Withania somnifera and curcuma longa extract as herbal indicator
ujwala ghogare2019, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
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Indicator is a chemical agent which is used to recognize the attainment of end point in titration. After the reaction between the chemical and the standard solution is complete, the indicator should give a color change. A pH indicator is a chemical which changes the color of solution with change in pH in response to a chemical change. An acid-base indicator changes its color depending on pH change. Redox indicators are also commonly used (eg. - methylene blue). Synthetic indicators are frequently used in acid-base titrations. As synthetic indicators have certain drawback like unavailability, expensive. An experiment has been made to recognize the indicator property of various natural pigments. The main goal of this attempt is to replace the synthetic indicators. Natural indicators are inexpensive as compare to synthetic indicators. Ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) were evaluated and sample extract gives sharp and intense color change...
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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2019; 8(4): 1233-1235
E-ISSN: 2278-4136
P-ISSN: 2349-8234
JPP 2019; 8(4): 1233-1235
Received: 16-05-2019
Accepted: 18-06-2019
Shubhangi Kshirsagar
Ideal College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Ujwala Dube
Ideal College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Suchita Gokhale
Ideal College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Nilofar Abid Khan
Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul
Dharkar College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Maharashtra,
India
Gayatri G Varma
Ideal College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Pranali Sonawane
Ideal College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Correspondence
Shubhangi Kshirsagar
Ideal College of Pharmacy &
Research Institute, Thane,
Maharashtra, India
Withania somnifera and curcuma longa extract as
herbal indicator
Shubhangi Kshirsagar, Ujwala Dube, Suchita Gokhale, Nilofar Abid
Khan, Gayatri G Varma and Pranali Sonawane
Abstract
Indicator is a chemical agent which is used to recognize the attainment of end point in titration. After the
reaction between the chemical and the standard solution is complete, the indicator should give a color
change. A pH indicator is a chemical which changes the color of solution with change in pH in response
to a chemical change. An acid-base indicator changes its color depending on pH change. Redox
indicators are also commonly used (eg. - methylene blue). Synthetic indicators are frequently used in
acid-base titrations. As synthetic indicators have certain drawback like unavailability, expensive. An
experiment has been made to recognize the indicator property of various natural pigments. The main goal
of this attempt is to replace the synthetic indicators. Natural indicators are inexpensive as compare to
synthetic indicators. Ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Curcuma longa
(Turmeric) were evaluated and sample extract gives sharp and intense color change. Phenolphthalein was
used as a standard indicator to compare the color change of sample extract. Result proved sample extracts
to be acceptable as substitute of synthetic indicators in acid-base titrations.
Keywords: pH indicator, end point, acid-base titrations, synthetic indicators, natural indicators, ethanolic
extracts, phenolphthalein
Introduction
Scientific name of ashwagandha is Withania somnifera (WS) belonging from family
Solanaceae [1]. WS is a small, wood shrub that grows about two feet in height. It is widely
found in India and Africa. An erect, evergreen, 30-150 cm high, found throughout the drier
parts of India in waste places and on bunds. Roots of WS are whitish brown, fleshy, leaves are
simple ovate. Flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, in axillary. The roots are main part
of the plant used therapeutically. The roots of ashwagandha are categorized as rasayanas,
which are used to promote health and longevity by augmenting defense against disorder. The
bright red fruits harvested in the late fall and seeds are dried for planting in the spring [2]. The
plant is use for as antioxidant, astringent and to treat ulcers [3]. The active chemical constituents
of ashwagandha plants are alkaloids, steroids, and ergostane type steroidallactones. Other
constituents include saponins containing withanolides and additional acyl groups [4, 5, 6].
Curcuma longa is a scientific name of turmeric belonging from family Zingiberaceae. It is a
perennial plant having short stem with large oblong leaves and bears ovate, oblong rhizomes
which are branched and brownish-yellow in color. Turmeric is found in South-East Asia, is
used as a food as well preservative. Turmeric is cultivated in China, Sri-lanka, Taiwan,
Myanmar, Bangladesh, Australia, Nigeria, West Indies, Jamica and some Latin American
countries. About 78% of world turmeric production, India is the largest producer of turmeric
[7]
. Turmeric powder is used for treatment corzya, cough, diabetes, sinusitis etc. [8] Turmeric
contains fat (5.1%), protein (6.3%), carbohydrates (69.4%), minerals (3.5%) and moisture
(23.1%) [9]. Curcumin is the principle curcuminoid of turmeric, and other two are
desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin [10]. Curcumin is hydrophobic in nature. It
is soluble in dismethylsulfoxide, ethanol, acetone and oils. Curcumin contains 77%
diferuloylmethane, 5% bis-desmethoxycurcumin and 18% desmethoxycurcumin [11].
Materials and procedure
Apparatus
The apparatus like burette, conical flask, funnel, beaker, measuring cylinder, and pipette were
used during experiment. The glass wares used during experiment were calibrated. All
apparatus were well washed with detergents and distilled water. Sodium hypochlorite or
laundry bleach used as a detergent. Hot distilled water also used for cleaning residue. New
glass wares were soaked for several hours in acid water (a solution of 1% Nitric acid or
hydrochloric acid).
