Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Conservation management approaches focusing on minimizing soil disturbance maximizing soil cover, and stimulating biological activity can be achieved with different cropping choices and production goals in different environments all around the Indo-Gangetic Plains of North West, India. Therefore, review was presented in this paper to investigate the interactive effects of tillage; residue and nutrient management on top soil carbon stocks and soil labile organic carbon fractions. The proportion of SMBC as mineralizable C decreased with depth. Mean values across soil depths and nutrient supply options, the abundance of these four OOC fractions was in the order CNL (7.04gkg–1) >CL (2.02gkg–1) >CVL (1.35gkg–1) >CLL (0.75gkg–1). The zero tillage practice in wheat increased the organic carbon content and carbon stock as compared to conventional tillage in soils. The zero tillage increased dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon light and heavy fractions of carbon in so...

In cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) the aroma is due to the presence of aromatic volatile compounds. The flavor of cumin is judged by its volatile oil content. Cumin seeds of four varieties RZ-19, RZ-223, RZ-341 and RZ-345 collected from western Rajasthan were used for screening of essential oil chemical constituents. Essential oil was isolated by clevenger apparatus. The essential oil content in RZ-19, RZ-223, RZ-341 and RZ-345 was found 1.66%, 2.33%, 3.66% and 3% respectively. Cuminaldehyde was identified as major constituents in cumin essential oil. The GC-MS scan result reveals that RZ-223 variety contains highest Cuminaldehyde (40.88%) followed by RZ-345 (40.69%), Rz-19 (32.59%) and RZ-341 (31.65%). Other phyto-chemical constituents were terpenic compounds, alcohol and aldehydes.

Remote sensing and GIS can be applied for environmental monitoring and climate change detection. The proposed system is to detect land cover/land use changes especially forest observed in Pyin Oo Lwin township, Myanmar. The required three years (2010, 2014 and 2017) Landsat data of Pyin Oo Lwin are downloaded from United States Geological Survey (USGS). The land cover is classified into four classes: Forest, Vegetation, Water and Other. ArcGIS will be applied as analysis tools for classification and change detection. Maximum likelihood classification and NDVI classification will be applied respectively. Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in global climate change studies. Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus data of the year 2010, 2014 and 2017 are used to effects of land use/land cover changes on the surface temperature distribution. Land cover maps, land surface temperature and area of land cover changes will be obtained as the result of the ...

Drought is considered to be one of the major abiotic stress factors that severely limit grain yield, often causing extensive economic loss to agriculture. Improving drought tolerance in maize has become one of the top priorities in maize breeding programs. Identification of drought tolerant maize inbreeds is therefore an step in maize breeding. Nine inbred lines e.g., UMARKOTE-3, CML-411, CML-122, CML-40, CML-27, CML-336, CML-191, CLO-2450 and CAL-1415 were identified to have higher level of drought tolerance. Tolerant inbred lines maintained higher chlorophyll content, SPAD value, chlorophyll stability index, cell membrane stability index, relative water content and comparatively higher grain yield when subjected to drought stress. These inbreeds also showed lower leaf senescence and rolling. In contrast, CML-161 and CML-300 were most sensitive and recorded lowest grain yield among the inbreed lines under moisture deficit. Drought tolerant inbred lines identified in this study are ...

The present investigation was undertaken to find out suitable and low cost substitute for the management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea by using microbials and botanicals. The field trial was laid out in the premises of Insectary, Entomology Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, during the rabi season of 2013-14. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatments including control (water spray). The observations were recorded on average per cent pod damage caused by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and average grain yield of chickpea. The observations on percent pod damage at harvest stage indicated that pod damage ranged from 18.64% to 38.85%. The treatments spinosad 45 SC 0.01% (18.64%) and quinolphos 25 EC 0.05% (21.24%) recorded lowest pod damage and afforded the best protection against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) by reducing 18.64 per cent and 21.24 per cent pod damage respectively on harvest as compared to ...

