The Etruscans in Classical Literature.doc

a) hesiode (Zv.w. VIII s.)

tirsenielebis pirveli xseneba dakavSirebulia hesiodes saxelTan. `Teogoniis~ dasasruls aRniSnulia:

Kivrkh d j @Helivou qugavthr @èperionivdao, geivnat j !Odussh'o" talasivfrono" ejn filovthti #Agrion hjde; Lati'non ajmuvmonav tev kraterovn te: »Thlevgonon te e[tikte dia; crush'n !Afrodivthn:¼ OiJ d j h[toi mavla th'le mucw'/ nhvswn iJeravwn pa'sin Turshnoi'sin ajgakleitoi'sin a[nasson. 8 kirkem ki, SviliSvilma heliosisa, hiperionisgan Sobilisa, Sva medgari odisevsisagan, masTan siyvaruliT dakavSirebulma, agriosi da latinosi mZlavri da uzado. (telegonesi ki iSva oqros afroditesagan). orive maTgani Soreul wminda kunZulebze binadrobs da saxelganTqmul tirsenielebze mbrZaneblobs.

zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom es striqonebi `Teogonias~ daerTo Zv.w. VI an V saukuneSi, radganac aq mocemuli informacia (`kirkem odisevsisagan agriosi da laTinosi Sva, romlebic mbrZaneblobdnen saxelganTqmul tir-senielebze~) warmoadgenda eneasis Sesaxeb miTis gamar-Tlebas; Tumca, amis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebic arsebobs. 9 rogorc cnobilia, homerosi, hesiodesgan gansxvavebiT, kunZul aias ukidures aRmosavleTSi moiazrebda. 10 hesiodes `Teogoniis~ am striqonebis poemisTvis organulobis mtkicebas Cven sagangebo statia mivuZRveniT. 11 ganvixileT ra Zveli italiis xalxTa miTologia, davrwmundiT, rom e.w. `italikuri winapirobebi~ hesiodes poemaSi moyvanili miTis am versiisaTvis namdvilad arsebobda, xolo konkretuli Semqmnelebi Tqmulebis am variantisa SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen evbeelebi (swored maT daafuZnes pirveli kolonia CrdiloeT italiaSi, qalaq kumeSi, kunZul iskias mopirdapire mxares). Tqmulebis SeTxzva unda momxdariyo Zv.w. VIII saukunis dasawyisSi, rasac naTlad adasturebs berZen kolonistebsa da etruskTa Soris arsebuli gacxovelebuli kontaqtebis amsaxveli arqeologiuri masala. 12 amgvarad, hesiodes es striqonebi ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gviandel CanarTad da maTi ganxilva rogorc etruskTa pirvelad xsenebisa eposSi, namdvilad eyrdnoba safuZvlian argumentebs.

amasTan, sagulisxmoa, rom antikur wyaroebSi arsebobs versia `tirsenielebis~ adriatikis zRvaSi mosaxle sxva tomeb-Tan gaigivebis Sesaxeb. am Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams rogorc herodotosi, ise Tukididesi. 13 swored qalkidiaSi mobinadre tirsenielebs, zogierTi mosazrebiT, ukavSirdeba dionisesa da tirsenieli mekobreebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Tqmuleba. es tomebi iyvnen pelasguri warmoSobis da qalkidiaSi dasaxlebamde binadrobdnen aTensa da kunZul lesbosze. 14 sayuradReboa, rom kunZul lemnosze, romelic qalkiduri kunZulebidan yvelaze didia, gasul saukuneSi aRmoCnda Zv.w. X-IX saukuniT daTariRebuli stela, romelzec etruskulis monaTesave enaze Sesrulebuli warwerebia. am aRmoCenas da enis identifikacias mravali sayuradRebo naSromi mieZRvna. 15 10 Homer, Ilias, XII, 3-4. es STabeWdileba tirsenielebze aris dadebiTi da amasTan, garkveulwilad gamoxatavs mzadyofnas maTi sakuTari kulturis nawilad aRqmisa. sayuradReboa, rom hesiodes `TeogoniaSi~ etruskebisTvis miniWebuli epiTeti mogvianebiT gadaiqca tirsenielTa erT-erT ZiriTad literaturul kliSed, romelic araerTxel meordeba momdevno periodebis antikur wyaroebSi. b) apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. II s.)

apolonios rodoselis `argonavtikaSi~1 8 naxsenebia: `tirse-nielTa napirebi~ (`aktaiv Turshnivde"~) (IV, 660), `tirsenisi(`T urshniv"~) (III, 310) da rac sayuradReboa, `tirsenieli mamakacebi~ (`ajndrasi Turshnoi'sin~) (IV, 1760).

Tuki pirvel or SemTxvevaSi apoloniosi, aRwers ra argonavtebis iolkosSi dabrunebis marSruts, tirenis zRvas da mis napirebs gakvriT axsenebs, ukanasknel magaliTSi tirsenelebs kunZul lemnoss ukavSirebs.

poeti aRniSnavs, rom argonavt evfemosis STamomavlebi am kunZulidan mogvianebiT tirsenielebma gamoaZeves: Lhvmnou t j ejxelaqevnte" uJp jajndrasi Turshnoi'sin. lemnosidan isini tirsenielma mamakacebma ganagdes. lemnosTan dakavSirebiT Cven ukve vimsjeleT da ganvmarteT, rom am kunZulis mkvidrni namdvilad SeiZleba gavaigivoT etruskebTan. 19 rac Seexeba Tavad sityvaTSeTanxmebas `ajndrasi Tirshnoi'sin~, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven TargmanSi mogyavs varianti `tirsenieli mamakacebi~, ar gamovricxavT sityvis `andrasi~ `vaJkacebad, mamacebad~ gadmotanis SesaZleblobasac, riTac apoloniosis Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba miuaxlovdes hesiodes epiTets `saxelganTqmuli~. amiT, Cveni azriT, xdeba etruskTa Sesaxeb eposSi arsebuli azris, garkveulwilad, ganmeoreba, romlis Tanaxmadac tirsenielebi gamo-irCevian sabrZolo TvisebebiT.

g) lukrecius karusi (Zv.w. 96-55 ww.)

lukreciusis Txzuleba `saganTa bunebisaTvis~2 0 bunebis movlenaTa mecnierul axsnas popularulad gadmogvcems.

sakiTxis filosofiur kvlevas poeti upirispirebs movlenaTa religiur-sakulto interpretacias da amasTan dakavSirebiT axsenebs etruskTa divinacias.

epikureizmis mimdevari romaeli filosofosisaTvis etruskebis Sexeduleba ciur movlenebze, romelic efuZneba elvebze mkiTxaobis samisno wignebs, crurwmenas warmoadgens:

Ne trepides caeli divisis partibus amens, unde volans ignis pervenerit aut in utram se verterit hinc partim, quo pacto per loca saepta insinuarit, et hinc dominatus ut extulerit se [quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre possunt ac fieri divino numine rentu] (VI, [86][87][88][89][90][91]. raTa ar ikankalo cis damyofma nawilebad, SeSinebulma, saidan gamoCnda mfrinavi cecxli _ aqedan Tu iqidan, da romel mxares mobrunda da daxuruli adgilidan saxlSi rogor Sevida da gareT rogor gavida. am saqmeTa mizezebs gonebiT aRqma ar SeuZliaT da amitom varaudoben, rom RvTis saxeliT sruldeba.

marTalia, am nawyvetSi lukreciusi pirdapir ar miuTiTebs etruskul samkiTxao wignebze (Libri fulguralis), magram mraval avtorTan, romelTa Semoqmedebasac Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT, dawvrilebiT ganmartebuli es etruskuli praqtika srulad Seesabameba lukreciusis mier aRweril samisno qmedebebs _ cis seqtorebad dayofas, elvaTa gamoCenis adgilsa da gadaadgilebis traeqtoriaze dakvirvebas. Libri fulgurales etruskTa winaswarmetyvelebis xelovnebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis gamaerTianebeli moZRvrebis, disciplina etrusca-s erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgenda (Seneca, nat. quaest., II ,32-50, Plinius, hist., nat. II, [137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148].

am sakiTxs Cven ufro safuZvlianad pliniusTan da senekasTan kidev erTxel davubrundebiT, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom lukreciusTan naxsenebi `cis seqtorebad dayofa( caeli divisis partibus) gulisxmobs cis kiduris Teqvsmet nawilad danawevrebas da TiToeuli ganayofisTvis RvTis saxelis miniWebas. sainteresoa, rom Tavis droze am sistemis rekonstruqcia scada vainStokma, romelic daeyrdno marcianus kapelas Txzulebas `De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii". 21 lukreciusi sxva nawyvetSi kidev erTxel ubrundeba etruskul moZRvrebas, romelsac metaforulad `tirenul simRerebs~ uwodebs (Tyrrhena carmina):

Non Tyrrhena retro volventem carmina frustra indicia occultae divum perquirere mentis. (VI, 381-385) tirenuli simRerebis ukuRma furcvla amaoa, raTa RvTis nebis miniSnebebi gonebiT Seimecno. lukreciusi aq aSkarad miuTiTebs elvaTa Sesaxeb etruskuli moZRvrebis ara mxolod praqtikis, aramed Teoriis arsebobaze, romelic magiur wignebSi iyo gacxadebuli. (metafora `etruskuli simRerebi~, romelic etruskTa samisno wignebs ganasaxierebs, wignis III TavSia gaanalizebuli).

sayuradReboa, rom etruskTa winaswarmetyvelebis mi-marT skeptikuri damokidebulebis SemTxvevebi antikur lite-raturaSi, rogorc ityvian, TiTebzea CamosaTvleli. lukreciusis es pasaJebi mniSvnelovania rogorc informaciuli, ise mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT. etruskuli misnoba romael poetsa da filosofoss warmodgenili aqvs filosofiuri (anu mecnieruli) Wvretis sapirispiro da mcdar SexedulebaTa erTobliobad. sagulisxmoa, rom es dapirispireba `filosofosebi~ _ `winas-warmetyvelebi~, romelic antikur literaturaSi arcTu iSviaTad mTavrdeba am ukanasknelTa gamarjvebiT, sxva avtorebTanac dasturdeba (magaliTisTvis sakmarisia prokopi kesarielis `omebis istoria~, romelsac Cven mogvianebiT warmovadgenT).

d) publius vergilius maro (Zv.w. 70-19 ww.)

vergiliusi CvenTvis sayuradRebo cnobebs or TxzulebaSi _ georgikebsa~ da `eneidaSi~ warmoadgens. 22 georgikebiã m poemaSi vergiliusi etruskebTan dakavSirebul cnobebs Txzulebis I, II da III wignebSi moixmobs. 21 Weinstock, Martianus Cappella and the Cosmic system of the Etruscans, JRS, vol XXXVI, 1946, 335. 22 Vergilius, Georgica. Vergilius, Aeneis.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi poeti `tuskur tibross~ axsenebs: Indigetes, et Romule Vestaque Mater, qual Tuscum Tiberim et Romana Palatia servas. (I, 499-500) samSoblos RmerTebo, mSobliurno, romulusisa da vestas dedav, Tqven, romelnic tuskur tibross da romaul palatins ifaravT. am nawyvetSi, cxadia, sayuradRebo mxolod is araa, rom tibrosi vergiliuss tuskur mdinared hyavs saxeldebuli. mniSvnelovania agreTve is garemoebac, rom poeti aq ori kulturis _ romaulisa da etruskulis erTianobas qadagebs, Seavedrebs ra uzenaes RmerTebs etruskul da romaul simboloebs.

es Tvalsazrisi, romelic avgustusis epoqis ideologias exmianeba, cxadyofs mravalerovani romauli saxelmwifos erTianobis survils.

kidev erTi sakiTxi, rac mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba, aris is, rom vergiliusi italiis mkvidri sxva tomebidan romaelTa gverdiT mxolod etruskebs `ayenebs~.

amis mizezi, vfiqrobT, sakmaod konkretulia _ vergiliusmà georgikebi~ xom mecenats miuZRvna, romlis etruskul warmomavlobas araerTi poeti sagangebod aRniSnavs.

am sazeimo pasaJis Semdeg vergiliusi etruskebs sxvagan ufro kamerul garemoSi warmoadgens:

Inflavit cum pinguis ebur Tyrrhenus ad aras, lancibus et pandis fumantia reddimus extra. (II,(193)(194) ukravs qoniani tirheneli spilos Zvalze (fleitaze) samsxverplosTan da Rrma jamebiT oxSivaradenili Signeuli SemoaqvT. es nawyveti CvenTvis sayuradRebo or detals gamokveTs: tirenelebs vergiliusi qonianebs uwodebs (pinguis Tyrrhenus) (katulusi iyenebs sinonimur variants "obesus Etruscus" -`sqeli (nakvebi) etruski~); etruski aq fleitaze damkvrelad warmogvidgeba (igi, amavdroulad, kultmsaxurebis monawilecaa).

pirvel sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sinonimuri epiTetis ganmeoreba or sxvadasxva avtorTan aSkarad miuTiTebs etruskTaTvis mxatvrul literaturaSi am garegnuli maxasiaTeblis tipiurobaze. rac Seexeba etruskis musikalur instrumentze (fleitaze) dakvras, aRsaniSnavia, rom etruriaSi gavrcelebul instrumentTa Soris (lira, sayviri) fleita yvelaze popularul sakravs warmoadgenda.

antikuri wyaroebis garda, amas adasturebs samarxTa kedlis mxatvrobac, sadac mravladaa warmodgenili Cveulebriv da ormag fleitaze damkvrelebi, romlebic nadimis, TamaSobebis, sanaxaobebis, saWmlis momzadebis an romelime ritualis monawileebad gvevlinebian. 23 sainteresoa, rom xis, spilos Zvlisgan damzadebul fleitas, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, misi konfiguraciidan da naxvretebis raodenobidan gamomdinare, hqonda ara Tanamedrove fleitis, aramed hobois JReradoba. 24 am pasaJis komentirebis bolos unda iTqvas, rom fleitaze damkvreli qoniani etruski ganzogadebuli saxea vergiliusis Tanamedrove tirenelisa, romelic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba Tavisi `saxelganTqmuli~ (hesiode) da `vaJkaci~ (apolonios rodoseli) winaprebisagan.

etruskis zogadi saxidan vergiliusi konkretul pirovnebebze inacvlebs, rodesac `georgikebSi~ mecenats axsenebs.

Tavidanve ukve aRvniSneT, rom `georgikebi~ vergiliusma swored mas miuZRvna, niSnad madlierebisa imis gamo, rom mecenatma poeti viRac veteranis Tavdasxmebisgan daicva, romelic mis mokvlasac ki cdilobda. 25 Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gaius cilnius mecenati yvelaze cnobili etruskia antikur istoriaSi.

igi erT-erTia antikuri epoqis im moRvaweTagan, romlis sa-kuTari saxeli sazogadod gardaisaxa, iqca ra qvelmoqmedebisa da SemoqmedTa uangaro Tanadgomis simbolod. cxadia, amis mizezebi Tavad mecenatis pirovnebaSia sa-Ziebeli.

mecenati da mecenatobis problema yovelTvis iwvevda sazogadoebis did interess, amitom, sruliad bunebrivia, rom avgustusis epoqis am cnobili moRvawis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis kvlevas mravali naSromi mieZRvna. 26 am naSromebSi dawvrilebiT ganixileba literaturis mfarvelisa da qvelmoqmedis biografia, misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba, mis mier literaturis patronaJi, urTierToba avgustussa da sakuTari literaturuli wris wevrebTan da bolos, mecenatis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, romelmac dRemde sul ramdenime fragmentis saxiT moaRwia.

bunebrivia, mecenatis pirovnebis identifikaciisaTvis am sakiTxTa yuradRebis miRma datoveba SeuZlebelia, Tumca mniSvnelovania agreTve kvlevis is kuTxe, romelic jerjerobiT srulyofilad ar yofila gamoyenebuli avgustusis epoqis am ga-moCenili moRvawis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.

aq, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba antikur literaturaSi mecenatis warmodgena mxatvruli ganzogadebis obieqtad, rac niSnavs mecenatis mxatvrul personaJad Tu metafora-simbolod gardasaxvis kanonzomierebaTa gamovlenas.

