The Centenary of the Pioneer Movement: history and lessons

Перспективы Науки и Образования Международный электронный научный журнал ISSN 2307-2334 (Онлайн) Адрес выпуска: https://pnojournal.wordpress.com/2022-2/22-03/ Дата публикации: 30.06.2022 УДК 37 В. Б. Помелов Столетие пионерского движения: история и уроки Введение. Проблема исследования истории Всесоюзной пионерской организации имени В.И. Ленина (далее – ВПО) в течение длительного времени (1922-1991) игравшей важнейшую роль в воспитании подрастающего поколения в СССР, представляет актуальность, теоретический интерес и практическую ценность для современных российских педагогов в плане изучения прошлого нашей страны в целом и пионерской организации в частности, восстановления исторической справедливости в отношении ряда видных педагогов прошлого, использования накопленного советскими педагогами-практиками опыта при организации работы с подрастающим поколением в наши дни. Статья написана в связи со столетней годовщиной организации. Цель исследования заключается в изучении обстоятельств возникновения и характеристике важнейших событий в истории ВПО, показе ценностного содержания ее деятельности. Материалы и методы. Методы исследования – анализ историко-педагогической, методической и художественной литературы по теме исследования, биографический и исторический методы, аксиологический подход в раскрытии ценного содержания в структуре характеризуемых фактов и явлений. Результаты. В российской историко-педагогической науке в последние три десятилетия практически отсутствуют материалы, касающиеся теории и практики работы ВПО, ее истории и перспектив использования опыта ее работы в современных условиях. Значимые этапы генезиса ВПО были отмечены государственными наградами, нашли отражение в кинематографе и художественной литературе. Наряду с периодически менявшимися официальными «Правилами пионеров», регламентировавших деятельность ВПО значительное место в жизни ее членов играли местные традиции, детские «клятвы», форма одежды юных коммунистов и пионеров. Таким, например, был торжественный обряд «октябрин», в котором принимал участие пионер Э.И. Моносзон, в будущем академик АПН СССР. Обсуждение результатов. В деятельности ВПО на всех этапах ее деятельности сочетались значительные достижения и существенные недостатки, прежде всего, бюрократизм, формализм и бумаготворчество. Определяющими показателями работы школьных пионерских организаций стали успешная отчетность, многочисленные показательные мероприятия. Действительные интересы пионеров зачастую игнорировались. Но все-таки главной причиной ликвидации ВПО стали кардинальные общественнополитические события начала 1990-х в СССР. Заключение. В настоящее время ощущается настоятельная необходимость использования опыта ВПО в работе ныне существующих детских организаций воспитательной направленности. Ключевые слова: Всесоюзная пионерская организация имени В.И. Ленина, скаутизм, Н.К. Крупская, И.Н. Жуков, М.П. Стремяков, Н.П. Чаплин Ссылка для цитирования: Помелов В. Б. Столетие пионерского движения: история и уроки // Перспективы науки и образования. 2022. № 3 (57). С. 553-564. doi: 10.32744/pse.2022.3.32 Perspectives of Science & Education International Scientific Electronic Journal ISSN 2307-2334 (Online) Available: https://pnojournal.wordpress.com/2022-2/22-03/ Accepted: 13 January 2021 Published: 30 June 2022 V. B. Pomelov The Centenary of the Pioneer Movement: history and lessons Introduction. The problem of studying the history of the All-Union Pioneer Organization (AUPO) named after V.I. Lenin, which for a long time (1922-1991) played an important role in the education of the younger generation in the USSR, is of relevance, theoretical interest and practical value for modern Russian teachers in terms of studying the glorious past of our country in general and the pioneer organization in particular, restoring historical justice against a number of prominent teachers of the past, and using the experience accumulated by Soviet teachers-practitioners in organizing work with the younger generation today. The purpose of the issue is to study circumstances of the occurrence and characterization of the most important events in the history of the AUPO, to show the value content of its activities. Materials and methods. Research methods – analysis of historical, pedagogical, methodological and fiction literature on the subject of research, biographical and historical methods, axiological approach in revealing valuable content in the structure of the characterized facts and phenomena. Results. In the Russian historical and pedagogical science in the last