The Plant growth regulators play important role in increasing production of vegetables. The great potential of plant growth regulators for reduces the flower and fruit drops and maximizing yield and quality of chilli. This paper reviews the research work done on the use of various plant growth regulators on growth and yield of chilli.

Two new triterpene glycosides were isolated and identified from the leaves and roots of Polyscias fruticosa. The structures of the isolated saponins were established by means of chemical, spectral and chromatographic techniques. The in vitro and the in vivo immuno-stimulant activity studies showed that both the compounds produced significant immuno-stimulation compared to the crude drug extracts.

The Study was mainly aimed to establish the local ethno-medicinal claim of Assam that lemon peel oil has
Antimicrobial property. Again when searching for the Microscopic Characters of lemon leaf for
identification, data’s were not available easily and then the aim of the study was broadened to include
evaluation of pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical property and to make the data’s available
easily for further use. The Lemon Peel Oil as every other volatile oil has shown antimicrobial activity, but
was active against both Gm +ve and Gm _ve organism. When compared with Standard drug Amoxicillin
the activities were less potent but can be useful if explored either alone or in combination with other
antimicrobial agents.

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research farm, College of Agriculture, N. D. University of Agriculture and technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. during kharif season of 2016-17 to find out the best crop establishment methods and the optimum nitrogen dose for obtaining higher yield of rice. During the experiment, common packages of practices were followed time to time and periodically are observations were recorded on growth and yield for evaluate the treatment effects. The results obtained during the study revealed that grain and straw yield of the different establishment techniques were in the order, SRI method, conventional transplanting method followed by direct seeding method. The highest no. of panicle m-2 (447.15), length of panicle (21.20 cm), no. of grains panicle-1 (158.03), test weight (24.60 g), straw yield (61.42 q ha-1), grain yield (52.14 q ha-1) and harvest index (45.91%) under SRI method of crop establishment. The nitrogen uptake and its contents in rice...

The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate Metformin HCl microspheres to produce a drug delivery system with better pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. Metformin HCl microspheres were prepared by using ethyl cellulose as a release retardant polymer by solvent evaporation method .Formulations F1, F2 and F3 were prepared using ethyl cellulose in the drug polymer ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. A plasticizer (N-dibutyl phthalate) was added in formulations F4,F5 and F6 .The prepared microspheres were evaluated for the parameters like Percentage yield, Particle size analysis, Micromeritic properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, melting point determination, drug content estimation, microencapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release studies. The in vitro release of Metformin HCl was slow and extended over longer period of time. As the concentration of polymer was increased, the drug release was decreased. The drug release was found to be slow in formulations F4, F5 and F6 when compared to F1, F2 and F3. Thus the study clearly indicated a promising potential of sustained release Metformin HCl microspheres containing ethyl cellulose as rate controlling polymer for effectively treating diabetes mellitus.

An experiment was conducted at Botanical Garden, Department of Agriculture, D.A.V. College, Abohar, Punjab during Academic year 2017-2018 to study the effect of different sowing dates and different spacing on morphology, yield contributing characters and yield of Fennel. The different sowing dates were 2nd week of November and 2nd week of January and the different spacing were 30cm, 45cm and 60 cm respectively. The effect of these factors on plant height, number of umbels, fresh weight of plants, dry weight of plants and yield per plot was observed. Out of these treatments, the combination of 45 cm on 2nd November sowing showed best results. The results revealed that there was decrease in height and weight as the sowing delayed. As observations was recorded, the parameters such as plant height, number of umbels, fresh weight of plants, dry weight of plants and yield per plot were decreased with denser plant population.

Being the third important stone fruit crops of India, apricot still requires a great improvisation in production point of view. Bio-regulators are being used by the growers to increase the yield by improving the yield attribute parameters. Keeping the objective to increase the yield, in the recent studies; twenty six-year-old apricot cv. New Castle trees were subjected to 11 treatments viz. Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) at 5 and 10 ppm and N-acetyl thiazolidine 4-carboxylic acid (NATCA) at 50 and 100 ppm and their combinations were applied at pink bud and petal fall stage during the year 2015 and 2016. Out of the two time of spray the petal fall stage was found to be superior in both the years. Foliar spray of CPPU at 10 ppm increased the vegetative character like tree height (17.40 %), tree spread (22.17 %), tree volume (27.82 %) over control. However an increase the fruit set (52.71%) and fruit retention (38.12%) was noticed by NATCA (100 ppm) at petal fall stage. Keeping all the observa...