Tavdapirvelad, sanam uSualod am sakiTxs warmovadgen-deT vergiliusTan (da Semdeg, sxva poetebTan), mokled Se-vafasebT mecenatis Tanadroul epoqas, romelsac specialur li-teraturaSi avgustusis anu `oqros xanad~ ixsenieben (Zv.w. I s. _ ax. I s. 10-iani wlebi). garda imisa, rom epoqis ganxilva, rogorc es Cveulebriv xdeba, sayuradReboa pirovnebis Sinagani ganwyobis da ga-remosTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, mecenatis Sem-TxvevaSi sagulisxmoa, rom avgustusis megobari Tavad iTvleboda am periodis, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, `kulturuli ideologi-is~ erT-erT fuZemdeblad.

sisxlismRvreli samoqalaqo omebis Semdeg axalgazrda avgustusma romaelebs nanatri mSvidoba moutana.

avgustusis zavi~ saSualebas aZlevda giganturi imperiis Semqmnel mebrZol xalxs sakuTari Zalebi kulturul da, upirveles yovlisa, literaturul sarbielze warmoeCina. xedavda ra, rom am sferoSi yoveldRiur samxedro laSqro-bebSi garTuli romaelebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCebodnen, avgustusma miznad daisaxa Tavad ezruna literaturis dawi-naurebisaTvis, risTvisac man sagangebo programa SeimuSava.

samarTlianadaa aRniSnuli, rom avgustusis epoqa `oqro-sad~ iwodeboda ara mxolod im warmatebisTvis, prinkesma romis politikur sferoSi rom ganaxorciela, aramed, pirvel rigSi kulturuli aRmavlobisTvis, romelsac `sul ramdenime aTwleul-Si miaRwia romaulma literaturamp Seiqmna is simaRleebi, romelTac romaelebs SesaZlebloba misces literaturis ama Tu im JanrSi Tavi gaetolebinaT TavinT berZen winamorbedeb-Tan. 27 am warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana gaius mecenatma, romelic zogierT gamokvlevaSi sruliad usafuZvlodaa moqceuli avgustusis `CrdilSi~ an ganixileba rogorc po-etTa cenzori da maTi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis SemzRudveli. am Sexedulebebs mTlianad abaTilebs mecenatis Sesaxeb antikur wyaroebSi daculi informacia.

biografuli cnobebi gaius cilnius mecenati (Gaius Cilnius Maecenas) dabadebula Zv.w. 70 wlis 13 aprils, gardacvlila ax.w. 8 wels, romSi. warmoSobiT, rogorc mamis, ise dedis mxridan (Cilnius) etruskul qalaq arecos keTilSobilTa gvars miekuTvneboda. 28 wyaroebma da epigrafikam am ori gvaris _ mecenatis da cilniusis _ Sesaxeb informacia uxvad Semogvinaxa. istoriaSi cnobilia kidev 5 mecenati, romelic sxvadasxva epoqaSi moRvaweobda.

cilniusebis sagvareulos axsenebs liviusi, 29 silius italikusi, 30 arecos warwerebSi araerTi cilniusia moxseniebuli. 31 sayuradReboa, rom mecenatis sakuTar saxelSi mamis sagvareulosTan erTad dedis sagvareulocaa warmodgenili. es faqti, sruliad ucxo romauli garemosaTvis, bunebrivi iyo et- 27 r. gordeziani, romauli literatura, klasikuri periodi, wignSi: antikuri literatura -sauniversiteto kursi, rismag gordezianisa da nana tonias saerTo redaqciiT, logosi, 2005, 324. 28 m. palotino am sagvareulos perujidan warmomavlobas emxroba -M. Pallottino, Etruscologia, Milano, 1984, 254. ruskuli tradiciisaTvis, sadac qalis mdgomareoba gansxvavdeboda antikur samyaroSi miRebuli normebisagan. 32 sazogadoebriv sarbielze moRvaweoba Wabukma mecenatma, romelic ekvitebis wres ekuTvnoda, samxedro karieriT daiwyo. cnobilia, rom igi monawileobas iRebda brZolaSi qalaq mutinasTan (Tanamedrove modena) (Zv.w. 43w.) da mog-vianebiT _ filipebTan triumviratis mxareze (Zv.w. 42w.).

avgustusma, rogorc Cans, am wlebSive miaqcia yuradReba keTilSobili gvaris etrusks, romelsac Zv.w. 40 wlidan diplomatiuri misia daakisra. 36 wels mecenati kvlav romSia da terenciaze qorwindeba. prinkepsis samsaxurSi myofi mecenati Tanda-Tan uaxlovdeba avgustuss da misi uaxloesi mrCeveli da megobari xdeba.

avgustusi mecenats sakuTari kulturuli politikis ganxorcielebas avalebs.

avgustusis es gadawyvetileba ar iyo dafuZnebuli mxolod mecenatTan mis megobrobaze. mecenatisaTvis am konkretuli uflebamosilebis miniWebas, Semdegi mizezebi gaaCnda:

1. mecenati prinkepsis politikas iziarebda; 2. igi Tavadac eweoda literaturul saqmianobas; 3. mecenati gamoirCeoda mravali pirovnuli RirsebiT, maT Soris, TavmdablobiT da komunikabelurobiT, rac mas uadvilebda SemoqmedebiT wreebTan urTierTobas.

vfiqrobT, am sam ZiriTad faqtorTan erTad, rac saxeldeba specialur literaturaSi, gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve mecenatis warmomavlobac (romelsac gamokvlevaTa umetesobaSi meorexarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeboda), 33 ris safuZvelsac gvaZlevs Semdegi: 1). avgustusis periodis romi, romlis Zalaufleba imJamindeli civilizebuli samyaros sazRvrebSi farTod iyo gaSlili, Tavad italiis teritoriaze mravali eTnosis iZulebiTi gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. im tomTa Soris, romelTa damorCileba romaelebma xangrZlivi omebiT moaxerxes, wamyvan Zalad gvevlinebian etruskebi. oqtavianusis droisTvis etruria romis sazR-vrebSi sul axali Sesulia. istorias jer kidev ar Cabarebia roma-elTa da etruriis qalaqTa sisxliani dapirispireba. mecenatis, avgustusis `marjvena xelad~ SerCeva swored am dapirispi-rebis daviwyebasa da or xalxTa Soris axali tipis urTierTobis Camoyalibebas emsaxureboda;

2). avgustusi angariSs uwevs etruskTa ara mxolod Zvel samxedro didebas, aramed maT kulturul dominantobas itali-aSi. is faqti, rom etruskebi, romelTa civilizacia ganviTarebis doniT Tavidanve iyo laTinTa mibaZvis obieqti, mraval antikur wyaroSia dadasturebuli. mecenatis SerCeva prinkepsis kulturuli politikis gamtareblad swored etruskTa gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas emsaxureboda;

3). sakuTriv mecenati warmoadgens TvalsaCino magaliTs, e.w. `axali etruskisa~ , romelic etruskuli kulturis romanizacias naTlad `ireklavs~. arecoelma mecenatma kargad SeiTvisa romauli cxovrebis wesi da sakuTari Semoqmedebac laTinur enaze warmoadgina. am ukanasknelTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba damatebiT aRiniSnos, rom warmoSobiT etruski didebulis ojaxSi dabadebuli mecenati iyo faqtiurad `pioneri yovelive imisa, rasac dResac romauli kulturis kuTvnilebas vuwodebT. avgustusis programaSi, romelic mecenatma ga-daamuSava, etruskuli ena ar miuaxlovda Tavisi mniSvnelo-biT romauls, magram warmoadgenda ganuyofel nawils italiis antikuri tradiciebisa.~3 4 mecenatis, Tanamedrove gagebiT, `kulturis ministradd aniSvniT avgustusma zustad warmoaCina sakuTari politikis is mimarTulebani, romelic gamovlinda principatis periodis romis kulturul cxovrebaSi. mecenatis wre. mecenatma gadawyvita romSi ukve aprobirebuli gziT wasuliyo da niWieri poetebi literaturul wreSi Semoekriba. mecenatis wris garda, imdroindel romSi sxva literaturuli wreebic arsebobda. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom erT-erT maTgans saxelganTqmuli mxedarTmTavari da oratori valerius mesala xelmZRvanelobda, xolo sxva literaturul gaerTianebas saTaveSi cnobili oratori da istorikosi asinius polioni edga. es wreebi erTmaneTisagan ara mxolod literaturuli, aramed politikuri xedviTac ganirCeodnen _ polionisa da mesalas wris poetebi avgustusis mier danergil axal wesrigze sakuTari Sexedulebebi gaaCndaT.

amitom mecenati sakmao yuradRebas uTmobda sakuTari wris yoveli axali kandidatis ara mxolod poetur niWs, aramed pirovnul Tvisebebs da politikur orientacias. horaciusi ixsenebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mecenats variusma da vergiliusma warudgines, SemoqmedTa mfarveli axalgazrda poets Tavdapirvelad Zalian frTxilad ekideboda da ar Cqarobda masTan daaxloebas (Hor, Carmina, I, 6). 35 kvintilianus variusis, vergiliusis da horaciusis garda, mecenatis wres ekuTvnodnen: properciusi, plotius tuka, , aristius fuskusi, valgius rufusi, domitius marsusi da emilianus makeri. sagulisxmoa cnobebi Tavad mecenatis, rogorc Semoqmedis Sesaxeb. mecenatis nawarmoebebidan ociode fragmenti SemogvrCa. esenia: dialogebi (Prometheus; De cultu suo; Symposium), ritmuli proza da leqsebi. mecnierebi mis prozas maneruls da azianisturs uwodeben, Tumca, amasTanave, neologizmebisa da sintaqsuri siaxleebis wyalobiT, ga-mokveTilad individualurs. mecenatis poeziaSi. mkvlevarTa azriT, Cans neoterikosTa gavlena, Tumca, amavdroulad, an-gariSgasawevia poetis originaluri mignebebic. 36 avgustusis mTavari davaleba mecenatis mimarT iyo nacionaluri eposis Sesaqmnelad Sesaferisi kandidaturis SerCeva, rasac etruskma didebulma warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi da vergiliusze SeaCera arCevani.

vergiliusi mecenatis literaturul wres erT-erTi pirveli Seuer-Tda. `bukolikebis~ gamosvlis Semdeg igi mecenatma daiaxlova da mas TxovniT mimarTa SeeTxza romaelTa warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis sadidebeli eposi.

georgikebis~ dasasruls vergiliusma Tanxmoba ganucxada mecenats am dakveTis Sesrulebaze, Tumca aRniSnavda: tua Maecenas, haud mollia iussu te sine nil altum mens incohat.

(III, [41][42] toriis, miTologiis, lingvistikis, politikis da sxva sferoebSi mo-muSave specialistTa yuradRebas. es faqti advilad ixsneba `eneidas~ SinaarsiT _ vergiliusi warmoadgens romauli civilizaciis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis miTologiur versias, romelSic erTmaneTs erwymis miTi da istoriuli realoba, fantazia da informacia dokumenturi wyaroebidan.

Znelia vivaraudoT, rogor mijnavdnen erTmaneTisgan Zveli xalxebi miTsa da istorias. es sakiTxi scildeba Cveni naSromi sakvlev Temas, magram erTi ram garkveviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom zogierTi miTologiuri siuJeti xSirad konkretul istoriul movlenasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli.

rTulia aseve msjeloba im meqanizmze, romliTac miTi iqmneboda.

cxadia, arsebobs gamonaklisic _ rodesac miTs hyavs konkretuli avtori.

swored aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme `eneidas-Tan~ dakavSirebiT. vergiliusi gvevlineba rogorc avtori `enei-das~ ZiriTadi miTologiuri xazisa.

cxadia, vergiliuss hqonda sakuTari miTologiuri koncefciis konkretuli safuZveli. imisaTvis, rom siuJetisaTvis damajerebloba da realizmi mieniWebina (es mniSvnelovani iyo nacionaluri eposisaTvis, romelic imperator avgustusisa da mecenatis SekveTiT iqmneboda), vergiliusma Seiswavla romis istoriuli, miTologiuri da literaturuli memkvidreoba. magram yvela es informacia ar iyo sakmarisi eneasis istoriis Sesaqmnelad. rogorc es poemidan Cans, eneasi xvdeba italiis adgilobriv tomebsa da xalxebs, romelTac sakuTari istoria, miTologia, religia, ena da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi ga-aCndaT. amitom mniSvnelovani iyo am xalxTa kulturis Sesaxeb garkveuli codnis flobac _ vergiliuss xom isini ara mxolod eneidas~, aramed nacionaluri eposis personaJebad unda eqcia.

aqedan gamomdinare, avgustusma da misma mrCevelma mecenatma gaiTvaliswines poetis warmomavlobac.

vergiliusi warmoSobiT italiis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qalaq mantuadan iyo (Tanamedrove mantova), romelic Tavis droze etruskebma daaarses. 37 tarxoni _ `eneidas~ erT-erTi mTavari personaJi, eneasis mTavari mokavSire (VII, 505). igi agilas mefea, romelic ib-rZvis tiran mezenciusisa da rutulebis winaaRmdeg.

Tavad etruskuli miTologiis mixedviT, tarxoni aris Svili (an SviliSvili) tirsenosisa, etruskTa mefisa, romelic maT lidiidan SemouZRva. man mamis neba-surviliT daaarsa etruriis 12 qalaqi da saxelmwifoebrivi organizebis mTavari principebi SeimuSava. igi winaswarmetyvelebaSic friad ganswavluli iyo. 44 vergiliusi, rogorc vxedavT, cnobili miTologiuri personaJis mxolod saxels iyenebs, raTa igi damajereblad gamoiyurebodes `eneidas~ miTologiur qargaSi. eneasisa da tarxonis mokavSireoba `eneidaSi~ politikur motivacias uqmnis romaelTa saxelmwifos erTianobas, romlis SemadgenlobaSi etruria sul axali Sesulia. swored es gvafiqrebinebs, rom tarxonis saxiT vergiliusma Tavisi mfarveli mecenati warmoadgina.

konkretul argumentebad SeiZleba vergiliusis mier Seqmnil am mxatvrul saxes istoriuli prototipi gaaCnda. erTi SexedviT, es unda yofiliyo tarkvinius amayi, romelic romaelebma gaaZeves da man dasaxmareblad mefe porsenas mimarTa. Tumca, Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom mezenciusSi vergiliusma igulisxma swored kiuzis mefe porsena, romlis gansakuTrebul sisastikeze informacia herodotosis erT cnobas efuZneba. 46 berZeni istorikosi, gadmoscems ra Zv.w. 540 wlis ambebs, mogviTxrobs etruskTa da karTagenelTa gaerTianebuli flotis mier fokideli berZnebis damarcxebaze. herodotosi aR-niSnavs, rom tyved Cavardnili berZnebi ceres mkvidrebma porsenas brZanebiT Caqoles. elvaTa mixedviT divinaciaze Cven lukreciusTan dakavSi-rebiT nawilobriv vimsjeleT, sadac aRvniSneT, rom am moZRvrebas e.w. libri fulgurales Seicavda, romelic, Tavis mxriv, etrusca disciplina-s erT-erT Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda. 46 Herodotus, Historiae, I, 167. Etrusca disciplina (an disciplina Etrusca) kidev ramdenime wignisagan Sedgeboda: libri haruspicini _ samsxverplo cxovelis Signeulobis mixedviT divinacia, libri fatales _ adamianebis bedis ganWvreta, acherontici _ imqveyniuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba, ostentaria _ RvTaebriv niSanTa ganmarteba.

religia

RviZlze mkiTxaoba anu haruspicia metyvelebs Zveli samyaros aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis civilizaciebis uZveles kav-Sirebze.

babilonSi Seqmnili es religiuri praqtika, romelic samsxverplo cxovelis RviZlis mixedviT RvTaebrivi nebis interpretacias axdenda, farTod gavrcelda Zveli samyaros TiTqmis yvela xalxis religiur kulturaSi _ xeTebTan, 47 mcire aziaSi, etruriaSi da iqidan romSi.

gansxvavebiT saberZneTisa da romisagan, sadac hepatoskopia adgilobrivma religiurma praqtikam ver Seisixlxorca, etruskebTan RviZlze mkiTxaobam arnaxuli masStabebi SeiZina. 48 etruskebma miznad daisaxes RvTaebriv niSanTa dawvrile-biTi interpretacia, isini ar kmayofildebodnen romaelTaTvis sakmarisi litat o non litat-iT.

etruriaSi arsebobda RviZlze mkiTxaobis mZlavri instituti, funqcionirebda qurumTa, romelTac etruskulad netsvis, xolo romaulad haruspex ewodeboda, sakmaod mravalwevriani kolegia.

hepatoskopiisaTvis etruskebi sagangebod emzadebodnen. msxverplSewirvisaTvis arCevdnen janmrTel cxovels da gakveTis Semdeg yuradRebas aqcevdnen ara mxolod RviZls, aramed mTel Sinagan organoebs.

etruskuli haruspiciis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens piaCencaSi aRmoCenili brinjaos RviZlis modeli, romelzedac, arsebiTad, proecirebulia e.w. wminda sivrcis anu templum-is, rogorc mas romaelebi eZaxdnen, suraTi.

brinjaos modeli dayofilia segmentebad, romlebzec aRnusxuli iyo RvTaebaTa saxelebi, romelTa erTi nawilis identifikacia SesaZlebelia, meoresi _davas iwvevs an erTob Znelia. 49 rogorc Cans, winaswarmetyvelis funqcia imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ewarmoebina dakvirveba mis mier agebul templumze da imis mixedviT, Tu romeli RmerTi `alaparakdebo-da~ RviZlsa Tu zecaSi, ganemarta RvTaebrivi niSnebi. 50 vergiliusi ganmartavs, rom tibrosi aris tirenuli mdinare, romelic SeeuRla mantos, tiresiasis qaliSvils da hyavda Svili oknusi, romelic mantuas damaarseblad miiCneoda (X, [198][199][200][201].

vergiliusis versia mantuas daarsebis Sesaxeb efuZneba serviusis erT pasaJs (ad Aen., X, 19). 53 Zneli saTqmelia, ratom ar warmoadgens vergiliusi `eneida-Si~ etruskTa RmerTebs, romelTa mimarT tirenTa mier aRvlenili locva ufro bunebrivi iqneboda. safiqrebelia, rom poeti aseT delikatur sakiTxSi SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas oficialuri nebar-Tvis gareSe gasaqans ver miscemda. rogorc Cans, etruskuli panTeonis gamoCena romaul nacionalur eposSi avgustusis RvTaebriv nebas ewinaaRmdegeboda. 55 Tyrrhena plantis -etruskTa mier sandlebis modifikacias warmoadgens. tirsenielebma fexsacmlis xis Zirebi brinjaoTi dafares, sandlis zonrebi or nawilad gayves da oqros farCiT morTes.

yoveldRiuri cxovrebà

etruskTa es novacia swrafad gaxda popularuli da sandlebis am variants tirenuli ewoda. mkvlevarTa azriT, swored am tipis sandlebi amkobs fidiasis mier Seqmnil aTenas qandakebas. 56 swored amitom avsonieli evandrosis mier tirenuli sandlebis tareba sruliad bunebrivad gamoiyureba.

poemis erT-erT pasaJSi venusi eneass niSans aZlevs Weqa-quxilis meSveobiT. quxilis xma, rogorc vergiliusi aRniSnavs, cas ise azanzarebs, rogorc tirenuli sayviri:

Namque improviso vibratus ab aethera fulgor Cum sonitu venit et ruere omnia visa repente Tyrrhenusque tubae mugire per aethera clangor.