three decades, there are practically no materials concerning the theory and practice of the work of the AUPO, its history and prospects for using the experience of its work in modern conditions. Significant stages of the AUPO genesis were awarded with state awards, reflected in cinematography and fiction. Along with the periodically changing official "Rules of the Pioneers", which regulated the activities of the AUPO, local traditions, children's "oaths", the uniform of young communists and pioneers played a significant place in their lives. Such, for example, was the solemn ceremony "Octobrin", in which the pioneer E.I. Monoszon, the future academician of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, took part. Discussion of the results. At all stages of its activity, the AUPO combined significant achievements and shortcomings, primarily bureaucracy, formalism and paperwork. The defining indicators of the work of school pioneer organizations were successful reporting, numerous demonstration events. The real interests of the pioneers were often ignored. But still, the main reason for the liquidation of the AUPO was the cardinal sociopolitical events of the early 1990s in the USSR. Conclusion. Currently, there is an urgent need to use the experience of AUPO in the work of existing children's educational organizations. Keywords: All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin, scouting, N.K. Krupskaya, I.N. Zhukov, M.P. Stremyakov, N.P. Chaplin For Reference: Pomelov, V. B. (2022). The Centenary of the Pioneer Movement: history and lessons. Perspektivy nauki i obrazovania – Perspectives of Science and Education, 57 (3), 553-564. doi: 10.32744/pse.2022.3.32 Перспективы Науки и Образования. 2022. 3 (57) The urgency of the problem he issues of education of the younger generation occupy an important place in modern historical and pedagogical research. At the same time, foreign scientists pay special attention to the study of the ideological component of the upbringing process, the influence of political parties and the role of important events in the history of a particular country on the formation of children, adolescents and youth [1]. At the same time, foreign authors pay much attention to the consideration of issues related to the upbringing of youth under the domination of totalitarian regimes [2]. The problems of education in the spirit of the Christian tradition remain relevant [3]. The study of the peculiarities of Soviet education is actively carried out by Russian authors [4] and their foreign colleagues [5]. The following aspects are of particular interest to researchers: education of the younger generation on the example of the life and work of V.I. Lenin [6], the feat of the Soviet children in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 [7], children’s periodical press during World War II [8], anti-religious propaganda among schoolchildren [9] and image of God in Soviet Children’s Literature of the 1960s [10], the ideological impact of literature for children and youth [11]. The study of the moral characteristics of the content of textbooks for primary schools is carried out [12]. The influence of major teachers of the West (J. Dewey, etc.) is characterized [13, p. 101]. At the same time, some Russian authors consider the same Dewey to be a symbol of the democratic concept in the world [14, p. 65]. The legacy of progressive European teachers of the first half of the twentieth century, such as P. Petersen, is also intensively studied [15, p. 404]. The prospects of using the heritage of other famous teachers of the past in modern conditions are analyzed [16, p. 161]. There are works that characterize the features of the implementation of educational work by those Russian teachers whose ideological views didn′t fit to the official communist ideology [17], as well as those who emigrated from Soviet Russia and proved themselves as an outstanding teacher abroad [18]. Attention is paid to the question of the influence in the recent past of the Soviet system of education on the theory and practice of education in the socialist countries of Europe [19]. In recent years, publications are dominated aimed at studying the problems of the formation of individual personality qualities, the presence of which can provide their owner with certain advantages in life [20]. Thus, at the same time, there is a clear lack of research devoted to the activities of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin (AUPO). The proposed article is intended to fill this gap to a certain extent, which seems especially relevant in the year of the centenary of this organization. Now, when this once most important educational structure of Soviet education has actually become a part of national history, it′s important to remind to a modern Russian teacher of the most significant milestones in the development of the pioneer movement in the USSR, to recall its leaders, to cite a number of important facts testifying the importance of the "red-tie" society of children and adolescents. T 555 Perspectives of Science & Education. 