The study investigated phytochemical and proximate analysis of the leaf, stem and root of Securinega virosa. The plant sample was dried under room temperature and grounded into powdered before extraction of the phytochemical using Soxhlet extractor. Result of the screening, shows that there are various phytochemicals such as saponin, alkaloid and tannin among others. The result of the study also showed the plant contain protein, crude fibre, moisture among others. Therefore, the study recommends that phytochemical properties of Securinega virosa should be harness and used in the treatment of diseases.

The aerial part of Cymbopogon pruinosus is widely used in the Southern part of Madagascar for the treatment of hypertension. The aims of the present study were to analyze the vasorelaxant properties of different extracts from C. pruinosus and to isolate and characterize bioactive secondary metabolites. An ethno-pharmacological survey was conducted in the south of Madagascar about medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat hypertension. The vasorelaxant activity of various extracts (n-Hexane, Dichloromethane, Ethyl acetate and Ethanol) from the most cited plant C. pruinosus was carried out on rat aorta ring. The chemical structures of the pure compounds were determined by LC/MS/NMR. The ethyl acetate extract was the most effective. The ethyl acetate extract inhibited phenylephrine contraction in isolated rat thoracic aorta. Bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract led to the isolation and structural characterization of two bioactive pure compounds (named PY-1 and PY-2) which exhibited very good vasorelaxant activities with the EC50 values of 0.0125 ± 0.006 mgml-1 and 0.00731 ± 0.0018 mgml-1 respectively. The bioactive compounds were attributed respectively to Scopoletin (PY-1) and Bis(2-ethyl hexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The vasorelaxant potency of the bioactive extract was diminished in the absence of endothelium and by a pre-treatment with propranolol, a β2 adrenergic receptor blocker, which was however not affected by indomethacin pre-treatment. These findings indicated that the vasorelaxant effect of Cymbopogon pruinosus may be partially endothelium dependent, mediated by nitric oxide and that vasoactive prostanoids might not be contributing to the vasorelaxation effect. C. pruinosus possess vasorelaxant activity on isolated organs. The ability of plant extracts and its isolates in this study to cause relaxation of the aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine may represent a rational explanation for the use of the plant species to treat hypertension by Malagasy traditional healers.

The genus Aconitum has been reviewed for distribution in the world, traditional use, isolated chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of some common species. Aconitum species are traditionally used throughout Asia, particularly in China and Japan, as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicine. Lappaconitine and Yunaconitine are common chemical constituents that may justify the use of these species as analgesic and antiinflammatory agents in Asian traditional medicine. The aim of the present paper is to further review the comprehensive knowledge of the plants of this genus including the traditional uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacology.

This study was carried out for the first time to evaluate the antioxidant properties and total phenolic and flavonoid content of the methanolic extract along with its organic and aqueous soluble fractions of the whole stem of Coffea benghalensis growing in Bangladesh. For evaluation of antioxidant properties DPPH scavenging assay, ferric reducing capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and phospho molybdenum assay was used. In the DPPH free radical scavenging assay, the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the crude methanol extract revealed the highest free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 3.22 ± 0.17 μg/ml and 12.88 ± 0.305 μg/ml, respectively while the standard BHT was 4.39 ± 0.02 μg/ml and 9.38 ± 0.075 μg/ml, respectively. All the test samples and the standard BHT exhibited good linear relationship in the ferric reducing capacity and phospho molybdenum assay. Also, the test samples showed significant activities in the ferric reducing capacity ...