(VIII, 524-526) moulodnelad eTers elva aacaxcaxebs, quxiliT modis da yvelafers xmauriT da naTebiT msWvalavs, ise daigriala, rogorc tirenuli sayviri cas azanzarebs. tirenuli sayviris xma berZnul literaturaSi kargad cnobili poeturi saxea. igi ramdenjerme Cans tragediaSi (esqile, `ev-menidebi~; sofokle, `aiasi~; evripide, `heraklidebi~). 57 tirenul sayvirs, romelic berZnebma etruriidan Seitanes, hqonda rogorc sabrZolo, ise religiur-sakulto daniSnuleba. Sesabamisad, tirenuli sayviris ori saxeoba arsebobda: mokle rkaliseburi da grZeli, swori, boloSi rkaliT. 58 eneidaSi~ tirenuli sayviris xseneba, cxadia, bunebrivad gamoiyureboda, radganac asocirdeboda eneasis mokavSire Tu mowinaaRmdege etruskebTan. 55 etruskTa modis tendenciebi naTlad Cans kedlis mxatvrobaSi -G. Camporeale berZnuli miTologiis es cnobili miTi antikur literaturaSi ara-erTxelaa ganxiluli. ovidiusis garda, tirseniel mekobreebTan dakavSirebul siuJets vxvdebiT: homerosis himnebSi, longos-Tan, senekasTan da nonosTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorebs miTis arc ZiriTad, arc meorexarisxovan detalebSi cvlilebebi ar SeaqvT, tirseniel mekobreebTan maTi damokidebuleba sxvadasxvagvarad aris warmoCenili. 62 tirsenieli mekobreebis Temaze msjeloba SeuZlebelia zogadad mekobreobis sakiTxis ganxilvis gareSe. miCneulia, rom mekobreoba antikur samyaroSi sakmaod gavrcelebul movlenas warmoadgenda. sagulisxmoa, rom mekobreobas misdevda yvela sazRvao qveyana da `saxelmwifos politikur-institucionaluri arsis Ca- 61 Ovidius, Metamorphoses Ovidius, Fasti. moyalibebamde mekobreoba ar miiCneoda samarcxvino saqmianobad, Tanaarsebobda ra komerciasTan~. 63 mekobreobaSi, cxadia, etruskebic iyvnen CarTulni, rac dasturdeba diodoros sicilielsa da strabonTan. 64 Tumca, amavdroulad, Tavad etruskebic xSirad iyvnen amgvar TavdasxmaTa obieqtebi, magaliTad, fokeelTa mxridan (Zv.w. V saukuneSi dionisei" fokeelma samekobreo saqmianoba swored etruskTa xomaldebis winaaRmdeg mimarTa). etruskTa sazRvao Zliereba, romelic berZenTaTvis jer kidev siciliis kolonizaciamde iyo cnobili, uqmnida safuZvels im warmodgenebs, romelTa mixedviTac tirenelebi zRvas mekob-reTa razmebiT akontrolebdnen.

dRes mecnierebaSi sakmao eWvi arsebobs etruskTa da dionises am miTis tirseniel personaJTa igiveobis Sesaxeb. efuZneba ra antikur tradiciaSi e.w. `or tirenelTa~ arsebobis Sesaxeb versias, 65 zogierTi mkvlevari, rogorc es apolonios rodoselTan dakavSirebiT vaxseneT, gamoTqvams varauds dionises miTis `tirsenielTa~ egeosis zRvis kunZulebis mosaxle tomebTan gaigivebis Sesaxeb. 66 Tumca, cxadia, isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom am region-Si, kerZod, kunZul lemnosze, mobinadre xalxi etruskTa mo-naTesave enaze saubrobda. 67 ovidiusis SemTxvevaSi, eWvgareSea, tirseniel mekobreTa miRma poeti etruskebs unda gulisxmobdes, radgan am peri-odisaTvis `or tirenelTa~ arsebobis Tema aqtualobas moklebulia.

kidev erTi miTologiuri personaJi, etruski tagesi, poets warmodgenili hyavs `metamorfozebis~ XV wignSi (tagesi, romulusis Subi. kipusi): 68 etruskuli haruspiciis Sesaxeb ganmarteba vergiliusis `e-neidas~ komentarSi ukve gadmoveciT, amjerad gagacnobT Tavad tagesis miTis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove gamokvlevaTa Sedegebs. garkveviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tagesis miwidan `amoxto-ma~ miuTiTebs, erTis mxriv, mis xTonur ZalebTan kavSirebze da meores mxriv, Tavad am legendis arqaulobaze.

zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT, tagesis kulti winaaziuri warmoSobisaa, 69 sxvani ki mas avtoxTonur etruskul gmirad miiCneven. 70 amasTan erTad, gamoTqmulia varaudi tagesis etruskTa panTeonis mTavari RmerTis, tinis SviliSvilobis da genia herkles Svilobis Sesaxeb. 71 rac Seexeba Tavad terminis etimologias, dResdReobiT misi warmomavloba dadgenili ar aris. 72 ovidiusTan tagesis Sesaxeb miTi organulad aris CarTuli nawarmoebis siuJetSi da mTlianad esadageba Txzulebis Sinaarss.

sagulisxmoa, rom tagesis miTis antikuri miTologiis cnobili siuJetebis gverdiT moxsenieba cxadyofs ovidiusis mier etruskuli memkvidreobis aRqmas antikuri kulturis organul nawilad.

sayuradReboa, rom ovidiusi etruskuli miTologiis am cnobili siuJetis Sinaars nawilobriv cvlis kidec.

kerZod, etruskuli tradiciiT, tagesi, WaRara bavSvi, miwidan amoxteba da tarkviniel meguTnes gaesaubreba. ovidi-usTan ki igi miwis beltisgan adamianad gardaisaxeba.

SeiZleba garkveviT iTqvas, rom ara es cvlileba, tagesis Sesaxeb legendis `metamorfozebis~ qargaSi Casma garTuldeboda.

ratom Tvlis saWirod ovidiusi miTis `koreqtirebas~ saimisod, rom bunebrivad moaqcios `metamorfozebis~ Tematur CarCoSi?

Cveni azriT, amis sami ZiriTadi mizezi arsebobs: 1. ovidiuss surs `metamorfozebis~ siuJetSi berZnul-romauli miTologiis cnobili miTebis garda, CarTos literaturulad naklebad damuSavebuli popularuli Tqmulebani.

2. berZnuli miTologiis mdidari masalis fonze ovidiusi italikuri `frTis~ gaZlierebas cdilobs. 3 sagulisxmoa, rom mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, winaswarmetyvelni etruskul tradiciaSi yuradRebas aqcevdnen ara mxolod imas, Tu cis romeli nawilidan e.i. romeli RmerTis adgilsamyofelidan igzavneboda elva, aramed dRis romel naxe-varSi xdeboda gaelveba, axlda Tu ara mas mexis dacema, ras daecemoda igi da a.S. 74 aRsaniSnavia, rom is adgili, sadac elva daecemoda, iTvleboda wminda teritoriad. garkveuli drois Semdeg qurumi, mravalricxovan ritualTa dacviT, `asaflavebda~ elvas. swored es wminda msaxureba aRasrula arunsma lukanusis poemaSi.

b. nogaras azriT, es rituali miekuTvneboda Zalian arqaul tradicias msgavsis msgavsiT damarcxebisa _ aq igulisxmeboda, rom `mkvdari~ elva sxva elvebs ganaridebda am adgils. 75 Cvenis mxriv, imas davamatebdiT, rom `dasaflavebisg arda, lukanusis poemaSi warmodgenili am ritualis mniSvnelovan komponentad, wminda adgilebisTvis saxelebis darqmeva migvaCnia (Datque locis numen sacris amgvarad, lukanusis mier gadmocemuli epizodi, romelic etruskul haruspicias asaxavs, anatomiuri sizustiT ganixilavs samsxverplo cxovelis Signeulobas. poeti ar ganmartavs Sinagan organoTa deformaciis mniSvnelobas haruspiciaSi, acxadebs ra zogadad, rom maTi es mdgomareoba avismomaswavebelia.

rogorc Cans, mkiTxvelisTvis isedac gasagebi iyo am ni-SanTa sakraluri mniSvneloba, romelTa sazarel Tanamimdev-robaSi Tavad SeeZlo romis momavlis danaxva.

lukanussa da sxva avtorebTan warmodgenili haruspiciis ganmartebas araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna. 76 am gamokvlevaTa didi nawili Sinagan organoTa mdgomareobis interpretaciis aseT variantebs gvTavazobs:

1. haruspiciisaTvis mTavar dasakvirvebel obieqts warmoadgenda RviZli, filtvebi da guli ( am ukanasknelze dakvirveba, rogorc fiqroben, gviandel novacias warmoadgens); 2. mxedvelobaSi miiReboda maTi: zoma (sidide _keTilismomaswavebeli, simcire _ avismomaswavebeli), mdebareoba (gadaadgileba marcxniv _ keTilismomaswavebeli, marjvniv _ piriqiT) da sisxlis feri (Ria _ keTili, muqi _ boroti niSani iyo); 3. filtvebis janmrTelobis cudi mdgomareoba ubedurebis niSani iyo (igive SeiZleba gulzec iTqvas); 4. miuxedavad imisa, rom sisxlis Ria feri keTilismomaswaveblad iTvleboda, organoTa SeferilobaSi sifermkrTale mainc borot niSnad miiCneoda; 5. da mainc, yvelaze amomwurav pasuxs RviZlze dakvirveba iZleoda (Tuki mas Tavaki aklda, es mefis sikvdils an mkvlelobas niSnavda), romelsac haruspiki yofda ra Sesabamis seqtorebad, gansazRvravda romeli RmerTi iyo ganrisxebuli. 77 amgvarad, naTeli xdeba rom lukanusis `farsaliaSi~ Catarebulma ritualma gamoaSkarava qveynis momavlis Semzaravi perspeqtiva, romelic aisaxa ra samsxverplo cxovelis yvela sasicocxlo organoze, romis globaluri katastrofa war-moaCina.

divinaciis epizodis CarTviT nawarmoebSi lukanusma obieqturi mtkicebuleba moiyvana saimisod, rom pompeusis damarcxeba, Tavad etrusk haruspikTa ganmartebiT, qveyanas daRupvis piras miiyvanda.

poetis azriT, es winaswarmetyveleba aRsrulda. mcire komentari tagesTan dakavSirebiT. ovidiusis `metamorfozebis~ erTi epizodis komentirebisas Cven ganvmarteT etruskuli divinaciis am fuZemdeblis Sesaxeb arsebuli miTi.

lukanusi adasturebs mis rols haruspiciis SeqmnaSi, Tumca SeZrwunebuli winaswarmetyvels TiTqos eWvs Seataninebs tagesis yovlismcodneobaSi (`sed conditor artis finxerit ista Tages"). magram es e.w. `yoymani~ haruspikis ara skepticizmis, aramed umweobis maniSnebelia _ man lamisaa uaryos igi, vis moZRvrebasac emsaxureba.

es Sinaarsobrivi `hiperbola~ kidev ufro amZimebs romis SiSismomgvreli momavliT gamowveul STabeWdilebas. epikuri Janris bolo nimuSs, romelSic etruskTa Sesaxeb informacias vxvdebiT, warmoadgens nonosis `dionisiaka~. 78 gvianantikurobis periodis es Txzuleba, rogorc saTauridan Cans, dionises TavgadasavalTa aRweras eZRvneba.

savsebiT bunebrivia, rom msgavsi Sinaarsis mqone epos-Si tirsenieli mekobreebis cnobili miTi yofiliyo gadmocemuli. 77 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix. vergiliusis "eneidas" erTi pasaJis komentari.

(ovidiusTan dakavSirebiT Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixileT am miTisa da tirseniel mekobreTa Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mecni-erebaSi gamoTqmuli varaudebi).

am epizodis ovidiusamdeli literaturuli gadamuSaveba homerosis himnebSi gvxvdeba (am konkretul sakiTxs Cven Sesabamis qveTavSi warmovadgenT).

davubrundeT nonosis teqsts. pirvel rigSi, sainteresoa ra epizodebi uswreben da mosdeven aRniSnul pasaJs `dionisiakaSi~.

nonosi aq ar aris originaluri _ msgavsad ovidiusis `meta-morfozebisa~, es monakveTi mosdevs penTevsis ganrisxebas da survils Seipyros dionise da win uswrebs agaves mier penTevsis mokvlis scenas.

45-e Tavi iwyeba bakqanaliis aRweriT. mTaze cekvaven qalebi. maTTan erTad arian: tiresiasi, kadmosi da penTevsi. es ukanaskneli mimarTavs moxucebs, gons movidnen, ganagdon dionise da daubrundnen Zvel RmerTebs. pasuxad tiresiasi arwmunebs mefiswuls dionises ZlierebaSi da uyveba mas `siciliur istorias~ _ rogor dasaja dionisem boroti tirsenielebi da rogor aqcia isini Tevzebad. ratom ganrisxda maTze dionise? amis mizezi, nonosis azriT, Zevs tirsenielTa saarako sisastikeSi: Turshnw'n pote pai'de" ejnantivllonto qalavssh/, xeinofovnoi, plwth're" ajlhvmone", a{rpage" o[lbon, pavntoqen aJrpavzonte" ejpavktiva pwvea mhvlwn: hJ miqanhv", e{teron de; proaspivzwn e[ti poivvmnh" ajmfilafh;" polih'/si fovnw foinivsseto poimhvn e[mporo" ei[ pote povnton ejpevpleen, ei[ pote Foivnix w[nia Sidonivh" aJlipovrfura pevpla qalavssh" ei\cein... ...ei" Sikelh;n !Arevqousan ajnh;r porqmeuveto Foivnix devsmo", aJrpamevnoio lipovptoli" o[lbou. ajlla; dovlw/ Diovnuso" ejpivklonon ei\do" ajmeivya" Turshnou;" ajpavfhse. (45,(105)(106)(107)(108)(109)(110)(111)(112)(113)(114)(115)(116)(117)(118)(119)(120) zRvaze moxetiale tirsenielTa vaJiSvilebi ucxoelTa da mezRvaurTa mkvlelebi da ganZis gamtaceblebi iyvnen. yvela cxvris faras itacebdnen zRvispireTidan da cocxal-mkvdari iyo is mwyemsi, romelic cdilobda naxiris gadarCenas. mwyemsebTan erTad sxva moqalaqeebsac blomad xocavdnen. Tuki romelime vaWars, romelic zRviT micuravda an sidoniis mxridan momaval finikiels dainaxavdnen, siciliaze, aretuzaSi mihyavdaT gaZarcvuli da borkilasxmuli gasayidad (qonebis mosagebad), magram dionisem Seicvala ieri da eSmakobiT tirsenielebi gaacura. am epizods poemaSi sakmaod didi mniSvneloba aqvs _ es aris ukanaskneli argumenti penTevsis `Wkuaze mosayva-nad~, ukanaskneli, radgan amis Semdeg mas sakuTari deda gamoasalmebs sicocxles.

Tuki `metamorfozebSi~ penTevsi am istorias tirsenielTa mesaWisagan, aketosisagan Tavad ismens, romelic TviTmxilveli iyo momxdarisa, nonosTan am ambavs tiresiasi _ misani, kadmosis megobari da TebeSi metad gavleniani pirovneba gadmogvcems. arc pirvel da arc meore SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad mTxrobelTa avtoritetisa, penTevsis rwmena ar icvleba.

mkiTxvelisaTvis cxadi xdeba, rom igi daisjeba dionises mier. daisjeba ise sastikad, rogorc daisajnen tirsenieli mekobreebi, radgan dionise gverds ver uvlis borotebas da Tavad midis masTan Sesaxvedrad.

samarTlianad SeniSnavs v.h.d. rouzi nonosis `dionisia-kas~ miTologiur wardginebaSi, rom `nonosis dionise ar aris mxolod miTiuri dionise, mis saxeSi, marTlac, aSkarad ikveTeba epikuri personaJisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi _ gmiroba da `mxsnelisaTvis~ niSandoblivi Tvisebebi~. mkvlevari imasac fiqrobs, rom `dionise nonosTan gaazrebuli iqna, rogorc dampyrobeli (igi movida aRmosavleTidan, man sakuTari Tavi warmoaCina elinebTan opoziciis gziT) da gaigivebulia adamianTa dampyrobelTan, aleqsandresTan, romelic msoflios ipyrobs simarTliT da misTvis brZoliT~. 79 amis gaTvaliswinebiT SedarebiT advilia avxsnaT tirseniel-Ta gansakuTrebuli sisastikis gadmomcemi epizodebis arseboba poemaSi _ iqmneba Sesabamisi foni gmiris warmosa-Cenad, uaryofiTi personaJebi iZenen mxatvruli xerxis funqciebs da hiperbolizebul borotebas ganasaxiereben. antikur eposSi mocemulia divinaciis eqspertTa mxatvruli saxeebic, romelTa avtoriteti Seuryevelia: azili (vergiliusi), tagesi, kipusis epizodis winaswarmetyveli (ovidiusi), arunsi (lukanusi).

SeiZleba garkveviT iTqvas, rom etruskuli winaswarmetyveleba Zvel berZnul da romaul eposSi ganasaxierebs movle-naTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis utyuar codnas. nawarmoebis siuJetSi divinaciuri elementebis CarTva fsiqologiurad amzadebs mkiTxvels moqmedebis fataluri mermisisaTvis, axdens ra momavlis e.w. `anonsirebas~ sakraluri simboloebiT.

gasagebi mizezebis gamo, gankerZoebulad gamoiyureba lukreciusis poema `saganTa bunebisaTvis~, romelic etruskuli divinaciis mimarT skeptikuri damokidebulebiT gamoirCeva.

amavdroulad, eposisTvis niSandoblivi mxareTa opozicia aqac SenarCunebulia -erT mxares warmodgenilia saganTa mecnieruli Wvreta, xolo mis sawinaaRmdegod _ etruskuli winaswarmetyvelebis xelovneba.

lukreciusTan asaxuli gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba etruskTa winaswarmetyvelebaze xels ver uSlis tirenuli divinaciis mi-marT antikur eposSi erTgvarovani damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas, romelsac, Cveni azriT, pirvel jgufSi warmodgenili informaciis msgavsad, SeiZleba pirobiTad `kliSe~ ewodos. luk-reciusTan dasturdeba divinaciis metaforizaciac.

etruskTa gansakuTrebuli sisastikis

tirsenieli mekobreebi

ovidiussa da nonosTan warmodgenili tirsenieli mekobreebis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba cxadyofs, rom am miTologiur personaJebs avtorebi sakuTari mxatvruli koncefciis warmosa-Cenad imarjveben.

ovidiusTan tirsenielebi `uRvTo brbos~ ganasaxiereben (opozicia: RmerTi _ uRvTo brbo), xolo nonosTan, rogorc zemo-Tac aRvniSneT, sisastikes da borotebas (opozicia: sikeTe _ boroteba, samarTali _ usamarTloba). swored avtoriseuli es koncefcia iwvevs tirsenieli mekobreebis Sesaxeb informaciis transformacias.

es sakmaod popularuli Tema eposSi, lirikaSi mxolod erT avtorTan gvxvdeba (homerosis himnebi). homerosis tirsenieli mekobreebi, gansxvavebiT eposisagan, ar warmoadgenen epikuri opoziciis komponents, maTi qmedeba sagangebod araa Sefasebuli avtoris mier da aRqmulia rogorc `brma bedisweris~ gamovlineba.

arqaikis periodis Semdeg am TemiT antikuri lirika aRar interesdeba. SesaZloa, es moxda imitom, rom am mimarTulebiT iniciativa sxva Janrebma, gansakuTrebiT, eposma Tavis Tavze aiRes. yvela maTgani maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobiT sargeblobs da daaxloebulia saimperatoro karTan (mecenati_avgustusis; klavdius tuskusi, seianusi_tiberiusis; pomponia urbika cenzoris meuRlea).

Tanamedrove etruski

Janris specifikidan gamomdinare, eposSi Tanamedrove personaJTa nakleboba SeiniSneba.

amas adasturebs is oriode gamonaklisi, romelic vergilius-Tanaa dadasturebuli (nadimis monawile sqeli etruski da mecenati).

orive maTgani mxolod erTi fraziTaa warmodgenili. `geor-gikebSi~ warmoCenili `sqeli etruski~ lirikaSi Casaxuli literaturuli kliSes ganmeorebis magaliTia (Sdr. katulusi).

