REVIEW: Relationship between ICT and Library Practice

REVIEW ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) AND LIBRARY PRACTICE by AJAYI Khadijat Dayo Department of Communication and General Studies, College of Agricultural Management and Rural Development, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria. June, 2016 1.0 Introduction Information and communication technology (ICT) is the most influencing factor of today’s information society. It covers internet service provision, information technology equipment and services, media and broadcasting, library and documentation centers, network based information services and other related communication activities. This has made it essential for library management to inculcate the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into the library practice because the primary aim of every library is to satisfy the users’ need within a shortest period of time. This work reviews ten articles on the relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the library practice. 2.0 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a comprehensive and parallel concept with Information Technology (IT). It denotes not only a single unit of technology but assemble of a technology which includes telecommunication equipment, data processing equipment, semi conductors, consumer electronics and so on. (Islam and lslam, 2006). According to Marcelle cited in lslam and lslam (2006) state, that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a heterogeneous collection of industry and service activities including information technology (IT), equipment & services, media, information service provision, libraries, commercial information providers, network based services and related professional specialized services. It is in this view, that Blurton (1999) cited in Chisenga (2006) defines Information and Communication Technology as a diverse set of technological tools and resources that are used to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. lslam and lslam (2006) affirm Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as the use and application of computers, telecommunications and micro – electronics in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, transfer and dissemination of information. However, Hamelink (1997) sees Information and Communication Technology as an interrelationship among information given facilities when he contends that they enable the handling of information, facilitate different forms of communication which include: capturing technologies such as camcorder, storage technologies such as Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD - ROM), processing technologies (application software), communication technologies (Local Area Network (LAN)) and display technologies (Computer monitors). These encompass a wide range of rapidly evolving technologies including telecommunications technologies, such as telephone, cable, satellite, TV, radio, computer-mediated conferencing, videoconferencing, as well as digital technologies, such as computers, information networks (Internet, the World Wide Web (www), intranets and extranets) and software applications. Information and Communication Technology comes about as a result of the digital convergence of computer technologies, telecommunication technologies and other media communication technologies. The adoption and use of ICT by organizations and individuals have wider spread in the world today than before. Information and Communication Technology is being used in health, military, agriculture, education, commerce, and many other fields. Information and Communication Technology is also being used in various types of libraries as it is the gateway to electronic libraries. 2.1 Introduction of ICT to the Library Practice The library practice is understood to be the normal daily routine of librarians. Librarians perform functions like cataloguing and classification, serials management, circulation management, acquisition management, referencing, indexing and abstracting. All these are put in place to improve information services to library users. The main function of information and communication technology is availability of the right information to the user at the right time for appeasing his thrust of knowledge. Information and communication technology has brought dramatic change to the traditional ways of library profession and practice. The mission of libraries for several decades as revealed by Graham (2000) has been to acquire information, organize, preserve and make it available. Therefore, this brings to the fore, the central purpose of libraries which is to provide a service for access to information, while Buckland (1992) arguing submits that modern information and communication technology especially computers, information networks and software applications, are making it possible for libraries to provide a variety of library and information services to their clients. Conclusively therefore and from observation, the following are the various sections that exist in a library; acquisition section, technical section, circulation section, reference & serial section and e – library section. 