2022, Vol. 57, No. 3 Materials and methods Research methods – analysis of historical, pedagogical, methodological and fiction literature on the subject of research, biographical and historical methods, axiological approach in revealing valuable content in the structure of the characterized facts and phenomena. The author analyzed works, published in leading foreign and domestic periodicals (Perspectives of Science and Education; Espacio, Tiempo y Educación; History of Education & Children's Literature; Integration of Education;Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica; Bulletin of Humanitarian Education; Questions of Pedagogy, etc.), as well as publications of foreign and domestic researchers (Bruni E.M., Caroli D., Bezrogov V.G., Kornetov G.B., etc.). Results The origins of the pioneer organization The origins of the pioneer movement lie in the Russian scout movement. The first organizers of pioneers were often prominent scout masters in the recent past [21, p. 342]. In schools, pupils self-government was introduced, circles, orchestras, and detachments of yuks were created, – the predecessors of the pioneer organization. The future academician of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Ele Isaevich Monoszon, was a junior high school pupil in Vyatka in the early 1920s. As he recalled in an interview with the author of this article, all children in his class liked that they were given green sweaters, – a badge of distinction for Yuk, as a defender of forest and nature. Working in the Yuk squad, Monoszon recalled, brought great satisfaction to children. They went hiking, spent long games on the ground, built bonfires, sang songs, did what was interesting to them [22, p. 83]. In the first Soviet years the need to create a children's communist organization began to be felt in the leading communist circles. At the end of November 1921, N.K. Krupskaya made a report "On boy scouting" several times and before various audiences (the report was soon published in a brochure under the title "RKSM and boy scouting") [23], in which she suggested that the Komsomol adopt scout methods and create a children's organization, – scout in form, but communist in content [24, p. 286]. She returned to this topic repeatedly [25, pp. 354-355]. The Communist Youth Union saw scouting as its natural ideological rival and competitor in the struggle for minds and souls of children, therefore, at the 2nd Congress of the RKSM (5-8.10.1919), it was decided to dissolve the scout detachments. The symbolism of the pioneer organization A pioneer badge has become a clip on a tie in the 1930s [26, p. 21]. A pioneer tie was fixed with a special metal clip, on which three symbolic flames were depicted [27, p. 28]. During the Great Patriotic war in order to save metal, it was decided to cancel clips, and they began to tie a pioneer tie with a knot [28, p. 9-10]. After the war, a pioneer badge appeared in the form of a red star with three flames and the inscription "Always ready!", which was worn separately from a tie, as it was originally, in the 1920s [26, pp. 41-42]. At first, a pioneer tie was a red square scarf tied around a neck. Later it became triangular. Its ends meant three generations: pioneers, Komsomol members and communists, and a knot symbolized the inseparable unity of these generations. 556 Перспективы Науки и Образования. 2022. 3 (57) A red tie appeared even a little earlier than the first pioneer detachments. At the May Day demonstrations in 1918-1922, red flags were in hands of workers, and children decorated themselves with red bows and scarves. Establishment of a pioneer organization On December 10, 1921, the bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM decided that it was ready to begin specific organizational work on the establishment of a children's organization, and a search for specific forms of work began. On February 2, 1922, the bureau of the Central Committee sent a circular letter to Komsomol organizations about the need to create organized communist children's groups under the leadership of Komsomol cells. Two days later, the