6. yoveldRiuri cxovreba musikaluri instrumentebi (fleita, sayviri) mocemulia antikuri literaturis sxva JanrSic, xolo sayviri, rogorc amas dra-masTan dakavSirebiT ganvixilavT _ warmoadgens ukve Camoyalibebul metaforas da aRqmulia Zlieri, RvTaebrivi, quxilisebri xmis gamomcem instrumentad.

tirenuli sandlebi~ mxolod vergiliusTanaa naxsenebi. amitom masze, rogorc mxatvruli ganzogadebis obieqtze, verafers vityviT.

amgvarad, etruskTa Sesaxeb informaciis mxatvrulad interpretirebis TvalsazrisiT eposi ar scdeba JanrisTvis niSandobliv CarCoebs _ es aris cnobebi gamsWvaluli heroikul-bataluri suliskveTebiT (jgufebi: 1,3), garkveul fantastikurobasa (jgufi 4) da realobasTan (jgufi 5,6) Sezavebuli.

Janris `SigniT~ fiqsirdeba informaciis ganmeorebis (jgufi 1,2,3) da transformaciis (jgufi 4) SemTxvevebi.eposSi yalib-deba e.w. kliSeebi (jgufi 1,2,3), gamovlenilia ukve arsebul kliSeTa ganmeoreba (jgufi 5,6). kidev erT sayuradRebo tendenciaze gvsurs gavamaxviloT sagangebo yuradReba.

informaciis ramdenime avtorTan ganmeoreba xels uwyobs cnobaTa da personaJTa gardasaxvas erTgvar kliSeebad, romelTac gansazRvruli mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

aman, Tavis mxriv, umravles SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganapirobos maTi e.w. `metaforizacia~ rogorc TiToeul JanrSi, ise calkeul periodsa da mTlianad literaturaSi. magaliTad, mxatvrul personaJTagan antikur eposSi yvelaze xSirad axseneben tarkviniusebs (vergiliusi, ovidiusi). am cnobebisTvis niSandoblivia ganmeorebis tendencia (sisastike, Zaladoba), rac eposSi tarkviniusebis dasaxasiaTeblad ayalibebs e.w. kliSes.

igive tendencia, miuxedavad xsenebis sixSirisa, Tavs ar iCens tirseniel mekobreebTan dakavSirebiT (ovidiusi, nonosi 81 es aris am miTis xsenebis pirveli SemTxveva antikur lite-raturaSi:

....tavca d j an[dre" eujsselmou ajpo nho;" lhi?stai progevnonto qow'" ejpi oi[nopa povnton, Turshnoiv tou;" d j h\ge kako;" moro": (7,(49)(50)(51) maSinve karggembaniani naviT Rvinisfer zRvaze gamoCndnen yaCaRi tirsenielebi, romlebsac avi bedi mouZRoda. amrigad, tirseniel mekobreTa mier dionises datyveveba homerosis himnSi avi bedisweris gamovlinebadaa miCneuli. es azri himnis sxva nawyvetSic meordeba: oiJ de quvraze kako;n movron ejxaluvonte": (7,8) (garedan) avi bediT devnilebi. homerosis himnis tirsenieli mekobreebisaTvis sisastike ucxoa (gansxvavebiT nonosisagan), maTi Sexvedra dionises-Tan gangebis nebiT moxda, SemTxvevis wyalobiT da ara dionises winaswari ganzraxviT, rogorc es `dionisiakaSia~ warmodgenili. 80 Hymnoi Homerikoi. 81 tirsenieli mekobreebis etruskebad identifikaciis da sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavlis Sesaxeb ix.: ovidiusis "metamorfozebis" komentari tirseniel mekobreebTan dakavSirebiT. homerosis himnSi arsad Cans tirsenieli mekobreebis avtoriseuli Sefaseba, rac, erTi SexedviT, lirikis principebs ewina-aRmdegeba. safiqrebelia, rom am e.w. `anomalias~ Semdegi konkretuli mizezebi hqonda:

1. himni, Cveulebisamebr, mTavar yuradRebas gandidebis obieqts miapyrobs, aqedan gamomdinare, tirsenieli mekobreebi avtorisTvis naklebad sagulisxmo detals warmoadgens; 2. lirikisTvis, zogadad, ucxoa sxva JanrebisTvis damaxasi-aTebeli opoziciis aqcentireba, amitom opozicia dionise _ mekobreebi konkretuli himnis mxatvruli koncefciis CarCoebs sagrZnoblad scildeba;

3. homerosis himnebis Seqmnis periodSi (Zv.w. VII-VI ss), rogorc es ovidiusis `metamorfozebis~ tirseniel mekobreebTan dakavSirebuli epizodis komentirebisas aRvniSneT, mekobreoba ar miiCneoda samarcxvino saqmianobad, Tanaarsebobda ra komerciasTan, aqedan gamomdinare, tirsenielebs ubralod ar gaumarTlaT, Cveulebrivi mokvdavis nacvlad RvTaebas rom Semoxvdnen.

b) soloni (Zv.w. VII-VI ss)

solonis XXVII elegiaSi 82 gadmocemulia adamianis sicocxlis Svidwleulebad (hebdomadebad) dayofis principebi: Pai'" me;n a[nhbo" ejw;n e{ti nhvpio" e{rko" ojdovntwn fuvsa" ejkbavllei prw'ton e;n e{pt je[tesin tou;" d j eJtevrou" o{te dh; televshi qeo;" e{pteni ajntouv" h{/bh" ejkfaivnei shvmata geinomevnh". th'i tritavtht de; gevneon a j exomevnwn e[ti guivwn lacnou'tai, croij'" a[nqo" ajmeibomevnh". th'" de; ttavrthi pa'" ti" ejn ejbdomavdi mevg j a[risto" ijscuvn, h{n t ajn[dre" shvmat j e[cous j a jreth'". pevmptht d j w{rion a[ndra gavmou memnhmevnon ei\nai kai; paijdwn zhtei'n eijsipivsw genehvn. th'i d je{kthi peri; pavnta katartuveitai noov" ajndrov" ouj d j e{rdein e[q oJmw'" e[rg j ajpavlamna qevlei. eJpta j dev nou' kai; glw'ssan ejn eJbdomavsin mevg ja[risto" ojktw; t j ajmfotevrwn tevssara kai; devk j eu[h. th'i d j ejnavthi e[ti me;n duvnauai, malakwvtera d j jaujtou' pro;" megavlhn ajrethvn glw'ssav te kat j sofivh, th'n dekavthn d j ei[ ti" televsa" kata; mevtron oi{koito oukj a[n aw[ro" ejw;n moi'ran e[coi qanavton (XXVII). 82 Solon, Elegiae. dResdReisobiT mecnierebs solonis am elegiaSi moyvanili informaciis wyaro ar daudgeniaT, Tumca, yuradRebas ipyrobs kensorinusTan dadasturebuli informacia imis Taobaze, rom etruskTa warmodgeniT, adamianis cxovreba dayofili iyo 12 Svidwleulad. pirvel 10 SvidwleulSi adamiani, inarCunebda ra kosmiur ZalebTan kavSirs, srulyofilad cxovrobda, xolo bolo or SvidwleulSi, kargavda ra RvTaebrivi nebis gonebis saSua-lebiT aRqmis unars, sicocxlis Zala ecleboda. 83 kensorinusis cnobaSi ar aris miTiTebuli etruskul tradiciaSi TiToeul Sviwleuls ra funqcia ekisreboda, magram sruliad aSkaraa, rom etruskuli sqemis mixedviT, adamianis cxovreba arsebiTad SeiZleba moicavdes 84 weliwads, romelTagan bolo 14-s _ ar ewodeboda aqtiuri cxovreba, radgan mokvdavi kargavda im stimulebs, romelic mis potencias da azrovnebas kosmosTan akavSirebda.

Znelia imis warmodgena, rom etruskebma solonisagan gadaiRes es koncefcia, ufro dasaSvebia vifiqroT, rom an orive maTganisaTvis mesame wyaro iyo amosavali an, rac ufro sarwmunod gveCveneba, etruskulma tradiciam solonze gavlena italiaSi mcxovreb berZenTa gziT moaxdina.

g) pindarosi (Zv.w. VI-V ss)

sagundo lirikis brwyinvale warmomadgeneli erT-erT piTiur odaSi sirakuselTa mier damarcxebul finikielebTan erTad etruskebsac axsenebs: 83 Censorinus, De Die Natali., XIV, 15; XI, 6. lvissomai neu'son, Kronivwn, h{meron o[fra kat j oi\kon oJ Foivnix oJ Tursanw'n t jalalato;" e[ch/, nausivstonon u{brin ijdw;n ta;n pro; Kuvma" oi\a Surakosivwn ajrcw/ damasqevnte" pavqon, wjkupovrwn ajpo; naw'n o{ sfin ejn povntw/ baleq j aJlikivan, @Ellad j ejxevlkwn bareiva" douliva": aq vakvirdebiT miTis dabadebas, sadac berZenTa Tavisuf-lebisaTvis brZola iZens msoflio omis xasiaTs, romelic mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTs moicavs. karTagenelebi da etruskebi warmoadgenen e.w. meore frTas barbarosTa im Semotevebisa, romelsac qserqse mouZRoda~. 84 vakavos mosazrebas davumatebdiT imasac, rom `barba-rosTa am meore frTis~ Semadgenlobidan pindarosi, zemoTmoyvanili mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT, etruskebs aSkarad met mniSvnelobas aniWebs da pirvelad antikur literaturaSi tirsenielebs warmoaCens rogorc centralizebul da saSiS Zalas.

pindarosis es Tvalsazrisi SemdgomSi did gavlenas moaxdens antikur epoqaSi etruskebze Seqmnili garkveuli stereotipis Camoyalibebaze, romlis mixedviTac isini agresiul da saxi-faTo samxedro mowinaaRmdegeebs warmoadgenen. erT-erT leqsSi romaeli poeti 85 horaciusis SemoqmedebaSi etruskTa Sesaxeb mraval sa-yuradRebo cnobas vxvdebiT. 87 rogorc es ukve aRvniSneT, vergiliusi `georgikebis~ III na-wilSi axsenebs Tanamedroveobis gamoCenil qvelmoqmeds, poets da sazogado moRvawes, tomiT etrusk gaius cilnius mecenats.

am pasaJis komentirebisas dawvrilebiT gadmoveciT mecenatis biografia, mis mier Camoyalibebuli literaturuli wris Seqmnis istoria, urTierToba cnobil romael poetebTan, misi Semoqmedebis Sefaseba. sagangebo yuradReba davuTmeT mecenatis da horaciusis megobrobis Temasac. 88 horaciusma araerTi leqsi miuZRvna Tavis mfarvels da mesaidumles, romelsac uwodebda damcvels (praesidium), tkbil samkauls (dulce decus) da udides jildod masTan erTad erT dRes gardacvalebas miiCnevda (Carmina, 11,7). 86 Zv.w. II s-is qvis dasakrZalavi urna. berlini, saxelmwifo muzeumSi wignSi: Antonio Guiliano, Giancarlo Buzzi, Splendore degli Etruschi, Milano, 2000, 304. 87 Horatius, Carmina, Horatius, Sermiones. 88 amasTan dakavSirebiT damatebiT ix.: L. F. Pizzolato, l'amicizia con Mecenate e l'evoluzione poetica di Orazio, in.: Aevum Antiquum, 2, 1989, 145-182. es ocneba, romelic filemonisa da bavkisis zevsis mimarT vedrebad warmoTqmul survils waagavs, nawilobriv aRsrulda kidec. gaius mecenatis sikvdilidan ori Tvis Semdeg gardacvlili horaciusi ganuyreli megobris gverdiT dakrZales eskvilinumis borcvze.

Cveni kvlevis sagans Sors scildeba antikurobis am ori sa-xelganTqmuli pirovnebis urTierTobis realiebis Seswavla, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom mecenatis da horaciusis megobroba dResac rCeba am maradiuli grZnobis erT-erT gamoxatulebad.

mecenatis Rirsebad horaciusi, pirvel rigSi, mis samefo gvareulobas miiCnevs da `uZveles mefeTa STamomavalsũ wodebs. RmerTi vertumnusi, romelsac properciusis garda sxva avtorebic axseneben, meore saxeliT _ voltumna aris cnobili. varoni mas etruriis mTavar RvTaebasac ki uwodebs (Deus Etruriae princeps). 92 rogorc Cans, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi etruriis calkeul regionebSi mainc, mas centraluri RvTaebis funqciebi unda hqonoda.

mecnierebaSi dRemde mimdinareobs dava imaze, iyo es mamri, mdedri RmerTi Tu e.w. biseqsualuri RvTaeba. am SemTxvevaSi ukanasknel xanebSi ufro iqiTken ixrebian, rom aq saqme gvaqvs mamr RvTaebasTan. 93 Tumca, arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom aqac saqme gvaqvs uZvelesi mediteranuli deda-RmerTis uzenaes mamr RvTaebad garkveul transformaciasTan.

rac Seexeba funqcias, mkvlevarni varaudoben, rom aq SeiZleba msjeloba ara mdinaris RmerTze, rogorc es properciusTanaa miTiTebuli, aramed xTonur RvTaebaze, 94 TiTqos misi saxelis etruskul `Velth~ (`veli, mindori~) sityvis arsTan mimsgavsebiTac SeiZleba davadasturoT. 95 SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom tin da veltumna, es ori centraluri RvTaeba, garkveuli periodidan mainc, aRiqmeboda erT RmerTad. aq, SesaZloa, davuSvaT rogorc is azri, rom moxda maTi TandaTanobiTi urTierTSerwyma, aseve isic, rom isini warmoadgendnen erTi da igive centraluri RvTaebis gamovlenis or saxes.

rac Seexeba sityvis etimologias, zemoTnaxseneb Velth-is garda,

Voltumnus-s ukavSirebdnen etruskul saxels ultime/ultimni-s (am SemTxvevaSi Voltumna-s mis romaul variantad miiCnevdnen, romelic SeiZleba garkveul mimarTebaSi iyos Veldymnus da Veldumnius formebTan). 96 Tavad properciusi RvTaebis saxels ukavSirebs laTinur zmna `vertere~-s (`datrialeba, triali~), 97 cnobilia, rom tuskuri quCa romis savaWro nawilSi mdebareobda, sadac, umetesad, etruskebi cxovrobdnen. es kvartali saxelganTqmuli iyo xalxmravlobiT da gacxovelebuli vaWrobiT. aq yiddnen: Tevzs, bostneuls, frinvels, xorcs, nelsacxeblebs; xalxs yvela juris jambazi arTobda. 99 da bolos, personaJi, romelic horaciusTan da vergiliusTan ukve warmovadgineT _ gaius mecenati.

properciusi mas elegiebis II da III wignebSi ramdenjerme axsenebs.

erTgan poeti mecenats delikatur uars eubneba nacionaluri eposis Seqmnaze, radgan sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebuli araa _ ver grZnobs apolonisa da sxva RvTaebaTa daxmarebas, raTa ganadidos RmerTebi (II, XX). samagierod, properciusi mecenatisTvis qebis Sesasxmelad sityvebs ar iSurebs da horaciusis msgavsad mecenatis gandidebas misi warmomavlobiT iwyebs: riTac garkeulwilad horaciusis `satirebis~ pasaJs imeorebs (`arwivisebur cxvirs ar wev maRla qedmaRlurad~).

gansxvavebiT horaciusisagan, properciusi erT-erT elegiaSi mecenatis poetur niWsac afasebs: quod ferar in partes ipse fuisse tuas (III, IX, 60). rac miTqvams, nawilobriv Senia (naTqvamia).

Zneli saTqmelia, ram ganapiroba mecenatisadmi miZRvnil strofebSi properciusis, saboloo jamSi, `araoriginaluro-ba~ Tematuri TvalsazrisiT.

safiqrebelia, rom am `saTuT~ sakiTxze werisas properciusi cdilobs delikaturoba SeinarCunos, mecenatis qebaSi ar aRematos horaciuss, romelsac etrusk didebulTan gansakuTrebulad Tbili urTierToba akavSirebda. cxadia, axalgazrda properciusis sagangebo `enTuziazmi~, sul cota, uadgilod ga-moCndeboda misi Tanamokalmeebis da Tavad mecenatis TvalSi.

z) albius tibulusi (gard. 19 w.)

tibulusi `elegiebSi~ etruskul divinacias uTmobs sagangebo yuradRebas. 100 poeti RviZlze mkiTxaobis tirenul praqtikas avtoritetul xelovnebad miiCnevs; erTi sakiTxiT ori poetis daintereseba, rogorc cnobilia, antikurobisTvis ucxo ar aris, magram konkretul SemTxvevaSi aseTi yofiTi Temis mimarT gamoCenili yuradReba cxadyofs ufro metad epoqis miswrafebebs, vidre sakiTxis istoriul an Tundac, esTetikur Rirebulebas.

naTeli xdeba, ramdenad aqtualuria staciusis Tanamedro-veobaSi fufunebisken maqsimaluri ltolva, raSic etruskTa gamocdileba namdvilad Rirebulad iTvleboda.

l) decimus iunius iuvenalisi (60-127)

iuvenalisis `satirebSi~1 05 etruskuli realiebi araerTxel Cndeba.

poetis satiris yvelaze xSiri msxverpli haruspicia da haruspiciiT zedmetad gatacebuli adamianebi arian.

satiraSi `Tuki coli simReriTaa gatacebuli~, iuvenalisi haruspikTa rCevebiT mosuldgmule matronas gvixatavs, romelic sakralur rituals umniSvnelo yofiTi sakiTxebis gamoc gulmodgined asrulebs. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom iuvenaliss aRizianebs fufunebiT da simdidriT qedmaRloba, romelic yalTabandobiT gamdidrebul adamianebs axasiaTebT. Tavad mecenatis saxeli aq metaforuli mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli _ iuvenalisi mas simdidrisa da fufunebis gansaxierebad warmoadgens, romelsac qvelmoqmedis reputacia aqvs xalxSi.