Six bamboo species (Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa nutan, Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus strictus and Dendrocalamus sericeus) has been recorded which are used for the edible purpose in large or small scale in the seven district surveyed of the North Chhotanagpur (NCN) region. Dendrocalamus strictus is the most common edible dominant bamboo species from the view point of delicacy, taste and consumption and found in most of the places. The next dominating edible species is B. bambos (Kanta bans) which is found in 6 districts (except Giridih). As minor species in terms of use as food is concerned, B. balcooa as edible bamboo was found in Giridih & Dhanbad district only. Most frequent edible bamboo species is D. strictus and least frequent species is D. sericeus. D. sericeus was found only at Parasnath hill of Giridih district. The edible young shoots are available only for 2 to 3 months. The production period could be increased up to 6 to 8 months in a year by proper cultivatio...

Field studies were conducted at SKUAST-K to evaluate the comparative efficacy of nine systemic and four non-systemic fungicides against the leaf and fruit spot disease of pear caused by Entomosporium maculatum Lev. Four foliar sprays at 15 days interval with thiophanate methyl @0.05% produced the lowest leaf (PDI 2.26%) and fruit (PDI 1.53) disease with 95.86 and 96.12 percent disease reduction over control on leaves and fruits, respectively. Propiconazole 25 EC and triadimefon 25 WP both @ 0.05 % were next effective treatments with leaf disease intensity reduction of 94.15 and 93.78 per cent and fruit disease intensity reduction of 94.42 and 94.59 per cent over control, respectively. The other fungicides in decreasing order of their efficacy were Carbendazim 50WP (PDI 3.82 % on leaves & 1.70% on fruits), metiram + pyraclostrobin 60 WG (PDI 3.93% on leaves & 2.53% on fruits), difenoconazole 25 EC (PDI 4.13% on leaves & 2.60% on fruits) and flusilazole 40 EC (PDI 5.20 % on leaves & 3...

Mulberry (Morus) belongs to the Moraceae plant family, native of China. The leaves of mulberry plant are the major food source for the silkworm. The leaf consists of minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre, amino acids, phytosterols, flavonoids and other functional components, mainly 1-DNJ (1-Deoxynojirimycin) which acts as an anti-diabetic drug. In countries like China, Korea and Japan the preparations from mulberry leaves are used as medicine for increasing the immunity of the human body, cough relief and to lower the blood sugar and blood pressure. The high nutritional value of leaves is used as a functional food, mostly in the form of herbal tea, smoothie, yoghurt, salads, nutritional masala biscuits, capsules, dry powder, oil, dietary supplement etc. This manuscript mainly focuses on the nutritional importance and health benefits of mulberry leaves extract. The leaves extract may help to lower blood sugar (diabetes), inflammation levels, cholesterol and fighting against heart disease.

Objective: The aim of the present work was to evaluate anticandidal activity of Mentha piperita and Pongamia pinnata essential oils and synergistic anticandidal activity of these essential oils with some commonly used commercial antibiotics like Amphotericine B, Nystatin, Fluconazole, Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole and Itraconazole against multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Candida. Method: The synergistic effect of antifungal activity was evaluated against clinical isolates by disc diffusion assay. Results: The synergistic activity of the antibiotics with Piper mentha essential oil was better than with that of Pongamia pinnata essential oil. Piper mentha essential oil increased the anti-candidal effect of azole antibiotics Fluconazole and Ketoconazole, while it had less synergistic effect on Clotrimazole and Itraconazole. Conclusion: The essential oil of Piper mentha essential oil in combination with antibiotics could be used as an interesting and alternative source of anticandid...

Soil organic matter (SOM) has long been recognized as an important indicator of soil productivity. The SOM refers to the organic fraction of the soil exclusive of undecayed plant and animal residues. It plays a crucial role in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems by improving soil physical (texture, structure, bulk density, and water-holding capacity), chemical (nutrient availability, cation exchange capacity, reduced aluminium toxicity, and allelopathy) and biological (nitrogen mineralization bacteria, dinitrogen fixation, mycorrhizae fungi, and microbial biomass) properties (Fageria N. K. 2012). Green manure crops can increase cropping system sustainability by reducing soil erosion and ameliorating soil physical properties by increasing SOM and fertility levels, by increasing nutrient retention, by helping control weeds and by reducing global warming potential (Cavigelli and Thien, 2003). Application of organic manures in the tea growing soils boost up the soil organic c...

