Major Project
Mourya ShashankRelated papers
Displaying of Digital Clock through digital circuits and through Assembly Language Programs of 8051 microcontroller
With a view to display a Digital Clock through digital circuits using modulo-n (mod-n) counters, a circuit diagram was designed and implemented it through multi simulation software. In the similar manner the time digits were displayed on seven segment displays at 8255 programmable peripheral interface (PPI) ports through 8051 microcontroller, the time digits (hours, minutes and seconds) were connected to the first 8255 PPI and the date digits (Years, months and days) were connected to second 8255 PPI. The detailed circuit diagram was given to understand the construction details of the circuit. The loop in a loop technique of assembly language program was used to display date and time. After displaying a year, month and day on the date displays through main program, it calls 1day subroutine to display time in 24 hours clock. The 1day subroutine calls 1second delay subroutine to change the digits in seconds display. After completion of 24 hours time, the digit will be changed in the days display to indicate the next date.
Embedded Control Systems for Moving LCD Display using 89C51 Microcontroller
IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering, 2018
In this project, we will have brief discussion on how to interface 16×2 LCD module to AT89C51, which is an 8051 family microcontroller. We use LCD display for the displaying messages in a more interactive way to operate the system or displaying error messages etc. Interfacing 16×2 LCD with 8051 microcontroller is very easy if you understanding the working of LCD Hence, in this project, I will not only give the information of LCD and also provide the code in using machine language which is working fine without any errors.
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems using assembly and C by Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, and Rolin D. Mckinlay, 2nd edition.
The LCD Interfacing and Programming
Liquid Crystals
This chapter will discuss 10 subchapters that will make it more detailed and easier for the reader to master and implement them in their project. Before discussing the subchapters in detail the author discusses the wide use of LCD in various equipment that needs display and the superiority of it compared to the conventional existing displays especially in the low energy consumption of it compare to the rest of the displays, then the author ended this general discussion by mentioning the type of LCD known in the market right now (passive matrix and active matrix). After discussing the LCD in general, the author starts discussing the detailed 10 subchapters. The 10 subchapters are 1. 2 × 16 LCD; 2. LCD controller; 3. LCD instructions; 4. LCD initialization; 5. More instructions; 6. LCD initialization subroutine; 7. Displaying a character on the LCD; 8. Displaying more than 1 character on the LCD; 9. A 4-bit mode 2 × 16 LCD module. To give the readers with a succinct overview of import...
DIGITAL CLOCK USING AT89C51
In this Project, a Digital clock is designed where the microcontroller is used for timing controller and the programming is also done in the microcontroller. The design is cost effective, simple and easy for maintenance. A clock is an instrument for measuring time. In principle it requires no more than some physical process which will proceed at a known rate, and a way to gauge how long that process has been continuing. Digital clocks display a numeric representation of time. Two numeric display formats are commonly used on digital clocks. They are: 24-hour notation with hours ranging 00 to 23 and 12 hour notation with AM/PM indicator. Most digital clocks use an LCD or LED display.Generally for the designing a digital clock, a microcontroller is used as the controller of the circuit and a Real Time Clock IC is used as counter. Our approach is to simulate the clock circuitry in Proteus 8.1 software with all the necessary interfacing connection and program. After simulating in the Proteus, we move to hardware implementation of the Digital clock.
Design and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based LCD Screen Digital Stop Watch
—The stop watch is used to measure the time required for a certain event. This is different from normal clocks in many ways, one of which is the accuracy of time. The stop watch requires much more accuracy than the normal clocks. In this paper, an ATmega8535 microcontroller was used to control the stop watch, by which perfect accuracy can be ensured. For compiling the C code and for loading the compiled .hex file into the microcontroller, AVR studio and PonyProg were used respectively. The stop watch is also different from traditional stop watches, as it contains two different timing modes namely 'Split timing' and 'Lap timing'.
Design and Implementation of A 24-Hour , Minutes and Seconds Display Digital Clock
2015
This paper presents the design of a Digital Clock that displays 24-hours, minutes and seconds. A time-based oscillator containing a 555 timer Integrated Circuit (IC) in an astable mode with a frequency of 1Hz provides the clock pulses for the seconds display. On each of the Dual Seven-Segment (7Segment) displays for hours, minutes and seconds, Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) counters converts each clock pulse received into a 4 bit 8421 synchronous logic output. Display decoders/drivers connected to each 7-Segment display decodes the 4-bit 8421 logic and converts it to a 7-Segment display codes. The dual-7Segment displays of each of the hours, minutes and seconds output the figures 0 to 9 according to the set time. The clock is designed to work with the stabilized 9V DC voltage power supply.