Moscow Committee of the RKSM instructed the former scoutmaster, – and in the future, a famous Soviet diplomat Valerian Alexandrovich Zorin (1902-1986), – to organize a children's communist group at the I-st Communist Boarding school named after the III-rd International in the district of Zamoskvorechye. February 12 is the date of the organization of the first children's communist detachment, which was called quite in a scout way, – "Young Scouts", and, by the way, soon broke up. On February 13, 1922, another former scoutmaster and member of the RKSM, Mikhail Petrovich Stremyakov (1903-1950), organized the "Young Pioneers" detachment at the N.A. Borshchevsky factory apprenticeship school, at the former Mashistov printing house, on Krasnaya Presnya [29, p. 108]. It′s this group that is usually considered the first pioneer detachment. At the same printing house, Stremyakov began publishing the pioneer magazine "Baraban" ("Drum") in April 1922, and in 1925 he became the first editor of the newspaper "Pionerskaya Pravda". These periodicals contained a huge organizing force. The anthem of the pioneer organization was the song "March of Young Pioneers", written in 1922 (poems by A. A. Zharov, music by S. F. Kaidan-Deshkin). On March 2, 1922, under the leadership of the ideologist of the pioneer movement Oskar Sergeyevich Tarkhanov (1901-1938), "the provisional bureau for the children's movement" was created under the leadership of the Central Committee of the RKSM. It had a task to develop the charter of the future children's communist organization. This document was presented in the form of a resolution at the 2nd All-Russian Conference of the RKSM, held on May 16-19, 1922. In numerous publications, one can find a statement that a pioneer organization was established at this conference, and that it was on this day that the Soviet pioneer was "born". In fact, on May 19, the conference only adopted the aforementioned resolution, the author of which was Tarkhanov. In particular, it stated: "Taking into account the urgent need for self-organization of proletarian children, the All-Russian conference instructs the Central Committee to develop the question of the children's movement and the application of the reorganized scouting system in it. Taking into account the experience of the Moscow organization, the conference decides to extend this experience on the same grounds to other organizations of the RKSM under the leadership of the Central Committee. The leaders of the Soviet pioneer In June 1922, the Central Committee of the RKSM considered that the provisional bureau fulfilled the tasks assigned to it. On June 21, "the bureau for work among children under the Central Committee of the RKSM" was established; Nikolai Pavlovich Chaplin (1902557 Perspectives of Science & Education. 2022, Vol. 57, No. 3 1938) was appointed its chairman. He performed his duties for about three months. On September 14, 1922, this body received a double name, – "the Central Bureau of Children's Groups under the Central Committee of the RKSM – the Headquarters of Young Pioneers". It consisted of seven people. The chairman was O.S. Tarkhanov, the members of the bureau were N.K. Krupskaya, as an "observer" from the Bolshevik Party, and the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, as an "observer" from the government, as well as I.N. Zhukov and three former scoutmasters. In 1922-1923, pioneer detachments appeared in many cities and villages, and the word "pioneer" itself became widespread. On September 4, 1923, the governing body of the pioneer movement received a new name, – the Central Bureau of Young Pioneers under the Central Committee of the RKSM, and Vassily Filippovich Vasyutin (1900-1979) became its head. On June 3, 1924, he was replaced by Elizaveta Mikhailovna Teremyakina (1900 -?). Since March 3, 1926, this position was held by Olga Ivanovna Maksina (1903-1938). The position of the next four leaders of the pioneer was called as follows, – chairman of the Central Bureau of the Children's Communist Organization under the Central Committee of the Komsomol. These are Sergey Alexandrovich Saltanov (1904-1937) (from July 1927 to May 1928), Anna Alekseevna Severyanova (1908-1969) (from May 17, 1928 to January 16, 1931), Tatyana Vasilyevna Andreeva (Alekseeva) (January 26 to December 13, 1931), Valentin Vasilyevich Zolotukhin (1907-1976) (in 1931-1935). The post of the three subsequent leaders of the pioneer were called as follows, – a head of a department of pioneers of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. This is Vasily Antonovich Muskin (1908-1938) (April 5, 1935–May 5, 1937), Fyodor Pavlovich Kozoderov (May-August 1937), EvdokiaVolkova (from August 1937 to June 1939). Further, in the structure of the Komsomol was allocated the post of a secretary of the Central Committee on work among school youth and pioneers. It was occupied by Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov (1913-1993) (from 31.08.1939 to 21.11.1947), Tamara Ivanovna Ershova (1920-1959) (in 1947-1952), Zoya Petrovna Tumanova (1922-2000) (in 1952-1958). The position of all subsequent leaders was referred to as the chairman of the Central Council of the All-Union Pioneer Organization named after Lenin under the Central Committee of the Komsomol. Let's call them by names: Lyubov Kuzminichna Balyasnaya (1927-2021) (in 1958-1964), Rosa Alekseevna Kurbatova (1928-2021) (in 1964-1966), Tamara Alekseevna Kutsenko (1934-2019) (in 1966-1971), Alevtina Vasilyevna Fedulova (born 1940) (in 19711983), Lyudmila Ivanovna Shvetsova (1949-2014) (in 1983-1986), Igor Nikolaevich Nikitin (born 1951) (in 1986-1990), Elena Evgenyevna Chepurnykh (born 1955) (in 1990-1991). In the literature on the history of the pioneer movement published during the Soviet period, even in the most complete and voluminous publications in terms of the number of pages, the question of who exactly headed it in the first decades was invariably silent. Thus, in the textbook for students of pedagogical institutes "Theory and methodology of pioneer and Komsomol work in school", not one Komsomol or pioneer leader is ever mentioned [30]. Moreover, even in the textbook for students of pedagogical institutes on the history of (!) a pioneer organization from the pre-war pioneer leaders is only one time briefly called M.P. Stremyakov [31, p.108]. The explanation for this is very simple: almost all the leaders of pioneers, as well as the Komsomol, of the first two decades were shot at the end of the 1930s (Chaplin, Saltanov, Maksina, Tarkhanov, Muskin, etc.), or were subjected to other illegal repressions (Stremyakov, Teremyakina, etc.). 558 Перспективы Науки и Образования. 2022. 3 (57) Pioneer traditions and rituals Pioneer innovations were not immediately accepted, especially in remote villages. In various parts of the country, their own children's organizations began to be rapidly created. Komsomol members and members of the Communist Party took an active part in their creation. Many people believed that children should also have a kind of a party, so these organizations were often called parties. The young journalist N.V. Bogdanov (1906-1989) was one of such organizers of the children's communist movement. Moreover, he described the process of creating children's organizations in his books, such as "About the brave and skillful"," One of the first". Especially interesting is the repeatedly reprinted novel "The Party of Free Guys". Pioneer traditions were born directly in the live activity of "children's parties". So, for example, when joining members of "a party", children gave such vows: "Let me not see my father and mother, if I plan to betray the party", "Let me turn into a frog, into a lizard, into a filthy snake, if I change the party" [32, p. 23]. The writer Nikolai Voznyuk recalled his childhood, which was spent in the Khabarovsk region: "In 1929, we created a pioneer detachment. We all tied red ties together and firmly knew that if someone grabbed him and said "Answer for the tie!", then we should answer: "Don′t touch the workers' and peasants' blood! It′s still hot! After all, so many years without Ilyich!" [33, p. 28]. Local historian V.N. Iovleva recalled: "In the city of Shadrinsk in the first post-war years, it was possible to grab a pioneer by a badge and demand: "Answer for a badge!". And the pioneer had to "blurt out": "Five logs, three bonfires, a hammer and sickle, and a star!"[34, p. 33]. Reorganization and growth of the number of the pioneer organization The 5th All-Russian Congress of the RKSM (11-19.10.1922) decided to unite all the pioneer detachments organized in different cities and villages into a single children's communist organization called "Young Pioneers named after Spartak". On August 23, 1923, the Central Bureau of Young Pioneers was established as a department of the Central Committee of the RKSM. On August 28, 1923, the Resolution of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM approved the "Organizational status of the children's communist groups of young pioneers named after Spartak". On January 23, 1924, immediately after the death of V.I. Lenin, the emergency Plenum of the Central Committee of the RKSM