2.1.0 Sections in a Library Acquisition Section The term acquisition encompasses every aspect of obtaining materials for libraries. Materials can be acquired by purchase, gift, or exchange. Even though, libraries operations approach this process from many perspectives. Likewise, automation has greatly improved the service and efficiency of such operations. Acquired books in print are now available on compact disc read only memory (CD – ROMs) and online. Another remarkable acquisition is in financial management. This is one area of acquisitions where automation has yielded marked improvements. Systems such as Geac and Innovacq as disclosed by Hawk (1988), recognizes the library's need for double bookkeeping or hierarchical breakdowns within accounts. This allows libraries to report expenditures to their parent accounting bodies in general terms as well as to maintain detailed internal subject and format breakdowns. Likewise, the detailed breakdowns are not only accommodated but, encumbrances and expenditures are updated in real time or in the worst case overnight, requiring no human tabulation. Based upon this capability, financial reports can then be generated in a format suitable for general circulation (Hawk, 1988). From observation, the invention and innovation of information and communication technology has improved the acquisition section services by acquiring books online either by purchase, gift or exchange. A remarkable example of notice is the Book for Africa (BFA) online, an organization which always donates free textbooks to Africans. Technical section The activities carried out in this section are done using cataloguing and classification tools. Cataloguing is the systematic arrangement of items in an alphabetical order by highlighting the bibliographic features of library resources based on the description of books (author, title, publishers and year of publication). In this section, books are catalogued and classified. As regards cataloguing, it is based on authors, titles and subjects inside a card and it is called card catalogue which enables easy access and retrieval for users. While, classification is a way in which books and other library materials are arranged in the library using classification scheme to group similar books together in a systematic arrangement. There are two classification schemes namely: Dewey Decimal classification (DDC) and Library of Congress (LC). The DDC as it is generally called is used in Public libraries. (Wikipedia.org). While, LC is used in the academic libraries. This is done by assigning a call mark or call number on the books and the mark is used to call for a particular material on a shelf in the library. The advent of information and communication technology into the library practice has brought about the use of Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). This serves as the electronic/computerized version of the manually operated library cards catalogue. One of the most important features of OPAC from observation is that it makes bibliographic searching easier such as KOHA, TINLIB, X – LIB and so on. OPAC has made it possible for library users to access the library facilities from anywhere in the world 24 hours in a day for 7 days of the week. It is easier to learn and use the software from the users end as long as they know how to use one universal access client like Web browser (Google Chrome or Firefox ). Web – based OPAC gives chance for other information sources such as tables of content, full – text documents and works/titles by the same author. Circulation control section This section is the image maker of the library and it is responsible for registration of library users, issuing of library materials, making reservations of materials and where generation of circulation statistics are done. It is in this regard that Babafemi, Saliu, and Otenekwu (2013) opine that circulation service is more or less the public section of the library. They go further to highlight the functions of circulation thus: registration of users, loaning and checking in of materials, charging and receipting of overdue fines, monitor damaged materials, collecting statistics on library use, weeding of obsolete materials, shelving of returned books, user’s education programs, provision of information services and processing reservations. The software designed to them, must be able to provide for the creation of patron’s (users) name, particulars platform, borrow (charge)/returning (discharge) platform, printed output and financial control. This involves sending overdue notice to the defaulters and imposition of fines on overdue books borrowed. Users may be allowed to borrow materials such as books, videotapes, compact disc etc. for a specific period of time. With the advent of ICT, libraries are able to do computer database, digital mass storage for efficient and effective service to the users. Reference section Here, readers are provided with service on request; readers ask a specific question relating to the use of library materials in the reference section and will be attended to immediately by the reference librarian. These questions are easily answered by consulting a specific reference source like almanacs, yearbooks, biographies and so on. Reference materials are not circulating (cannot be loaned out like books). With the advent of information and communication technology, reference librarian service is much effective by using library database to attend to the need of the user immediately. Electronic Library (e - library) section The digital library is a system as disclosed by Lynch and Molina (1995) cited in Helena and Asamoah (2001) that provides a community of users with coherent access to a large organized repository of information and knowledge. Borgman et al (1996) cited in Helena and Asamoah (2001) say it is an “advanced form of information retrieval system, usually containing the full content of electronic documents, often in multiple media and available via distributed computer networks”. Electronic libraries have problems with