Tavad mecenatze da mecenatobaze azrs iuvenalisi meSvide satiraSi warmoadgens.

aq poeti xelovnebis da mecnierebis msaxurTa rTul cxovrebaze msjelobs mis Tanamedrove epoqaSi. Tuki marcialisi Tvlida, rom mecenats axalgazrda poetTa mxolod ganebivreba SeeZlo, iuvenalisi miiCnevs, rom gaWirvebul SemoqmedT namdvilad moakldaT mecenatTa (`Maecenates") daxmareba. iuvenalisi darwmunebulia, rom axlandel bobolebs araferi es-miT xelovnebisa, xolo damSeul poetebs SemoqmedebisTvis ar scxelaT _ isini xom dRiur lukmaze ocneboben.

iuvenalisi eWvobs, SeZlebda ki horaciusi brwyinvale poeturi nimuSebis Seqmnas, mecenati rom ar daxmareboda (I, VII).

iuvenalisi amao didebis mwvervalze myof kidev erT etrusks axsenebs _ seianuss. pretorielTa gvardiis ufrosi, tibe-riusTan daaxloebuli da gavleniani didebuli, lucius elius seanusi (Zv.w. 20-ax.w. 31 ww) tiberiusis k. kaprize yofnis peri-odSi ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiT sargeblobda. 21-31 wlebSi seianusi faqtiurad roms marTavda. igi Tavidan iSorebda yvela SesaZlo konkurents da cdilobda taxtisken gza gaekafa. erT dRes fortunam mas zurgi Seaqcia _ 31 wels kunZul kapridan moulodnelad gamogzavnili weriliT imperatorma misi sikvdiliT dasja da gvamis sajarod tibrosSi gadagdeba brZana samSoblos Ralatis braldebiT: iuvenalisis am pasaJSi kidev erTi sayuradRebo detali ikveTeba _ poeti axsenebs norcias, qalRmerTs, romelic wyalobis momniWeblad iTvleboda.

es RvTaeba, romelic romSi funqciurad fortunasTan igivdeboda (Livius, VII,3,7,Tacit., Ann., IV, 1), etruskuli warmoSobisa iyo.

cnobilia, rom yovelwliurad volsiniSi, sadac am qalRmerTis taZari mdebareobda, misi taZris kedelSi sajarod aWedebdnen lursmans. 106 amJamad zustad ar viciT, rogori iyo etruskuli norcias funqciebi.

zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom misi etruskuli saxeli iyo Nurti 107 , romelic dasturdeba erT-erT warweraSi _ nurtines 108 formiT ( erT-erT warCinebuls bolsenadan erqva _ avle nurtines).

romSi es qalRmerTi, rogorc aRvniSneT, bedis qalRmerTis funqciebiT iyo aRWurvili, Tumca, fortunasgan gansxvavebiT, gansakuTrebuli ritualebiT iyo pativdebuli. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom kapitoliumis taZris marjvena fligelSi (marjvena _ romaul kultmsaxurebaSi keTilis momtan mxared iTvleboda, gansxvavebiT etruskuli divinaciisagan, sadac marjvena _ avis momaswavebeli mimarTuleba iyo) da minervasadmi miZRvnil nawilSi volsiniSi danergili ritualis msgavs kultmsaxurebas Tavad praetor maximus-i atarebda. 109 damatebiT imas aRvniSnavdiT, rom etruskTa religiuri swavleba marcialisTan metaforuladaa aRqmuli da `saocrebaTa wig-nis~ mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli.

m) decimus magnius avsoniusi (310-394)

gvianantikurobis es brwyinvale ritori, rogorc cnobilia, daibada akvitaniaSi, klasikuri ganaTleba miiRo tuluzasa da bur-digaSi (Tanamedrove bordo). burdiga maSin saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi ritorebiT, rogorc aTeni _ filosofosebiT, xolo beiruTi (beriTi) _ samarTalmcodneebiT. 364 wels avsoniusi valentianus I-is gankargulebiT roms gaemgzavra, raTa aRezarda taxtis memkvidre gracianusi. madlierma gracianusma igi galiis, libiis da italiis prefeqtad daniSna.

prefeqtad yofnisas magnius avsoniusma leqsebis Txzvas mihyo xeli, romlebmac mas mTel romis imperiaSi saxeli gaiTqva.

sakuTar poeziaSi avsoniusi etruskebsac axsenebs, Tumca maT saerTo romauli kulturis elementebad aRiqvams. ` naTesavebze~1 10 avsoniusi mimarTvas mZaxals, iulianus cenzoris meuRles, pomponia urbikas: tarkviniusebis TqmulebaSi mas gansakuTrebuli roli akisria: tarkvinieli warCinebuli qalbatoni SeeuRla lukumons, demaratosis vaJs, aiZula daetovebina qalaqi da roms gamgzavrebuliyo saxelis da didebis saZieblad.

gzad romisken lukumons qudi uecrad mofrenilma arwivma gastaca (Semdeg kvlav Tavze daaxura). tanakvilma, romelic, yvela etruskis msgavsad, flobda mkiTxaobis xelovnebas, qmars didi warmateba uwinaswarmetyvela.

tanakvilisve rCeviT, lukumonma etruskuli saxeli romauli lukiusiT Seicvala da romaelebs lukius tarkviniusad warudga. dauaxlovda ra mefe ankuss, male moipova misi ndoba da misi sikvdilis Semdeg romis mefed iqna arCeuli. tanakvili qmars rCevebiT mudmivad exmareboda, swored man miaqcevina tarkviniuss yuradReba monis Svil servius tuliusze (mas ZilSi Tavs naTeli daadga da qalma es mis momaval didebad ganmarta), romelic sakuTari SviliviT aRzarda da Semdeg qaliSvili miaTxova. miuxedavad imisa, rom tarkviniusebs ori vaJi hyavdaT, tarkvinius priskusis Zaladobrivi sikvdi- 110 Ausonius, Parentalia (Pomponia Urbica consoerus uxor Uliani Censoris); Epistulae.

lis Semdeg tanakvilma serviusis gamefeba sakuTari xeliT moaxerxa.

rac Seexeba feanos, romelsac avsoniusi piTagorasTan da-kavSirebiT axsenebs, gadmocemiT, igi kortonaSi dasaxlebuli samoseli filosofosis Tanamecxedre iyo, SesaZloa, tomiT etruski.

vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom urbikas keTilSobilebis maswavleblebad~ avsoniusi etruskul samyarosTan dakavSirebul or qalbatons _ tarkviniel tanakvils da kortonel feanos axsenebs _ safiqrebelia, rom pomponia urbikac warmoSobiT tirsenieli iyo. tanakvils avsoniusi kidev erTxel epistoleebSi ubrundeba Tavisi megobris, pontius paulinusisadmi miZRvnil erT weril-Si 111 .

pontius paulinusi, igive wminda paulinusi, axalgazrdobaSi brwyinvale saero poeti, mogvianebiT qristiani xdeba. man mTeli Tavisi simdidre Raribebs dauriga da 393 wlidan asketur cxovrebas daadga. man nolaSi daarsa monasteri, sadac 409 wlidan iyo episkoposad. paulinusi, marTalia, qristianuli sulis-kveTebiT gamsWvalur himnebs werda, magram formis Tval-sazrisiT antikurobis normebs ar Ralatobda. 80 wels mitanebuli avsoniusi sakuTari moswavlis saqcieliT gakvirvebulia, mas ar esmis ram aiZula uniWieresi poeti `beotieli muzebi~ mietovebina. 112 igi paulinuss sTxovs daubrundes literaturas da cxovrebis Zvelebur wess.

Tanaquil tua nesciat istud, parentem tu contemne alios nec dedignare adfari verbis.

(XXV, 31-32) Seni tanakvili veras Seityobs. xolo danarCenebTan ra gvesaqmeba. tanakvils~ avsoniusi uwodebs Terasias, paulinusis me-uRles, romelic qmarze adre gaqristianda (390w).

am metaforiT avsoniusi migvaniSnebs Terasias Zlier xasi-aTze da mis mier qmris neba-survilis marTvaze. rogorc Cans, avsoniusi miiCnevda, rom paulinusis gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena swored meuRlem iqonia. 111 "Ad eundem Pontium Paulinum Epistula subinde scripta". 112 avsoniusis mier `metaforad qceul~ tanakvils sapasuxo werilSi axsenebs misi adresatic.

n) meropius pontius paulinusi (353-431)

galur-romauli aristokratiis warmomadgeneli paulinusi Tavisi maswavleblis, avsoniusis, msgavsad burdigalidan iyo. misi biografiis Sesaxeb cnobebi Cven avsoniusTan ukve war-movadgineT.

damatebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom paulinusis Semoqmedebidan dRes SemorCenilia mxolod ramdenime leqsi dà werilebi~. 113 swored am ukanasknelidan erT-erTSi pasuxobs paulinusi Tavis mxcovan maswavlebelsa da megobars: nu msayvedurob meuRlis an TviTnebobis gamo, Cemi goneba belerofontosis msgavsad ar amRvreula, Cemi meuRle ki tanakvili ki ar aris, lukreciaa.

(`werilebi~, 3) aq paulinusi tanakvilTan erTad lukrecias axsenebs, romelic ovidiusis `fastebSi~ figurirebs da meuRlebriv morCilebas da erTgulebas ganasaxierebs.

o) klavdius klavdianusi (daib. 375 w.)

warmoSobiT aleqsandrieli berZeni klaudius klavdianusi italiaSi cxovrobda, imperator honoriusis karze laTinur enaze Txzavda cnobil miTologiur eposs `prozerpinas motaceba~ da panegirikebs, romelTagan erT-erTSi (`serenas qeba~) 114 aq, klavdianusi gulisxmobs tanakvilis or cnobil winaswarmetyvelebas (1. qmris didebis momaswavebeli _ arwivis mier qudis gataceba, 2. servius tuliusis mefobis niSani _ Tavs damdgari naTeli).

kamenebi, Zveli italiis xalxTa miTologiis personaJebi, wya-roTa nimfebi, romlebic winaswarmetyvelebis unariT iyvnen dajildoebulni, Zv.w. III saukunidan berZnul muzebTan gaigivdnen, Tumca SeinarCunes momavlis ganWvretis funqciac.

is faqti, rom kamenebi tanakvilis winaswarmetyvelur niWs ganadideben, aris nimuSi etruskuli divinaciis romauli miTologiis Tu kultmsaxurebis erT-erT elementad aRqmisa.

p) rutilius klavdius nomerius namacianusi (V s.)

warmoSobiT gali namacianusi mdidari aristokratis Camomavali iyo. cnobilia, rom igi romis prefeqtic yofila.

lirikul poemaSi `Sin dabrunebaze~1 15 poeti aRwers Tavis mogzaurobas romidan galiaSi 416 wlis Semodgomaze. bar-barosTa SemosevebiT gaTanguli italia mofenilia dangreuli qa-laqebiT da soflebiT. poetis xomaldi jer mdinare tibross miuyveba, Semdeg _ tirenis zRvas.

Cvenamde misi Txzulebis mxolod I wignma da II wignis nawilma moaRwia, romelic namacianusis laciumsa da etruri-aSi mogzaurobaze mogviTxrobs.

poeti aRniSnavs, rom zRviT mogzauroba imitom gadawyvita, rom avreliusis gza da etruskuli mindvrebi (campi Etrusci) geTuri cecxliTa da maxviliT iavarqmnila, garemo udaburi gaxda da mdinareze xidebi aRar arsebobs (I, [39][40].

namacianusis xomaldi Cauvlis Semdeg etruskul qalaqebs: pirgi, cere, centumceli, graviska, kosa, populonia, voltera, piza.

nanaxis Semzaraoba yovelgvar molodins aWarbebs. `did soflebad iqcnen Zvel droSi patara qalaqebi~ (I,224), kedlis nangrevebidan karibWe moCans~ (I, 228), `vxedavT upatronod migdebul nangrevTa grovas~ (I, 285), `mitovebuli, Camongreuli kedlebi~ (I, 286). yvelaze metyveli mainc populoniis nangrevebia:

SeuZlebelia icnoT Zveli drois Zegli: qalaqi, odesRac didi, mware droebam daamxo. 115 Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu suo. mxolod nakvalevi rCeba kedlebidan, romlebic daecnen, qvebis namsxvrevebis qveS Zlivs moCans saxuravebi. daviwyebT ki wuxils davrdomilis gardacvalebisas? ai, Cvens Tvalwin magaliTi _ qalaqi, romelic daiRupa.

(I, 409-414) rutiliusis mier aRweril populoniasTan erTad nadgurdeba mTeli etruria, romlis warsuli didebidan aRaraferia darCenili nangrevebis garda.

Tavad etruskebi, `farisevlobas moklebuli~ (I, 592) es momakvdavi~ xalxi, rutiliusSi Tbil grZnobebs iwveven, radgan am miwasTan poets bevri keTili mogoneba akavSirebs.

namacianusi mogviTxrobs, rom odesRac am provincias mamamisi marTavda, romelsac Rvawlis aRsaniSnavadac tirenebma pizaSi Zeglic ki aRumarTes. poetis bavSvobis mogonebebs cxadad SemorCa mamis gulwrfeli siyvaruli etrus-kTa mimarT: maxsovs hyveboda igi, rom tuskTa mxareSi mmarTveloba erCivna sxva maRal Tanamdebobebs: arc wminda xazinis mcveloba _ gana araa maRali Tanamdeboba? _ arc kvestura mas ar moswonda; ise uyvarda etruskebi, rom arc ki dafiqrdeboda prefeqturis nacvlad aq rom daetovebinaT.

(I, 581-586) poetis azriT, etruskTa mimarT mamis siyvaruli Tavad tus-kTa Seuryvneli bunebidan gamomdinareobs. es xalxi namcianusis TqmiT, `Zvel tradiciebs misdevs~ (I, 598).

Sin dabrunebaze~ ceres maxloblad uZvelesi kultis Tayvaniscemis erT magaliTs gvacnobs: ai, Cvens winaSe kastrusia, zRviT da wlebiT gamoxruli, sadac kedlis nangrevebidan karibWe moCans. am adgilebs icavs ubralo qvisgan gamoTlili RmerTi mwyemsis ieriT, oRondac rqebiT. wlebma, rogorc Cans, Secvales misi Zveli saxeli adre (rogorc amboben) es `inusis kastrusi~ iyo. vfiqrob, Tavad pani xom ar Camovida tirenul WalebSi, an iqneb favnusma ineba mSobliuri adgilebis monaxuleba? am mokvdav toms RmerTi anaxlebs uxvi CamomavlobiT, hoda, aqandakeben mas, siyvarulisTvis mudam ganwyobils.

(I, [228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237] amrigad, namacianusis mier warmosaxuli RvTaeba, romelsac igi an panad an favnusad aRiqvams, poetis aRwerilo-biT, mwyemsis ieris mqone rqebiani RmerTia, romelic karib-Wes icavs.

Cveni azriT, am `saxeldakargul~ RvTaebaSi SeiZleba amovicnoT etruskTa uZvelesi RmerTi kulsansi. amgvari daskvnis safuZvels gvaZlevs Semdegi:

1. RvTaebis qandakeba karibWesTan dgas (mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT, kulsansi iyo `meTvalyure, modarajeR merTi 116 ) (sityvis etimologiasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli varaudebis analizi saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs 117 ).

2. adgilis Zveli saxelwodeba iyo `inusis kastrusi~. `inusiã Skarad miemarTeba `ianuss~, romelTanac romaelebi swored kulsans aigivebdnen. 118 rac Seexeba nawarmoebSi miTi-Tebul rqebs, safiqrebelia, rom es warmoadgens im droisTvis dakarguli qudis naSTebs, romelsac kulsansi, rogorc wesi, ga-nuSoreblad atarebda.

kulsans-ianusis araerTi qandakeba da gamosaxuleba aris dRemde SemorCenili da sayuradReboa, rom maTi umetesoba swored qalaqis karibWesTan iyo aRmarTuli. 119 amgvarad, gvianantikurobis poet namacianusis Txzulebis mixedviT, etruskuli civilizacia fizikuri (`qalaqTa nangrevebi~) da sulieri (`usaxelo~ RmerTebis mitovebuli gamosaxulebani) ganadgurebis pirasaa misuli. marTalia, etruskebi jerjerobiT inarCuneben sakuTar individualobas (`Zvel tradiciebs mis-devs~), magram aSkaraa, rom es xalxi male gaiziarebs saku-Tari qalaqebis beds (`qalaqi, romelic daiRupa~).

namacianusTan etruskebi aSkarad gaidealebulni arian. es mxolod namacianusis mamis etruskebis mimarT siyvarulze dafuZnebuli emocia ar unda iyos, aramed adamianuri Tanag-rZnoba, romelsac poeti aSkarad ganicdis am `momakvdavi tomis~ mimarT.

J) maqsimianus etruski (V-VI ss) (gard. 550w.)

maqsimianus etruskis Sesaxeb mcire cnobebi Semog-vrCa. viciT, rom igi neapolSi cxovrobda, sargeblobda boeTiusis mfarvelobiTa da megobrobda kidec masTan. xandazmulo-baSi iyo romis elCi konstantinopolSi. cnobili iyo rogorc oratori da poeti. mis leqsebSi 120 8. etruskuli istoriul-miTologiuri personaJebi (persiusi, marcialisi, iuvenalisi, avsoniusi, paulinusi, klavdianusi); 9. fufunebisken ltolva (horaciusi, marcialisi, staciusi).

etruskTa meomruli Tvisebebi am Sinaarsobriv jgufSi warmodgenili informacia eposTan

SedarebiT mcirericxovania. am saxis cnobebi lirikaSi arapirdapiri saxisaa da epizodur xasiaTs atarebs.

pindarosisTvis saSiSi tirenelTa sabrZolo yiJina (ajlalato;~), horaciusTan Canacvlebulia etruskTa warsuli samxedro Zlierebis mxolod gaxsenebiT (Olim magnis legionibus imperitarent). flakuss gardasul droTa etruski mxedarTmTavrebi Rimilsac ki hgvrian.

amgvari tendencia srulad Tanxvdeba lirikis suliskveTebas, romelic sabrZolo epizodebs mxolod saxotbo leqsebSi warmoadgens (rogorc es pindarosisa da horaciusis SemTxvevaSi hieron sirakuselisa da mecenatis saqebrad Seqmnil odebSi Cans).

etruskuli divinacia

eposis msgavsad, lirikaSi etruskuli divinaciis mimarT ndobis faqtori sakmaod maRalia, Tumca, properciusis poeziaSi warmodgenili absoluturi morCileba (Vera monent Tuscis viris), iuvenalisTan moyirWebis grZnobiT icvleba (varicosus fiet haruspex).

klavdianuss es xelovneba tanakvilis xsenebisas agondeba~ da arc akonkretebs mis tirenul warmomavlobas (Praescia fatorum Tanaquil).

amrigad, etruskuli divinacia lirikaSi ar warmoadgens siu-JetisTvis mniSvnelovan elements da misi xseneba, etruskTa meomruli Tvisebebis msgavsad, ar gvevlineba mxatvruli ganzogadebis obieqtad.

erTaderT gamonakliss iuvenalisis erTi sityvaTSeTanxmeba (Tuscis libellis) Seadgens, sadac poeti `etruskTa disciplinas gulisxmobs da mas `saocrebaTa wignis~ mniSvnelobiT iyenebs.

isini imperators Tavidanve ukrZalavdnen sparseTSi galaSqrebas da amas konkretuli winaswarmetyvelebaTa meSveo-biT adasturebdnen:

Etrusci tamen haruspices, qui comitabantur gnaros prodigialium rerum, cum illis procinetum hunc saepe arcentibus non crederentur, prolatis libris exercitualibus ostendebant signum hoc esse prohibitorium principique aliena licet iuste inuadenti contrarium (XXIII,5,10 sagulisxmoa, rom etruski winaswarmetyvelebi, romelnic iulianes amalaSi iyvnen, rogorc movlenaTa Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, simarTles ambobdnen _ axali sparsuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg 363 wlis laSqroba kraxiT dasrulda _ iuliane gandgomilis jarma, marTalia, miaRwia Sapur II sasanidis mier marTuli saxelmwifos dedaqalaqs, magram misi aReba ver moaxerxa da iZulebuli gaxda ukan mobrunebuliyo. xolo Tavad iuliane marangTan brZolaSi mZimed daiWra da gardaicvala.

movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebiT dadasturebuli etruskuli winaswarmetyveleba cxadyofs ara mxolod tirenel misanTa avtoritets imdroindel imperiaSi, aramed, garkveulwilad _ maTi moZRvrebis upiratesobas filosofiur (mecnierul) msofl-xedvasTan SedarebiT.

amianus marcelinusis TxzulebaSi warmodgenili es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc Cans, nawilobriv ireklavs suls im epoqisa, romelic ara mxolod qristianobisa da warmarTobis ideologiuri brZoliT, aramed samyaros mistikuri da mecnieruli aRqmis urTierTWidiliT xasiaTdeba.