Propolis is a natural product with a plethora of biological effects, utilized by traditional medicine since antiquity. However, its application as a pharmaceutical is hindered by its variable composition and difficult standardization. CAPE has been shown to be a major component of propolis, with a large contribution to its pharmacological effects, among which the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic have been attracting most attention. The current review article aims to present the cornerstone pharmacological studies of CAPE throughout the years, following its discovery, which confirmed its primary importance among propolis constituents and opened the path to its intensive research as a potential pharmaceutical. We present the diversity of drug delivery systems of CAPE, which have been developed to improve its efficacy in in vitro and in vivo disease models and discuss their primary promises and weaknesses. The increased interest in recent years over more practical approaches of CAPE research such as its pharmaceutical formulation comes to show that it has a potential to become commercialized as a pharmaceutical.

Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of Pipturus arborescens afforded ursolic acid (1), oleanolic acid (2), friedelin (3), β-sitosterol (4), and stigmasterol (5) from the twigs; while the leaves yielded 4, 5, squalene (6), chlorophyll a (7), and polyprenol (8). The structures of 1-8 were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.

The present review shares an updated data on the botany, distribution, traditional medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. All provided information was obtained through Google Scholar, Pubmed, SciFinder, Scirus, Web of Science and a library search.

A novel is ligand namely 5,5'-(6-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis (azanediyl)diquinolin-8-ol (PBDQ-6)  has been prepared and characterized. This ligand was characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analysis. Coordination polymers of this bis-ligand (NBDQ) were prepared with Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II) metal ions. All of these coordination polymers were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectral and diffuse reflectance spectral studies. The thermal stability was evaluated by thermo gravimetric analyses (TGA). In addition, all of the coordination polymers have been characterized by their magnetic susceptibilities. All the novel synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Green gram is one of the major pulse crops developed all over the world. Cercospora leaf spot disease is a critical annihilating disease of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). It could be a broad disease caused by the organism Cercospora canesens with the decrease in trim abdicate up to 60 per cent. The disease was firstly detailed in Delhi, India and spread all over the environment. Field conditions and essential natural variables are dependable for the infection rate. Numerous of the botanical extricates and fungicides are detailed to be successful control of the disease.

Fifteen essential oils, four essential oil fractions, and three pure compounds (thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol), characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, were investigated for biological and nonbiological antioxidant activity. Clove oil and eugenol showed strong DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 13.2 μg/mL and 11.7 μg/mL, respectively) and powerfully inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (IC 50 = 7.5 μg/mL and 1.6 μg/mL) or H 2 O 2 (IC 50 = 22.6 μg/mL and 27.1 μg/mL). Nutmeg, ginger, and palmarosa oils were also highly active on this test. Essential oils from clove and ginger, as well as eugenol, carvacrol, and bornyl acetate inhibited NO (nitric oxide) production (IC 50 < 50.0 μg/mL). The oils of clove, red thyme, and Spanish oregano, together with eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol showed the highest myeloperoxidase inhibitory activity. Isomers carvacrol and thymol displayed a disparate behavior in some tests. All in all, clove oil and eugenol offered the best antioxidant profile.

A field survey was conducted in and around R.S. Pura tehsil of Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir, India and data was collected from 120 respondents belonging to Gujjar community through specially designed questionnaire by random sampling method. The study revealed that majority of respondents preferred semi loose system of housing in the area and were not maintaining any records. It was observed that most of them were not disinfecting animal sheds. Regarding summer and winter management in buffaloes, majority of farmers practiced management practices to protect buffaloes from extreme heat and cold. About 14.16% of the respondents sometimes washed milking utensils before milking and 83.33% always washed their utensils followed by 2.5% who never washed them. About 94.16% and 100% of respondents adopted vaccination against Foot and mouth disease and Hemorrhagic septicemia for their animals respectively. Majority of farmers were poor in certain aspects of scientific management of anim...