preservation of material; rapid changes in information that soon make some older versions of software and hardware obsolete. Magnetic media need to be copied every few years so that it can be read clearly. Method of storage for magnetic media plays a great part in its longevity. There are lots of software in the e - library ranging from EGRANTHALAYA, TINLIB, KOHA, LIBERTY and access to e – journal, Open access sites. Qutab, Bhatti and Ullah (2014) also support that Libraries are using information and communication technologies for book and serial acquisitions, money transition, classification and cataloguing, reference service, user orientation service, circulation service, inter library loan, document delivery service, electronic contents, e-mail and chat assistance, web 2.0 interactive sharing, bibliographic service and photocopies services. This has enhanced service provision to library clientele. Cortez (1983) cited in Hawks (1988) defines an automated library system by its capacity to store "the library's files in a common database which is accessible through a common protocol and command language. The integrated system supports circulation, acquisitions, and cataloguing activities for managements’ use. Electronic library assists in the creation and use of information. It basically stores materials like bibliographic databases, digitized documents; electronic journals etc which has provide efficiency and effective service in the area of learning, teaching and research work. It also reduces the shelves in the libraries by storing the online journals, reference materials etc in the computer system instead of occupying space on the shelf. Services in the e – library include online search, multimedia, library network, scanning and so on. Online search This is the process whereby database searched from a work station may be linked to remote location where two data are held locally on CD – ROM or directly connected to the computer. Multimedia This is an integrated package of audio, video, images or text to provide information. It can play, talk, sing and switch from showing text to graphics. Library Networking This is the process of linking different libraries together with the purposes of information and library resources. Scanning This is the process of copying an image document to an electronic form where it can be viewed and subsequently reproduced in paper form or sent to remote locations or online. An example: scanning of question papers on a school’s website for the students to have access to them. 3.0 Attitude of Librarians towards the use of ICT It is expected that library staff are qualified to offer high quality services to the users who are visiting the physical library. Likewise, it is expected, that they have substantial knowledge and skills needed for developing and maintaining electronic services. Also, for disseminating of relevant services matching the web-users’ needs and expectations. The discussion by Eguavoen (2011) in his study on attitudes of library staff to the use of information and communication technology comes to be relevant. It states that serving remote library users on the World Wide Web (www) calls for additional competencies within ICT, marketing, branding library services and communication via different media. Also, knowledge of methods of measuring and evaluation of use and user satisfaction with the services provided. On his own part, Singh (1998) study on the use of internet among librarians in Malaysia indicates that Malaysian librarians are active users of the Internet. He discloses that majority of the respondents were said to be recent users, that the World Wide Web (WWW) and e-mail were heavily used for work-related to library purposes. The study further reveals that librarians felt that the Internet was an essential feature and had contributed a great deal in improving the efficiency in their library. The implication of this submission is that this reinforces the argument that the Internet is an important tool for librarians, and they should be provided with facilities and encouragement to use the internet in their work. Another research by Yaacob (1990) investigated the attitudes of librarians in government-supported special libraries in Malaysia, this examines the relationship between the librarians' attitudes and awareness toward Information Technology (IT). A significant relationship was found among attitudes and awareness of the potentials of IT, recency of attaining professional qualifications, and knowledge of IT. Librarians' level of knowledge of technology was good predictor of attitudes towards IT. It is to corroborate earlier mentioned studies that Al-Zahrani (2000) investigation on the perceptions of 147 library professional and paraprofessional staff concerning information technology innovations and training in university libraries in Saudi Arabia becomes pertinent. He found a significant relationship among respondents' educational background, experience in using information technology, and their perceptions about IT. Likewise, it of great consideration here to bring to the lore the results of Eguavoen (2011) on attitudes of library staff to the use of ICT: the case of Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan. It was revealed that library staffs of Kenneth Dike Library have a positive attitude towards the use and implementation of ICT in the library. The reasons adduced included an understanding of the benefits of ICT on this; the respondents reacted favorably to the advantages of ICT, rather than to any perceived negatives. The results revealed further, that the training and knowledge