Tavad iuliane gandgomilis biografiac naTelyofs gvianantikurobisTvis niSandobliv am tendencias _ qristianad aRzrdili imperatori antikurma siZveleebma ise gaitaca, rom rjuli uaryo da karis winaswarmetyvelTa gareSe nabijsac ar dgamda.

Tanamedrove etruskì

sufrul saubrebSi~1 83 plutarqosi warmogvidgens tomiT etrusk piTagorel filosofoss, vinme lukiuss, romelsac `megobrulsa da pirdapirs~ uwodebs (VIII, VIII: 1).

igi Tanameinaxeebs ganumartavs piTagoruli swavlebis zogi-erT debulebas, romelic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSia gamosadegi (mag., mercxlebis saxlSi ar daSveba, loginis adgomisTanave gasworeba, saWmelSi Tevzis gamoyenebis SezRudva da a. S.).

lukiusi aqve Tavad piTagorazec ambobs oriod sityvas, ker-Zod, aRniSnavs, rom igi, sxvebis msgavsad, ara fiqrobs, rom igi etruski iyo, magram danamdvilebiT miiCnevs, rom etruri-aSi daibada, rasac adasturebs is faqti, rom etruriaSi zustad inarCuneben im swavlebebs, romlebic Semonaxulia rogorc zepir gadmocemebSi, ise piTagorelTa naSromebSi.

piTagora Cven lirikis ganxilvisas klavdianusTan ukve vaxseneT, sadac poeti qebas asxamda tanakvils da vinme feanos, romelic piTagorasTan iyo (Pythagorea Theano) (Parentalia, Pomponia Urbica consocrus uxor Iuliani Censoris). piTagorasa da etrurias Soris kavSirzec iqve gavakeTeT komentari. damatebiT davZenT, rom lukiusis mier aRniSnuli versia piTagoras etruskobaze efuZneba peripatoel aristoqsenosis mosazrebas, romelmac piTagoras da mis skolas specialuri Txzuleba miuZRvna. 184

yoveldRiuri cxovreba

es qvejgufi gamoirCeva Tematuri mravalferovnebiT (veiuri Rvino (horaciusi, persiusi), tuskuri quCa (properciusi), Termebi (marcialisi, staciusi). cxadia, am TemebiT daintereseba yvela JanrisTvis metnaklebad damaxasiaTebelia da ar warmoadgens Janrobrivi SepirispirebiTi daxasiaTebis sarbiels.

am SemTxvevaSi wina qveTavebSi warmodgenili es jgufi mxolod erTi sferoTi _ musikiT da erTi konkretuli sakraviTaa warmodgenili.

es aris tirseniuli sayviri. am musikaluri instrumentis JReradoba berZnul tragediaSi mxatvruli formulis saxiT araerTxel meordeba. tirseniuli sayviri gamoscems mZlavr, SemaZrwunebel xmas. am xmas esqilesTan aTenas nebiTa da brZanebiT macne gaaJRerebs, sofoklesTan odisevss am sabrZolo sayviris bgera Tavad aTenas saubars agonebs. evripidesTan es formula meordeba, magram aTenasTan yovelgvari kavSiris gareSe. sagulisxmoa, rom romaul literaturaSi tirseniuli sayviri eposSi, kerZod, vergiliusis `eneidaSi~ figurirebs, Tumca ver-giliusTan es etruskuli musikaluri instrumenti ara aTenasTan, aramed venusTan aris asocirebuli.

etruskTa warsuli didebis nangrevebi

am Tematur qvejgufSi gaerTianebul cnobebs e.w. sailustracio masala _ dangreul qalaqTa aRwera axlavs Tan.

istoriuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, gvainantikurobis periodis poetebTan am movlenas panoramuli xasiaTi aqvs.

lirikis sfecifikis gamo es `aRweriloba~ Seferilia emociuri foniT, romelic poetis sevdasa da mwuxarebas gamoxatavs.

properciusis SemTxvevaSi esaa sinanuli romaelTa mier veis dangrevis gamo, xolo namacianusTan _ geTebis mier iavarqmnili etruskuli qalaqebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas-Tan nawilobrivi `Segueba~ (`daviwyebT wuxils Semxedvareni davrdomili sxeulis daRupvisa?~).

properciusTan veis nangrevebi jer kidev Zlieri xalxis istoriis erT-erTi iaraa, xolo rutiliusTan _ `momakvdavi tomis~ obieqturi realoba.

Tanamedroveobis gadasaxedidan, es Tema romaul lirikaSi SeiZleba miviCnioT romantikuli poeziis erT-erTi motivis (warsulis nangrevebTan ganmartoeba) Soreul winaprad.

sayuradReboa, rom swored etruria iqca am TvalsazrisiT romauli lirikis STagonebis wyarod.

etruskuli panTeoni

amgvarad, rogorc es tabulidan gamoCnda, etruskTa sisastikisa da daundoblobis Sesaxeb informacia lirikaSi aRar gvxvdeba (C). ganmeorebis tendencia dafiqsirda jgufebSi: B, D, Em,V, R, P da L, aqedan kliSed Camoyalibeba _ jgufebSi: Em, P da L.

rac Seexeba `metaforizacias~, mas vafiqsirebT mxolod or magaliTSi (mecenati, tanakvili) da erTsa da imave jgufSi (P).

sayuradReboa, rom mecenatis SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ganmeorebis tendencia fiqsirdeba jgufSi Em (Tanamedrove etruski), misi kliSed da metaforad Camoyalibeba xdeba mxolod jgufSi P (istoriuli da miTologiuri personaJebi).

amasTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom metaforizaciisTvis xelSemwyob garemoebas metaforis avtorisa da metaforizaciis obieqtis `droSi daSorebaw armoadgens.

III qveTavi _ drama am qveTavSi warmovadgenT 7 avtors da 11 nawarmoebs. es avtorebia: esqile (`evmenidebi~), sofokle (`aiasi~), evripide (`heraklidebi~, `eleqtra~), pakuviusi (`qrise~), akciusi (`brutusi~), seneka (`oidiposi~), `oqtavia~, plavtusi (`fsevdolusi~, `komedia zandukze~). Khvrusse, kh'rux, kai; strato;n kateirgaqou', h{ t j ou\n diavtoro" Turshnikh; savlpigx broteivou pneuvmato" plhroumevnh uJpevrtonon ghvruma faivnetw stratw'/.

(569-572) Cahbere sayvirs, macnev da Seagrove jari, raTa gamsWvalavma tirseniulma sayvirma, mokvdavTa sulebis amavsebelma Zalian xmamaRali xmiT, amcnos jars. 121 Aeschylos, Eumenides. (830-831) Semdeg gaiJRera xmamaRla tirseniulma sayvirma da yvelani SeaduRaba brZolaSi. marTalia, esqilesa da sofokles msgavsad, evripide tirseniuli sayviris xmamaRal JReradobas gamokveTs, magram am etruskul musikalur instruments aTenas aRar ukavSirebs.

ganmeorebaTa am jaWvs (aTenas da tirseniuli sayviris kavSirs) nawilobriv aRadgens vergiliusi, romelic, rogorc es zemoT aRvniSneT, etruskul sayvirs venusTan mimarTebaSi axsenebs.

Tavad tirseniuli sayvirisa da aTenas urTierTkavSiri ar unda warmoadgendes esqiles originalur mignebas. igi, rogorc Cans, efuZneba erT miTologiur siuJets, romelic gadmocemulia pavsaniasis `eladis aRwerilobaSi~ (am pasaJs dawvrilebiT konkretul avtorTan ganvixilavT). pavsaniasi gadmogvcems, rom korinToSi mdebare aTenas taZari, romelsac salpingas uwodeben, daafuZna hegelesma, tirenosis (etruskTa mefis) Svilma da herakles SviliSvilma. swored hegelesma aswavla temenosidan mosul didebulebs rogor daekraT papamisis gamogonil sayvirze, amitom aTenas taZars uwodeben `say-virs~ (II, 21,3). kidev erTi epizodi evripides nawarmoebebidan SeiZleba davukavSiroT etruskul samyaros. eleqtraSi~1 24 egisTosi Seiswavlis samsxverplo cxovelis Signeuls: iJera; d j ej" ceivra" labwn; Ai[gisqo" h[qrei. kai; lobo;" me;n ouj prosh'n splavgcnoi", puvlai de kai; docai; colh'" pevla" kaka;" ejfvavinon tw'/ skopou'nti prosbolav".

(826-829) rodesac msxverpli gakveTes da egisTosma misi wminda Signeulis Seswavla daiwyo, SeniSna: RviZls Tavi ar hqonda, buSti da misi sadinarebi ki savse iyo naRveliT da amiT mkiTxavs kargs arafers uqaddnen. mariSi, alalaxSi, ugariTSi, xeTebTan da gvianbrinjaos xanis kviprosze gavrcelebulma RviZlze mkiTxaobam, ufro swored, misma erTma mimarTulebam _ cxovelis RviZlze mkiTxaobam _ saberZneTamdec miaRwia da masze 124 Euripides, Elektra. miniSnebebs ukve homerosis epoqaSi vxedavT (Odyss., 21, 145; 22, 321).

esqile `promeTeSi~ (495-497) promeTes miawers adamianebisaTvis divinaciis am xelovnebis saidumlos swavlebas. 125 Tumca, RviZlze mkiTxaobis aseTi dawvrilebiTi aRwera rogorsac `eleqtraSi~ vxedavT, berZnuli literaturis sxva TxzulebebSi versad moviZieT.

evripides `eleqtraSi~ warmodgenili divinacia hgavs eposis JanrSi ganxiluli etruskuli haruspiciis ramdenime magaliTs (am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli msgavseba SeimCneva lukanusis farsalias~ epizodTan).

cxadia, Cven Sors varT im azrisgan, evripides `eleqtraã RviqvaT zemoTmoyvanili nimuSebis e.w. `winaprad~, radganac is detalebi, romlebic tirenuli divinaciis aRwerisas gamoiyeneba, SeuZlebelia miRebuli yofiliyo epizodTa ubralo gavrcobis gziT.

ufro damajerebeli iqneboda gvevarauda, rom tirseniuli sayviris msgavsad, hepatoskopiac `saxelganTqmuli~ etruskebisgan yofiliyo gadmoRebuli. es religiuri praqtika, sruliad gansxvavebuli berZnuli religiisa da winaswarmetyvelebisagan, romlisTvisac wamyvan faqtorad rCeboda e.w. `rivelaciuli~ komponenti, 126 bolomde ucxo darCa elinuri samyarosTvis da literaturidan kultmsaxu-rebaSi ver gadainacvla.

Tuki `eleqtraSi~ dadasturebul zemoTmoyvanil pasaJs da-vubrundebiT, advilad SevniSnavT, rom am epizodis mxatvruli datvirTva mTlianad nawarmoebisTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovania.

am scenis CarTviT Txzulebis siuJetSi evripide winaswar amzadebs mayurebels mosalodneli ubedurebisaTvis, romelic samsxverplo cxovelis Sinagani organoebis avismomaswavebel deformaciaSi `gansxeulda~.

amasTan, tragikosi cxadyofs, rom personaJTa bedis amgvari Semobruneba mTlianad efuZneba RvTaebriv neba-survils. 125 am mxriv sainteresoa gavixsenoT, rom kavkasionze mijaWvul promeTes zevsisgan gamogzavnili arwivi swored RviZls ukortnis. amgvarad, kronoss surs urC RmerTs suli "amohxados" (RviZli xom, haruspiciis mixedviT, adamianis sulis adgilsamyofelia). 126 am sakiTxs Cven platonTan davubrundebiT. kidev erTi detali, rac Cveni azriT, sayuradReboa tragediis am epizodSi. haruspiciisas gamovlenil konkretul suraTs axlavs axsna (kaka;~ e[fainon tw'/ skopou'nti prosbolav~ _ mkiTxavs amiT kargs arafers uqaddnen), rac sruliad ucxoa romauli literaturis nimuSebSi daculi informaciisTvis.

es SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod imiT, rom berZnuli realobis-Tvis ucxo divinaciis detalebi sazogadoebisTvis bolomde gaugebari rCeboda; rasac ver vityviT romauli cxovrebis wesis-Tvis organul tirenul haruspiciaze, romlis ritualuri wvrilmanebic ki avtors SeeZlo ukomentarod daetovebina.

d) markus pakuviusi (Zv.w. 200-130 ww.)

Tavisi drois cnobili tragikosis da mxatvris, markus pakuviusis literaturulma Semoqmedebam Cvenamde fragmentulad moaRwia.

erT-erT nawyvetSi, romelic warmoadgens tragedia `qri-ses~1 27 patara epizods, aRwerilia troas laSqrobis avlisuri mo-nakveTi.

tragikosi aq divinaciaze gamoTqmul Semdeg Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs:

igi, vinc Citebis enas daeufla da sxvisi RviZlis ambavi ukeT icis sakuTarze, SesaZloa, Rirsia mosmenis, magram ara _ dajerebis. (104)(105)(106) pakuviusis tragediaSi naxsenebi winaswarmetyvelebis ori saxeoba (frinvelebis mixedviT divinacia da haruspicia), ro-melTa mcodnedac qurumi qrise saxeldeba, nawarmoebis e.w. `italikur elements~ warmoadgens da troas omis epizod-Tan uSualo kavSirSi ar imyofeba _ aq igulisxmeba, pirvel rig-Si is, rom mkiTxaobis es saxeobebi, gansakuTrebiT, meore _ haruspicia ar warmoadgens elinuri samyarosTvis Cveul da gavrcelebul praqtikas.

cxadia, arc qrise iyenebda maT sakuTari winaswarmety-velebisaTvis.

aseve sayuradReboa divinaciis mimarT epizodSi gamoTqmuli skeptikuri Tvalsazrisi. teqstis fragmentulobis gamo ar 127 Pacuvius, Chrisis.

viciT, romelic personaJis naazrevia aq gadmocemuli (safiqrebelia, agamemnonis), Tumca hepatoskopiis mimarT undobloba, romelic romauli literaturis nimuSebSi namdvilad dasturdeba, am periodis berZnul literaturaSi ver iZebneba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom tragediaSi movlenaTa ganviTareba mTlianad abaTilebs winaswarmetyvelebis WeSmaritebaSi daeWvebis yvela SesaZleblobas.

e) lucius akciusi (Zv.w. 170-85 ww.)

im ormoci tragediidan, romelTa avtoradac akciusi saxeldeba, mxolod ori _ `brutusi~ 128 da `eneadebi anu deciusid afuZnebulia romaul siuJetze. sakvlevi TemisaTvis sayuradRebo aris pirveli, `brutusi~, romelic tarkvinius amayis gaZevebisa da respublikis damyarebis istoriul moments asaxavs. tragediis mTavari moqmedi piri aris lucilius iunius brutusi, romis respublikis gmiri, romelic Zv.w. 509 wels, tarkvinius amayis Zalauflebis damxobis Semdeg tarkvinius kolatinusTan erTad konsulad iqna arCeuli. wyaroebis cnobiT, igi tarkviniusis vaJma, arunsma mokla or-TabrZolaSi.

tragediaSi, bunebrivia, sakmao adgili romis ukanasknel mefes, tarkviniuss eTmoba. nawarmoebma Cvenamde fragmentulad moaRwia, amitom srulyofilad misi siuJetis detaleb-Si garkveva bolomde SeuZlebelia. Tumca, tarkvinius amayis sizmari, romelic mis momavals winaswarmetyvelebs, TxzulebaSi sruladaa gadmocemuli: rodesac Ramis Zils mivec Tavi, raTa Zilmoreuli sxeuli momesvenebina, meCvena mwyemsi, romelic Cemsken moerekeboda matylian cxvrebs, Zalian lamazebs. me maT Soris ori batkani SevarCie, erTi modgmisa da erTis dakvla daviwye, ufro lamazisa, magram misma Zmam Semomitia _ irqineboda da Zirs damca Zlieri dartymiT. miwaze dacemuli, mZimed daWrili cas mivaSterdi da davinaxe saocari ram _ mzis disko cecxliT da sinaTliT gabrwyinebuli marjvniv gauyva axal gzas. winaswarmetyvelebi ase ganumartaven mefes am sizmars: aseT sizmrebs RmerTebi amaod ar agzavnian, amitom naxe, rom vinmem, visac Sen Sens samwysoSi sulel kravad miiCnev, Tavi uecrad brZnad da sulierad mtkiced ar warmoaCinos da mefobidan gagaZevos, xolo mze _ romelic naxep moaswavebs cvlilebas dids _ dae, sikeTed eqces igi xalxs! da is, rom mzem marjvniv gadauxvia, yvela es moaswavebs romis didebas! am ganmartebaSi sayuradReboa Semdegi momentebi: 1. `mzis gabrwyinebis~ sasikeTo niSnad ganmarteba _ mzis simbolikas etruskul religiaSi dadebiTi (gansxvavebiT mTvarisagan) energetika aqvs, rac dasturdeba brinjaos RviZlis piaCencuri modeliT, romlis keTilis momtan mxared swored mzis naxevaria miCneuli. 129 2. mzis marjvena mxares gadaadgileba _ keTilis momaswavebeli niSani. romaul winaswarmetyvelebaSi, marTlac, marjvena mxare sasikeTo iyo, gansxvavebiT etruskuli divinaciisagan, romlis mixedviTac keTilismomtan mxared ara marjvena, aramed marcxena mimarTuleba iTvleboda.

amrigad, tarkviniusis sizmari Tavad mefisaTvis, marTlac, avismomaswavebeli iyo, xolo romaelTaTvis _ bednierebis momtani.

v) lucius aneus seneka (Zv.w. 4-ax.w. 65)

etruskebis Sesaxeb informacia mocemulia seneka-umcrosis tragediaSi `oidiposi~. 130 oidiposib erZnuli tragediis tradiciaTa dacviT daweril dramebSi senekas mcireodeni siuJeturi `Sesworebebi~ Seaqvs _ magali-Tad, `oidiposSi~ senekas axali personaJi Semohyavs _ tiresiasis asuli manto, romelic Tebeli misnis `Tvalebis~ rols asrulebs.

