the available techniques for age-at-death estimation of adult and subadult individuals in addition to distinguishing human from non-human bone in medicolegal cases. The application of histomorphometry in forensic anthropology has led Stout and his research collaborators to develop numerous age-atdeath estimation methods in extreme fragmentation cases where standard anthropometric approaches are inapplicable. Stout et al.’s novel approaches to investigating skeletal tissue include various types of microscopy instrumentation including 3D reconstruction of bone microstructures, employing histology as a tool to examine metabolic and systemic skeletal disorders, and biomechanics of bone microstructure. A theoretical demonstration for the effects of anthropometric secular changes relative to military accommodation rates among different race groups HYEG JOO CHOI, TODD N. GARLIE, JOSEPH PARHAM, J. DAVID BRANTLEY and STEVEN P. PAQUETTE Anthropology, US Army Natick Soldier Research Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) Accommodation rates (90%, 95%, or 98%) used in the US Army vary depending on the type of clothing and equipment and this can significantly influence the overall dis-accommodation rates of the user population. The 1st, 2.5th 5th, 95th, 97.5th, and 99th percentiles represent the minimum and the maximum critical values for the military user population accommodation for acquisition of military clothing and equipment (CIE) and personal protective equipment (PPE). Beyond these critical values are the proportion of the current personnel in the Army population excluded from adequate equipment design and prototyping. The assumption for this study is that the accommodation rates (90%, 95%, or 98%) should be applied evenly among all population groups relative to DOD race categories in the US Army. Thus, regardless of accommodation rate, the accommodated and dis-accommodated proportion of each population group should be consistent with its population proportion relative to the total Army. This study demonstrates theoretically whether this assumption is appropriate. Results from this evaluation suggest that setting specific boundaries may exclude individuals differently based upon population origin and thus affect the fit of CIE, PPE and the usability of military workspaces. Understanding these unequal distributions in body size for male and female Army personnel and differing population groups is critical for developing design parameters in CIE/PPE for the Army. If certain sectors of the Army population are dis-accommodated, then poorly fitting CIE/PPE can introduce increased risk to the Soldier through decreased protection levels and decreased performance levels. Coping with Death: Behavioral Mitigation of the Loss of an Alpha Male by Female Chacma Baboons in South Africa SHAHRINA CHOWDHURY1,2,3 and LARISSA SWEDELL1,2,3,4 1 Anthropology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 2Primatology, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 3Anthropology, Queens College, 4Archaeology, University of Cape Town Changes in male demography and rank can be disruptive to social groups and are known to negatively impact female baboon physiology. The death of an alpha male and ensuing social instability, for example, may have negative consequences in the form of heightened stress levels, as expressed in higher levels of glucocorticoid concentrations. Females may cope by modifying their social relationships depending on their reproductive state. Here we study the effects of the death of the alpha male on 16 adult females in a troop of chacma baboons in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa. The male who had been alpha for >8 months sustained severe injuries and died a month later; during this interim period he stayed only intermittently with the troop. We examined the effects of his death by comparing female behavior and physiology across three periods: the 3-month period before injury, the month during which he remained alive with injuries, and the 3-month period following his death. Contrary to our expectations, fecal glucocorticoid concentrations for females were lower in the periods following injury and death (F=4.041, df=2, p=0.018), with pregnant females experiencing the least (4%) and lactating females the greatest (16%) decline. Interestingly, during the interim period, females dramatically increased grooming of females (except swollen) and males (except pregnant), and all females spent more time grooming other females after his death. These results suggest that the adjustments females made to their grooming behavior were a coping mechanism that effectively mitigated the negative physiological impact of the social instability. Funded by the National Science Foundation BCS-0824590, LSB Leakey Foundation, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and the New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology. An Inside View: Childhood Stress at the Greek Colony, Himera MELISSA CHOWNING1, CAREY GARLAND2, BRITNEY KYLE1, STEFANO VASSALLO3 and LAURIE J. REITSEMA2 Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, Anthropology, University of Georgia, 3Regional Archaeological Superintendence of Palermo, Italy 1 2 This study addresses early life stress indicated by internal incremental growth lines of human dental remains from the 7-5th c. BC colony of Himera. Co-occurrence of flexed and supine interment styles at Himera hint at intrapopulation cultural differences in this multi-ethnic colony site. To examine whether these cultural differences are related to differences in health, we test two null hypotheses: that there are no significant differences in prevalence (number of individuals affected) of Wilson bands between supine and flexed burials, and that there are no significant differences in the number of Wilson bands per individual between supine and flexed burials. Canines from 26 adult skeletons were Conference Program 143 ABSTRACTS thin-sectioned and microscopically analyzed for evidence of accentuated internal striae of Retzius (Wilson bands; WB), which are indicative of non-specific childhood stress. 82% of supine (n=10) and 94% of flexed (n=16) skeletons exhibited WB (chi-square; p=0.360). The mean number of WB in canines from supine burials is 3.5 and for flexed burials is 6.3 (p=0.097). Overall, WB prevalence increases as age at death increases, suggesting individuals who survived childhood stress were more likely to live longer. The lack of statistical significance in WB between burial styles supports our null hypothesis, suggesting childhood stress of these individuals was similar despite differences in how they were buried. However, a larger sample size is needed to further explore the observation that flexed individuals experienced stress slightly more often. More research is needed to fully understand the cultural significance burial style variation at Himera. This research was funded by National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates award numbers 1560227 and 1560158, the University of Georgia, and the University of Northern Colorado. Associations between MHC-DQA1 Regulatory Variation and the Gut Microbiome in the Ugandan Red Colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) DIANA M.C. CHRISTIE1,2, NOAH D. SIMONS1, MARIA JOSE RUIZ-LOPEZ2, COLIN A. CHAPMAN3,4, TONY L. GOLDBERG5,6, KEATON STAGAMAN2, BRENDAN J.M. BOHANNAN2 and NELSON TING1,2 Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 3Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 4School of Environment, McGill University, 5 Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1 2 Variation in the gut microbiome has been linked to a variety of health and disease concerns. However, the extent to which host genetic factors affect inter-individual variation in gut microbial communities of wild non-human primates is unclear. We addressed this question in the Ugandan red colobus monkey, by testing for associations between gut microbial composition and regulatory variation in MHC-DQA1 – a gene highly expressed in the gut lumen and known to interact with bacterial proteins. We characterized gut microbial communities across a social group of red colobus from Kibale National Park, Uganda via 16S rRNA barcoding of the V4 hypervariable region. We identified one SNP in the MHC-DQA1 core promoter that was associated with both lower alpha diversity (measured via Shannon Index) and species richness (p < 0.05, p < 0.001 respectively). Two more SNPs were significantly associated with beta diversity dissimilarity in gut microbial communities (measured via Canberra and UniFrac distance). These SNPs represent candidate loci for further functional testing to determine the extent to which they drive differential expression of MHC-DQA1. In addition, host sex explained a significant amount of variation in gut microbial communities, and further exploration is needed to determine whether hormonal, genetic or behavioral differences between male and female individuals is the driving factor behind sex-biased microbial diversity and composition. We conclude that differences in expression of immune-related genes may play a small but significant role in shaping the variation we see in the gut microbiome of the Ugandan red colobus monkey. Patch-use Decisions in Geladas: Effects of Body Size and Food Type LAUREN CHRISTOPHER1, VIVEK V. VENKATARAMAN1, JEFFREY T. KERBY2, NGA NGUYEN3 and PETER J. FASHING3 Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 3 Anthropology, California State University - Fullerton 1 2 Animals must navigate various ecological and physiological constraints to achieve their foraging goals. Metabolic theory predicts that intake rate should scale with body size. However, because diet quality varies with body size and resources are heterogeneously distributed, behavioral solutions for achieving foraging goals are likely to vary. We examined these issues in gelada monkeys by studying energy intake rates and patch departure decisions at short timescales. Geladas are manual grazers who shuffle or walk between feeding patches, rapidly collecting grasses and herbs. At the Guassa Plateau in northern Ethiopia, we observed ~154 geladas feeding on a range of foods (n = 2700 bouts) and used nutritional data to estimate instantaneous energy intake rates at feeding patches. Our results indicate that feeding behavior in patches differs according to body size and food type. The gain functions (energy acquisition through time in a patch) are best described by asymptotic exponential curves, and the slope and height of these curves increase with body size. Moreover, juveniles depart patches sooner because they feed in smaller patches of higher quality resources (e.g., herbs). Finally, patch departure decisions are associated with evidence of resource depletion, suggesting that geladas can detect the marginal value of patches. Patterns of mtDNA Diversity in Central Asia Reveal a Complex Population History BONNY M. CHRISTY Anthropology, Texas A&M University From a genetic perspective, Central Asia is one of the least studied areas of the world. The research that has been done thus far in the region has shown that Central Asian populations exhibit a high degree of genetic diversity, but the reasons for this diversity and the processes that 144 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists have shaped it have not been fully explained. To address this gap, complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes (2,277) and mt control region sequences (4,392) from Central Asia and the surrounding regions (Caucasus, East Asia, East Europe, Near East, North/Northeast Asia, and South Asia) sourced from GenBank were analyzed. The high genetic diversity in Central Asia has been explained as either the result of an incubation phase of Eurasian genetic variation prior to a split toward east and west, or the result of admixture between differentiated east and west Eurasian populations. To further explore this question, measures of genetic diversity were calculated and haplotypes were identified for all mtDNA sequences. Similar to previous results, high nucleotide and haplotype diversity were found in Central Asia. However, there were no unique haplotypes identified in the region. These results suggest that Central Asia has been a crossroads where populations from east and west Eurasia have interacted with one another because of migrations, trade, and warfare. The functional significance of iliac buttressing in the genus Homo STEVEN E. CHURCHILL Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences, University of the Witwatersrand Robusticity of the iliac acetabulosacral and acetabulocristal buttresses is variable in both fossil and recent members of the genus Homo, but is generally greater than observed in fossils of Australopithecus. Variation in iliac buttress robusticity may reflect variation in lateral flare of the iliac blades, since a more lateral position of the gluteal abductors might be expected to better attenuate bending moments in these structures during the support phase of walking. Alternatively, iliac buttress robusticity may vary with body size or (in the case of the acetabulocristal buttress) with the degree of sigmoid curvature of the iliac crest. To explore the interplay of size, iliac blade morphology, and iliac buttressing within modern humans, measures related to body size, iliac flare, iliac crest shape, and robusticity of the acetabulosacral and acetabulocristal buttresses were collected on the ilia of 52 female and 51 male southern African adult skeletons. Relationships between variables were explored by PCA using log-transformed and geometric mean-standardized shape variables. The PCA identified three major components accounting for 46.2%, 16.5%, and 11.4% of the total variation in the data, respectively. The first component largely accounts for variation in lateral iliac flare, with minimal contribution from measures of either buttress. The second and third component reflect robusticity in the acetabulosacral and acetabulocristal buttresses, ABSTRACTS respectively, with moderate-to-low loading of all other variables. Although size may explain some variation in iliac buttressing, results suggest that among recent humans this variation is largely independent of variation in lateral iliac flare and iliac crest shape. Reconstructing the monastic lifestyle: Bioarchaeological investigation of living conditions in a religious community based on human skeletal remains from el-Ghazali, Sudan JOANNA A. CIESIELSKA1 and ROBERT J. STARK2 Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Anthropology, McMaster University 1 2 Ghazali, located in NorthernSudan ~20 km west of the modern city of Karima, is a medieval monastery (ca. 7th–13thc. AD) with three associated cemeteries and a small village. Based on its location adjacent to the monastic edifices, combined with the demography of the excavated burials (97% of the deceased are adult males), Cemetery 2 is believed to be the burial place of the monks inhabiting this site. The physical realities of monasticism in Nubia remain poorly understood with limited texts and archaeological data on monastic complexes being the main avenues of inquiry. Bioarchaeological investigation of over 100 graves from Cemetery 2 has provided us a means of examining the nature of life in this desertic environment at the northern fringes of the Bayuda desert. At Ghazali, analysis of human skeletal remains provides an important complement to the interpretation of living conditions inferred from archaeological data. Individuals interred in Cemetery 2 appear generally healthful, with osteoarthritis in the vertebrae being the most consistently present pathological condition. Dental health of the deceased is highly variable. Most individuals have little dental pathology, with caries being the most common, while at least two individuals exhibit severe alveolar osteolysis resulting in perforation of the maxillary sinus. Two cases of unhealed hip fractures as well as a severe case of discitis have also been observed. This contextual cemetery population study provides a quantitative look at the implications of desert asceticism on the pathological experience of a group of Nubian monks. Project is funded by Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project and Polish Centre of Mediterrnean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Mortality Effects of Discrimination in PostMedieval Ireland MELISSA A. CLARK Anthropology, The Ohio State University The political and religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in modern Ireland that led to a series of civil wars and ultimately the separation of the region into two countries developed, in part, as a product of the institutionalization of the Penal Laws (1690-1829). Historians have argued that because these laws were rarely enforced, the perceived victimization of Irish Catholics under the Penal laws was more a product of nineteenth and twentieth-century nationalism than the effects of the laws themselves. However, others have argued that the Penal Laws were unusually cruel with devastating effects. Thus, the true impacts of the Penal Laws remain unknown. This study investigates the impacts of the Penal Laws by exploring the differential mortality of Catholics and Protestants in post-Medieval, pre-famine Ireland. In an online review of burial records from Ireland, Burial Index, 1600-1927, birth and death dates were identified for individuals interred in Catholic (n=2344) and Protestant (n=1356) cemeteries in Dublin between 1810 and 1830. Results from a MannWhitney U test show that individuals buried in Catholic cemeteries (mean age= 31.16) were more likely to experience earlier mortality than those buried in Protestant cemeteries (mean age=36.51) (p<0.0001). These results suggest that the discrimination faced by Irish Catholics during the Penal era had long-term biological consequences. Considering Vulnerability in War-affected and Forcibly Displaced Populations PATRICK F. CLARKIN Anthropology, UMass Boston Biological anthropologists and human biologists can learn a good deal from living populations who have experienced conditions related to war and/or forced displacement. Such environments present multiple challenges and stressors for human biology and health (loss of resources and social support, infection, physical trauma, malnutrition, psychological stress, etc.), the effects of which may last for decades. Ideally, affected populations should benefit from understanding the prevalence, severity, and mechanisms that such stressors can become embodied. However, forcibly displaced and war-affected populations are also highly vulnerable and often find themselves in situations with reduced agency and compromised protection. This presentation will consider case studies in past and current war-affected populations, with particular focus on former refugees from Southeast Asia, and weighing the potential benefits of research, as well as ethical considerations, protections, and involvement of the people being studied. Optimism and Social Support Buffer Effects of Childhood Disadvantage on Adult Health Behaviors STEPHEN L. BUKA4, LAURA D. KUBZANSKY5, ALLISON A. APPLETON6 and AMY L. NON1 1 Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 2Department of Math and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 3Health Behavior Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 4Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 5 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY Optimism and social support have been shown to reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases, potentially through a pathway of improved health behaviors. However, it is unclear whether these positive psychosocial assets may also buffer the effects of an adverse childhood. Using prospective data (n’s ranging from 692-925) from a subset of offspring born to participants in the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a US birth cohort established in 1959-1966, we investigated if positive psychosocial factors in adulthood, such as optimism and social support, interact with childhood disadvantage to affect behavioral outcomes in adulthood, including smoking, drinking, diet, exercising, and BMI. An index of social disadvantage was constructed using information about adverse socioeconomic and family stability factors experienced before age seven. Regardless of the level of childhood adversity, we found higher levels of optimism were significantly associated with higher odds of healthier behaviors, including having a healthy BMI (OR=1.28; 95%CI=1.011.64), a prudent (relative to Western) diet (OR=1.50; 95%CI=1.20-2.21), and not smoking (OR=1.76; 95% CI=1.40-2.21); all p-values <0.043. Adults with more social support also had higher odds of having a healthy BMI score (OR=1.46, 95%CI=1.011-2.13), a prudent diet (OR=2.06, 95%CI=1.48-2.92), and not smoking (OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.37-2.52); all p-values<0.048. Overall, positive assets were associated with higher odds of healthier behaviors for all levels of childhood adversity, though associations were stronger among those who experienced low relative to high adversity in childhood, for most outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of positive psychosocial factors, which may buffer the health consequences of an adverse childhood throughout life. Funds provided by the NIH Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center Awards (P50 CA98029 & CA084719), NCI, NIDA, NIA (AG023397), and the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD. ELIZABETH S. CLAUSING1, JORGE C. ROMÁN2, STEPHEN E. GILMAN3,5, ERIC B. LOUCKS4, Conference Program 145 ABSTRACTS Micro-CT Evaluation of Femoral Neck Cortical Distribution in South African Fossil Hominins ALEXANDER G. CLAXTON1 and KRISTIAN J. CARLSON2 1 Anthropology, Boston University, 2Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, USC The distribution of cortical bone in the femoral neck has been used to infer locomotor habits in fossil hominins. East African australopiths have been reported to have a modern-human-like femoral neck, with a thin superior and thicker inferior cortex (small S/I ratio). The australopith femora from Sterkfontein and Swartkrans have also been interpreted as being relatively human like, but with larger S/I ratios on average and thicker cortical bone overall. We compared those South African fossils with newer finds of fossil hominins from Malapa and Naledi and with modern humans/apes of comparable age, using a novel method of measurement applying Kernel Density Estimation to micro-CT images. Our data confirm previous descriptions of the Sterkfontein and Swartkrans femora. We find that the S/I ratio of the Dinaledi subadult resembles those of similarly aged modern humans; but in size-controlled superior thickness, it falls in the overlap between the ape and modern-human distributions. The Dinaledi adult S/I ratios are human-like, but the superior cortical thickness is elevated and more australopith-like. The MH1 subadult groups with apes in both of these measures. The MH2 adult has very thick cortex, but its S/I ratio is on the lower end of the adult australopith spectrum. Overall, the Malapa sample groups roughly with the australopiths and the Dinaledi sample groups with modern humans. Estimating Ancestry in Undocumented Migrants along the South Texas Border using Dental Morphological Traits: A Test of Edgar’s Method CHAUNESEY M.J. CLEMMONS, M. KATE SPRADLEY and DANIEL J. WESCOTT Anthropology, Texas State University Dental morphological traits can be used to estimate ancestry, an important factor of the biological profile. Dental traits have been used primarily as a qualitative method until recently. In 2013, Edgar provided a quantitative method for estimating ancestry using dental morphological traits. The logistic regression equations presented in Edgar’s method are able to identify and classify unknown individuals into African American (AA), European (EU) and Hispanic American (HA). Edgar’s formulas further separate those identified as Hispanic into two geographic categories. The New Mexico Hispanics (NMH) are individuals who are primarily from Mexico or have established family history in the U.S. The Southern Florida Hispanics (SFH) are individuals from the Caribbean, Cuba and Puerto Rico. In this study 10 (9 male, 1 female) individuals discovered along the southern Texas border and perceived to be Hispanic based on anthropological analyses and cultural profile were scored for thirteen dental traits. Dental traits were observed and scored on both antimeres, when present, of permanent teeth using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System and the expression count method. The results show that two individuals classified as HA, two as AA, and seven as EU. Of the two HA individuals only one exhibited enough observable traits to further specify a geographic region, SFH. This preliminary study suggests that Edgar’s method is not adequate for estimating group affiliation in undocumented border crossers found along the Texas border. Altered DNA Methylation of Methylation Complex Genes in Relation to Maternal Stress CHRISTOPHER J. CLUKAY1,2, DAVID A. HUGHES3, NICOLE C. RODNEY1, DARLENE A. KERTES2,4 and CONNIE J. MULLIGAN1,2 1 Anthropology, University of Florida, 2Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 3MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, 4Department of Psychology, University of Florida Early life stress has long been known to influence adult health, with epigenetic modifications recently emerging as a possible mediator for this effect. Working with 25 mother-newborn dyads from the Democratic Republic of Congo, we previously found correlations between maternal stress, newborn birthweight, gene-specific methylation in cord blood, and genome-wide mean methylation in maternal blood, i.e. a possible gene-mediated effect in newborns as opposed to a genome-wide effect in mothers. Here we investigate ten genes in the methylation/demethylation complex in order to better understand our previous correlations. Mean methylation measures were constructed for each gene using principle component analysis and were tested for correlation with interview and survey-based maternal stress measures (chronic stress and war trauma), genetic variants, maternal and cord genome-wide mean methylation (GMM), and birthweight. After cell type correction, we found correlations between war trauma, maternal GMM, maternal methylation at DNMT1, DNMT3A, TET3, and MBD2,and birthweight. DNMT1 produces the primary enzyme that replicates methylation patterns during DNA replication. DNMT3A and TET3 have been implicated in genome-wide hypomethylation in response to glucocorticoid hormones. Thus, altered methylation, and possibly altered expression, of these genes is consistent with their known role in genome-wide methylation and previous relationships to stress. These results are also consistent with our observed correlation 146 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists between maternal GMM and stress, in contrast to cord GMM which was not correlated with stress. Our results suggest that altered methylation of the methylation genes may be part of the molecular mechanism underlying the human biological response to stress. Supported by NSF grant # BCS 1231264 Modularity and the evolution of the human canine ZACHARY COFRAN Anthropology, Vassar College, Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand Reduction or absence of the canine honing complex is a defining characteristic of hominins. Various theories have been put forward to explain why natural selection acted to remove this complex, but how this evolved is relatively under studied. The concepts of integration and modularity provide a framework for understanding possible developmental mechanisms of hominization of the canine-premolar complex. In terms of tooth development, it is has been suggested that the canine came under the morphogenetic influence of the presumptive incisor field. Here I test the hypothesis that human mandibular teeth will have a distinct incisor+canine module, while chimpanzee teeth will instead have a canine+premolar module. Patterns of covariation between mandibular tooth diameters are examined in sex-separated samples of humans and chimpanzees. Modularity is quantified with the Covariance Ratio, and permutation tests are used to statistically assess whether the canine participates in different modules in humans and chimpanzees. Results offer mixed support for the hypothesized differences in modularity. Consistent with previous studies, all samples evince anterior vs. postcanine modules. Among humans, there is support for separate incisor+canine and premolar modules for males but not for females. Among chimpanzees there is no support for the module hypothesized to characterize humans, as predicted. Also as predicted, the chimpanzee samples support the presence of a canine+premolar module but the human samples do not. While results support the proposed morphogenetic mechanism underlying hominin canine reduction, other possible reasons for the observed patterns of covariance should also be explored. Taphonomic characterization of the honey badger, an actualistic first BRIGETTE F. COHEN1,2 and JOB M. KIBII3 1 Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, 2Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, 3Palaeontology Department, National Museum of Kenya ABSTRACTS Diagnostic bone modification patterns have been utilised to identify potential carnivore accumulators of fossil mammal assemblages. Studies of this nature have recently begun to focus on modification patterns of small carnivores on smaller prey like hares. The honey badger (Mellivora capensis) has a long evolutionary history and has been recovered from a number of Plio-Pleistocene hominid cave sites near Johannesburg. The honey badger is a catholic feeder but is known to predate or scavenge smaller prey items like the springhare. Recent work with camera traps has recorded honey badgers making frequent use of caves and they are known to cache excess food and make use of latrine sites. However their potential as accumulating agents in hominid bearing caves has not been previously investigated. Indeed to the best of the author’s knowledge there have been no actualistic taphonomic studies of the honey badger published to date. This study investigated the nature of bone modification of domestic rabbit carcasses by captive honey badger. Domestic rabbit carcasses were fed to honey badger, housed at the Johannesburg Zoo. Skeletal elements recovered from the refuse and those retrieved from the scats were cleaned and analysed. Overall, skeletal part representation and bone modification patterns resemble those observed in other small carnivores such as the red fox. However, unique traits in honey badger bone modifications were observed, resulting in a template that can be employed when interpreting taphonomic histories of fossil small mammal assemblages from palaeontological or archaeological sites. We would gratefully like to thank the National Research Foundation, The Palaeontological Scientific Trust and the Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences for their contributions to this research. Cross-sectional geometry of the mandibular corpus and food mechanical properties in extant primates SUSAN COINER-COLLIER1, ADAM C. PASQUINELLY1 and MATTHEW J. RAVOSA1,2,3 Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 3Anthropology, University of Notre Dame 1 2 The mandibular corpus must withstand the bending, shear, and twisting forces generated by feeding. Experimental studies show relationships between dietary consistency and corpus development, such that animals raised on more mechanically challenging diets tend to have more robust mandibles with thicker cortical bone. To examine this potential functional link, we used data on dietary food mechanical properties (FMPs) to evaluate whether primates with tougher or more resistant diets demonstrate morphological signals in the mandibular corpus related to load resistance. To test the relationship between cross-sectional corpus geometry and FMPs, we used a sample of 69 adult mandibles from 17 primate species, including both strepsirrhines and haplorhines. Each mandible was imaged using either HRXCT or microCT. Slices were extracted from the corpus at the left mandibular P4, M1, and M2, and analyzed with BoneJ. For each slice, we calculated cross-sectional area (CSA), cortical bone area, maximum and minimum cortical thickness, second moments of area along the major and minor axes, and Bredt’s formula. Statistical analysis was performed using phylogenetic generalized least-squares multiple regressions of FMPs against geometric variables and mandible length (to control for differences in body size). Our results showed few relationships between FMPs and corpus variables. However, median toughness was strongly related to CSA for M1 (p<0.001, R2 = 0.93), M2 (p<0.001, R2 = 0.96), and P4 (p<0.001, R2 = 0.94). This result suggests that relatively larger mandibles may be necessary to withstand the loading regimes associated with tougher diets. Funding for this research was provided by the Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, and by National Science Foundation grant BCS-1555168 to MJR. New insights on Broad Translucent Annulations THOMAS COLARD1, MICHEL DUBOIS2, AMÉLIE DE BROUCKER3 and BENOIT BERTRAND1 EA7367 UTML, Lille University, 2Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille University, 3 School of Dental Surgery, Lille University 1 Based on optical microscopy observations, acellular cementum is formed of incremental light and dark layers, deposited in a slow, rhythmic and continuous growth throughout life. Acellular cementum thus behaves like a true biological archive which covers almost the entire adult’s life span. The size of these growth markers is variable (generally between 2 and 10 μm wide) and is supposedly linked to changes in phospho-calcium metabolism. But some of them are wider and hypomineralized incremental lines called broad transluscent annulations (BTA). Several authors have proposed the hypothesis that these particular rings reflect stress, such as pregnancy, systemic disease and bone trauma, occurring during the year of deposit. Despite recent improvements in cementochronology, BTA remain little studied and poorly understood in terms of characterization, biology and physiology. By means of polarized microscopy and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with micro-analysis, dental cementum was studied in female subjects of known age and pregnancies. We made spot analyses to precisely define BTA in term of size, morphology and characterization. Major elements content was analyzed with linear scanning among cementum in order to compare the BTA with known pregnancies. Our results allowed us to link the number and the position of BTA in the acellular cementum deposit with the number and the age of pregnancies. We believe that this presentation will impact the anthropology community by demonstrating how a precise knowledge and detection of BTA may improve the field of bilogical anthropology and paleodemography. Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Vascular Pore Networks in the Human Rib from Two-dimensional Serial Sections MARY E. COLE and SAMUEL D. STOUT Anthropology, The Ohio State University Bone modeling and remodeling are activated by the mechanical strain of physical activities, such as locomotion and subsistence practices. Structural remnants of these processes, particularly cross-sectional geometry and collagen fiber orientation, are commonly used to infer these past behavioral patterns. Cellular processes similarly perforate cortical bone tissue with highly interconnected vascular pore networks. Low strain cortical regions are significantly more porous than high strain regions. Two-dimensional studies suggest that vascular pore volume, connectivity, and orientation also vary with mechanical strain, indicating a potential metric of mechanical loading. This study pilots a method for three-dimensional visualization of vascular pore networks in high and low strain cortical regions. Serial cross-sections (n = 88, thickness = 30 μm each) of a midshaft human rib (33 year old male), originally prepared by Tappen (1977), were microscopically imaged. High strain (compressed pleural cortex) and low strain (tensed cutaneous cortex) regions were delineated by each cross-section’s major axis, and checked by circularly polarized light microscopy analysis of collagen fiber orientation. A semi-automated protocol developed for ImageJ isolated vascular pore spaces using the Colony Blob Count Tool. The Register Virtual Stack Slices plugin aligned serial sections based on pore coordinates. Adjacent section pores were interpolated with the 3D Object Counter, reconstructing the midshaft’s three-dimensional vascular space. Pore volume, orientation, and network connectivity were reported by the 3D ROI Manager and AnalyzeSkeleton. Three-dimensional imaging technologies are often limited for bone tissue by resolution, size, or cost. Serial sections are an accessible alternative for reconstructing vascular pore networks. Conference Program 147 ABSTRACTS Coordinate-system-invariant Assessment of Measurement Error in Landmark Coordinate Data THEODORE M. COLE III1, LIANGYUAN HU2, SUBHASH R. LELE3 and JOAN T. RICHTSMEIER4 1 Basic Medical Science, University of MissouriKansas City, 2Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 3 Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, 4Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University Landmark coordinate data are invariably collected with measurement error (ME). We present methods for quantifying ME under two different digitizing protocols: 1) a specimen is repeatedly measured while held stationary in a fixed coordinate system (FCS), as with CT scans; and 2) a specimen is repeatedly measured in a series of different, arbitrary coordinate systems (ACS), where it is moved between trials and repositioned differently each time. Some authors have argued the ACS protocol is more practical under certain circumstances, and Procrustes superimposition is commonly used to quantify ME in these cases. We first briefly summarize our existing method of estimation under the FCS protocol. Assuming normally-distributed errors, we obtain maximum-likelihood estimates of ME at each landmark. We then introduce a new method of estimation under the ACS protocol, using an a priori model that assumes: 1) normally-distributed errors; 2) possibly heterogeneous error across landmarks; and 3) errors that are uncorrelated across landmarks. We obtain method-of-moments estimates of ME at each landmark that are invariant to the nuisance parameters (translation and rotation) introduced in the ACS protocol. We present simulation studies considering scenarios with varying magnitudes and patterns of ME. We first use the FCS method, followed by the ACS method after introducing nuisance parameters to the data. We find our estimates of landmark-specific ME are accurate under both protocols. Applied to the same data, Procrustes estimates are inaccurate. We conclude with suggestions for mitigating ME when the repeated measurement of large samples is impractical. Bipedalism evolved from knuckle-walking: Evidence from 3D geometric morphometric analyses of cervical and upper thoracic vertebral shape of Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, and Pongo pygmaeus MARK COLLARD1,2, KIMBERLY A. PLOMP1, KEITH DOBNEY3, UNA S. VIDARSDOTTIR4 and DARLENE A. WESTON5 1 Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 2Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, 3Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 4Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, 5Anthropology, University of British Columbia The locomotor behaviour that preceded bipedalism is an important but controversial topic. The debate focuses on the locomotor behaviour of the last common ancestor (LCA) of hominins and panins. The most widely supported hypothesis contends that the LCA used knuckle-walking while on the ground, and vertical climbing and forelimb suspension while in the trees, like the African apes. The main alternative to this “African ape hypothesis” avers that the LCA used arboreal quadrumanous climbing and hand-assisted bipedalism similar to orangutans. In this study, we sought to shed light on the LCA’s locomotor behaviour by comparing the lower two cervical and upper two thoracic vertebrae of H. sapiens, P. troglodytes, and P. pygmaeus using three-dimensional shape analysis techniques. Asymmetry was removed from the data, and then allometry was minimized by regressing the landmark coordinates on log centroid size. The regression residuals were subjected to principal component analysis, and MANOVAs were performed on the PC scores to assess the significance of the differences among taxa. Lastly, between-group Euclidean distances were calculated to investigate inter-taxon shape variation.The analyses revealed that the vertebrae of H. sapiens are more similar in terms of shape to those of P. troglodytes than to those of P. pygmaeus. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the locomotor behaviour of the LCA was similar to that of modern African apes. Thus, the present study adds to the growing body of evidence indicating that bipedalism was preceded by a combination of knuckle-walking, vertical climbing and forelimb suspension. MITACS; Wenner-Gren Foundation; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; Canada Research Chairs Program; Canada Foundation for Innovation; British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund; Simon Fraser University. Framing Function, Health, and Disability in the Roman Iron Age: Application of the ICF in Two Individuals with Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip LARISSA COLLIER and LEAH LOWE Department of Physical Therapy, University of Central Arkansas Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a joint disorder that typically manifests in utero and throughout the first year of life as the hip socket forms. While many cases spontaneously improve or improve with treatment, some go undetected until clinical symptoms, such as joint pain, joint dislocation, and arthritis are present. Using an archaeological skeletal sample of two individuals with unilateral DDH, this case study will demonstrate the feasibility of using the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a contemporary framework to explore and conceptualize their likely health, function, and disability. 148 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists The cases, a young adult female and middle adult male, are from the Roman Iron Age cemetery of Simonsborg on the island of Zealand, Denmark. Using the ICF, we can propose a descriptive profile of the individuals’ function and disability which considers the interactions of DDH (the health condition) with the personal and environmental factors likely consistent with the Roman Iron Age. These interactions will be described through 1) anatomical and physiologic analysis of body functions and structures, 2) archaeological context that examines the individuals’ ability to engage in daily activities, and 3) quality of life determined by the individuals’ potential level of participation in home and community. The ICF model provides the framework to merge archaeological context with contemporary anatomical and functional knowledge of the human body to help us conceptualize the effect of disability on the daily life and community interactions of these two individuals from the Roman Iron Age. Are virtual bones, derived from clinical CT scans, a precise source for a virtual skeletal reference database? KERRI L. COLMAN1, JOHANNES G.G. DOBBE2, KYRA E. STULL3, JAN M. RUIJTER1, ROELOF-JAN OOSTRA1, RICK R. VAN RIJN4, ALIE E. VAN DER MERWE1, HANS H. DE BOER5 and GEERT J. STREEKSTRA2,4 1 Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 3 Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, 4Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 5Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam Many countries lack contemporary skeletal collections that reflect the diversity in the modern population. A possible solution is the development of a virtual skeletal database from computed tomography (CT) images. Postmortem CT scans, generally conducted under ideal conditions, reflect a specific sub-sample. Clinical CT scans provide a possible solution to capturing the full spectrum of variation, albeit being associated with varying imaging conditions. This study investigates the effects of varying imaging conditions on the precision of virtual modelled pelvises. One adult cadaver was scanned using varying imaging conditions (i.e., scanner type, slice thickness, and exposure level). Segmentation was used to generate virtually modelled pelves. The precision of the virtual models was calculated by the fraction of polygon mesh points resulting in point-to-point distance errors of 2mm or less. Additionally, areas that had the 5% most- and the 5% least deviation were visualized by color mapping. ABSTRACTS Almost all polygon mesh points (97%) resulted in point-to-point distance errors of 2mm or less. Joint surfaces predominantly presented with variation greater than 2mm and the 5% most deviation. The anterior- and posterior- surface of the iliac fossa, greater sciatic notch and obturator foramen displayed the 5% least deviation. Segmented bone elements from clinical CT scans are a precise source for creating a virtual skeletal database. Virtual models provide the possibility to automate measurements and perform shape fitting analyses, which may not only reduce user/ measurement error, but also provide information on the spectrum of variation for complex populations with high rates of immigration and migration. The Use of Color Cues in Within-group Competition over Food Resources by Tufted Capuchin Monkeys AGOSTINA COLOSIMO1 and CLARA J. SCARRY2,3 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Rosario, 2Department of Anthropology, Miami University, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin 1 Among many primate species, strong dominance relationships allow allow some individuals to aggressively exclude others from a resource we they are present. Thus to avoid competition, subordinate individual may attempt to arrive early at resources, gaining time to feed prior to the arrival of more dominant individuals. To avoid investing energy in competition over resources that are not currently productive, individuals may use information acquired during previous visits or through signals visible at greater distances to inform their choice of approach behavior. Here we employed an experimental approach with wild tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus) at Iguazú National Park, Argentina, to examine whether color indicators of current food availability (orange vs. white feeding canisters) affect individual behavior during approach to provisioning platforms. Although subordinate individuals routinely arrived at the site well ahead of the group, within visual range of the site, behavior differed in response to the color signals that they detected. When orange canisters indicative of a small quantity of banana were present, individuals maintained a rapid appreciation velocity. In contrast, when the visible signal (white) indicated that no food was present, individuals slowed in their approach and frequently bypassed the site. Similar use of naturally occurring color cues that can be detected at long-distance and inform individuals regarding current resource availability may help to explain te maintenance of the color vision polymorphism within this population. This work was funded by a grant from the Leakey Foundation. Morphological integration of anatomical, functional, and developmental modules of the postcranium in the Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) MARK A. CONAWAY, LAUREN SCHROEDER and NOREEN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Lab, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo Patterns of morphological integration are important for understanding the potential evolvability of different structures in the primate skeleton. Here, using a macaque model, we test the null hypothesis that anatomically, developmentally, and functionally defined postcranial “modules” exhibit statistically stronger patterns of integration compared with random traits taken from across the whole skeleton. Landmarks were collected on 3D scans of the scapula, os coxa, femur, humerus, tibia, and ulna of 40 Macaca fascicularis. All possible interlandmark distances were calculated for each bone. A null distribution of integration measures (ICV; Coefficient of Variation of covariance matrix eigenvalues) was calculated by resampling these traits and calculating random covariance matrices 1,000 times. Thereafter, distributions of ICV values were generated for each of the six anatomical modules (individual bones), three developmentally homologous modules (girdles, upper, and lower limbs) and four functional modules (scapula-humerus, humerus-ulna, os coxa-femur, and femur-tibia). Integration values were statistically compared using pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction. Results show that all individual bones are significantly more integrated than the null, except for the os coxa, which was significantly less integrated. Of the developmental modules, only the upper and lower limbs were significantly more integrated than the null, while three out of the four functional modules were more integrated than the null. Overall, our results provide partial support for the null hypothesis, with the os coxa displaying significantly lower levels of integration than other modules. The results also point to functional factors being important drivers of morphological integration in the macaque skeleton. Does increased contact with an arboreal substrate result in decreased digital grasping pressures? KIMBERLY A. CONGDON Basic Sciences, Touro University Nevada Arboreal primates engage in a range of climbing behaviors, including above-branch quadrupedalism, below-branch suspension and vertical climbing. Maintaining a stable position on arboreal substrates requires supplementing the force of friction that results from interaction of autopod and substrate. One means of supplementing frictional forces is to increase the amount of contact (measured as surface area) between grasping digits and substrate. Doing so could allow for lower peak pressures against the substrate. I tested the hypothesis that increasing contact of digits against arboreal substrate results in lower peak grasping pressures during arboreal locomotion in 3 species of lemur. Adults (n=4 /species) from Lemur catta, Propithecus coquereli, and Varecia variegata crossed an artificial substrate fitted with a pressure pad during above-branch quadrupedal, below-branch quadrupedal and vertical-branch quadrupedal locomotion. I used least-squares regression to test for inverse correlations between pressures exerted by individual digits and their surface areas of contact. No correlations yielded an r value of more than 0.64 and the majority of slopes demonstrated a direct correlation, not inverse. Many correlations yielded r values below 0.1. Negative allometry suggests greater constraints on contact surface area than digital pressure. These findings fail to support the hypothesis, and suggest that, when composing an arboreal locomotor strategy, increasing contact surface area is employed in-step with increasing digital pressure, rather than as a means to lower necessary digital pressures. This implies that autopods are able to withstand higher pressures than are employed during stereotypical arboreal behaviors before alternate grasping strategies are necessary to prevent failure. This project was funded by the Leakey Foundation and a University of Missouri Life Sciences Fellowship A Test of Fazekas and Kósa (1978) Fetal Aging Standards using Ultrasound Data JENNIFER A. CONLEY1 and STEPHEN OUSLEY2 Applied Forensice Sciences, Mercyhurst, 2Data Science, Mercyhurst 1 Accurately aging fetal skeletons is necessary for both forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists. In forensic contexts, it is necessary because of feticide laws. The most widely used method to estimate fetal age is Fazekas and Kósa, who based their method on Haase’s Rule, a crude fetal age estimate based on fetal length. A potential problem is their source, spontaneously aborted fetuses from Hungary, because of population differences in fetal size and the osteological paradox. The Osteological Paradox highlights the problem of applying assessments of the dead to the living because the dead are dead for a reason. Spontaneously aborted fetuses may not represent normal growth in fetuses that would otherwise survive. The purpose of this study was to test the F&K method using seven published ultrasound data at various ages from surviving fetuses. Maximum lengths of the six major long bones were used because of their ease of measurement and the great number of studies using them. The F&K data from all six major long bones Conference Program 149 ABSTRACTS show significant deficits compared to the ultrasound data at 24 to 36 fetal weeks at p < 0.02 after Bonferroni adjustments. We conclude that the F&K method is inappropriate for estimating age in modern, ostensibly healthy fetuses, and the Haase method is inaccurate. In the future, it is imperative that ultrasound data be used to assess fetal age and population specific standards be created. Effect of Cusp Number on the Structural Integrity of Early Hominin Teeth PAUL J. CONSTANTINO1, MARK B. BUSH2, AMIR BARANI2 and BRIAN R. LAWN3 1 Biology, Saint Michael’s College, 2School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, 3Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology Recent work has examined how tooth structural integrity is affected by various traits such as tooth size, enamel thickness, and enamel material properties. However, little has been done to investigate the role of cusp number. While lower molars of Homo and Australopithecus routinely feature 4 or 5 cusps, those of Paranthropus often feature a sixth (tuberculum sextum). Some “gracile” hominins even feature a seventh cusp despite having smaller molars. We investigated the effect these extra cusps may have had on tooth structural integrity by using extended finite-element modeling to examine longitudinal crack propagation in simplified bunodont tooth models varying in cusp number. We find that extra cusps do not compromise tooth integrity when each cusp is loaded simultaneously, as would be the case when feeding on softer foods. However, feeding on harder foods can result in localized contacts on individual cusps that increase the likelihood of tooth failure. This can be mitigated by moving those cusps towards the center of the tooth or by keeping these localized contacts away from the tooth’s edges. Increasing cusp height can also increase the critical failure load of teeth, provided the cusp does not become excessively tall relative to tooth width. Given the location and size of the tuberculum sextum, these cusps would have made the tooth more prone to fracture when consuming hard foods. Therefore, we hypothesize they either enhanced the ability of Paranthropus to orally manipulate soft (and possibly tough) foods, or they were simply a developmental byproduct with no selective advantage. This project was supported by the Australian Research Council (DP130101472). New specimens of Stirtonia from the La Victoria Formation, La Venta, Colombia and the evolution of alouattin dental and mandibular form Stable isotope analysis of hair from three peoples in modern Ethiopia shows clear differences among isotopic signatures related to subsistence regimes SIOBHAN B. COOKE1,2, ANDRES FELIPE VANEGAS3, ANDRES LINK4, BRIAN M. SHEARER5,6, LAURA K. STROIK7 and MELISSA TALLMAN2,7 CATHERINE G. COOPER1, KAREN LUPO2, ASHENAFI ZENA4,5 and MICHAEL P. RICHARDS3 Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2-, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Morphometrics Group, 3-, Vigías del Patrimonio Paleontológico La Tatacoa, 4Department of Biology, Universidad de los Andes, 5Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 6-, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, 7Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University 2 1 Alouatta is a wide-spread, speciose genus of largely folivorous platyrrhine primates found throughout Central and South America. One of the major questions about the evolution of Alouatta pertains to the selective pressures surrounding the development of its folivorous diet and unique mandibular and hyoid morphology. The earliest definitive fossil alouattin is Stirtonia victoriae, which was recoveredfrom the La Victoria formation (13.5-12.9 Ma) of the Middle Miocene site of La Venta, Colombia. It is known only from maxillary and cranial fragments. Here, we describe the first recovered mandibular specimens of S. victoriae. Specimen 1 preserves the mandibular symphysis, tooth roots of the anterior dentition, left and right p3-m2, and a partial left mandibular corpus; specimen 2 preserves the mandibular symphysis containing incisor and canine roots, left p2-m1, and right p2-p4. We employ shearing quotient, a measure of a tooth’s relative ability to shear a food item, and 3D landmark-based analyses of dental and mandibular shape to analyze morphological adaptations of S. victoriae. The combination of this explicitly functional measure with 3D analyses of shape allow for a multi-faceted approach to dietary reconstruction. Stirtonia species have dental morphologies comparable with those of Alouatta in 3D analyses of shape. However, S. victoriae has somewhat less developed lower molar shearing crests than Alouatta – possibly indicating less commitment to folivory at this juncture in alouattin evolutionary history. In addition, the S. victoriae mandible appears to be shallower than that of modern Alouatta, potentially indicating that enlargement of the hyoid had yet to occur. This work was supported by the National Geographic Society/Waitt Grant W387-15 and the GVSU Center for Scholarly and Creative Excellence. NYCEP Morphometrics Group publication. 150 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, 3 Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 4 Anthropology, Washington State University, 5 Anthropology, Hawassa University 1 We measured the stable isotope ratios (C,N,S) of hair collected from living peoples with differing dietary/economic practices (farmers, pastoralists, fishers) in rural Ethiopia to determine if the dietary differences were visible and measurable in their hair isotope values. We found that there were significant differences in the isotopic ratios of all three elements that distinguish these economic practices (carbon: Χ2 = 8.523, p = .014; nitrogen: Χ2 = 35.372, p = .000; and sulfur: Χ2 = 30.887, p = .000). This demonstrates the utility of isotopic methods as an indicator of diet, and shows the diverse dietary adaptations and economies occurring simultaneously in this region of modern Ethiopia. VIRT.OS: virtual osteological library for research, education and heritage preservation HELENE COQUEUGNIOT1,2,3, ANTONY COLOMBO1,3, BRUNO DUTAILLY1,4, JEAN-FRANCOIS BERNARD4, PASCAL DESBARATS5 and OLIVIER DUTOUR1,2,6 UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Univeriste de Bordeaux, Biological Anthropology, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, 3Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 4 UMS 3551 Archeovision, Universite Bordeaux Montaigne, 5UMR 5800 LaBRI, CNRS, Universite de Bordeaux, 6Anthropology, University of Western Ontario 1 2 VIRT.OS project, granted by the Aquitaine Regional Council, is devoted to the creation of a virtual bone library. Digitalized specimens come from different identified skeletal and osteoarchaeological collections in Aquitaine Region, France and Europe. Its aims are to give an easy access to virtual skeletal specimens having a specific scientific or patrimonial interest while ensuring their preservation. It concerns different sciences dealing with osteological studies such as biological anthropology, archaeozoology and paleontology, anatomy and paleopathology. The project is based on the collaboration between 3 research units located in Aquitaine and specialized in human and animal osteology, computer sciences and 3D methods in archaeology. This interdisciplinary approach allows managing all the steps from data acquisition and treatment to 3D reconstruction including their preservation and promotion. Data acquisition was achieved using CT- or μ-CT scans (alternatively using laser ABSTRACTS scanning or photogrammetry), treatment was performed using TIVMI® software program. Database is continuously enriched with human and animal skeletal specimens coming from different European countries. It is stored in a dedicated platform developed in the framework of a digital research national project for Humanities. The 3D osteological models can be visualized on the website of VIRT.OS and available for research, education, heritage preservation and valorization for all the specialists working on ancient and recent bones. Aquitaine Regional Council, France Cementochronology to the Rescue: Osteobiography of a Middle Woodland Woman with a Combined Skeletal Dysplasia AVIVA A. CORMIER1, JANE E. BUIKSTRA2, STEPHAN NAJI3 and THOMAS COLARD4 Archaeology, Boston University, 2School of Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 3Center for International Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences, New York University, 4Anthropology, Université de Lille 1 Accurate age-at-death estimates are essential for inferring health, identity, diversity, and demography within archaeological skeletal samples. Unfortunately, the macroscopically visible skeletal structures most informative for estimating age-at-death ranges may be compromised by dysplastic, endocrine, and circulatory disorders. Cementochronology or the “tooth cementum annulations (TCA)” technique provides an alternative approach for evaluating acellular cementum banding without requiring a reference sample or complex statistical calculations. Using cementochronology, we present an age-atdeath estimate for a pre-Columbian, adult female (EZ 3-7-1) with a combined skeletal dysplasia, achondroplasia and Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis. In 1980, EZ 3-7-1 was excavated from Mound 3 at the Elizabeth site (11PK512) in the Lower Illinois Valley by the Center for American Archeology Contract Archeology Program and the Northwestern University Archeological Field Schools. Preliminary age-at-death estimates were tentative. The presence of in situ fetal remains within her pelvis indicates a biologically mature individual, and occlusal dental wear correspond to that of older adults. Cementochronology has re-defined the age-at-death estimate as 31.5+- 1.48 years. These results not only assist in developing a more accurate age-at-death estimation and biological profile, but they also facilitate creating nuanced interpretations for a physically challenged, pregnant female in her Middle Woodland social context. Further, this analysis emphasizes the utility of cementochronology in estimating age-at-death of skeletal individuals with pathological conditions that compromise commonly used macroscopic methods and encourages researchers to consider this technique in paleodemography, paleoepidemiology, and forensic anthropology. dental elements with sufficient reliability and precision. However, many juvenile age estimation methods currently available to anthropologists do not follow scientifically or biologically valid methodological criteria. Modern human hair, nail and breath isotopic signals and their relevance to diet assessment in the past This work presents a critical review of 256 juvenile age estimation methods. The methods were described using a set of 20 criteria: 5 sampling (age, sex, sample size, sample age ratio and sex ratio), 5 statistical (reliability, accuracy, precision, observer errors, validation) and 10 transversal parameters (e.g. geographic origin). Two or more modalities were then attributed to each criterion, based on recommendations presented in referenced publications for the construction of standardized and valid anthropological methods. Based on this standardized methodological norm, the modalities for sampling and statistical criteria convey either validity or invalidity for the criterion in question. MARIA ANA CORREIA1, ROBERT FOLEY1, TAMSIN O’CONNELL1, FERNANDO RAMÍREZ-ROZZI2 and MARTA MIRAZÓN LAHR1 1 Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, 2Dynamique de l’Évolution Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Diet plays a key role in the ecology of a species. Isotopic analyses are often perceived as the only quantitative and objective technique to assess human diet in the past. However, most studies focus on the comparison of archaeological human isotopic data to animal and other human data, while drawing from theories driven from controlled fed animal studies. This study was designed to test the isotopic outcomes of varied diets on different populations and tissues. In this study, we analyzed human hair (n=134), nail (n=80) and breath (n=184) for δ13 C and δ15 N from 5 modern human populations with different diets. We chose to target African populations (4 Kenyan and one from Cameroon) that exhibited a high range of diets (pastoralism, fishing, agriculture). The sampled populations (ElMolo, Turkana, Luhya, Luo and Baka) practice more traditional diets, thus controlling for the more widespread but historically recent Western diet. A diet questionnaire was also applied to these populations (with the exception of the Baka from Cameroon) to relate individual diet to traditionally reported diets. We found that agriculturalists and hunter gatherers differed from pastoralists and fishers, but it was not possible to distinguish between pastoralists and fishers. This latter result might be due to a nitrogen depletion in Kenyan lakes, which makes the inclusion of fish in diet in this area hard to detect. The results emphasise the importance of local factors in isotope values, and the variable sensitivity of isotopes to dietary practices. Funding was provided by a European Research Council Advanced Award to Marta Mirazón Lahr (IN-AFRICA, ERC 295907) and the University Fieldwork Funding at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom A critical review and classification of juvenile age estimation methods LOUISE K. CORRON, FRANÇOIS MARCHAL, SILVANA CONDEMI and PASCAL ADALIAN UMR 7268 Anthropologie bioculturelle, Droit, Ethique et Santé, Aix-Marseille University - EFS - CNRS Age is a parameters of the juvenile biological profile that can be estimated from skeletal or The modalities of the 10 sampling and statistical criteria were used to understand the structure of our corpus, by calculating frequency tables and conducting Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) followed by Hierarchical Clusterisation on Principal Components (HCPC) with the R® software. Frequency tables quantified and qualified existing methodological biases. MCA followed by HCPC highlighted the modalities needed to construct valid juvenile age estimation methods. Following these results, an objective classification of the methods was constructed for each element of the skeleton, based on the descriptive criteria and modalities. This classification highlights the methods respecting all 10 valid sampling and statistical modalities and can be used by anthropologists for practical method selection. This study was funded by the French Ministry for Higher Education and Research Hindlimb Bone Strength Ratios reveal Decreased Limb Tapering in Humans vs. Other Great Apes MIRANDA N. COSMAN1, STEPHEN SCHLECHT2, KARL JEPSEN2, LAURA MACLATCHY1 and MAUREEN DEVLIN1 Anthropology, University of Michigan, 2Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan 1 Limb tapering is hypothesized to reflect an energetic trade-off between weight and bone strength, and is often associated with cursoriality. Cursorial mammals are also characterized by decreased bending strength of the tibia and longer distal elements. Bipedal humans are hypothesized to be adapted for distance running, and may be characterized by hindlimb tapering. Comparatively, the African apes are less reliant Conference Program 151 ABSTRACTS on distance running, and thus should be less adapted for cursorial behaviour. We predict that humans will exhibit greater hindlimb tapering from femur to tibia relative to chimpanzees and gorillas. We also predict that in the forelimb, there will be less tapering from humerus to radius in humans compared to African apes. Data was collected from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection. Chimpanzee adults (n=50), gorilla adults (n=78), and human adults (n=240) were pQCT scanned at 50% midshaft, and anthropometric measurements were recorded. J was used as a proxy for limb strength/robusticity, and J-values were compared between femur and tibia, and humerus and radius among all three taxa. In the forelimb, the ratio of humeral J to radial J was not significantly different between humans and chimpanzees, but both exhibited less tapering than gorillas. In the hindlimb, although humans did exhibit limb tapering between their femur and tibia, chimpanzees and especially gorillas had significantly greater levels of tapering (p<0.05). While recent decreases in human femoral robusticity may influence these comparisons, the level of variation among the hominoids, and accentuated tapering in gorilla, suggests the relationship between tapering and locomotor signal is complex. This research was funded by the NSF GRFP to MNC, NSF BCS-1241811 and NSF BCS-1208369 to LM, and NSF BCS-1638553 to MD. Now they’re Everywhere: New Fossil Primate Remains from Bukwa, Uganda, Demonstrate that Catarrhine Primates are ubiquitous at East African Early Miocene Fossil Sites SUSANNE COTE1 and LAURA MACLATCHY2 1 Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2Anthropology, University of Michigan Most early Miocene fossil localities in East Africa sample abundant remains of catarrhine primates. In contrast, primates are thought to be relatively rare at Bukwa, a ~19-19.5 Ma locality on the slopes of Mount Elgon in eastern Uganda. Only one definitive catarrhine specimen (Limnopithecus legetet) has been documented from Bukwa. Limited paleobotanical evidence, combined with the paucity of primates, have led some to conclude that Bukwa represents an early grassland ecosystem that was relatively inhospitable to primates. We used systematic surface collection in 2015 to increase the sample size of fossil vertebrate remains from the Bukwa II locality. We discovered five isolated catarrhine teeth, representing three different taxa. Catarrhines now make up 4% of the identifiable mammal fossils our team has collected from Bukwa, comparable to proportions from similarly aged localities at Napak, Uganda and the Legetet Formation, Kenya. Our preliminary paleoenvironmental findings provide no evidence of grassland ecosystems; rather this was a small lake surrounded by forest and/or woodland. The new data from Bukwa clarifies that catarrhines are present at all reasonably sampled early Miocene sites and therefore were relatively ubiquitous across East Africa. Bukwa did not represent an open ecosystem, but further work is needed to determine the types of forest or woodland habitats present. Based on these new findings, it is