Plants have always been a common source of medicament either in the form of traditional preparations or pure active principles. It is well known that traditional herbal medicines existed before the application of the modern scientific methods to health care; and even today majority of the world population depends on herbal health care practices1. Cyprus rotundus is a plentiful species occurring throughout the plains of India, especially South India. It is well documented in ancient literature for the therapeutic uses of skin, urinary, digestive and reproductive diseases. The present review covers the basic botanical information, Physical properties, Therapeutic actions, Phytochemistry, Ethno medicinal uses, Experimental Pharmacology and Classical preparations from AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha & Homeopathy) systems of Medicine.

Extracts from the seeds of two morning glories were studied to determine their anti-microbial activity. Ipomoea alba and Ipomoea tricolor were analyzed by broth microdilution technique. I. alba extract showed very strong antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 19.5 µg/mL for both. Antifungal activity was also observed against Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC of 78 µg/mL. Strong cytotoxicity against the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, with IC50 value of 35.72 ± 1.86 µg/mL was observed. I. tricolor extract showed strong activity against E. faecalis and B. cereus, with MIC values of 19.5 and 9.75 µg/mL, respectively. Strong activity was observed against Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC of 9.75 µg/mL. Strong cytotoxicity was also observed against human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and Hs 578T, with IC50 values of 28.47 ±1.98 µg/mL and <30 µg/mL, respectively.

Ficus carica Linn. (Moraceae) is commonly known as edible fig. The leaves, roots, fruits and latex of the plant are medicinally used in different diseases. The leaves are claimed to be effective in various inflammatory conditions like painful or swollen piles, insect sting and bites. However, there has been no report on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of F. carica leaves. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of F. carica leaves. Our study validated the traditional claim with pharmacological data. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the drug could be due to the presence of steroids and flavanoids, respectively, which are reported to be present in the drug. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of the drug could be due to its free radical scavenging activity. Further work is also required to isolate and characterise the active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory activities.

The volatiles obtained from fresh flowers of Khaya grandifoliola
C.DC. and Khaya senegalensis A.Juss. by hydro-distillation
method were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–
mass spectrometry. Sesquiterpenes represent 86.32%
and 80.86% of the identified volatile compounds of K. grandifoliola
(KgO) and K. senegalensis (KsO) oil, respectively.
Caryophyllene-oxide (23.01%), isocaryophyllene (Z) (21.99%),
and α-humulene (13.46%) were the main compounds identified
in KgO, whereas in KsO they were caryophyllene oxide (14.85%),
β-caryophyllene (43.59%), and α-humulene (15.72%). The volatiles
were tested for cytotoxic activity against liver (HepG-2),
breast (MCF-7), and colon (HCT-116) human cancer cell lines. K.
grandifoliola and K. senegalensis oils displayed cytotoxic activity
with IC50 (21.6, 26.1, and 37.6 μg.mL) and (61.1, 79.7, and 61 μg.
mL), respectively. Sesquiterpene content of Khaya oils may contribute
to their cytotoxic activity.

In recent times, environmental wellness and health have won the attention of science and technology. As the world goes through an evolutionary transformation, environmental security is taken care with utmost observation and attention. Health is influenced by the ecology. Discharge of toxic pollutants such as chemicals toxins and pathogens necessitate a vigilant monitoring and a thorough check. On this account, detection and diagnosis of environmental pollutants and health hazards need scientific and technological tools. Biosensors proved to be the most attractive analytical tools for better monitoring and to implement medical and environmental legislations in these areas. Biosensor technologies offer the potential to fulfill the parameters of diagnosis. The construction and working of biosensors base an interplay of nanotechnology and medicinal chemistry. This review encompasses the nuts and bolts of biosensors.

This definitive guide to current herbal remedies includes more than 700 monographs complete with scientific and common names, indications, and usage (including Commission E–approved usage). Featured are clinical studies results, when available, and usage in Chinese, Indian, and homeopathic medicine, when applicable. The guide also includes information on possible interactions with prescription drugs, and the management of those interactions and is fully indexed for easy use.