adopted a resolution "On renaming children's communist groups named after Spartak into children's communist groups named after comrade Lenin". On July 18, 1924, the resolution of the VIth All-Union Congress of the RLKSM "On the organizational construction of children's communist groups" approved the name "Children's Communist Organization of Young Pioneers named after Lenin". The official name is the AllUnion Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin (retained by the organization until 1990), – the pioneer organization received on December 13, 1957, when the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Komsomol approved the "Regulations on the Central Council of the AllUnion Pioneer Organization named after V.I. Lenin". On September 11, 1958, the so called regulations on the AUPO named after V.I. Lenin were published. In the mid-1920s, the number of pioneers even in the city was only 15% of all children of a pioneer age, and in a village, – only 3%. In 1923, there were up to 75 thousand pioneers in 559 Perspectives of Science & Education. 2022, Vol. 57, No. 3 it. In 1924, their number was 200 thousand, in 1926, – already 1 million 586 thousand, and in 1931, – more than 4 million. By the mid-1930s, the pioneer organization covered almost all teenagers of 10-14 years, and this trend continued throughout the following decades: 1941 – 13.6, 1945 – 7.2, 1952 – 19.1, 1962 – 18.5, 1973 – 23.5 million [35, p. 194]. In 1982, there were 18.9, and in 1987 – 20 million pioneers. Their number actually coincided with the number of schoolchildren of the corresponding age. What did the pioneers do? Raising the level of work of the pioneer organization has always been a matter of special concern and a direct responsibility of the Komsomol. The content and forms of work didn′t always satisfy children. The separation of the pioneer organization from school, the fascination with "barabanomania", an overload of pioneers with public assignments… Academician E.I. Monoszon recalled how in the winter of 1924 he went to the village of Bobino, near the town of Vyatka, to take part in the solemn ceremony of "Octobrin". A son was born to a local policeman, and instead of being baptized in the church, the "Octobrin" ceremony was held in a village club [36, p. 57]. Komsomol and pioneer organizations were looking for the most effective forms of work with children. The method of design and labor tasks has become widely used. Gradually, a system of working with pioneers was created, taking into account interests and abilities of the age groups of young Leninists; a "circle of knowledge and skills" was defined for each age group of pioneers. There was such a concept as "age-related events" [35, p. 194]. On June 25, 1928, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) adopted a resolution "On the state and immediate tasks of the pioneer movement", in which it outlined a detailed program for improving the work of the pioneer organization. The resolution emphasized the need for increasing its role in the formation of children's skills of self-activity, self-discipline and collectivism. There was a demand to put forward "socially useful tasks that were feasible and interesting for children" [37, p. 229]. Pioneers took an active part in the struggle for the elimination of illiteracy and child neglect; they worked as assistants to educators in first kindergartens that were just being created. They participated in socio-political campaigns (elections, a population census, a loud reading for the illiterate, establishment of reading rooms in villages). Much attention was paid to the participation of pioneers in anti-religious events. In the 1920s and 1930s, the pioneer organization paid great attention to military-patriotic work, organized mass war games (since 1924) and campaigns (since 1927), all-Union competitions of pioneers and schoolchildren for the best mastery of defense knowledge. In the post-war years, the paramilitary games "Zarnitsa" and "Eaglet" became widespread. The laws of young pioneers: official and unwritten The so-called Laws of Young Pioneers were a kind of charter regulating the activities of pioneers. They first appeared in 1922. The Laws indicated the loyalty of pioneers to the working class; a pioneer should be honest, modest, truthful and not lazy; he should be a friend and brother to every other pioneer and a Komsomol member; he should be executive, hardworking, cheerful. In the laws of 1967, there is a significant strengthening of the ideological component. Here is how they looked: "A pioneer is devoted to the Motherland, the party, communism. A pioneer is preparing to become a Komsomol member. A pioneer holds an equal position on the heroes of struggle and labor. A pioneer honors the memory of 560 Перспективы Науки и Образования. 