apparent that the perceived paucity of primates at Bukwa was due to the small size of the fossil collection from this locality, rather than an anomalously open habitat in the early Miocene. This research was supported by grants BCS-1241811 and BCS-1208369 from the National Science Foundation. Virtual cranial restoration of Qafzeh 6 by new methodology using photogrammetry DANY COUTINHO NOGUEIRA1,2, BRUNO DUTAILLY2, FLORENT COMTE3, ANNE-MARIE TILLIER2 and HELENE COQUEUGNIOT1,2 1 Laboratoire d’Anthropologie biologique Paul Broca, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes - PSL University, 2 UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS – University of Bordeaux, 3 UMR 5607 Ausonius, CNRS - University Bordeaux Montaigne Some fossils, crucial for the understanding of human evolution, are too fragmented or distorted to achieve a comprehensive study of their morphological characteristics. Among these fossils, specimens from Qafzeh Cave in Lower Galilee (Israel), dated to 92 +/- 5 ka BP, are of special interest as they are viewed as being essentially early non-African modern human in skeletal anatomy. They represent a key-group in the knowledge of modern human dispersal with regard to their pivotal geographical location. The adult Qafzeh 6 skull, which is the most complete, is affected by two distortions as shown by its available physical reconstruction. In order to correct the distorted bones and re-integrate these “corrected” data into the Levantine corpus, we planned a virtual cranial restoration on Qafzeh 6. CT- or μCT-scans are the common method used in data acquisition for 3D restoration. However, due to strict conservation rules, Qafzeh 6 could not be moved outside its preservation room. Therefore, it was scanned on site, using the photogrammetric method. The acquired data present the advantages to provide both 3D meshes and bone texture. As these digital data are limited to surface acquisition, we have had to develop a specific methodology. The virtual cranial restoration of Qafzeh 6 skull appeared to us being successful, as it allows us 152 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists to answer now some issues raised since these fossils discoveries. Virtual restoration using photogrammetric data is less expensive and less time consuming than classical methods using X-rays. Its use offers promising insights in virtual paleoanthropology. This study was supported by the Irene Levi Sala Care Archaeological Foundation Rodeo Riders Revisited: A second look at Neandertal patterns of trauma JAMES BAIN and LIBBY W. COWGILL Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia Neanderthals have an unusual distribution of skeletal trauma, with high levels of head trauma and few pelvis and lower limb injuries. In their now classic paper, Berger and Trinkaus (1995) compared these patterns of trauma to both archaeological populations and modern hospital samples, in order to shed light on the types of activity patterns that may have led to the relatively unique anatomical distribution of Neandertal trauma. We revisit this topic using a dramatically expanded comparative sample from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), which includes 84 sets of trauma data from different sports and activities (n=61,667). When the pattern of injury in these living samples was compared to that of Neandertals, 70 groups were significantly different from Neandertals. Of the 14 activities not statistically significantly different, it was difficult to hypothesize analogous behaviors in Neanderthals. These include activities such as water tubing (p = 0.812), flying disks and boomerang games (p = 0.077), and accidents involving a golf cart (p = 0.126). It is possible that this method of drawing comparisons between patterns of Pleistocene trauma and those of modern sports samples may be problematic due to issues of survivorship and small fossil sample size. Alternatively, it also remains possible injury distribution data provides insufficient resolution to interpret past behaviors, due to the wide variety of specific activity patterns that can generate a single distribution pattern. Genetic structure of populations of the Aleutian Archipelago based on 750,000 SNPs MICHAEL H. CRAWFORD, SARAH D. ALDEN, RANDY DAVID and KRISTINE G. BEATY Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, University of Kansas Since 1999, we have conducted research on the origins and genetic structure of indigenous populations of the Aleutian Islands based on uniparental markers—mtDNA and NRY. These studies revealed: (1) that Aleut genetic structure was preserved in the maternal genomes with an ABSTRACTS exceptionally high correlation (r=0.68, p>0.004) between geographic and genetic distances among 11 islands distributed from the Alaska Peninsula to Kamchatka, Siberia. (2) in contrast, no significant correlation was observed between NRY markers and geography. (3) only 15% of Aleut Y chromosomes originated either in Russia, Scandinavia or England. This is a follow-up study using buccal swabs from 115 volunteer Aleuts, attending a Corporation meeting in Anchorage, Alaska in 2014. An additional 30 blood samples were collected from Aleuts of Bering Island in 2004. DNA was extracted and a total of 750,000 SNPs were analyzed by FTDNA Genomics Center of Houston, Texas. This new Geno 2.0 Chip is a illumina HD select genotyping bead array that includes mtDNA, NRY and autosomal SNPs distributed throughout the genome. These SNPs were pruned by the removal of related individuals through pairwise linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the PLINK program. PCA analyses were plotted using EIGENSOFT package and population structure was analyzed using ADMIXTURE Program. Intra- and inter-population diversity was estimated using Arlequin software ver. 3.5. The use of 750,000 mutational markers across the entire genome provided greater precision and statistical power when compared to population structure reconstruction using uniparental markers. Comparative data from NGS allowed localization of gene flow from Europe. This research was supported by a GENO 2.0 National Geographic Society grant and NSF grants OPP-990590 and OPP-0327676. Late Pleistocene modern human diversity in Central Africa ISABELLE CREVECOEUR1, ALISON BROOKS2, ISABELLE RIBOT3 and PATRICK SEMAL4 UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, 3Département d’Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, 4Scientific Service of Heritage, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) 1 2 In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in understanding African Late Pleistocene modern human diversification and dispersion. The Ishango collection represents the oldest sample of modern humans in Late Pleistocene Central Africa. Dated to the last glacial maximum, the human remains are associated with an exceptional archaeological context characterizing a hunter-fisher-gatherer community showing complex social and cognitive behaviors. The comparative study of the Ishango human remains offers a unique opportunity to document and discuss past modern human diversity and adaptation at the end of the Pleistocene. Comparisons with large samples of Late Pleistocene and early Holocene modern human fossils from Africa and Eurasia show that the Ishango human remains exhibit distinctive characteristics and a higher phenotypic diversity in contrast to recent African populations. In some aspects, these remains show more affinities with Middle to early Late Pleistocene fossils worldwide than with extant local African populations. Moreover, cross-sectional geometric properties of the long bones are consistent with archaeological evidence suggesting investment in and use of aquatic resources. Our results on the Ishango human remains provide insights into past African modern human diversity and adaptation that are consistent with genetic theories about the deep sub-structure of Late Pleistocene African populations and their complex evolutionary history of isolation and diversification. This study was funded by the IRSIB (PRFB 2006/CM/ IV/520), a Fulbright Foreign Scholarship, the CNRS and the project “Big Dry” (ANR-14-CE31). Hale and Frail: Skeletal Frailty in Medieval and Postmedieval London DOUGLAS E. CREWS1,2 and KATHRYN E. MARKLEIN1 1 Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 2School of Public Health, The Ohio State University To broaden bioarchaeological applicability of skeletal frailty indices (SFIs), we compare results including 2 to 11 non-metric biomarkers to our original metric/non-metric 13-biomarker SFI. By applying identical statistical analyses, we determine if non-metric SFIs yield similar results (means, explained variation, and P-values) to previously reported 13-biomarker SFI distributions. Subsequently, a parsimonious 4-biomarker SFI and 11- and 13-biomarker SFIs are applied to two Postmedieval London cemeteries differing in ascribed socioeconomic status (SES) to test results between multi-variable SFIs and compare frailty distributions between SES groups. From the Museum of London WORD database, 2- to 13-biomarker SFIs are tabulated for Medieval monastic and nonmonastic samples. Nonmetric and 4-biomarker SFIs are applied to Postmedieval high (Chelsea Old Church) and low (St. Brides Lower) SES samples. Medieval samples exhibit similar means, explained variation (R2), and associated P-values (ANOVA/ANCOVA) for the 13-biomarker and all nonmetric SFIs composed of six-plus biomarkers. Nevertheless, comparisons by age indicate non-metric SFIs do not capture childhood growth perturbations associated with adult frailty. Among Postmedieval samples of differential socioeconomic status, 4-, 11-, and 13-SFIs do not differ significantly, although they differ significantly by age and sex within each group. These results demonstrate 13-biomarker SFIs provide a comprehensive assessment of frailty. Results using nonmetric SFIs, with six or more biomarkers, are comparable to the 13-biomarker index while including larger samples. Regarding differential frailty between Postmedieval London groups, reduced SFIs confirm previous reports based on hazard analyses, which showed significantly higher risks of mortality among individuals of low than high socioeconomic status. Oral health among the Hadza foragers of Tanzania ALYSSA N. CRITTENDEN1, SHENIZ MOONIE2, JOHN SORRENTINO3 and PETER S. UNGAR4 Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada, Las Veas, 3Family and Cosmetic Dentistry, Private Practice, Hopewell Junction, New York, 4 Anthropology, University of Arkansas 1 2 It has long been argued that the transition from foraging to farming was accompanied by an increase in dental caries, orthodontic disorders, and periodontal disease – given the increased consumption of carbohydrates. This commonly cited example of the mismatch between our biology and modern lifestyle is based largely on the bioarchaeological record of the Neolithic Revolution in the New World. Recent studies of other populations have, however, challenged the universality of this assertion. Here, we present the first comprehensive study, to our knowledge, of oral health among the Hadza of Tanzania (n = 75 adult individuals from five camps), a population in transition from hunting-and-gathering to a diet dominated by domesticated foods. In order to test the hypothesis that the shift from foraging to farming inevitably leads to increased periodontal disease, caries, and malocclusion, we compared bush dwelling Hadza to those who have transitioned, or are in the process of transitioning, to the village. Our results suggest that while women in village settings have significantly more caries than those in the bush (p<.05), as expected based on data from other small-scale societies, surprisingly, men in the bush have significantly more caries than those in the village (p<.05). These unexpected findings might be linked to heavy consumption of honey and, perhaps, the use of tobacco and marijuana. These data support the notions that mechanisms of cariogenesis are multifactorial and that the assumed decline in oral health with the transition to agriculture is nuanced. Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF grant # 1539843 to A. Crittenden and NSF grant 81539841 to P. Ungar). Conference Program 153 ABSTRACTS Comparative foraging strategies of Neotropical frugivores: Do primates forage ‘smarter’? MARGARET C. CROFOOT1,2,3, RAFAEL MAREST2, DAMIEN CAILLAUD1,3, ROLAND KAYS2,4 and BEN HIRSCH5 Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 3Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 4Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 5Tropical Biology, James Cook University 1 2 Making a living as a tropical frugivore poses significant challenges: a medium-sized frugivore’s range can contain as many as 100,000 trees, few of which contain food at any given time. In complex environments such as these, the ability to integrate information about what resources are available, where they are located, and when they are ripe dramatically improves foraging success. It has recently been argued that primates, because of their long coevolutionary history with angiosperms, possess cognitive adaptations for foraging on fruit that allow them to forage more efficiently than other frugivores. To test this hypothesis, we used GPS-collars to track the foraging patterns of four frugivores—capuchins (Cebus capucinus), spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), coatis (Nasua narica) and kinkajous (Potos flavus)— living in Panama. During the season of low fruit availability, these frugivore s are united by an almost exclusive reliance on a single keystone species, Dipteryx oleifera, creating a common yardstick to compare their foraging strategies. We exhaustively mapped the distribution of D. oleifera trees using drones, and determined which trees study animals visited via GPS tracking. Patterns of movement and foraging behavior differed significantly among study species, with spider monkeys showing strong evidence of route-based travel; their paths also became more directed (i.e. less tortuous) across repeated visits to the same trees. Capuchins foraged more efficiently than other species, encountering more D. oleifera per distance travelled. These results suggest that sympatric frugivores may incorporate different types of information into their foraging decisions, even when faced with identical ecological problems. We acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (BCS-1440755) and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Differences between the endosteal surface of human and non-human long bones: a potential feature to assist with identification SARAH L. CROKER Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney A forensic anthropologist examining skeletal remains must determine if the remains are human or non-human, but this can be difficult for fragments of long bones, which typically lack diagnostic features. Differences in the presence of trabeculae within the shaft’s endosteal region have been noticed between human and non-human long bones. This pilot study employed computed tomography (CT) to clarify such potential differences, using major long bones from four adult human skeletons. The comparative sample used one specimen each from several non-human mammals commonly confused with human remains in Australia, including kangaroos. Firstly, CTs were analysed in transverse view to determine where in the bone shaft trabecular bone was present (completely or partially) or absent. Almost the entire shaft of the human femora and tibiae contained some trabecular bone, as did pig and dog, but at least 26% of the shaft had no trabeculae in the sheep, deer, wallaby and kangaroo. Human upper limb bones, however, lacked trabeculae in up to 30.9% of the shaft’s length - more similar to most of the non-human sample. Secondly, the smoothness of the endosteal surface itself was analysed by examining transverse slices at regular intervals along the shaft, and counting the number of longitudinal ridges visible in each. Human bones clearly had more ridges than non-human bones (except cattle upper limb); sheep and deer were almost completely smooth. This study is worth expanding, as a combination of these observations could potentially allow the endosteal surface to provide useful clues when identifying long bone fragments. Male Reproductive Strategies in the Context of Female Defense Polygyny: An Agent-Based Model KRISTIN N. CROUSE and CARRIE M. MILLER Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota Males engage in a variety of mating strategies to be reproductively successful. In primate societies exhibiting female defense polygyny, like gelada monkeys, hamadryas baboons, and some others, a “leader” male assumes dominance over a group of females (one-male unit: OMU) in order to monopolize mating opportunities. While the leader male is assumed a high degree of paternity certainty, the presence of other males may compromise his reproductive success: “follower” males associate with and protect a single OMU and “bachelor” males do not associate with any particular OMU but frequently occupy nearby areas. Here, we present an agent-based model of these three male reproductive strategies (leader, follower, and bachelor) in the context of female defense polygyny. This model investigates how OMU size and composition can affect the opportunities leader, follower and bachelor males have to sire offspring. For example, the number of females per OMU is significantly correlated with leader male (r=-0.718, p<0.0001), and bachelor 154 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists male (r=+0.660, p<0.0001), but not follower male (r=-0.251, not significant) reproductive success. Additionally, the number of follower males per OMU is significantly correlated with leader male (r=-0.897, p<0.0001), follower male (r=+0.951, p<0.0001) and bachelor male (r=-0.959, p<0.0001) reproductive success. These preliminary results suggest that (i) leader males do best with small monopolizable OMUs (ii) bachelor males do best when large OMUs do not contain enough follower males to offer sufficient protection, and (iii) follower males employ a “hedge-your-bets” strategy, performing well regardless of OMU size and composition. Stress in Transylvania: Utilizing macroscopic skeletal analysis to track metabolic and nutritional stress between Late Antiquity and Middle Ages in Romania KAYLA D. CROWDER and CHARLOTTE A. ROBERTS Department of Archaeology, Durham University Socio-economic standing, migratory status, and access to adequate nutrition are all crucial when attempting to discover how a population lived and died. Transylvania has experienced periods of unrest for centuries, from the Roman invasion (101 AD), through barbarian raids, migration of the Slavs, to the expansion of the Kingdom of Hungary (1000 AD). As a result of the region’s instability due to warfare and invasions, which would impact on the production and availability of food, it is hypothesised that the remains of people excavated from this region will have skeletal evidence of metabolic and/or nutritional stress. The Iclod Necropolis, located in Cluj County, Transylvania, has been associated with Late Antiquity and burials of its inhabitants with the Kingdom of the Gepids. The Bögöz and Fenyéd cemeteries in Odorhei County, Transylvania, have been radiocarbon dated to the 11th-12th Century AD and the people buried there are thought to represent part of the first migration of Arpadian Age settlers in this region. Macroscopic skeletal analyses were performed on the two skeletal assemblages to assess the prevalence of metabolic/nutritional stress (enamel hypoplasia, porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, scurvy, etc.). The resulting data support the hypothesis proposed, with more than fifty percent of the individuals, from each time period, displaying one or more skeletal lesions associated with metabolic and/or nutritional stress. Future research will employ isotopic analyses to explore differences in breastfeeding and weaning practices, overall diet, and migration patterns to better understand how stress affected the life and death of these inhabitants of Transylvania. We are grateful to Institute of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, the Rosemary Cramp Fund, and University College, all at Durham University for helping to fund this research. ABSTRACTS A multi-isotope investigation of extinct monkey lemurs (Archaeolemur) from Antsirondoha cave, Madagascar BROOKE E. CROWLEY Anthropology and Geology, University of Cincinnati Archaeolemur spp. may have had slower dental development and larger home ranges than other extinct or extant lemurs. These characteristics make this extinct genus well-suited for investigating shifts in diet and mobility following weaning and potential emigration from natal groups. I sampled enamel from mandibular M1, M3, and P2 for ten Archaeolemur from Antsirondoha, which is a limestone cave in northern Madagascar. I analyzed carbon (δ13C), oxygen (δ18O), and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes, which should reflect the diet, habitat and geology where individuals lived at the time of tooth mineralization. With two exceptions, intra-individual variability in δ18O values is <1‰. One lemur has elevated oxygen values, suggesting it lived during a slightly drier period than other individuals. Intra-individual variability in δ13C values is ≤2‰. All individuals have δ13C values (-11 to -15‰) indicative of an arid ecosystem dominated by C3 plants (similar to modern conditions). There are no systematic isotopic differences among teeth, suggesting that (1) all teeth mineralized prior to weaning, (2) Archaeolemur milk and adult diet did not differ isotopically, or (3) individuals consumed isotopically variable diets before and after weaning. Nine individuals have 87Sr/86Sr between 0.704 and 0.705, and intra-individual variability is negligible, suggesting they were relatively stationary. These ratios are lower than expected for limestone but align with estimates for basalts that locally outcrop in valley floors. 87 Sr/86Sr for one individual is 0.711-0.713, which suggests this lemur was relatively mobile and likely lived on older rocks or alluvium >20 km south of Antsirondoha when it was young. A new perspective on the population history of the pre-Incan South Central Andes through analysis of dental morphological data ANDREA CUCINA1, ALFREDO COPPA2, CLAUDIA ARGANINI3 and FRANCESCA CANDILIO4,5 1 Facultad de Ciencias Antropologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, 2Department of Environmental Biology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy, 3Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center on Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy, 4School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland, 5Physical Anthropology Section, University of Philadelphia Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia The complex population history of the pre-Incan South Central Andes has been investigated by a multitude of archaeological and anthropological analyses that have laid a foundation for the understanding of population movements in the region. Of particular interest is the role played by the Tiwanaku Empire in the peopling of the Osmore and Azapa Valleys, respectively in southern Peru and northern Chile. In the present paper, we combine the dental morphological data available in the literature for both valleys, with new data from Tiwanaku and from sites in central and southern Peru in order to reach a better understanding of the biocultural dynamics exerted by the local Empires’ political expansions. Sixteen sites dated from the Archaic to the Late Intermediate periods were analyzed for 39 dental traits. Statistical analyses revealed a close affinity between Chen Chen, a supposed Tiwanaku outpost in the Middle Osmore Valley, and the Moche, the Wari, as well as the actual Tiwanaku sample. Coastal sites from both Valleys gather together, separating from the Middle Valley cluster, indicating that the dynamics that occurred in the Middle Osmore Valley did not affect the population on the coasts. At the same time, continuity can be highlighted between the Azapa Valley sites, both at coastal and valley level. The results obtained are in contrast with previous hypotheses, and stress the need to re-evaluate the role of the Tiwanaku culture in the peopling of both the Osmore and the Azapa Valleys and its ties to the later coastal Chiribaya culture. Hyoid Proportions, Growth, and Spatial Placement in Non-Human Primates ANDREANA S. CUNNINGHAM1, TIMOTHY D. SMITH2 and VALERIE BURKE DELEON1 Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University 1 2 Vocal tract morphology varies throughout non-human primate taxa, directly impacting sound productions that are unique both to species and to individuals. Previous studies have compared whole vocal apparatuses or hyoids in order to contextualize the vocal tract in relation to body size, or the morphological differences across taxa. However, the comparison of neonatal and adult non-human primate hyoid development and structure is an area that has been largely unaddressed. This study examines hyoid proportions in 16 primate taxa. Whole body CT data for >25 specimens were obtained from our work and supplemented by the KUPRI database. The sample included neonate specimens for a subset of the taxa. Metric data were collected in Amira and included linear measurements of hyoid proportions and distance from the cranial base. Overall hyoid proportions were determined by the ratio of total hyoid length to total width across greater horns. Results indicated significant phylogenetic effects. Hominoids had significantly wider hyoids, cercopithecines had the narrowest hyoids, and platyrrhines were intermediate. Proportions of the hyoid body showed substantial variation and nonsignificant differences among the phylogenetic groups. Displacement of the hyoid body from basion, scaled by hyoid size, also showed a significant phylogenetic effect. The relative displacement was lowest in hominoids and greatest in cercopithecines. Hyoid proportions remained fairly consistent through ontogeny. However, the relative displacement of the hyoid body from the cranial base actually decreased through time, which may reflect that differential postnatal growth of the skeletal structures exceeds that of the corresponding soft tissue. Funded by the National Science Foundation (BCS1231717, BCS-1231350, BCS-0959438) Sex Determination Using the Proximal Femur: a method for Portuguese Populations FRANCISCO CURATE1,2,3, CLÁUDIA UMBELINO1,3, CATARINA NOGUEIRA2, ANDREIA PERINHA2 and EUGÉNIA CUNHA2 1 Department of Life Sciences - University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, 2 Department of Life Sciences - University of Coimbra, Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, 3University of Algarve, Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour The evaluation of biological sex establishes a pivotal research requirement in the forensic and bioarcheological analysis of human remains. The best techniques for sex assessment in unidentified skeletal individuals usually rely on the pelvis, and also the cranium and long bones – notably the femur. This study presents a method for sex estimation using the proximal femur that is best suitable for Portuguese populations – both contemporary and from the past. Different measurements (femoral neck width [FNW], neck height [FNH], neck axis length [FNAL], biomechanical neck length [FBNL], morphological neck length [FMNL], vertical diameter of the head [FVDH], transverse diameter of the head [FTDH], sagittal subtrochanteric diameter [FSSD] and transverse subtrochanteric diameter [FTSD]) were obtained in a sample from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (N=176; 88 females and 88 males). Logistic regression was used to construct univariable and multivariable models able to predict sex in unidentified skeletal remains. All models were evaluated using a 10-fold cross-validation. Sex allocation accuracy ranged from 90.3% (using FNW, FNH, FTDH and FTSD) to 75.0% (using FBNL), with bias ranging from 1.1% to 2.9%, respectively. This report highlights the importance of the proximal femur to assess sex in human remains in different states of completeness and preservation. Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (grant # SFRH/ BPD/74015/2010). Conference Program 155 ABSTRACTS Characterizing early Pleistocene paleohabitats in Eastern Europe: Results from four years of research in the Olteţ River Valley of Romania SABRINA C. CURRAN1, DAVID L. FOX2, NICOLE GARRETT3, ALEXANDRU PETCULESCU4, CHRIS ROBINSON5, MARIUS ROBU4 and CLAIRE E. TERHUNE6 1 Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ohio University, 2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, 4”Emil Racovita” Institute of Speleology, Bucharest, Romania, 5Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, 6 Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas Though Homo erectus is known from Dmanisi, Georgia at 1.85 Ma, undisputed evidence of hominins in Europe does not occur until 1.4 Ma in Spain. Given the lack of unequivocal evidence for hominins in Europe between 1.85 and 1.4 Ma, we lack a complete understanding of the context of hominin dispersals into Europe. Current data allow for at least two possibilities: 1) some barrier prohibited dispersal into Europe until ~1.4 Ma, or 2) hominins were present but paleontological investigations have not yet uncovered convincing evidence for this presence. However, little paleontological data for the early Pleistocene of Eastern Europe has previously been available to test these alternative hypotheses. Research conducted by the Olteţ River Valley Project in Romania over the last four years can shed light on these hypotheses. Data collected by our team allow for preliminary paleoenvironmental reconstructions in this region at the time when hominins may have first dispersed into Europe. We have reanalyzed over 1700 fossils from excavations conducted in the 1960s. Mesowear and stable isotope analyses on ungulate dentition indicate a predominantly browsing signal. However, ecomorphological analyses have revealed that these ungulates were adapted to open habitats. This mosaic pattern has been noted for other European sites and may indicate a habitat type with no modern equivalent. Coupled with continued analysis of previously excavated materials and recovery of fossils from sites in the Olteţ River Valley, these data have the potential to further shed light on paleoenvironmental conditions during this critical time period in hominin evolution. Biological Distance between Flexed and Supine Burials at the Ancient Greek city of Himera using Dental Nonmetric Data JESSICA CZAPLA1, BRITNEY KYLE1, STEFANO VASSALLO2, PIER FRANCESCO FABBRI3 and LAURIE J. REITSEMA4 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Northern Colorado, 2Director of Archaeology, Regional Archaeological Superintendence of Palermo, Italy, 3 Department of Cultural Heritage, Università del Salento, 4Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia We investigate potential differences in genetic relatedness of flexed and supine burials from Himera, a Greek colony on Sicily (648-409 BCE), using biodistance analysis of nonmetric dental traits to explore whether locals adopted Greek burial styles, Greek and local customs hybridized, and/or each group maintained distinct burial styles. In other contexts, supine burials have been associated with Greeks, and flexed burials have been interpreted as representing indigenous individuals. Thus, we hypothesize that supine burials will be more closely related to Greeks from Euboea (indirect founders of Himera) and flexed burials will be genetically distinct, possibly representing locals. To test our hypothesis, we recorded presence and absence of 34 dental nonmetric traits using the ASU Dental Anthropology System in 57 individuals from Himera (23 flexed, 34 supine) and 45 from Karystos, Greece. Pseudo-Mahalanobis D2 matrices using different trait combinations were used to estimate biological distance among groups. These analyses showed that the individuals buried in flexed and supine positions are genetically similar to one another and distinct from Karystos, suggesting that there were no major genetic differences between the burial types at Himera. The only trait that was significantly different between the two burial styles was the interruption groove (i.e., the “Etruscan” lateral incisor), which was significantly more common in the flexed burials (present in 88% of flexed and 59% of supine graves; Fisher’s Exact test p=0.0496). Genetic similarity of the flexed and supine individuals suggests that despite cultural differences in burial practice, the groups likely interbred. This research was funded by National Science Foundation Research Experience for Undergraduates award numbers 1560227 and 1560158, the University of Georgia, and the University of Northern Colorado. Subfamily Affiliation Conditions Bone Stiffness in Taï Forest Monkeys DAVID J. DAEGLING1, JAMES D. PAMPUSH2 and W. SCOTT MCGRAW3 1 Anthropology, University of Florida, 2Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 3Anthropology, The Ohio State University Bone material stiffness is variable within and among skeletal elements, as well as among individuals, populations and species. While explanations for such differences are often expressed in biomechanical terms, it is known that genetic background can have a significant impact on bone mechanical properties and functional adaptation. Microindentation surveys of bone hardness (a proxy for stiffness) from mandibles of monkey populations from Taï Forest, Côte d’Ivoire reveal differences among the colobine and 156 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists cercopithecine species sampled. Specifically, the sooty mangabey has relatively stiff mandibular bone, possibly related to its habitual processing of hard nuts. On the other hand, Diana monkeys typically exhibit stiff bone relative to Taï colobines, despite no evidence suggesting these guenons feed on hard or tough items. These observations prompt the question of whether unspecified phylogenetic factors govern bone stiffness in cercopithecoids. We used generalized linear mixed models in a Bayesian framework to examine mandibular bone stiffness for Cercocebus atys (N=9), Cercopithecus diana (N=3), Piliocolobus badius (N=4), Colobus polykomos (N=4) and Procolobus verus (N=4) with phylogeny treated as a random effect. The model indicated a significant effect of subfamily affiliation on bone stiffness, with colobines exhibiting more compliant bone. This difference is observed despite large interspecies differences in ingestion of hard and tough foods within each subfamily. This finding does not necessarily obviate functional explanations, as field observation of these populations suggests that colobine monkeys are engaging in more masticatory cycles per day than their cercopithecine counterparts in the Taï Forest. Supported by NSF BCS-0922429 and 0921770. The accuracy of tibial nutrient foramen vs. midshaft measurement location for sex determination ASHLEY C. DAFOE1,2 and DAVID HUNT1 1 Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming Recently, standard measurements for the Forensic Databank have been changed to measure the diameters of the tibia at the midshaft, rather than at the nutrient foramen. This change may be predicated on intra-person variation in nutrient foramen location and inaccuracy of inter-observer measurement location. This examination assesses the accuracy of determining sex from the two measuring locations - is there a significant advantage to using measurements collected at the midshaft instead of or in addition to nutrient foramen based measurements? Tibial measurements of 400 individuals were collected from the Robert Terry Anatomical Skeletal Collection following the standard osteometric protocols. Data were randomly divided into testing and training sets. Discriminant functions were created in “R” statistical package using left side measurements from the training set. The derived discriminant functions were applied to left only and then left and right measurements in the testing set. Maximum length ABSTRACTS and proximal and distal epiphyseal breadth, were included in all analyses. Results indicate that proximal and distal epiphyseal breadths were consistently good predictors. Maximum medial-lateral measurement from the crest was a better sex predictor (91.5% correct versus 90% correct). Midshaft minimum diameter and circumference measurements were good sex predictors (88% correct). Combined nutrient foramen and midshaft measurements lost no accuracy (89% correct). The results from this study indicate there is no significant advantage of sex determination based on measurements taken at the nutrient foramen compared to those taken at the midshaft. Funding provided by Smithsonian Women’s Committee and NSF REU Site, EAR-1560088. Preliminary results of a vocal self-recognition test in northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) JUSTIN D’AGOSTINO1, CHRISTINA PASETTA2 and ULRICH REICHARD1,3 Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Anthropology, San Diego State University, 3Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University 1 2 Recognizing the self in a mirror is an important ability often linked to self-awareness. Among anthropoids, humans and great apes have demonstrated self-recognition in the mirror self-recognition test (MSR). In contrast, small Asian apes usually fail or show ambiguous results in the MSR task and only few researchers currently maintain that hylobatids have cognitive abilities comparable to those of great apes. We suggest that past self-recognition tests in the visual modality may have been unsuccessful because discriminating the self from others is more relevant in the auditory domain in the highly vocal hylobatids. We devised a novel auditory self-recognition test to shed more light on hylobatids potential self-awareness and cognitive capacities by testing 10 northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) at the Gibbon Conservation Center, CA. We hypothesized that if self-awareness existed, individuals would discriminate their own from a neighbors’ call. We used the close-range “hoo” call, which was recently shown to be individually discriminable, and predicted individuals would gaze towards the speaker when hearing a playback of their own “hoo” call, but would look towards a neighbor’s enclosure upon hearing a neighbor’s “hoo” call. We tracked eye gaze using cardinal directions and tested experimental gaze direction against an average gaze direction taken from baseline behavioral data. Subjects significantly changed their gaze direction in the predicted way (oneway Z-tests: cv 1.645; range 0.02-1.845; α=0.05). Overall, our findings were consistent with vocal self-recognition, which suggests that hylobatids may also be self-aware. Coordination of Upper and Lower Primary Postcanine Tooth Size in the Haplorrhine Primates by the Inhibitory Cascade E. SUSANNE DALY1,2, KIERSTIN K. CATLETT1, STEPHEN KING3, KAREN SAMONDS4, LAURIE R. GODFREY3, GARY T. SCHWARTZ1,2 and ALISTAIR EVANS5 1 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 2Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 5School of Biological Sciences, Monash University Precise occlusion in the upper and lower teeth of primates likely requires tight developmental control over their size and shape. Here we use the inhibitory cascade, an evolutionary-developmental rule, to investigate the developmental basis of this occlusion. This developmental rule predicts the primary postcanine teeth (the deciduous second, third and fourth premolars, and the first, second, and third molars) will change in size in a linear pattern, such that each tooth should be the average size of the teeth on either side. When the tooth row changes from increasing to decreasing in size, this indicates a reversal in the inhibitory cascade pattern, a pattern previously shown to exist in modern humans and hominins. As a consequence the size of the primary postcanine dentition is integrated along the row. Previous work has demonstrated this pattern in primates in the lower tooth row. We hypothesize that if tooth size in both arcades is controlled by the inhibitory cascade, then changes in relative tooth size in the mandible and maxilla should be synchronized to maintain occlusion during development. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed relative tooth size in 50 extinct and extant primate species. We demonstrate a synchronization of the inhibitory cascade pattern in the upper and lower jaws, i.e., they possess similar slopes and reversal points. These results show that in most primates the inhibitory cascade has largely controlled the integration and precise occlusion of the mandibular and maxillary primary postcanine dentition. Cultivating collaboration through student-centered independent study JENNIFER DANZY CRAMER Sociology & Anthropology, American Public University System Student-centered learning opportunities build skills and confidence by bridging traditional classroom instruction with experiential, applied learning. For physical anthropologists at teaching institutions, there are ample opportunities to fuse research and teaching by creating formal or informal independent study opportunities for students. Traditionally, faculty may work with students to flesh out their interests in the field by creating an independent study course where students focus on a particular topic, reading seminal and recent research. AACT members have discussed a creative alternative, sharing small datasets from incomplete projects with advanced level students. This gives students the opportunity to practice their research skills from literature review to data analysis to presentation or publication. Beyond the classroom, final products can be tailored to contribute to the student’s development and larger goals. Students may need a writing sample for graduate school, a project management sample for employment, or a first entry on their resume or curriculum vitae. In this presentation I will use two case studies to highlight ways to: 1) identify students who are likely to benefit from and be successful with an independent project; 2) sharpen and enhance methods and analysis skills previously learned in the classroom; and 3) collaborate effectively with students. Whether students intend to continue in physical anthropology or not, independent study projects can cultivate highly transferrable interpersonal, cultural, and research skills that fit with other career goals students are pursuing. The Middle Pleistocene Human Cranium from Gruta da Aroeira Acheulian site Aroeira (Almonda Karst System,Torres Novas, Portugal) JOAN DAURA1, MONTSERRAT SANZ2, JUAN LUIS ARSUAGA2, ROLF QUAM3, DIRK L. HOFFMANN4, MARIA CRUZ ORTEGA2, ELENA SANTOS2, SANDRA GÓMEZ5, ANGEL RUBIO6, LUCIA VILLAESCUSA5, PEDRO SOUTO7, FILIPA RODRIGUES7, JOÃO MAURICIO7, ARTUR FERREIRA7, PAULO GODINHO7, ERIK TRINKAUS8 and JOÃO ZILHÃO9 1 UNIARQ-Centro de Arqueologia, University of Lisbon, 2Centro UCM-ISCIII de Investigación sobre la Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 3Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, 4Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 5Grup de Recerca del Quaternari, University of Barcelona, 6Laboratorio de Antropología, Depto de Medicina Legal, Toxicología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Granada, 7 Crivarque, Crivarque, 8Department of Anthropology, Washington University, 9ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), University of Barcelona Human variability in the earlier Middle Pleistocene of Europe is poorly known, which makes it difficult to assess patterns of human diversity and possible regions for ancestral populations associated with the western Eurasian spread of the Acheulian technocomplex. A recently discovered partial cranium from the Gruta da Aroeira may shed some light on this period. U-series dating provides an age Ëœ400 ka, placing the fossil in Conference Program 157 ABSTRACTS the relevant time period . This cave site was first excavated between 1998 and 2002, revealing a rich collection of Acheulian bifaces in association with large mammals and two human teeth . Work resumed in 2013, intent on reaching bedrock and establishing the chronology of the sequence, which spans 4 m and comprises three major stratigraphic units. A partial human cranium encased in rock-grade breccia was discovered at Unit 2. It consists of a large part of the right side of a braincase, lacking the occipital bone, but also preserving a portion of the left side of the frontal squama and supraorbital torus, as well as the interorbital region, including the vertical part of the nasal bones. A fragment of the right maxilla, with two molars partially preserved, was also found attached to the calvarium but not in anatomical position. Some Aroeira features are primitive traits found on some Middle Pleistocene fossils from the Sima de los Huesos , Caune de l’Arago and Ceprano, but not found in Neandertals and are consistent with a geological age between 400 ka and 500 ka. The role of host genetics in determining human gut microbiome composition EMILY R. DAVENPORT Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University The billions of single-celled organisms that colonize the human body are increasingly recognized as playing important roles in host physiology and disease. Characterizing what factors determine the composition of these cells, or the microbiota, is therefore of great importance to understanding human health and evolution. While environmental factors have been studied extensively, such as diet, use of antibiotics, and microbial exposure at birth, relatively little is known about the role that host genetics plays in determining human gut microbiome composition. To address this gap, I examined the role of host genetics in determining the gut microbiome in multiple populations of European descent. First, I examined the fecal microbiomes of Hutterite individuals using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Hutterites are an isolated, founder population in the United States who live and eat communally, which reduces the inter-individual variability in diet compared to many populations in the United States. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) performed in ~130 individuals revealed genome-wide significant associations of the abundances of individual bacterial taxa found in feces to host genetic variation. Second, the fecal microbiomes of >2,000 individuals from the United Kingdom Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK) were characterized. Results highlight regulation of gene expression in the colon as a mechanism for how host genetic variation may influence microbial abundance in the gut. Finally, both studies revealed associations between host genetic variation near the lactase gene and the abundance of Bifidobacterium in feces. These studies demonstrate that human genetic variation plays a role in determining microbiome composition. Collective-Decision Making and Social Foraging Behavior in White-Faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus) ERD is supported by NIH F32 DK109595. 1 Pellagra mortality in the historic Mississippi State Asylum: An investigation and comparison of skeletal data and institutional records MICHELLE L. DAVENPORT1, MOLLY K. ZUCKERMAN1, NICHOLAS P. HERRMANN2 and MICHAEL MURPHY3 1 Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, 2Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 3Department of History, Mississippi State University Pellagra has no known pathognomonic skeletal characteristics, but impacted historic agricultural populations and may have affected prehistoric agricultural Amerindian populations. We compare a skeletal sample (N=19) from the historic Mississippi State Asylum with patient records (N=3445) to determine if a proposed combination of skeletal markers, alveolar bone loss and reduced bone remodeling, are associated with pellagra mortality. Chi-square tests of pellagra mortality in the records indicate its association with age (X²=114.61; p<0.001) and sex (X²=112.63; p<0.001). Logistic regression will identify interactions between age, sex, and pellagra mortality. If co-occurring skeletal markers indicate pellagra, co-occurrence should be similar to pellagra mortality for the overall sample as well as for age and sex. We hypothesize that rates of co-occurring skeletal markers are statistically similar to rates of pellagra mortality overall, for sex, and for age. Individual biological profiles were created, alveolar bone loss was coded, and histological analysis identified reduced bone remodeling. Fisher’s Exact tests compared skeletal data to pellagra mortality. Results indicate that pellagra mortality is similar to the co-occurring skeletal markers overall (p=0.788) and for age (p=0.261), but is significantly different for sex (p=0.005). Our hypothesis is only partially supported: the rate of co-occurring markers does not fit pellagra mortality rates for sex demographics. Results suggest a need for further work to determine the skeletal markers’ association with pellagra. Given the potential public health importance of pellagra for agricultural and refugee communities, future studies should focus on analyzing these markers in larger samples with documented high rates of pellagra. 158 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists GRACE H. DAVIS1,2 and MARGARET C. CROFOOT1,2 Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Ecology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 2 To obtain the benefits of sociality, animal groups must remain cohesive, reaching consensus and coordinating activities. However, optimal foraging strategies of individual group members often vary, creating conflicts of interest about foraging choices. When conflicts of interest about when and where to feed exist in a group, some individuals must compromise their preferred behavior, presumably at a cost to themselves. This study applies decision-making theory by extending Charnov’s marginal value theorem model to group foragers. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that social dominance, size, and age impact how long individuals prefer to remain in a foraging tree, creating conflicts of interest over patch departure time. Using a 3-month study of 2 groups of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at Barro Colorado Island, Panama, this study examines individual differences in optimal patch departure time and how these translate into collective decisions. Using the focal tree method on group feedings on Attalea butyracea palm infructescences, we calculated exact individual feeding rates over time for all group members in each palm (88 total trees). These feeding rates generate individual foraging gain curves that predict optimal patch departure times. Preliminary results indicate inter-individual differences in optimal patch departure time exist and suggest that group decisions are shared between adult individuals. Together, this captures important elements of group decision-making in social primates: where to move, when to go, and who decides. G. H. Davis was funded by a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute short-term fellowship while conducting this research in Panama. Evidence for specialized processing of facial kinship cues LISA M. DEBRUINE, EILIDH TURNER, ROSIE GORDON and BENEDICT C. JONES Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow Many aspects of human face processing, such as identity, gender and normality judgments, are severely disrupted by inversion. This inversion effect is thought to be a hallmark of configural processing, while featural processing is unimpaired by inversion. Here, we present three tests of the hypothesis that allocentric kin detection does not rely on configural information. First, we found that kinship detection was not decreased by face inversion when face pairs were simultaneously presented for an unlimited duration. Second, we ABSTRACTS replicated this finding in a new paradigm where face pairs were sequentially presented for a brief duration. Third, we found that computer-graphic manipulation of configural information in face images did not influence kinship detection. These studies suggest that kin recognition from facial appearance is not simply a byproduct of face perception abilities such as identity recognition. This work is funded by ERC Consolidator grant ‘KINSHIP’. Megalencephaly and Macrocephaly Genes are Associated with Comparative Variation in Primate Brain Size ALEX R. DECASIEN1 and AN-DI YIM2 Anthropology, New York University, 2Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 Understanding the evolution of the primate brain requires an understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying comparative variation in brain size. Recent studies suggest genes linked to human microcephaly have been subject to positive selection across the primate phylogeny, are associated with brain mass increases across species, and even contribute to brain size sexual dimorphism. Here, we examined the evolutionary histories of genes associated with human megalencephaly (abnormally large, malfunctioning brain) and/or macrocephaly (abnormally large skull, not necessarily malfunctioning brain) and their relationship to brain size evolution across 12 primate species. We used phylogenetic generalized least squares regression (PGLS) to test for positive relationships between selection pressure (root-to-tip dN/dS) and both brain size and sexual dimorphism for each gene. We also performed multiple regressions to examine these relationships with dN and dS as independent variables. Three of the genes examined (PIK3CA, BRWD3, AKT1), which are involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, exhibited positive associations with brain size. We detected a positive association between dN and brain size for BRWD3 and AKT1, and negative relationships between dS and brain size for all three genes. This suggests that the association between dN/dS and brain size for BRWD3 and AKT1 may be driven by an accelerated dN, while the association for PIK3CA may be more complex. In addition, PIK3CA and BRWD3 show dN-driven positive associations with sexual dimorphism, a result supported by sex-biased expression of these genes during the fetal period. These results support a partially conserved genetic basis underlying primate brain size evolution. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (grant DGE1342536). Maternal and paternal anthropometry influences on body size, body shape and obstetric capacity in growing girls SARAH-LOUISE DECRAUSAZ1, JAY T. STOCK1, MARY S. FEWTRELL2, JANE E. WILLIAMS2 and JONATHAN CK. WELLS2 1 Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, 2Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health Body size and shape is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Studies have demonstrated that parental body mass index (BMI) affects offspring body composition, particularly maternal BMI. It has also been demonstrated that maternal BMI is associated with neonatal adiposity and birthweight, whilst paternal body size is associated with limb lengths. However, patterns of phenotypic inheritance for body shape, particularly body breadth, are not clearly understood. Maternal stature associates significantly with bony pelvic inlet and outlet in women and in clinical contexts short maternal stature is used as a risk factor for obstructed labour. Examining the relationship between parental BMI, and filial body breadth may illuminate patterns in development of obstetric capacity throughout female puberty. In this study, the BMI, hip and waist circumference of 250 girls from London, UK between the ages of 4 and 21 were tested for a relationship with their maternal and paternal BMI. A growth chart identifying hip and waist variation with BMI was produced of 53 of the 250 girls that were re-measured every 2 years. Variables were converted to z-scores to enable accurate body composition comparison between adults and growing children. Multiple regression analyses demonstrate that there is a correlation between maternal BMI and filial BMI. There is a significant association between maternal and paternal BMI and filial waist and hip circumference. Results show both maternal and paternal influence on body breadth in growing girls, suggesting that future investigations of obstetric capacity in adult women should not exclude paternal body composition. Engendering Identity to Anatomical Collections: Using History, Embodiment Theory, and Ethics to Humanize Skeletons CARLINA M. DE LA COVA Anthropology, University of South Carolina Ethical practices should comprise bioanthropological and bioarchaeological training, regardless of whether or not scholars are working with indigenous individuals, both living and deceased. Anatomical collections should not be exempt from ethically conscious research. This is especially true in the United States, where many biological anthropologists have worked with the Hamann-Todd and Terry anatomical collections. Although these subjects were legally obtained, contemporary anatomical legislation targeted poor and marginalized individuals, so their bodies could be used for medical education without consent before the willed body acts in the mid-20th century. This poster will discuss how to perform ethically conscious research with anatomical collections by humanizing the individuals within these samples. It acknowledges their origins, including the role that racism and societal discrimination played in their inclusion in these collections. Also considered are theoretical approaches that illustrate how the persons that comprise Hamann-Todd and Terry embody the social experiences of their lifetimes and symbolically embody their status of the dissected destitute in death. The research was supported by the Provost’s Office of the University of South Carolina and the Smithsonian Institution. Spandrels and Functional Matrices: the Ontogenetic Basis for Primate Postorbital Septation VALERIE BURKE. DELEON1, ALFRED L. ROSENBERGER2 and TIMOTHY D. SMITH3 Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, 3School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University 1 2 We recently described ontogenetic evidence that postorbital septation in tarsiers occurs secondary to eye hypertrophy. Here we present morphometric evidence on the relationship of postorbital bony structure with multiple functional matrices (eye, brain, dentition) in developing primates. Our sample included perinatal strepsirrhine and haplorhines. Virtual reconstructions of crania were created from microCT image data, some involving digital transformations to repair bone missing or damaged by necropsy or previous destructive analysis. Landmark coordinate data representing shape and spatial relationships of brain, orbit, dentition, and cranial base were collected in Amira and analyzed using the R Geomorph package. Major clades of primates had significantly different cranial configurations at birth. Strepsirrhines were characterized by a zygomatic process of the frontal bone that projected lateral to the anterior cranial fossa. Anthropoids were characterized by both lateral expansion of the anterior cranial fossa and inferolateral projection of the middle cranial fossa relative to the facial skeleton. In contrast, tarsiers displayed lateral expansion of the anterior cranial fossa, but not corresponding expansion of the middle fossa. Spatial relationships among soft tissue functional matrices in the developing primate head appear to establish the foundation of bony postorbital anatomy. Postorbital bars and septa may then be co-opted postnatally for specific Conference Program 159 ABSTRACTS functions (muscle insertions or insulating the eye). An ontogenetic structural model for postorbital septation may be more informative than purely functional models for understanding the evolutionary history of postorbital anatomy in primates. For example, narrow anterior cranial fossae in fossil tarsiiforms predicts the presence of a postorbital bar. Funded by the National Science Foundation (BCS1231717, BCS-1231350, BCS-0959438) Metric Variation in Homo naledi Molars LUCAS K. DELEZENE , JOEL D. IRISH , MATTHEW W. SKINNER2,4,5, JULIET BROPHY2,6, JOHN HAWKS2,7 and LEE R. BERGER2 1,2 2,3 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, 2Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PaleoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 3Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, 4School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, 5Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 6Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, 7Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison Homo naledi was diagnosed as a novel hominin taxon based upon the anatomy of undated, commingled fossils from a single chamber in the Rising Star cave system. The initial description highlighted the morphological homogeneity of the sample and suggested that the observed variation is consistent with that found in a single biological population. Here, we provide a metrical assessment of that hypothesis using dental size data. Analyses were performed on buccolingual measures, which are less affected by occlusal and interproximal wear than are mesiodistal dimensions. We focused on the abundantly-represented mandibular and maxillary first and second molars; where antimeres were identified, their values were averaged (n = 7 M1s, 6 M2s, 8 M1s, and 5 M2s). Using bootstrapping procedures, we compared H. naledi coefficients of variation (CVs) to large samples of southern African humans, San (n = 86) and Pedi (n = 177), and to geographically restricted samples of Pan troglodytes troglodytes (n = 115), Gorilla gorilla gorilla (n = 131), Hylobates lar carpenteri (n = 87), and Cercopithecus nictitans nictitans (n = 84). In all cases, the H. naledi CVs are low (M1 = 2.81; M2 = 2.89; M1 = 2.81; M2 = 4.0) and in none of the 24 comparisons was variation in H. naledi found to exceed that of the reference samples. In fact, the H. naledi CVs fell near the lower confidence limits of the resampled distributions for most comparisons. These findings confirm that the known H. naledi dental assemblage is remarkably homogenous in size. Running behavior predicts brain size in primates ALICIA M. DELOUIZE and FREDERICK L. COOLIDGE Center for Cognitive Archaeology, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Research has shown that endurance running leads to neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and improved cognitive capacities. Although most studies have used subjects from a single species, it is possible that running behavior could have affected the brain on an evolutionary time scale. If this proposition is correct, then the average velocity at which a primate moves should be predictive of brain size. Data on 50 non-human primate species was collected from appropriate literature and the average day journey length (m) was divided by the average amount of time spent in locomotion (s) yielding average velocity (m/s). Multiple regression analysis revealed that velocity, group size, and body weight accounted for 94% of the variance in endocranial volume, and velocity was a significant predictor of brain size. Additionally, velocity was a better predictor of brain size than group size. This study may be the first to use a behavioral measure which demonstrates that running is predictive of brain size. Further, this finding may have implications for the encephalization seen during the hominin lineage, which is temporally related to the evolution of the Homo skeleton for endurance running. Similarities in Pelvic Dimorphism Across Populations HILLARY DELPRETE History and Anthropology, Monmouth University It is well documented that the shape and size of the pelves of males and females differ, due in part, to the differing constraints of the sexes. Further, changes in nutrition, activity levels, age, and climate also affect pelvic shape and size. With such a myriad of selection pressures, it is not surprising that there is variation in final pelvic form both within and across populations. Because of this variation, the pelvic measures that appear to be sexually dimorphic also differ by population. But perhaps more interesting than this variation in dimorphism, is the consistent dimorphism of some pelvic measures under varying environmental circumstances. For this study, 23 pelvic measurements were collected from 669 individuals from six skeletal populations. Each measure was corrected for body size, using the geometric mean of pelvic size, and assessed to determine if the measure was sexually dimorphic in each population. These results were then compared across the populations. Many of the measures were dimorphic in some populations, but not others. However, 11 of the 23 measures were sexually dimorphic across every population: the posterior space of 160 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists the inlet, the posterior space of the midplane, the bi-spinous diameter, the anterior space of the outlet, the posterior space of the outlet, the transverse diameter of the outlet, circumference of the midplane, pelvic breadth, iliac height, interiliac breadth, and pelvic depth. Based on these results, it can be argued that these measures are under the strongest selection pressure to remain sexually dimorphic. “Rogue” Taxa and Hominin Phylogeny MANA DEMBO1,2, ARNE MOOERS1,3 and MARK COLLARD1,2,4 1 Human Evolutionary Studies Program, Simon Fraser University, 2Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 3Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 4Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen Obtaining a well-supported phylogenetic tree for the hominins is an important goal for palaeoanthropology. However, studies have often yielded trees that contain weakly supported relationships. In the study reported here, we investigated whether this is due to some hominins species being “rogue” taxa. Rogue taxa are species that move around in phylogenies and therefore decrease resolution and support levels. This phenomenon is caused by ambiguous or contradictory phylogenetic signal. The goals of the study were a) to identify any rogue taxa, and b) to assess their impact on the support for different nodes. We began by running a dated Bayesian analysis using a supermatrix of 391 craniodental characters pertaining to 25 taxa from the last seven million years of hominin evolution. Using the resulting posterior distribution of trees we identified rogue taxa using the software RogueNaRok. The species identified as rogues were then removed iteratively in subsequent analyses. We conducted Bayesian analyses with the pruned taxon sets to assess the improvement of nodal support in the resulting phylogenies. Seven fossil hominin taxa assumed varying and contradictory positions in the phylogenies and therefore were identified as rogue taxa by RogueNaRok. We found a dramatic improvement in nodal support with the removal of any of these taxa, but in particular with the removal of Kenyanthropus platyops, Homo naledi, and Homo floresiensis. A careful consideration of these rogue taxa and their characters may improve the overall accuracy and support for hominin phylogenies. Research funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Canada Research Chairs Program, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund, and Simon Fraser University. ABSTRACTS The Complexities and Interpretive Benefits of Employing Local Food Resources for Dietary Reconstruction via Stable Isotope Analysis SOPHIA C. DENT and DALE L. HUTCHINSON Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Comparing stable isotope values of human biomaterials to isotope values of local food resources enhances the interpretive resolution of dietary reconstruction. An interpretive baseline for dietary reconstruction can be established by analyzing isotope values of food resources local to the regions of archaeological sites – this includes modern flora as well as modern and archaeological fauna. Establishing isotope values for local resources is important because isotopic ranges used to distinguish plant groups and types of animal protein can vary according to local ecology and isotope mixing systems. Hutchinson’s stable isotope analysis of human biomaterials from the Palmer Site indicated low δ15N values (10.9 ± 0.6‰) of Palmer individuals compared to other coastal populations in Florida. Comparing the values of these human biomaterials to the interpretive baseline of local resources revealed that the marine fish from the region local to Palmer were depleted in 15N (9.5 ± 1.7‰), which contributed to the low δ15N values of Palmer individuals. An additional case study employed for this poster shows higher δ15N values of marine fish in coastal North Carolina (12.9 ± 3.1‰) compared to Gulf coast Florida, which highlights isotopic differences in resources even in similar ecosystems in the southeast United States. These differences can skew dietary interpretations. Establishing a local baseline is not without challenges, and this poster will also discuss the complexities of reconstructing past isoscapes, such as factors (e.g. land development, fertilizer use) that affect the comparability of past and modern food resources, and how to best account for them. The East Carolina Faculty Senate Research and Creative Activities Fund and the National Science Foundation (SBR 9707921) generously funded the case studies featured in this poster. MtDNA analysis reveals presence of ancestral lineages between coastal and highland populations in Papua New Guinea KATE L. DEROSA1,2, MIAN LI2,3, HAYLEY MANN1,2, STEPHEN SCHUTTA1, AMANDA ROOME1,4, WEIYI GUO1, DANIEL CASTELLANOS1, SAMANATHA BENDER1, JESSICA ECHART1, KALEN CASEY1, MICHEL SHAMOON-POUR1, HARRISON DULIN1, RITA SPATHIS1,2,4, RALPH M. GARRUTO1,3,4 and J. KOJI LUM1,2,3 1 Anthropology, Binghamton University, 2Laboratory of Evolutionary Anthropology and Health, Binghamton University, 3Biology, Binghamton University, 4 Laboratory of Biomedical Anthropology and Neuroscience, Binghamton University Nearly 1/6th of the world’s languages are spoken in New Guinea, reflecting its Pleistocene settlement and rugged mountainous interior. Archaeological evidence indicates trade of obsidian and shells, suggesting contact between the highland and coastal populations and thus potential gene flow between them. We generated mtDNA HVSI sequences from 1,000 samples from early contact highlanders in 17 villages (n=50 each) representing 14 languages of the Trans-New Guinea Language Phylum. These data were then compared to those from eight coastal East Sepik Province populations to assess levels of gene flow between the two regions. Preliminary analysis reveals the presence of shared mtDNA lineages between the eastern and southern highland and coastal populations. There is at least one lineage ancestral to all three geographic regions, determined by ≥50% of all populations within the geographic regions containing the same motif. Migration appears to be most prevalent between the southern highlands and the coast, as there are eight lineages within both regions ≥25%. Coalescent analysis of age supports the presence of ancestral lineages as the exclusion of the shared lineages increases age significantly for all groups except for the highland P haplogroup. This suggests the networks for all haplogroups, aside from highland P, become more dispersed and less related upon shared lineage exclusion, indicating the