of ICT influenced the attitudes of library staff towards its usage. This is in consonant with the findings of earlier studies citing Williams, et al., (1998), It is in this view that Eguavoen (2011) reveals that a significant correlation between levels of use, skills, familiarity, knowledge of ICT and teachers' attitudes. Similarly, Finlay & Finlay (1996) cited in Eguavoen (2011) establishes a connection between current knowledge and personality types in measuring librarians' attitudes towards the Internet. As fallout from all these aforementioned studies, it now appears that it is a challenge to the libraries staff to match particular needs and demands from many different user groups and communities. This also includes library management staff to ensure that sufficient professional competencies and skills are available in the organization to match the needs of today’s user – wherever it might be located. 4.0 Relationship between ICT and the Library Practice Information and Communication Technology has being able to make impact on every sphere of academic library activities especially, in the form of the library collection development strategies and library building. ICT presents an opportunity to provide value-added information services and access to a wide variety of digital based information resources to their clients. Furthermore, academic libraries are also using modern information and communication technology to automate their core functions, implement efficient and effective library cooperation and resource sharing networks. Others are to implement management information systems, develop institutional repositories of digital local contents with digital libraries, while attempting to initiate ICT based capacity building programmes for library users. The use of ICT is no doubt growing in Nigerian libraries. This has been well established in the study on the use of internet among Malaysian librarians whereby majority regarded the internet as an essential tool for librarians and felt that it had contributed to speedy efficiency in their workplace (Singh, 1998). Garg (2013) supports this result and asserts that information and communication technology has a tremendous impact on every library operation, resources services, staff and users. The additional dimensions have to do with globalization of information and knowledge resources as opined by Chisenga (2004), those include bibliographic databases, full – text documents and digital library collections which are always available to users brought about by accelerated adoption and use of information technology. Buckland (1992) cited in Haliso (2011) affirms that the key purpose of any library is the provision of a quality service and access to relevant information relating to computer, information network and software application. Ajayi (2001) making his view cited in Haliso (2011) as from the global point that it appears there is a tacit consent which shows existence of relationship between the use of information and communication technology and librarians’ enhancement to job performance. It is in this view that Chinsenga’s (2006) study on Information and Communication Technology avers that ICT presents opportunities (such as digital libraries, Capacity building, provision of value added ICT – based information services, management information systems, library cooperation and resource sharing etc) to their users. Haliso (2011) research work on factors (training and support of staff, hardware and software problems, fund problem, power outage etc) affecting information and communication technology adds that technology enhances service provision to library clientele. Helena and Asamoah (2001) state, that the practice of collecting books and journals, displaying them on long rows of shelves for users is being challenged. They reveal that the advent of information and communication technology has come along with networked systems, new methods of acquisition and use of information sources. This means university libraries need to devise new ideas in service provision that will bring about user satisfaction. Therefore, libraries should be considering moving away from the traditional ways of providing information and approach the electronic ways that are fast gaining ground, which is movement from a traditional to an electronic library. Also, contributing is Ramzan (2004) cited in Eguavoen (2011) asserts that greater changes have occurred since the beginning of the new millennium with developments like expert system, wireless network, virtual collections, interactive web interface, virtual reference services and personal web porters. This from observation has brought important and rapid changes in the works of librarianship, where digital and electronic libraries are being established to complement while, in some cases to completely replace, the traditional libraries. The use of ICT no doubt, is growing in Nigerian libraries because library itself is a growing organism. It is in this regard that Lee, in Popoola (2002) asserts that microcomputers will create remarkable changes in the nature of professional work. Thus, Eguavoen (2011) citing Krbec and Pakia (1994) describes the advantages of ICT for library processes and user services. The negative trend in the use of ICT as observed by Igberia et al., in Popoola (2002), reveal that there are widespread fear and negative attitudes which have slowed the progress of ICT implementation. Also, Attwell and Rule (1984) cited in Eguavoen (2011) asserts that many people have resisted the use of computers and other ICT technology. It is perhaps because of this trend that