2022. 3 (57) fallen fighters and prepares to become a defender of the Motherland. A pioneer is persistent in teaching, work and sports. A pioneer is an honest and loyal comrade, always boldly stands for the truth. A pioneer is a comrade and the leader of the Octobrists. A pioneer is a friend to pioneers and children of working people of all countries". Finally, in 1986, new Laws were introduced. We will give them in full. "A pioneer – a young builder of communism. He works and studies for the good of the Motherland, prepares to become its defender. A pioneer is an active fighter for peace, a friend of pioneers and children of working people of all countries. A pioneer looks up to communists, prepares to become a Komsomol member, leads the Octobrists. A pioneer values the honor of his organization, strengthens its authority with his deeds and actions. A pioneer is a reliable friend, respects his elders, takes care of younger ones, always acts according to his conscience and honor". The rules were printed on the back of a cover of school notebooks. In 1931, "Be Ready for Work and Defense" complex was introduced in the country, which obliged everyone, and, above all, of course, children and young people, to engage regularly in physical education and sports. Otherwise, it was simply impossible to get a RWD badge, especially since standards of the first complex were the same for everyone. This was explained by the fact that a potential enemy wouldn′t make concessions for the elderly, women and children [38, p. 50]. In August 1929, the first All-Union meeting of young Leninists was held in Moscow. It was the meeting that was considered the highest leadership body of the pioneer organization. At a mass rally held at the Dynamo Stadium, the pioneers reported to the country about their achievements. In the days of the rally, the final pioneer competitions as well as review of amateur performances. In the future, All-Union rallies were held in 1962, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1987, 1990. In the years of trials and in peacetime The first rally showed that the pioneer movement was becoming an increasingly significant social force. Tests of the Great Patriotic War confirmed, among other things, the strength of the pioneer movement. Four pioneers, – Lenya Golikov, Marat Kazey, Valya Kotik and Zina Portnova, – were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. The heroism of the Soviet pioneers was actually massive. Many were eager to go to front. A pupil of school no. 13 in Kirov Misha Trapitsyn wrote in his application to a military commissar: "I ask you to enroll me in the ranks of the Red Army. I am studying at a sniper school, I can shoot accurately" [39, p. 83]. And still the main direction of the pioneering work during the war was to help adults on a labor front. Very young children stood at the machine, and in order to be able to reach control levers, they were forced to stand on some kind of a stand. The famous soccer goalkeeper L.I. Yashin came to the plant in 1943. More than all his other awards, he valued the medal earned in a pioneer age, – "For valiant labor in the Great Patriotic War» [40, p. 298]. The psychologist E.A. Klimov was born in 1930 in Vyatskiye Polyany, Kirov region. As Klimov himself told to the author of this article, he came to the plant at the age of 12. According to his age, he had to work no more than six hours a day, but he was forced to work on an equal basis with adults, – 12 or even 18 hours a day without days off [36, p. 69]. The pioneer organization held large, often lasting for several years, actions. So, in 1947, the whole country was covered by the movement "Let's decorate the Motherland with gardens!". 561 Perspectives of Science & Education. 