shared lineages are ancestral in nature. Thus trade routes between coastal and highland populations of New Guinea potentially provide routes for gene flow observed between highland and coastal populations. Funding for this research was provided by the National Geographic Society Genographic Project. High Fat, High Protein Diet Increases Bone Density in Cold-exposed Mice: Implications for Humans MAUREEN J. DEVLIN, AMY E. ROBBINS, MIRANDA N. COSMAN, LILLIAN M. SHIPP and TIMOTHY R. BRASH Anthropology, University of Michigan Temperature may alter human skeletal acquisition. Previously we showed that cold exposure reduces bone mass in a mouse model of humans. Although the mechanism is not well understood, there is some evidence that cold-induced bone loss can be reduced by nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) via uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue. Recently a second NST pathway via creatine cycling was identified. This pathway may be particularly relevant for humans, since cold-dwelling populations tend to eat a high protein, high fat diet abundant in creatine. Here we test the hypothesis that high protein, high fat (HFHP) diet increases NST and reduces bone loss during cold exposure. We housed wildtype C57Bl/6J male mice in pairs at 78°F (thermoneutrality), 72°F (mild cold stress), and 68°F (moderate cold stress) from 3-6 wks of age. Mice were fed a normal diet (N) or high fat, high protein diet (HFHP) ad libitum (N=6-8/ group). Results indicate that HFHD mice have longer femurs vs. N mice at all three temperatures (p<0.05 for all). At 68°F, BMD and body fat were higher in HFHD vs. N mice, but these effects were not seen in mice at 72°F or 78°F (p<0.05 for both). Preliminary microcomputed tomography of cortical and trabecular bone architecture at the midshaft and distal femur suggests that HFHP mice have lower bone volume fraction, with fewer, thicker trabeculae vs. N, irrespective of temperature. These data demonstrate that high fat, high protein diet has complex effects on body composition, bone mass and architecture during cold exposure. Supported by NSF BCS-1638553 to MD. Bayesian Tip-dating of Caviomorph Rodent Phylogenies provides New Age Estimates for South America’s oldest Platyrrhines DORIEN DE VRIES1 and ERIK R. SEIFFERT2 Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 2 Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California 1 The timing of the arrival of platyrrhine anthropoids on the South American continent remains poorly dated. The late Eocene age that was originally proposed for the Santa Rosa local fauna in Amazonian Peru, which has yielded the oldest platyrrhine (Perupithecus), is based on the “stage of evolution” of the associated marsupials and rodents and its geological location underlying the Mio-Pliocene Madre de Dios Formation, but a younger (Oligocene) age has also been suggested. In order to further our understanding of the antiquity of the South American platyrrhine radiation, a more objective dating method is needed. Here we present the results of a Bayesian ‘tip-dating’ phylogenetic analysis of caviomorph rodents, using morphological data and uniform priors on taxon ages to simultaneously estimate phylogeny and the ages of included taxa. Mean age estimates for each taxon are averaged on a locality-to-locality basis to provide an age estimate for each locality. With a broad uniform late Eocene to Oligocene (37.8 to 23 Ma) prior on the age of the Santa Rosa rodents, two of four species were placed near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (33.7 and 34.7 Ma), one was placed in the early Oligocene (32.6 Ma), and another was placed in the late Oligocene (24.7 Ma). The mean of these heterogeneous estimates is 31.42 Ma, approximately midway through the early Oligocene (Rupelian) and near the close of the Conference Program 161 ABSTRACTS Tinguirirican SALMA. These results suggest that an early Oligocene age for Perupithecus is more likely than a late Eocene age. Sleep tree use by emperor and saddleback tamarins during the dry season: A test of food resource exploitation as a driving factor MATTHEW DE VRIES1,2,3, MRINALINI WATSA3,4 and GIDEON ERKENSWICK3,5 Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 3 Research Department, Field Projects International, 4 Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, 5Department of Biology, University of Missouri St. Louis 1 2 Sleeping tree selection by arboreal primates can influence daily travel costs, intergroup interactions, predation risk, and feeding patterns. We investigated the role of food resource proximity in this decision-making process. We recorded 11 unique sleep trees for one group of emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator) and 11 for one group of saddleback tamarins (Leontocebus weddelli), which were followed for 35 and 39 days respectively, between June and August 2016 at Estación Biológica Rio Los Amigos in Madre de Dios, Peru. We baited four trap sites with bananas for several weeks for a mark-recapture program and present here the use of sleep trees both during and outside of this baiting period. We hypothesized that both species would exploit sleep trees closer to trap sites during the baiting period in order to minimize travel effort to a novel fruit source that does not naturally occur. Mean distance in metres from sleep tree to four trap sites was calculated during baiting and non-baiting periods (Example: S. imperator Trap1-Baited xÌ„=205.857±41.547m, n=7, Trap1-NotBaited xÌ„=174.778m±90.766m, n=9; L. weddelli Trap3-Baited xÌ„=217.667±149.755m, n=6, Trap3-NotBaited xÌ„=190.556m±141.01m, n=18). There was no statistical difference between these time periods for S. imperator (t=0.912, p=0.19) or L. weddelli (t=0.39, p=0.354). We suggest that constraints on sleep tree selection, such as tree hole availability and predation risk, may explain these results, given that 2 out of 4 revisited trees contained tree holes habitually occupied by L. weddelli. As well, predator avoidance might favour the use of different sleep trees on consecutive nights, which was observed. National Science and Engineering Research Council, School of the Environment University of Toronto, International Primatological Society. Sex differences in pre- vs. post-Black Death trends in survivorship SHARON N. DEWITTE Department of Anthropology, University of South Carolina Previous research revealed declines in survivorship and increases in risks of mortality thus, by inference, declines in general levels of health in London in the period leading up to the Black Death (c. 1347-1351), and improvements in survivorship and declines in risks of mortality in London following the epidemic. These studies used pooled-sex samples. There is, however, reason to suspect that differences in these trends might have existed between males and females. Previous research suggests that females might have been less frail than males at the time of the Black Death but that males faced lower risks of mortality just after the epidemic. This study examines sex-based variation in temporal trends in survivorship to assess whether changes in demography before and after the epidemic were similar for males and females in medieval London. The samples for this study (n = 879) come from several medieval London cemeteries and are dated to one of three medieval periods: Early Pre-Black Death (1000-1200 AD), Late Pre-Black Death (1200-1250 AD), or Post-Black Death (1350-1540 AD). Kaplan Meier survival analysis reveals a decline in adult survivorship before the Black Death (Early Pre-Black Death vs. Late Pre-Black Death) for both sexes, and an increase in adult survivorship after the epidemic (Late Pre-Black Death vs. Post-Black Death) for both sexes. These results mirror the trends previously estimated for a pooled-sex sample, and suggest that underlying health declined before the epidemic but improved thereafter for both sexes. Funding was provided by NSF (BCS-0406252), the Wenner-Gren Foundation(#7142). Scaling relationships within architectural properties of the jaw adductormusculature in Macaca fascicularis EDWIN DICKINSON1, LAURA C. FITTON2,3 and KORNELIUS KUPCZIK1 1 Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 2Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School, 3 Department of Archaeology, University of York The forces generated by the masticatory musculature are key to the oral processing of food items; yet conflicting pressures also operate to maintain both a functional gape and adequate jaw contractile velocities. Consequently, the jaw adductor musculature must remain capable of meeting a broad array of functional demands. This structure-function relationship is further complicated by ontogeny, as specific performance variables may be more strongly emphasized at different stages of development. To this end, it has been hypothesized that muscle fascicle lengths will increase during ontogeny, in order to facilitate greater jaw gapes. This study explores the effects of growth upon three parameters (muscle mass, 162 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists fascicle length, and physiological cross-sectional area) across a developmental sequence of Macaca fascicularis, spanning from unweaned infants to skeletally mature adults. Absolute muscle masses increased consistently during development. This relationship tends towards slight positive allometry within each muscle, and for the adductor complex as a whole; though a significant degree of variation can be observed within the sample. A similar relationship was observed in fascicle lengths across all muscles, with temporalis presenting the greatest relative increases during ontogeny. PCSA scales positively with increasing muscle mass but negatively as fascicle lengths increase. The product of this interplay throughout ontogeny is that jaw adductor PCSA appears to scale isometrically with growth. This relationship suggests that masticatory forces scale closely with body size, an observation which may inform future studies into primate feeding ecology. This research was funded by the Max Planck Society. Male Ranging Behavior and Cooperative Territorial defense in White-bellied Spider Monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) ANTHONY DI FIORE1,3 and ANDRES LINK2,3 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2Department of Biological Sciences and School of Management, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, 3Fundación Proyecto Primates Spider monkeys and chimpanzees are the only primates – apart from humans – where males commonly participate in cooperative territorial defense and coalitionary aggression directed towards groups of neighboring males. From 2005 to 2015, we studied male ranging behavior and intergroup relations among spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in Amazonian Ecuador. We recorded more than 60 events associated with intergroup competition, most involving males only but some involving mixed sex parties. These events consisted of coordinated “patrols” of home range boundaries or of the interstices between group ranges, “incursions” into rivals’ territories and direct “encounters” with individuals from neighboring groups. In our main study group - where we know, based on genetic data, that all but one of the resident males are members of an extended patriline - the probability that animals conducted either a patrol or a deep incursion into the territory of a neighboring community was significantly affected by the number of adult males present in the party, and ~1/3 of patrols included all of the community males. Within groups, male-male aggression is virtually nonexistent, but intergroup encounters can escalate to potentially lethal aggression. Only males initiated and participated in aggression during intergroup conflicts, and, as has been found for chimpanzees, the outcome of such encounters was strongly influenced by the relative number ABSTRACTS of males involved. Because of their phylogenetic distance from hominoids, spider monkeys provide a valuable comparative model with which to evaluate the principles underlying male cooperation and coalitionary intergroup aggression that characterizes chimpanzees and humans. Funded by NSF BCS 1062540, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the National Geographic Society, and the University of Texas at Austin. Orangutans, Fruit, and the Geometric Framework - Fruit and Non-Fruit Choice in Wild Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii ANDREA L. DIGIORGIO1 and CHERYL D. KNOTT1,2 Anthropology, Boston University, 2Research, GPOP 1 Recent evidence suggests that the foraging strategies of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) cannot be characterized within the optimal foraging framework alone, and that the geometric framework of nutrition may also apply to this species. As we evaluate the role of geometric theory with optimal foraging theory in the diet selection of orangutans, one criticism of the geometric framework is that we cannot be certain that an animal is seeking other food types and not merely eating what they encounter after leaving depleted fruit and while searching for another fruit. To demonstrate that orangutans are indeed selecting non-fruit foods and not only seeking fruit, we expect to see two behaviors: (1) orangutans leaving available fruit crops for non-fruit foods, and (2) orangutans selecting non-fruit foods when fruit is available and nearby. We use data from 51 full-day focal animal follows (611 feeding bouts, 15 focal animals) collected in Gunung Palung National Park, Borneo, from May 2015 – Jan 2016. We find that when orangutans do leave available fruit (n=95) it is significantly more often for non-fruit foods (80/95 occurrences, Exact Binomial, p = 3.4e-12). We characterize the nutrient content of fruits that orangutans leave available most often. We also present descriptive GPS data demonstrating that orangutans often leave or even pass by fruit crops to consume other food types. Together, these data suggest that geometric models, in addition to optimal foraging models, may be appropriate to characterize the feeding behavior of wild Bornean orangutans. Funding Agencies: DiGiorgio: NSF GRFP Grant No. DGE-1247312, Boston University; DiGiorgio and Knott: NSF BCS-1540360; Knott: US Fish and Wildlife Service, LSB Leakey Foundation, National Geographic Society, Disney Conservation Fund Modeling the Effects of Multiple Transmission Pathways on the Spread of Enteric Pathogens JESSICA DIMKA1, JAMES TROSTLE2 and JOSEPH N.S. EISENBERG3 Anthropology, Temple University, 2Anthropology, Trinity College, 3Epidemiology, University of Michigan 1 Enteric pathogens kill approximately 500,000 children under five years old annually, particularly affecting developing countries. While most epidemiological studies of these diseases consider consumption of contaminated drinking water or poor sanitation and hygiene, few studies investigate the joint effects of different transmission pathways. Further, cultural norms such as age- and gender-related variation in adoption of interventions also may have unanticipated effects. Demographic, ethnographic and survey data from a study region in northern coastal Ecuador were used to create an agent-based model that simultaneously considers multiple transmission routes, household variation in practices such as water treatment, and individual behavioral heterogeneity. Two potential targets of household-level interventions – water treatment and latrine ownership – were systematically varied across extreme values to determine potential interactions among these practices. Results show that water treatment drives patterns of epidemic size, resulting in smaller peak and final sizes as treatment coverage increases. However, interactive effects are apparent in final size, which drop more markedly when latrine ownership rates are high than when they are low (e.g. 73% to 23% of the population affected at 100% latrine ownership and 56% to 32% affected at 0% ownership). The increased range of outcomes with higher latrine coverage is likely due in part to transmission modeled as contact with contaminated latrine surfaces that becomes more noticeable when water treatment is low, demonstrating the need for clean and well-maintained facilities. These results highlight the importance of public health interventions that take into consideration the relationships between different transmission pathways. This work was supported by the US National Science Foundation, Division of Earth Sciences (award number 1360330). Variation in the trabecular bone structure of the proximal humerus in four human populations LILY J. DOERSHUK1, JAAP P.P. SAERS2, JAY T. STOCK2, COLIN N. SHAW2, KRISTIAN J. CARLSON3,4, TEA JASHASHVILI5 and TIMOTHY M. RYAN1,6 1 Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, 2PAVE Research Group, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, 3Department of Cell & Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 4Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of Witwatersrand, 5 Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, 6Center for Quantitative Imaging, EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University Modern humans are more skeletally gracile than other hominin species and most primates. However, the role of repetitive loading during physical activity in determining trabecular bone structure remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that trabecular bone in the proximal femur of foragers is similar to non-human primates, but that agricultural populations fall well below the non-human primate distribution. This project investigates trabecular bone structural variation in the proximal humerus of forager, early agricultural, medieval, and post-industrial revolution human populations. As the upper limb analog to the proximal femur, the proximal humerus is of interest because it is not continuously loaded during locomotion, but experiences forces from multiple directions during various daily activities. Two main questions were posed: how does trabecular bone structure in the proximal humerus vary between human populations with divergent subsistence practices? Does humeral trabecular bone structure mirror patterns observed in the proximal femur? Proximal humeri of 64 adult humans from four distinct populations and 32 primates from 3 species were microCT scanned and centralized volumes of interest were analyzed using Avizo, BoneJ, and SPSS. All human populations have significantly lower bone volume fraction (BV/TV) than Pan, Pongo, and Papio. Within humans, forager and agricultural populations have significantly higher BV/TV and thicker trabeculae than medieval and post-industrial revolution populations. Results indicate reduced skeletal robusticity in the proximal humerus, but do not exactly mirror patterns seen in the proximal femur. This suggests the presence of a non-systemic, biomechanical influence on variation in trabecular structure across skeletal elements. National Science Foundation Grant BCS-0617097 (to T.M.R.) Cortical Area vs Bone Area: Assessing Intracortical and Endosteal Bone Loss With Age VICTORIA M. DOMINGUEZ1 and AMANDA M. AGNEW1,2 1 Skeletal Biology Research Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 2Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Skeletal microarchitecture changes over time, particularly in the ribs where bone loss is a major factor. Bone loss is thought to occur at both the endosteal border, where trabecularization erodes the internal margin of the bone, and intracortically, where Haversian canal number and pore size (due to coalescing remodeling events) increase. Histomorphometric methods often rely on Conference Program 163 ABSTRACTS measurements of cortical area (CtAr), which while reflective of endosteal changes, cannot account for potential variation in intracortical porosity. Bone area (BAr), however, measures the two-dimensional area of all porosity in a cross-section (PoAr) and subtracts it from the CtAr, resulting in a more precise measure of viable bone area. This study compares CtAr and BAr, assessing whether they are significantly different and how these two variables align with age. A sample of 75 mid-thoracic ribs (levels 4–7) from 75 individuals (18=females, 57=males), with ages ranging from 15–99 years (mean=49, sd=24) were analyzed. CtAr, PoAr, and BAr were manually collected using a digitizing tablet and percent cortical porosity (%PoAr), which normalizes for variation in rib size, was calculated from said variables. A paired samples t-test showed CtAr and BAr significantly differ. Both variables were then linearly regressed against age, revealing negative trends with in both cases (CtAr R2=0.25; BAr R2=0.31). %PoAr, when regressed against age, revealed a positive trend (R2=0.27). These data support the notion that intracortical porosity increases across the lifespan and indicate that further exploration of the use of BAr rather than CtAr in histomorphometric methods is warranted. Some Strepsirrhines Prefer Alcohol NATHANIEL J. DOMINY1,2 and SAMUEL R. GOCHMAN1,2 Anthropology, Dartmouth College, 2Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College 1 Recent field observations suggest that dietary ethanol, or alcohol, is a source of supplemental calories for some primates. For example, slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang) consume the fermented nectar of the bertam palm (Eugeissona tristis), which has a mean alcohol concentration of 0.6% (range: 0.0 to 3.8%). A similar ecological interaction is inferred for aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis) on the basis of a single point mutation (A294V) in the gene that encodes alcohol dehydrogenase class IV (ADH4), the first enzyme to encounter and catabolize ethanol during digestion. The mutation increases catalytic efficiency 40-fold and may confer a selective advantage to aye-ayes when they consume nectar from the traveler’s tree (Ravenala madagascariensis), an important wet-season food resource. It is uncertain, however, whether these nectar-feeding primates prefer alcohol or merely tolerate it. Here we report the results of a multiple-choice food preference experiment with two aye-ayes and a slow loris. We conducted observer-blind trials with randomized, serial dilutions of ethanol (0–5%) in standard arrays of Ravenala and Eugeissona nectar-simulating sucrose solutions. We found that both primate species could discriminate varying concentrations of alcohol; and further, that both species preferred the highest concentrations of alcohol available to them. These results bolster the hypothesized adaptive function of the A294V mutation in ADH4, and a connection with fermented foods, both in aye-ayes and the last common ancestor of African apes and humans. Funding was received from the Claire Garber Goodman Fund, Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (Fellowship in Science and Engineering no. 2007-31754). The Effect of Forest Disturbance on the Feeding Ecology and Behavior of Varecia variegata in Ranomafana National Park MARIAH DONOHUE1 and PATRICIA C. WRIGHT2 Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University 1 2 The exploitation of primary forests throughout eastern Madagascar has contributed to the decline of sensitive primate species, including the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata). Characterized as particularly vulnerable to habitat degradation, V. variegata are large-bodied obligate frugivores that exhibit strong preferences for tall trees with large diameter at breast height (DBH). Because this species occupies a wide variety of habitats, it is important to understand how populations with different resource availabilities utilize their ecosystems. We hypothesize that increased disturbance limits viable V. variegata food resources, which leads to increased feeding time and consumption of fewer fruit species as compared with populations in pristine habitats. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the amount of time spent feeding and number of plant species consumed in two sites with distinct histories of disturbance. We followed 3 groups in the lightly disturbed site (Vatoharanana) from June 1st – June 27th (n=35 h) and 4 groups in the pristine site (Mangevo) from June 30th – July 15th (n= 106 h). Data analysis reveals that the Vatoharanana population allocated 35.4% of their daily budget to feeding, which is significantly higher than the Mangevo value of 29.4% (p= .0225). In addition, the Mangevo population consumed 18 species of plants whereas the Vatoharanana population consumed just 3. These results illustrate a meaningful disparity between the populations sampled, thereby contributing to our understanding of how this species reacts to long-term disturbance. A special thank you to National Geographic’s Young Explorers Grant, the Rowe Wright Fund, and the Lichtenstein Fund. Stressful times: Investigating childhood health in urban and rural medieval Britain ELEANOR R. DOVE, JOEL D. IRISH, CONSTANTINE ELIOPOULOS and ISABELLE DE GROOTE Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University Urban and rural health differences during childhood are widely reported in modern Britain, with 164 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists poorer urban children tending to suffer more from infections, allergies, and malnutrition. This study investigates whether this trend is evident in medieval western Britain. Two contemporary medieval skeletal collections dated to the 12th to 16th century were examined; rural Poulton (n=337) from the North West and urban Gloucester (n=202) from the South West. The indicators chosen to evaluate insults to health were: Harris lines (HL), linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis (PI). Both HL and LEH occur after a moderate to severe period of ill health, malnutrition, and/or adverse environmental factors. PI is thought to be caused by anemia, resulting from malnutrition and/or parasitic infestations. Fifty-nine percent of the Poulton sample has HL, compared to 72% for Gloucester. The latter has slightly lower levels of LEH with 61%, whereas Poulton has 69%. Both samples exhibit lower levels of PI, with Poulton having 31% and Gloucester 41%. There is no correlation between indicators within the Poulton sample. Gloucester had a moderately high correlation between HL and PI (rs=0.527). The Gloucester sample indicates later life stress compared to Poulton; HL are far more numerous per individual and ranged continuously from ages 5-13. Poulton shows distinct clustering between the ages of 7-11. These results suggest that the medieval urban environment of Gloucester was unfavorable for childhood health, particularly in early adolescence. Worldwide modern human morphological variation: exploring the association between morphological modules and climate and geographic distances KATHLEEN I. DOWNEY1, BRIANNE HERRERA1 and MARK HUBBE1,2 Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 2Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte 1 Modern human cranial morphological variation across the world is largely a result of neutral evolutionary processes, with selection acting on localized anatomical regions. This scenario holds true when the crania are analyzed as a whole. However, given the modular nature of the human cranium, different anatomical regions may show different evolutionary trajectories and consequently different patterns of structure for the variation observed among populations. Here, we explore these patterns by looking at the association between anatomical modules and climatic variables within 15 geographic regions that show strong correlations with geographic distances when the whole cranium is considered. The analyses used Hanihara’s dataset, and includes 7423 adult male skull from 135 populations, measured according to 32 linear metric measurements, which were divided in two major and six minor anatomical regions, covering the face ABSTRACTS and neurocranium. Average morphological differences (defined with Fst estimates) within each geographic region for each anatomical region were correlated with geographic and climatic variables (temperature and humidity). Although the cranium as a whole shows strong correlations with geographic distances, this correlation is weaker for the anatomical regions. For the face and neurocranium, the average difference in temperature between groups within a region explain significant portions of the morphological variation (p<0.05, R2=0.17 and 0.26, respectively). Similar patterns are seen for the minor anatomical regions. These results corroborate the idea that anatomical regions of the cranium followed different evolutionary pathways in modern humans, and support the use of more detailed analytical frameworks to study the origin of worldwide morphological variation. Method Development: Enzyme-linked Immunoassay Techniques to Detect Hair Cortisol Concentrations in Afro-textured Hair JULIUS A. DOYLE1,2, ELEANOR BRINDLE1,2, DANIEL ENQUOBAHRIE3 and STEVE GOODREAU1,2 ANTHROPOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, CENTER FOR STUDIES IN DEMOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 3SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON 1 2 Cortisol, a biomarker of stress, is slowly deposited into growing hair strands on the human head. Meyer and Novak (2014) established a method for hair cortisol extraction and analysis, and showed that hair cortisol can serve as an integrated measure of psychophysiological stress activity during the period of hormone incorporation into the hair. Consequently, hair samples of significant length may potentially serve as a reliable marker of stress experienced over a longitudinal span of time. Of particular interest then is the development of a psychosomatic measure of some daily, pervasive, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-inducing stressors that may be experienced by a diverse group of people. The hair sample collection methods offered by Meyer and Novak (2014) however, (i.e. cutting as close to the scalp as possible with scissors,) can be a rather barbarous method… as it leaves behind an unattractive bald spot, and is therefore likely to repel potential research participants in future studies, especially those with kinky-coiled hair textures. We have developed and standardized a participant-friendly and visually-appealing method for hair sample collection, and applied Meyer and Novak’s cortisol extraction technique. Specimens were obtained from fifteen Black men who are patrons at a long-time running, private-owned barbershop located in a Seattle district that is known to serve a large number of Black men. Future research will extend this collection-extraction methodology to research concerning the potential neuroendocrine-moderative effects of resilience in the face of perceived racial discrimination. This research is supported in-part by funds provided by the NSF GRFP under Grant No. (DGE-1256082), and the Pilot Research Grant awarded by the Department of Anthropology at the UW. The Cost of Early Stress in the Later Stone Age: Temporal Variation in the Relationship between Neural Canal Size and Early Mortality Among Adult Foragers L. ELIZABETH DOYLE Anthropology, University of Toronto Neural canal diameter (NC) may reflect stresses experienced during the canal’s period of growth, which finishes in late childhood and adolescence. Among Holocene foragers who occupied southern Africa’s Southwest Cape, adults with small canals had reduced survivorship. Bioarchaeological evidence indicates a period of social instability between 3000–2000bp in this region, which resolved after 2000bp. Previous research found that average NC also increased significantly after 2000bp. This analysis set out to test whether the risk associated with small NC varied between 3000–2000bp relative to earlier and later centuries. 105 radiocarbon-dated skeletons were sorted into Young Adult (YA, <30 years, N=41) and Mature Adult (MA, 30+ years, N=57) phases based on pelvic indicators and dental wear. Mediolateral NC was measured at T1, T6, L1 and L5 and converted to sex-standardized scores using Principal Components Analysis. Linear regression models were then fit to log-transformed values. While NC size is collectively stable over time(B=0.00, R2=0.023, ns), separate YA and MA models show that YA values increase significantly (B=-0.263, R2=0.16,p<0.01), whileMA valuesdo not(B = -0.081, R2= -0.005, ns). In scatter plots of untransformed scores, YA canals are smallest between 3000–2000bp and increase thereafter, driving the rise in overall NC. Temporal variation in the risk associated with small NC suggests that early buffering by caregivers influenced adulthood survivorship throughout the Holocene until 2000bp, but less so afterwards. Changes underway after 2000bp, including the introduction of livestock, may have improved childhood conditions, decoupling adulthood mortality from early growth. This research was financially supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Reinvestigation of the ~4 Ma Yellow Sands of the Mursi Formation MICHELLE S. M. DRAPEAU1, JONATHAN G. WYNN2, DENIS GERAADS3,4, LAURENCE DUMOUCHEL5, CHRISTOPHER J. CAMPISANO6 and RENÉ BOBE7 1 Département d’anthropologie, Université de Montréal, 2School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, 3Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 4Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 5Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 6Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 7Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile The Yellow Sands locality was discovered and periodically explored in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the International Omo Research Expedition. It is the type locality for the Mursi Formation, among the oldest sediments of the Omo Group of southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya. With an age of more than 4 Ma, which corresponds to the Ardipithecus-Australopithecus transition, it provides an opportunity to better document the environments available in East Africa during this important evolutionary event. An expedition in 2015 allowed us to relocate all previously documented fossiliferous localities, to triple the faunal collection, and to improve our understanding of the stratigraphy. The newly collected fauna confirms the high proportion of suids and low proportion of bovids and the relative abundance of hippos, elephants, deinotheres, crocodiles, and Euthecodon. However, we also found new taxa that were not previously documented in the formation: a large Sivatherium, a possible tragulid, a hyena, and a primate. About 120 m of exposed sediments were mapped and two tuff samples were collected at different locations but at a comparable stratigraphic position. One is the previously documented Mursi R-4 tephra, while the other one correlates with the Cholo Tuff from the Mursi Formation exposures at Cholo, ~25 km north, establishing the first correlation between the two localities. Overall, the renewed work in the formation suggests a relatively mesic and closed environment at the Yellow Sands during the Pliocene. The absence of hominins suggests that it may represent a habitat for which they were not adapted. This research was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Grant 2622192010 to MSMD). Condition-dependent Scent Signals in Strepsirrhine Primates CHRISTINE M. DREA Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke Olfactory communication is crucial for coordinating animal social and sexual behavior, Conference Program 165 ABSTRACTS including in primates. Mammalian scent cues contained in excretory products and glandular secretions typically comprise complex blends of numerous compounds. Drawing from our studies in various strepsirrhines, I review how these compounds advertise a wealth of information and address how the behavior of senders and recipients supports information transfer. Encoded within scent signals is information that remains relatively stable over the signaler’s lifetime, typically reflecting its species, sex, or individual identity. We have recently extended this list to include the odorant source and the signaler’s social structure (including mating system and hierarchical organization) and genetic quality (as revealed by neutral heterozygosity and MHC composition). Olfactory cues also can be more flexible or transient, typically varying with one’s diet, season, reproductive state, or health. Additional evidence of condition-dependent information in lemurs now includes social status, reproductive history, contraception, pregnancy, and fetal sex. Presumably energetically expensive to maintain, proof of production costs is largely restricted to experimental work in rodents. Based on our current studies of the dramatic olfactory consequences of injury in lemurs, we suggest that, particularly when energetic resources must be diverted to recovery processes, costs of signal manufacture can be prohibitive. Integrating information about the sender, it’s signal, and the recipient’s response in an ecological and evolutionary context is key to showing the preeminence of olfaction in the lives of strepsirrhine primates. Funded by NSF grants BCS-0409367, BCS-1232570, BCS-1341150, IOS-0719003, and IOS-1021633, the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, Duke’s Primate Genomics Initiative, an NSERC Fellowship, and an Outgoing Marie Curie Fellowship. The “Environment” in Gene-Environment Interaction Research: An Anthropological View WILLIAM W. DRESSLER Anthropology, The University of Alabama Depression has been a fruitful area for the study of gene-environment interaction. A number of candidate genes have been identified and there is a reliable interaction of these genes with several factors, especially childhood adversity (e.g., death of a parent in childhood). Discrete events such as child adversity are, however, only a small part of the “environment” in gene-environment interactions. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of culture in this process, using data collected in an urban community in Brazil. The specific cultural factor examined is cultural consonance, or the degree to which individuals are able to successfully incorporate salient cultural models into their own beliefs and behaviors. In a study of 402 adult Brazilians from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, an interaction was observed between recalled childhood adversity and a polymorphism for the 2A receptor of the neurotransmitter serotonin in relation to depressive symptoms (p < .05), and that interaction is stronger in lower income neighborhoods. When controlling for cultural consonance in current family life the effect of the gene-environment interaction drops to zero. Further analysis suggests that cultural consonance in family life is a mediator of the effect of the gene-environment interaction on depressive symptoms. Persons reporting childhood adversity in concert with a specific variant of the gene have lower cultural consonance in family life, and in turn report more depressive symptoms (p < .001). These results suggest an important role of cultural consonance in explaining the effects of gene-environment interaction in depression. Research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (BCS-1026429). A Taxonomic Scale-explicit Analysis of Brain Size Evolution in the Hominin Clade ANDREW DU1,2, ANDREW M. ZIPKIN3, KEVIN G. HATALA4, ELIZABETH RENNER5, JENNIFER L. BAKER6, SERENA BIANCHI7, KALLISTA H. BERNAL1,2 and BERNARD A. WOOD1,2 1 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, 2 Anthropology, George Washington University, 3 Anthropology, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 4Biology, Chatham University, 5 Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, 6Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, 7Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai A large endocranial volume (ECV) relative to other primates is a defining feature of modern humans. Therefore, it is of great interest to understand how this trait arose in our evolutionary history. However, there is no consensus regarding the pattern, rates, and, ultimately, processes involved in driving an increase in hominin ECV. We suggest this is due to a failure to explicitly consider taxonomic scale. Here, we analyze hominin ECV at multiple taxonomic scales to better understand how ECV has evolved on both micro- and macroevolutionary scales. We find hominin ECV evolved gradually through time at the clade level. This trend appears to have been generated by mechanisms operating both within (i.e., population-level, microevolutionary processes) and among hominin lineages (i.e., speciation/ extinction events), reflecting differences in the ways selective pressures and evolutionary mechanisms influenced ECV over time. The rate of within-lineage ECV increase was too slow to be accounted for by directional selection alone. This within-lineage pattern likely involved episodes of directional selection interspersed with periods of stasis and/or drift, all of which occur on too 166 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists fine of a time scale to be resolved by the current fossil record. All results are robust to ECV measurement and dating error. Our findings illustrate the complicated, multi-causal nature of hominin ECV evolution and the need for future hypotheses to acknowledge and incorporate this complexity. This analytical framework allows us to generate more precise theories that pinpoint when and at what taxonomic level hominin ECV increase occurred, enabling stronger tests of proposed hypotheses. Research was supported by National Science Foundation IGERT DGE-080163 and SMA-1409612. Female and male rhesus macaque red skin coloration in evolutionary context CONSTANCE DUBUC1 and JAMES P. HIGHAM2 Zoology, Cambridge, 2Anthropology, New York University 1 Sexual signals are often sexually dimorphic, and when this is not the case, it remains unclear whether expression in one sex is the non-functional by-product of selection on the other. Here, we use Tinbergen’s four questions to review our knowledge of red skin colouration in female and male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). In other Papionins, red skin colouration is a highly sexually dimorphic signal of status, and is thus under male intrasexual selection (Phylogeny). In rhesus macaques, however, the signal is exhibited by both sexes. Male and female signals modulate sexual behavioural responses in opposite-sex conspecifics (intersexual selection). In addition, although signal intensity does not predict dominance rank, it nonetheless appears to have a moderating role in male conflicts (intrasexual selection) (Function). Selection is linear in females, but non-linear in males: the most successful males are high-ranked males exhibiting the darkest colors, i.e. those who are both attractive and intimidating (Function). In both sexes, expression and perceptual discrimination of the signal by sex develops at sexual maturity (Ontogeny). Signal expression is under the control of estrogen (by conversion from testosterone in males) and is exhibited only by sexually receptive individuals during the mating season (Mechanisms). Finally, inheritance is sex-linked, such that females inherit their degree of signal expression from their mother, and males from their father (Mechanisms). Together, this work provides strong evidence that this signal is under independent sexual selection in both sexes. ABSTRACTS Osteoware: Standardized Skeletal Documentation Software at the Smithsonian Institution CHRISTOPHER DUDAR1, STEPHEN OUSLEY2, ERICA JONES1, CYNTHIA W. WILCZAK3, JOSEPH HEFNER4, MADDEN GWYN5 and DAWN MULHERN6 Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, Anthropology, Mercyhurst University, 3Anthropology, San Francisco State University, 4Anthropology, Michigan State University, 5Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, 6Anthropology, Fort Lewis College 1 2 The need for a computerized data entry system to inventory, document, and manage data from the 18,000+ Native American catalog numbers in the physical collections at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Smithsonian Institution, became critical with the passage of the National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAIA) in 1989, predating the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) by one year. The foundations of a computerized data entry system were developed after the establishment of the NMNH Repatriation Osteology Lab (ROL) using a DOS-based Paradox system with text screens and non-relational flat data tables. From the beginning it incorporated the Buikstra & Ubelaker (1994) “Standards”, a refinement of the work started by the Paleopathology Association (PPA) Skeletal Database Committee in 1988. During this time collaboration was on-going between the ROL, the Chicago “Standards” Group, and the University of Arkansas team led by Dr. Jerry Rose who developed the first Standardized Osteological Database, SOD, in FoxPro. The ROL database evolved into a full relational database within a Structured Query Language (SQL) database management system. Some improvements and revisions have been made to the standard data captured over the years and Osteoware has proven to be stable and reliable during 15 years of continuous use, four operating systems, and has collected well over 400,000 records. The data entry interface software and database are available for free from https://osteoware.si.edu/ and many requests for research data for synthetic studies have been received and fulfilled through application to the ROL. Grant support received from Smithsonian Institution Web 2.0 Fund and National Park Service, National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT). Using 4th order polynomial curve fitting to assess curvature and allometry of the hallucal facet in extant hominoids and fossil hominins MADELYNNE M. DUDAS1 and WILLIAM E.H. HARCOURT-SMITH2,3,4,5 Department of Anthropology, New York University, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College CUNY, 3 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 4Department of Anthropology, CUNY 1 2 Graduate Center, 5NYCEP, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology The curvature of the medial cuneiform’s hallucal facet in small-bodied fossil hominins has been used to support the idea that certain taxa had an opposable hallux. However, it is not well understood how the morphology of the facet is related to body size. We test the hypothesis that the facet’s curvature is, intraspecifically, greater in smaller individuals. Using surface scans mediolateral curves were fitted to dorsal and plantar portions of the facet with CAD software. We used a large sample of extant hominoids (n=160) and available fossil hominin specimens. 4th order polynomials were fitted to the curves, and leading polynomial coefficients were extracted. This new technique is a variation on 3rd order polynomial curve fitting (PCF) which has been used to measure simpler curves. 4th order PCF allows for asymmetry and curvature changes across the surface. For the extant sample there is far clearer taxonomic separation for the dorsal facet. We conclude that dorsal hallucal facet curvature is likely more diagnostic of grasping potential, an important consideration when faced with fragmentary remains. For the dorsal portion, all fossil specimens fall within the H. sapiens range. For the plantar portion Au. afarensis, H. naledi and StW 573 are closest to the Pan mean, but also overlap with the H. sapiens upper 1SD limit. For our combined great ape sample there is a moderate negative correlation between curvature and body size, but no such relationship for H. sapiens. This may be important when considering the inferred grasping potential of small-bodied hominins. Are frugivores and nectarivores boozers too? ROBERT DUDLEY Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley Ethanol obligately derives from the fermentation of simple sugars, and fermentative yeasts are ubiquitous within the phyllosphere. Animals that routinely consume fruits and nectars thus chronically ingest low-level ethanol, although typical concentrations and consumed volumes are not well characterized. The sensory capacity to detect and follow ethanol plumes enables localization of ripe fruits over long distances (as occurs in fruit flies); positive psychoactive responses to ethanol among vertebrate frugivores may increase net caloric gain during feeding via the aperitif effect. Recent paleogenetic reconstruction of one of the enzymes involved in ethanol metabolism (ADH) suggests sustained exposure of hominids over the last 12 MY to dietary ethanol. Patterns of alcohol use by modern humans may simply reflect ancestral sensory biases associating ethanol consumption with nutritional reward (i.e., the “drunken monkey” hypothesis). Detailed measurements of ethanol concentrations within fruit and nectar, together with comparative behavioral, physiological and genomic data among frugivores and nectarivores, are now necessary to test the generality of this hypothesis. Examining Japanese and Hispanic Morphological Similarities Using Geometric Morphometrics BEATRIX DUDZIK Anatomy, Lincoln Memorial University An increase in the percentage of Hispanic people in the United States population has helped fuel research interest in skeletal variation in Central and South America. Additionally, an increase in border crosser deaths in the American Southwest has allowed forensic anthropologists to accumulate a relatively large skeletal metric dataset that can be used for research purposes. This study builds on the Dudzik and Jantz (2016) publication that examined patterns of overlap among Asian and Hispanic groups when performing discriminant function analysis using Fordisc. Instead of using standard measurements, the current study uses coordinate data and geometric morphometric approaches to better identify morphological overlap between Asian and Hispanic crania. Geometric morphometric analyses have become increasingly popular for studies that examine cranial shape. A recent study by Spradley and Jantz (2016) showed that discriminant function analysis using interlandmark distances to estimate population affinity was more accurate when compared to standard cranial measurements. Based on this evidence and common themes in the literature, a more detailed analysis of the morphologic similarities between Asian and Hispanic craniometric data is warranted with this type of data. Samples included coordinate data associated with a subset of the Hispanic sample included in Fordisc as well as individuals from Japan, Thailand, Korea and China. Results of a preliminary analysis indicates that variation among samples can be better identified to pinpoint which dimensions of the cranium are the most variable or similar. The Hispanic samples continue to group near the Japanese, as was found in previous analyses. A mitochondrial DNA study of the Beothuk and Maritime Archaic, extinct aboriginal populations from Newfoundland and Labrador ANA T. DUGGAN1,2, ALISON HARRIS3, STEPHANIE MARCINIAK1,2, INGEBORG MARSHALL3, VAUGHAN GRIMES3 and HENDRIK POINAR1,2 1 Anthropology, McMaster University, 2McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, McMaster University, 3 Archaeology, Memorial University of Newfoundland Conference Program 167 ABSTRACTS The culture and wisdom of aboriginal populations are under threat in modern society and we know even less about aboriginal populations of the past. With a combined approach of genetic and isotopic data, we are attempting to answer questions of the settlement of the east coast of North America and the relationship between two populations, the Maritime Archaic and Beothuk, who lived in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador from approximately 7500 – 150 YBP. The Maritime Archaic people were resident in the area from around 7550 - 3200 YBP while the Beothuk, who were the European contact population, appear in the archaeological record only around 2000 YBP and are believed to have gone culturally extinct with the death of Shanawdithit in AD 1829. We have recovered the complete mitochondrial genomes of 75 individuals belonging to these cultures and the data indicate a surprising degree of diversity within these populations but also suggest that there was no maternal continuity between the groups, indeed they may not have even shared a common source population. This project has broad implications for our knowledge of the peopling of the Americas, especially given the dearth of available data from the northeast, and on a local level allows us to reconstruct the ancestry and history of the people who came before. While genetic data cannot recreate cultural information, it can inform us as to the history of these populations and allow us to examine their relatedness with other aboriginal populations, both extinct and extant. This work is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Paleoecological reconstructions of c.4 Ma hominin sites from the Omo-Turkana Basin using fossil Bovidae LAURENCE DUMOUCHEL1 and RENÉ BOBE2 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 2 Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile 1 Australopithecus anamensis lived in eastern Africa c.4 million years ago. Three main fossil sites in the Omo-Turkana Basin (Kanapoi, Allia Bay and Mursi) preserve sediments of that age. Preliminary paleoecological analyses suggest that there were differences in the environments of these three sites. In addition, the abundance of hominin fossils at these sites is extremely variable; the majority of the fossils attributed to Au. anamensis have been found at Kanapoi (c.70%), some have been discovered at Allia Bay (c.30%) and no hominin remains have been found so far at Mursi. Can the differences in the relative abundance of Australopithecus anamensis in the Omo-Turkana Basin be attributed to ecological differences between the sites? This study focuses on fossil Bovidae, a taxon commonly favored for paleoecological analyses. Overall, the study of the bovid remains reveals that the site of Kanapoi was the most open in vegetation cover, the site of Allia Bay was a more balanced mosaic, and the environment was more closed at Mursi. The bovid community composition differs accordingly and is significantly different between the three sites. Browsers are more common at Mursi than at the other sites and grazers are the most common at Kanapoi. Similarly, carbon isotopic ratios are generally more depleted at Mursi, intermediate at Allia Bay and less depleted at Kanapoi. Allia Bay mesowear scores and ecomorphologic analyses are also indicative of a mosaic habitat at Allia Bay. Analysis of the complete fauna will provide further insights into the preferred habitats of Australopithecus anamensis. Funded by the Leakey Foundation, Sigma Xi Grantsin-Aid of Research, Explorers Club Washington Group inc, Evolving Earth Foundation, Cosmos Club Foundation and the Lewis N. Cotlow Fund. Effect of mycobacterial species on immune cells and its potential impact on inflammatory responses in periosteal lesions MEGAN E. DUNCANSON1, SHARON N. DEWITTE2 and FABIAN A. CRESPO1 1 Anthropology, University of Louisville, 2Anthropology and Biology, University of South Carolina Individuals who can mount a strong inflammatory response can produce a shift in the systemic levels of inflammatory mediators when exposed to chronic infections, which leads, in turn, to a potential hyper-inflammatory state or hyper-inflammatory phenotype (HIP). Consequently, the systemic immunological shift could affect other persistent infections such as the one observed in periosteal lesions, which are commonly attributed to the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The objective of this study is to determine if in vitro immune cells exposure to bacterial lysates from different species of Mycobacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae, or M. bovis) impacts subsequent immune responses to persistent/local pathogen S. aureus. During a two-day experiment, we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to either M. tuberculosis or M. leprae or M.bovis lysates on day one; sequentially on day two, we exposed the same culture to S. aureus. The expression of key proteins (TNFα and IFNγ) involved in the immune response was measured by ELISA. Preliminary results showed that early exposure (day 1) to most mycobacterial lysate induces higher IFNγ expression when the same cells are exposed to S. aureus (day 2). Interestingly, early exposure to S. aureus altered IFNγ expression when cells subsequently were exposed to M. tuberculosis or M. leprae lysates. These preliminary results show an immunological alteration when PBMCs are alternatively exposed to two different pathogens. 168 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists These findings could be useful in osteological analyses when considering how tuberculosis or leprosy infection can affect other osteological lesions through the promotion of a HIP. Nutritional balancing among Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in structurally distinct areas of the Diani Forest, Kenya NOAH T. DUNHAM Anthropology, The Ohio State University Recent studies have examined nutritional intake strategies of several nonhuman primate taxa. While it is clear that considerable interspecific variation exists with regard to the ratios of non-protein energy (NPE) to protein energy (PE) consumed, the degree to which nutrient intake patterns differ intraspecifically and with regard to differences in habitat is underexplored. This research investigates nutritional intake among individuals (n = 8 adult females, 3 adult males) in three groups of Angola black and white colobus inhabiting structurally distinct areas of the Diani Forest, Kenya, with the null hypotheses of no difference between males and females or among forest areas. Behavioral data were collected from July 2014 – December 2015 (n = 183 days) and combine scan sampling and individual focal-follows to yield estimates of daily macronutrient intake. Standardized laboratory analyses and infrared reflectance spectroscopy were used to quantify macronutrient composition of ~400 foods. Across all groups, females consumed significantly more kilocalories per day than males (p < 0.01). Group diets differed considerably with regard to plant species: mean dietary overlap = 10.4%. Individuals from groups inhabiting more degraded areas consumed significantly less NPE, PE, and total energy per day compared to individuals in more intact forest (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Despite these significant differences, individuals maintained remarkably consistent balances of NPE to PE: ratios ranged from 1.3:1 - 1.6:1 for females and from 1.4:1 2.2:1 for males. Previous research of Colobus guereza reported a similar NPE:PE, suggesting Colobus spp. nutritional targets may be strictly regulated. Research supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. 2012136655, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Nacey Maggioncalda Foundation, National Geographic Society, and Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. Evaluation of the covariation in markers of robusticity in the locomotor skeleton TYLER E. DUNN Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Skeletal robusticity has been defined, most broadly, as the massiveness of the skeleton. ABSTRACTS Various analyses analyzing skeletal robusticity, however, do so using a variety of markers falling into four main groups: linear osteometrics, long bone subperiosteal area, muscle moment arms, and enthesial changes. These markers are not standardized and vary between analyses, yet differences in post cranial skeletal robusticity between populations have been attributed to many aspects of life-history (ie. activity, subsistence, changes in climate, population history). The current analysis tests the assumption that various measures of skeletal robusticity are in fact measuring the same aspects of morphological change and evaluates how these different metrics correlate and covary with one another. Each of these methods of assessing robusticity is evaluated in five archeological skeletal assemblages from Northern China (n=135 individuals) dating from 1650-3000 BP for the tibia, femur, and bi-iliac breadth. Each of the markers of robusticity have slightly different patterns of correlation. A significant amount of the variation within each robusticity marker can be explained by other markers of robusticity, indicating that these variables are interrelated and the relationship between them are more nuanced than typically assumed. These findings suggest that the metrics used to evaluate skeletal robusticity need to be cross-validated in a global sample to more accurately construct activity patterns or evolutionary histories of past populations. National Science Foundation East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes (#1613876), University of Illinois Department of Anthropology Summer Travel Award Human races are not the same as dog breeds: Dismantling a powerful popular metaphor as an educational exercise HOLLY DUNSWORTH1, ABIGAIL BIGHAM2, HEATHER NORTON3, LAUREL PEARSON4 and ELLEN QUILLEN5 1 Sociology & Anthropology, University of Rhode Island, 2Anthropology, University of Michigan, 3 Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, 4 Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, 5 Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute Comparing humans to dogs is probably something humans have done since dogs started living with us. But more recently, and at the population level, Plato pondered it and Darwin threaded the theme throughout The Descent of Man. And, as an integral part of Darwin’s legacy, particularly when it comes to understanding “race,” J.B.S. Haldane posed a question to a group of anthropologists at the Royal Society in 1956 that reads as if it were posed yesterday: “Are the biological differences between human groups comparable with those between groups of domestic animals such as greyhounds and bulldogs…?” Haldane’s question begs for an answer because it could significantly impact our understanding of “race”—particularly in the U.S. where dogs are part of our daily lives, and where the president, born of an indigenous Kenyan father and a white American mother, has referred to himself as a mutt. To that end, we compared published genotypic and phenotypic variation of human races and dog breeds, as well as the processes of admixture and interbreeding, all within the contexts of human and dog origins and evolutionary histories. As a result of this exercise, we demonstrate that comparing the differences between human races, like black and white, to the differences between dog breeds, like Doberman and husky, are largely rooted in poetry or prejudice, not biology. Extraction of cortical area thickness profiles from CT-scanned femurs JÁN DUPEJ1,2, ALIZÉ LACOSTE JEANSON1, JAROSLAV BRŮŽEK1 and JOSEF PELIKÁN2 1 Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 2Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University The diaphysis of long bones responds to biomechanical loading by remodeling. Thus a quantified description of the geometrical properties of long bones, such as their cortical area (CA) thickness can help improve the understanding of the functional adaptation process, activity patterns and biological variations. Because on these surfaces landmarks are scarce, ordinary geometric morphometrics cannot be directly applied. Several algorithms have been proposed to extract dense CA profiles from femoral diaphysis. Some disregard bone curvature, or do not take measures to enforce correspondence. Others focus on the creation of finite element models. We present a workflow for morphometric analysis of femoral CA profiles that takes medial axis curvature into account and performs a simple correspondence search. Minimal user interaction is required. We demonstrate our approach on a sample of 66 CT scans of the lower limb and construct mean CA thickness profiles of the right femur for both sexes. We also identify the areas in which sexual dimorphism is statistically significant. In our sample, males possessed overall thicker cortex with a peak in posterior direction reaching 10 mm. In females, that peak barely exceeded 8 mm. In all orientations, except lateral, that difference was significant. An inspection of normalized profiles suggests that while males generally have a sharper spike of CA thickness in posterior direction, females have a more even distribution of cortical bone around the medial axis. This work has been supported by Charles University Grant Agency (GAUK) as project 230516. Teaching Forensics in the Classroom: Considerations for Ancestry Determination in Educational Settings ALEXIS R. DZUBAK and COLLEEN CHEVERKO Anthropology, The Ohio State University Many courses in biological anthropology teach students to create biological profiles for skeletons. Often, undergraduate or high school students are taught using casts because institutions may not have access to real skeletal remains. Even if skeletal remains are available, casts may be used to minimize damage and to practice skills before applying them to bones. While this practice is good to preserve and respect the human remains, the use of casts in teaching ancestry may be misleading in a teaching context because some of the casts may be atypical for the groups they represent. This poster addresses how typical these casts are of their group using metric analyses. Canonical discriminant functions were performed using all data in Fordisc 3.1 and a separate dataset including Howells data. Two observers independently measured 25 cranial measurements on six ancestry casts purchased from Bone Clones. Although two of the six casts classified correctly with low typicalities and posterior probabilities, all casts were atypical of any group represented in either of the databases in Fordisc. This finding was supported using the additional dataset. All casts represented individuals who are two or more standard deviations from any group mean. Therefore, the ancestry casts display variations of selected traits associated with particular ancestral groups but may not be typical of those groups or represent broader human variation. In a teaching environment, this limitation should be acknowledged so students are able to apply a biological profile to varied contexts. Minor Physical Anomalies as Additional Indicators of Developmental Disorder in LB1 from Liang Bua, Flores ROBERT B. ECKHARDT1, SAKDAPONG CHAVANAVES1 and MACIEJ HENNEBERG2 1 Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics and Molecules, Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, 2Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy, University of Adelaide Human bones excavated at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia, were assigned to the new taxon “Homo floresiensis” although coexisting with Homo sapiens populations elsewhere. LB1 features (very low endocranial volume, short femora, flaring ilia, etc.) emphasized as diagnostic of a new hominin species are accompanied by other anomalous signs not noted initially, including craniofacial and other asymmetries. Contrasting explanations of brain and body sizes and proportions in LB1 overlook the significance of smaller-scale traits commonly referred to by clinical morphologists as minor physical anomalies (MPAs). Hospital Conference Program 169 ABSTRACTS surveys conducted by Merks and colleagues in the Netherlands scored patients for traits in 29 major anatomical areas subdivided into 98 smaller regions including a total of 683 single anomalies. In adapting the traits surveyed to LB1 limited skeletal remains we compared only subsets (74 traits) that pertained to the head: Neurocranium size (2 traits), shape (6), sutures (6), face (20), upper jaw (7), lower jaw (5), palate (10), teeth (18). After eliminating small endocranial volume and other disputed features, LB1 exhibited 7 MPAs, including brachycephaly, plagiocephaly, palate form, plus asymmetries in the face, upper jaw, lower jaw, and teeth. Most clinical MPA studies do not record occurrence over the threshold of ≥3 traits indicating an elevated likelihood of major malformation, but one showed that 36.7% of mentally retarded children had ≥5 MPAs while no control had ≥5. Above-threshold MPA trait occurrence in the greatly restricted subset scored for LB1 remains completely consistent with Down syndrome and independently signals developmental abnormality regardless of specific diagnosis. Gorilla Social Dynamics: Only Heterosexual Relationships Impact LongTerm Stress in Captive Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) ASHLEY N. EDES1, BARBARA A. WOLFE2 and DOUGLAS E. CREWS1 1 Anthropology, The Ohio State University, 2Executive Board, Morris Animal Foundation Sociality and gregariousness ameliorate negative effects of stress. For example, social networks are associated with lower basal cortisol and reduced mortality risk among baboons, dampened stress responses in marmosets, and better health and longer lifespans in humans. In this study, we examined the impact of social relationships on physiological dysregulation in gorillas. We estimated physiological dysregulation using an allostatic load index composed of seven biomarkers: albumin, cortisol, corticotropin releasing hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, glucose, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. For females, we predicted same-sex relationships would buffer allostatic load, while heterosexual relationships would increase allostatic load. For silverbacks, no association between male-female relationships and allostatic load was expected. Using scan sampling, we recorded proximity (≤5m) for three breeding groups housed at the Columbus Zoo (n=11). Total scans per gorilla ranged from 60-1428. Hypotheses were tested using linear regression with percent of time spent in proximity as the independent variable and allostatic load as the dependent variable. There was no significant association between allostatic load and female-female relationships (p=0.247, R2=0.084). However, percent of time spent in proximity to the silverback significantly predicted female allostatic load (p=0.036, R2=0.470). Higher allostatic load in females may be due to risk of courtship aggression from males, and same-sex relationships do not appear to buffer those effects. There was no association between male allostatic load and percent of time spent in proximity to females (p=0.694, R2=-0.572). Because females are much smaller than and submissive to the silverback, it is unlikely their proximity is perceived as a stressor. Midline Bony Landmarks are Poor, but better than Soft Tissue Landmarks, for Estimating Population Affiliation in Unknown Individuals HEATHER J.H. EDGAR1,2, KIELA GWIN2 and KATE RUSK2 1 Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2Anthropology, University of New Mexico Cranial landmarks are used extensively in forensic anthropology to estimate race and ethnicity in unknown individuals. However, most studies associating cranial landmarks with soft tissue structures, which presumably reflect population affiliation, come from orthodontic or facial recreation research, which tends to focus on individuals primarily of European background. We examined orthodontic lateral cephalograms to ask two questions: 1) are bony midline landmarks or soft tissue profile landmarks useful for estimating population affiliation, and 2) which dataset provides greater accuracy? Our sample consisted of New Mexican females over age 16: 36 European (EA), 32 Hispanic (HA), and 24 Native Americans (NA; n=106). We calculated 2D Procrustes coordinates for bony and 13 soft tissue landmarks. Forward stepwise variable selection was used to find the most informative coordinates, which were then used in linear discriminant analysis. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to estimate the predictive accuracy of each resulting linear classifier. Bony landmarks correctly classified 60.4% of individuals: 65.7% EA, 50% HA, and 66.7% NA. Soft tissue landmarks correctly assigned 50.6% of individuals, 68.6% EA, 40.6% HA, and 37.5% NA. Overall, these results provide little indication that midline landmark analysis is valuable in estimating group membership, at least when one group represents an admixed sample of other groups in a comparison. However, it is interesting to note that accuracy is significantly greater from bony landmarks. This result may indicate that information provided by soft tissue complicates, rather than clarifies, any facial features associated with race or ethnicity in living persons. 170 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Masticatory loading and diet type in relation to cross-sectional geometric properties of the primate zygomatic arch HALLIE M. EDMONDS Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University During feeding, relatively high magnitude loads of parasagittal bending and torsion can occur along the primate zygomatic arch. It is unclear, however, how these load types pattern by arch location and whether certain diet types induce relatively greater instances of bending and/or torsion during feeding. This study presents a comparative analysis of zygomatic arch cross-sectional geometric properties, interpreted in the context of food mechanical properties (FMPs) and dietary mechanical category (i.e., tough, hard, soft) based on total consumption percent, to determine if diet affects zygomatic arch structure. The greatest measures of torsional strength (J) and resistance to bending moments (Imax) are expected to occur in anterior arch cross sections given that the highest bending and torsional forces are generally concentrated anteriorly. Relatively larger Imax values are predicted to occur in taxa consuming primarily hard and/or soft foods, while greater J values are expected to occur in taxa consuming primarily tough foods. Data on cross-sectional images from MicroCT scans of zygomatic arches were collected from 7 species of primates (n=61). Data on FMPs and total consumption percent were collected from the literature. Intraspecific comparisons revealed significant differences (p<0.01) between arch locations in all but one taxon for J, and significant differences (p<0.01) in all but two taxa for Imax. The highest measures for these variables occurred in anterior regions suggesting both load types are greatest anteriorly as compared to other arch locations. When compared, measures of Imax and J appear inversely related to the FMP values for all taxa. Funding provided by: Elizabeth H. Harmon Research Endowment Disease and dental wear on the upper Texas coast: Cross-era comparison of Native American Health at site 41GV66 EMILY A. EDWARDS Department of Anthropology, University of Texas The purpose of this research was to understand the cross-era changes in the health of a Native American population from site 41GV66 on the upper Texas coast by analyzing skeletal and dental pathologies. Because the Historic individuals included in this study did not have regular interactions with European settlers until the establishment of a mission in 1756, this study provided valuable insight into the indirect effects of European colonization on Native American health. The remains of 40 individuals from the Archaic, Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic eras were ABSTRACTS analyzed macroscopically and observations were recorded on standard forms. Instances of trauma varied the most between eras. Only one of the 20 Prehistoric individuals but half of the 12 Historic individuals exhibited evidence of trauma. With a chi square value of 13.39 and p value of .005, this change is significant. Additionally, Prehistoric individuals exhibited a greater degree of molar wear than Historic individuals, but fewer caries and abscesses. The changes in health observed in the Native American population between the Prehistoric and Historic eras is concurrent with European expansion during the Historic era. The adoption of subsistence farming is the likely cause of the changes in dental pathologies between Prehistoric and Historic individuals. The significant increase in trauma observed in the Historic individuals is probably a result of altercations with other Native American groups, rather than with Europeans, who did not have a significant presence in the area until 1756. From the Shenks Ferry People to the Susquehannocks: Inferring Population History in the Lower Susquehanna Valley from Dental Morphology DANIEL E. EHRLICH DEPAS of Mycenae The people of the Shenks Ferry culture occupied the Lower Susquehanna Valley of Pennsylvania during the Late Prehistoric (1300-1600 c.e.). By the end of the 16th century the Susquehannocks migrated from New York state to the Lower Susquehanna Valley. After a brief period of cohabitation, Shenks Ferry material culture is quickly replaced by Susquehannock material in the archaeological record. This has traditionally been interpreted as evidence of population replacement, yet there is no evidence of violence or destruction. One explanation for this could be that the Shenks Ferry people were assimilated into the Susquehannock population. A biological distance study provides a means to investigate group interactions in the Lower Susquehanna Valley. In this study, I compared dental non-metric traits of Shenks Ferry (n=111) and Susquehannock (n=65) groups diachronically to test the scenarios of population replacement or incorporation. Following standard procedures, I assessed crown and root features of the adult dentition and used mean measure of divergence, along with Robust Estimator of Grade Difference (RED) to calculate distance statistics and assess significance. Despite relatively small distance values most Shenks Ferry and the Susquehannock groups formed distinct clusters, which supports the archaeological evidence of replacement. However Shenks Ferry groups showed greater intra-population variation, which could indicate that some sites of a different culture are misattributed to the Shenks Ferry culture. As this research demonstrates, biological distance studies can provide additional evidence to evaluate traditional models and provide new insights and interpretations for studies of group interaction and population histories. Costs of reproduction assessed via telomere length and epigenetic age measures of biological senescence in young adult women from Cebu, the Philippines DAN T.A. EISENBERG1,2, M. GEOFFREY HAYES3,4,5, THOMAS MCDADE5,6, CALEN P. RYAN5, ALEX GEORGIEV5, MEAGHAN JONES7, MICHAEL S. KOBOR7 and CHRISTOPHER W. KUZAWA5,6 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, 2Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, 3Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 4Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 5Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, 6Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, 7Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Evolutionary theory predicts that reproduction carries substantial costs that compete with somatic maintenance and thereby accelerate aging. While studies from both humans and experimental animal models broadly support this hypothesis, the pathways via which these physiological costs manifest remain unclear. Telomere length (TL) and epigenetic age provide new opportunities to probe two independent links between human reproduction and senescence. Telomeres are repeating DNA sequences that cap chromosomes, and that shorten with cell replication, oxidative stress and age. Telomere shortening eventually places limits on further cell division, contributing to senescence. Physiological changes which accompany pregnancy, including immune suppression, increased infection risk, cell proliferation related to fluid expansion, and oxidative stress could all accelerate telomere shortening. Horvath’s epigenetic clock has been established as highly correlated with age, to be predictive of age-related morbidity and mortality, and to show increases in epigenetic age in those exposed to factors such as HIV and psychosocial stress. We examined whether the number of past pregnancies in 20-22 year old women in the Philippines predicted TL (n=720) and epigenetic age (n=396). Using these samples, we find that parity predicted changes consistent with accelerated aging in both markers: with each additional pregnancy TL was reduced while epigenetic age was increased. Each additional pregnancy predicted the equivalent of 3 years of TL aging in middle age and 0.4 years of epigenetic aging. These findings are consistent with the expectation that reproduction carries physiological costs, and shows that these effects are detectable even in young adulthood. This work was supported by NSF, Wenner Gren Foundation and NIH grants. DNA extracts generously provided by Karen Mohlke. “What makes us human?” A question to engage students, the public, and research ANDREA R. ELLER1 and KERRY M. DORE2 Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio 1 The Socratic method of teaching involves asking and answering questions designed to enhance critical thinking skills and stimulate debate. Arguably, “What makes us human?” is such a question, as the entire field of biological anthropology more or less directly engages with it. Engaging students, scholars, and the public with this question produces a number of valuable outcomes. First, audiences feel connected to the subject of defining humanity with or without scientific or academic training. This relaxes timidity and boosts confidence for understanding complicated material. Second, variation in responses reflects deeply held beliefs about who we are and how our species came to be. Third, audiences enjoy the debate. There is no singular answer to the question after all, and so contemplating and countering the viewpoints of others becomes an important aspect of the process. Here, we report on the use of this strategy in two different settings: anonymous responses posted to an analog university bulletin board, and student responses at the beginning and end of two anthropology courses. To date, we have 297 responses. The responses themselves are a wellspring of data on the social construction of humanity. Emergent themes, revealed in the analyses of responses, indicate frequently evoked ideas such as “creativity”, “DNA”, or “languages”. These common themes offer teachers a natural bridge to classroom materials. We explore the utility of this question as an educational tool, a source of valuable data for researchers of human evolution, and make suggestions for the inclusion of this strategy in educational endeavors. Agriculture in the Atacama Desert: Implications for Human Health and Development GAIL E. ELLIOTT1, SIÂN HALCROW1, HALLIE BUCKLEY1, ANDREW GRAY4, VIVIEN STANDEN2 and BERNARDO ARRIAZA3 Deparment of Anatomy, University of Otago, Departmento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, 3Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapacá, 4Department of Preventative and Social Medicine, University of Otago 1 2 The bioarchaeological model of health change posits a deterioration in health with the development of agriculture. This model is based Conference Program 171 ABSTRACTS predominantly on findings from North America and European populations, reporting that with the intensification of agriculture there was a deterioration of health due to the increase in population sizes, unsanitary conditions, and the spread of diseases due to close living conditions and proximity to domesticated animals. Greater dependence on plant carbohydrates may have also resulted in nutrient deficiencies, making populations more susceptible to disease and infection. However, some recent work in South America and Asia is challenging this model, suggesting that region-specific factors may influence physiological stress levels. To test this model of deteriorating heath this paper presents an assessment of growth disruption as an indicator for physiological stress in prehistoric infants and children from the Azapa, Camarones, and Lluta coastal valleys of northern Chile. This skeletal sample is perfectly placed to test the model for health using growth because it contains high numbers of well-preserved infants and children (N=246), representing well-documented pre- and post-agricultural cultures (ca. 10,000 to 500 B.P.). Dental crown size did not decrease and crown size asymmetry did not significantly increase across the agricultural transition. This finding suggests that health was not adversely affected by the adoption of agriculture in the region, possibly because populations continued to heavily supplement agricultural carbohydrates with marine and terrestrial resources. The Marsden and Ruggles-Gates Funds support this research. Fetal Remains in Bioarchaeology: A Case Study from the 19th Century Spring Street Presbyterian Church MEREDITH AB. ELLIS Anthropology, Florida Atlantic University The Spring Street Presbyterian Church housed an active abolitionist congregation in lower Manhattan in the 19th century, and was wellknown for its mixed-class and multiracial parishioners. Construction work in 2006 accidentally unearthed burial vaults associated with the church. The vaults were in use between 1820 and 1850, and contained the commingled remains of some 197 individuals. Seventy of those were subadults from 30 fetal weeks to 15 years of age. This paper will present the results of the analysis of the fetuses, in particular their age distribution, burial contexts, and evidence of lower limb torsion. Recent work in bioarchaeology has encouraged the inclusion of such data from fetal remains. This presentation also integrates the skeletal data with information from archival records that indicate that at least 37 burials are from infants who lived for less than a day. on the intersections of institutions, families, and health. One such example is of a full term fetus buried with a woman in her mid-twenties. This case, when combined with historical records documenting deaths by childbed, allow for an exploration of the challenges urbanization placed on pregnancies, births, and families. The literature surrounding maternity, the documentation of the burials in the records, and the respectful internment of these individuals in the vaults at the Spring Street Presbyterian Church illustrate how complementary resources allow fetal remains to be more fully contextualized and elaborated in the archaeological record. Effects of technology on Upper Paleolithic human diet SIREEN EL ZAATARI1, FREDERICK E. GRINE2,3, PETER S. UNGAR4 and JEAN-JACQUES HUBLIN5 1 Department of Paleoanthropology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 2Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, 3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, 4Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, 5 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology The Upper Paleolithic (UP) appeared in Europe during the extreme climatic instability of marine isotope stage (MIS) 3. It continued through the severe conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum, and was replaced during the warming trend at the end of MIS 2. The UP is associated with the first appearance of modern humans in Europe and is characterized by unprecedented technological advancements. Compared to earlier technological complexes, the UP exhibits an increase in artifact and raw material diversity and presents an unparalleled rate of innovation and change through time such that, over a period of 30 kyr, distinct techno-complexes such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian and Magdalenian can be identified.This study explores the effects of climatic and cultural changes on the diets of UP humans using dental microwear analysis. We examined occlusal molar microwear textures of 32 adults recovered from 21 European sites in association with the three main UP technological complexes of MIS 3-2. Results suggest that the diets of the UP humans were not significantly affected by climate change. Rather, these people were able to maintain a level of dietary stability, at least within a single cultural phase, in spite of the paleoenvironmental fluctuations. At the same time, however, this analysis reveals changes in diet between earlier (Aurignacian and Gravettian) and later (Magdalenian) UP cultures, suggesting a significant link between technology and diet. Max Planck Society, the Hunt Post-Doctoral Fellowship to S.E.Z., National Science Foundation to F.E.G. and S.E.Z. and to P.S.U., LSB Leakey Foundation to F.E.G. and S.E.Z. This analysis sheds light on infant mortality in the urbanizing 19th century landscape, particularly 172 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Assessing Demographic Change From the Iron Age (7th – 4th c. B.C.E) through the Roman Period (1st – 3rd c. C.E.) in Southern Italy Using Isotope and WholeMitochondrial Genome Analysis MATTHEW V. EMERY, ANA T. DUGGAN, HENRY P. SCHWARCZ, HENDRIK N. POINAR and TRACY L. PROWSE Anthropology, McMaster University This paper presents the first comprehensive study of two skeletal assemblages spanning the Iron Age through the Roman period (7th c. B.C.E. – 3rd c. C.E.) in southern Italy, integrating ancient DNA (aDNA) with stable and radiogenic isotope analysis. Assessing demographic change in southern Italy has traditionally relied on archaeological and historic evidence. These lines of evidence, however, cannot establish specific instances of mobility, and fail to identify long-term genetic ancestry over multiple generations. We sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 19 Iron Age and 20 Roman period individuals buried at three nearby sites in southern Italy, and measured the 87Sr/86Sr and 18O/16O of composition of 42 molars from the Roman site of Vagnari. The 87Sr/86Sr values of local fauna and soil (n=15) were obtained to determine the regional 87Sr/86Sr baseline to help identify potential outliers at the site. The relationship between 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O suggest a relatively low proportion of migrants at Vagnari (~7%), estimated from bivariate analysis. However, mtDNA diversity is shifted from the major European haplogroups (J, T, U, V, K, and H) during the Iron Age to include African (L) and Asian (D) clades during the Roman Imperial period. Together, the biochemical evidence suggests increased mtDNA diversity following Roman conquest and expansion into southern Italy by the 3rd century C.E., even with apparently low levels of immigration. Longitudinal changes in diet and reproduction among wild chimpanzees at Kanyawara, Kibale National Park MELISSA EMERY THOMPSON1, ZARIN P. MACHANDA2, SARAH PHILLIPS-GARCIA1, EMILY OTALI3, MARTIN N. MULLER1 and RICHARD W. WRANGHAM4 1 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 2Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, 3Kibale Chimpanzee Project, 4Department of Anthropology, Harvard University Studies of chimpanzee reproductive energetics have consistently found that energy balance has a proximate influence on female fecundity, leading to the hypothesis that differences in reproductive rates between populations may be driven by variation in habitat productivity. Variation in feeding ecology and methodology between study sites have made it difficult to test this hypothesis, but evidence for correlated longitudinal changes within a population ABSTRACTS can allow us to rule out competing hypotheses, such as genetic differences. The Kanyawara community of chimpanzees has been studied continuously since 1987, during which time their home range has experienced increases in rainfall and temperature, along with consequences of forest succession and territory reduction. Feeding data collected between 1994 and 2016 indicate little change in the overall proportion of ripe fruit in the chimpanzees’ diet. However, component fruit species have changed, particularly Ficus sur (or F. capensis), which was almost never consumed prior to 2004 but has become one of the most important components of the chimpanzees’ diet. Consumption of F. sur, more than any other dietary constituent, predicted monthly and interannual variation in energy balance (assessed using C-peptide of insulin levels) in female chimpanzees (R2 = 0.2, p < 0.001). The shift in diet was temporally associated with an increase in birth rates. Interbirth intervals beginning prior to 2004 averaged 6.5 years, while those after 2004 averaged only 5.0 years. These data suggest that a relatively moderate change in feeding ecology in a dynamic forest environment can influence primate life history. National Institutes of Health (Award R01AG049395), National Science Foundation (Grants 1355014 and 0849380), the Leakey Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, Harvard University, University of New Mexico Make research explicit using RDFBones, an extensible digital standard for research data FELIX ENGEL and STEFAN SCHLAGER Biological Anthropology, Freiburg University A fundamental impediment to the adoption of digital standards in physical anthropology is the vast diversity of this area of research. Even within osteology, many investigations require some modification of existing standards to suit their specific study designs. This might be a reason for researchers not to use database software based exclusively on one particular standard. It also makes it difficult to keep track of research data compatibility and to process data from different investigations in one database system. Up to now, comprehensive and monolithic data standards have failed to address these issues. We propose a different approach, concentrating on the exact definition of individual data items. These are the building blocks researchers can use to describe the various aspects of their research, like skeletal inventories, research methods and work flows, resulting data and their processing employing mathematical transformations or textual conclusions. Because the building blocks of these descriptions are defined beforehand, the degree of compatibility between different investigations becomes evident. Our data standard, RDFBones, is an RDF (Resource Description Framework) ontology, containing a number of classes and properties for describing anthropological research and materials. Individual researchers can use these elements to define their methodology, load it in the RDFBones web application and use it to record data according to their own standard. So the software helps building standards, instead of prescribing them. Once a standard is formulated, however, it can be published and shared otherwise, supporting uniform methodology. RDFBones also creates a perfect means for sustained long-term data storage. This project is funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – DFG) under the title “Human Skeletal Collections: Development of Standards for the Access to Historical Anthropological/Anatomical Research Collections”. Co-evolution of Male and Female Primate Sexual Signals, the Example of Crested Macaques ANTJE ENGELHARDT School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Jr. Research Group on Primate Sexual Selection, German Primate Center n many primate species, males and females both exhibit prominent sexual signals. The function of male sexual signals as well as the co-evolution of signals in both sexes, remains, however, still understudied. Crested macaques (Macaca nigra) are one of such examples: males show loud calls and brightly colored scrota, while females exhibit large sex skin swellings and seem to use sexual behavior for signaling. We have studied male and female sexual signals and reproductive strategies more generally over the last decade in three habituated groups of crested macaques in the Tangkoko Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia. In this talk, I will summarize the results we gathered on male signals, i.e. their relationship with male dominance rank, their role for male-male contest competition, attraction of and access to females and male reproductive success. I will also present our assessment of the reliability with which female behavior and sexual swellings indicate the timing of ovulation. Subsequently, I will set the function of crested macaque male and female signals as reproductive strategies in relation to each other and discuss the co-evolution of male and female sexual signals in primates more generally. Funded by the German Academic Exchange Service, German Research Council (DFG), Emmy Noether Program of the DFG, German Federal Ministry for Economic Collaboration and Development, and Leakey Foundation. Adolescent Male Aggression toward Adult Females represents Dominance Striving, not Sexual Coercion, in wild Chimpanzees DREW K. ENIGK1, MELISSA EMERY THOMPSON1, ZARIN P. MACHANDA2, RICHARD W. WRANGHAM3 and MARTIN N. MULLER1 Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Anthropology, Tufts University, 3Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University 1 2 Recent studies demonstrate that adult male aggression toward females in wild chimpanzees often functions as sexual coercion. Adult males can effectively intimidate adult females because of their larger body size and strength, and coercive mate guarding is a particularly beneficial strategy for males of high rank. Adolescent male chimpanzees are neither fully grown nor high ranking, but they can be similarly aggressive to females. Here, we test between two alternative explanations for such aggression by adolescent males. One hypothesis suggests that, like adults, they use aggression for sexual coercion. Alternatively, adolescent males may use aggression primarily to establish social dominance over females. We analyzed aggression data for 12 adolescent males (aged 9-14 yrs) across 23 years of observation at Kanyawara in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We found that, unlike adult males, adolescent males initiated a greater proportion of aggression against females when they were not sexually swollen, lending support to the social dominance hypothesis. As adolescent males aged, they were more likely to win aggressive interactions against adult females. Early adolescents won less than 25 percent, and late adolescents won more than 75 percent of dyadic contests with females. Early adolescents were more successful in aggressive encounters against nulliparous than parous females, but by the end of adolescence, males dominated most parous females. Our findings suggest that female-directed aggression by adolescent male chimpanzees is a necessary precursor to subsequent status striving in the adult male hierarchy. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE-0237002. Exploring the impact of collection strategies on interpretations of faunal abundance: a case study from the Koobi Fora Formation (Pleistocene, northern Kenya) ALYSSA ENNY1, MARYSE BIERNAT1,2, DAVID R. BRAUN1,3,4, WELDEYARED H. REDA1,5, ASHLEY S. HAMMOND1,3, DAVID B. PATTERSON1,3,6 and W. ANDREW BARR1,3 1 Koobi Fora Field School, The George Washington University and National Museums of Kenya, 2 Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution, 3Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 4Department Conference Program 173 ABSTRACTS of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 5Department of Archaeology and Heritage Management, Aksum University, Ethiopia, 6Department of Biology, University of North Georgia This study examined the impact of collection protocols on faunal abundance in Pleistocene fossil assemblages. Early work at East Turkana emphasized collecting taxonomically diagnostic material, resulting in an abundance of craniodental specimens in the Turkana Basin Paleontology Database (TBPD). Subsequent research emphasized systematic collection using a Bone Walk (BW) protocol. We explored the impact of these collection strategies by: 1) comparing the percentage of aquatic taxa in the TBPD against recently collected BW data and 2) testing whether the proportional abundance of mammalian families differs in postcranial versus craniodental subsets of the TBPD. We collected BW data in the Koobi Fora Ridge and Karari Ridge subregions of Koobi Fora Formation from Upper Burgi, KBS and Okote Member sediments spanning 2 – 1.4 Ma. Chi-square analysis compared abundance of aquatic (e.g., fish, hippos, turtles) and non-aquatic taxa between TBPD and BW data (n=2210). All comparisons exhibited significantly different faunal abundances (x2>37, df.=1, p<0.001), except for the Okote Member in the Karari Ridge subregion. Aquatic fauna were systematically underrepresented in the TBPD. Second, we compared the abundances of seven common mammalian families in analytical subsets of the TBPD corresponding to craniodental versus postcranial fossils (n=8674). A chi-square test revealed significant differences in familial abundance (x2=1332.8, df.=6, p=.0001). In the postcranial dataset, Suidae, Bovidae, and Elephantidae were underrepresented while Hippopotamidae and Cercopithecidae were overrepresented. These results illustrate that collection strategies can impact paleoenvironmental reconstructions based on faunal abundance, which could affect the inferences associated with environmental hypotheses of human evolution. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (IRES-OISE 1358178) and would not be possible without the support of the National Museums of Kenya. Facial fluctuating asymmetry in wild Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) AMANDINE B. ERIKSEN , KATE MCGRATH , AIDA GÓMEZ-ROBLES2, LAUREN SCHROEDER1, JASON S. MASSEY3, TIMOTHY G. BROMAGE4, ANTOINE MUDAKIKWA5, TARA S. STOINSKI6, MICHAEL R. CRANFIELD7, MATTHEW W. TOCHERI8,9, 1 2 SHANNON C. MCFARLIN10,2 and NOREEN VON CRAMON-TAUBADEL1 1 Buffalo Human Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, 2 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, 4Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, 5Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, 6Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, Georgia, 7Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, University of California, Davis, 8Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, 9Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution The study of facial asymmetry offers valuable insight into extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic (genetic) factors influencing early development. Random deviations from bilateral symmetry can be quantified as directional and fluctuating asymmetry (DA and FA). While DA is commonly assumed to reflect genetic factors, FA is used to study developmental instability. The Virunga mountain gorillas provide an excellent casestudy for assessing the link between FA and developmental stress, given the availability of long-term life history data coupled with the high degree of cranial asymmetry observed in the skeletons of these critically endangered apes. To assess FA among mountain gorillas, 3D models of 71 crania (37 female, 34 male), curated by Rwanda’s Mountain Gorilla Skeletal Project and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, were acquired using laser and CT scanning. Thirty facial landmarks were digitized from each 3D model, followed by an assessment of inter- and intra-observer error. A Procrustes ANOVA was conducted in MorphoJ, and individual FA scores were calculated. Results suggest that FA is a significant contributor to overall facial shape variation. A chi-squared analysis found that females were more likely to exhibit higher FA scores than males, which may relate to particular stress factors impacting female development. This study offers the first quantification of FA in mountain gorillas, suggesting that FA may prove a useful proxy for measuring the effects of developmental stress in wild primates. Future work incorporating long-term behavioral and health data will further test how early life stress manifests itself in gorillas via facial asymmetry. This research has received funding support from The Leakey Foundation, National Geographic Society’s Committee for Exploration and Research (8486-08), and the National Science Foundation (BCS 0852866, 0964944, 1520221). 174 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists The Statistics of Tiny Samples: The Utility of ACTUS, an Alternative Method of Contingency Table Analysis Using Simulation, in Human Skeletal Biology VIRGINIA H. ESTABROOK1 and DAVID A. PROSSER2 1 Department of Criminal Justice, Social and Political Science, Armstrong State University, 2School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University Contingency table analyses of count data can be incredibly useful for the inference of relationships between variables and proportional differences between skeletal populations. Of the most frequently used methods for making these inferences, the chi-share test cannot be applied to small samples and Fisher’s Exact test cannot be applied to tables larger than 2x2 . Consequently, many bioarchaeological and paleopathological studies involving few instances of the variable of interest rely on sample proportions to draw conclusions about population proportions. An alternative approach to these methods of analysis is ACTUS (Analysis of Contingency Tables Using Simulation), a computationally intense simulation program developed by George Estabrook and used mainly in biology. Compared to traditional methods, ACTUS offers four advantages: it enables rigorous statistical inferences despite low counts; it generates probability values for each individual cell, aiding interpretation of probability values generated for the entire table; even the least quantitatively oriented anthropologist can understand how the program works; and the free software operates rapidly, producing results based on thousands of simulated tables in seconds. We explain the methodology of how ACTUS works and use several examples related to incidence of traumatic injuries and other pathologies to demonstrate its utility for comparative analyses. Behavioral traces on dental wear in Pleistocene fossil humans ALMUDENA ESTALRRICH1,2, MARINA LOZANO3,4, LUCA BONDIOLI5, IVANA FIORE5, JOSÉ MARÍA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO6,7, JUAN-LUIS ARSUAGA8,9, EUDAL CARBONELL3,4, ANTONIO ROSAS1, OTTMAR KULLMER2 and DAVID FRAYER10 1 Paleobiology. Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Spain, 2 Department of Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany, 3IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana I Evolució Social, Tarragona, Spain, 4Area de Prehistoria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain, 5 Sezione di Antropologia, Museo Nazionale Preistorico Etnografico “L. Pigorini” Rome, Italy, 6 CENIEH, Centro Nacional de Investigacíon sobre Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain, 7Antrhopology, UCL, London, UK, 8Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain, 9 Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 10Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, USA ABSTRACTS Following the emergence of the Hominini, the biological evolution of the tribe has been always accompanied by cultural changes, and behavioral patterns were underlying the relationships among individuals. These behavioral patterns allowed and helped the first humans to adapt, spread, and evolve into who we are today. This study aims to analyze non-masticatory dental wear patterns in fossil Homo in order to trace the expression of some behavioral patterns and cultural habits among these species. The sample studied includes early Homo, Middle Pleistocene Homo (Atapuerca-SH) and H. neanderthalensis (Sidrón, Cova Foradà, Valdegoba, Krapina, Vindija among other). Original teeth and high-resolution replicas were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The recorded non-masticatory dental wear features indicate an increase of the use of the mouth in non-masticatory tasks from early Homo (cultural striations 1.8 Mya, and toothpicking) during the Pleistocene, with the highest incidence and variety of dental wear features detected (cultural striations, toothpicking, dental chipping, parafacets) in Homo neanderthalensis, as well of some evidence of sex-related differences. The increase in the use of the dentition in non-masticatory activities could be related to the development of the behavioral complexity during the Pleistocene. In this sense, the increasing number of cultural striations could be interpreted as the diversification of the activities that use the mouth as a third hand such as skins and vegetable fibers preparation for clothing and other crafts. On the other hand, the generalization of toothpicking and dental chipping could be associated with the spread of oral hygiene or therapeutic habits. This work is funded by the Dirección General de Investigación of MINECO, projects number CGL201238434-C03-03, and CGL2012-36682 and Generalitat de Catalunya project AGAUR 2009 SGR-324. Community Support Buffers Psychosocial Stress in Mothers of Infants BRANDICE N. EVANS and BETHANY L. TURNER Anthropology, Georgia State University A substantial corpus of research has identified infancy as a key period in human development that shapes health outcomes throughout the life course. The effects of maternal stress on infant health and well-being has also been studied, but less is understood about the effects of maternal stress on mothers’ abilities to breastfeed their babies, which is a critical factor mediating infant and child health. This study therefore assesses psychosocial stress in mothers of children under two years of age in relation to socioeconomic factors such as income, childcare access, extended family support, peer support, and nutritional and lactation education received from health providers among mothers of children to gain a better understanding of what factors buffer maternal stress. Participants also completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and hair samples were collected and assayed for cortisol concentration from each participant. Preliminary results indicate that women who reported participating in community peer support groups have lower cortisol levels, as well as PSS scores and had higher rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration. Women who reported recent stresses which resulted in the decrease or loss of support systems, such as relocating or returning to work abruptly, have higher concentrations of cortisol as well as higher scores on the PSS in comparison. These findings suggest that maternal cortisol production is largely tied to maternal peer support during the first two years postpartum, and that social support acts as an important buffering system against psychosocial stress. A new reconstruction of the Sts 14 pelvis supports a human-like birth mechanism in Australopithecus africanus JENNIFER EYRE1,2 and SCOTT A. WILLIAMS1,2 1 Anthropology, Center for the Study of Human Origins, New York University, 2Anthropology, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology Modern humans experience rotational birth, and the size of the neonatal head and shoulders closely fits the maternal birth canal. It is unclear when this form of birth evolved. Fossils such as Sts 14—a partial Australopithecus africanus pelvis—can shed light on this issue, but it is incomplete and partly deformed. Sts 14 has been reconstructed manually and digitally by different researchers using different methods. Since each reconstruction is a hypothesis, new methods can be used to test previous reconstructions and help narrow down the range of possible pelvic morphologies, which in turn affects the interpretation of the mechanism of birth in A. africanus. Here, we reconstruct Sts 14 using 3D surface models of the original fossils. Complete, undistorted portions on the left side were mirror-imaged across the sagittal midplane to fill in missing portions on the right. The auricular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium were aligned by matching landmarks on the two surfaces. The pubis was recreated using an expectation maximization algorithm utilizing a sample of modern human females. Measurements were taken and compared to those reported from a reconstruction by Berge and Goularas (2010) and differed by less than 6%. Therefore, their conclusion that the mechanism of birth was human-like in Sts14, is supported in our study. A.L. 288-1 (Australopithecus afarensis) and MH2 (Australopithecus sediba) pelves were also reconstructed using these methods in order to explore pelvic morphology within the australopith clade. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. 2013163044. The Bioanthropology of the inhabitants of the Late Middle to Early Late Bronze Age at Megiddo, southern Levant MARINA FAERMAN1, MARIO MARTIN2 and PATRICIA SMITH3 1 Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Ancient DNA, The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem, 2Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, 3Laboratory of Bioanthropology and Ancient DNA, The Hebrew University Of Jerusalem We analyzed the human remains recovered from individual and multiple burials (chamber-tomb, pits, jars, pithoi) excavated in Area K at Megiddo in 2010–2014 and associated with the MB III–LB I period. Fifteen intra-mural burials were found in close proximity to the chamber-tomb, which yielded the remains of 23 individuals. The age distribution differed between that of the chamber-tomb and intra-mural burials. The combined sample included 44 individuals of all age groups (24% infants, 38% children and adolescents, and 38% adults) and both sexes (7'‚ and 9'). Morphological features and stature estimates (169 and 154 cm in males and females, respectively) fall well within the range of known MB II-LB I Levantine populations. The high infant mortality, together with dental enamel hypoplasia and skeletal pathology, the latter including lesions indicative of scurvy, suggests that health status was poor and that the people of Megiddo suffered from multiple environmental stress events caused by dietary deficiencies and infections. High frequency of calculus (87.5% of individuals) and ante-mortem tooth loss (83.3% of individuals) point to a sticky diet, rich in carbohydrates. The significance of these findings will be discussed through intra- and inter-site comparisons of contemporaneous populations in the southern Levant. Bone deep: stable nitrogen isotope ratios and histomorphometric measurements of bone remodelling within adult human skeletons GERALDINE E. FAHY, CHRIS A. DETER, ROSIE PITFIELD and PATRICK MAHONEY Human Osteology Lab, Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology & Conservation, University of Kent This pilot study investigates variation in bone turnover rates (BTR) between different bone types to better understand sampling methods for stable isotope analysis of human bone. Currently, standard stable isotope sampling involves rib or femoral bone to infer aspects of past diets and lifestyles, yet it is unknown if isotopic results vary between different bone types, and if so, by how much. To date, it is unknown how bone Conference Program 175 ABSTRACTS remodeling may affect isotopic results. It is known that bone constantly remodels throughout an individual’s lifetime and BTR will vary depending upon age, biological sex and health. Bones with different densities also have a different BTR. Based upon these differences we hypothesized that bones with different BTR’s from the same person would produce different isotopic results. We analyzed δ13C and δ15N, and calculated mean osteon population density and the density of osteocyte lacunae for ten different bones from ten adult skeletons (n=5M; n=5F). δ13C values varied within normal C3 dietary ranges. However, δ15N ratios varied between 0.98 to 3.05‰ within each skeleton. Ribs, metacarpals, and humerus had the highest rate of bone turnover, the clavicle and occipital had the lowest. Within each skeleton, bones with higher turnover rates were generally depleted in δ15N. Our findings illustrate the need to standardize bone sampling in stable isotope studies of diet to bones with either high or low turnover. Research funded by a School of Anthropology and Conservation Small Research Grant. The applicability of dental wear in age estimation for a modern American population KATIE E. FAILLACE1, JONATHON D. BETHARD2 and MURRAY K. MARKS3 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University, 2Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, 3Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Though widely applied in bioarchaeology, dental wear has been underexplored as an age indicator in the biological anthropology of contemporary peoples, although research has been conducted on dental attrition in forensic contexts (Kim et al. 2000, Prince et al 2008, Yun et al 2007). This study examined the hypothesis that methods for age estimation based on dental wear can be adapted for a modern American population and produce accurate and useful age-range estimates for individuals in 21st-century contexts. If correct, dental attrition may be easier to apply than other age estimation methods due to the survivability of teeth, ease of ordinal scoring systems, and non-destructive nature. Methodologies following Yun et al. (2007) and Prince et al. (2008) were applied to a random sample of 583 individuals from the University of New Mexico Documented Skeletal Collection and Economides Orthodontic Cast Collection. Pearson correlations of tooth wear score and age were significant (p<0.001) for all teeth and multiple linear regression demonstrated that 50% of age estimates fell within +/-10 years of the actual age. However, comparable to many other age estimation techniques, accuracy improved for the younger age group (<45 years), with 74% of predictions within +/-10 years. This study demonstrates that there is a broadly predictive relationship between wear and age in modern Americans; this relationship merits further exploration into the impact of other cultural factors on dental wear and the impact of biological age within current American society. Bacterial Succession in Bone Marrow as a Potential Tool for Estimating PMI CHRISTIANA T. FAKHRI, LAURA SPOONIRE and NICHOLE RUBLE Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University Postmortem interval (PMI), an estimate of time since death, is traditionally determined using soft tissues and based on stages of decay, insect activity, and bacterial progression. Due to variables such as season, moisture, and climate, PMI estimates reliant on soft tissue methods remain inexact. Such methods are further limited by relatively quick decay of soft tissues, typically days or weeks. However, the environment inside of marrow-containing bones may provide a more controlled environment relevant to PMI. Bone persists for weeks or months, potentially extending the range of PMI estimation. Here we test for variation in the composition and progression of bacterial communities in pelvic, femoral, and humeral bone marrow from three human cadavers (two males, one female). For four months, we sampled left elements every other day and right elements every tenth day (as a control for introduced contamination). Field research took place at the Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science (STAFS) facility at Sam Houston State University beginning in May, 2016. We sterilized sampling locations and collection tools in order to limit contamination. Samples were collected using a T-Lok Bone Marrow Biopsy Needle and stored in cryotubes for deep sequencing of the 16S RNA gene using PCR amplification and ilumina protocols at Baylor College of Medicine. Preliminary results suggest that bone marrow biomes are consistent across element and cadaver, and therefore potentially useful for determining a more accurate PMI. We expect that this method of PMI estimation will ultimately provide a more accurate tool in forensic sciences. Number of battle deaths scale with population size rather than differential proclivities for violence among humans living in nonstate and state societies DEAN FALK1,2 and CHARLES HILDEBOLT3 1 Anthropology, Florida State University, 2Scholars Program, School for Advanced Research, 3Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine In his book, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Steven Pinker compared annual war deaths per 100,000 individuals in 27 nonstate and nine state societies, which led him to conclude that states are far less violent than traditional small-scale societies. Because these data were 176 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists opaque regarding absolute population sizes, we collected data for mean annual deaths caused by aggressors from external communities and absolute population sizes from the literature for 11 chimpanzee communities, 24 nonstates (18 listed by Pinker), 20 countries that fought in WWI and 22 countries from WWII. For chimpanzees, a Cochran-Armitage trend test indicated that as mean community population size increased, the ratio of mean annual deaths from external aggressors to population size decreased (p=0.0250), consistent with the adage “there is safety in numbers.” The chimpanzee equivalent to human annual relative warfare death rates, thus, measured their relative vulnerability to lethal intercommunity violence rather than their relative proclivity for violence. Cochran-Armitage trend tests for nonstates, WWI, and WWII show that as mean population sizes increased, mean annual battle deaths expressed as percentages of population size decreased at highly significant levels (p=0.0001), similar to the trend for chimpanzees. Reduced major axis regression analyses showed that absolute number of annual battle deaths increased (p<0.0088) with population size for humans in small-scale and state societies, but there was no comparable relationship among chimpanzees (p=0.5706). We conclude that war deaths sustained by humans scale with population size rather than differential proclivities for violence in different types of society, contrary to Pinker. Temporal trends in medieval diet at Stoke Quay, Ipswich, England ELEANOR FARBER1, ALICE ROSE2,3, JULIA LEE-THORP1, LOUISE LOE3 and HELENA HAMEROW4 1 Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, 2Department of Archaeology, Cambridge University, 3Burials Department, Oxford Archaeology, 4Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford Isotopic studies focusing on medieval York, London, Southampton and Norwich have suggested an increase in marine resource consumption in England after the 11th century, but until now, no major studies have been conducted on Ipswich, the largest trade center in medieval Suffolk. Recent excavations at Stoke Quay, Ipswich produced a large collection of burials that can improve our understanding of medieval diet at this important site. Comprising 20 individuals from a 6th-8th century AD Saxon burial landscape and 1,142 individuals from a 9th- 15th century AD cemetery, it is an exceptional assemblage in terms of its continuous chronological sequence and because it is one of the largest medieval assemblages in England. As such, the Stoke Quay collection provides a rare opportunity to conduct detailed dietary studies at a single site over hundreds of years. ABSTRACTS Here, we present results from a pilot study on temporal trends in medieval diet at Stoke Quay. We analyzed stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes from the bone collagen of 48 individuals from the site’s cemetery and 2 individuals from its Saxon period. Our δ15N results span from 8.9‰ to 14.9‰ (mean: 12.6‰ ±1.3), with a δ13C range from -20.2‰ to -17.4‰ (mean: -18.8‰ ±0.7). We observe a statistically significant enrichment in δ13C values from the earliest to latest periods but a great deal of variation in both isotopic systems over time, indicating that increased marine resource consumption may have begun earlier and more gradually at Ipswich than at contemporary English sites. Neonatal hair cortisol in rural Gambian infants SARA FARDI1, SAIKOU DRAMMEH2, ANDREW DOEL2, ANDREW M. PRENTICE2, SOPHIE E. MOORE2,3 and ROBIN M. BERNSTEIN1,4 1 Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, 2The Gambia, MRC Unit, 3Division of Women’s Health, Kings College London, 4Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder Physical workload, food availability, and disease burden vary seasonally in rural Gambia. Season of conception and birth are significantly associated with epigenetic modifications, patterns of growth, and mortality. During pregnancy, seasonal stressors could affect the enzymatic barrier that buffers the developing fetus from circulating maternal cortisol, with potential negative effects on growth. We used neonatal hair samples collected from infants at their naming ceremony on Day 7 of life, and thus grown during gestation, as a proxy measure of average fetal cortisol concentrations. Hair samples (N=203) were ground, incubated in methanol and dried down under a stream of nitrogen gas. Cortisol was measured using commercially available kits developed for use in saliva and previously validated for use in hair (Salimetrics, PA). We used mixed models to assess the relative contributions of infant, maternal, and environmental factors to variation in hair cortisol, and the relationship of hair cortisol to infant size. Gestational age (p<0.001; later gestational age = higher) and birth weight (p<0.05; heavier infants = lower), predicted hair cortisol in our sample, consistent with results from other populations. Perhaps surprisingly, maternal factors and season of birth or conception did not predict neonatal hair cortisol; similarly, neonatal hair cortisol does not correlate with psychological stress in mothers in the United States. This suggests that maternal buffering systems are robust in the face of various stressors, and/or that a different measure may be needed to accurately capture how maternal and environmental stress may be signaled to the developing fetus. Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1066932 to R.B., S.E.M., A.M.P.). S. Fardi is supported by National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant number: DGE 11408. The Bioarchaeology Field and the Study of Ancient Egypt - Development and Characteristics of Academic Publications LUÍSA B. FARIA Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Bioarchaeology has been changing and developing since its beginning in the second half of the 20th century. In Egypt, the bioarchaeological research has its own reality compared to the study of other places and periods. The duality between the great number of preserved ancient human remains and the academic focus on scriptures and non-biological materials on Ancient Egypt study is the main reason to the very particular reality in this area. The present paper will map the trajectory of this field in the study of Ancient Egypt through the analysis of published papers in order to identify the development, trends, difficulties and possible solutions within the area. The analysis of papers on Bioarchaeology from the American Journal of Physical Anthropology shows a significant growth on publications since the 1990’s, two decades after the beginning of this field. It is around this period that bioarchaeological research became more expressive in Egypt. In the last decades, Egypt has witness the appearance of Bioarchaeological field school and field work along with the growth of publications. It is also interesting to notice that the majority of the researchers are from the USA or Europe and it is really difficult to find Egyptians working in this area. The field still needs to catch up with the Bioarchaeology practiced in the rest of the world and an effective way of encourage its development is giving more space to bioarchaeological work in Egypt. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes An Analysis of Shape Differences in Crocodylian Dentition Using Geometric Morphometrics PAUL FARRUGIA, JACKSON K. NJAU and P. DAVID POLLY Geological Sciences, Indiana University Many African paleoanthropological sites yield crocodylian teeth found in association with hominin trace fossils, typically in wetland environments. Crocodiles were among the largest predators on the landscape, posing a serious threat to hominins, yet we know little about their body sizes. This is because their teeth, used mainly as indicators of aquatic habitats and for taphonomic and taxonomic assessment, are otherwise neglected. However, slight differences in tooth shape can be used to estimate the position within the jaw, and along with tooth size can be used to estimate body size. Most research acknowledge variations in tooth shape, but this problem has not been addressed quantitatively. This study explores shape variation in the outlines of crocodylian teeth, as they relate to position within the jaw, using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics. Outlines consisting of 100 landmarks and semi-landmarks were collected from the buccolabial surfaces of tooth crowns from Crocodylus niloticus, Procrustes superimposed, and subjected to a principle components analysis. PC1 accounted for 86% of shape variance. An anterior-posterior shape gradient was constructed using a multivariate regression of tooth shape onto position. Results show that there is a correlation between PC1 (shape) and position (R2 = 0.64, p<0.01). ANOVA test showed significant differences in tooth shape between positions (p<0.05). There is a clear difference between the shapes of anterior versus posterior teeth, with a gradual transition between the two. Further research will use these results to build a model for predicting body size from Pleistocene crocodile teeth recovered from the DK site, Olduvai Gorge. Ontogeny of Morphological Variation in the Talar Trochlea of Gorilla LAWRENCE M. FATICA1, KEVIN TURLEY2, ANTOINE MUDAKIKWA3, MICHAEL R. CRANFIELD4, TARA S. STOINSKI5, SHANNON C. MCFARLIN1,6 and SERGIO ALMÉCIJA1,7 1 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, U.S.A., 2Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A., 3Department of Tourism and Conservation, Rwanda Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda, 4Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project & Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A., 5 Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International & Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta GA, U.S.A., 6Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, U.S.A., 7Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont (ICP), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain Previous researchers have described a morphocline in the talar morphology of subspecies of Gorilla in which the topography of the talar trochela of more arboreal populations (Gorilla gorilla gorilla, lowland populations of Gorilla beringei graueri) reflected a more medially directed sole of the foot compared to more terrestrial populations (Gorilla beringei beringei, highland populations of G. b. graueri). It remains unclear, however, whether these differences are due to genetic differences between populations or a plastic response to differences in locomotor behavior. Knowledge of the factors that contribute to talar trochlea morphology can Conference Program 177 ABSTRACTS inform interpretations of talar variation in the fossil record. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics and trajectory analysis in shape space to characterize the morphology of the talar trochlea through ontogeny in G. g. gorilla and G. b. beringei. Shape differences were apparent early in ontogeny, well before adult morphology is attained. Further, trajectory analysis of the two subspecies through developmental time found that their trajectories are distinct only in the overall magnitude of shape change, but not in their overall shape or direction through shape space. This suggests that differences observed among adults of the studied populations are primarily due to differences in initial shape, while similar developmental processes underlie their maturation to adult morphology. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that genetic differences rather than phenotypic plasticity is responsible for the differences observed in adult trochlear morphology. Future work will compare populations of the same subspecies from different habitats to better control for species-levels differences. National Science Foundation (BCS 1316947, BCS 0852866, BCS 9064944, BCS 1420221), The Leakey Foundation, National Geographic CRE (8486-08) Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2014-54373-P) Exploring the mode and tempo of Madagascar’s lemuriform radiation SARAH FEDERMAN1, GREGG GUNNEL3, ROSLYN RIVAS1, ERIC SARGIS4, ANNE YODER3, GEORGE PERRY5 and ALEX DORNBURG2 1 EEB, Yale University, 2North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 3Duke Primate Center, Duke, 4Anthroplogy, Yale University, 5Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University Lemurs are perhaps the most well-known of Madagascar’s endemic radiations. This emblematic clade has given rise to a staggering diversity of ecologies, morphologies and life-history strategies that have evolved since lemurs reached the island over 60 million years ago. However, while lemurs have been the subject of much research, we still know relatively little about the mode and tempo of this radiation, inferences made especially difficult given the dearth of Malagasy fossils from the Cenozoic. What is the nature of morphological and ecological diversification dynamics in lemurs? Is increased disparity among taxa linked to climatic transitions and the development of novel vegetative zones on the island? Although numerous studies suggest a single early burst of diversification in lemurs, recent studies have raised the possibility of multiple adaptive peaks that could correlate with different ecological transitions. We employ multiple lines of evidence that integrate morphological, climatic, biogeographic, ecological, and phylogenetic data to explore the evolutionary dynamics of the lemuriform radiation in Madagascar. Our analyses support a series of relatively recent bursts of morphological and ecological disparity corresponding with the establishment of Madagascar’s wet-forest biome, which contains the majority of contemporary Malagasy diversity. This signature is lost when recently extinct taxa are excluded from the analyses, underscoring the importance of considering historical contingencies and incorporating multiple lines of evidence into phylogenetic inference. Paleogenomic investigations of human remains from Rapa Nui LARS FEHREN-SCHMITZ1, KELLY M. HARKINS1 and CATRINE L. JARMAN2 UCSC Paleogenomics Lab / Anthropology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol 1 Since Easter Sunday of 1722, when Jacob Roggeveen became the first western seafarer to reach Rapa Nui, this remote island in the Eastern Pacific has inspired fiction and science regarding the origin and life of its inhabitants. While the Polynesian ancestry of the first settlers is widely accepted, other events in the population history of the people of Rapa Nui, especially contact with South America, remain controversial. Although researchers recently found signals of Native American admixture when analyzing modern ancestors of indigenous inhabitants of Rapa Nui – suggesting genetic contributions from South America prior to the European contact – there is still considerable doubt regarding the timing of that admixture event, or the directionality and origin of the trans-Pacific contact. Here we present the results of our paleogenomic investigations of seven samples excavated from Ahu Nau Nau, Anakena, by the Kon-Tiki Museum, dating to periods of pre- and post-European contact. Despite the challenging preservation and small material quantity of these rib samples, we were able to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes and low coverage genome-wide sequence data from four samples using a combination of shotgun sequencing and a novel whole genome enrichment assay. We combine the data with ancient and contemporary Native American, Oceanian, and global population data to find that the analyzed individuals fall well into the genetic diversity of Polynesian populations. We find no admixture with Europeans in the post-contact samples with an increased Melanesian component, while an admixture with Native Americans remains inconclusive. 178 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Dual Rank Attainment Strategies by Male Chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania JOSEPH T. FELDBLUM1, EMILY E. WROBLEWSKI2, REBECCA S. RUDICELL3,4, YINGYING LI5, BEATRICE H. HAHN5, CHRISTOPHER KRUPENYE6, ANNE E. PUSEY1 and IAN C. GILBY7 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, 4Sanofi, Sanofi, 5Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 6Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 7School of Human Evolution and Social Change, and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University 1 2 While the adaptive value of social bonds is well demonstrated in female non-human primates, the relationship between social bonds and fitness in males is newly emerging. In male macaques and chimpanzees, aggressive coalition formation was associated with rank increase and reproductive success. However, in chimpanzees coalitions are relatively rare, and the relative influence of coalitionary aggression and social bonds on fitness remains uncertain. Here, we investigate whether social bonds and coalitionary aggression predict rank change in one community of wild chimpanzees. We calculated individual network centrality measures from grooming, association, and coalitionary aggression data, in two-year periods between 1994 and 2011. We employed multimodel inference with AICc as the selection criterion to determine the best of these measures for predicting rank change (both as change in Elo score and as a binary measure indicating rise into the top three rank positions). In predicting continuous rank change, grooming others and being groomed were associated with opposite changes in rank, while coalition formation was not important. In predicting rise into the top three positions, coalitionary betweenness was positively associated with rank increase, while grooming was not important. Thus, different strategies may benefit males in rank acquisition at different points in the hierarchy: strategic allocation of grooming is associated with rank increase for most males, but those males who rise to the very top tend to be central figures in the politics of coalitionary aggression. Future work with an expanded dataset will investigate the surprising relationship between in-grooming, out-grooming, and rank change. Data collection: Jane Goodall Institute, long-term database: NSF (DBS-9021946, SBR-9319909, BCS-0452315, IIS-0431141, IOS-LTREB-1052693), genetics: NIH (R01 AI058715), Feldblum: NSF GRFP (DGE-1106401) & Leakey Foundation, Wroblewski: Kirschstein Award (NIH F32 AI085959-03). ABSTRACTS Molar Size and Shape Variation in a Large Sample of Niptomomys (Microsyopidae, Primates) from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: One Species or Two? ROSA S. FELIBERT1, PAUL E. MORSE1,2, SUZANNE G. STRAIT3, DOUG M. BOYER4 and JONATHAN I. BLOCH2 Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 3Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 4Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University 1 2 The oldest euprimates first appear during a period of rapid, short-term, global warming ~56 mya known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Plesiadapiform primates of similar size and dental morphology to euprimates were present in North America before the PETM, and may have been affected by the arrival of euprimates as ecological competitors. Screenwashing PETM fossil localities in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, has yielded many fossils (N≈600) of the microsyopid plesiadapiform Niptomomys. N. doreenae is known from before and after the PETM and may range through it. A second taxon, N. favorum, characterized by its small size and squarer M2 occlusal outline, was described from the large Castle Gardens locality sample. To better characterize PETM primate diversity, we test the validity of N. favorum against a sample of Niptomomys from Castle Gardens, other PETM localities, and published measurements. M2 occlusal outlines (N=66) revealed a continuous range from square to lingually compressed that encompasses the holotype of N. favorum. Linear measurements of M1 (N=45) and M2 (N=55) indicated M1’s from Castle Gardens are larger than those of later PETM localities (p=0.038), but produced no outliers, suggesting the PETM fauna contains one species of Niptomomys. PETM lower molars are smaller than all other measured Niptomomys teeth, paralleling the response to warming effects recorded in larger-bodied mammal lineages. These results are consistent with either a single lineage of Niptomomys that became smaller during the PETM, or a small immigrant taxon (N. favorum) that was transitionally present in the Bighorn Basin during the PETM. Funding: EAR-0640076 (JIB, R Secord, JS Krigbaum), EAR-0719941 (JIB), BCS 1440742 (DMB, GF Gunnell),BCS 1440558 (JIB) New Insights on the Homo naledi Ankle Using Three-dimensional Quantification AILEEN FERNANDEZ1 and WILLIAM E.H. HARCOURT-SMITH2,3,4,5 Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Department of Anthropology, Lehman College CUNY, 3Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 4Department of Anthropology, Graduate Center CUNY, 5NYCEP, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology 1 2 Investigating talar morphological variation is central to better understanding potential differences in fossil hominin ankle function. In particular, the angular relationships between the talar articular facets are thought to relate to numerous aspects of ankle and foot function, from inversion/eversion ranges to longitudinal arch height. In this study we assess these angular relationships within extant hominoids and fossil hominin tali, including newly described material attribute to H. naledi. Our sample consists of 145 adult tali from H. sapiens, Gorilla, P. troglodytes, Pongo and a range of East and South African fossil hominins. Six different angular measurements between paired facets were quantified using laser scans and best-fit planes that utilize a curvature-fitting algorithm in Geomagic Control software. Data were analyzed using PAST. Results show that the angle between the trochlea and navicular facet strongly differentiate all taxa, while those between the trochlea and medial malleolus and posterior calcaneal facet respectively separate H. sapiens from all other extant taxa. All other angular relationships are uninformative. A Principal Component Analysis of all variables clearly separates H. sapiens from extant great apes. The tali of Homo naledi, alongside OH8, Au. sediba and those from Koobi Fora, Kenya, fall outside the human range and within that of extant great apes, while Au. afarensis is intermediate. The Omo (323-76-898) talus is the only specimen to fall within the modern human range. This novel finding indicates that, with respect to talar articular facet angular relationships, H. naledi likely had an ankle unlike that of modern humans. former showing greater doming and a greater range of MTPJ dorsiflexion during bipedalism. Here we investigated MTPJ morphology in extant anthropoids and fossil hominins (including Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and early Homo) using shape and phylogenetic comparative methods to test hypotheses about the nature and timing of pedal evolution in Plio-Pleistocene hominins. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques were used to quantify MT1-5 head shape. To identify adaptive shifts in the evolution of MTPJ morphology, we employed a Bayesian multi-optima Ornstein-Uhlenbeck analysis. Results show a consistent mosaic pattern across the forefoot of fossil hominins. Specifically, all hominins studied except H. naledi had a MT1 head shape outside the range of variation of modern humans, but also simultaneously possessed human-like lesser toes (a pattern also reported for the Burtele foot). Phylogenetic analyses confirm that evolutionary shifts occurred across major clades within anthropoids, including the hominins. Taken together, these findings confirm that the lateral aspect of the forefoot evolved towards a more human-like configuration before the medial forefoot (Lovejoy et al.,2009). Funded by the Leakey Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, National Science Foundation (BCS – 1316947, BCS – 1317029, BCS – 1317047, HRD – 1311318), the Turkana Basin Institute, and the Turner Fellowship. From form to function: insights into tooth function through the study of variation in tooth root size and shape This research was partially funded by The Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation Program [CUNY] CHRISTIANNE L. FERNEE1,2, KATHARINE R. BROWN2, ALEX DICKINSON3, CHRIS WOODS3 and SONIA R. ZAKRZEWSKI1 Functional Morphology and Evolution of the Early Hominin Forefoot Archaeology, University of Southampton, Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Bristol, 3 Bioengineering Science Research Group, University of Southampton 1 PETER J. FERNÁNDEZ1, CARRIE S. MONGLE2, BIREN A. PATEL3,4, MATTHEW W. TOCHERI5,6 and WILLIAM L. JUNGERS7 Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, IDPAS, Stony Brook University, 3Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California, 4 Human and Evolutionary Biology, University of Southern California, 5Anthropology, Lakehead Univeristy, 6Human Origins Program, Smithsonian Institution, 7Research Associate, Association Vahatra 1 2 During bipedal walking, modern humans dorsiflex their forefoot at the metatarsophalangeal joints (MTPJs) as part of the push off phase of gait, which tightens plantar soft tissues to convert the foot into a stiff, propulsive lever. Features of metatarsal head morphology such as “dorsal doming” are thought to facilitate this stiffening mechanism. Comparative studies between humans and chimpanzees have shown that dorsal doming is significantly correlated with in vivo range of motion at the MTPJs, with the 2 Hidden during life, tooth roots are often forgotten within dental research despite their crucial role in tooth function. This paper analyses differences in tooth root form in three populations, studying changes in tooth function over a 2000-year period from a microfocus computer tomography (μCT) dataset. The samples consisted of permanent incisors and canines from Roman (n=14), AngloSaxon (n=62) and Modern (n=60) (NRES ref.12. LO.0901) samples. Age and sex was estimated for archaeological individuals, and wear was recorded qualitatively for all (Molnar, 1971). Specimens were μCT scanned in a 50mm diameter column in layers of 12-15 (Nikon/Metris HMX ST Scanner, muVIS, University of Southampton) at 110kV and 30μm resolution, giving volumetric datasets containing 1000x2000x2000 voxels. Enamel, dentine and whole-tooth surfaces were extracted by grayscale threshold segmentation, with virtual calculus Conference Program 179 ABSTRACTS removal, and aligned in space. The crown and root were then separated along the CEJ. Root length was taken by automated landmark identification, and root volume and surface area was calculated. Geometric morphometrics (GM) was used to obtain and analyse shape morphology, using a combination of landmarks (8), curve semi-landmarks (36) and surface semi-landmarks (200). GM was employed to overcome the problem of subjectivity and information loss encountered when relying on non-metric traits and metric measurements. Tooth morphology has been acknowledged to reflect tooth function, however research has largely focused upon enamel thickness and microstructure. The results here support a relationship between root morphology and occlusal load, with root morphology acting as a possible indicator of changing dietary patterns and preparation practices. AHRC-SWWDTP Using historic fixed soft tissues for retrospective genomic analyses: a methodological evaluation GIADA FERRARI1, HEIDI E.L. LISCHER2,3, GÜLFIRDE AKGÜL1, FRANK J. RÜHLI1 and ABIGAIL S. BOUWMAN1 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, 2Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 3Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) 1 The investigation of ancient and historic pathogen genomes is of key importance for the study of the evolutionary genetics, history, and epidemiology of pathogens. While skeletal remains are often the only available source for ancient DNA studies on past pathogens, different kinds of preserved soft tissues also exist. These are, however, used far less often than skeletal material. Wet specimens from anatomical and museum collections are particularly suitable for retrospective investigations of human pathogens due to their precise dating and diagnoses. However, the fixatives used to preserve these tissues, can often cause DNA degradation and may also act as inhibitors on downstream applications. Formalin is the most commonly used fixative in museums and anatomical collections. It contains formaldehyde, which induces cross-linking between nucleic acids and proteins, thereby acting as a strong inhibitor. Here we present a methodological evaluation to test and adapt protocols at various steps of a typical high-throughput DNA sequencing workflow, in particular at the DNA extraction level. We are investigating both formalin-fixed tissues as well as tissues preserved in alcohol-based fixatives, and discuss if and under which conditions these specimens are a reliable source for the investigation of historic pathogen genomes. One Generation Evolutionary Signal from Human Whole-exome Sequencing Data TATIANA FERREIRA DE ALMEIDA1, DANILO VICENSOTTO BERNARDO2 and MARIA R. SANTOS PASSOS-BUENO1 1 Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, 2Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Informação, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Recent publications shows that even small evolutionary signals from recent human evolution can be detected with next generation sequencing data. The quantity of considered deleterious mutations has a direct correlation to the time of a specific population, evolving from its original ancestor, the strong selective forces and historical bottlenecks. All this events tend to have different effects on maintaining or withdrawing deleterious variants from generations. In this study we try to see if it is possible to observe such effect in only one generation. For this analysis, the wholeexome of 35 trios were sequenced using Illumina platform. The variants were separated into categories regarding their expected role in protein function (frameshift, stopgain/loss, splicing, nonframeshift indels, nonsynonymous and synonymous) and frequency (above 5%, between 5-1% and below 1%). Nonsynounymous variants were further separated into five categories regarding their predicted rank of pathogenicity. The number of variants for each category was counted for each subject. The covariance matrix for each group was calculated and the resulting matrix were compared between groups. The covariance matrices were compared using Spearman correlation test and significance was obtained with Mantel test. Correlation between mothers and children were 0.887 (p 9.999e05), fathers and children 0.9129 (p 9.999e-05) and mothers and fathers 0.8449 (p 9.999e-05). This results shows that the covariance between groups are very similar and the high values for the father-children correlation still needs further studies. More than just menopause: Processes of female reproductive aging KATHLEEN A. O’CONNOR1, REBECCA J. FERRELL2 and DARRYL J. HOLMAN3 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, 2Biological Anthropology Program, National Science Foundation, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Washington Female reproductive aging and fertility decline constitute a years-long process prior to menopause. Wood and colleagues’ research used theoretical frameworks, laboratory methods, and mathematical modeling of biological processes to contribute detailed investigations of mechanisms of female reproductive aging. They collected daily and monthly reproductive hormone (hCG, steroids, gonadotropins) and menstrual cycle data to test models positing that features of reproductive 180 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists aging are consistent with a) increasing risk of fetal loss, and b) a model of follicular depletion, a system that paradoxically optimizes fertility in young adulthood. These studies found that the onset, trajectory and duration of reproductive aging indicators exhibited considerable heterogeneity across both cycles and women and were not strict functions of age, and that ovarian and hypothalamic-pituitary activity were themselves highly variable across the transition to menopause. Risk of fetal loss and elevated FSH were the earliest signs of reproductive aging, with decline of steroids occurring late in perimenopause. These and other results indicated that single intermittent measures do not capture the complex dynamics of aging, confounding easy characterization of individual reproductive status. Increasing risk of fetal loss and follicular depletion were supported as proximate causes of many, but not all, features of reproductive aging. This work highlights that declining reproductive function begins well before age 50 (modern median age at menopause), and that understanding the timing and nature of reproductive aging is necessary for evolutionary theories of human life history; focusing only on menopause misses critically informative elements of the process and timing of reproductive aging. Supported by grants NIH R01AG015141, NIH R01HD034159, NIH F32HD007994, and NIH R24HD042828 Electromyography, Kinematics, and Kinetics of the Upper Limb during Oldowan Stone Tool Manufacture ELEN M. FEUERRIEGEL1, MARK HALAKI2, DARREN REED3, COLIN P. GROVES1 and KAREN A. GINN3 1 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, 2Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, 3Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney Past biomechanics research on stone tool manufacture has focused on the kinetics and kinematics of the upper limb, with particular emphasis on the role of the hand and wrist. The specific activity of the shoulder and elbow musculature, however, remains largely unknown. This information is vital for providing a complete picture of the functional demands that may have been acting on the early hominin upper limb. This study investigated the normal activation patterns of 15 shoulder and elbow muscles using electromyography (EMG), in addition to upper limb kinetics and kinematics, in 16 subjects during Oldowan stone tool manufacture. Results indicate that the stone knapping arm motion is a dynamic three-dimensional flexion-extension task with shoulder and elbow musculature primarily producing the acceleration of arm segments to generate the strike force. The segments of the upper limb moved in a coordinated sequence, originating with the shoulder ABSTRACTS proximally in the up-swing or “cocking” phase and moving through to the wrist and hammerstone distally in the down-swing phase. The major torque-generating muscles of the strike are the latissimus dorsi, teres major, and triceps brachii; pectoralis major works to decelerate the rapidly extending arm in the down-swing to improve strike accuracy. The wrist flexor and extensor musculature appear to be recruited to stabilise the elbow and wrist against reactive forces from hammerstone impact rather than producing motion of the wrist. Together these results present one of the first detailed investigations into upper limb muscle recruitment and kinematics in Oldowan stone tool manufacture. Intraspecific Variation in a Food Mechanical Property: The Ecology of Fruit Hardness for a Primate Food at Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia BENJAMIN J. FINKEL and ANDREW J. MARSHALL Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan Food properties exert important evolutionary pressures on primate anatomy and behavior. Notably, interspecific variation in molar enamel thickness may reflect adaptations for processing tough foods. Yet as studies on plant chemical properties demonstrate previously ignored intraspecific variation in both toxins and nutrients, potentially analogous variation in mechanical properties remains unexplored. Spatial variation in predation risk, pathogens, and nutrient availability for plants suggest that the cost-benefit tradeoff of food mechanical properties may vary on small ecological scales. To test hypotheses that fruit hardness differs with ecological conditions, we sampled from a popular primate food, the liana Strychnos (Loganiaceae), across forest types within Gunung Palung National Park, Indonesia. Using puncture resistance, we measured 119 fruits from 15 individual lianas across distinct forest types: alluvial bench (n = 7), lowland sandstone (87), and lowland granite (24). Fruits varied in mass (mean 49.28g, SD 17.94g) and puncture resistance (mean 135kg/ cm2, SD 110kg/cm2). Formal model comparison indicates that the best model of variation in hardness (47% model weight, ω) includes forest type and mass; with larger fruit being harder and hardness highest in alluvial forest and lowest in lowland granite forests. The top three models (ω > 99%, ∆AIC ≤ 2.2) all include forest type and suggest potentially ecologically-relevant interactions between mass and forest type. These results stress the importance of plant sampling methods that consider local variation, pitfalls in extrapolating mechanical property values from one system to another, and intraspecific variation as a predictor of patch choice in foraging models. Are sexual swellings reliable indicators? COURTNEY L. FITZPATRICK1, JEANNE ALTMANN4,5 and SUSAN C. ALBERTS2,3,5 1 Biology, Indiana University, 2Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 3Biology, Duke University, 4Ecology and Evolution, Princeton University, 5Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya The paradigm of competitive males vying to influence female mate choice has been repeatedly upheld, but, increasingly, studies also report competitive females and choosy males. One female trait that is commonly proposed to influence male mate choice is the exaggerated sexual swelling displayed by females of many Old World primate species. The reliable indicator hypothesis posits that females use the exaggerated swellings to compete for access to mates, and that the swellings advertise variation in female fitness. We tested the two main predictions of this hypothesis in a wild population of baboons (Papio cynocephalus). First, we examined the effect of swelling size on the probability of mate guarding (‘consortship’) by the highest-ranking male and the behaviour of those males that trailed consortships (‘follower males’). Second, we asked whether a female’s swelling size predicted several fitness measures. We found that high-ranking males did not prefer females with larger swellings (when controlling for cycle number and conception) and that females with larger swellings did not have higher reproductive success. Our study, the only complete test of the reliable indicator hypothesis in a primate population, rejects the idea that female baboons compete for mates by advertising heritable fitness differences. Furthermore, we found unambiguous evidence that males biased their mating decisions in favour of females who had experienced more sexual cycles since their most recent pregnancy. Rather than tracking the potential differences in fitness between females, male baboons appear to track and target the potential for a given reproductive opportunity to result in fertilization. This research was supported by numerous sources of funding, including the Princeton Center for the Demography of Aging (P30AG024361), NSF (IOS 0919200), NIA (R01AG034513 and P01 AG031719). Gait Asymmetry in Humans and Other Animals: How much is Normal and Why Does it Exist? AIDAN Z. FITZSIMONS1, MICHAEL C. GRANATOSKY2, ROBIN M. QUEEN3, PIERRE LEMELIN4, ANGEL ZEININGER1, HENRY CHAPMAN1 and DANIEL SCHMITT1 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 3Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 4Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta 1 2 Gait asymmetry (difference between left and right side limb behavior) is often used to measure recovery after clinical intervention and track changes in humans with neurodegenerative diseases. It is known that asymptomatic humans have some level of asymmetry. However, little information is available about how much asymmetry is typical and why asymmetry exists from an adaptive perspective. No data are available for asymmetry observed in bipedal or quadrupedal gaits of non-human primates and other animals. Asymmetry may promote flexibility and ability to adjust quickly to environmental variation in terrain. We hypothesize that asymptomatic humans and quadrupedal animals will have minimal limb asymmetry compared to humans with gait pathologies and animals adopting non-habitual gaits. Kinematic and spatiotemporal gait variables of 22 mammalian species were collected during steady locomotion and asymmetry was calculated between sides using a ratio of between limb difference over between limb average. Asymmetry was low for asymptomatic humans (3.4%±2.6) and high for humans with pathological conditions (101.9%±74.2) and bipedal chimpanzees (27.6%±7.9), with remaining species averaging about 3%. For quadrupeds, differences in asymmetry between forelimb and hindlimb were only observed in five species of primates in which forelimb asymmetry values were higher (9.9%) compared to the hindlimb (6.3%). This study demonstrates that bilateral asymmetry is normal during steady locomotion in animals and that pathology or non-habitual gaits will result in greater asymmetry. Application of bilateral gait asymmetry analysis to non-human animals provides insight into species’ differences in neuromuscular control and valuable information about consistency of forelimb versus hindlimb movement. Project supported by NSF (BCS 0452217, 1517561, and 1440695) Primate Communities: Behavior and Morphology JOHN G. FLEAGLE1, KAYE E. REED2, NISA NAQVI3 and JEROEN SMAERS4 Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 3 Research Volunteer, Smithtown High School East, 4 Anthropology, Stony Brook University 1 2 Studies of primate community ecology are normally based on the extensive behavioral ecology data of extant taxa that were collected over the past five decades. However, living primates are just a part of diverse radiations that have evolved over the past 50 million years, almost all of which are known only from morphological remains. The goal of this study is to determine the extent to which analyses of morphological data from extant primate taxa generate results similar to those based on analyses of the Conference Program 181 ABSTRACTS behavior of the same taxa. Thus, we analyzed a series of morphological indices for extant species found in eight primate communities drawn from four major areas with distinct primate faunas - South America, Africa, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia. Morphological indices were used as surrogates for behavior data that were used in previous analyses. Morphological data used in the analyses include intermembral index (locomotion), shearing quotient (diet), and relative orbit size (activity pattern). Many of the broad patterns found in the behavioral analyses were also found in the morphological analyses, including lower adaptive diversity in the South American communities than those in Madagascar, Africa and Asia. However, some details differed, likely due to issues of allometric scaling, alternative morphological solutions to functional problems, and phylogenetic constraints. Nevertheless, the overall results suggest that inclusion of extinct taxa in broad comparative analyses of community ecology are limited more by the completeness of fossil taxa rather than major differences in the ecological information available from morphological and behavioral data. Ancient DNA Analysis of a Late 17th Century Plantation site in Delaware Yields Considerable Matrilineal Diversity and Relatedness in Early Colonists RAQUEL E. FLESKES1, FRANKIE WEST2, GRACIELA S. CABANA2 and THEODORE G. SCHURR1 Anthropology, University of Pennsylvannia, Anthropology, University of Tennessee 1 2 The 17th century Chesapeake Bay region represents an early locus of European settlement in North America to which both British migrants and African slaves were brought. However, relatively little research into the genetic diversity of these early colonists has been conducted, thereby limiting our understanding the settlement history and kinship patterns of this time period. Here, we present the first genetic findings for individuals who were buried at the Avery’s Rest archaeological site near present day Rehoboth Beach, Delaware. This site contained a small plantation that was occupied from the late 1680s to the early 1720s. Previous osteological analysis indicated that 8 Europeans and 3 Africans were buried at the site, and separated by ancestry into two burial clusters. We successfully extracted DNA out of metatarsal, metacarpal, and rib samples from these 11 individuals at the University of Tennessee’s Ancient DNA lab. We sequenced the entire mtDNA control region to determine the extent of haplotypic diversity in the individuals from the site. Our results verify the osteological determination of ancestry, and report the extent of mitochondrial diversity at the site. Our results indicate sharing of mtDNA haplotypes between individuals, suggesting they are matrilineal kin. In addition, we explore the diversity of African mitochondrial haplotypes in relation to the slave trade. Overall, this work will contribute to an understanding of the settlement pattern in the early American colonial period and the socio-political forces that shaped it. This work was funded the Benjamin Franklin Fellowship, a Penn Museum Summer Field Funds grant, and a Penn Anthropology Summer Field funds grant. Micromorphological study of hypocellular human mastoids STEFAN FLOHR1, ANNA K. BRESSLER1, HORST KIERDORF1, MICHAEL SCHULTZ1,2 and UWE KIERDORF1 Department of Biology, University of Hildesheim, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical School Goettingen 1 2 Mastoid hypocellularity is frequently observed in archaeological human skeletons. Morphologically, three types of hypocellularity have previously been distinguished (Flohr et al. 2009): Type I is characterized by an indistinct boundary between the pneumatized and the nonpneumatized portion of the mastoid, and a trabecular thickening in the transition zone; Type II exhibits a clearly defined border between the two portions with regular diploë in the nonpneumatized portion; Type III is characterized by dense bone formations in previously existing air cells. Hypocellular mastoids of types I and III were analyzed by back-scattered electron imaging in the SEM, transmitted light microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, to reconstruct the processes of bone formation in these types. The studied specimens originated from skeletons recovered from an early medieval cemetery in Dirmstein, Germany. The compacted transition zone of type I hypocellularity mainly consists of woven bone, with some primary osteons and non-osteonal lamellar bone. Numerous reversal lines indicate extensive resorption of the previous diploë followed by bone formation, resulting in an overall increase of bone mass. In type III hypocellularity, new bone is deposited on the walls of previous air cells secondary to minor osteoclastic resorption. The dense bone formation within the former air cells apparently develops by the compaction of a preexisting scaffold. While type III hypocellularity can plausible be related to mastoiditis, it remains unclear whether or not type I hypocellularity is of pathological relevance. The micromorphological findings of the present study suggest that this type may reflect a chronic pathological condition. 182 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Heterogeneity in Oral Health in Middle Tennessee during the Mississippian Period CHRISTINA L. FOJAS School of Science, Marist College Frailty analyses have been employed to discern the relationship of pathological conditions and risk of death. It is hypothesized that individuals without markers of poor oral health have a greater age-specific risk of death than similarly-aged individuals with these markers. Skeletal remains from 12 sites dating to the Mississippian Period (ca. AD 1000-1500) in the Middle Cumberland Region of Tennessee were analyzed. Dental caries, dental abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) were examined and age-at-death was estimated using Transition Analysis. The MLE point estimate of age-at-death was calculated for each adult skeleton (n=550) and used in a series of Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and log-rank tests. Individuals with abscesses lived eight years longer than those without abscesses (p=0.001). Individuals with AMTL survived an additional 10 years than individuals without AMTL (p<0.005). In contrast, individuals without carious lesions survived eight years longer than individuals with carious lesions (p=0.002). One way these results can be explained is in light of the age-progressive nature of dental attrition. Given masticatory demands, attrition is expected to increase with age. An individual needs to survive into adulthood in order for teeth to wear down to the extent of pulp exposure. The prevalence of skeletal lesions may serve as markers of survival and not necessarily poor health. These results demonstrate the coexistence of the traditional interpretation of skeletal lesions and that of the osteological paradox. This research was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. The Wrong Side of the Tracks: How Sociocultural Expectations Produce Vulnerability and Risk for Urban Mobile Home Dwellers ALLISON FORMANACK Anthropology, University of Colorado-Boulder Manufactured (or mobile) homes comprise 8% of American housing stock with an estimated population of 20 million. Roughly one-third of all manufactured homes are sited in land-lease mobile home communities (MHCs). Drawing from ethnographic data collected in Nebraska over five years (2011-2016), I demonstrate how the dominant sociocultural devaluation of manufactured housing and mobile-homeowners as “trailer trash” creates and exacerbates resident vulnerability. Definitions of ownership in MHCs differ from the sociolegal norm in the United States: Landowners are recognized as the lawful ABSTRACTS titleholders of an MHC, whereas individual manufactured homes are titled as “unaffixed” personal property. This study considers how unequal tenant-landlord relations in MHCs perpetuate social, financial, health, and legal vulnerabilities for mobile-homeowners. Restricting manufactured housing from classification as real estate based on its material properties is linked to cultural anxieties regarding transience and threats to adjacent property values. That these fears remain potent despite contradictory evidence (Wubneh & Shen 2004) indicates that social stigma is the principle lens through which MHC knowledge, expertise, and opinion is circulated. To contextualize these effects, I present the case study of MHC redevelopment in Lincoln, Nebraska as evidence of how cultural devaluation is repackaged as legal and financial expertise in order to justify displacing thousands of mobile-homeowners. Approached from this perspective, I argue that the accelerated closure of MHCs nationwide is the result of policies of benign neglect concerning culturally-undesirable “trailer parks” and not purely the natural deterioration of presumably poorly-constructed homes. This research was supported by NSF DDIG 1421510, a Dissertation Fieldwork Grant from the Wenner Gren Foundation, and a Beverly Sears Graduate Student Award (CU-Boulder) Virtual reconstruction of the pelvic remains of KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus from Nariokotome, Kenya CINZIA FORNAI1,2 and MARTIN HAEUSLER1,3 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, 3Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich 1 The KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus pelvis is incomplete and fragmentary, which hampers a clear and confident interpretation of its morphology. In particular, the pubic bones are missing and the sacrum is very fragmentary and does not show the lateral portions of sacral alae. Additionally, all apophyses went lost and the triradiate suture is unfused because of KNM-WT 15000’s young developmental age. Previous descriptions of the Nariokotome boy pelvis have pointed out a mediolaterally constricted pelvic canal, short superior pubic rami and vertically developed iliac blades. However, these features are not found in the recently discovered adult female H. erectus pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia. This shows wide biacetabular distance, long superior pubic rami and laterally flaring iliac blades, and its species attribution has therefore been questioned. We performed a virtual reconstruction of KNM-WT 15000 pelvic girdle. Initially, ilium and ischium were repaired merging right and left sides, which are differently broken. The remaining missing areas were integrated using as templates other early hominin pelvic material and modern human pelves at the same developmental age as KNM-WT 15000. Afterwards, possible realignments of the pelvic bones were tested. In addition, we produced a manual restoration of the pelvis using casts of the fragments to assist our virtual reconstruction. Our reconstructions show that a rounder pelvis and more flaring ilia are well possible in KNM-WT 15000. This has implications for locomotion and body shape and matches the long femoral neck as well as recent suggestions for a wider lower thorax in KNM-WT 15000. Financial support provided by: Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A-156299/1), A.E.R.S. Dental Medicine Organisations GmbH, Vienna, Austria (FA547014), the Siegfried Ludwig-Rudolf Slavicek Foundation, Vienna, Austria (FA547016), and the Mäxi Foundation, Switzerland. Conflict and warfare at the Chandman site (700-400 BCE), in northwestern Mongolia DAVID FORNELLI1, YAHAIRA GONZALEZ2, PETER ANG3, CAIUS CHICKANIS4 and CHRISTINE LEE5 1 Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, 2Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, 3Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, 4Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, 5Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles The Chandman archaeological site is related to the Uyuk culture in northwestern Mongolia and Tuva. They are a continuation of the Pazyryk culture. The Chandman inhabitants were semi-nomadic pastoralists. A total of 95 individuals were analyzed. The sex distribution of the site was unusual with 65 males, 28 females, and 2 indeterminate individuals. Twice as many males were present compared to females, and there were no children or infants. The pattern of cranial trauma was analyzed . Twelve individuals (13%) had signs of cranial trauma. This is not a high amount of trauma for the region, however the pattern of trauma is unusual. All cases of trauma occurred in males, no females had cranial trauma. The parietal was the most common location (14), then the frontal (12), temporal (5), and occipital (3). Slightly more injuries occurred on the right side (11) than on the left side (8). The weapons, which created the injuries, appear to be blunt instruments (club or maces), blade instruments (swords and arrow points), and high velocity projectiles (possibly crossbows?). A large proportion of traumas were located near the top of the head. These men were not wearing helmets during the attacks. The trajectory of the weapons also suggests they were attacked by people on horseback. It is possible this population was intrusive into the region creating conflict. Bipedal Loading Behaviors do Not Always Induce Cross-sectional Changes in Bone ADAM D. FOSTER School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University The evolution of human bipedalism involved significant changes in musculoskeletal morphology to accommodate a locomotor shift from quadrupedal to upright walking. One predominant feature linked with this transition are changes in bone cross-sectional morphology. Previous work suggests that differences in polar section modulus (Zp) are related to mechanical loading behaviors. Because bone adapts to the predominant forces placed upon it, experimentally altering mechanical loading regimes in an animal model allows for a natural test of the relationships between form and function. This study utilizes a novel method to experimentally induce a locomotor shift during ontogeny in a rat model. Rats (n=14) were placed in a custom harness system mounted on a treadmill which allowed for bipedal locomotion over 60 minute periods, 5 days a week, for three months, starting at 4 weeks of age. The harness imparts an adjustable upward force on the torso which alters the load experienced by the hindlimbs. Here, this group was compared to a quadrupedal control group that was exercised for the same period and a no activity control. At the end of the experiment, μCT scans were to taken to measure Zp at the distal and proximal diaphysis (30% & 70% ± 5%) for the femur. Using a linear mixed-effect model, no significant differences were found between the bipedal and control groups (70% p=0.383; 30% p=0.983). These results build upon previous preliminary findings and suggest that adopting a bipedal locomotor gait during ontogeny isn’t enough to alter cross-sectional geometry anywhere in the femoral diaphysis. Funding was provided by: NSF (BCS-1153863), Force & Motion Foundation, and the University of Arizona Kinematic Effects of Body Size Differences during Walking MARIA C. FOX1, KATHERINE K. WHITCOME2 and JOHN D. POLK1 1 Anthropology, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, 2College of Health Sciences, California Northstate University Body size differences have numerous effects on posture and gait. Scaling principles suggest that smaller mammals use flexed postures to improve acceleration and maneuverability, whereas larger mammals use more extended limbs but experience kinematic constraints (Alexander and Jayes, 1983; Biewener, 1989). Whether these principles apply to humans is unclear; current studies report conflicting results. This research examined 34 adults to determine if angular kinematics differ with height and measures of limb length at two walking speeds. Univariate and multivariate Conference Program 183 ABSTRACTS statistics explored relationships between height and kinematic variables; analyses were stratified by sex when necessary to avoid conflating effects of sex and size. Regression analyses revealed increased thigh flexion at heel strike in shorter individuals (r=0.55 (male slow), r=0.24 (female slow), r=0.40 (male fast), r=0.31 (female fast)). Canonical correlations analysis confirmed that limb length variables vary inversely with thigh angle and that greater thigh flexion accompanies greater foot dorsiflexion at heel strike (p < 0.0001). Increased thigh angle may suggest more hip flexion or a longer relative stride length in shorter individuals, the latter of which is confirmed by regression analysis in this sample (p < 0.0131). Shorter individuals also had greater relative stride frequencies at both speeds (p < 0.0001). Some of these differences (stride frequency and length) are due to the use of constant speeds, but others (such as foot posture) suggest true functional consequences. This initial analysis confirms that kinematics differ in humans of varying sizes and likely have effects on locomotor performance and behavior. Evolutionary perspectives on dementia and the marginalization of the elderly MOLLY FOX Department of Anthropology, UCLA In most of the developed world today, societies are structured such that the elderly are removed from mainstream activity and neglected by younger people. This social organization is markedly distinct from pre-modern human societies, in which elders likely played central cultural and functional roles. Furthermore, the prevailing theory for the evolution of human longevity relies on the idea that grandmothers could maximize their inclusive fitness by teaching, passing down information, and subsidizing their adult children’s labor and energetic needs. However, if one in six women developed dementia in the past as today, this would call the grandmother model into question. The disadvantage and burden that dementia places on families alongside its high prevalence would compromise selection for longevity. Here, I propose a hypothesis that age-matched dementia rates were lower in the past compared to today. I present results from my cohort study of British women, demonstrating more traditional reproductive life-history patterns are associated with lower dementia risk, supporting the possibility that dementia rates were lower in the pre-modern past. Lower risk of dementia in the past would bolster the credibility of grandmothering models for the evolution of human longevity. If elderly people had better cognitive health than today, they would have been more able and likely to participate fully in mainstream society. These results have implications for ethical and humanitarian issues about how the elderly should be treated, and may contribute to greater appreciation for inclusion of the elderly in society as a key feature of human identity and history. This study was funded by a research grant to M.F. from the Gates Cambridge Foundation. As Tall as Goliath? Stature Among the Philistines at Ashkelon SHERRY C. FOX1, KATHRYN MARKLEIN2, RACHEL KALISHER3, MARINA FAERMAN4, PATRICIA SMITH4, DANIEL MASTER5 and ADAM AJA6 1 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 2Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, 3Department of Anthropology, New York University, 4Dental Medicine Department, Hebrew University, 5Biblical and Theological Studies, Wheaton College, 6Semitic Museum, Harvard University During the 2013-2016 field seasons of the Leon Levy Expedition to Ashkelon, approximately 215 individuals have been recovered from the Philistine cemetery dating to the Iron Age IIA period, providing for the first time an opportunity to study the stature of the “tall-taled” Philistines. Extensive research in human biology and bioarchaeology has frequently demonstrated the direct correlation between stature and both health and socioeconomic status. In situ measurements utilizing an anthropometer and GIS reconstructed lengths provide approximate living statures for 16 individuals from the Philistine cemetery at Ashkelon. Maximum lengths (crown-to-heel) of complete, supine and extended skeletons—8 males and 8 females—are compared between sexes. The mean stature for males is 154.6 cm with a range of 144.9 cm – 164.5 cm, while the mean stature for females is 147.2 cm with a range of 136.8 cm to 152.8 cm. Although male and female stature ranges overlap, Student’s t-tests reveal statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in the statures between the sexes. Despite these results, 4.7% sexual dimorphism in stature is relatively low, suggesting stress among individuals at the site. Comparisons in stature with the human skeletal remains from earlier Canaanite contexts at Ashkelon are limited due to the small sample size. Contrary to the stature of the most famous Philistine, the giant Goliath, the results of this study indicate that the Philistines were relatively short in stature at Ashkelon. Dating Behaviors and Attitudes among Single Parents in the U.S CAROL Y. FRANCO1, PETER B. GRAY1, JUSTIN R. GARCIA2,3, AMANDA N. GESSELMAN2 and HELEN E. FISHER2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, 3Department of Gender Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington 184 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Although a significant body of research has examined dating behaviors among men and women, few studies have investigated the role that children play in singles’ dating relationships. An evolutionary life history framework suggests that single parents face trade-offs between mating and parenting effort. Here, our aim was to understand the ways in which having a child from a previous partner influence one’s dating behaviors and attitudes. We expected to observe gender and age differences in dating attitudes and behaviors, such that women and younger participants would be more discerning about how and when to involve their children in their dating lives. As part of the Singles in America study, we obtained data from a U.S. sample consisting of 747 single men and women with a child under the age of 18. Participants completed an online survey. We conducted 16 regression models-binary logistic for dichotomous outcomes and linear for continuous outcome variables--using age and gender as predictor variables. Men and women reported differences in the types of romantic activities they deemed appropriate, such as holding hands or going away for a weekend with a partner. Although few participants reported having lied in order to obtain a date, those who did tended to be younger. Men and women were willing to date other single parents, and considered their child’s opinion of potential partners. This is the first investigation of the role of children in parent’s romantic lives across the lifespan and the largest quantitative study on dating among single parents. The Singles in America study is funded by Match.com Rapid, Inexpensive Genotyping and Barcoding of Primates: Multiple Applications for High-resolution Melt Analysis in Primatology and Anthropology DAVID C. FRANKEL1, RACHEL L. JACOBS1, EDWARD E. LOUIS JR2, WILLIAM D. HOPKINS3 and BRENDA J. BRADLEY1 1 The Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, 3Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University Research in molecular ecology and conservation genetics often entails genotyping single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and/or short haplotypes. High-Resolution Melt Analysis (HRMA) is a simple and economical method for detecting such DNA variants by characterizing the sequence-specific melting behavior of short PCR products. To-date HRMA protocol development has focused largely on medical screenings, but this method has numerous potential applications in anthropological genetics. We developed and tested (via Sanger sequencing) several protocols demonstrating the utility, convenience and flexibility of HRMA in ABSTRACTS anthropological studies. First, we assessed the potential use of HRMA to characterize functional SNVs in wild populations by genotyping exons 3 and 5 of the X-linked opsin gene in lemurs (9 species, 87 individuals). Differences in melting curves (temperature and shape) allowed us to reliably identify trichromatic and dichromatic individuals with high accuracy. Second, we tested SNVs commonly used in association studies of autism and behavioral tendencies (rs2254298 and rs11131149, oxytocin receptor gene, OXTR). Again, we were able to accurately assign genotypes (AA, AG, GG) for the full set of 60 humans based on differences in genotype-specific melting curves. Finally, we are using HRMA for rapid species identification using a segment of cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COX1) as a barcode. Preliminary results indicate that sympatric lemur species and ape sub-species can be accurately identified and differentiated using HRMA. Our results demonstrate that HRMA, which can also be used in studies of methylation, microsatellite genotyping, and copy number variation, is a multipurpose and robust method for genotyping simple polymorphisms. Game of bones: intracranial and hierarchical perspective on dietary plasticity in mammals ERIN M. FRANKS1, JEREMIAH E. SCOTT2, JOSEPH P. SCOLLAN1, KEVIN R. MCABEE1 and MATTHEW J. RAVOSA1,3,4 Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, 3 Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, 4Anthropology, University of Notre Dame 1 2 The effect of dietary properties on craniofacial form has long been the focus of functional and paleontological studies, with extensive work dedicated to the importance of phenotypic plasticity. Previous studies have investigated plasticity of the masticatory apparatus with limited consideration of other cranial sites. Additionally, a thorough analysis of adaptation at multiple levels has been lacking, a noticeable oversight given the hierarchical organization of bone. Accordingly, there is a significant gap in our understanding of dietary effects on regional and hierarchical variation in the developing skull and feeding apparatus. Twenty weanling Oryctolagus cuniculus were divided equally between two dietary cohorts and raised until one year old. Control rabbits were fed pellets only. Over-use rabbits were given pellets and hay cubes for the duration, modeling a mechanically challenging diet. MicroCT occurred biweekly to detail macro- and microscale morphological changes across multiple craniomandibular sites. Nanoindentation was employed post-sacrifice to detail nanoscale properties of corresponding regions. Results indicate that diet-induced differences in loading influences plasticity in masticatory elements without corresponding changes in the neurocranium, suggesting regional variation in response to mechanical forces. More specifically, the presence and magnitude of bone adaptation varies according to the level of analysis. This is critically important as it suggests that that a functional signal may be differentially represented at one level of organization vs. another, potentially posing an issue for accurate behavioral reconstructions. These findings highlight functional and developmental variation in determinants of morphological integration in the skull, information of utility for ecomorphological, paleobiological, and evolutionary research. Funding for this research was provided by the WennerGren and Leakey Foundations to EMF and National Science Foundation grant BCS-1029149/1214767 to MJR. Assessment of Cortical Thickness as a Non-Specific Indicator of Stress in Bone: An Experimental Animal Model TUESDAY M. FRASIER1, MARTA P. ALFONSODURRUTY1,2 and DUSTIN HEADLEY3 1 Sociology Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, 2Departamento de Antropología, Universidad Alberto Hurtado, 3Interior Architecture and Product Design, Kansas State University Cortical thickness has been occasionally used as a non-specific indicator of stress to study past population’s health status. However, further study, based on experimental models, is needed to assess cortical thickness potential as a non-specific marker of stress. Using an experimental animal model, this study evaluates cortical-thickness response to nutritional conditions. The cortical thickness was assessed in the osteological remains of 45 New Zealand White rabbits (NZW). During their developmental period, NZW were divided into three dietary groups; Control (normal diet), Experimental-1 (chronically undernourished), and Experimental 2 (periodically fasted). The left humerus and femur were CT scanned and the cortical thickness in the anterior aspect at the 40% maximum length site of both bones was measured in mm using the imaging software 3-D slicer. Cortical thickness in the femur showed to be similar the Control (xÌ…=1.22, SD=.25), Experimental-1(xÌ…=1.27, SD=.31) and Experimental-2 groups (xÌ…=1.48, SD=.28). Likewise, results for the humerus’s cortical thickness showed the Control (xÌ…=1.39, SD=.36), Experimental-1 (xÌ…=1.30, SD=.39) and Experimental-2 (xÌ…=1.63, SD=.23) to be similar. Comparisons between the groups failed to reveal any significant difference between the groups (p>.05). Thus, preliminary results suggest that cortical thickness is not sensitive to general nutritional stress, or that the nutritional treatments were not severe enough to alter the cortical thickness of these NZW. Further analyses of other sites in these two bones are needed, and other experimental studies are also required to assess the sensitivity of cortical thickness to stresses, and its potential as a non-specific stress marker in past populations. Craniometric Variation in the Modern Thai Population: Forensic Applications and Population History Implications LAUREL FREAS1, PASUK MAHAKKANUKRAUH2, KARNDA VICHAIRAT3, PANYA TUAMSUK4 and APICHAT SINTHUBUA2 1 Central Identification Lab, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, 2Department of Anatomy, Chiang Mai University, 3Department of Forensic Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 4Department of Anatomy, Khon Kaen University Craniometric data have broad application in Southeast Asian (SEA) research contexts, ranging from forensic anthropology to studies of biological distance and population history among the temporally and geographically distinct peoples of the region. A core question in SEA prehistory relates to the biological continuity, or discontinuity, between the region’s pre- and post-Neolithic populations. Some have argued this issue will only be understood through deeper, more focused sampling of the salient populations. Prior biological distance studies, however, have only shallowly sampled modern and ancient SEA populations, and have lacked craniometric data allowing examination of within-population patterns of regional/temporal variation. Likewise, extant forensic anthropology databases lack reference datasets of sufficient robusticity to characterize the true range of variation within and among SEA populations. To begin to address these shortcomings, 24 standard cranial measurements were collected on a large sample (n=429; 242 males/137 females) derived from three regional skeletal collections within Thailand. Beyond generating accurate linear discriminant functions for sex determination, these craniometric data were used to explore patterns of regional, within-population variation in juxtaposition to observed patterns of phenotypic variation within the living Thai population. ANOVA and discriminant function analyses found no significant craniometric differences among the three regional subpopulations, despite their apparent ethnic, linguistic, and physical diversity, indicating relative craniometric homogeneity within the modern Thai. This finding is congruent with known historical events that have clearly shaped the biological structure of this population, but that are often overlooked by prehistorians making comparisons between the modern and ancient populations of SEA. This research was funded in part by the Ellis R. Kerley Forensic Sciences Foundation, the University of Florida’s Department of Anthropology, and the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command-Central Identification Laboratory. Conference Program 185 ABSTRACTS Variation in Sympatry Among Crowned Lemurs and Sanford’s Lemurs: A Comparison Between Mt.d’Ambre National Park and Analabe Gallery Forest BENJAMIN Z. FREED and KATHERINE O. ARTHUR Anthropology, Sociology, and Social Work, Eastern Kentucky University Congeneric lemur species often co-occur in several ways. For example, in Mt. d’Ambre National Park, Freed (1996) showed that crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus) and Sanford’s lemurs (Eulemur sanfordi) shared the habitat primarily by relying on superabundant food resources, preferring different forest levels, using different food species, and traveling differently. To examine whether these results were unique to Mt. d’Ambre, or perhaps reflected species-wide differences, we collected 180 hours of quantitative behavioral data on these lemurs in June-August 2016 at Analabe, a small gallery forest that contained a dense understory, more human disturbance, and fewer large fruit trees. We hypothesized no differences with the Mt. d’Ambre population. Unlike Mt. d’Ambre, we observed fewer differences in vertical range use, with both species often using the canopy and emergent layer. Both lemurs also consumed similar plant species, using superabundant Lantana camara fruit, and supplementing it with seasonal food items (especially Ficus fruit and Ceiba pentandra flowers). As in Mt. d’Ambre, the lemurs also formed polyspecific associations, and often responded to each other’s alarm calls. The greatest between-species differences occurred in ranging behavior, as crowned lemurs formed subgroups and ranged significantly farther daily (greater than 100 meters), much as they did in Mt. d’Ambre. Although both species showed fewer differences in habitat use than was observed in Mt. d’Ambre, we believe that both species’ reliance on resource partitioning and superabundant resources reflects both a general ecological trend among lemurs, as well as subtle but significant differences in traits such as body size. Funding for this work was provided by Eastern Kentucky University’s College of Arts and Sciences and Education Abroad Office. Environment resources use of Rio De Janeiro’s state coast by shellmound builders: an estimate of diet composition VICTOR GUIDA, MURILO BASTOS, SILVIA REIS and CLAUDIA RODRIGUES-CARVALHO Department of Anthropology, Museu Nacional/UFRJ Shellmound builders initiated the occupation of Rio de Janeiro’s coast around 8.000 BP, altering the environment by using its resources for feeding and for construction of tools and fire pit. Archaeological sites, such as shellmounds and other coastal sites, that contain traces of human populations’ activities are commonly found at lake systems’ interior throughout the coast of Rio de Janeiro’s state. In order to broaden the knowledge about the use of environment resources by these groups, this study intends to estimate their diet by analyzing human skeletal and biota remains from two sites, Duna Grande and Sambaqui do Moa. Duna Grande is a coastal dune archaeological site located at Lagoa de Itaipu in Niteroi, RJ, and Sambaqui do Moa is a shellmound situated at Lagoa de Saquarema in Saquarema, RJ. A total of 18 individuals were used in osteobiography and oral health analysis. The latter consisted in tooth wear analysis and presence of calculus and caries. To assess which plants and animals were probable consumed by shellmound builders, zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical data were retrieved from previous studies about the two archaeological sites. Oral health analysis showed severe tooth wear and presence of calculus in the majority of individuals. No signs of caries were found. Regarding the biota, 92 animal taxa and 36 plant taxa were found. Results from oral health and biota analysis corroborates a model of a protein based diet, composed mostly of fish, expanding the knowledge about resource use by shellmound builders in Rio de Janeiro’s coast. Early Spanish Colonialism in Northern Guatemala: Identifying Itza Mayas at the Mission San Bernabé using Strontium, Carbon, and Oxygen Isotope Assays and Biodistance Analyses CAROLYN FREIWALD1 and KATHERINE MILLER WOLF2 Sociology and Anthropology, University of Mississippi, 2Sociology, Anthropology, and Geography, Indiana University East 1 Colonialism came late to northern Guatemala. After initial contact between the Spanish and the Itza Mayas in AD 1525, it was not until the early 18th century that the Spanish gained control over Maya groups living in the Petén Lakes region and began to establish missions. 2011-2012 excavations at the Mission San Bernabé on Lake Petén Itza discovered European goods, non-native animal species, and even burial patterns that differed significantly from earlier settlements. Cows, pigs, majolica ceramics, coins, and metal objects mark the introduction of a new lifestyle, as do High and Later Medieval style burials in and around the mission church. We describe these findings and present biodistance analyses of the 47 individuals in mission burials and strontium, carbon, and oxygen isotope assays of 23 of these individuals to understand who was buried in San Bernabé. Did the Spanish encourage – or force – relocation of populations from other areas under 186 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Spanish control? Were non-Maya individuals interred in the mission? Our results show in-migration from Belize, a region already subject to Spanish rule. However, bioarchaeological data are not consistent with large population movements reported in Spanish documents. We found instead that the church cemetery contained mostly related groups of Maya individuals who likely had origins in the Petén Lakes region, suggesting some continuity in populations before and after Spanish rule began. We explore how new material culture at San Bernabé reflected important changes, as well as continuity, in local and/or regional Itza Maya communities. Research was supported by NSF grants BCS-0917918 and BCS-1037927, the City University of New York, Wenner-Gren (Timothy Pugh), and Indiana University East and the University of Mississippi (Miller and Freiwald). Growth of the Catarrhine Ectotympanic Tube ELLEN E. I. FRICANO1 and VALERIE B. DELEON2 Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Florida 1 Ectotympanic bone morphology is a classic character used to differentiate between catarrhine and platyrrhine primates; though it has been frequently cited in academic literature, it is currently not well understood. Certain primate fossils have even been described as having intermediate conditions, or an abnormally short ectotympanic tube as compared to modern catarrhine. This project illustrates the growth and development of the ectotympanic tube as seen in one group of catarrhines, Homo sapiens. A modern sample of 49 juvenile human crania were evaluated, between the mid-fetal period and nine years old. The development of the ectotympanic tube was also scored non-metrically using previously published standards. Pronounced anterior and posterior tympanic tubercles are present as early as one month postnatal. The tube continues to ossify, remaining roughened and ragged for some time, and generally smoothing out by age six. The ectotympanic tube undergoes a period of rapid ossification between ages one and two. In addition to the ossification of the ectotympanic tube, the tympanic ring shifts orientation, gradually becoming more vertical. The roof of the ectotympanic tube and the tympanic plate both expand laterally through development at different rates, eventually meeting and forming the adult external auditory meatus. In this sample, relatively brachycephalic juveniles did not present particularly developmentally advanced ectotympanic tubes. However, wider cranial bases tend to coincide with more advanced ectotympanic development indicating the growth of the ectotympanic tube may be a ABSTRACTS response to the re-orientation necessary as the cranial base widens. Skull shapes, maps and museum collections: Representing modern human cranial variation MARTIN FRIESS1 and MANON GALLAND2 HNS, Musée de l’Homme, 2School Of Archaeology, University College Dublin 1 Our understanding of morphological variation in humans, and our ability to identify its causes in an evolutionary context relies upon documenting and quantifying this variability via the study of anthropological collections. This was perfectly demonstrated by WW Howells in his seminal work on cranial variation in man. Many anthropological collections originate in the 19th and early 20th century, when typological concepts dominated biological anthropology. The assumption that the collections housed in major museums are truly and equally representative of modern human cranial diversity remains somewhat hypothetical. We collected morphometric data from 520 modern human skulls, representing ten geographically diverse populations, in four major natural history museums around the world. We investigate the question to which extent these collections yield comparable results regarding phenetic affinities in modern human populations. We applied geometric morphometric methods to conventional landmark data, and explored population affinities via standard multivariate statistics. The results, while reassuring in that geographic origin is a major driving force of modern human cranial variation, clearly suggest that the other sample origin, i.e. the museum, adds statistically significant variation. Among the potential explanations for these findings are recruitment bias due to historical parameters surrounding the collecting of specimens, changes in measurement technique over time, as well as actual within-group diversity. Further research is required to narrow down the root of these findings. For the time being, we feel that researchers in the field of cranial variation should be aware of potential collection diversity and sample as largely as possible. Pliocene African Cercopithecid Evolution, Turnover and Diversity STEPHEN R. FROST Anthropology, University of Oregon A striking feature of cercopithecid evolution is the even pace of species turnover. Nonetheless, there are significant changes during the Pliocene. One major shift is the rise of Theropithecus in eastern Africa: although present by 4 Ma, Theropithecus becomes the predominant primate in the region by 3.6 Ma after which it accounts for more than 75% of cercopithecid fossils at most sites. This may be related to a dietary transition to grazing and parallels shifts to C4 diets by hominins and suids. This is regional as Parapapio predominates in southern Africa during the Pliocene while Theropithecus is typically present, but rare. Furthermore, there is variation within eastern Africa: in the Afar Region the T. oswaldi lineage is the sole theropith whereas in the Turkana Basin, T. brumpti is also present and much more abundant than T. oswaldi prior to 2.3 Ma. In eastern Africa, this “Theropithecus zone” continues until the middle Pleistocene. However, in southern Africa Parapapio is replaced by Papio as the predominant genus approximately 2 Ma. In eastern Africa, large-bodied colobines are common and diverse taxonomically and ecologically. Cercopithecoides is the only colobine in the southern African PlioPleistocene. There are also differences within eastern Africa: only one of eight colobine species are shared between the Afar and Turkana Basins during the Pliocene, whereas in the Pleistocene 2 of 5 are. In summary, cercopithecid faunas are more regionally distinct in the early Pliocene and become more similar through time within eastern Africa and between eastern and southern Africa. Ecological niche modeling of the genus Papio AMANDA J. FUCHS1, CHRISTOPHER C. GILBERT1 and JASON M. KAMILAR2 1 Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Ecological niche modeling (ENM) has been used to assess species diversity and delineation in relation to abiotic factors. In this study, we use ENM to investigate how niches vary across Papio species in an attempt to understand the ecological or climatic variables that have influenced their taxonomic diversity. Using Maxent to generate niche models, we collated locality data for six Papio species and climate information from WorldClim. If niche models have good predictive power, Papio species distributions should be highly correlated with climatic factors. If niche models perform poorly, it may indicate that species are ecological generalists and their distribution is not highly correlated with climate. Our models performed moderately to extremely well depending on the species, which suggests climatic variables influence the distribution of baboon species to varying degrees. The species with the best models include P. papio and P. kindae, whereas P. hamadryas had the poorest models, possibly influenced by their very recent divergence from other populations. In addition to niche models, we examined the degree of niche overlap among all possible pairs of taxa, which can provide insight into patterns of species diversity. We found that most species pairs exhibited significantly different niches. However, pairwise comparisons between P. hamadryas and P. anubis, P. hamadryas and P. cynocephalus, and P. anubis and P. cynocephalus were no different than random. The results of these models generally support a parapatric speciation scenario for the genus Papio. Furthermore, these results perhaps challenge the common perception that Papio species are ecological generalists. Belief(s), Identity, and Experience: Navigating Multiple Influences on Knowing in Biological Anthropology AGUSTIN FUENTES Anthropology, University of Notre Dame Recently there is a surge of empirical and philosophical research on the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens, the processes and outcomes of inequality and embodiment, and what it means to be human. This research and its popular interpretations have sparked heated debates about the nature of human beings and how knowledge about humans should be properly understood. These debates involve a wide range of participants from diverse experiential, intellectual, and philosophical backgrounds. Biological anthropology sits at the nexus of these concerns and is critically situated to play a key role in shaping and navigating this discourse. But to do so successfully we must acknowledge assumptions about normativity(ies) and how they structure the bioanthropological endeavor. There is often bias in our teaching and practice. Heteronormativity, assumptions about the structure of families and the meaning of religious beliefs, myopia about white and male privilege, and English language hegemony can all influence how we ask questions and shape the opportunities we have to ask them. How do, could and should belief systems, lived experience, sexual, gender, ethnic, national, and racial diversity play a role in how we “do” biological anthropology? Here I present examples of these interfaces, biases and conflicts, and offer a few options for facilitating positive outcomes. If our goal is to produce better knowledge about humans and non-humans, the connections between bodies, biology, and culture, and the politics and practice of science, biological anthropology needs to engage diversity critically, intimately, and courageously. Association of ACE haplotypes and family members in social networks with blood pressure variation in African Americans KIA C. FULLER1,2,3, CHRISTOPHER MCCARTY3,4, RAFFAELE VACCA5,6, CLARENCE C. GRAVLEE2,3 and CONNIE J. MULLIGAN2,3 1 Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, University of Florida, 2Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 4Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Florida, 5Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, 6Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida Conference Program 187 ABSTRACTS In the US, African Americans experience hypertension at higher rates than other racial groups. This study focuses on a biocultural approach that integrates genetic and sociocultural data to investigate blood pressure variation in 138 African Americans living in Tallahassee, Fl. Saliva samples, anthropometric data, blood pressure readings, and sociocultural data were collected from participants. To investigate potential genetic risk factors for hypertension, haplotypes were determined for three SNPs and one Alu polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene. We also analyzed personal social networks to examine the social environment of participants. To more thoroughly investigate the relationship between the ACE gene and BP, we used multiple genetic variants to identify haplotype blocks in the gene. Using AIC modeling and multiple linear regression models, we found a significant relationship between ACE haplotype and systolic (haplotype 1 p-value=0.004, haplotype 2 p-value=0.0002) and diastolic blood pressure (haplotype 2 p-value=0.011). In previous studies, we found an interesting relationship between family members in networks and blood pressure. In new analyses, we found that central positions in a network occupied by family members was significantly associated with increased systolic blood pressure pressure (p-value=0.020) and a larger percentage of family members in a network was significantly and positively associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (p-value=0.009). Our research shows that combining genetic and social network data explains more variation in blood pressure than either set of variables do individually and, thus, supports the value of a biocultural approach to investigate risk of hypertension in African Americans. Supported by NSF Grants BCS 0820687 and BCS 0724032. Automatic segmentation of morphological structure into biologically corresponding features: implications for systematics and ecomorphology ETHAN LUCAS. FULWOOD1, TINGRAN GAO2, INGRID DAUBECHIES2,3 and DOUG M. BOYER1 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Mathematics, Duke University, 3Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University 1 2 The occlusal surfaces of mammalian teeth can be decomposed into structures of hypothesized homology, the shapes and positions of which are believed to reflect dietary adaptation. Testing the particular importance of the regional geometry of teeth has been hampered by difficultly in defining objectively and repeatably the boundaries of occlusal regions. We employ a novel feature extraction technique based on an extended diffusion geometry framework from manifold learning on a sample of 48 second lower molars from five genera of New World monkeys. The technique automatically segments each tooth into 12 regions, 6 of which correspond to commonly identified structures of the tooth crown (protoconid, metaconid, entoconid, hypoconid, trigonid basin, and talonid basin). Both Dirichlet Normal Energy (DNE) and relative area of the metaconid, entoconid, and talonid basin and the areas of the trigonid basin were significantly different among genera. The entoconid and metaconid showed the clearest dietary signal using both metrics, with the two folivorous taxa (Alouatta and Brachyteles) significantly different from all of the other genera (Ateles, Callicebus, and Saimiri). Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) using either areas or DNE of the 12 segments, correctly classified >95% of cases to dietary ecology or genus. Features loading the first linear discriminant differed depending on variable type and grouping criterion, but the entoconid was strongly influential on the linear discriminant in all analyses. This provisional analysis suggests the potential utility of automatic segmentation of molar surfaces characterizing taxonomically diagnostic morphology and in isolating structures varying most strongly with dietary ecology. Funding from NSF BCS 1552848 to DM Boyer and Simons Foundation Math+ X Investigators Award #400837 to I Daubechies. Experiments with extensions of the Siler model TIMOTHY B. GAGE1,3 and JEFFERY S. NAPIERALA2,3 1 Anthropology, University at Albany SUNY, 2Sociology, University at Albany SUNY, 3Center for Social and Demographic Analysis, University at Albany SUNY A frequent problem when attempting to estimate a lifetable using anthropological data is the inability to control for population growth, r. If growth is positive mortality is over estimated while if growth is negative mortality is underestimated. Wood, et al. 2002 suggested it might be possible to estimate r and a lifetable (controlling for r) simultaneously by fitting the Siler model to the distribution of ages at death. This was based on the observation that r interacts with only one parameter of the Siler model (a2), and that in the distribution of ages at death, a2 occurs by itself and as a2+r. However, the method has not been applied and concern remains that this approach may not be a reliable estimator. This paper examines the reliability of this approach using death data with known properties. Simulated data were generated uniformly across a range of expectations of life (30 years to 70) and values of r (0.0 % to 2.0%) and fitted using the Siler model incorporating r. The results indicate that this method is an unbiased estimator of both r (p=.0.68) and of expectation of life (p=.29). The standard error of the estimate of r is 0.075% while the standard error of expectation of life is 0.36 years. These 188 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists results indicate that the method works well when the Siler model is the correct model and sample sizes are large. This method could eliminate one of the primary issues concerning demographic estimation with anthropological data. Examples with real data are presented. This analysis was funded in part by NICHD R24 HD044943 Micro-fossils Recovered from Dental Calculus: Implications for Reconstructing Moche Diet CELESTE MARIE. GAGNON1 and ANN O. LAFFEY2 Anthropology, Wagner College, 2Anthropology, University of Florida 1 The Moche of north coastal Peru (AD 200-800) have been the focus of much archaeological investigation. Although analyses of settlement pattern, site layout and construction, and mortuary and ritual practice have shed light on social organization, little is known about Moche diets and thus the daily experience of political economy. To begin to address these questions, the remains of 115 individuals excavated from the Huacas de Moche site (the paramount center in the Moche Valley) were examined. This sample included 62 individuals excavated from tombs located in Huaca de la Luna and 53 individuals recovered from the urban core. Previously reported oral health indicators suggest that individuals buried in the urban core consumed more carbohydrates than those interred in the huaca. To further contextualize oral health data, dental calculus was collected from 20 individuals who presented deposits sufficient for sampling. Because calculus preserves micro-botanical remains such as phytoliths, pollen, sponge spicules, and starch grains, it can provide direct and proxy evidence of paleodiet. Samples were deflocculated, mounted, and micro-fossils were identified using polarized microscopy. The presence of Type 1 starch grains associated with grasses and collected plants was detected. Further, both spicules forms and distinctive tissues known as cormus anastomosis associated with two species of sponges: Clathrina antofagastensis and Sycon huinayense, were identified. These species are known to be associated with macroalgae and mussel species such as Pyura chilensis, thus their presence have paleodietary implications. These data suggest both field crops and marine resources were important components of Moche diets. Research was supported by the Wagner College Faculty Research Grant and Anonymous Donor Grant and Student Support. Cranial and Mandibular Variation Preceding the Emergence of Agriculture in Eastern Europe and Western Asia MANON GALLAND1, ANDREI GROMOV3, VYACHESLAV MOISEYEV3, SEGUEY VASILYEV2, ABSTRACTS ELIZAVETA VESELOVSKAYA2 and RON MI. PINHASI1 School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Centre of physical anthropology, Institute Ethnology and Anthropology RAS, 3Anthropology, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences 1 2 The transition from hunting to farming was a key event in modern human history and evolution. The nature and timing of this major cultural shift varied across world regions. The extent to which changes in subsistence and lifestyle have impacted skull shape is currently unclear. Here we investigated craniofacial and mandibular variations in populations from Eastern Europe and Western Asia spanning from the Late Mesolithic to the Late Neolithic. Our aim is to assess the structure of morphological variability and to interpret it in relation to cultural and technological transitions. Our sample includes: (i) 70 specimens from three archaeological sites (Parkhai, Turkmenistan; Vasilevka, Ukraine; Zvejniecki, Latvia) where a cultural transition has been recorded; (ii) 70 specimens from various European and Western Asian archaeological sites and historical-period populations. All individuals were surface-scanned and then 33 and 39 standard three-dimensional landmarks were respectively extracted on skulls and mandibles and analysed applying geometric morphometrics methods. Both cranial and mandibular variations show a separation between Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic from Late Neolithic/recent samples. However, cranial variation highly differs within each of the three archaeological sites: strong differentiation between cultural phases in Ukraine, slight differentiation in Turkmenistan to lack of differentiation between specimens from different periods in the case of Latvia suggesting an evolution in situ. By contrast, mandibular morphology does not reveal strong local differences, which is consistent with archaeological data indicating a continuation of hunter-gatherer lifestyle during Early/Middle Neolithic. This study highlights the complexity and region-specific variations in the Neolithization process on phenetic signal. Global Environmental Change: Effects on East African Pastoral Mobility and Biology KATHLEEN GALVIN and TYLER BEETON Anthropology, Colorado State University Pastoral peoples face new and accelerating political, economic, and climatic stresses that challenge their resilience and ability to adapt. As human populations and consumption grow, so does the pressure to convert wetter regions to towns, suburbs, and cropland. Mining, oil, and gas extraction and renewable energy production are spreading across the lands. Land scarcity often leads to subdivision of formerly intact communal land into fragmented private land, although some historically private lands are starting to consolidate management across property boundaries. Climate change adds new challenges with warmer temperatures, changing rainfall, and increasing frequency of extreme events. Pastoralists respond to these changes by adapting their livelihoods and creating new ways to manage rangelands through new rules and institutions. As economic demands grow for pastoral families, they diversify into new sources of income beyond livestock where possible and invest more into livestock to intensify production. There is an important and complex relationship between the environment, economic status, lifestyle and nutritional status. Accompanying these interacting variables is often a change in labor and work tasks with an increased reliance on purchased foods. This process is termed a nutrition transition. Are pastoralists making this change? Food security, as measured by nutritional status, in the savannas of east Africa has scarcely improved in the last 30 years. Data on weight, height, skinfolds, and circumferences were collected from 534 individuals in the year 2000 in southern Kenya. Results indicate that nutritional status is poor and has remained so despite numerous changes to the social-ecological system. This work was supported by the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program, USAID under grant no. PCE-G-98-0036-000 and, the National Science Foundation through the Biocomplexity Program (grant no. 0119618). Investigating Pterion from Three Perspectives: Phylogeny, Biomechanics and Size NAMBI J. GAMET and JOAN C. STEVENSON Anthropology, Western Washington University Pterion is a skull landmark located directly behind the eye orbits where four cranial bones (sphenoid, parietal, temporal and frontal) articulate in 4 basic configurations: spheno-parietal (SP), fronto-temporal, stellate and epipteric. Few have studied the influences on this surgically important landmark. Three hypotheses may explain the configurations and other aspects of pterion: 1) phylogenetic history reflected in conservative (shared) development in species with shared ancestry; 2) biomechanical forces due partly to chewing stressors on skull shape; and 3) the influences of body size (allometry). These 3 hypothesized factors are tested here in a comparison of ecologically diverse mammal skulls. Skulls from UW’s Burke Museum were assessed for configurations, suture lengths (sides averaged), measures of cranium, and masseter and temporalis muscles during September 2015-April 2016 for: Canis latrans (n=30), Vulpes vulpes (30), Ursus americanus, (30), Puma concolor (18), Lynx rufus (30), Papio hamadryas (8), Saimiri sciureus (8), Odocoileus hemionus (14), Cervus elaphus (4), Lepus americanus (21). Chi square, t tests and regressions were run using SPSS 23. There is evidence for all three hypotheses. Phylogenetic conservativism is supported by the lack of configurational diversity (e.g., virtually 100% SP in Carnivore species) within species up to order. By contrast, Montagu noted configurational diversity within and between Primate species which may be unusual. Biomechanics and size are important also because regressions of both size of mastication muscles or cranial size variables on sutural length explained from 70 to 85% of the variation. Supported by WWU Fund for Enhancement of Graduate Research. The gut microbiome and metabolome of saddle-back tamarins (Leontocebus weddelli): Understanding the foraging ecology of a small-bodied primate PAUL A. GARBER1 and ANDRES GOMEZ2 1 Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, 2Genomic Medicine and Human Biology, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 Body mass is a strong predictor of diet and nutritional requirements across a wide range of mammals. For example, due to their small gut volumes, rapid food passage rates and high metabolic rate, small-bodied primates are hypothesized to maintain high digestive efficiency by exploiting foods rich in protein and readily available energy. However, our understanding of dietary requirements is limited because, at the molecular level, little is known concerning the contributions of the gut microbiome to host nutrition. To study how food choice correlates with digestive efficiency in a small-bodied primate, we analyzed the gut microbiome and metabolome in fecal samples from 22 wild Bolivian saddle-back tamarins. Samples were analyzed using highthroughput Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V5 regions,coupled with GC-MS metabolomic profiling. Our analysis revealed that the distal microbiome of L. weddelli is largely dominated by Xylanibacter and Hallella (34.7±14.7 and 22.6 ±12.4% respectively), two taxa commonly associated with high carbohydrate fermentation rates. A predictive analysis of functions likely carried out by bacteria in the tamarin gut was consistent with carbohydrate uptake as the predominant metabolic pathway. Moreover, given a fecal metabolome composed mainly of glucose, fructose and lactic acid (21.7%±15.9, 16.5%±10.7 and 6.8% ±5.5 respectively), sugar fermentation appears to play a dominant role in the nutritional ecology of tamarins. Our results indicate high energetic turnover in the distal gut of L. weddelli, which is likely associated with their dietary dependence on highly digestible sugars present in nectar, plant exudates, and ripe fruits Conference Program 189 ABSTRACTS Funds to conduct this research were provided through the University of Illinois. Histological Age Estimation on two Mediterranean Populations: A Validation study of four Existing Methodologies JULIETA GARCÍA-DONAS1, A R. SCHOLL1, A DALTON1, R R. PAINE2 and E F. KRANIOTI1 1 Classics and Archaeology, Archaeology Department, University of Edinburgh, 2Sociology & Anthropology, Texas Tech University Age estimation is crucial for the identification of human remains and the microscopic approach is the only option when the remains are very fragmented. Many histological age estimation techniques have been developed in the last forty years and in order to ensure the accuracy and reliability of existing aging methods, validation studies must be carried out. In our study, we present the results obtained by applying four existing age estimation techniques using rib histomorphometry on two Mediterranean populations. The relationship between the histological variables and age as well as sex is examined, the age estimates are calculated and the error rates produced by these methods reported. All variables were found to be correlated to age except for osteon circularity whilst none of the variables used in this study was correlated to sex. For three of the techniques, the data shows a systemic underestimation of age for most of the specimens with an increased error rate for the oldest individuals. Only one of the aging methodologies produced overestimation of young specimens and more accurate estimates for the oldest specimens which is in accordance with the results reported by the original study. Our research suggests the possibility of inter-population variation in remodelling dynamics although a larger sample is needed to verify our preliminary results. We demonstrate that validation studies are required in order to choose the most adequate method, especially in forensic cases with legal implications. Early Life Stress at the Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: Combining Enamel Defects and Incremental Isotope Analysis of Dentin to Explore Nutrition as a Source of Stress CAREY J. GARLAND and LAURIE J. REITSEMA Anthropology, University of Georgia Spanish missionization in southeastern North America is associated with increased indigenous skeletal stress due to novel infectious diseases, population aggregation, and changes in diet, such as increased reliance on maize. However, diet should not simplistically be equated with nutrition. The present study examines internal enamel micro-defects and incremental isotopic data from tooth dentin to reconstruct early life stress and dietary histories of Guale individuals interred at the Spanish mission of Santa Catalina de Guale (SCDG) (AD 1605-1680), located on Saint Catherines Island, GA. By comparing incremental isotopic data from tooth dentin with enamel defect records from individuals interred at the contextually rich SCDG, nutrition as a source of stress can be explored, especially early life stress associated with the transition from breast milk to solid foods. Results reveal high levels of early life stress at SCDG, with 93% of individuals (n=14) exhibiting at least one defect and an average of 4.6 defects per individual. Stress chronologies show that individuals experienced the highest frequency of stress events between the ages of two to three years, a time period associated with weaning. Carbon and nitrogen isotope data from incrementally sampled dentine of the same teeth test the hypothesis that dental micro-defects are associated with weaning onto a diet that emphasizes nutritionally poor maize. This study underscores the importance of combing stable isotope and paleopathology data to explore sources of non-specific stresses seen in skeletal assemblages, especially in providing a link between diet and nutritional stress. This project was partially funded by the Society for Georgia Archaeology’s Student Research Grant, and the Georgia Museum of Natural History’s Joshua Laerm Academic Support Award Comparison of body size changes among military personnel between 1988 and 2012 TODD N. GARLIE, HYEG JOO CHOI, JOESPH L. PARHAM, J. DAVID BRANTLEY and STEVEN P. PAQUETTE Anthropology, US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center (NSRDEC) Understanding body size is important for the development and evaluation of workspaces and clothing and individual equipment (CIE) design. Nowhere is this more important than within the military, or other first responder populations, where such equipment provides critical lifesaving properties. The US military has undertaken a multitude of anthropometric surveys since the 1860’s that have provided critical body dimensions to aid in the design and development of military products (White and Churchill, 1971; and Gordon et al., 1989). In 2006, the Army conducted a preliminary study (ANSUR II, pilot) that showed, in general, body size in the military population has changed since 1988 (Paquette et al., 2009). In 2012 the Army conducted a full scale anthropometry survey of Active Duty Soldiers, Army Reservists and Army National Guard in order to update the anthropometry of the US military and provide better data for design and development (Gordon et al., 2014). The goal of this paper is to provide a detailed comparative analysis of body size among military personnel between 1988 and 2012, specifically between different 190 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists population groups relative to the Department of Defense (DoD) race categories. Results indicate significant body size changes related to circumferential measurements while those measurements related to height and length have remained relatively unchanged in all population groups compared. Given these trends in body size increases, a theoretical evaluation of secular changes within population groups relative to accommodation rates required for clothing and equipment design in the US Army (i.e. 90%, 95%, or 98%) is recommended. Mobility at Neolithic Çatalhöyük: Temporal and Ontogenetic Context EVAN M. GAROFALO1, CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF2 and CLARK S. LARSEN3 1 Basic Medical Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 2Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 3Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Neolithic inhabitants of Çatalhöyük (Turkey) likely became more mobile over ca 1400 years of continuous occupation as land and water resources became more scarce close to the settlement. Although children often participate in subsistence activities, temporal differences in ontogenetic behavior patterns and when they appear during growth have not been systematically tested in Çatalhöyük. Mobility is expected to increase in later occupations with divergence occurring later in childhood. Temporal patterns were evaluated for growth in Çatalhöyük from stature (n=48) and body mass (n=44), derived from femoral length and femoral head or distal metaphyseal breadth, respectively. A ratio of AP and ML cross-sectional bending strength was calculated (Zx/Zy), determined at femoral midshaft, for each individual as a measure of mobility (n=55) reconstructed using bi-planar radiography and periosteal molds. Male and female adult values (n=33) provided growth end-points. Results indicate there is no temporal effect on stature or body mass during growth, therefore differences cannot be related to body size. However, after 6 years old, late period exhibits higher ZxZy values (increased AP bending strength: xÌ… =1.05, p<0.05), while the middle period shows relatively more ML bending strength in ZxZy ratios (xÌ… =0.97, p<0.05). Analyses support the assumption that immature individuals may have traveled greater distances in the middle and later periods of occupation at Çatalhöyük. These behaviors emerged in later childhood, further supporting an environmental explanation, reflecting greater participation in subsistence activities. This analysis enriches the complex story of behavioral change and juvenile ABSTRACTS activity at Çatalhöyük and in broader cultural contexts. Research supported by National Geographic Society (CSL and CBR) Evolution of the primate vomeronasal system: fossil evidence from the Fayum EVA C. GARRETT1, LAUREN A. GONZALES2, E. C. KIRK3 and ERIK R. SEIFFERT4 Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 3Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 4Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California 1 2 Extant primates vary dramatically in the presence and development of the vomeronasal system (VNS), which largely detects social pheromones and anti-predator chemosignals. While the strepsirrhine VNS resembles most mammals, haplorhines either have derived VNS traits with ambiguous effects on vomeronasal function, or have lost the system entirely. While a reduced reliance on vomeronasal olfaction in haplorhines is inferred, few studies have addressed VNS variation in extinct primates to examine the timing and context of the loss of this system. We have previously identified an osteological correlate of the vomeronasal organ, the vomeronasal groove (VNG), which allows us to implement a paleontological approach toward understanding primate VNS evolution. We investigated cranial material of fossil primates for the presence or absence of a VNG using microCT scans. The VNG was present in a broad temporal and taxonomic range of primate fossils, including plesiadapiforms, adapiforms, omomyoids, crown platyrrhines, stem anthropoids, and stem catarrhines. Notably the VNG persists as a relatively small gutter in the stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, but is absent in advanced stem catarrhine Saadanius hijazensis, and the Miocene cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus. We estimate that VNG loss occurred between 30-28ma, based on our sample. These dates complement estimates for the accelerated rate of deleterious mutations, and loss of function, in the TRPC2 pheromone transduction gene in catarrhines between 40-25ma. Further exploration of the VNG in fossil primates will lead to a more thorough understanding of past sensory environments and their ultimate effects on sensory specializations of extant lineages. This project was funded by NSF Grants 0966166 (NYCEP IGERT) and 0961964 (DDIG). Seasonal Differences in Accumulated Degree-days on the Rate of Human Decomposition SHELBY L. GARZA and DANIEL J. WESCOTT Anthropology, Texas State University If seasonality is not accounted for while trying to estimate time-since-death, the medicolegal investigator could potentially produce an incorrect post-mortem interval (PMI). Therefore, it is important to examine if there is seasonal variation in the accumulated degree-days (ADD) necessary for decomposition. For this experiment, 10 human remains were placed in an outdoor setting at the Forensic Anthropology Research Facility in San Marcos, TX. Five of the remains were placed during the winter (December 21 – March 19) and five were placed during the summer (June 20 – September 21). The winter and summer remains were pair-matched for body size. Each subject was placed in a supine position under a wire cage to prevent scavenging. A total body score (TBS) was calculated for each subject at approximately 100, 300, and 500 ADD. At 100 ADD, 60 percent of the subjects placed during the winter had a lower TBS compared to their counterparts placed in the summer. For 80 percent of the winter subjects, skin slippage and marbling did not even occur within 100 ADD. The TBS scores were significantly lower for all subjects placed during the winter compared to summer placements at 300 and 500 ADD. This research provides evidence that there is a significant difference in the rate of decomposition between seasons, even when using ADD. Therefore, determining the season of death is a necessary first step when using TBS to estimate the PMI. Finding Etruscan Bones: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope in archaeological context LUCA GASPARI1, MAURIZIO SANNIBALE2, FLAVIO DE ANGELIS1, PAOLA CATALANO3 and OLGA RICKARDS1 1 Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 2Gregorian Etruscan Museum, Vatican Museums, 00120 Città del Vaticano, 3Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il Museo Nazionale Romano e l’area archeologica di Roma, Rome, Italy Notwithstanding Etruscan tombs are well recognized because of their archaeological context, little is known about their anthropological framework. A bright example of this dichotomic landscape is provided by Regolini-Galassi tomb, one of the richest and most meaningful tumulus in Etruscan Etruria (675-650 BCE), where no bone remains were unequivocally identified at the time of discovery in 1836. Even though the absolutely precious goods suggested the presence of a princess, several historical and archaeological surveys did not be able to ascertain the presence of skeletons in the tumulus. A recent prospection of a soil sample preserved at Gregorian Etruscan Museum in Vatican Museums allows us to consider an original evidence to be analyzed by dissecting microscope. Further analysis have been performed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) in order to analyze the bone structure of the ancient sample because its ability to explore the bone tissue structure at different levels below the surface. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope has been especially useful in providing information on the 3D paths of bone such as osteons and Haversian canals. The fragment points out a heterogeneous primary fluorescence at 635 nm highlighting the Haversian systems, that are the fundamental functional units of compact bone tissue. The structure of the active osteons is clearly visible, with the concentric traces of the bone lamellae around the Haversian canals as suggested also by the laser profiles. The results support the specific microscopic approach as an helpful proxy for anthropological and archaeological research. Hybridization and reticulation in hominin evolution JOANNA R. GAUTNEY1,2 and TRENTON W. HOLLIDAY2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2Department of Anthropology, Tulane University The phylogenetics of a relatively speciose period in hominin evolution (i.e., between ca. 3 Ma and 1 Ma) is explored. This is a period when several distinct yet closely related hominin species lived contemporaneously in overlapping regions of Africa. Usually, such phylogenetic relationships are investigated using phylogenetic analysis methods such as maximum parsimony. As a result, scholars have reconstructed hominin phylogenies from this period in terms of simple bifurcating tree-like relationships. While maximum parsimony is a useful analytical tool when investigating certain sets of taxa, it has shortcomings when applied to closely related species, especially if introgression and reticulation occurred between those species. This project investigated the possibility of reticulate relationships (rather than bifurcating tree-like relationships) among hominin taxa during this period by employing analytic methods more commonly used in evolutionary biology. Specifically, this study uses a previously published data set of characters from thirteen hominin paleospecies. The data are analyzed using maximum parsimony, the DELTRAN character optimization method, and a distance matrix method for examining the structure of the data and identifying sources of character conflict. Results indicate that conflicting signals in the data are consistent with more complexity than may be accounted for in tree-like interpretations. Just as Neandertals interbred with modern humans (and with the Denisovans), this study suggests that among early hominin taxa, phylogenetic relationships are more complex than have been previously proposed. Conference Program 191 ABSTRACTS Distal Phalanges and the Origin of CrownGroup Anthropoids DAN GEBO1, MARIAN DAGOSTO2, CHRIS BEARD3 and XIJUN NI4 1 Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, 2Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, 3Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 4Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hundreds of primate phalanges have been recovered from the Shanghuang fissure fillings from China. This sample includes proximal, middle and distal phalanges from the hand and foot including over three hundred nail bearing distal phalanges. For the distal phalanges, there are a variety of shapes, sizes, and types. Overall, there are five varieties of adapiform fossil primates at Shanghuang including a sample (n = 25) of “grooming claws”. Within the sample of Shanghuang haplorhines, eosimiids are extremely common with tarsiiforms, including Macrotarsius, tarsiids, and a crown anthropoid being far rarer. The origin of anthropoids, a topic near and dear to Professor Elwyn Simons, has had a long history of discovery and debate and this keystone evolutionary event separates primitive primates from the monkey and ape lineages. Paleontological and comparative anatomical work in the 1990s discovered eosimiids and clarified the initial stem lineage of anthropoids in Asia but the evolutionary connection to crown-group anthropoids, taxa with a close connection to living anthropoids, remains problematic and unresolved. Here we present a few new postcranial elements that document a crown-anthropoid in Asia at Shanghuang, China, 45 million years ago. Financial support was provided by a series of grants from the National Science Foundation, including BCS 0821644 and BCS 1441585 Female sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) select softer seeds than males ELISE GEISSLER1, DAVID J. DAEGLING1, TAYLOR A. POLVADORE1 and W. SCOTT MCGRAW2 1 Anthropology, University of Florida, 2Anthropology, The Ohio State University Much of the diet of C. atys consists of the oily nut of Sacoglottis gabonensis which is accessed by postcanine crushing of a hard protective coat. During a typical foraging bout, some nuts are discarded after initial crushing attempts; however, the reasons why individual nuts are rejected remain unclear. We examined hardness values of nuts rejected by adult male and female sooty mangabeys and compared these to an assemblage of random nuts on the forest floor. Our null hypothesis was that there is no significant difference in hardness between these groups. We collected data on C. atys feeding on S. gabonensis in the Taï National Park, Cote d’Ivoire in July-August, 2016. Nuts discarded by monkeys were collected and measured using type A and D durometers. We measured 104 nuts discarded by females and 79 discarded by males. The two largest values were averaged and compared employing nonparametric procedures. For both Shore A (P=0.0003) and D (P=0.026) hardness, discarded nuts differed significantly between sexes, with nuts discarded by females being harder than those of males. Mean hardness of 69 nuts sampled randomly fell between the male and female values, but was not statistically different from hardness of nuts discarded by either sex. These results suggest that adult female but not adult male sooty mangabeys select nuts that are less mechanically challenging than the average. Thus, hardness does not appear to be the primary driving factor of food selection in male C. atys. Supported by NSF BCS-0922429 and 0921770. Human remains and vodou pracititioners in northern Haiti: Ethics and research design in ethnobioarchaeology PAMELA L. GELLER Anthropology, University of Miami Here I suggest that bioarchaeologists who conduct projects in cultural settings with active descendant communities should make ethnographic interviews and participant observation the first phase of research design. To do so prior to excavation and analysis of human remains yields several productive outcomes. Research questions or issues for explorations are significantly broadened. Social inferences drawn from bioarchaeological data are enriched. Collaboration with local communities (or their disinclination to do so) engenders a bioarchaeological practice that is sociopolitically aware and ethically responsible. As a case study, I discuss my ethnographic work in the northern Haitian community of Milot. The town is the location of the UNESCO World Heritage site Parc National Historique, comprised of Sans Souci Palace, Citadelle Laferrière, and Ramiers. Henri Christophe ordered his subjects to build these monumental structures after the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), the only successful slave revolt in history. My work has explored the connection between Milot’s patrimony and its residents, the majority of whose families have lived in the town for multiple generations. Interactions with community members have generated insights about the tangible and intangible dimensions of patrimony in northern Haiti, specifically the historic and contemporary use and significance of vodou religion and rituals, mortuary spaces, and human bones. This information has underscored the necessity of involving the descendant community in future bioarchaeological investigations focused on 192 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists slave villages, plantations, and their associated cemeteries. Sex-related Connectivity Differences in the LSCN IAN D. GEORGE1 and KRISTINA ALDRIDGE2 Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine 1 2 Sex-related differences in the human brain are a persistent topic of interest in studies of human behavior and evolution. However, studies of sexual dimorphism of brain morphology, activity, and their relationship with behavior present enormously conflicting findings, especially relating to language function. Our previous research of a sample of young adult males established connectivity of the language-specific cerebrocerebellar network (LSCN), a neural network connecting the left inferior frontal lobe to the right lateral cerebellum, which we subsequently determined to be strongly correlated with language ability. Here, we test the hypothesis that there are sex-related differences in the LSCN and its relationship to language. Our sample included age-matched male (N=60) and female subjects (N=7). We quantified measures of connectivity in the LSCN using in vivo MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We calculated correlation of these connectivity measures with language production using scores from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals – 5th Edition (CELF5). Our results show that connectivity measures of the LSCN do not differ significantly in males and females. Further, the LSCN measures are strongly correlated with language production ability in both male and female subjects. These preliminary results indicate that the LSCN is a key network in the human brain in both males and females for language production. Future investigation into connectivity of additional cortical areas hypothesized to be important in language is necessary to determine whether there are any sex-related language connectivity differences in the human brain. This research was funded by a Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, the University of Missouri Life Sciences Fellowship, the Pearson Research Assistance Program, and the University of Missouri Brain Imaging Center. Ancestry estimation in Asian and Asian-derived populations using dental morphology REBECCA L. GEORGE1, MARIN A. PILLOUD1 and JORGE GÓMEZ-VALDÉS2 1 Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, 2Anatomy, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ABSTRACTS The use of dental morphology to estimate ancestry has begun to grow within forensic anthropology, and several new methods have been published (e.g., Irish, 2015; Edgar, 2005, 2013). While these methods represent great advances, they are lacking in modern Asian reference samples. As such, they may be unable to adequately differentiate Asian individuals from those who express similar dental morphology (i.e., ‘Hispanics,’ and Native Americans). This study explores dental morphological population variation of various modern skeletal samples in an effort to improve methods of ancestry estimation. Data were collected on Mexican skeletal collections housed at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in Mexico City (n=90), Hispanic dental casts housed at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque (n=71) (RLG), and a Japanese skeletal sample at Chiba University in Chiba, Japan (n=98) (MAP). Univariate chi-square analyses indicate significant differences in almost all recorded traits. A mean measure of divergence (MMD) analysis demonstrates that the Mexican and Albuquerque Hispanic samples are more similar to each other than to the Japanese sample. However, when comparative published data from Hanihara (1998) are included, a multidimensional scaling plot of the MMD matrix shows that the Hispanic, Mexican, and Japanese samples cluster, although, the Hispanic data are intermediate between the Mexican, European, and West African samples. These results highlight the complexity of distinguishing between Asian and Asian-derived populations in methods relying on dental morphology, and underscore the need for large, modern references samples in method creation. Data standardization in anthropology: methods and best practice NICOLE L. GESKE1 and ASHLEY E. KENDELL2 Anthropology, Michigan State University, Anthropology, University of Montana 1 2 With the passage of burial repatriation laws, standardization of osteological data in the United States became imperative, ultimately leading to the development of Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains (Standards). The impetus for data standardization stemmed not only from the need to collect data on remains that were soon to be returned, but also to ensure that data could be useful for future researchers. Now, over twenty years after the creation and adoption of Standards, these same methodologies are still considered current practice; however, difficulties in data collection and recordation remain. Through the examination of data collection forms, notes, and protocols at institutions across the Midwest, variations in data collection, and recordation in particular, were documented. Although each institution was relatively standardized in their method of data collection and recordation, inter-agency variations were apparent. This ultimately leads to a general lack of comparability of data sets across institutions, inhibiting bioarchaeological and osteological research. The aim of this paper is to highlight the difficulties associated with standardized osteological data collection and recordation, localize weaknesses in current data recordation techniques, and to offer suggestions and recommendations for future improvement. Specifically, this paper aims to address our current standardization system for both data collection and recordation in order to ensure future osteological and bioarchaeological research. Revised Transition Analysis: Validation on a Historical Sample and the First Archaeological Application of the New Procedure SARA M. GETZ1, GEORGE R. MILNER1 and JESPER L. BOLDSEN2 Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, ADBOU, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Southern Denmark 1 2 Although assessments of urbanization in Denmark, and for much of Europe, between the late middle ages and early modern period emphasize demographic shifts, these changes have little archaeological support. In conjunction with a research team, an age-estimation method has been developed using a reference sample of over 1,000 North American individuals. Forty features throughout the skeleton are analyzed in a Transition Analysis (TA) framework. A test of the new procedure on a known-age historical sample (St. Bride’s crypt, N=170) demonstrates that age estimates can be generated for the entire adult lifespan without significant bias. The method was then applied to two samples from the Danish city of Horsens – Ole Worms Gade (ca. 1350-1536 CE) and Monastery Church (ca. 1536 and 1856 CE) – along with four commonly used pubic symphysis and auricular surface methods and existing TA. Because the new TA procedure does not rely on information from the cranial sutures, sternal ribs, or pelvic joints, between 70 and 150 additional individuals in the archaeological sample were evaluated who could not be aged using traditional techniques. Although precision is influenced by the specific combination of features used, approximately 20 features are typically needed to produce reasonably precise age estimates. Mortality distributions based on age estimates from each technique are compared to what would be expected from historic Danish parish records. This work provides a preliminary assessment of the extent to which important archaeological data is currently being masked by age-estimation error. This research was funded by NSF Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (DDRIG) award #1455810. Anthropological evidence of multi-ethnicity in the first Greek settlement In Italy. Strontium isotopic analysis of the skeletal sample from the necropolis of Pithekoussai, (Ischia VIII cent. BCE - III cent. CE) MELANIA GIGANTE1, VIOLA WARTER2, WOLFGANG MÜLLER2, ALESSANDRA SPERDUTI1,3 and LUCA BONDIOLI1 1 Bioarcheologia - Museo Preistorico Etnografico Luigi Pigorini, Museo delle Civiltà - Roma, 2Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, 3Dipartimento di Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” The historical and archaeological record identifies Pithekoussai (island of Ischia, Italy, VIII cent. BCE - III cent. CE) as the first Greek settlement in Italy (Strabo Geographia V,4,9), afterwards followed by more extensive Greek migrations characterizing the rise of Magna Grecia. The most striking evidence is the so called Coppa di Nestore, which exhibits the most ancient Greek Euboan inscription so far known. The Pithekoussai graveyard yielded more than 900 graves, both inhumations and cremations. The funerary record suggests a complex settlement history where Greek and Phoenician immigrants interacted with the local population. The peculiarity of the grave goods and the diverse treatment of the bodies are possibly referable to the origin and/or the social status of the deceased. The aim of this study is to test the multi-ethnicity of Pithekoussai’s community through the anthropological and isotopic analysis, mainly by the 87Sr/86Sr ratio analysis performed on dental enamel (inhumated individuals) and the pars petrosa of the temporal bone (cremated and inhumated individuals). Fifty individuals, from the so-called Pithekoussai II series, have been analysed so far. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio isotopic signal in the human mineralized tissues was compared to the local isotopic ratios derived from the analysis a. of the enamel of small modern mammals; b. of modern grass samples; and c. from the local volcanic bedrock signal known in literature. Results confirm the presence of individuals born elsewhere (~ 22%), all adults, reinforcing the idea that Pithekoussai was a multi-ethnic community. New fossil primates from the Lower Siwaliks of India CHRISTOPHER C. GILBERT1,2,3, BIREN A. PATEL4,5, N. P. SINGH6, CHRISTOPHER J. CAMPISANO7,8, JOHN Conference Program 193 ABSTRACTS G. FLEAGLE9, KATHLEEN L. RUST1, KELSEY D. PUGH2,3 and RAJEEV PATNAIK6 1 Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, CUNY, 2PhD Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, 3New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, (NYCEP), 4Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 5Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 6Department of Geology, Panjab University, 7School of Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 8 Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 9 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University More than a century of collecting has yielded a large number of vertebrate fossils from Lower Siwalik deposits surrounding the town of Ramnagar, India. These include several specimens attributed to the hominoid Sivapithecus, and a single mandibular fragment of the adapoid Sivaladapis palaeindicus. In 2010, we renewed paleontological fieldwork at Ramnagar to better understand the geological, biogeographic, and paleoclimatic context of primate evolution in Asia. To date, we have identified new fossil localities with characteristic Chinji-aged fauna, tentatively dated between 11-14 Ma. In 2014, we recovered a sivaladapid primate from the site of Sunetar, and in 2015 a non-cercopithecoid catarrhine primate was found at the same site. The sivaladapid is represented by a mandibular fragment with worn dentition and the catarrhine is known from an isolated M3. In this study, we present the results of comparative phenetic and cladistic analyses of these new primates. The Sunetar sivaladapid shares derived morphology with other Miocene sivaladapids (elongated P4, thin enamel, twinned entoconids-hypoconulids, open trigonids, deep lingual notches), but it is also distinct due to its combination of smaller size, relatively long molars, compressed trigonids, and weak cingulids. Phenetic analyses and a 40-character cladistic analysis support our attribution of this specimen to a new genus and species. The catarrhine tooth comes from a small-to-medium sized animal with morphology distinct from the large-bodied Sivapithecus. Anatomical comparisons indicate that this specimen is not aligned with pliopithecoids. The Sunetar catarrhine may represent an additional, and perhaps underappreciated primate radiation in Asia during the Middle Miocene. Funding provided by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, PSC-CUNY research award program, Hunter College, AAPA professional development program, USC, Institute of Human Origins (ASU), and Ministry of Earth Science project (MoES/P.O. Geoscience/46/2015). BRAAAINS!!! Chimpanzees at Gombe Consume Monkeys Head-First IAN C. GILBY1 and DANIEL WAWRZYNIAK2 1 School of Human Evolution & Social Change, and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 2Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) primarily eat ripe fruit and vegetative matter, they also consume vertebrate prey. Despite considerable research on patterns of hunting and meat sharing in this species, relatively little is known about the nutritional benefits of eating meat for chimpanzees. While meat is undoubtedly a concentrated source of protein, fat, vitamins and micronutrients, these valuable molecules and elements are not distributed evenly throughout a carcass. For example, the brain is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fats, while the liver has high levels of vitamin A, iron and zinc. Documentation of the sequence in which chimpanzees consume different parts of a carcass will indicate which nutritional components they value most, and will therefore provide clues about the benefits of hunting. We videotaped meat-eating bouts by male chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In 26 cases (7 males), we were able to ascertain which general body part the meat possessor began to eat first. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model indicated that the head was significantly more likely to be targeted first (69% of bouts) than either the torso (12%, Z = 3.4, P < 0.0006) or an appendage (19%, Z = 3.8, P < 0.0001). Age of the prey did not contribute significantly to the model. These preliminary analyses indicate that chimpanzees value the brain more highly than components of the torso (including viscera) or skeletal muscle. We hypothesize that this is due to the brain’s relatively high fat content, which likely also motivated early hominins to seek vertebrate prey. Funding was provided by the L.S.B Leakey Foundation, Sigma Xi, The Animal Behavior Society, The Explorers Club, The Dayton-Wilkie Natural History Fund and the University of Minnesota. Associations between testosterone levels and parasite load: Testing life history tradeoffs among indigenous Shuar men from Amazonian Ecuador THERESA E. GILDNER1, MELISSA A. LIEBERT1, TARA J. CEPON-ROBINS2, RICHARD G. BRIBIESCAS3, SAMUEL S. URLACHER4, JOSHUA M. SHROCK1, CHRISTOPHER J. HARRINGTON1, FELICIA C. MADIMENOS5, LAWRENCE S. SUGIYAMA1 and J. JOSH SNODGRASS1 1 Anthropology, University of Oregon, 2Anthropology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, 3 Anthropology, Yale University, 4Anthropology, Hunter College (CUNY), 5Anthropology, Queens College (CUNY) 194 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists The hormone testosterone (T) is linked to male mating effort but believed to have immunosuppressive effects. Non-human animal models and some human studies have supported this relationship, and there is evidence that high T levels downregulate aspects of the immune system. We hypothesize that more immunocompetent males are better able to withstand health insults, facilitating the maintenance of high T levels. High T males should therefore exhibit lower average parasite loads, allowing continued energetic investment in mating effort over immune function. Few studies have tested this predicted relationship in natural fertility, subsistence-based populations with high pathogen risk. The present study provides a preliminary examination of the association between T profile and parasite load among indigenous Ecuadorian Shuar. One morning and one evening saliva sample were collected over three consecutive days to capture diurnal T patterns; salivary T levels were averaged to provide mean morning and evening T levels. A single stool samples was concomitantly collected from participants. Kato-Katz thick smears made from fresh stool samples were examined for standardized counts of helminth eggs per gram. In total, 72 Shuar men provided both saliva and stool samples (ages 14-67). Linear regressions controlling for factors associated with T levels (e.g., age, BMI, marital status, number of children) and parasite infection risk (household characteristics) were performed to examine the association between average morning or evening T levels and parasite load. This study provides important insights into human life history tradeoffs and makes a significant contribution to our understanding of male reproduction and health. Support: The American Philosophical Society Lewis and Clark Fund; National Science Foundation (#BCS-1341165, BCS-0824602, BCS-0925910, GRF-2011109300); Ryoichi Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund; University of Oregon; Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Roving Romans: Biomechanical and Fracture Evidence for Sex-related, Intensified Mobility at Vagnari, Italy REBECCA J. GILMOUR1, TRACY L. PROWSE1, ERIK JURRIAANS2 and MEGAN B. BRICKLEY1 Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Department of Radiology, Juravinski Hospital 1 2 Skeletal trauma and cross-sectional evidence for physical activity were assessed in the limb bones of 1st to 4th century AD Roman adults from the site of Vagnari, Italy (n=66). Vagnari was an Imperial estate with archaeological evidence that agriculture, viticulture, and transhumance were important economic activities. Manual labor associated with this lifestyle suggests that Vagnari residents likely experienced strain and injury associated with physical activity. ABSTRACTS Males at Vagnari have tibial areas that are larger than other reported tibial cross-sections, indicating that they engaged in relatively intense physical mobility. Additionally, of the fractures identified in females (n=3/28, 10.7%) and males (n=8/29, 27.6%), Vagnari males have fracture prevalence rates that are greater than at other Roman sites. In particular, indirect fractures consistent with slips, trips, falls, and overuse are common among Vagnari males (n=5/29, 17.2%). Leg bone fractures are especially noteworthy, and include a tibial stress fracture usually caused by repetitive strain. Vagnari females display no indirect fracture types and have tibial areas similar to those at other sites. Cross-sections and fractures at Vagnari indicate that males were more intensely mobile and probably encountered greater fracture hazards associated with movement than females. Intensified movement related to transhumance, thought to have been important at Vagnari and typically a male undertaking in the Roman world, provides one possible explanation for the biomechanical and fracture evidence present among the males in this assemblage. Supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and IHR Mellon Pre-dissertation Fellowship (RJG), as well as CFI-JELF and ORF-RI grants (MBB and TLP). Combining 3DGM analyses from multiple anatomical regions improves phylogenetic interpretations of phenetic data in Platyrrhini JUSTIN T. GLADMAN1,2, GABRIEL S. YAPUNCICH3 and SIOBHAN B. COOKE4 1 Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, 2New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, NYCEP, 3Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 4Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3DGM) has become a standard method for describing and analyzing shape variation in the primate skeleton. One promising application of 3DGM is the production of phenetic dendrograms in order to examine patterns of shared morphology and potentially shared evolutionary history. However, because 3DGM is often applied only to isolated anatomical regions, phenetic dendrograms may reflect functional convergence or homoplasy in these anatomical regions rather than phylogenetic relationships between taxa. Here, we generate and compare several phenetic dendrograms from 3D landmark data aligned using generalized Procrustes analysis. Landmarks were placed on postcranial and dental elements (astragalus, calcaneus, humerus, ulna, and the lower second molar) representing a broad platyrrhine sample. To determine if combining phenetic analyses from multiple anatomical regions recovers more accurate phylogenetic relationships, we concatenated the covariance matrices of all individual elements. We then compared the dendrograms from the individual and combined analyses to each other and an independent molecular phylogeny using two different tree comparison methods. According to both methods, combining phenetic data from all skeletal elements generated dendrograms that were 23-42% more similar to the molecular phylogeny. This increase in similarity occurred both at internal nodes deep in the tree (reflecting higher level phylogenetic relationships) and nodes near the tips (reflecting more accurate identification of sister taxa). Our results suggest that the confounding effects of functional convergence and homoplasy, both potential pitfalls of phenetic analyses, may be mediated by increasing sampling across multiple anatomical regions. This work was supported by NYCEP (NSF 0966166 IGERT) and the Boyer Lab, Duke University (NSF BCS 1317525 and BCS 1552848). Ethnic diversity in a 19th Century Colorado Insane Asylum: what the teeth tell us ELLIOT HUBBARD, F. NUR ERBIL, MICHELLE GLANTZ and ANN MAGENNIS Department of Anthropology, Colorado State University Discrete dental morphological variation can facilitate hypothesis testing concerned with population structure and dynamics. For example, a few discrete dental traits may predict specific ethnicities; 27% of individuals of European descent exhibit Carabelli’s trait above Grade 5 (ASUDAS) and 80% of individuals from the Americas exhibit shovel shaped incisors. This study compares the ethnic make-up of the 19th Century Colorado Insane Asylum taken from medical records and extrapolated from place of birth (or nativity) to an analysis of the frequencies of discrete dental traits from a sample of skeletons from the same institution (n=123). While medical records are not matched to individual skeletons, a comparison of results compiled from the hospital’s archives with those from the dental study can be made. We assume tight correspondence between the archival data and that from the dental study. In agreement with archival records, results indicate that the majority of individuals from the skeletal sample are of European descent. However, the presence of a few discrete dental traits like cusp 7, incisal shovel shaping, and the canine mesial ridge indicates a more complex ethnic structure than reported in the records. Race in late 19th century Colorado and the politics embedded in the social context of mental institutions and their patients are discussed. The Effect of Mobility Impairment on Femoral Trabecular and Cortical Bone Structure DEVORA S. GLEIBER and DANIEL J. WESCOTT Department of Anthropology, Forensic Anthropology Center at Texas State, Texas State University Reduced mobility or long-term immobility results in diminished muscular stress and normal weight bearing on the lower limb bones. Since mechanical usage influences trabecular architecture and cortical density, reduced ambulatory ability should be reflected in the trabecular structure and cortical area of the proximal femur. In this study, the proximal femur of mobility-impaired and normal mobility individuals was assessed for differences in trabecular architecture and cortical area. High-resolution computed tomography was used to scan the femora of ten mobility-impaired and ten age and sex matched normal mobility individuals. A cubic volume of interest (VOI) was extracted from the center of each femoral head. Bone volume fraction, connectivity density, degree of anisotropy, structure model index, and trabecular thickness and separation were calculated for each VOI. Two-tailed t-tests show that mobility-impaired individuals have significantly less bone volume fraction, connectivity density, and anisotropy, and greater trabecular separation than normal mobility individuals. Additionally, cross-sectional slices of the cortical bone at midpoint of the femoral neck, subtrochanteric, and midshaft of the femur show that mobility-impaired individuals have less cortical area in all directions than do normal mobility individuals. The results of this study suggest that the lack of biomechanical burden on mobility-impaired individual femora is reflected in their trabecular structure and cortical bone. This research is supported in part through instrumentation funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant NSF:MRI 133804. The Ontogeny of Masticatory Efficiency and Implications for Hominin Canine Reduction HALSZKA GLOWACKA and GARY T. SCHWARTZ Institute of Human Origins, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University According to the Masticatory Efficiency Hypothesis, the anthropoid masticatory system represents a compromise among optimizing canine size, gape, and efficiency. If large canines come at a cost to the efficiency of the system, this cost should occur after permanent canine eruption. We investigated whether anthropoids experience a decrease in masticatory efficiency during ontogeny. We collected 3D landmark data on relevant aspects of the bony masticatory system in infants and adults of 17 anthropoid species. These data were used to calculate efficiency via masseter leverage at the last molar Conference Program 195 ABSTRACTS and canine. We used Mann-Whitney U tests to compare leverage between infant and adult conspecifics. Infants of 13 species had significantly less leverage than adults at both bite points suggesting that eruption of permanent canines in most anthropoids does not decrease masticatory efficiency. Only the derived masticatory system of papionins yielded support for the hypothesis. This group, which possesses the tallest canines, exhibited no significant differences between infants and adults in leverage at the last molar, but adults had significantly less leverage at the canine than infants. The hypothesis predicts that early hominin masticatory system configuration may result from selection for increased bite forces, facilitated by a reduction in gape and canine height. Yet, one of the earliest hominins, Ardipithecus ramidus, possessed reduced canines but lacked adaptations associated with increased bite force. Our results suggest that canine height reduction could have occurred in the hominin lineage without a necessary increase in masticatory efficiency, a possibility supported by the morphology of A. ramidus. Funding provided by: NSF-DDIG 1540338, Wenner-Gren Foundation Doctoral Fieldwork Grant, Leakey Foundation Research Grant, James F. Nacey Fellowship, Elizabeth H. Harmon Research Endowment, and Donald C. Johanson Paleoanthropological Research Endowment. Building an osteological reference collection of modern Filipino individuals MATTHEW C. GO1, AMANDA B. LEE1 and REBECCA CROZIER2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines In response to the need for diversified skeletal research materials, 75 modern Filipino skeletons, most with known age and sex, have been accessioned into a reference collection at the Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines. The current sample size reflects a two-month effort during the 2016 summer season, with the addition of more individuals expected to follow in succeeding years. Individuals come from abandoned and subsequently exhumed leased niche tombs at Manila North Cemetery, wherein the tombstone is kept associated with the remains for an undefined period of time before being buried in a mass grave. These remains were instead salvaged for study. This paper describes the source site, curatorial methods, demographic composition, and research implications of the collection. All individuals lived during the 20th to 21st centuries, and represent known ages-at-death ranging from 15 to 88 years old. The number of males is nearly twice the number of females. Commingled and fragmentary remains were also accessioned for teaching purposes. The addition of the Philippines to a growing number of reference collections around the world enhances investigative capacity in the fields of forensics, evolution, medicine, and skeletal biology, especially for this understudied yet vital population and region. The project also represents a mutually beneficial endeavor between researchers, cemetery administration, and local stakeholders. Funding for the collection was provided by the UIUC Department of Anthropology and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Award Number 752-2016-0221). Cortical Thickness as a Supplement to Osteon Population Density to Estimate Age at Death TIMOTHY P. GOCHA1,2, MICHELLE M. MURACH1 and AMANDA M. AGNEW1,3 1 Skeletal Biology Research Lab, The Ohio State University, 2Forensic Anthropology Center, Texas State University, 3Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Osteon population density (OPD) in cortical bone is known to be useful in estimating age at death. Cortical thickness has also been investigated though it has been met with varied results, and prior research has measured this manually, sometimes arbitrarily. Previous research from our lab demonstrated that when the femoral cortex was divided circumferentially into anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral quadrants, and radially into periosteal, middle, and endosteal thirds, a combination of the periosteal and middle thirds from the anterior and lateral quadrants produced the most accurate prediction model for estimating age at death (adjusted R2=0.907, p<0.000). This current research sought to examine cortical thickness, measured objectively, in the quadrants of the femur to see if their inclusion would increase the accuracy of estimating age at death. Thirty complete cross-sections from modern cadaveric femora were used, 15 of each sex, ranging from 21–97 years. A custom MATLAB code was written to evaluate cortical thickness by measuring a series of lines between + 10% of the quadrant center, from the periosteal to endosteal border, each perpendicular to a tangent line based on a periosteal node. Measurements of cortical thickness from the anterior and lateral quadrants did not significantly correlate with age at death, though normalized by total subperiosteal area, anterior cortical thickness did significantly correlate with age. Combining anterior cortical thickness with OPD from the regions mentioned above, neither increased nor decreased the predictive ability of the regression function (adjusted R2=0.907, p<0.000) to estimate age at death. 196 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Neolithic familial migration contrasts Bronze Age male migration inferred from ancient X chromosomes AMY GOLDBERG1, TORSTEN GUNTER2, NOAH A. ROSENBERG1 and MATTIAS JAKOBSSON2 Biology Department, Stanford University, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University 1 2 Dramatic events in human prehistory, such as the spread of agriculture to Europe from Anatolia and the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age (LNBA) migration from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, can be investigated using patterns of genetic variation among the people that lived in those times. In particular, studies of differing female and male demographic histories on the basis of ancient genomes can provide information about complexities of social structures and cultural interactions in prehistoric populations. We use a mechanistic admixture model to compare the sex-specifically-inherited X chromosome to the autosomes in 20 early Neolithic and 16 LNBA human remains. Contrary to previous hypotheses suggested by the patrilocality of many agricultural population, we find no evidence of sex-biased admixture during the migration that spread farming across Europe during the early Neolithic. For later migrations from the Pontic steppe during the LNBA, however, we estimate a dramatic male bias, with ~10-25 migrating males for every migrating female. We find evidence of ongoing, primarily male, migration from the steppe to central Europe over a period of multiple generations, with a level of sex bias that excludes a pulse migration during a single generation. The contrasting patterns of sex-specific migration during these two migrations suggest a view of differing cultural histories in which the Neolithic transition was driven by mass migration of both males and females in roughly equal numbers, perhaps whole families, whereas the later Bronze Age migration and cultural shift were instead driven by male migration, potentially connected to new technology and conquest. Meta-OMIC Reconstruction of Hostmicrobe Interactions in the Primate Gut: Impactions for Human Origins ANDRES GOMEZ1 and KLARA PETRZELKOVA2 1 Departments of Human Biology and Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, 2Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences The concept of the holobiont, which considers both host and symbiotic microbes as a single unit for selection in evolution, suggests that the evolution process cannot be fully understood without considering the role that residing microbes play in the physiological landscape of the host. Here, I show how -in addition to the behavioral, morphological, fossil and host-genomic data that have built our understanding of human origins- an extensive molecular analysis of the primate gut ABSTRACTS microbiome offers a complementary view of the extrinsic and intrinsic forces that triggered human evolution. To that end I use integrated Meta-OMICS; merging metagenomic, metabolomic and metatranscriptomics data from stool samples to reconstruct the organizational and functional complexity of the gut microecosystem of wild Gorilla spp., Pan and Central African hunter-gatherers, from an evolutionary standpoint. In addition, I use this comparative framework to assess the potential impact that the gut microbiome has exerted in the gene regulatory landscape of the human and non-human primate gastrointestinal tract. In synthesis, these data sheds light on how, over evolutionary timescales, diet and gut microbes could have intersected to influence energy harvest and immunity, impacting the emergence of the lineage leading to humans. The vertebral column of the Gran Dolina-TD6 and Sima de los Huesos hominins: new remains and new results ASIER GÓMEZ-OLIVENCIA1,2,3, JUAN LUIS ARSUAGA3,4, JOSÉ MARÍA BERMÚDEZ DE CASTRO5,6 and EUDALD CARBONELL7,8 Dept. of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain, 2Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain., 3 Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución, Madrid, Spain, 4 Dpto. de Paleontología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 5Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain, 6University College London, London, UK, 7Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Tarragona, Spain, 8Àrea de Prehistòria, Departament d’Història i Historia de l’Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Tarragona, Spain 1 The Early Pleistocene Gran Dolina-TD6 and the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) sites in Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain) provide a unique fossil record of the vertebral column in genus Homo. In this paper we present vertebral remains from Gran Dolina-TD6, which comprise nine new elements and provide a general account of the spinal morphology of the SH populations and its evolutionary implications. In Gran Dolina-TD6 there are 16 vertebral fossil remains representing all anatomical regions: six cervical, six thoracic, one thoracic or lumbar and three lumbar remains), which represent a minimum of five individuals. These vertebral remains are mostly fragmentary as they have been cannibalized and most complete vertebral specimen is an adult sixth cervical vertebra which shows a very horizontal spinous process, a feature also present in the KNM-WT 15,000 C7, and which has been proposed as primitive feature. In SH, there is a minimum of 212 vertebrae preserved belonging to a minimum of 12 individuals. The spine of this population is morphologically different from both modern humans and Neandertals. The spine of the SH population shows some derived features present in Neandertals, like a reduced lumbar lordosis but also retains some primitive features like a dorso-lateral orientation (in cranial view) of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae, which is derived (lateral) in Neandertals. Thus, the spine of the SH population does not display the full suite of derived Neandertal features, a pattern also present in the cranium and the rest of the postcranium. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL201565387-C3-1/2/3-P -MINECO/FEDER-), Gobierno Vasco/ Eusko Jaurlaritza (Research Group IT834-13). Field work: Junta de Castilla y León and to Fundación Atapuerca. The evolution of human altriciality and brain plasticity in comparative context AIDA GÓMEZ-ROBLES1, JEROEN B. SMAERS2 and CHET C. SHERWOOD1 1 Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University Recent analyses have shown that human brains are substantially more plastic than chimpanzee brains. Increased brain plasticity evolved in hominins concomitant with a secondary altricial pattern of development, but a broad comparative context can provide additional insight to infer more detailed patterns of brain development in hominins. We first measured lineage-specific rates of the evolution of altriciality across a sample of more than 30 primate species using the ratio of neonatal to adult brain size, a variable that has been associated with behavioral altriciality. Our analyses show that evolutionary rates for neonatal/adult brain size ratio in hominoids are similar to those observed for adult brain size. However, altriciality evolved at similar rates in the branch antedating the origin of great apes and in the human branch, whereas adult brain size evolved substantially faster in the former. Second, we used published developmental models obtained from a diverse sample of mammals to infer patterns of brain development in fossil hominin species. Using known adult brain sizes (as inferred from endocranial capacity) and a range of possible gestation lengths for Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo species, we infer that some aspects of rapid synaptogenesis in the cerebral cortex and myelination of limbic, striatal and cortical structures were shifted more postnatally and under complex environmental influences after hominins surpassed a brain size of 900-1000 grams. This indicates that aspects of neurodevelopmental altriciality and plasticity observed in modern humans may have been shared by Homo erectus and other late Homo species. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grant NS042867 and James S. McDonnell Foundation grant 220020293. Documenting Skeletal Anatomy of Early Adapiforms LAUREN A. GONZALES1, CALLIE H. CRAWFORD2, JUSTIN T. GLADMAN3, JOHN P. ALEXANDER4, JONATHAN I. BLOCH5, GREGG F. GUNNELL1 and DOUG M. BOYER1 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Department of Biology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 3Shared Materials Instrumentation Facility (SMIF), Duke University, 4Burke Museum, University of Washington, 5Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida 1 2 Though notharctine adapiforms are some of the most abundantly and completely preserved early primates, study of their anatomy has been limited by the difficulty involved in accessing, identifying and measuring fossil specimens consisting of scores of delicate bones that have to be carefully handled to prevent breakage or loss of provenance. Without direct access, it is often unclear which parts of many classically referenced specimens were reconstructed and which parts of the anatomy are actually known. In order to improve the potential for studying these early euprimates, we have microCT and white-light scanned key specimens from collections at the Smithsonian (NMNH), the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and several other institutions, and have organized these 3D datasets into a virtual collection that will be made openly accessible through the web archive MorphoSource. So far, we have digitized 22 AMNH specimens, including all those featured by Gregory in his seminal monograph on Notharctus and collections made by AMNH crews starting in the late 1980’s; 16 NMNH specimens including those studied by Gazin in the mid-20th century; 6 previously undescribed specimens from the Burke Museum; and a Duke-catalogued skeleton discovered in 2015 and digitally prepared to preserve in situ bone positions. Initial research using this sample has been able to better constrain intraspecific variance in various cranial and postcranial variables allowing more confident identification of features reflecting interspecific behavioral diversity and phylogenetic affinities. When complete, this collection will represent the richest source of anatomical data for any fossil primate yet developed. This work is supported by NSF BCS-1440742 and NSF BCS-1558555 (to DMB and GFG) and BCS-1440588 (to JIB). Conference Program 197 ABSTRACTS The Effects of Age and Sex on Long-term Spatial Memory MARIA D. GONZALEZ1, MALVIN JANAL2, RACHELLE WOLK1 and ELENA CUNNINGHAM1 1 Basic Sciences, New York University College of Dentistry, 2Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry We investigated the influence of age, sex and dominance on performance in a learning task in a strepsirrhine primate, Eulemur mongoz. E. mongoz live in small family groups and are characterized by female dominance. We collected data from five groups at the Lemur Conservation Foundation in Florida. Lemurs were tested in social groups of two or three individuals. Six or nine containers, one third of which were baited with cantaloupe were placed in consistent locations for five learning trials and six test trials in the lemurs’ habitual enclosures. We collected data on agonistic interactions and the order in which the lemurs investigated the containers, opened the containers, and ate the cantaloupe. We analyzed the number of unique visits of each individual to baited and empty to containers until all the baited containers were visited. The expected ratio of visits to baited and empty containers is 0.5. During the test trials, the ratio for adult males was 0.96, for adult females it was 0.84, and for offspring it was 2.25. Adult females were dominant to all other members of the group. Although they initially visited fewer baited sites than adult males or offspring, they ate the most cantaloupe because they displaced other individuals. The study found that lemurs can remember the location of baited containers and there is a difference in learning across different ages, where younger lemurs are more capable of remembering baited locations. The results also suggest an interaction of social and cognitive factors in an experimental foraging task. Funding from New York University College of Dentistry Academy of Distinguished Educators and New York University Research Challenge Fund. The Neolithic transition at the Western edge of Europe GLORIA M. GONZALEZ FORTES1, TASSI FRANCESCA1, GHIROTTO SILVIA1, HENNEBERGER KIRSTIN2, HOFREITER MICHAEL2 and BARBUJANI GUIDO1 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, University of Ferrara, 2Adaptive and Evolutionary Genomics Group, University of Potsdam For a long time, the dynamics of the spread of farming into Europe has been the subject of an intense debate. The open question is to what extent the observed archaeological differences are due to either cultural or biological processes. Ancient DNA (aDNA) studies have strongly contributed to shedding light on this topic, through the recovery and analysis of an increasing number of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes from prehistorical human samples. Far from closing the debate, these palaeogenomes are revealing a more complicated scenario, where the times, paths and genetic legacy of the Neolithic diffusion seem to have been different in different geographic areas. The Iberian Peninsula (IP), at the Western edge of Europe, is a particularly challenging scenario for understanding the relative role of migration and cultural changes, being the last european region reached by the Neolithic diffusion. In the present study we generated novel genome data from ancient human remains from the Mediterranean and Atlantic watersheds of the IP. By combining state-of-the-art technologies for the recovery of aDNA from petrous bones and whole genome capture strategies we have been able to recover whole mitochondrial genomes and nuclear genome data. The new genetic data are revealing different genetic backgrounds for the northern and southern ancient populations and a higher genetic diversity than previously discribed in these areas. We are also presenting novel 14C dates, which together with the genetic data complete the picture to understand the different migrational influences and times of arrival of the Neolithic into the IP. Horizon 2020, Marie Curie Actions. Grant number 655478 NeoGenHeritage — H2020-MSCA-IF-2014 Why are Men’s faces More Easily Recognized as Male? Evolutionary Conditioning of Perceptual Biases TOMAS GONZALEZ-ZARZAR1, JOSE FERNANDEZ5, MARK BEASLEY6, ARSLAN ZAIDI3, PETER CLAES4, MARK D. SHRIVER1 and JENNIFER K. WAGNER2 Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, Bioethics, Geisinger Health System, 3Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 4ESAT/PSI - UZ Leuven, iMinds, Medical IT Department, KU Leuven, 5 Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 6Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham 1 2 Studies have found that men’s faces are more accurately recognized as male than women’s faces are recognized as female, evidence that has been explained by others as reflecting a greater level of danger posed by encounters with men. To better understand why this interesting difference occurs, we investigated facial perceptions of attractiveness, credibility, aggressiveness, and masculinity/femininity using two experiments through an online survey platform. In experiment 1, 599 observers viewed 96 faces, presented as a rotating 3D gif image with grey texture map, and rated traits on a Likert scale. In experiment 2, we conducted a replication and asked 1,694 people to judge the sex of 500 faces in the same conditions described above. In both experiments, we found support for the perceptual male bias hypothesis (male faces are more accurately perceived as such; both Exp1 and 2:p-value<0.001), and 198 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists some support for the hypothesis that females have greater ability in face recognition (Exp1:pvalue=0.09; Exp2:p-value=0.003). We also found sex differences in the association between sex identification and perceived traits. Both perceived attractiveness (females:r=0.41,p-value=0.002, males:r=0.39,p-value=0.01) and masculinity (females:r=-0.96,p-value<0.001, males:r=0.72,pvalue<0.001) were significantly correlated with accuracy in sex perception in the direction expected. However, perceived aggressiveness (r=-0.62,p-value<0.001) and credibility (r=0.56,pvalue<0.001) were only significantly correlated in females. This evidence suggests that perceptions of aggressiveness are not necessarily mediating the accuracy of sex judgments in males but, rather, the perception of sex-typical traits as suggested by perceived masculinity. These results are discussed in terms of perceptual biases and human sexual selection. Skeletal Stress Markers in Undocumented Border Crossers: A Comparative Approach ALEXIS GOOTS, LAUREN A. MECKEL, DEVORA S. GLEIBER and ALEJANDRA AYALA BAS Anthropology, Texas State University The purpose of this project is to employ several anthropological methods to examine skeletal stress markers in Undocumented Border Crossers (UBCs) found deceased on the Texas/ Mexico border. The traits considered as indicators of high stress are low cranial base height, ectocranial porosity (EP), low cortical area (CA), prevalence of double zonal (DZ) and drifting osteons in the rib, and spina bifida. We predicted that the UBCs would show a higher frequency of stress markers across all methods used when compared to those observed in White individuals from the Texas State Donated Skeletal Collection (TSDSC). Four of the six variables show significantly higher levels of stress in the UBC sample compared with the TSDSC. Cranial base height was significantly lower in the UBCs (n=36) as compared with the TSDSC (n=30) (p=0.0037). Additionally, UBCs have a significantly higher prevalence of EP than TSDSC with self-reported middle socioeconomic status (p<0.005). Finally, in the left 6th rib, UBCs displayed higher DZ (p<0.01) and drifting osteons (p<0.02) when compared with the TSDSC (n=10). The stress markers that are present in the UBC sample are just as informative as those that are absent. For example, the low prevalence of spina bifida suggests that inadequate nutrition may not be the primary motivator for migration; instead, psychosocial factors, such as violence, may play a significant role in the decision to migrate. These results have broad implications for elucidating the physiological and psychosocial stressors that may provide impetus for migration into the United States. ABSTRACTS Intraspecific Variation and Functional Morphology in the Humerus of Cercopithecoids ASHLEY GOSSELIN-ILDARI Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University Variation in morphological features of the humerus are well established as associated with substrate preference in extant primates and therefore frequently used in behavioral reconstructions of fossil taxa. However, these associations are typically based on species mean data, small samples per species, or qualitative criteria. Thus an understanding of how intraspecific variation affects the behavioral predictive value of the humeral traits in a quantitative framework is largely lacking. This study examines the degree to which morphological features of the humerus reflect behavioral preferences when intraspecific variation is considered. Several aspects of the humerus were measured using calipers and digital photographs from a sample including 40 cercopithecoid species. Preliminary observation of intraspecific variation in size standardized variables reveals substantial overlap between species with different behavioral categories even when species mean values differ in the expected direction. For example, the arboreal taxa Cercopithecus ascanius and Macaca fascicularis have mean values for greater tubercle projection (0.131 and 0.133, respectively), which are lower than the values for taxa that engage in more terrestrial behavior such as, Chlorocebus pygerythrus (0.148), Cercocebus torquatus (0.141), and Mandrillus sphinx (0.15). However, the ranges for these taxa demonstrate substantial overlap. This pattern is also observed to a lesser extent in the direction of the medial epicondyle, another morphological feature used commonly in fossil behavioral reconstruction. The potentially confounding effect of intraspecific variation will be further considered in the context of absolute body size, sexual size dimorphism, and evolutionary divergence dates. Research supported by NSF BCS 1128384, a Leakey General Research Grant, and a NSF DDIG A Survey of Crossing Structures among Captive Primates LESLIE E. GOTUACO, INDIA J. BROCK, COLIN M. BRAND, ULRIKE S. STREICHER and LARRY R. ULIBARRI Anthropology, University of Oregon Habitat fragmentation is an increasing problem and we are just beginning to understand its effects on animal ecology. There have been efforts to connect forest patches for primates with bridge-like structures, but to date this is still a trial and error undertaking and there is not much literature on the subject. However, zoos are a valuable source of information about potentially successful bridge-like structures. They include a multitude of such structures in primate enclosures, and have accumulated a wealth of experience and information. In order to compile and evaluate this information, we created a preliminary survey. We disseminated this survey to 524 zoos, research centers, and sanctuaries and defined a bridge-like structure as a suspended structure angled between 0 and 45 degrees that connects two elements of an enclosure without additional support. A bridge does not include transfer or connecting tunnels, which are enclosed on all sides or vertical climbing structures. We received responses from 51 institutions. 49 of these facilities maintained primates in enclosures with bridge-like structures consisting of 93 species. Bridges were reported to vary in length depending on species ranging from 1 to 180 meters and were composed of various materials including rubber, fire hose, and wood. Based on these results, institutions were contacted with a more indepth survey. These data contribute to the accumulation and evaluation of information to develop and trial suitable road crossing structures for primates in the wild, and enhance the use and utility of bridge-like structures for primates in captivity. Seasonality and Neanderthal Hunting Strategies LIONEL GOURICHON1, WILLIAM RENDU2, STEPHAN NAJI3, MORGAN HASSANI1, ERIC PUBERT2 and CARLOS SANCHEZ-HERNANDEZ4 Université Côte d’Azur (Nice), CNRS-CEPAM, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS-PACEA, 3Department of Anthropology, New York University, 4Universitat de Tarragona (Spain), IPHES 1 2 Neanderthal mobility patterns have become a major topic in recent research in Paleoanthropology. In particular, the spatial organization of activities in the Neanderthal’s territory has been largely used to discuss their management of food resources and scheduling abilities and indirectly to approach their cognitive capacities. Given this background, the seasonality of hunting is obviously a key factor for identifying both the spatial and temporal organization of the subsistence economy. Several scholars have assumed that Neanderthal subsistence economy integrated the use of communal hunting strategies and reliance on delayed consumption of food resource that was frequently exported to camp sites. However, since most of the studies focused on late Neanderthal populations, little information is available for earlier populations making difficult to discuss the development through time of such planning strategies. Here, through the study of cementum seasonal increments of animal teeth from several sites in Southwestern France and Northern Spain attributed to the MIS4-5, we investigate the seasonal organization of the Neanderthal populations during the MIS4-5 period. Although the samples are affected by a great variety of micro-taphonomic alterations (microbial attacks, chemical diagenesis), results of the cementochronological analyses provide reliable evidence of restricted times of large game predation for a number of archaeological contexts. This study was notably funded by the CemeNTAA Project (ANR-14-CE31-0011). Indentured: Bioarchaeological Evidence for Pauper Apprentices in Nineteenth Century Yorkshire, England REBECCA L. GOWLAND1, ANWEN CAFFELL1, MICHELLE ALEXANDER2, LESLIE QUADE1,2, ANDREW MILLARD1, MALIN HOLST2, POPPY YAPP2 and CHLOE BROWN2 Archaeology, Durham University, 2Archaeology, University of York 1 During the industrialisation of the 18th and 19th centuries children were believed to be healthier in a rural rather than an urban environment. A recent bioarchaeological study of urban and rural differences in the health of children from the North of England suggested that this pattern may not be quite so clear-cut. Equal prevalence rates of metabolic disease were noted at both, while the rural site showed greater evidence for growth disruption and respiratory disease. This poster will focus in more detail on the skeletal indicators of poor childhood health from the rural site of Fewston, North Yorkshire (n=154). Through the integration of historical evidence, including the skeletal remains of identified individuals, it highlights the heterogeneity of life experiences for children during this period. Results of osteological and isotopic analysis of the Fewston skeletons reveal a distinctive group of adolescent skeletons. When integrated with historical data, the evidence suggests that these are the remains of pauper children forced to work in the local textile mill. For the first time, this study presents bioarchaeological insights into the lives of pauper apprentices. These young individuals were removed from workhouses in London and indentured to a life of toil in the mills of the North of England. Our view of rural/urban health during this period must take into account the dire consequences of social inequities. Thanks to the British Academy SG132083 A chimpanzee-sized ancestor of the earliest hominins and unusual patterns of body size evolution in the hominid clade MARK GRABOWSKI1,2,3 and WILLIAM L. JUNGERS4,5 1 Department of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, 2Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, 3Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, 4Association Vahatra, Conference Program 199 ABSTRACTS 5 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University Body size directly affects how an animal relates to its environment, and no trait has a wider range of biological implications. However, little is known about the size of the last common ancestor (LCA) of humans and chimpanzees, hominids (great apes and humans), or hominoids (all apes and humans). This void impacts numerous paleobiological hypotheses at and prior to the root of our lineage. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods and body mass data from fossil hominins, Miocene fossil apes from Africa and Europe, and extant primates including humans to test alternative hypotheses of body size evolution, modeled in R via SURFACE according to an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. Our results show that, contrary to previous suggestions, the LCA of all hominoids likely lived in an environment that favored a gibbon-like size, but a series of selective regime shifts, possibly due to resource availability, led to a decrease and then increase in body size in early hominins from a chimpanzee-sized LCA. In addition, whereas most of primate evolution is characterized by shifts towards only two optimal body sizes, hominids are unique among primates in having a significantly greater number of adaptive optima due to poorly understood but distinct selective regimes across evolutionary time. These results imply that: 1) a chimpanzee-sized LCA preceded a decrease prior to later increases in early hominin body mass; 2) gibbons are not a dwarfed lineage, supporting recent fossil findings; and 3) a complex and changing adaptive landscape characterized body size evolution in the hominid clade. Funding for this research was provided the U.S. Fulbright Foundation to MG. Postcranial Sectioning Points Derived from the Terry Collection for Utility in Sex Estimation in Historical Contexts DEBORAH D. GRAHAM1,2, AMANDA K. COSTELLO3 and KAREN E. BRUN4 1 Department of Heritage and Arts, Utah Division of State History, 2Department of Anthropology, Salt Lake Community College, 3Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 4 School of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Florida College of Medicine Given the overall utility and practicality of postcranial univariate sectioning points for sex estimation (Spradley and Jantz, 2011; Albanese et al. 2005) it is surprising that little reference material exists for application in historical contexts for North American populations. Sectioning points derived by Spradley and Jantz (2011) using the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank apply only to modern North American Black and White populations and thus have no utility in historical contexts due to secular change (Trotter and Gleser, 1951; Meadows and Jantz, 1995; Jantz and Meadows Jantz, 1999; Shirley and Jantz, 2010). Sectioning points with utility in historical contexts provided by Albanese et al. (2005) are limited to data obtained from only humerii and femura of a Canadian cemetery population. In the present study, metrics from the Terry Collection Postcranial Osteometric Database are used to calculate univariate sectioning points for multiple standard measurements of eight skeletal elements, including the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula, following Albanese et al. (2005). These newly derived sectioning points provide users with preliminary reference material and improve the applicability of sectioning points in rapidly estimating sex in North American Black and White historical skeletal populations. Additionally, results from the present study are compared with those from Spradley and Jantz (2011) in order to address variation in sectioning points, accuracy rates, and to explore secular trends. non-primate mammals in levels of variability observed during quadrupedal locomotion. These similar levels of variation in the quadrupedal gaits of mammals may represent basal neuromuscular adaptations that coordinate oscillations of multiple components of the locomotor system, and increase predictive motor control to minimize effects of external perturbations. This research was funded in part by the Leakey Foundation, Force and Motion Foundation, National Science Foundation’s Graduate Research Fellowship Program, Molly Glander award, and Duke University Internal Funding. Structural Racism, Genetic Variation, and Hypertension among African Americans: Evidence from HEAT Heart Health CLARENCE C. GRAVLEE1, JACKLYN QUINLAN1, RAFFAELE VACCA1, CHRISTOPHER MCCARTY1, P. QASIMAH BOSTON2, M. MIAISHA MITCHELL2 and CONNIE J. MULLIGAN1 Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Steering Committee, Health Equity Alliance of Tallahassee 1 Intraspecific Variation during Quadrupedal Locomotion in Mammals MICHAEL C. GRANATOSKY1, PIERRE LEMELIN2, CALLUM F. ROSS1, ERIC MCELROY3 and DANIEL SCHMITT4 1 Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 2Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 3Biology, College of Charleston, 4 Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University The wide diversity of locomotor behaviors observed in primates is often attributed to their higher level of intrinsic locomotor flexibility compared to other mammals. No study has evaluated whether primates actually are unusual in this regard. To fill this gap, we explored intraspecific variation during quadrupedal walking in primate and non-primate mammals. Kinetic, kinematic, and spatiotemporal gait variables (41 variables analyzed) collected from ten species of primate and six species of non-primate mammals (N = 870 strides) were evaluated using principal component analysis. From the resulting three-dimensional point clusters, dimensionless hull volumes for each species were compared statistically as a measure of variability. We observed statistical differences in the position of primates and non-primate mammals in multivariate locomotor space, differences largely driven by variation in duty factor, diagonality, and vertical force impulse. However, no significant differences between primate and non-primate mammals were detected for our measure of intraspecific variation during quadrupedal walking. The importance of this study is two-fold: (1) this represents one of the few studies that considers mammalian locomotor behavior in multivariate space and demonstrates its effectiveness as an analytical tool, and (2) it provides statistical evidence that primates are not unusual compared to 200 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 2 Excess hypertension in the African Diaspora has puzzled researchers for generations. Many researchers and clinicians assume that people of African ancestry are genetically predisposed to develop high blood pressure. Others propose that social stressors linked to systemic racism likely contribute to racial inequalities in hypertension. Few studies, however, have seriously examined both genetic and sociocultural influences on high blood pressure in people of African descent. Here we use a collaborative, biocultural approach to examine the interplay of novel sociocultural and genetic contributors to blood pressure among African American adults (N=157) in Tallahassee, FL. Data come from the HEAT Heart Health Study, which integrates ethnography, social network analysis, cardiovascular epidemiology, and genetics in a community-based participatory (CBPR) framework. Drawing on ethnographic and network data, we first demonstrate the cultural salience of vicarious racism, or exposure to racebased discrimination through the experience of others. We then test for associations between blood pressure, discrimination to self, vicarious racism, and more than 30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a joint admixture and genetic association analysis. We identify significant interaction effects between vicarious racism and five SNPs in four genes associated with multiple psychological phenotypes, including mood disorders and psychosocial stress, but only one interaction between a SNP and discrimination to self. Our findings expand our understanding of structural racism and demonstrate the value added by a collaborative, biocultural approach that examines sociocultural and genetic influences on health with equal rigor. ABSTRACTS This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BCS-0724032 and BCS-0820687. Signaling human fathering potential PETER B. GRAY Anthropology, UNLV How does a man signal his fathering potential? I draw upon evolutionary theory, cross-cultural research, social psychology experiments and U.S. survey findings to address this question. Much evidence suggests that males seek to advertise their social status to enhance mating and reproductive opportunities, as mates are often sensitive to the resources and other benefits attached to a potential father’s status. Fathers can provide a socioecologically variable array of valuable services such as resources, protection and direct childcare. In some cases, potential fathers may display cues of formidability, in other contexts cues of kindness. Multiple lines of evidence implicate male cues of longterm partnership compatibility such as religious beliefs and personality, with cues of compatibility helping sustain a long-term reproductive relationship and a father’s continued investment. In some contemporary U.S. social contexts, data suggest how a man treats his own and a potential partner’s pets may even offer insight into his potential as a father. The evaluation of potential stepfathers also offers distinct life history challenges, as men may feel differentially invested in children fathered by other men and parents face potential tradeoffs between mating and parenting effort. Data suggest careful evaluation of a potential stepfather’s involvement with one’s own children. Theoretically, signals of fathering potential are vulnerable to sexual conflicts. Evidence suggests some male traits such as voice pitch and upper body musculature have been shaped more by male-male competition than female choice. Costly signaling models, including a man’s reputation, constraint dishonest signals of a man’s fathering potential. Phosphate-water δ18O offset revision improves paleoclimatic reconstructions DANIEL R. GREEN1 and ALBERT S. COLMAN2 Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago 1 2 Hydrological and climatic characteristics of hominin and other paleontological environments are reconstructed with the aid of oxygen stable isotope values (δ18O) from vertebrate fossil remains. These reconstructions rely upon models linking environmental oxygen sources to blood δ18O, and a phosphate-water δ18O offset that remains unresolved. Here, we raise a flock of sheep (n=6) under controlled conditions to improve physiological water models and solve the problem of the phosphate-water offset. We find that under experimental conditions, the scale of body water δ18O variation and overall δ18O enrichment are determined by two seasonally-sensitive ratios: that of drinking to metabolically derived oxygen, and that of fractionated to unfractionated water loss. We employ high-resolution sampling of enamel phosphate δ18O in the second molar of each sheep. Using this method, we determine a phosphate-water offset that minimizes model-measurement mismatch. We find that the control animal supports an offset of +19.1‰, and results from experimental animals converge on this value as the duration of water switch treatment is reduced. One important result of this observation is to provide support for the phosphate water calibration determined by Puceat et al. (2010) in actinopterygian fish, suggesting an offset consistent among osteichythians or vertebrates generally. More broadly, this finding eliminates a longstanding phosphate-water offset uncertainly of almost 3‰ (16.8-19.7‰), one third of the variation observed in fossil δ18O measurements taken from herbivores in northern Kenya, a critical site of hominin fossil remains. This research has been funded by the NSF (BCS1247426) (DG), Wenner-Gren Foundation (DG) and the Leakey Foundation (DG). The Evolutionary and Ontogenetic Context of Fossil Hominin Scapulae DAVID J. GREEN1,2,3, TED A. SPIEWAK2, JOSEPH P. KELLY2, BRIELLE C. SEITELMAN1, JOSEPH R. KRECIOCH1, PHILIPP GUNZ4 and ZERESENAY ALEMSEGED5 Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 3Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in Palaeosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 4Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute, 5Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago 1 2 Recent geometric morphometric (GM) analyses of three-dimensional, semilandmark scapular data highlighted similarities among modern human and African ape scapulae that support the parsimonious notion that their last common ancestor (LCA) possessed an African apelike scapula. This runs counter to previous work utilizing static landmark data demonstrating phenetic links between human and orangutan scapulae. Including fossil hominin data is essential to critically evaluate these conflicting results, but considering the DIK-1-1 and KNM-WT 15000 juvenile scapulae alongside those of MH2 and extant hominoids requires developmental context. Here we present an ontogenetic GM analysis of 98 semilandmarks placed along the boundary of the subscapularis fossa as a general outline of scapular blade shape. Modern Homo and Gorilla individuals overlapped considerably with superoinferiorly broad scapulae, as opposed to those of Hylobates that display markedly elongated lateral borders. Pan has mediolaterally compressed scapulae relative to Pongo, but both groups display intermediate superoinferior breadths. The KNM-WT 15000 scapula is superoinferioly broad like Homo, and both it and MH2 have mediolaterally compressed blades, but MH2 is superoinferiorly narrower and fell at the Homo/Pan juncture. DIK-1-1 is moderately broad superoinferiorly and mediolaterally, and fell among Gorilla individuals adjacent to the Pongo data. Age was not a significant factor, as shape did not demonstrably change among the extant taxa from DIK-1-1’s developmental stage through adulthood. Moreover, growth simulations largely resulted in “adult” versions of DIK-1-1 that were more Gorilla-like than the fossil itself. Put together, these results support the hypothesis that the LCA had an African apelike scapular shape. We wish to acknowledge funding support from the National Science Foundation, the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Leakey Foundation, and Midwestern University’s Dr. Kenneth A. Suarez Fellowship Program. Variation in the Interface of Brain and Skull SEAN Y. GREER1, IAN D. GEORGE2 and KRISTINA ALDRIDGE1 1 Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 2Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University Endocasts have long been used to infer brain surface morphology due to the close approximation of brain and skull and their coordinated development. Previous research has focused on the two tissues themselves, while the space between them remains underexplored. Given the importance of this space in theinterpretation of endocast and skull morphology, we examine the pattern of variation in subarachnoid space (SAS) within and among individuals. Our study sample included magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of demographically-matched young adult human males (N=15). We used Avizo 7© to reconstruct 3D surfaces of the brain and the endocranium using dura mater as a proxy for bone. We collected 3D landmark coordinate data on both surfaces and calculated interlandmark distances spanning the SAS between analogous landmarks. We calculated descriptive statistics using R. Our results indicate that SAS is highly variable across the cranium. While the SAS is greatest on average in the basicranium (> 1 cm), the SAS of the superior vault is the most variable (standard deviations between 5 and 6 mm). The smallest and the least variable of the areas examined here is the SAS of the lateral cranium (consistently < 1.0 mm). The overall size of the subarachnoid space is an important consideration in studying the Conference Program 201 ABSTRACTS relationship of brain and skull. However, the pattern of variation in this space across different intracranial regions may have significant implications for studies of pathology and reconstructing brain evolution. This research was funded by a Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Fieldwork Grant and the University of Missouri Brain Imaging Center. Lineage and Lifestyle in Early Bronze Age Jordan: A Biogeochemical Investigation of Charnel House Human Remains LESLEY A. GREGORICKA1 and SUSAN G. SHERIDAN2 1 Department of Sociology, Anthropology, & Social Work, University of South Alabama, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame The EBII-III (2900-2500 BCE) at Early Bronze Age Bab adh-Dhra’, Jordan was characterized by a major shift in social organization, evidenced by the construction of a walled settlement, agricultural intensification, and the appearance of charnel houses. These mortuary structures are important for understanding social changes that took place during this time because they represent the only cemetery in use during the EBII-III on the Dead Sea Plain for which we have skeletal evidence today. However, the relationship between these charnel houses and the hundreds of commingled individuals interred therein remains poorly understood. One interpretation contends that they acted as symbols of ancestral authority and were each controlled by different kin groups whose social status and/or activity patterns may have differed from one another. Subsequently, it was hypothesized that distinct patterns of mobility and dietary intake may be evident between kin groups at the site. This hypothesis was tested by analyzing strontium and carbon isotopes from human dental enamel recovered from two contemporary EB II-III charnel houses at Bab adh-Dhra’ – designated as A22 (n=14) and A55 (n=7). Strontium isotope ratios between A22 (0.70826 ± 0.00013) and A55 (0.70834 ± 0.00002) were significantly different from one another, as were carbon isotope values (A22 = -13.5 ± 0.3‰; A55 = -13.1 ± 0.3‰). Members of charnel house A22 consumed a more varied diet and were more mobile than those interred in A55, suggesting that these structures may have been managed and utilized by separate kin groups. This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (SES #0649088). Measuring digit ratios from 2D hand scans versus negative handprints: Implications for archeology ALLISON P. GREMBA1, CHRISTOPHER TORGALSKI2 and SETH WEINBERG1,3 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, 2Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh movements may improve balance when walking on narrow a substrate. The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait. Digit ratios obtained from 2D hand scans of modern populations have been used to create discriminate functions to classify the sex of Paleolithic negative handprints found in caves. It is unclear, however, if 2D hand scans are a reliable proxy for negative handprints, potentially calling into question their usefulness in archeological applications. In this study, we tested the correspondence between digit measurements obtained from 2D hand scans and simulated negative handprints. Palpable axial landmarks of two V. variegata housed at the Duke Lemur Center were marked with non-toxic paint. Locomotor bouts were filmed with five synchronized Sony Handycams. Three-dimensional landmarks were digitized in DLTdataviewer. Transverse, coronal, and sagittal plane angles were calculated in R. Results show no significant difference in transverse or coronal plane movement of the axial skeleton across locomotor modes. However, there were significant differences in sagittal plane movement. In comparison to terrestrial locomotion, the head is more anterior-inferiorly inclined while the trunk is more anterior-superiorly inclined during arboreal locomotion. During terrestrial walking, the head and neck exhibit a greater range of sagittal plane movement (flexion/extension). This study demonstrates the variability in axial movement and posture during locomotion within one species of primate. This variability is important to consider when inferring functional morphology in fossil primates. 2D hand scans (via flatbed scanner) and negative handprints (via sprayed body paint on a white background) were collected on 30 participants (21 females and 9 males). Digit lengths were collected and used to calculate 2D:4D for each method. For 2D hand scans, measurements were collected in tpsDig2. For negative handprints, measurements were collected with digital calipers. Paired t-tests were used to compare mean 2D:4D between the two methods. Mean 2D:4D from the 2D scans was 0.97 (range: 0.91-1.09), while mean 2D:4D from the negative handprints was 0.99 (range: 0.90-1.20). This difference was significant (p<0.001). Sex differences in 2D:4D tended to be greater with the negative handprints (F=1.00, M=0.97) than in 2D hand scans (F=0.97, M=0.97). In conclusion, the negative handprints produced higher digit ratios with greater variability compared to 2D hand scans. Negative handprints may exaggerate sex differences in 2D:4D. These factors should be taken into account when attempting to interpret Paleolithic handprints. Locomotor mode and kinematics of the head, neck, and trunk in Varecia variegata NEYSA GRIDER-POTTER1 and ANGEL ZEININGER2 School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, 2 Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University 1 During locomotion, the primate axial skeleton plays a vital role in both stability and mobility. Despite its functional significance, few experimental studies have explored kinematics of the head and neck. Lemurs are the ideal model to experimentally examine axial function as they use a wide range of locomotor modes. This study investigates kinematics of the head, neck, and trunk during the most common modes of locomotion in Varecia variegata, arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism. We hypothesize that locomotor mode affects axial movement and predict that arboreal quadrupedalism necessitates a greater amount of transverse plane movement than terrestrial quadrupedalism, as side-to-side trunk 202 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists This research was supported through the American Association of Anatomists’ Visiting Scholarship and the Donald C. Johanson Paleoanthropological Research Endowment. Breast milk macronutrient content in rural West African mothers is impacted by season of infant birth and maternal energy balance MARGARET A. GRUCA1, SOPHIE E. MOORE2, MOMODOU K. DARBOE3, ANDREW M. PRENTICE3 and ROBIN M. BERNSTEIN1,4 1 Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, 2Division of Women’s Health, King’s College London, 3MRC Unit, The Gambia, 4Health and Society Program, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder Rural Gambian infants often experience intense growth faltering early in life, influenced by season of birth and multiple related effects, including those mediated through maternal health and activity associated with increased maternal agricultural workload. Here, we test the influence of birth season and maternal factors on breast milk macronutrient content (fat (FAT), total protein (TOP), true protein (TRP), and lactose (LAC)), measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy (Lactoscope FTIR Advanced, Delta Instruments), in milk collected monthly across the first year of lactation from 217 mothers living in rural Gambia. We also assessed the effect of variation in milk macronutrients on infant growth. Controlling for infant sex and repeated measures, linear mixed models results indicate that maternal factors with significant positive influence on variation in milk macronutrients include: weight (LAC and TRP, p<0.05), triceps skinfold (FAT, p<0.01), weight gain in pregnancy (FAT and TRP, p<0.01), ABSTRACTS and weight change in the first 12 weeks of lactation (TRP, p<0.05). Infants born in the dry season received milk with lower levels of FAT and LAC (p<0.01). After adjusting for maternal factors, infants who received milk with higher TRP had higher weight-for-height (WHZ) and weightfor-age (WAZ) z-scores (p<0.05), and those that received milk with less FAT and LAC had lower height-for-age (HAZ) scores (p<0.05). Our results suggest that in this study cohort, infant birth season and markers of maternal energetic status influence variation in milk macronutrient content, which impacts infant growth. Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP#1046163) and by core funding from the UK Medical Research Council (MC-A760-5QXOO). Preliminary findings on relationships among neural canal dimensions, terminal adult stature, and risk of death in a medieval Polish sample at Bezławki ARIEL GRUENTHAL-RANKIN1,2, MARISSA RAMSIER2, ARKADIUSZ KOPERKIEWICZ3 and MAREK POLCYN4 Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Department of Anthropology, Humboldt State University, 3Department of Archaeology, University of Gdansk, 4Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University 1 2 The use of non-specific stress indicators, such as vertebral neural canal (VNC) dimensions and terminal adult height, in the analysis of early-life stress has gained popularity in bioarchaeology in recent years. Previous research has demonstrated a correlation between reduced transverse diameter of lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and risk of early morality. The present study analyzed antero-posterior (AP) and transverse (TV) neural canal dimensions from the second cervical vertebrae (C2) through the first sacral vertebrae (S1) for association with risk of death, by age class, in 27 individuals from the medieval (mid-14th-early15th century) Polish site of Bezławki. The results of this analysis demonstrated that individuals within the 16-25 year-old age class had significantly reduced transverse diameters in several thoracic vertebrae (T4-6 and T12) and in the first lumbar and first sacral vertebrae. These findings support previous studies which suggest that the transverse dimension of the VNC is more prone to growth disruption due it its extended growth period. Terminal adult stature for this age group was not significantly different from survivors. Results of the analysis of the youngest age class (ages 10-15) demonstrate stenosis of the VNC in lumbar vertebrae 1-3. These findings may suggest inhibition of typical developmental remodeling of the VNC, or premature fusion of the VNC in non-survivors of this age class. More robust sample sizes are necessary to determine if the pattern of reduced transverse thoracic dimensions, seen in the 16-25 age class, is reflected in the youngest age group. Infant handling in mountain gorillas: establishing its frequency, function and (ir) relevance for life history evolution CYRIL C. GRUETER , JENNIFER HALE , RUIBING JIN1, DEBRA S. JUDGE1 and TARA S. STOINSKI2 1 1 1 School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 2Karisoke Research Center, The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International Infant handling describes cases in which youngsters are temporarily removed from the care of their mothers and ‘taken care of’ (held, carried etc) by other conspecific contemporaries. Handlers may gain indirect fitness benefits from these actions and can practise mothering skills, thereby improving the odds of survival of their own infants. Great apes are notable for displaying little infant handling. Apart from anecdotal observations, no published data exist on infant handling in wild mountain gorillas. We tested two of the most pertinent explanations (‘kin selection’ and ‘learning to mother’) in a wild population of mountain gorillas in Rwanda. We predicted that (a) nulliparous females would exhibit infant handling (i.e. carrying) more than parous females and (b) maternal kin would exhibit more infant handling than non-kin. Collation of 8 years of data on carrying behavior collected in 13 groups monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund’s Karisoke Research Center revealed that infant handling is an infrequent behaviour (1783 instances over 25,600 observation hours). When modelling infant handling using a Quasi-Poisson GLM, a strong positive effect of relatedness (but not parity) on the frequency of infant handling emerged. Moreover, male infants were handled more than female infants. While the nature of handler-infant interactions (affiliative, abusive etc) remain unstudied, they could constitute alloparental care and could therefore attenuate maternal energetic burden and ultimately allow increased birth rates. However, the rarity of this behavior makes it an unlikely contributor to the gorillas’ relatively short inter-birth intervals. Signals of Ecogeography and Phylogeny in the Macaque Dentition (Cercopithecidae: Macaca) NICOLE D.S. GRUNSTRA1,2, ROBERT A. FOLEY1 and PHILIPP MITTEROECKER2 1 Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, 2Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna We studied variation in the craniodental phenotype of macaques to investigate the evolutionary impact of climate, ecology, and spatial geography. We analysed both between- and within-species patterns, to compare microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns. We hypothesized an environmental association with allometry in association with temperature, known as Bergmann’s rule. Although the macaque dentition is generalized, we also explored the presence and nature of dietary signals. Linear measurements of tooth and craniofacial size were taken on 735 specimens, pertaining to 12 species. We used two-block partial least squares to investigate the covariance between morphology, climate, and ecology, as well as reduced rank regression to identify spatial gradients in craniodental variation. To assess the effect of phylogeny, we carried out our analyses with and without phylogenetic correction (based on a molecular phylogeny). Our results indicate a dominant effect of allometry on between-species variation, in response to colder environments and latitude. A dental size contrast was associated with rainfall and resource ecology. Tropical species that feed primarily on fruits exhibit enlarged anterior teeth. By contrast, non-tropical macaques that have a more varied diet exhibit a larger postcanine dentition. While these two patterns did not change with phylogenetic correction, the dietary pattern was diminished in magnitude following phylogenetic adjustment. Within species, we found no evidence of environmental plasticity, nor of drift, demonstrated by the lack of isolation by distance. Thus, on a low taxonomic level, phylogenetic constraints may have a strong impact, in addition to adaptation, which is relevant for the study of fossil hominins. N.D.S. Grunstra is grateful to the following funding agencies: University of Cambridge, King’s College, Bedford Fund, Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, Stichting Fonds Catharine van Tussenbroek, and Ernst Mach Grant. Sex Differences in Walking Kinematics among Modern Humans LAURA T. GRUSS1 and CARA WALL-SCHEFFLER2 1 Biology, Radford University, 2Biology, Seattle Pacific University Inferences about extinct hominin locomotion are often made by interpreting fossil morphology in light of biomechanical patterns observed in modern human walking. Occasionally sexual dimorphism in early hominin locomotion has been suggested based on fossil anatomy, but insufficient attention has been paid to sex-specific variation in locomotor patterns among modern humans, and particularly how those patterns might relate back to sex differences in morphology. This study compared the kinematics of walking in 12 male and 14 female subjects walking at multiple speeds, including preferred and maximum speeds. Men were absolutely larger in basic anthropometrics; women had relatively broader pelves. There were no differences in the range of speeds at which subjects chose to walk. Men took Conference Program 203 ABSTRACTS absolutely longer strides (p=0.015), and relied on increasing stride length as speed increased. Women used greater stride frequencies (SF) at all speeds (p=0.002), and increased SF more than men with increases in speed. Women also trended towards increased pelvic rotation as speed and SF increased. Patterns of vertical oscillation of the center of mass (COM), a variable that has been implicated in locomotor efficiency, differed between the sexes (p=0.008). In men, COM movement increased linearly with speed, but in women it remained low across speeds. Thus, by employing increased pelvic rotation, women limit COM oscillations, and are able to achieve high walking speeds in an economical manner. These results may allow more specific hypotheses about locomotor mechanics, a better tie with morphology, and clearer interpretation of sexual dimorphism in the fossil record. The Hormonal and Elemental Composition of Dehydrated Human Placenta Capsules LAURA K. GRYDER1,2, SHARON M. YOUNG2, WINNIE B. DAVID3, YUANXIN TENG3, DAVID ZAVA4, DAVID W. KIMBALL4, SHAWN GERSTENBERGER1 and DANIEL C. BENYSHEK2 1 School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 3Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4ZRT Laboratory, Beaverton, Oregon Human maternal placentophagy, the postpartum ingestion of the placenta by the mother, is a rare but growing practice among postpartum mothers in industrialized countries. Women engage in this behavior in order to reap the purported health benefits associated with the practice. Often, the placenta is steamed, dehydrated, pulverized, and encapsulated prior to ingestion, and is taken as a postpartum supplement in the weeks following childbirth. Placentophagy advocates claim that placenta capsules contain hormones and nutrients that are beneficial for new mothers, and that ingestion of these capsules can aid in postpartum recovery. Critics of the practice, however, have suggested that the cooking and dehydration process likely destroys any beneficial hormones or micronutrients present in the placenta at parturition. Despite the growing popularity of the practice, the hormonal and nutritional content of dehydrated placenta capsules has not been evaluated. In order to address the nutritional and hormonal content of placental tissue that has been processed for encapsulation, 28 dehydrated placenta samples were analyzed to evaluate the concentration of 17 hormones using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and 14 trace minerals/ elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results revealed detectable concentrations of 16 hormones, including estrogens and progestogens, and all 14 elements, including modest concentrations of iron, selenium, zinc, and copper. These results suggest that dehydrated placenta capsules may contain hormones in concentrations that could potentially elicit physiological effects, and may also provide a modest source of some trace micronutrients. This research was funded through UNLV student support and research grants: GPSA Sponsorship funding, Edwards and Olswang grant, Rocchio Scholarship, Angela Peterson Scholarship, Sustaunak Scholarship, and Board of Trustees Fellowship. “It Sucks To Be A Boy On His Period”: Language Ideologies, “Women’s” Health, & Trans* Communities AMANDA E. GUITAR and SABINA M. PERRINO Anthropology, Binghamton University, SUNY A biocultural medical perspective should consider the impact of reproductive systems as well as cultural factors related to gender that can affect health within society. However, many health researchers fail to differentiate between the biological category of sex and the sociocultural construct of gender. The conflation of these two terms reinforces ideologies of these constructs as strict dualisms and neglects the health concerns of many patients, including trans* individuals. In this presentation, we argue that this oversight extends to the very labels that some health researchers identify under. Through analyzing field data, including oral narratives, digital material, and other linguistic materials collected from researchers as well as trans* individuals, this presentation explores the implications of identifying as a “women’s” health researcher, due to an interest in female reproductive physiology. How do these dichotomous word choices limit inquiries into the health of those who may have female reproductive systems, but do not identify their gender as a woman? Who is addressing the health concerns of those who identify as a woman, but do not have female reproductive physiology? Finally, how does this language choice contribute to a scientific definition of what a “woman” is? Through a linguistic anthropological lens, biocultural health researchers can better understand how language ideologies influence their own research and the societal implications of the terms they utilize. By engaging in an interdisciplinary analysis, this presentation makes an important contribution to current anthropological debates about disciplinary boundaries and how to overcome them. Early anthropoid dental eruption and development GREGG F. GUNNELL1, ELLEN R. MILLER2, ERIK R. SEIFFERT3, HESHAM M. SALLAM4 and GARY T. SCHWARTZ5 Division of Fossil Primates, Duke Lemur Center, Department of Anthropology, Wake Forest University, 3Department of Cell and Neurobiology, 1 2 204 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists University of Southern California, 4Department of Geology, Monsoura University, 5Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University Schultz’s rule states that species with ‘slow’ life histories will exhibit late eruption of molars relative to premolars, while species with ‘fast’ life histories will show relatively early eruption of molars versus premolars. Although there are exceptions, primates generally follow Schultz’s Rule, with most anthropoids having a ‘slower’ pattern and most strepsirrhines a ‘faster’ one. Some studies have suggested that this delayed maturation was also present among primitive basal anthropoids. If true, this would potentially mean that adoption of a slower life history trajectory was integral to what it means to be an anthropoid. If not, then perhaps a slower life history is more closely tied to the generally larger body/brain sizes of crown anthropoids. To investigate this, tooth emergence sequences were documented using μCT scans for four species of early Fayum (Egypt) anthropoids representing different families; the enigmatic stem family Proteopithecidae (Proteopithecus sylviae), the stem family Parapithecidae (Parapithecus grangeri), and the crown families Oligopithecidae (Catopithecus browni) and Propliopithecidae (Aegyptopithecus zeuxis). Results show that A. zeuxis exhibited the ‘slow’ maturation pattern characteristic of extant catarrhines but patterns in the other species were less uniform. Instead, emergence sequences in these species predominantly document a pattern of having all molars in place before permanent premolars. However, observed emergence patterns appear to differ somewhat and to be unique to individual species. These results indicate that the delayed maturation characteristic of extant anthropoids was not present among all basal anthropoids, but that the pattern had been established by the time of appearance of Propliopithecidae Research supported by NSF BCS-1231288 to ERS and GFG; NSF DBI-1458192 to GFG Correlates of energetic status among female chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park using urinary C-peptide SHOLLY GUNTER1,2, KEVIN B. POTTS3 and JANINE L. BROWN4 Biology, McLennan Community College, Anthropology, Yale University, 3Biology, Saint Olaf College, 4Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute 1 2 Urinary C-peptide (UCP) is a byproduct of insulin production that has been used to track proxy measures of energetic status in wild primates. Studies have found that UCP levels reflect energy intake, as measured by food availability, feeding rates, and diet quality. Research also suggests that UCP levels demonstrate the negative energy balance expected in lactating females. We investigated the impact of demographic and ABSTRACTS environmental variables on UCP levels in female chimpanzees at Ngogo. We used generalized linear models to examine the effects of reproductive status, age class, food availability (FAI), feeding time, travel time, and percent of total feeding time eating ripe fruit (RF). Based on our best fit model (x² = 86.77, df = 4, p < 0.001), only FAI (high: B = 0.361, p < 0.001 low: B = -0.306, p < 0.001), RF (B = -0.064, p < 0.01), and interaction of feeding and travel (B = 0.127, p < 0.01) had a significant effect on UCP levels. Contrary to some studies, we did not find an effect of reproductive status on UCP levels, possibly due to increased energy intake in lactating females. The negative relationship between RF and UCP is unexpected. The high fructose content of the preferred fruit at Ngogo may offer some explanation, as fructose consumption does not stimulate the production of C-peptide. Further research examining the relationship between UCP and caloric/nutrient consumption could help clarify some of the inconsistencies between reports of UCP in wild primates. Funding was provided by Fulbright, the LSB Leakey Foundation, and Yale University. Khoe-San and the origins of modern human cranial diversity PHILIPP GUNZ, SARAH E. FREIDLINE and JEANJACQUES HUBLIN Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig A number of fossils from North, South, and East Africa document the early stages of our species, and fossils from the Levant document the presumed first wave of migration out of Africa. However, large gaps in the fossil record make it difficult interpreting the evolutionary processes and population dynamics shaping the cranial diversity of modern humans. Here we use 3D geometric morphometrics based on landmarks and semilandmarks to compare cranial shape in a worldwide sample of recent and fossil humans from Africa, Europe, and Asia (N=256). Given that many Homo sapiens fossils are larger than recent Homo sapiens, we use multivariate regressions of cranial shape on cranial size to quantify static allometry and visualize how evolutionary changes of cranial size within the modern human lineage affect cranial shape. We show that in a principal component analysis of shape Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens fossils fall close to the center of all recent modern humans. Notably, Khoe-San also cluster near the center of recent Homo sapiens and are close in shape to Upper Paleolithic fossils and Qafzeh 9. The present-day Khoe-San therefore retain many aspects of the ancestral Homo sapiens cranial morphology, however much less pronounced owing to a gracilization of cranial features that occurred before the Holocene. Our results reconcile cranial morphology with recent genetic studies, which have identified deep genetic roots of the Khoe-San. Cultural Attitudes Toward Primate Conservation SHARON GURSKY Anthropology, Texas A&M University While extensive non-human primate conservation research has been conducted in Indonesia, there have only been a handful of projects that address how local Indonesians perceive wildlife and conservation efforts. From June-August 2015 I conducted 75 interviews in the village Batuputih Sulawesi Indonesia. This village abuts Tangkoko Nature Reserve. Demographic information including age, sex, occupation, education and religion were collected. In addition, information pertaining to personal feelings and beliefs about tarsiers, macaques and nature were also obtained. All interviews were conducted in Indonesian, recorded on a digital recorder for later translation. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate that there is no difference between males and females, or between Muslims and Christians, in terms of their attitude toward nature or conservation. However, as level of education increased, so did positive attitudes toward nature and conservation. Individuals with a high school education regularly believed conservation was important while those with only an elementary level education rarely reported that conservation or nature is important. Over 85% of the people interviewed had difficulties with monkeys raiding their gardens. More than 60% of the people interviewed had a monkey or a tarsier as a pet in their home. The preliminary results of this study suggest that despite more than 30 years of conservation efforts in Tangkoko Nature Reserve by WWF, WCS, as well as many local NGOs, the local villagers still do not believe conservation is important. More effort toward educating the local populace should be a priority for conservation agencies. Atherosclerosis in contemporary preindustrial populations: does it exist and is it clinically relevant? MICHAEL D. GURVEN , BENJAMIN C. TRUMBLE , JONATHAN STIEGLITZ3, BRET BEHEIM4, AARON D. BLACKWELL1, DAVID MICHALIK5, ADEL H. ALLAM6, CHRISTOPHER ROWAN7, BRUNO FROHLICH8, LINDA SUTHERLAND9, JAMES D. SUTHERLAND10, JAMES K. MIN11, CALEB E. FINCH12, SAMUEL WANN13, RANDALL C. THOMPSON14, GREGORY S. THOMAS15 and HILLARD S. KAPLAN16 1 2 1 Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, 3Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, 4Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Society for Evolutionary Anthropology, 5Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, 6Al Azhar Medical School, 7Renown Institute for Heart and Vascular Health, 8National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 9 Newport Diagnostic Center, 10South Coast Radiologic Medical Group, 11Weill Cornell Medical College, 12Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 13Columbia St Mary’s Healthcare, 14 University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, 15Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, 16 Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico Atherosclerosis is often believed to have been rare among ancestral humans, with its high global prevalence today attributed to rapid changes in modern lifestyles, especially diet, physical activity, smoking and infection. Yet recent computerized tomographic (CT) scans of mummified remains spanning 4,000 years shows evidence of atherosclerosis globally (Peru, Aleutian Islands, Egypt, American Southwest). The HORUS team thus concluded in their 2013 Lancet paper that atherosclerosis is “an inherent component of human ageingand not characteristic of any specific diet or lifestyle”. One important lens for viewing health and disease in evolutionary context is the biomedical study of subsistence-level societies living under relatively traditional conditions without modern amenities. We employ advanced, non-invasive methods to assess heart disease in a large sample of Tsimane forager-farmer adults over age 40 (n=731, age 40-93 years). Chest CT is employed to diagnose atherosclerosis, while electrocardiograms, echocardiograms and Doppler ultrasound are used to assess any clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease. We find evidence of low-level arterial calcification among Tsimane, at lower prevalence and magnitude than U.S. controls from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Despite evidence of atherosclerosis among Tsimane, we find minimal evidence that such atherosclerosis has clinically relevant manifestations. Utilizing verbal autopsies, we discount mortality selection as a possible explanation for the lack of clinical relevance. We conclude that while atherosclerosis has likely been “stalking mankind for thousands of years”, it was likely not an important source of morbidity or mortality for much of human history. National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging Aging [R01AG024119, R56AG024119]. National Science Foundation [BCS-0422690]. A Lack of Cathemeral Activity in Varecia variegata in Kianjavato, Madagascar NICOLA K. GUTHRIE1, SHEILA M. HOLMES1, ADAM D. GORDON2, EDWARD E. LOUIS JR.3 and STEIG E. JOHNSON1 1 Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2Anthropology, University of Albany, 3 Conservation Genetics, Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium Conference Program 205 ABSTRACTS Cathemeral activity (active in both day and night) has been identified in few primate species so far, with the majority of cathemeral species being lemurs in four of the five Lemuridae genera. Anecdotal accounts of cathemeral activities in the fifth genus, Varecia, have not been studied systematically. Data were collected on Varecia variegata from June to August 2016 at Kianjavato Ahmanson Field Station, Madagascar. Instantaneous focal sampling at 5-minute intervals was conducted during the night, with all night (4pm – 6am, n = 4), partial night (4pm – 12am, n = 11) and twilight follows (4pm – 8pm and 4am to 8am the following morning, n = 2) on 15 individuals. During the night, V. variegata were active 1.1% of the time. In comparison, the same individuals were active 24.0% of the time during the day. The ratios of diurnal to nocturnal activity for cathemeral and diurnal species are typically 3.4:1 and 8.2:1. In this study the ratio was 21.9:1, strongly suggesting that during the austral winter at KAFS, V. variegata are not cathemeral (Χ2 (1)= 61.329, p < 0.0001). These results are also congruent with previous data obtained at the same field site using accelerometer collars which recorded activity across seasons. These findings suggest that the ancestral condition for the family Lemuridae may not be cathemeral as previously suggested. Funded by University of Calgary, NSERC and PAF Two Potential Cases of Eunuchism from a Ptolemaic-Roman Cemetery in the Western Delta of Egypt: Differential Diagnosis and Social Implications SCOTT D. HADDOW1, SONIA ZAKRZEWSKI2 and JOANNE ROWLAND3 1 PACEA, University of Bordeaux, 2Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, 3School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh Excavations conducted between 2007 and 2013 at the Ptolemaic-Roman cemetery site at Quesna, located in the western Delta of Egypt, have revealed the skeletal remains of 151 individuals. During these excavations, two individuals buried with above average stature and completely unfused epiphyses were discovered in separate burials. One individual was interred in a mudbrick tomb containing additional, non-affected decedents. The other was interred discretely in an unusual position in relation to other burials in the cemetery, and with a large number of funerary amulets. In this presentation we propose and evaluate two potential etiologies for the observed osteological conditions: one genetic, involving disruption of normal endocrinal functions, and the other cultural, involving the excision of the testes (i.e. castration) at an early age. An exploration of the skeletal and historical evidence for the presence of eunuchs in Ancient Egypt is also presented. Regardless of the etiology, however, these individuals would likely have appeared sexually ambiguous in life, and this presumably had far-reaching social implications involving gender roles, identity and mortuary treatment. The vertebral column of La Chapelle-aux Saints: the evidence of spinal osteoarthritis for Neanderthal spinal curvature MARTIN HAEUSLER1, CINZIA FORNAI1,2, NAKITA FRATER1 and NOÉMIE BONNEAU1 1 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Austria Boule’s reconstruction of the La Chapelle-auxSaints Neanderthal skeleton as lacking a lumbar lordosis, but instead displaying a thoracic hyper-kyphosis and a straight neck with a primitive, forward inclined head position shaped the popular notion of Neanderthals as brutish creatures. Later, La Chapelle-aux-Saints’ posture and distinct spinal curvature was attributed to pathology or to Boule’s misinterpretation of the morphology, implying that the actual vertebral curvature of La Chapelle-aux-Saints did not differ from modern humans. Recent studies of the orientation of the inferior articular processes, however, again suggested a hypolordotic, flat lower back and spinal dysbalance in this individual as well as in Neanderthals in general. Here, we use the distribution and the degree of the osteoarthritic changes as an alternative means to deduce spinal curvature in La Chapelle-aux-Saints. We observed extensive degenerative changes including Baastrup’s disease and nearthroses in the lower lumbar spine due to disc space loss, and severe facet joint osteoarthritis with vertical subluxations in the lower thoracic and cervical spine. They suggest an increased lumbar lordosis extending into the lower thoracic region and a clear cervical lordosis in this old individual. On the other hand, a reconstruction of the pelvis indicates a humanlike pelvic incidence of 56°, implying a lumbar lordosis close to the mean of modern humans in the undiseased condition as a young adult. Our findings suggest that the analysis of degenerative changes is a valuable tool to reconstruct posture and spinal motion in Neanderthals that supplements other methods including inferences of articular process angles. We thank the Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris for access to La Chapelle-aux-Saints. Financial supported was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A-156299/1) and the Mäxi Foundation, Switzerland. Comparison of Five Different DNA Extraction Methods for Reconstructing Ancient Gut Microbiomes from Coprolites RICHARD W. HAGAN1, COURTNEY HOFMAN1, KARL REINHARD3, KRITHIVASAN 206 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists SANKARANARAYANANN2 and CHRISTINA WARINNER1 1 Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, 2Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, 3School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska Lincoln The study of biological anthropology is currently expanding to include studies of the variation of the human microbiome. This important feature of human biology is emerging as a critical factor for understanding health and disease. Existing studies have compared the microbiomes of traditional societies with those of Western, industrialized ones, and there is growing interest in including the microbiomes of past peoples in these analyses. Coprolites, or palaeofaeces, provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct the gut microbiomes of past peoples through metagenomic analysis of ancient DNA. While this approach has already been used with varying degrees of success, little is known about how extraction methods impact ancient DNA recovery from coprolites. In this study we compared 5 different extraction methods for recovering ancient DNA from coprolites, including the protocol from the Human Microbiome Project and silica column extractions designed specifically for the recovery of ancient DNA. Our results show that commercial extraction kits used in the Human Microbiome Project are less efficient at ancient DNA recovery, but do not impact the overall microbial community structure as determined by downstream metagenomic analyses. Our findings highlight the importance of extraction strategy when working with coprolites, particularly when considering the preservation of the sample. Metagenomics via ancient DNA offers an exciting opportunity to understand the evolution of the human microbiome, and studies such as this one are vital for ensuring accurate analyses. Innate Food Aversions and Culturally Transmitted Food Avoidances in Pregnancy: Separate Systems to Protect the Fetus? EDWARD H. HAGEN and CAITLYN D. PLACEK Department of Anthropology, Washington State University Two evolutionary theories have been proposed to explain culturally transmitted pregnancy food proscriptions. The first posits that individual disgust responses are transformed into institutionalized food taboos. The second posits that individual and social learning results in the cultural evolution of proscriptions of foods that are dangerous in pregnancy, independent of disgust reactions. Here we investigate the relationship between psychophysiological food aversions and culturally transmitted food avoidances among two populations of pregnant women in Mysore, India: a mixed caste rural farming population (N=72), and the Jenu Kuruba, ABSTRACTS a resettled population of former hunter-gatherers (N=30). Women completed structured interviews that assessed aversions and socially learned avoidances of foods, pathogen exposure, food insecurity, sources of dietary advice, aversions to food photos, and sociodemographic information. There was little overlap between psychophysiological aversions and culturally transmitted food avoidances. Culturally proscribed foods were believed to be abortifacients or otherwise harmful to the fetus. Ranking logistic regression models of aversions and avoidances by AIC and assessing performance by Tjur’s D found that the cultural transmission model was the highest ranked and best performing model of food avoidances, but did not predict food aversions, which were best predicted by trimester. Proscriptions were primarily transmitted vertically from the mother and grandmother, and obliquely from the mother-in-law. These results indicate that food proscriptions culturally evolved to protect the fetus, independent of individual food disgust responses, supporting the second theory. Pregnancy-related food aversions and culturally transmitted food avoidances appear to be two distinct strategies to protect fetuses from pathogens and teratogens. Funding provided by The Edward R. Meyer Fund and the Washington State University Vancouver Mini grant. Comparing the habitats of 3.5–3.2-millionyear-old hominins at Woranso-Mille and Hadar, Ethiopia YOHANNES HAILE-SELASSIE Physical Anthropology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History Woranso-Mille, located in the central Afar region of Ethiopia, plays a pivotal role in addressing middle Pliocene hominin diversity. It not only samples an important, but under-represented, time period in human evolution (3.3-3.8 Ma), it is also the only site that has thus far yielded evidence for the existence of at least two hominin taxa in close temporal and spatial proximity during the middle Pliocene - Australopthecus afarensis and Australopithecus deyiremeda. A major question is how they can live in close proximity at Woranso-Mille given that they likely utilized similar resources. Using multiple proxies, this study reconstructs the habitats of Australopthecus afarensis and Australopithecus deyiremeda at Woranso-Mille where they co-existed. It also compares their faunal assemblages with contemporaneous assemblages from four sub-members within the Sidiha Koma Member at Hadar, where Australopithecus afarensis is best known. Results of the comparison show that there are more similarities than differences in mammalian species representation and inferred habitats at Hadar and Woranso-Mille. However, stable isotope data from fossil teeth and pedogenic carbonates indicate that Woranso-Mille at 3.5–3.3 Ma had more C3-dominated landscapes than the Sidiha Koma Member, which is inferred to have been the most closed habitat within the Hadar Formation. Absence of some of the more closed habitat taxa at Hadar and their presence at Woranso-Mille, along with the “Burtele foot”, a hominin whose taxonomic affinity is not yet determined, lend support to this inference. However, these preliminary results need further testing with better temporal and spatial resolution at Woranso-Mille. Funding for this study was provided by the National Science Foundation (# BCS-1124075, BCS-1124713, BCS-1124716, BCS-1125157, and BCS-1125345). What is a genus? Understanding craniodental diversity in Callicebus LAUREN B. HALENAR1,2 and SIOBHÁN B. COOKE2,3 Department of Biology, Farmingdale State College, SUNY, 2NYCEP Morphometrics Group, CUNY, 3Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1 Recently, the number of named taxa across Primates has increased dramatically. Callicebus has been particularly affected as there are now as many as thirty-four recognized species compared to the two recognized by Hershkovitz in 1963. This increase is based on a high degree of variation in karyotype number and pelage coloration, but little work has been done on skeletal morphology. The most recent molecular phylogenetic study suggests that the commonly recognized species groups should be sorted into three genera: Cheracebus for the torquatus group from the Orinoco and upper Amazon basins, Plecturocebus for the cupreus/moloch and donacophilus groups of the central Amazon, and Callicebus for the personatus group of the Atlantic Coastal Forest. We address this issue through the quantification of craniodental diversity within Callicebus sensu lato using a 3DGM approach. Landmarks were collected on ~100 individuals from thirteen species. There is extensive overlap in shape-space between species of the cupreus and moloch groups, supporting molecular work suggesting they be collapsed. This single moloch group is distinct from the donacophilus group due to its larger orbits, wider cranium, and shorter face. The personatus and torquatus groups are distinct from one another as well, with the personatus group possessing a longer neurocranium, more klinorynch maxilla, and orbits oriented frontally as opposed to superiorly. Dentally, there is substantial overlap amongst all species groups, with the torquatus group showing slightly more dental relief. The magnitude of craniodental variation within Callicebus described here is not great enough to justify separation into three genera. Osteomas on the cranial vault: Survey of presence and frequency Erin N. Hall1 and David R. Hunt2. 