~ 1233 ~
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Reagents
Ashwagandha powder and Curcumin powder were taken from
laboratory of Ideal College of pharmacy and research
institute, kalyan Procurement of ethanol, distilled water,
sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and phenolphthalein was
done in laboratories of Ideal College of pharmacy and
research institute, kalyan. All reagents were prepared as per
procedure given IP 1996.
Preparation of Extract
Small amount of sample powder was taken and transferred
into cleaned conical flask containing 100 ml ethanol. Solution
kept aside for 24 to 48 hours in dark and light resistant place.
It was stored in dry place.
Procedure
There is strong acid (HCL) and strong base (NaOH) type
titrations were performed. 10 ml of titrant was titrated against
titrate with drops of curcumin extract and ashwagandha
extract which was used as indicator. Color change for each
indicator is listed below. Color change of each indicator was
compared with color change of phenolphthalein indicator.
Each titration was repeated three times to check accuracy of
experiment.
Fig 2: Color change of curcumin extract yellow to dark red after
titration.
Fig 3: Color change of ashwagandha extract yellow to orange after
titration.
Fig 1: Color change of standard phenolphthalein indicator.
Results
Equivalence point obtained from ethanolic extract of
curcumin and Ashwagandha were much closed to equivalence
point obtained by standard phenolphthalein indicator. This
shows the ethanolic extract of curcumin and ashwagandha
powder can be used as acid-base indicators in replacement of
synthetic indicators.
Table 1: Titration against HCL and NAOH using ethanolic extract of curcumin.
S. No. Vol. of titrate (ml) Initial Burette reading (ml)
1.
10 ml
0.0
2.
10 ml
0.0
3.
10 ml
0.0
End point curcumin extract: yellow to dark red
Final Burette reading(ml)
7 ml
7.1 ml
7.2 ml
Mean Value of Volume of titrant (ml)
7.1 ml
Table 2: Titration against HCL and NAOH using ethanolic extract of ashwagandha.
S. No. Vol. of titrate (ml) Initial Burette reading (ml)
1.
10 ml
0.0
2.
10 ml
0.0
3.
10 ml
0.0
End point of ashwagandha extract: yellow to orange
Final Burette reading (ml)
7.2 ml
7.3 ml
7.4 ml
Mean value of Volume of titrant (ml)
7.3 ml
Table 3: Titration against HCL and NAOH using standard phenolphthalein indicator.
S. No. Vol. of titrate (ml) Initial Burette reading (ml) Final Burette reading (ml)
1.
10 ml
0.0
7 ml
2.
10 ml
0.0
7.2 ml
3.
10 ml
0.0
7.4 ml
End point of phenolphthalein indicator: colourless to light pink colour.
~ 1234 ~
Mean value of Volume of titrant (ml)
7.2 ml
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
This study revealed that ethanolic extract of curcumin and
Ashwagandha can be used as replacement of existing
synthetic indicators because the equivalence point of extracts
either coincided or much closed to equivalence point of
phenolphthalein. It was also noticed that the extract gave
sharp and intense color change at various pH changes.
Acknowledgement
This paper was partially supported by Ideal College of
Pharmacy and Research institute, Kalyan. We are thankful to
our colleagues who provided expertise knowledge that greatly
assisted this research. I would like to express my gratitude to
my research supervisor for giving me golden opportunity to
do research and providing guidance throughout this research
work.
References
1. Weiner MA, Weiner J. Ashwagandha (India ginseng). In:
Herbs that Heal. Quantum Books, Mill Valley, CA, 1994,
70-72.
2. Girdhari Gupta. Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A
Review. 2007; 1:1.
3. Sharma S, Dahanukar S, Karandikar SM. Effects of long
term administration of the roots of ashwagandha and
shatavari in rats. Indian Drugs. 1985; 29:133-139.
4. Elsakka M, Grigorescu E, Stanescu U, Dorneau V. New
data referring to chemistry of Withania somnifera
species. Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iasi. 1990;
94(2):385-387.
5. Ganzera M, Chaudhary MI, Khan IA. Quantitative HPLC
analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera.
Fitoterapia. 2003; 74(1-2):68-76.
6. Abraham A, Kirson I, Glotter E, Lavie D. A
chemotaxonomical study of Withania somnifera (L)
Dunal. Phytochemistry. 1968; 7:957-962.
7. Deepa KM. The Golden Spice. Market Survey, Facts for
you. 2007; 51:45-46.
8. Syu WJ, Shen CC, Don MJ, Ou JC, Lee GH, Sun CM.
Cytotoxicity of curcuminoids and some novel compounds
from Curcuma zedoaria. J Nat Prod. 1998; 61:15311534.
9. Tohda C, Nakayama N, Hatanaka F, Komatsu K.
Comparison of anti-inflammatory activities of six
curcuma rhizomes: Appossible curcuminoid-independent
pathway mediated by curcuma phaeocaulis extract. Evid
Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006; 3:255-260.
10. Mohammad M, Lajis NH, Abas F, Ali AM, Sukari MA,
Kikuzaki H et al. Antioxidative constituents of Etlingera
elatior. J Nat Prod. 2005; 68:285-288.
11. Dechatowongse T. Isolation of constituents from rhizome
of plai (Zingiber cassumunar Rpxb.) Bull Dept Med Sci.;
1976; 18: 75-79.
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