Tuki sofokle `oidipos mefeSi~ ifargleba erTi misnobiT, romelsac delfos qurumi warmoTqvams, seneka aZlierebs am STabeWdilebas meore winaswarmetyvelebiT _ haruspiciiT, romelsac tiresiasisgan xeldasxmuli manto aRasrulebs. 129 G. Colonna, A proposito degli dei del fegato di Piacenza, SE, vol LIV, MCMXCIII, serie III, 1994. 130 Seneca, Agamemno. seneka dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems am ritualis yovel detals. tiresiasi brZanebs:

Adpellite aris candidum tergo bovem, Curvoque nunquam colla depressum jugo (299-300). …Jam tura sacris coelitum ingessi focis… (305). Et sparge salsa colla taurorum mola (335).

dae, samsxverplosTan moiyvanon TeTri kuro, romelsac jer uReli ar daudgams… samsxverploebi mohfine aRmosavluri sakmevliT… saswrafod moayare kuroebs mariliani fqvili… amis Semdeg samsxverplo cxovelis Signeulze manto iwyebs dakvirvebas:

Genitor, quid hoc est? Non levi motu, ut solent, Agitata trepidant extra, sed totas manus Quatiunt, novusque prosilit venit cruor. Cor marcet aegrum penitus, ac mercum latet, Liventque venae, magna pars fibris abest, Et felle nigro tabidem spumat jecur, Ac (semper omen unico imprerio grave) En! Capita paribus bina consugunt toris (352-360). Mutatus ordo est, sede nih propria jacet, Sed acta retro cuncta. Non animae capax In parte dextra pulmo sanguiness jacet; Non laeva cordis regio… (366-369). mSobelo, es ra aris? Signeuli Cveulebrivad ki ar TrTis, is caxcaxebs _ xelebs miTamaSebs da ZarRvebidan sisxli uxvad moedineba. guli Rrmadaa Camarxuli, gaxrwnili, yvela ZarRvi fermkrTalia, bevri organo ar Cans, dampali RviZli Savi naRveliT qafdeba, erTmmarTvelisaTvis sazareli niSani aris, ori Tavaki borcvebad Zevs (352-360) mTeli wesrigi darRveulia, yvelaferi aRreulia, yvelaferi ukanaa gaweuli, filtvi aklia marjvniv, sisxliT gaJRenTilia, gulic marcxniv araa. seneka arsad ganmartavs am sabediswero niSanTa mniSvnelobas, radgan maTi arsi romaelTaTvis isedac gasagebia. etruskuli divinacia, romlis araerTi nimuSia mocemuli antikur wyaroebSi, senekasTan aRweril suraTs zedmiwevniT em-Txveva, xolo tirenuli misnoba, rogorc cnobilia, romaul yovel-dRiurobasTan mudmivad iyo dakavSirebuli.

hepatoskopiisTvis esoden didi mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, riTac nawilobriv TiTqos meore planze inacvlebs piTias winaswarmetyvelebis roli, cxadi xdeba, rom seneka, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tebes ciklis miTebs da berZnul tragedias kargad icnobs da iyenebs Tavis nawarmoebSi, cdilobs STabeWdilebis gaZlierebas da romaeli mayureblisTvis gasagebi simbolikiT tradiciul siuJetis `ganmartebas~.

Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am TvalsazrisiT senekas-Tvis garkveuli biZgis mimcemi evripides `eleqtras~ teqstSi mocemuli divinaciis scenac warmoadgenda.

amasTanave, haruspiciis rituali `oidiposSi~, rogorc amaSi kultmsaxurebis dawvrilebiTi aRwera gvarwmunebs, `eleqtra-Si~ warmodgenili Sesabamisi scenis gavrcobis SemTxvevas ar unda warmoadgendes.

senekasTan tirsenieli mekobreebic Canan dionises mi-Tebidan. zemoTmoyvanili scenis Semdeg gundi umReris dionises, mis Tavgadasavlebs da maT Soris tirseniel yaCaRebsac axsenebs.

seneka arafers ambobs arc tirsenielTa sisastikeze, arc maT veragobasa da daundoblobaze. gundis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia mekobreebis Tevzebad gardasaxvis detalur aRweraze: am pasaJSi seneka asaxelebs araerT epizods da personaJs romis analitikuri istoriidan. jer axsenebs tarkvinius amayis gaZevebis ambavs, Semdeg _ lucius virginiusis qaliSvils, virginias, romelic decimvir apius klavdiusis mier iyo namusaxdili da Semdeg sakuTari mamis mier mokluli, sircxvilis Tavidan asarideblad (aq `oqtavias~ avtori aSkarad mianiSnebs apius klavdiusis neronTan naTesaobaze); naxsenebia agreTve seqstus tarkviniusis mier Seuracxyofili lukrecia; servius tuliusis qaliSvilis mier sakuTari mamis mkvlelobaSi Tanamonawileoba da misi gvamis etliT gaqelva.

am Zaladobis amsaxvel epizodebSi araerTi etruski perso-naJi figurirebs: tarkvinius amayi, misi vaJi seqstus tarkviniusi, tarkvinius priskusis SviliSvili da servius tuliusis qaliSvili tulia, tarkvinius amayis meuRle. yvela maTgani gvevlineba borotebis gansaxierebad, magram, amasTan erTad, am qmedebaTaTvis sastikad dasjil adamianebad.

swored am konkretuli magaliTebiT gundi arwmunebs neronis meuRles da mayurebels SurisZiebis gardauvlobaSi _ aseT mmarTvelebs xalxis risxva aucileblad gamoutans gana-Cens.

komedia etruskebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mxolod erT komediografosTanaa warmodgenili _ esaa plavtusi.

a) titus makcius plavtusi (Zv.w. 250-184)

sakvlevi TemisTvis sayuradRebo informacia dasturdeba plavtusis or komediaSi (`fsevdolusi~, `komedia zandukze~).

fsevdolusi 131 komediis mTavari personaJi samxedro laSqrobisTvis emzadeba _ man satrfos dasaxsnelad maWankal balios omi unda gamoucxados: droSebis qveS mwyobrad wavuZRvebi Cems jars, yvela misnoba cxadia, frinvelebi marcxniv, rogorc me msurs. darwmunebuli var, SevZleb mowinaaRmdegis daZlevas.

(762-764) marTalia, seneka am nawyvetSi arsad axsenebs, rom misnoba etruskulia, magram, rogorc cnobilia, marcxena mxare keTilis momaswaveblad swored tirenul auspiciaSi iTvleboda.

mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, plavtusis komediis personaJis komikuroba misnobis elementis SemotaniT mZafrdeba _ ga-marjvebaSi misi darwmunebuloba efuZneba ara jaris samxedro momzadebas, mamacobas Tu mxedarTmTavris sagangebo strategias, aramed misnobis keTilsaimedoobas. komedia zandukze~1 32 Cvenamde fragmentulad moRweul am komediaSi plavtusi erT `tuskur wess~ axsenebs: ex Tusco modo tute tibi indigne dotem quaeras corpore.

(562-563) tuskuri wesiT Sen samarcxvinod cdilob qonebis sxeuliT Sovnas. etrusk qalebze amgvari Sexeduleba erTaderTia romaul wyaroebSi. berZnul literaturaSi am sakiTxs vrclad aTenaiosi ganixilavs.

gvianantikurobis es mwerali imowmebs Teopomposis (Zv.w. 377-320) dakargul Txzulebas, romlis mixedviTac etruski qalebi gamoirCeodnen TavaSvebuli zniT da seqsualuri TavisuflebiT. 133 plavtusTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi _ gasaziarebelia im mecnierTa azri, romelic plavtusis am citatis safuZvlad Teopomposis magvar avtorTa literaturul wyaroTa gamoyenebas ufro xedavs, vidre realur, cxovrebiseul faqtebs 134 . sxvagvari damokidebuleba Cans pakuviusis `qriseSi~, sadac divinacia rogorc frinvelTa, ise RviZlis meSveobiT, naklebsarwmunodaa miCneuli. Tumca, nawarmoebis da miTis siuJeti am skeptikur Tvalsazriss sruliad abaTilebs.

III

akciusis `brutusSi~ tarkvinius amayis sizmaric movlenaTa winaswarWvretis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens.

senekas `oidiposSi~ hepastokopiiT gacxadebuli momavali simbolurad gadmoscems oidiposis tragikul beds. samsxverplo cxovelis Signeulis mdgomareobis dawvrilebiTi aRweriT seneka axdens RvTaebrivi wesrigis darRvevis ilustrirebas, romelic SemdgomSi proecirdeba mTavari personaJis xvedrsa da momavalze.

amgvarad, yvela zemoTmoyvanil SemTxvevaSi divinacia (ufro sworad, etruskuli haruspicia) movlenaTa tirenul simbo-loTa meSveobiT anonsirebas warmoadgens, riTac iqceva mxatvrul xerxad da ganmeorebad literatul saxed.

tirsenieli mekobreebi tirseniel mekobreebs tragediaSi mxolod senekas `oidipos-Si~ vxvdebiT.

zemoT Cvens mier ukve aRiniSna, rom tirsenieli mekobreebi moklebulni arian `mxatvrul meobas~ da RmerTebis mier damnaSaveTa saSineli dasjis mxolod sailustraciod arian moxmobilni.

Tumca, amasTan, rogorc iTqva, es pasaJi garkveul kavSir-Sia rogorc wina epizodis divinaciis, ise mTeli nawarmoebis simbolur enasTan, romelic oidiposis gauTviTcnobierebel da-naSauls mainc aRiarebs borotmoqmedebad.

istoriuli personaJebi

antikur tragediaSi istoriuli personaJebidan figurireben tarkviniusebi (tarkvinius amayi da seqstus tarkviniusi) da servius tuliusis qaliSvili tulia, tarkvinius priskusis da tanakvilis qa-liSvilis Svili.

yvela es cnobili pirovneba antikur tragediaSi borotebas gansaxierebs da, amavdroulad, borotebis daZlevis mxatvrul saxes warmoadgens.

qalTa mdgomareoba

plavtusis komediis erT pasaJSi moyvanili cnoba `tuskuri wesis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelic qalTa meZavobis Cveulebas cxadyofda, Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi Zv.w. III saukunis berZen beletrist prozaikosTa sensaciebze gaTvlili siuJetebis eqodaa aRqmuli.

aqve sqematurad warmovadgenT qveTavSi mocemuli cnobebis TvalsaCino suraTs. !Exeureqh'nai dhj w|n tovte kai; tw'n kuvbwn kai; tw'n ajstragavlwn kai; th'" sfaivrh" kai; tw'n ajllevwn pasevwn paignievwn ta; ei[dea, plh;n pessw'n: touvtwn ga;r w\n thvn ejxeuvresin oujk oijkhiou'ntai Ludoiv. Poievein de; w\de pro;" to;n limo;n ejxeurovnta": th'n me;n eJtevrhn tw'n hJmerevwn paivzein pa'san, i{na dh; mh; zhtevoien sitiva, th;n de; eJtevrhn sitevesqai pauomevnou" tw'n paignievwn. Toiouvtw/ provpw diavgein ejp j e[tea duw'n devonta ei[kosi. !Epeivte de; ojuk ajnievnai to; kakovn, ajll j e[ti ejpi; ma'llon biavzesqai, ou{tw dh; to;n basileva aujtw'n duvo moivra" dielovnta Ludw'n pavntwn klhrw'sai th;n mevn ejpi; monh/', th;n d jejpi; ejxovdw/ ejk th'" cwvrh", kai; ejpi; me;n th'/ mevnein aujtou' lagcanouvsh/ tw'n moirevwn eJwuto;n to;n basileva prostavssein, ejpi; de; th'/ ajpallassomevnh/ to;n eJwutou' pai'da, tw'/ ou[noma eijnai Turshnovn. Lacovnta" dev aujtw'n tou;" eJtevrou" ejxievnai ejk th'" cwvrh" kai; katabh'nai ej" Smuvrnhn kai; mhcanhvsasqai ploi'a, ej" ta; ejsqemevnou" ta; pavnta, o{sa sfi h\n crhsta; e[pipla, ajpoplevein kata; bivou te kai; gh'" zhvthsin, ej" o{ e[qnea polla; parameiyamevnou" ajpikevsqai ej" !Ombrikouv", e[nqa sfeva" ejnidruvsasqai povli" kai; oijkevein to; mevcri tou'de. !Anti; de; Ludw'n metonomasqh'nai aujtou;" ejpi; tou' basilevo" tou' paidov", o{" sfea" ajnhvgage: ejpi; touvtou th;n ejpwnumivhn poieumevnou" ojnomasqh'nai Turshnouv". diodoros sicilieli _ elinisturi epoqis istorikosi, msoflio istoriis ormoci wignis avtori, romelTagan dRemde mxolod mcire nawilma (wignebi: 1-5; 11-20) moaRwia.

anekdotebiT, saxaliso ambebiT gajerebuli `istoriuli biblio-Teka~, romelic, marTalia, xSirad qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT araerT xarvezs da uzustobas Seicavs, aRwers msoflio istorias keisris epoqamde. 138 bunebrivia, am TxzulebaSi aris cnobebi etruskTa Sesaxebac, romelTac Cven Tematurad dajgufebuli saxiT gadmog-cemT. 139 Tavad tirenis mxares, mis bunebriv pirobebs diodoros sicilieli Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: 138 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica (Bibliotheka historike). 139 am miTis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb Cveni Tvalsazrisi ix.: "italieli" herakle, logosi, weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, Tbilisi, 2004, 174-182. Kaqovlou ga;r hJ Turrhnija pantelw'" eu[geio" ou\sa pedivoi" ajnapeptamevnoi" ejgkavqhrai kai; bounoeidevsin ajnasthvmasi tovpwn dieivlhptai gewrghsivmoi". uJgra; de; metrivw" ejsti;n ouj movnon kata; th'n ceimerinh;n w{ran, ajlla; kai; kata; to;n tou' qevrou" kairovn. (V, 40,5) mTlianobaSi, tirenia, araCveulebrivad nayofieri, flobs vrcel dablobebs, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia miwaTmoqmedebisTvis vargisi mTiani adgilebiT, xolo wvima aq zomierad modis ara mxolod zamTarSi, aramed zafxulSic. 140 2. tirenelebi. tirenTa novaciebi V wignSi `miTologiuri biblioTekisa~, axasiaTebs ra italiis mkvidr sxvadasxva tomebs, diodoros sicilieli tirenelebzec mogviTxrobs:

tirenia, tirenis zRva

(1)Leijpetai d j hJmi'n eijpei'n peri; tw'n Turrhnw'n, ou|toi ga;r to; me;n palaio;n ajndreia/ dienegkovnte" cwvran pollh;n katekthvsanto kai; povlei" ajxiolovgou" kai; polla;" e[ktisan. oJmoivw" de; kai; nautikai'" dunavmesin ijscuvsante kai; pollou;" cro;nou" qalattokrathvsante" to; me;n para; th;n ! Italivan pevlago" ajf j eJautw'n ejpoijhsan Turrhniko;n prosagoreuqh'nai, ta; de; kata; ta;" peza;" dunavmei" ejkponhvsante" th;n te savlpigga legomevnhn ejxeu'ron, eujcrhstotavthn me;n eij" tou;" polevmou", ajp j ejkeivnwn d j ojnomasqei'san Turrhnhvn, tov te peri; tou;" hJgoumevnou" strathgou;" ajxivwma kateskeuvasan, periqevnte" toi'" hJgoumevnoi" rJabdouvcou" kai; divfron ejlefavntinon kai; peripovrfuron thvbennan, e[n te tai'" oijkivai" ta; perivstw/a pro;" ta;" tw'n qerapeuovntwn o[clwn taraca;" ejxeu'ron eujcrhstivan: w|n ta; plei'sta @Rwmai'oi mimhsavmenoi kai; pro;" to; kavllion aujxhvsante" methvnegkan ejpi; th'n ijdivan politeivan (V,1).

Cven kidev gvrCeba mogiTxroT tirenelebze, radganac Zvelad maT saxeli gaiTqves Tavisi mamacobiT, daipyres uzarmazari qveyana da daaarses mravali mniSvnelovani qalaqi. Seiqnen ra sabrZolo xomaldebis wyalobiT Zlevamosilni, TavianTi batonoba daamyares zRvebze. swored amitomac italiis erT-erT zRvas tirenis zRva ewodeba. maT saxmeleTo Zalebic srulyves. maT gamoigones omSi uaRresad sasargeblo sayviri, romelTac maTi saxelis mixedviT tirenuli ewoda, gamoigones wodeba mxedar- TmTavarTaTvis, mxedarTmTavarTa Tanmxlebi liktorebisTvis, taxti, spilos Zvlisgan damzadebuli, toga alisferi arSiiT, xolo saxle-bisaTvis _ wriuli portikebi, romelic Zlier sasargebloa momsaxure mdabioTa yayanisgan Tavdasacavad.

amiT, etruskTa miRwevebis sia ar mTavrdeba. diodoros sicilieli etruskebs damwerlobis SemuSavebas da divinaciis xelovnebis srulyofas miawers: gravmmata de; kai; fusiologivan kai; qeologivan ejxepovnhsan ejpi; plevon, kai; ta; peri; th;n keraunoskopivan mavlista pavntwn ajnqrwvpwn ejxeirgavsanto: dio; kai; mevcri tw'n nu'n crovnwn oiJ th" oijkoumevnh" scedo;n o{lh" hJgouvmenoi qaimavxousiv te tou;" a[ndra" kai; kata; ta;" ejn toi'n kerannoi'" dioshmeiva" touvtoi" ejxhghtai'" crw'ntai. (V, 40,2) amis garda, tirenebma SeimuSaves damwerloba, bunebisa da RmerTebis Sesaxeb swavleba, yvela sxva xalxze metad _ elvebze dakvirveba. swored amitom (romaelebi), romlebmac daamyares TavianTi batonoba TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi, aRtacebulni arian am xalxiT da mimarTaven maT rogorc elviT gacxadebul zevsis niSanTa ganmmarteblebs. diodorosis gadmocemiT, etruskTa mier SemuSavebul siaxleTa umetesoba, romaelebma aiTvises: w\n ta; plei'sta @Rwmai'oi mimhsavmenoi kai; pro;" to; kallion aujxhvsante" methvnegkan ejpi; th;n ijdivan politeivan. (V, 40,1). am gamogonebaTa umetesoba romaelebma SeiTvises da srulyves ra isini, miusadages TavianTi saxelmwifos saWiroebebs.

fufunebis siyvaruli

diodorosi etruskTa cxovrebis wesisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnad fufunebas miiCnevs, xolo Tavad tirenelebs _ brwyinvalebisa da azizobis motrfiale xalxad.