1Department of Anthropology,Catholic University, 2 Department of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution ERIN HALL Anthropology, The Catholic University of America There have been few reports in the anthropological literature on the distribution and frequency of osteomas on the human cranium. Usual published reports are individualistic observation of extreme growths or in cemetery population analyses. This investigation surveys the presence of osteomas on the cranial vault for the entire Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection (n=1728), and for comparative purposes, cranial materials from 12th Dynasty Egypt (n=63), 15th century Peru (n=542), and 20th century Chinese & Mongolians (n=63). Visual assessment was made of the entire cranial vault, from the superior orbital rim to the nuchal line and between the auditory meatus. Presence was recorded by location on each element and size variants were observed. Terry Collection individuals were divided into sex and ancestry to evaluate any differences in these groups. Terry Blacks had a slightly higher frequency (9.8%) to Whites (8.6%) and Terry Males had a slightly higher frequency (White males – 9.3%; Black males – 10.6%; White females – 7.5%; Black females – 8.7%). Osteomas in the other world populations was surprisingly lower with the Egyptians at 1.9%, Peruvians at 1.5% and Chinese/Mongolians at 4.8%. From the Terry Collection it was found that most osteomas were located on the parietal (n=107), with no significant lateral preference; secondly on the occipital (n=53), with no lateral preference; and thirdly on the frontal (n=49), with an observable lateral preference to the right side. Multiple osteomas in individuals were rare and there is an age component to the presence of osteomas. Healed Rib Fractures: A Micro-anatomical Assessment KATE MW. HALL and R R. PAINE Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University This study presents an assessment of micro-anatomical features specific to healed rib fractures. Twenty-nine fractured and healed ribs from 17 individuals with known demographics and medical histories are examined. Rib fractures are placed into three categories based on the size of the callus relative to normal rib circumference. Recently healed fractures are defined by a ratio of 1.47-1.24, moderately healed fractures by 1.22-1.16, and well-healed by 1.15-1.02. Three thin sections are prepared for each rib according to standard histological procedures. Conference Program 207 ABSTRACTS These sections are obtained from the unfractured bone 5cm from the callus, the edge of the callus, and the midpoint of the callus. Histological variables include: cortical area, cortical thickness, woven area, primary area, and secondary area. A standard light microscope and Pax-it! image analysis software are employed to assess the variables. Ratios of primary to secondary bone are created to assess the degree of remodeling in each thin sections. Data are compared across thin sections in the same rib and across the three categories of fractures. Results indicate that fractures have a greater ratio of newly formed woven bone to secondary bone. However, fractures do not necessarily have greater cortical thickness than normal bone. Importantly, there is no consistent pattern of micro-anatomical features across the three fracture groups. This suggests that an assessment of healed fractures requires an understanding of the time between the injury and the death of the individuals. Gross morphology alone is not an adequate means for classifying post-traumatic interval. Rethinking Neonatal Brain Size: Birth Timing Relative to Brain Growth and Neurodevelopmental Schedules in Primates and other Mammals ANDREW C. HALLEY1,2 and TERRENCE W. DEACON2 Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 2Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley 1 How large are mammalian brains at birth, and why? Because brain tissue is metabolically expensive to grow and maintain, neonatal brain size is a commonly used proxy for preceding fetal growth patterns in studies of primate life history, brain/body allometry, paleoanthropology, and the energetics of prenatal development. Previous studies have linked various measures of neonatal brain size to a range of metabolic, life history, and neuroanatomical variables; these include relative basal metabolic rate, developmental state at birth (i.e. relative altriciality), placental morphology, and gyrencephaly, among others. However, these studies employ diverse analytic methods, and no systematic effort has yet been made to compare these measures with one other, or to describe their variation across species. Here we reexamine variation in primate and mammalian neonatal brain size by characterizing the timing of birth along ontogenetic plots of three central measures of growth: (1) ontogenetic brain/body allometry, (2) direct measures of fetal and perinatal brain growth, and (3) models of neurodevelopmental event timing. This analysis reveals several important relationships. First, altricial species from large litters are born earlier along brain growth and ontogenetic allometric trajectories. Second, body growth rates are primarily responsible for variation in brain/body allometric growth, with primates exhibiting exceptionally slow fetal somatic growth rates. Finally, peak brain growth velocity in grams per day is an excellent predictor (r2 = 0.99) of adult brain size. We discuss several important consequences of these trends for the interpretation of neonatal brain size, both in extant mammals and fossil hominins. This research was supported by funding from a Leakey Foundation Research Grant (2014) and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (2009–2012). The Shallow Biohistory of Recentlyacquired Skeletal Material by the Louisiana Department of Justice CHRISTINE L. HALLING and RYAN M. SEIDEMANN Lands and Natural Resources, Louisiana Department of Justice There is a general fascination among the public with the mortal remains of dead human beings. Modern fascinations with human remains, either as relics or curiosities, have been extensively considered in recent literature. This fascination with the dead occasionally leads to human remains coming into the possession of private individuals. Most of these remains are not of medico-legal significance (i.e. they are not evidence of a homicide). However, the circumstances of how particular human remains came to be in someone’s possession—via the illicit artifact trade, pothunting, grave robbing, or other illegal exhumation—add to or create postmortem narratives for the remains. Determining the identity and ultimate disposition of such wayward remains influences biohistorical research and creates further postmortem narratives. Here we review the legal and biohistorical context of several recent acquisitions of human skeletal remains by the Louisiana Department of Justice that include materials used in alleged voodoo rituals and those sold by vampire shops in New Orleans and place these acquisitions within the broader context of the recent biohistory dialogues. Unique Habitat Sharing between Humans and Wild Chimpanzees in Sierra Leone: Ecological Implications for the HumanPrimate Interface ANDREW R. HALLORAN1 and CATHERINE E. BOLTEN1,2 Department of Chimpanzee Care, Save the Chimps, Anthropology, University of Notre Dame 1 2 The Tonkolili Chimpanzee site is located along the Pampana River in Sierra Leone. It consists of a riparian forest and two forest fragments interspersed with a mosaic of farms, forest patches, villages, and savanna. Two chimpanzee communities, Mabureh and Komrabai, occupy separate core range forest fragments and utilize the mosaic as an overlapping home range. In 2014 we discovered a chimpanzee nesting site deep within the Komrabai core range. The site consisted of three 208 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists large mango trees (M. indica) interspersed with kola trees (Cola nitida), guava (Psidium guajava), yamani trees (Thaumatococcus daniellii), and oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) – all of which are cultivated by local human populations. The mango trees all stood >40m tall, forming the upper canopy of the forest. Within this canopy, there were >60 nests of varying ages. Most fresh nests had been constructed on top of older decaying nests. Camera trap data, the presence of fresh feces, and fresh chimpanzee tracks reveal that chimpanzees utilized the area on a regular basis. In 2016 we discovered that the area was once a village called Matambo, abandoned seventy years before. This unique landscape, which became a preferred nesting site once the trees matured, was the result of years of human intervention. This, along with the presence of high quality resources from previous cultivation, has made Matambo a primary territory for the Komrabai chimpanzees. These findings present new implications on the variables of human impacts on chimpanzee ecology, and how chimpanzees can adapt, even thrive, in anthropogenic habitats. Funding for this project was provided by the Oklahoma City Zoo Conservation Action Now Grant, Idea Wild, and University of Notre Dame Social Status, Skeletal Biology, and the Lords of Sipán: Bioarchaeological Perspectives on the Moche Elite, North Coast Peru ALLISON C. HAM1, HAAGEN KLAUS1,2, JACLYN THOMAS1, STEVEN BALL1, HILARIE HULEY1, GABRIEL BROWN1, JOHANNA YOUNG1, EDGAR BRACAMONTE LEVANO3 and WALTER ALVA ALVA3 Anthropology, George Mason University, 2Museo Nacional Sicán, Peru, 3Museo Tumbas Reales de Sipán, Peru 1 Clinical, theoretical, and bioarchaeological evidence identifies complex and sometimes unexpected links between social status and biological stress. On the north coast of Peru, previous analyses of skeletal remains from the hierarchical Middle Sicán state in the Lambayeque Valley (A.D. 900-1100) demonstrate strikingly different experiences of biological stress between elites and non-elites – with non-elites enduring greater degrees of morbidity. It is unknown if earlier, less hierarchical societies in this region also featured such relationships. This study tests the hypothesis that the elites of the antecedent Moche culture (people who apparently wielded absolute sociopolitical and religious authority) were similarly buffered against biological stress. We conducted visual examination of 27 individuals from the high status Tombs 4 thru 16 at the renowned Moche site of Sipán (A.D. 300-400/450). Though extensively fragmented, the skeletal remains were relatively complete allowing for observation of enamel hypoplasias, anemia, scurvy, infectious diseases, degenerative ABSTRACTS joint disease, dental caries, antemortem tooth loss, periodontal disease, and abscesses. The results demonstrate a near total absence of skeletal pathological conditions, and we cannot reject the hypothesis. These Moche lords appear thoroughly buffered against biological stress and habitually strenuous physical activity while oral health data point to a high-quality diet. This work advances understandings of how social organization was biologically embodied and phenotypically expressed on the north coast of Peru and provides a key baseline for future comparative bioarchaeological studies, especially as lower status Moche skeletal samples are generated contributing to a more complete reconstruction of human biocultural variation in ancient Peru. This work was supported by a George Mason University Summer Research Fellowship to HDK. Strontium Isotope Ratios Indicate Mobility, Behavior Patterns in Modern Fauna from Kibale National Park, Uganda MARIAN I. HAMILTON Anthropology, University of New Mexico Hominid behavioral evolution is difficult to study empirically because so few behaviors leave concrete traces in the fossil record. Mobility patterns, such as philopatric dispersal, home range size, and microhabitat preferences, have direct consequences on primate social behavior; strontium isotope ratios can potentially record these patterns of movement, providing an avenue for empirical behavioral reconstruction. However, correlations between environmental/faunal strontium isotope ratios and mobility patterns have never been tested in a living primate community, so their application to the fossil record remains theoretical. This study uses 172 water and plants samples from Kibale National Park, a rainforest in southwestern Uganda, to create a strontium isotopic map. Then, I used bone and tooth enamel isotope ratios from 97 individuals from 25 species, including chimpanzees, to address the following questions: 1) Can comparing an individual’s tooth enamel (juvenile signature) and bone (adult signature) establish philopatry patterns, and can the local environmental ratio be used instead of bone? 2) Does intra-individual variability correlate with relative home range size? 3) Do particular microhabitats have unique strontium isotope signatures? Intra-individual tissue comparisons successfully identified the philopatric sex for all primates. Intra-individual variation accurately placed species in relative home range groups when differences exceeded tens of kilometers. Under certain environmental conditions, gallery forest micro-habitats were isotopically distinguishable from the surrounding woodland/savannah. This study confirms that strontium isotope ratios can be used to reconstruct mobility patterns provided that there is an isotopically robust ecological baseline and provides a model for similar studies in fossil communities. This work is supported by the National Science Foundation’s GRFP (Grant #DGE-0903444), the Wenner Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant, the Leakey Foundation, the University of New Mexico, and Sigma Xi. A Test of the Mastication Hypothesis on Mandibular Morphology using Medieval and Modern Non-adult Individuals EMILY E. HAMMERL1, MEGAN K. MOORE2, ELIZABETH A. DIGANGI3 and HEDY M. JUSTUS4 Anthropology, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminology, Eastern Michigan University, 3Anthropology, Binghamton University, 4Anthropology, Ohio State University 1 2 This research investigates the biomechanical role of mastication compared to genetic factors in the growth of the mandible in non-adults. Mandibular morphology, including corpus length and gonial angle, affects both dental alignment and crowding, often requiring orthodontic surgical intervention in modern populations to address pathology. Here we compare modern and early medieval samples. The early medieval sample is from Saleux, France and dates to the 7th-11th centuries (N=101). The combined modern sample includes individuals of European ancestry from the Case Western Bolton Brush Growth Study (42 females, 54 males). The majority of individuals in the modern sample have birth years after 1940. We demonstrate a significant difference in the growth and morphology of the mandible in these two samples by comparing gonial angle change. Additionally, the consequences of this secular change in the resulting bite force is calculated via numerical modeling. Results indicate individuals from the Saleux sample have significantly more robust mandibular morphology than the modern sample as measured by a less obtuse gonial angle (p<0.05). As a result, the modern sample has a decreased calculated bite force. We discuss these results in the context of both cultural behavior in the twentieth century compared to that of the early middle ages to test the mastication hypothesis and discuss possible outcomes for mandibular morphology in terms of both oral health and tooth alignment. Omo-Kibish pelvic morphology and implications for body form in the earliest modern humans ASHLEY S. HAMMOND1, DANIELLE F. ROYER2 and JOHN G. FLEAGLE3 Center for Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, 2Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado-Denver, 3Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University 1 The Omo-Kibish skeleton (Omo I) is the earliest known anatomically modern human (~195ka). Much of what we thought we knew about Omo I stems from the cranium, which was assumed to be a male primarily because of its large size, but a more recently-recovered os coxa from the same site has been preliminarily described as displaying female-like morphologies. If early modern human females were as large as Omo I, this could have important implications for the paleobiology of early modern humans. Here we re-evaluate the sex of the Omo I hipbone based on indicators such as sciatic notch shape, preauricular sulcus form, and piriform tubercle morphology. We assess pelvic breadth by digitally re-aligning the ilium along the edge of a well-preserved step fracture. Finally, we predict stature from hip joint dimensions using published regression formulae. The pelvic morphology of Omo I is consistent with a female sex attribution. The acetabulum size is large, even exceeding the size of many Neanderthals, resulting in stature estimates that are relatively tall for a female (172-184 cm). When the ilium is repositioned into a normal contour, pelvic breadth is consistent with that of lower latitude modern human populations. Our findings suggest that earliest modern humans were tall, and retained fairly robust postcrania like earlier Pleistocene hominins. Since breadth and size of the pelvis are associated with thermoregulatory adaptations, Omo I is key for understanding the pelvic morphology of the earliest modern humans prior to human global expansion, regional adaptation, and admixture. Fieldwork was funded by grants from the NSF (BCS9817950, NSF BCS-0097112), Leakey Foundation, and the National Geographic Society. Data collection supported by the Wenner-Gren Foundation and the Leakey Foundation. Understanding human brain evolution through neuropathology: the case for Williams syndrome KARI L. HANSON1,2,3, CAROLINE F. HORTON LEW1,2, URSULA BELLUGI2,3,4,5 and KATERINA SEMENDEFERI1,2,3,4 Anthropology, University of California San Diego, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California San Diego, 3Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, 4Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 5 Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salk Institute for Biological Research 1 2 Comparative neuroanatomy is essential for characterizing unique elements of the human phenotype that underlie behavioral adaptations across hominoid taxa. Differences in development of brain areas observed in human and non-human primate brains likely underlie enhanced capacities for cultural acquisition Conference Program 209 ABSTRACTS and social organization derived in primate lineages, contributing to the emergence of more complex cultural behavior and cognition in humans. Alongside these studies, an understanding of the functional implications of derived neuroanatomical traits can be gained through analyses of human pathological development. In disorders affecting social cognition, typical cortical organization may be altered in critical ways, with implications for subcortical systems. Substantial variation in neuroanatomical phenotypes may result from vulnerabilities associated with recent adaptive genomic changes underlying human cognition. Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a hemideletion of 1.6 Mb (25-28 genes) on chromosome 7, a highly dynamic region associated with recent adaptive selection in hominoid lineages. Here, we provide new evidence for variation in WS neuroanatomy underlying the unusual social and cognitive phenotype of the disorder. Specifically, we have found increases in neuron and glia density in the striatum, as well as variation in neuronal density of cortical layers in functionally distinct areas. These differences likely reflect alterations in typical neurodevelopmental events, including apoptosis and neuronal migration, guided by variation in gene expression and function. We suggest that the gene deletion involved in WS provides an ideal model for the study of human-specific genetic variation affecting the development of brain areas involved in social cognition. This research was supported in part by NIH#P01NICHD033113. Sex differences in dimorphic dental trait heritability in Saguinus fuscicollis ANNA M. HARDIN Anthropology, University of Minnesota Sexual dimorphism in anthropoid primates is generally associated with sexual selection, particularly with male-male mate competition. Hypotheses regarding the evolution of canine size dimorphism often attribute sex differences in canine size to sex-differential selection pressures, without fully accounting for the possible impact of genetic constraints, such as intersexual genetic correlation or sex differences in heritability. Previous studies have published heritability estimates for dental traits in primates, but none have analyzed males and females separately. Using dental measurements from 302 pedigreed saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), this study evaluates the assumption that tooth size heritabilities are similar in males and females of this species. than zero in both sexes for I1 length (h2M=0.565, h2F=0.965) and M2 length (h2M=0.565, h2F=0.524), and in males for C1 height (h2M=0.629) and P2 length (h2M=0.370). Female heritability estimates for the sexually dimorphic dental traits were not significantly different from zero (C1 height: h2F=0.211, p>0.25; P2 length: h2F=0.184, p>0.05). Due to this sex difference in heritabilities, C1 height and P2 length are more evolvable in males than females of this population; sexual dimorphism in these traits could therefore result from genetic constraints, not sex differences in selection pressures. Similar genetic constraints may contribute to canine dimorphism in other primate species and should be accounted for when formulating evolutionary hypotheses. A new method for assessing postmortem DNA damage from ancient remains KELLY M. HARKINS1,2, JOSHUA D. KAPP3, LARS FEHREN-SCHMITZ1 and RICHARD E. GREEN2 Anthropology, University of California Santa Cruz, Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, 3Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz 1 2 High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of DNA recovered from ancient remains is now a common approach in paleoanthropological and archaeological genetics. Over the past decade, this sequencing technology has allowed researchers to better identify and characterize the damage and degradation that is a hallmark feature of ancient DNA (aDNA). However, the process of library preparation – converting ancient DNA molecules recovered from remains into molecules suitable for HTS – often includes steps that obscure actual damage, especially at the ends of the molecules. Additionally, terminal damage may not always be reparable, rendering some authentic molecules inaccessible and thus not incorporated into the library. To better assay aDNA preservation, we have developed a method that retains and characterizes the otherwise lost patterns of terminal aDNA damage. We present a comparison of our method to standard ancient library preparations as applied to archaeological human and other remains from a range of time periods and preservation conditions. The new method allows us to characterize postmortem damage processes in a way that conventional library preparation methods cannot, which has implications for future paleogenetic work as HTS becomes more widely adopted. This material is based upon work supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Grant No. GBMF3804 and the National Science Foundation SBE Postdoctoral Research Fellowship under Grant No. 1513501. Analysis of two sexually dimorphic dental traits (C1 height and P2 length) and two monomorphic dental traits (I1 length and M2 length) demonstrates heritability estimates significantly greater 210 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Relative fibular strength and locomotor behavior in OH 35 and KNM-WT 15000 CHRISTINE M. HARPER1, DAMIANO MARCHI2,3, HABIBA CHIRCHIR4,5 and CHRISTOPHER B. RUFF1 1 Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 2Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 3Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 4Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, 5Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Relative fibular/tibial strength has been demonstrated to be related to the degree of arboreality/ terrestriality in anthropoid primates. In this study fibular/tibial strength was determined in OH 35, a Homo habilis (or possibly Paranthropus boisei), (1.8 myr) and KNM-WT 15000, a juvenile Homo erectus, (1.5 myr), and was compared to modern humans (n=79), chimpanzees (n=16), gorillas (n=16) and orangutans (n=11). Ontogenetic changes in fibular/tibial strength were also analyzed due to KNM-WT 15000’s juvenile status. Cross-sectional properties were derived from multi-plane radiography and either CT sections of casts (fossils) or external molds (extant). RMA regressions were run on polar second moment of area (J), a measure of torsional and average bending rigidity, of the fibula against that of the tibia for all extant species. Fossils were analyzed using their relative deviations from each regression line, expressed in SEE units. Great apes differed significantly from humans in regression line elevation, with relatively stronger fibulae. OH 35 fell in the center of the great ape distribution, within 1 SEE of each great ape taxon, but 1.9 SEE from humans. KNM-WT 15000 was more than 2 SEE from all great apes and within 0.6 SEE of humans. This was not a result of his age, as fibular/tibial strength slightly decreases with age in humans. OH 35 has some human-like features; however, the relative strength of the two bones aligns the specimen with great apes, suggesting a significant degree of arboreality. KNM-WT 15000 is demonstrated to be fully modern, complimenting other evidence for complete terrestrial bipedality. The effect of different patterns of cranial vasculature on encephalization within Primates ARIANNA R. HARRINGTON and DOUG M. BOYER Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University Though it is well known that patterns of cranial vascular supply are phylogenetically distinctive for groups of primates, few have considered the potential consequences of these differences for brain evolution. Here we test whether patterns of cranial vasculature are correlated with encephalization and evaluate the significance of our findings for certain fossils. We use cranial and ABSTRACTS vertebral arterial foramina radii measured in 53 taxa to estimate volumetric blood flow rates (Q) of the arteries they once carried—the internal carotid (ICA) and vertebral (VA) arteries, respectively— using published equations for hemodynamic flow. Ratios of QICA to QVA demonstrate an average of 0.515 (range: 0.060-1.748) for haplorhines, whereas strepsirrhines average at 0.008 (range: 0.003-0.020), confirming that the latter taxa predominantly receive encaphalic blood from the VA compared to haplorhines. When log (QICA/ QVA) was phylogenetically regressed against the encephalization quotient (EQ), a significant direct correlation emerged. Interestingly, the most encephalized haplorhine (Homo) and strepsirrhine (Daubentonia)also express the greatest carotid dominance (highest QICA/QVA) within their respective groups. The fossil adapiform taxa Notharctus and Smilodectes, while demonstrated to match haplorrhines more than strepsirrhines when considering only ICA measurements, have a QICA/QVA ratio suggesting VA dominance, at 0.06 and 0.08, respectively. Their EQ’s are also less than those of any modern haplorhines and are more similar to those of modern strepsirrhines. These data may suggest that emphasis of the ICA for encephalic blood flow contributed to the evolution of relatively larger brains within Primates. Research funded by NSF BCS-1440742 (to DM Boyer and GF Gunnell), NSF BCS-1552848 (to DM Boyer), NSF BCS-1440558 (to JI Bloch), and NSF SBE-1028505 (to EJ Sargis and SGB Chester). Application and Accuracy of 3D Scanned Postcranial Bones VICTORIA HARRINGTON and HEATHER MCKILLOP Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University Three-dimensional technologies are infiltrating the scientific world, providing innovative and economical options to create sustainable research samples. Three-dimensional scanning of human remains demonstrates the potential to revolutionize analyses in osteological data collection and analysis. To ensure that 3D scanned remains are comparable between osteological studies, resolution and other standards must be explored. This research was designed to test the visual and metric accuracies of 3D scans using an economical, medium-range scanner (NextEngine®) at different resolutions and settings. Metric analyses were used to test if differences existed between the dry bone and the 3D scanned bone. High-resolution, mid-level resolution, and low-level resolution settings that require resolution-specific hardware and software resources were tested. To isolate those standards, a left hip bone from the excavated remains of an ancient Maya (AD 600-800) trading port from Moho Cay, Belize, was scanned at a range of settings. The remains were inundated with sea-level rise, and although well-preserved, their exposure has made them fragile. Threedimensional scanning allows for permanent, noninvasive preservation of these remains. Visual analyses noting gross morphology, rugosity, nonmetric variation, pathology, trauma, age, and sex were conducted. For metric analysis, five measurements were taken using sliding calipers and the 3D software Netfabb®. The visual analyses were evaluated for similarities. Mid-level settings were found to have the highest accuracy, at over 95% similarity. Metric analyses for highand-mid-level resolutions demonstrated options which produced comparable measurements. Insights into the Cahokian Sphere of Influence through Ancient DNA Evidence JESSICA L. HARRISON and FREDERIKA A. KAESTLE Anthropology, Indiana University Mississippian culture arose and spread rapidly from the city center of Cahokia, the largest pre-Columbian Eastern Woodlands polity, located near present-day St. Louis. This rapid cultural transmission has led to many theories about the degree and extent to which Cahokia exerted power upon outlying settlements ranging from little influence to complete replacement. Standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to target and amplify four overlapping fragments of approximately 150 base pairs in length were used to obtain the Mitochondrial HVSI haplotypes for 24 individuals. These individuals represent six separate burial features of varied ascribed status within the highly ceremonial Mound 72. Regional comparisons were made between Cahokia and other previously characterized archaeological sites using Admixture. The non-significant results suggest that the Mound 72 individuals were not biologically distinct from the other burial groups in the region. Interestingly, the analysis showed that the Mound 72 individuals were most similar to The Mississippian component of the Lower Illinois River Valley Schild burial group. This supports previous dental metric regional analyses that highlighted a similar relationship and posited a female-specific admixture between the two locales. Our results refute ideas of regional replacement from a center of power, but rather support that notion that lifeway changes in the region were a result of acculturation likely accelerated through increased intermarriage. Larger sample sizes, greater genomic coverage and finer statistical analyses will be required to better illuminate more detailed genetic relationships including male patterns, particularly as the region demonstrates overall low genetic variability. This study was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF0962759) to FAK. What Biological Anthropology Can Teach Us about Conflict and Social Inequality: Teacher and Student Reflections RYAN P. HARROD, NORMA M. JOHNSON, ASHLEY A. HANNIGAN and MEAGHAN A. KINCAID Anthropology, University of Alaska Anchorage Conflict and social inequality are found in societies throughout the world, which makes researching and teaching about these behaviors vital to understanding the human experience. Biological anthropologists are well suited to address these issues in their courses, as physical manifestations of violence, both direct and structural, are written on the bodies of the living and the dead. This allows us to both identify the consequences and interpret the causes of personal and community violence in the past and the present. Using human skeletal remains, ethnohistoric accounts, and ethnography, the courses taught at the University of Alaska Anchorage, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and the University of Massachusetts-Amherst challenge students to explore different pedagogical approaches to better understand why violence and inequality exist. Compiling data from the numerous student projects that have come out of these three universities, we highlight the ways biological anthropology offers insight into violence that other disciplines often cannot. Additionally, we explore how experiential learning in the courses provided students with the skills and knowledge necessary to continue to explore these concepts beyond the classroom. Many of the students have gone on to design and conduct their own research on conflict and social inequality at both the undergraduate- and graduate-level. Finally, we provide vignettes of how these courses change both student and teacher understanding of violence and its importance to modern issues. Functional adaptations of primate forearm and leg muscle fiber architecture ADAM HARTSTONE-ROSE1,2, CARISSA L. LEISCHNER1,2, FRANCISCO PASTOR3 and DAMIANO MARCHI4,5 1 Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 2Anthropology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 3 Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, 4Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 5Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand The osteology of the fore- and hind-limbs has been correlated with locomotion, posture and substrate use in primates, but less attention has been paid to myological adaptations. Previously we presented data on the functional correlates of primate forearm muscle fiber architecture variables: fascicle length (FL), physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and reduced PCSA (RPCSA). Here, we greatly expand the Conference Program 211 ABSTRACTS sample to include 9 strepsirrhine, 15 platyrrhine, and 20 catarrhine taxa spanning the entire size range of the order (Microcebus to Gorilla), and we also include fiber data from the leg. Forearm muscle mass scales with positive allometry across all primates. Catarrhines exhibit positive allometry in their PCSA and RPCSA indicating that larger catarrhines have relatively stronger forearm muscles. While PCSA and RPCSA scale with isometry for terrestrial species, they scale with positive allometry for arboreal ones – thus larger arboreal primates have relatively stronger forearms. Surprisingly, there are no differences in the forearm architecture of quadrupeds (QUAD) when compared to vertical clinging and leaping/suspensory species (VCL). All leg strength variables (mass, PCSA, RPCSA) scale with positive allometry, and speed/stretch measure (FL) scales with isometry across the sample. Thus, larger primates are relatively stronger though not more flexible/faster. There is no other phylogenetic signal in the leg muscles. Arboreal primates have greater leg RPCSA and QUAD have statistically heavier leg muscles than VCL, though they are not greater in cross-sectional area or reduced in FL. Thus, postural and substrate use adaptations in strength and speed substantially differ between the fore- and hind-limbs. This research was funded by NSF BCS-14-40599. Problems in Predicting Anatomy and Inferring Behavior from the Gross Morphology of the Flexor Pollicis Longus Insertion Site KEVIN G. HATALA1,2, ERIN MARIE WILLIAMSHATALA1,2, TERESA SCIBILIA1, SHANNON HILES1 and KARYNE N. RABEY3 Department of Biology, Chatham University, 2Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 3Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University 1 The morphology of the insertion site for the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) muscle is frequently used by paleoanthropologists to infer the soft tissue anatomies of hominin thumbs and, subsequently, to develop behavioral hypotheses for particular fossils or even entire taxa. Such inferences rely on presumed correlations between the morphology of the FPL attachment and the anatomy/function of the FPL muscle. However, the validity of this assumption is uncertain. Using FPL architecture and morphologies of associated insertion sites from 20 cadaveric human specimens, we assessed the strengths of the relationships between the two, and created a series of predictive models as an experiment to evaluate the accuracy of predicting FPL anatomy from its insertion site morphology. We found that all measured variables related to FPL architecture (PCSA, muscle mass, fiber length, length of the muscle-tendon unit) were weakly correlated with the gross morphology of the FPL insertion site (enthesis height, width, area and rugosity; p > 0.05 for all combinations). Next, we built sets of linear regression models to predict the FPL muscle variables from the FPL insertion measurements. Each model’s predictive accuracy was assessed using an iterative leaveone-out approach, calculating the root mean squared error of predicting each observation from the other 19. In all cases, average prediction errors exceeded standard deviations of the dependent variables, demonstrating the futility of these models. This result adds to a growing body of literature that cautions against the use of gross morphologies of muscle attachment sites to draw anatomical, behavioral, or evolutionary inferences. This study was supported by the National Science Foundation (SMA-1409612) and Chatham University. Explaining distinct crania from Colonial Delaware using craniometric and genetic analyses KATHLEEN A. HAUTHER1, ASHLEY H. MCKEOWN2, MERADETH SNOW3 and M K. SPRADLEY2 Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Anthropology, Texas State University, San Marcos, 3 Anthropology, University of Montana 1 2 Craniometric data from unknown individuals can be compared to known reference populations to estimate ancestry, and discriminant functions analysis is commonly used for this task (Jantz and Ousley 2005, 2013). However, if an appropriate reference population is not included in analysis, the unknown will still classify into a group (Jantz and Ousley 2013). Even if the correct ancestry group is present for comparison, the unknown individual may still be misclassified if temporal discontinuity exists due to secular change of the populations’ crania (Angel 1982). Individuals of European descent from Colonial American sites are sometimes misclassified as individuals of African ancestry, due to the use of inappropriate reference samples not contemporary to the unknown (Angel 1976). This study provides a comparison of cranial morphology between individuals from a Colonial era site in Delaware (Elkins site) to several reference populations: 19th century Africans, 18th-19th century AfricanAmericans, and 17th-18th century Europeans, as well as modern 20th century American blacks and American whites, to explore the effect of secular change on ancestry estimation. Craniometric analyses show the Colonial era individuals classify as American black when compared to modern reference populations, yet classify as European when compared to contemporary reference populations. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA demonstrated European maternal lineages 212 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists for these individuals. The combined craniometric and genetic analyses demonstrate the need to use temporally appropriate reference populations for ancestry estimation due to the implications of secular change. Funded by: Delaware Department of Transportation, Hunter Research Inc., US Department of Forestry, Forestry Department at University of Montana Stature Estimation from the Calcaneus and Talus in Japanese Individuals ATSUKO HAYASHI1, PAUL D. EMANOVSKY2 and THOMAS D. HOLLAND2 1 Social Welfare and War Victims’ Relief Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan, 2 Department of Defense, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Currently, estimating stature using the calcaneus and talus in Japanese individuals is unavailable. This study examined the findings of Holland ([1995] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 96:315–320) as applied to a small stature group of Japanese born between 1855 and 1929. Total sample size involved 261 pairs of calcani and tali from African and European American individuals from the Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection and the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, and 103 Japanese individuals from the University of Chiba School of Medicine and Jikei University School of Medicine in Japan. The estimates of Japanese living stature were obtained from equation (1) in Hayashi et al. ([2016] J. Forensic Sci 61:415-423) due to lack of living stature records. Five independent variables: maximum lengths of calcaneus and talus, and posterior length of calcaneus, summed lengths of maximum length of calcaneus and talus, and summed posterior length of calcaneus and maximum length of talus, are used to formulate equations after assessment of the Variance of Inflation Factor. Bias and accuracy tests in this validation study indicates that it is not necessary to use group-specific equations for all three groups, however maximum length of talus should use from the group-specific equations. The benefit of the result indicates forensic practitioners have a viable alternative standard error estimate including small statures of Japanese individuals without assessing ancestry. If the remains are known to be Japanese, then only talus is available, the group-specific equation should be used. Remoteness Influences Access to Sexual Partners and Drives Patterns of Viral Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence among Nomadic Pastoralists ASHLEY HAZEL1,2 and JAMES HOLLAND JONES1,2,3 1 Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, 2Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 3 Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London ABSTRACTS While much is known about the importance of migration for the spread and importation of infectious diseases through new exposure contacts, little attention has been paid to the role of contact structure on epidemic amplification. Carnegie & Morris (2012) showed that small populations with high levels of sexual-partner concurrency yield densely connected networks, allowing for rapid transmission of STIs. In many subsistence-based sub-Saharan African communities, these two underlying features—dense rural connectivity and contact bridging between communities—may be ominously at play. Using disease status data (herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibodies) and sexual contact-network data from our ongoing research with the Himba pastoralists in Kaokoveld Namibia, we built a series of log-linear models that demonstrate that functional remoteness of residency is significantly associated with a higher likelihood of having sexual partners from the same area of residence (p<0.001 for model) and higher local HSV prevalence (p=0.005). The regions of Kaokoveld that were less functionally remote (i.e. people were more likely to travel to areas outside their region of residence) also had lower degrees of partner homophily, indicating that, when not limited by geographic remoteness, people in this community acquired partners from regions other than their own. At the time these data were collected (2009), non-homophilous partners were selected from the same set of related tribal groups; however, longterm alterations in subsistence behavior in response to climate-change induced drought may increase contact with new communities, resulting in networks with structures for both disease importation and disease amplification. This work was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the NIH, the American Philosophical Society, the University of Michigan, and Stanford University. Ontogenetic Changes and Adult Variation in Human Metatarsal Torsion AMBER N. HEARD-BOOTH1 and ADDISON D. KEMP2 1 College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 2Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin Humans exhibit little torsion of their medial metatarsals (MT1-2) and a high degree of torsion (eversion) of their lateral metatarsals (MT3-5). This pattern of torsion is unique among primates and is possibly related to the presence of the longitudinal arch. Currently, we know little about how metatarsal torsion develops throughout ontogeny, or the range of variation in torsion among adults. Here, we investigate ontogenetic and inter-individual variation in metatarsal torsion in two archaeological populations. We used a MicroScribe-G2X to digitize 4 landmarks of the metatarsal, including points on the dorsal- and plantar-most mid-points of the proximal and distal ends. Data were collected on metatarsals 1-4 belonging to individuals of the Mis Island Nubian (ca.500-1400AD; N=172) and Norris Farms Oneota (ca.1300AD; N=58) populations. We used a custom R script to calculate torsion as the angle enclosed between lines bisecting the dorso-plantar mid-points of the proximal and distal ends. Individuals were grouped into age-range categories for ontogenetic analyses (2-6yrs, 6-12yrs, 12-20yrs, 20+yrs), and population-level differences in torsion were also investigated. We found that the mean torsion values of MT2, MT3, and MT4 increase with age, but differences between age categories for a given element were not statistically significant. Population-level comparisons revealed that individuals from Mis Island have significantly greater torsion of MT2 (p<0.001) and MT3 (p<0.001) than those from Norris Farms. Therefore, if greater torsion of MT3 is related to the height of the longitudinal arch, this result suggests that the Nubians had feet with higher arches than the Oneota. Funded by NSF# BCS-1409530 and The Leakey Foundation The ontogeny of manipulation complexity within 26 primate species SANDRA A. HELDSTAB, JUDITH M. BURKART, CAREL P. VAN SCHAIK and KARIN ISLER Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich Studying the ontogeny of complex food manipulations in primates facilitates our understanding of phenotypic plasticity and cognitive abilities in primates as well as the emergence of tool use in humans. Here, we assess whether the interspecific order of the complexity scale assigned in a previous study of adults in 37 primate species matches the order of emergence of these manipulation categories during ontogeny. We examined the developmental trajectory of manipulation complexity longitudinally and cross-sectionally based on over 10’000 object manipulation and 90 tool use bouts in 131 individuals of 26 primate species. Although individual and species variation in the timing of appearance and frequency of use of different manipulative skills was substantial, the order of emergence of the manipulative categories during ontogeny was consistent within all primate species and followed the interspecific order of the complexity scale. Thus, ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny. First, individuals developed unimanual grasping of a single object with synchronized digits followed by bimanual manipulations with synchronous digits and hands. Later, the capability to perform actions with synchronous digits and asynchronous hands emerged. Next, unimanual actions with asynchronous digits preceded bimanual actions with asynchronous digits. Multiple-object manipulations emerged last. Overall, most individuals reached adult-level manipulation complexity before or at weaning, although adult-level success in the more complex manipulations emerged later. Financial support was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A-144210), the A. H. Schultz Foundation and the University of Zurich. Quinticeps? Investigating a Possible Fifth Head of the Quadriceps femoris in Non-human Primates HOLDEN W. HEMINGWAY1 and MAGDALENA N. MUCHLINSKI2 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurbiology, University of Kentucky, 2Center of Anatomical Science, University of North Texas Variation within humans’ quadriceps muscles, specifically the musculature adjacent to the vastus lateralis (VL), has long been reported. Recently, it has been proposed that the widely reported variation in the VL is due to a fifth, distinct muscle between the vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius named the tensor of the vastus intermedius (TVI). Two functions of the TVI were proposed: 1) it has significant control of the drive of the patella and 2) it modifies the action of the vastus intermedius, a muscle that is important in stabilizing the patella during extension at the knee. Our investigation aimed to examine if the TVI was present in non-human primates and to identify any correlation with TVI and locomotion. We hypothesized that vertical clingers and leapers would have a TVI similar to humans. Our sample included 24 non-human primate species that ranged in body size. We included all locomotor styles. In all but 2 of the 27 specimens, the TVI was identified in the same location as reported in humans, but was dissimilar to how it was otherwise described in humans. We found no correlation between TVI anatomy and locomotion. Vertical clingers and leapers did not have a variation in TVI that was specific to them. The TVI was found in 22 non-human primate species, although it differed greatly from its description in humans. Based strictly on TVI’s attachments, we found no evidence that TVI acts to stabilize the patella in non-human primates. NSF - 1440624 Historic era immigrants to northern Pakistan? A dental morphology investigation of Pathans, Gujars and Kohistanis INAM ULLAH1, HABIB AHMAD2 and BRIAN E. HEMPHILL3 1 Dept. of Genetics, Hazara University, 2ViceChancellor’s Office, Islamia College, 3Dept. of Anthropology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks The biological affinities of ethnic groups residing in northern Pakistan remain largely unknown. Historical records suggest Pathans are immigrants from Afghanistan, while Gujars are immigrants from the Indus Valley. This study Conference Program 213 ABSTRACTS employs 14 tooth-trait combinations of the Arizona State University Dental Morphology System among 823 individuals of five ethnic groups (Gujars, Kohistanis, Yousafzais, Tharkalanis, Uthmankeils) from Dir and Swat Districts, the latter three of which self-identify as Pathans. These data were contrasted with 27 samples encompassing 3,185 prehistoric and living individuals from Pakistan, peninsular India, and Central Asia. Intersample affinities based upon pairwise MMD values were examined with neighbor-joining cluster analysis (NJ), multidimensional scaling (MDS), and principal component analysis (PCA). Results are vary by data reduction technique. NJ identifies Gujars, Kohistanis and Uthmankheils as possessing affinities to the ancient Harappans of the Indus Valley, Yousafzais as having affinities to ethnic groups of the Hindu Kush-Karakoram highlands, while Tharkalanis exhibit no close affinities. MDS identifies the Pathan groups as having closest affinities to one another, with Kohistanis somewhat removed and Gujars aligning with the ancient Harappans, while PCA identifies Kohistanis, Yousafzais, and Gujars possessing affinities to one another. The results suggest: 1) immigrant Pathan groups were small in number and intermarried extensively with local groups, especially those occupying the highlands; 2) Kohistanis are not closely related to these immigrants; and 3) affinities of Gujars attest to their Indus Valley origins. This work was supported by a Senior Research Grant to BEH and HA from the Higher Education Commission, Government of Pakistan. Rapid Evolution of Lighter Skin Pigmentation in Southern Africa BRENNA M. HENN1, MENG LIN1, ALICIA R. MARTIN2 and REBECCA SIFORD1 Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 1 2 Skin pigmentation is under strong directional selection for reduced melanin density in northern European and Asian populations. Conversely, dark pigmentation is thought to be under stabilizing selection in equatorial populations exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation. We high-throughput sequenced pigmentation genes in over 400 individuals from South Africa and demonstrate that a canonical skin pigmentation gene, SLC24A5, experienced recent adaptive evolution in the KhoeSan populations of far southern Africa. The functionally caustive allele lightens basal skin pigmentation by 4 melanin units, explaining 11.9% variance in pigmentation in these populations. Haplotype analysis and demographic models indicate that the allele was introduced into the KhoeSan only within the past 3,000 years likely by eastern African pastoralists. The most common haplotype is shared among the KhoeSan, eastern Africans and Europeans but has risen to a frequency of 25%, far greater than expected given initial gene flow. The SLC24A5 locus is a rare example of strong, ongoing adaptation in very recent human history. Can Small be All? The Limited Commonalities of Mata Menge and Liang Bua Hominins on Flores MACIEJ HENNEBERG1, ADAM J. KUPERAVAGE2, SAKDAPONG CHAVANAVES3 and ROBERT B. ECKHARDT3 Adelaie Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Department of Public and Allied Health Sciences, Delaware State University, 3Laboratory for the Comparative Study of Morphology, Mechanics, and Molecules Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University 1 2 The original diagnosis of “Homo floresiensis” from the Liang Bua skeletal remains listed among numerous others these defining elements: Smallbodied; endocranial volume similar to, or smaller than, Australopithecus africanus; lacks masticatory adaptations present in Australopithecus and Paranthropus; first and second molar teeth of similar size; mandibular coronoid process higher than condyle; mandible without chin. We already have shown in 2015 that these and many additional defining elements largely are those of the LB1 individual, since most LB specimens are represented by only one or two bones each. Even some of the few duplicated elements differ: The LB6 mandibular ramus is shorter than that of LB1 and lacks a coronoid higher than condyloid process. Statures originally were under-estimated and are matched in regional extant small bodied humans, as are small, chinless mandibles. The Mata Menge (0.7 Ma) gnathic specimens include a fragment of mandibular corpus (SOA-MM 4) plus six teeth. These establish little other than small size within the already known human range. For example, SOA-MM1 shows uncorrected dimensions of 9.7 mm MD x 8.9 mm BL, close to Klasies River Mouth KRM14624 (9.3x8.8) and KRM43110 (10.2x9.1). Given the extremely limited Flores skeletal evidence, and the known unreliable correlations of body and brain size with tooth sizes, it is premature to suggest that the Mata Menge gnathic fragments establish any more than previously known archaeological evidence: the existence of hominins of as yet indeterminable taxonomic status on an island where Homo sapiens is known to have a living and archeological presence. 214 86th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists Isotopic and paleopathological analysis of Pre-Columbian secondary interments at Cueva Vigía, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. MAURICIO HERNANDEZ1, ARMANDO RANGEL RIVERO2, and DODANY MACHADO MENDOZA3 1University of California Los Angeles – USA; 2Museo Montané, University of Havana – Cuba; 3 Instituto de Medicina Legal – Cuba MAURICIO HERNANDEZ1, ARMANDO RANGEL RIVERO2 and DODANY MACHADO MENDOZA3 1 UCLA Extension, University of California, Los Angeles, 2Museo Montané, University of Havana, 3 Instituto de Medicina Legal, Havana, Cuba The purpose of our study is to explore dietary and burial practices of Pre-Columbian communities to gain a better understanding of population dynamics in the earliest settled island of the Caribbean. Cueva Vigía is karstic cave located at coordinates N 22°16’871”, W 79°10’12.652” on the Bamburanao ridge, running NW to SE along Northern Central Cuba. Between 2011 and 2013, several intentionally positioned human remains were found near the mouth of the cave, suggesting it may have served as a ceremonial rather than a residential space. Preliminary osteological assessments indicate the assemblage, which suffered weathering and moderate taphonomic damage, is composed of three subadults and five adults of indeterminate sex. Four skeletal and dental fragments were dated to between 1565-1600 + 15 BP, indicating the burials likely belong to the Ciboney, or “cave-dwelling people” in the Arawak language. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures from four samples point to a generalist diet with equal marine, riverine, and terrestrial components, suggesting frequent travel or trade with the northern coast situated 11km away. Although these individuals had an iron-rich diet, macroscopic analyses found evidence for active porotic hyperostosis in three adult cranial fragments, pit-form defects on a permanent molar, and multiple linear enamel hypoplasias on anterior dentition. This phenomenon may be the result of exposure to fish-borne parasites and high nutrient loss via diarrheal disease. Our research provides essential data on Ciboney nutrition and mortuary customs to track the timing of socio-cultural evolution across the Greater Antilles. This research was sponsored by the Institute for Field Research and the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA. Spider monkeys and the functional ecology of olfactory sensitivities to alcohol LAURA HERNANDEZ-SALAZAR1 and MATTHIAS LASKA2 1 BIOLOGIA DE LA CONDUCTA, INSTITUTO DE NEUROETOLOGIA, UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA, 2 BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LINKOPING ABSTRACTS The interpretation of neuroanatomical features in primates placed them as microsmatic animals. Whereas physiological evidence of a poorly developed sense of smell in this order of mammals is largely lacking. Using a food-rewarded two choice instrumental conditioning paradigm, we assessed the olfactory sensitivity of spider monkeys for aliphatic alcohols (ethanol to 1-octanol), because this class of substance is presumed to indicate a fruit’s degree of ripeness, and for “Green odors”, a group of substances composed by C6 alcohol, the “Green odors” are know to exert anxiolitic and stress-reducing effects, and are widely present in the vegetative parts of a wide variety of plants, and thus likely to be behaviourally relevant for frugivorous primates. For aliphatic alcohols, the spider monkeys (with exception of 1-propanol) significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 ppm from the odorless solvent, and in several cases, individual monkeys even demonstrated detection thresholds below 10 ppb, and for the alcohols related to “Green odors” the spider monkeys were found to detect the stimuli at concentrations below 1 ppm, being affected by the configuration of the odorant molecules. Taken together the results showed that spider monkeys have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for the majority of alcohols tested (compared with other mammals, including humans). These findings lend further support to the growing body of evidence suggesting that between-species comparisons of the number of functional olfactory receptor genes or of neuroanatomical features are poor predictors of olfactory performance. Financial support by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT Mexico) Finding the Volume of the Femoral Intercondylar Fossa from a 3D Scanning Image Using CAD Modeling Software BRIANNA E. HERNDON and SARA K. BECKER Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside Previous studies have indicated a relationship between distal femoral fossa morphology and proclivity to non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Available studies utilize linear landmark measurements, such as femoral bicondylar width and notch width, to quantify notch morphology. In an effort to provide more accurate representation of notch morphology and subsequent data analyses, a 3D Systems Sense 2nd Generation hand scanner was used to create digital models of the distal femur for 44 individuals from three Tiwanaku collections (M1, M10, and M70), housed at the Museo Contisuyo in Moquegua, Peru. This research focuses on the methodology and protocol developed to manipulate and retrieve quantifiable data from the scans generated with this 3D modelling, via a new application with CAD (computer-aided design) programs. CAD processing of 3D models can compute the volumes of delineated objects as well as empty space, such as the volume of space contained between the femoral condyles. As opposed to a 2D image, a 3D model and CAD processing allows us a more dynamic and accurate method for investigating how movement shapes bone physiology, which can play a large role in injury prevention programs. In addition to the CAD program that calculates volume, other foreseen uses of this 3D scanner are calculating ceramic sherd volumes or modeling in paleopathology, as well as 3D printing accurate replicas for teaching purposes. The scanner is affordable, easily portable, and captures a large amount of detail, making it, and the developed processing protocol of the generated image, useful across many disciplines. Comparative Sub-Regional Population Structure within South America using MtDNA and Y-Chromosome DNA BRIANNE C. HERRERA1 and MARK HUBBE1,2 Anthropology, Ohio State University, 2Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile 1 The genetic structure of South America has primarily been explored in the context of human dispersion patterns into the Americas, with the assumption that the local environment does not significantly affect the continental apportionment of between-population genetic variation. To explore the impact of environment on regional genetic structure, we calculated correlations between mtDNA haplogroups of 50 South American populations from 5 macro-regions, linear geographic distances, and five climatic variables (mean annual temperature, annual temperature range, annual precipitation, isothermality, and altitude). The same analysis was performed using Y-chromosome STR frequencies from 35 South American populations. While mtDNA shows some structure in relation to climate, Y-chromosome DNA does not. Mantel tests and Partial Mantel tests correcting for geographic distance were performed for each region independently. When looking all populations in South America, there is a significant geographic s