Digital Clock using a Microcontroller
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: MAJOR PROJECT
INTRAINZ EDUTECH
Author:
Pakki Vijaya Rama Mourya Shashank
ee19037mourya@gmail.com
Duration: December to January
June 25, 2024
Contents
Introduction
2
Circuit Design
2
Software Design
2
Source Code
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1
Introduction
The 8051 microcontroller is a popular microprocessor that has found widespread use in the embedded systems
industry since its introduction by Intel in the 1980s. Known for its versatility, robustness, and cost-effectiveness,
the 8051 has become a staple in many electronic devices. Its architecture provides an excellent foundation for
various applications, including industrial automation, consumer electronics, automotive systems, and more.
In this project, we will explore the implementation of a digital clock using the 8051 microcontroller. The digital
clock will display the current time (hours, minutes, and seconds) on a 16x2 LCD. We will use Timer0 of the 8051
to generate interrupts at precise intervals to keep track of the time. The time will be displayed and updated
continuously on the LCD.
The 8051 microcontroller features multiple I/O ports, timers/counters, an interrupt system, and internal memory
that make it well-suited for this application. By leveraging these features, we can create a reliable and accurate
digital clock.
Circuit Design
The circuit design for the digital clock involves connecting the 8051 microcontroller to a 16x2 LCD and configuring the necessary connections for power supply and input/output operations. Here is a step-by-step guide to
setting up the circuit:
Power Supply
Provide a stable 5V power supply to the 8051 microcontroller and the LCD. Ensure that the ground (GND)
connections are common for all components.
LCD Connections
• Connect the RS (Register Select) pin of the LCD to P2^0 of the 8051.
• Connect the EN (Enable) pin of the LCD to P2^1.
• Connect the data pins D4, D5, D6, and D7 of the LCD to P2^2, P2^3, P2^4, and P2^5 of the 8051,
respectively.
• Connect the RW (Read/Write) pin of the LCD to GND to set it in write mode.
• Connect the VCC and GND pins of the LCD to the power supply.
• Connect a 10k ohm potentiometer to the VEE pin of the LCD to adjust the contrast.
Microcontroller Configuration
• Configure the I/O ports P2^0 to P2^5 as outputs for controlling the LCD.
• Use Timer0 for generating interrupts at a 1-second interval.
• Initialize the microcontroller and LCD at the start of the program.
Additional Components
• Use a 12MHz crystal oscillator and two 33pF capacitors for the clock circuit of the 8051.
• Connect a reset button to the RST pin of the 8051 with a 10k ohm pull-up resistor.
The circuit design ensures proper communication between the 8051 microcontroller and the LCD, allowing for
accurate timekeeping and display.
2
Software Design
The software design for the digital clock involves writing a program in C to control the 8051 microcontroller.
The program will initialize the LCD, configure Timer0, handle interrupts, and update the time on the LCD. Here
is a detailed explanation of the software design:
Header File Inclusion: Include the 8051 microcontroller library
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# include < reg51 .h >
Pin Definitions: Define the pins connected to the LCD for easier reference in the code.
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sbit
sbit
sbit
sbit
sbit
sbit
RS
EN
D4
D5
D6
D7
=
=
=
=
=
=
P2 ^0;
P2 ^1;
P2 ^2;
P2 ^3;
P2 ^4;
P2 ^5;
//
//
//
//
//
//
Register Select pin
Enable pin
Data pin 4
Data pin 5
Data pin 6
Data pin 7
Global Variables: Declare variables to keep track of the time (hours, minutes, seconds).
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int seconds = 0;
int minutes = 0;
int hours = 0;
Function Prototypes: Declare function prototypes for initializing the LCD, sending commands and data to
the LCD, and updating the time display.
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void
void
void
void
void
void
void
delay ( int ms ) ;
lcd_cmd ( unsigned char cmd ) ;
lcd_data ( unsigned char data ) ;
lcd_init () ;
lcd_string ( char * str ) ;
display_time ( int h , int m , int s ) ;
timer0_ISR () interrupt 1;
Timer0 ISR: Implement the Timer0 Interrupt Service Routine to update the time and display it on the LCD.
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void timer0_ISR () interrupt 1 {
TH0 = 0 x4C ; // Load higher 8 - bit of timer0
TL0 = 0 x00 ; // Load lower 8 - bit of timer0
seconds ++;
// Increment seconds
if ( seconds == 60) {
seconds = 0;
minutes ++;
if ( minutes == 60) {
minutes = 0;
hours ++;
if ( hours == 24) {
hours = 0; } } }
display_time ( hours , minutes , seconds ) ; // Update the time display
}
Main Function: Initialize Timer0, the LCD, and enter an infinite loop.