2022, Vol. 57, No. 3 Two pioneers, – Tursunali Matkazimov and Natella Celebadze, – were awarded the title the Hero of Socialist Labor, Mamlakat Nakhangova received the Order of Lenin. Under the guidance of a young teacher V.G. Razumovsky, a future academician of the APS of the USSR, pioneers of the Tataurov seven-year school of the Nolinsk district of the Kirov region in 1954 built a hydroelectric power station on a pond flowing through a village. They moved hundreds of cubic meters of soil, built a dam, a drainage system and a station building. Of course, a power of a station was small, but it provided electricity to school, which previously had to make do with kerosene lamps [41, p. 105]. This example was followed by teachers and pioneers of the Botyly school of the same Nolinsk district, as well as Lalsk, Verkhovinsk and other Vyatka schools [39, p. 114]. Discussion of the results We agree with the opinion of a number of Soviet scientists (V.A. Sulemov, D.I. Polyakov, L.N. Kononenko, V.V. Lebedinsky) that new interesting initiatives and events that appeared in the post-war years significantly intensified the activities of the pioneer organization [29]. Among them, in particular, local history expeditions and trips to places of military glory became widespread in schools. All-Union reviews and competitions of pioneer detachments and squads were held under mottos "Learn to live and work in a Leninist way!" (1959-1960), "The Seven year old Satellite Squad" (1959-1962), "Pioneers – to the Motherland!" (1960-1962), "The Name of Lenin is in everyone's heart! We will prove our loyalty to the party by our deeds!" (19621964), "Shine, Lenin stars!" (1964-1967), "True to the Precepts of Lenin!" (1968-1970), the all-union march of pioneer detachments "Always ready!" (1970-1990). The pioneer organization was twice awarded the Order of Lenin (1962, 1972). At the same time, we consider, it was impossible not to see that the pioneer organization, as well as its senior bosses, the CPSU and the Komsomol, eventually became an increasingly bureaucratic organization. In its work, features of formalism and callousness began to manifest themselves with increasing evidence. It′s enough to recall feature films of the 1960s and 1980s ("Welcome, or unauthorized entry is prohibited", "Draw", "Plumb, or A Dangerous Game", etc.). The heroes of the film "My Friend, Kolka!" were so fed up with formal pioneer "events" that they decided to organize an "underground secret society of laggards in studies" in order to "take revenge on the nerds and upstarts". The heroine of the film " Call, open the door!" wanted to help a counselor and offered to invite a good person to a pioneer event. But a counselor was against such an "initiative from below", since the candidacy of a person hadn′t been thoroughly checked and approved in higher instances. I′ll give one example from my own pedagogical practice. In the 1970s, the author of this article worked as a teacher in one of the rural schools and was a class teacher of the 5th grade. At the beginning of September, a school pioneer counselor demanded from me, as well as from other class teachers, a report on the conduct of pioneer work in the classroom in the academic year that had just begun. Not a plan, which would be logical, but a report! She explained her actions by the fact that the secretary of the Komsomol district committee urgently required this from her, who, in turn, should, on the basis of these reports, draw up his report and send it "to the region", and the secretary of the regional Komsomol committee, responsible for pioneers, should go to Moscow... 562 Перспективы Науки и Образования. 2022. 3 (57) Conclusions The "perestroika" that began in 1985 also affected the pioneer organization. On October 1, 1990, instead of the AUPO, the Union of Pioneer Organizations – the Federation of Children's Organizations, was formed. The same year, the Central Council of the AUPO was renamed into the Central Council of Children's and Pioneer Organizations, which proclaimed openness to all children's organizations, non-partisanship and a priority of universal values. In 2015, the so-called Russian movement of schoolchildren was created. 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Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya Publ., 2018, 304 p. (in Russian). 41. Pomelov V.B. Outstanding scientists-teachers, methodologists, Vyatka natives L.A. Tsvetkov and V.G. Razumovsky. Bulletin of Humanitarian Education, 2018, no. 4, pp. 103-109 (in Russian). Информация об авторе Information about the author Помелов Владимир Борисович (Россия, г. Киров) Профессор, доктор педагогических наук, профессор кафедры педагогики Института педагогики и психологии Вятский государственный университет E-mail: vladimirpomelov@mail.ru ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3813-7745 Scopus Author ID: 57200437621 ResearcherID: AAS-2608-2020 Vladimir B. Pomelov (Russia, Kirov) Professor, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of the Pedagogy Department of the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology Vyatka State University E-mail: vladimirpomelov@mail.ru ORCID ID: 0000-0002-3813-7745 Scopus Author ID: 57200437621 ResearcherID: AAS-2608-2020 564