Sutton (2001) cited in Mabel & Minishi (2007) observe that the changes brought into the LIS profession by ICTs can be divided into two major categories. They are the natural evolutionary changes and transformatory changes. As natural evolution, the library and information science profession has harnessed ICTs to perform old tasks better through the automation of housekeeping tasks such as reference work, bibliographic services, cataloguing, serials, circulation and acquisition, which are performed more efficiently in an ICT environment. Transformatory changes include the emergence of new functions arising out of an expanded, demand-driven information society, wider and/or interdisciplinary jurisdiction and closer focus on user needs. It exhibits the fact that those involved in information services need to be sufficiently prepared to handle the users of information which make it necessary for the professional librarians to have knowledge of networking, communication and retrieval technologies that has become core to the profession of librarianship. Thus, another probing dimension is brought about by Manish (2013). He opines that ICT incorporates a range of technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. This is similar to Information Technology which primarily focuses on communication technologies. This includes communication networks and applications. Networks include fixed, wireless or satellite telecommunication and broadcasting networks. Moreover, its well-known applications are the Internet, DBMS, Information Storage and Retrieval Systems and multimedia tools. Likewise, Saraf (1998) cited in Manish (2013) affirms that ICT has enable libraries to provide services that could have not been possible manually but in libraries today, information technology has assisted library professionals to provide quality information services and give more remote access to the internationally available information resources. This from observation has brought about the gradual advancement of modern technologies in libraries distinguishing old and new technologies, identify components such as, workstations, mainframe computers, mini computers, PCs computers and Compact disk Read Only Memory (CD – ROM) technology. Others are audio technology, teleconference, Internet, network technology, Wide Area Network (WAN), Local Area Network (LAN) and so on. All these are ICT used in libraries and information and exact reasons to use computer and related technologies in libraries (Islam & Islam, 2006). Libraries as store houses of books have integrated with the use of Information and Communication Technology to information communication centre which promotes development and improves services in library. It has brought a lot of changes in today's business environment. Therefore, Librarians need to embrace ICT as an important tool for effective and efficient performance of the library practice. 5.0 Challenges posed on Library Practice by ICT These challenges seemingly as they were as noted by Ramzam (2004), he reveals that Librarians in developing countries recently face the challenges posed by information and communication technology with the rapid changes that cause the drastic change in library practices. This has led the Librarians in developed countries to learn and quickly adopt new information technology. Thus, on this regards, lslam & lslam (2007) aver that libraries in Bangladesh began to use computers in early 1980s in which little progress was observed in the use of computer to library service between 1964 and 1995, but there has been significant progress in the use of computer to provide library services since 1996. Furthermore, it was disclosed that The International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Library (ICDDR, B) and the Agricultural Information Center (AIC) pioneered the creation of Bibliographic database using microcomputer. It was also observed by then, that the developments are related to most of the private Universities in the country. Also, as it was observed that majority of the public University libraries are not as developed in ICT as the private Universities, of which a number of problems are said to contribute to the situation. These include administrative barriers, lack of shared initiatives and lack of skilled manpower. Imminent also, are lack of financial support, lack of infrastructure, lack of ICT resources, absence of local resources, psychological barriers, and lack of ICT training programs and lack of e – resources selection policy. On the same view, academic libraries in Kenya suffer poor funding, poor communication system and lack of ICT qualified librarians (Waiganjo, 2006). Margaret (2002) cited in Haliso (2011) states that it was not different in Uganda, the power unreliability; management attitude and poor ICT skill of the Librarians were pointed out. In Botswana state, as observed by Adeya (2002 & 2007) in Haliso (2011) reveals that inadequate computerization; inadequate infrastructure and inadequate human capacity are the major challenges towards the use of ICT. In an affirmation, Manda (2006) cited in Mabel and Minishi (2007) argue that Inadequate technological infrastructure (lack of national ICT policy, low internet connectivity, inadequate supply of electricity, inadequate number of PCs, etc) to support the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the Library and Information Studies (LIS) curricula is a great challenge. While, Okiy (2005) observes that poor and inadequate telecommunication facilities; poor level of computer literacy militated the use of Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria. In their findings, Sani and Tiamiyu (2005) corroborate that irregular power supply, librarian attitude towards the use of ICT and poor funding among others stood as militating factors towards ICT availability and use in Nigerian academic libraries. 