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void main ()
{
TMOD = 0 x01 ;
TH0 = 0 x4C ;
TL0 = 0 x00 ;
IE = 0 x82 ;
TR0 = 1;
//
//
//
//
//
Timer0 mode1 (16 - bit timer mode )
Load higher 8 - bit of timer0
Load lower 8 - bit of timer0
Enable timer0 interrupt
Start timer0
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lcd_init () ;
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// Initialize LCD
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while (1)
{
// Main loop
}
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}
Delay Function: Generate a delay in milliseconds using nested loops.
void delay ( int ms )
{
int i , j ;
for ( i = 0; i < ms ; i ++)
{
for ( j = 0; j < 1275; j ++) ;
}
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}
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LCD Command Function: Send commands to the LCD to configure it.
void lcd_cmd ( unsigned char cmd )
{
RS = 0;
// Command mode
D4 = ( cmd >> 4) & 0 x01 ;
D5 = ( cmd >> 5) & 0 x01 ;
D6 = ( cmd >> 6) & 0 x01 ;
D7 = ( cmd >> 7) & 0 x01 ;
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
D4 = cmd & 0 x01 ;
D5 = ( cmd >> 1) & 0 x01 ;
D6 = ( cmd >> 2) & 0 x01 ;
D7 = ( cmd >> 3) & 0 x01 ;
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
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}
LCD Data Function: Send data to the LCD to be displayed.
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void lcd_data ( unsigned
RS = 1;
//
D4 = ( data >> 4) &
D5 = ( data >> 5) &
D6 = ( data >> 6) &
D7 = ( data >> 7) &
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
D4 = data & 0 x01 ;
D5 = ( data >> 1) &
D6 = ( data >> 2) &
D7 = ( data >> 3) &
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ; }
char data ) {
Data mode
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
LCD Initialization Function: Initialize the LCD by sending the required commands.
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void lcd_init ()
lcd_cmd (0 x02 ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x28 ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x0C ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x06 ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x01 ) ;
delay (2) ;}
{
//
//
//
//
//
Initialize LCD in 4 - bit mode
Configure the LCD in 2 lines and 5 x7 matrix
Display on , cursor off
Increment cursor ( shift cursor to right )
Clear display screen
LCD String Function: Display a string on the LCD.
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void lcd_string ( char * str ) {
while (* str ) {
lcd_data (* str ++) ;
}
}
Display Time Function: Format the time and display it on the LCD.Displays the current time (hours, minutes,
seconds) on the LCD
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void display_time ( int h , int m , int s ) {
char time_str [9];
sprintf ( time_str , " %02 d :%02 d :%02 d " , h , m , s ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x80 ) ; // Move to the beginning of the first line
lcd_string ( time_str ) ;
}
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Source Code
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# include < reg51 .h >
sbit RS = P2 ^0;
sbit EN = P2 ^1;
sbit D4 = P2 ^2;
sbit D5 = P2 ^3;
sbit D6 = P2 ^4;
sbit D7 = P2 ^5;
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void
void
void
void
void
void
void
delay ( int ms ) ;
lcd_cmd ( unsigned char cmd ) ;
lcd_data ( unsigned char data ) ;
lcd_init () ;
lcd_string ( char * str ) ;
display_time ( int h , int m , int s ) ;
timer0_ISR () interrupt 1;
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int seconds = 0;
int minutes = 0;
int hours = 0;
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void timer0_ISR () interrupt 1
{
TH0 = 0 x4C ;
TL0 = 0 x00 ;
seconds ++;
if ( seconds == 60) {
seconds = 0;
minutes ++;
if ( minutes == 60) {
minutes = 0;
hours ++;
if ( hours == 24) {
hours = 0;
}
}
}
display_time ( hours , minutes , seconds ) ;
}
/
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void main ()
{
TMOD = 0 x01 ;
TH0 = 0 x4C ;
TL0 = 0 x00 ;
IE = 0 x82 ;
TR0 = 1;
lcd_init () ;
while (1)
{
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}
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}
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void delay ( int ms )
{
int i , j ;
for ( i = 0; i < ms ; i ++)
{
for ( j = 0; j < 1275; j ++) ;
}
}
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void lcd_cmd ( unsigned
{
RS = 0;
D4 = ( cmd >> 4) &
D5 = ( cmd >> 5) &
D6 = ( cmd >> 6) &
D7 = ( cmd >> 7) &
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
D4 = cmd & 0 x01 ;
char cmd )
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
5
D5 = ( cmd >> 1) & 0 x01 ;
D6 = ( cmd >> 2) & 0 x01 ;
D7 = ( cmd >> 3) & 0 x01 ;
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
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}
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void lcd_data ( unsigned
{
RS = 1;
D4 = ( data >> 4) &
D5 = ( data >> 5) &
D6 = ( data >> 6) &
D7 = ( data >> 7) &
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
D4 = data & 0 x01 ;
D5 = ( data >> 1) &
D6 = ( data >> 2) &
D7 = ( data >> 3) &
EN = 1;
delay (1) ;
EN = 0;
delay (1) ;
}
char data )
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
0 x01 ;
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void lcd_init ()
{
lcd_cmd (0 x02 ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x28 ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x0C ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x06 ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x01 ) ;
delay (2) ;
}
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void lcd_string ( char * str )
{
while (* str )
{
lcd_data (* str ++) ;
}
}
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void display_time ( int h , int m , int s )
{
char time_str [9];
sprintf ( time_str , " %02 d :%02 d :%02 d " , h , m , s ) ;
lcd_cmd (0 x80 ) ;
lcd_string ( time_str ) ;
}
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