6.0 Scholarly Elements observe in the articles used Article 1 Title: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Libraries: A New Dimension in Librarianship The title is too long and it would have been much better if it is “Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a new dimension in Libraries”. The abstract is a paragraph with 450 words. It was not italicized, methodology is not stated. In the body, Subscript numbering is used for the in – text citation and APA style was used for references but not arranged alphabetically. Article 2 Title: Factors Affecting Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) Use by Academic Librarians in Southwestern Nigeria The title is okay, no abstract, introduction is okay. Descriptive method is adopted. Conclusion and recommendation well stated. The APA style format is used and arranged alphabetically. Article 3 Title: Information and Communication Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges for National and University libraries in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa The title is too long and will have been better with Opportunities and Challenges by African National and University Libraries with the advent of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The abstract is too long though italicized. The subscript numbering is used for the in – text citation. No methodology and recommendation. APA format is used for references. Article 4 Title: Impact of Information Technology and Role of Libraries in the Age of Information and Knowledge Societies The author wastes words; it would have been brief by “Impact of Information Technology and Role of Libraries”. The abstract is okay with 498 words and 5 keywords. APA format is used for references. Article 5 Title: Libraries in the Era of ICT: An Overall Transformation An acronym ICT is not defined in the title. The title would have been much better with “Transformation of Libraries in the Era of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)”. The abstract is okay with 391 words and the keywords too are okay. MLA format is used for references. Article 6 Title: The use of Internet among Malaysian Librarians The title is brief and well understood. Abstract is long with 846 words but the keywords are okay. Descriptive methodology is used to carry out the research. APA format of references is used. Article 7 Title: Transforming Traditional Libraries into Electronic Libraries: The Contribution of the African University The title can be rephrased as “The Contribution of the African University on transformation of Libraries to Electronic” subscript numbering is used for in – text citation. The abstract is indented but too long with 1,280 words, no keywords. APA format style of references is used. Article 8 Title: Attitudes of Library Staff to the Use of ICT: The case study of Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan. Nigeria The title does not analyze the acronym ICT and wastes words by article “The” instead of Case study of ……….. .The abstract is well indented but with 675 words and 6 keywords. Descriptive methodology is used to carry out the survey. APA format style is used for the references. Article 9 Title: Integration of ICTs in Library and Information Science Education in sub – Saharan African ` The acronym ICTs is not defined in the title. The authors’ names are not separated Mabel K. Minishi – Majanja instead of Mabel K. and Minishi – Majanja. The abstract is single line spacing and italized but with 1080 words and no keywords. Secondary source of information is employed. Bibliography is used. Article 10 Title: Information support services of the rural development libraries in Bangladesh The title is brief. The abstract is italicized with 544 words and keywords. Descriptive method is used. APA format is used. 7.0 Conclusion A strong relationship exists between library practices and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This study looks at the various ways in which Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been very useful to librarians in carrying out their duties effectively and efficiently to satisfy the users’ needs. It also, discusses the challenges faced by the library as a whole in the course of using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for effective library practices. Recommendations by the various authors of the articles reviewed will be very useful if they could be implemented. 8.0 Recommendations from the articles lslam and lslam (2007) recommend that libraries need adequate funds to initiate the implementation of ICT and also implored the government to play a vital role by allotting sufficient funds for purchasing and maintaining ICT in libraries. It was also, recommended that steps should be taken to develop properly trained and competent personnel to implement ICT in libraries. This was correlated by Haliso (2011) who recommends that academic libraries in Southwestern Nigerian should provide adequate funds for the acquisition of appropriate ICTs, and that management of libraries must ensure that adequate training is given to academic librarians in the use of ICTs. Jegede (2001) cited in Haliso (2011) states that professional librarians in Nigeria need to acquire skills that will enable them to be competent in an ICT environment. 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