Tavdapirvelad mwerali amis mizezebis garkvevas cdilobs da askvnis, rom etruskTa ltolva fufunebisken ganpirobebulia etruriis gansakuTrebuli garemo pirobebiT: cwvran de; nemovmenoi pavmforon, kai; tauvthn ejxergazovmenoi, karpw'n ajfqonivan e[cousin oij movnon pro;" th'n ajrkou'san diatrofhvn, ajlla; kai; pro;" ajpovlausin dayilh' kai; trufh;n ajnhvkousan (V, 40,3) cxovroben ra araCveulebrivad nayofier miwaze, isini mas amuSaveben da iReben uxv mosavals, romelic sakmarisia ara mxolod imisaTvis, rom gamoikvebon, aramed imisTvisac, rom sicocxle fufunebasa da azizobaSi gaataron. diodorosi dawvrilebiT aRwers etruskTa yoveldRiur nadimebs, romelTa meSveobiT cxadyofs maTi cxovrebis wess: parativqentai ga;r di;" th'" hJmevra" trapevza" polutelei'" kai; ta[lla ta; pro;" th'n uJperbavllousan trufh;n oijkei'a, strwmna;" me;n ajnqeina;" kataskeuavzonte", ejkpwmavtwn d j ajrgurw'n pantodapw'n plh'qo" kai; tw'n diakonouvntwn oijketw'n oujk ojlivgon ajriqmo;n hJtoimakovte": kai; touvtwn oiJ me;n eujprepeiva diafevrontev" eijsin, oiJ d j ejsqh'si polutelestevrai" h[ kata; doulikh'n ajxivan kekovsmhntai. oijkhvsei" te pantodapa;" ijdiazouvsa" e[cousi par j aujtoi'" ooj movnoi oiJ qeravponte", ajlla; kai; tw'n ejleuqevrwn oiJ pleivou" (V, 40,[3][4] orjer dReSi isini Slian mdidrul sufras, sargebloben ra yvelafriT, rac aucilebelia natifi siamovnebisTvis, _ iyeneben morTulmokazmul gadasafareblebs, bevr sxvadasxva vercxlis sasmiss, uamrav Sinamosamsaxures, romelTa Soris erTni _ SesaniSnavi garegnobiT, meoreni monebisTvis Seuferebeli brwyinvale tansacmliT gamoirCevian. gansakuTrebulad mdidruli saxl-kari aqvs ara mxolod moxeleebs, aramed Tavisufal adamianTa umetesobas. swored fufunebisken gadametebuli swrafva, diodorosis azriT, ganapirobebs etruskTa warsuli didebis dakargvas: Kaqovlou de; th;n me;n ejk palaiw'n crovnwn par j aujtoi'" zhloumevnhn ajlkh;n ajpobeblhvkasin, ejn povtoi" de; kai; rJa/qumivai" ajnavndroi" biou'nte" oujk ajlovgw" th;n tw'n petevrwn dovxan ejn toi'" polevmoi" ajpobeblhvkasi (V, 40,4). saerTod, raki tirenelebma daiviwyes mebrZoli suli, romliskenac gacxarebiT miiltvodnen Zvel droSi da atareben cxovrebas Rvinis smasa da mamakacTaTvis Seuferebl azizobaSi, sruliad kanonzomieria, rom maT dahkargvodaT is dideba, romelic maTma mamebma omebSi moipoves.

mekobreoba

Txzulebis erT-erT pasaJSi diodoros sicilieli etruskTa mekobreobasac axsenebs. mwerali aRniSnavs, rom etrusk mekobreTa Tavdasxmebis gamo lipariSi kniduri koloniis daarsebis droidan (Zv.w. 580 w. e.k.) mosaxleobis naxevari miwaTmoqmedebas misdevda da meore _ kunZulis dacvas etruski mekobreebisgan (V, 9,4 katilinas mimarT radikalurad negatiurad ganwyobili mwerali aRiqvams mas da mis momxreebs saxelmwifos moraluri degradaciis simboloebad. keisris mxardamWeri salustiusi sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi istoriul movlenebs filosofiurad afasebs, misi rwmeniT, Zv.w. 146 wels karTagenis dangreviT romma ukanaskneli sagareo mteri gaanadgura da am periodidan Tavi iCina Sidasaxelmwifoebrivma rRvevam, romelic rogorc nobilitetis moraluri krizisiT, ise politikuri dapirispirebiT gamoixata. swored am krizisis erT-erT rgolad aRiqvams salustiusi katilinas SeTqmulebas da etruriis mkvidrT. 143 salustiusi Tavisi kerpisa da patronis, iulius keisris senatSi erT gamosvlasac imowmebs:

Maiores nostri, patres conscripti, neque consili neque audaciae umquam aguere, neque illis superbia obstabat, quo minus aliena instituta, si modo probo errant imitarentur, arma atque tela militaria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis pleraque sumpserunt. (51,(37)(38) Cvens winaprebs, mama senatorebo, arasdros akldaT gansjis unari, arc simamace da arc siamaye uSlidaT xels gadmoeRoT sxvaTa Cveulebani, Tuki isini sasargebloni iyvnen. sabrZolo iaraRTa umravlesoba maT samnistebisagan gadmoiRes, magistratebis niSnebi _ etruskebisagan. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi rac gaaCndaT maT mokavSireebs da mtrebsac ki da rac maT Sesaferisad eCvenebodaT, gulmodgined iyenebdnen.

salustiusi aq romaelTa mier etruskebisagan Tanamdebobis pirTa (am SemTxvevaSi, magistratTa) niSnebis gadmoRebasac axsenebs.

pirvel rigSi, albaT, aq igulisxmeba sagangebo savarZeli (Sella curulis), romelic epyraT kurulis magistratebs da fasciebi. 144 saerTod ki, Tavad magistratis funqciebi, rogorc Cans, romaelebma etruskebisagan gadmoiRes. cnobilia, rom monarqiis dacemis Semdeg etruriis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi imarTeboda warCinebulTa e.w. kolegiiT, romelsac saTaveSi edga ara mefe (lucumon), aramed ori zilach/zilath (savaraudoT, zilach maru(nu)chva, zilch putsva) da, mogvianebiT, meti -(zilch cechaneri, zilath mechl rasnal). 143 samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Tavad salustiusi Zv.w. 50 wels senatorebis ricxvidan amoiRes amoralurobis gamo, xolo afrikis pretorobidan dabrunebuli ise gamdidrda, rom gaaSena romSi cnobili Tavisi brwyinvalebiT parki e.w. "salustiusis baRebi" (Hori Sallustiani). 144 fasciebTan dakavS. komentari ix. strabonTan. swored zilach miiCneva Tanamedrove etruskologiaSi romauli magistratusis winaprad. 145 salustiusis TxzulebaSi moTxrobili ambavi, romelic qveynis SigniT katilinas mier organizebul areulobas asaxavs, avtoris TqmiT, haruspikebis mier iyo nawinaswarmetyvelebi: kapitoliumis xanZridan meoce weli, rogorc haruspikebi araer-Txel amtkicebdnen sagangebo niSanTa safuZvelze, samoqalaqo omis gamo sisxliani iqneboda (47,2). rogorc vxedavT aqac, sxva Janrebis msgavsad, mwerali movlenaTa kanonzomieri ganviTarebis naTelsayofad imowmebs momavlis sando ganWvretas, riTac etruskuli mkiTxaobis es saxeoba garda imisa, rom sarwmuno wyarod saxeldeba, mosaxdenis `anonsirebis~ mxatvrul xerxad gardaisaxeba. 1. etruskuli qalaqebi 1. cere am qalaqs straboni gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs, Tvlis ra, rom mas romis winaSe didi damsaxureba miuZRvis: pro" de touvtoi" tou;" katafugovnta" par j aujtou;" ejk th'" @Rwvmh" e[swsan kai; to; aqavnaton pu'r kai; ta;" th'" @Estiva" iJereiva"... para; de toi'" $Ellhsin eujdokivmhsen hJ povli" au{th dia; te ajndreivan kai; dikaiosuvnhn.. kai; Puqoi' to;n !Agollaivwn kalouvmenon ajnejqhke qhsaurovn. Agilla ga;r wjnomavzetw to; provteron hJ nu'n Kaivrea (V, II, 3). a. pfifigis azriT, etruskebi, iseve rogorc romaelebi da sabinebi, feronias bunebisa da janmrTelobis umniSvnelovanes RvTaebad miiCnevdnen, rac dasturdeba veiSi napovni Semo-wirulobebiT, romelTa Sorisaa terakotisagan damzadebuli sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebi. 148 sayuradReboa, rom strabonis droisTvis am mniSvnelovani qalRmerTis warmomavloba da funqciebi TandaTanobiT daviwyebas eZleva, rac ar SeiZleba davabraloT mxolod strabonis berZnul warmomavlobas (rac adgilobriv kultebSi gauTvicnobiereblobas gulisxmobs).

straboni etruskTa mekobreobiT gatacebas sayovelTaos uwodebs da mas etruriis decentralizaciis mTavar mizezad miiCnevs: tovte me;n ou\n uJf j eJni; hJgemovni tattovmenoi mejga i[scuon, crovnio" d j u{steron dialuqh'nai to; suvsthma eijko;" kai; kata; povlei" diaspasqh'nai biva tw'n plhsiocwvrwn ei[xanta": ouj ga;r a[n cwvran eujdaijmona ajfevnte" th'/ qalajtth kata; lh/steivan ejpevqento a[lloi pro;" a[lla trapovmenoi pelavge, ejpev, o{pou ge simpneuvsaien, iJkanoi; h\san oujk ajmuvnasqai movnon tou;" ejpiceirou'nta" aujtoi'", ajlla; kai; ajntepiceirei'n kai; makra;" strateiva" poiei'sqai~ (V, II, 2 (iJkanoi; h\san oujk ajmuvnasqai movnon tou;" ejpiceirou'nta" aujtoi'", ajlla; kai; ajntepiceirei'n kai; makra;" strateiva" poiei'sqai) (V, II, 2). qalaq lunas aRwerisas strabons etruskTa zRvaze mbrZaneblobis xangrZlivi istoriac ar aviwydeba. 149 6. etruskTa novaciebi straboni romaelTa mier tirenTagan nasesxeb wes-Cveulebebs da sxvadasxva siaxleebsac CamoTvlis: levgetai de kai; oJ qriambiko;" kovsmo" kai; uJpatiko;" kai; aJplw'" oJ tw'n ajrcovntwn ejk Tarkunivwn dei'ro metenecqh'nai kai; rJavbdoi kai; pelevkei" kai; savlpigge" kai; iJeropoiivai kai; mantikh; kai; mousikh;, o{sh/ dhmosiva/ crw'ntai @Rwmai'oi (V, II, 2). amboben, rom triumfaluri da sakonsulo morTulobani da saerTod, Tanamdebobis pirTa samkaulebi romSi tarkviniidan Semovida, iseTebi, rogoricaa: fasciebi, culebi, sayvirebi, wminda wes-Cveulebani, mkiTxaobis xelovneba da musika, romelsac romaelebi saxelmwifo saqmeebSi iyeneben. strabonTan micemuli informacia triumfalur da sakonsulo morTulobaTa etruriidan Semosvlis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove ga-mokvlevebiT mTlianad aris dadasturebuli.

kerZod, fasciebi, romelic tyavis qamrebiT gadakruli wkeplebis Sekvras warmoadgenda (romelSic culi iyo Camagrebuli, rogorc magistratebis Zalauflebis simbolo), sayovelTao aRi-arebiT, etruskuli warmomavlobisaa.

amas adastureben, rogorc antikuri wyaroebi (dionise halikarnaseli, silius italikusi), ise arqeologiuri masala vetuloniidan, kiuzidan da a.S. 150 fasciebi xelT epyraT liqtorebs, romlebic win miuZRodnen Tanamdebobis pirebs (etruriaSi : mefes _ 12, romSi: konsuls _ 12, xolo pretors _ 6).

rac Seexeba triumfs, romelic romSi gamarjvebuli mxedar-TmTavris dabrunebis aRsaniSnav zeims warmoadgenda, marTalia, etruskebisgan iyo nasesxebi, magram etruriaSi religiur dResaswauls warmoadgenda. 151 sayuradReboa strabonTan dadasturebuli erTi glosac, sadac `kupra~ (Kuvpra) mwerals berZeni heras Sesabamis RvTaebad hyavs warmodgenili.

jerjerobiT Cvens xelT arsebuli epigrafikul masalaSi arsadaa gamovlenili msgavsi saxelis RmerTqali. cnobilia, rom he-rasTan identificirebulia tirenTa RvTaeba uni, romlis saxeli kuprasTan yovelgvar etimologiur kavSirs gamoricxavs. liviusis naSromSi `wignebi dasabamiTgan qalaqisa~1 52 mocemulia romis istoria ax.w. 9 wlamde (imperator druzusis sikvdilamde).

Txzuleba fragmentuladaa moRweuli (1-10 da 21-45 wignebi). cnobilia, rom liviusis nawarmoebis ideologiur mizans Seadgens warsulis maRali moraluri principebis da gmirobis gandideba Tanamedrove romis znedacemulobis SesaCereblad.

marTalia, mecnierTa SefasebiT, liviusis naSromi araa wminda istoriuli Txzuleba da avtori romis istoriis adreul peri-150 M. Cristofani, Fasci wignSi: Dizionario illustrato… 108. 151 Lexikon der Antike, Herausgegeben von J. Irmscher, Leipzig,1979, 588. 152 Livius, Ab Urbe condita libri. odebs naklebi sizustiT gadmogvcems, samagierod nawarmoebi xasiaTdeba informaciuli siuxviT da maRalmxatvrulobiT.

ciceronis stilSi dawerilma, epikur principebze dafuZnebulma Txzulebam Tavidanve moipova popularoba.

etruskebi liviusis `istoriaSi~ sxvadasxva wignSi gvxvdebian. es nawarmoebi maTze metad mravalferovan informacias Seicavs, romelsac ramdenime Sinaarsobriv jgufebad warmo-vadgenT. es omebi sxvadasxva epoqaSi da sxvadasxva simwvaviT warmoebda. liviusi met yuradRebas romTan yvelaze axlomdebare qalaqs, veis uTmobs. qalaqis brwyinvaleba da miwaTa nayofiereba romaelTa cxovel interess yovelTvis iwvevda.

gansxvavebiT sxva Janrebisagan, prozaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, dionisesa da tirsenieli mekobreebis Tema aqtualuri ar aris. mis nacvlad meti yuradReba eTmoba etruskTa mekobreobis Sesaxeb arsebul cnobebs, romelic herodotosTan, diodoros sicilielTan da strabonTanaa ganxiluli.

diodoros sicilieli mekobreobas etruskTa saxelmwifos erTianobis daSlis mizezadac ki miiCnevs.

istoriuli da

tarxoni. straboni gvamcnobs:

oikisth;n ejpisthvsa" Tavrkwna, ajf oju| Tarkuniva hJ povli", o{n dia; th;n ejk paivdwn suvnesin polio;n gegennh'sqai moqeuvousi (V, II, 2).

maT `momwyobad~ (igulisxmeba tirenosis mier daarsebuli 12 qalaqi) tarxoni daadgina, romlis saxelis mixedviT ewoda erT qalaqs tarkvinia. igi bavSvobidan gamoirCeoda didi gonebiT da amitom, rogorc miTi gvamcnobs, WaRara daibada.

tarxoni Cven vergiliusis `eneidas~ personaJTa komentirebisas ukve vaxseneT. strabonTan tarxonis `WaRaradSobiladg amocxadeba, aSkarad informaciis damaxinjebis an aRrevis Sedegia.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom WaRarad iSva ara tarxoni, aramed tagesi, etruskuli divinaciis fuZemdebeli, romelic miwis beltidan amoxta da miwis mxvnels (zogierTi versiiT, tarxons) winaswarmetyvelebis principebi gaumxila.

3. tarkvinius priskusi. straboni mokled gadmoscems tarkviniidan lukumonis romSi Camosaxlebis ambavs da misi gamefebis istorias. aRniSnavs imasac, rom man tirenia gaamSveniera romidan miRebuli saxsrebiT (VI,VI,1). sayuradReboa, rom es cnoba arsad gvxvdeba sxva avtorebTan.

4. tarkvinius amayi. romis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis TandaTanobiTi cvlilebis asaxvisas straboni tarkvinius amays axsenebs da mas `cud mmarTvels~ uwodebs: e[peita tou' ejscatou Tarkunijon mocqhrw'" a[rconto;", to;n me;n ejxevbalon politeivan de; sunesthvsanto mikth;n e[k te monarciva" kai; ajristokrativa" (VI, IV, 2).

Semdeg, rodesac tarkviniusi cudi mmarTveli aRmoCnda, igi gaaZeves da daamyares mmarTvelobis forma, romelic warmoadgenda monarqiisa da aristokratiis nazavs. 5. porsena. straboni axsenebs klusiumis mefe porsenas, romelic Tavdapirvelad tarkviniuss mxars uWerda, magram raki misTvis Zalauflebis dabruneba ver SesZlo, Sewyvita omi da romaelebs daumegobrda, uricxvi pativiT da saCuqrebiT aRvsili (V, II, 2).

etruskTa warmomavloba

rogorc es zemoTac aRvniSneT, straboni etruskebs lidielTa STamomavlebad miiCnevs, romelnic aq tirenosma moiyvana.

Oi Turrhnoi; toivnun para toi'" @Rwmaioi" @Etrou'skoi kai; Tou'skoi prosagorewvontai: oiJ d j $Ellhne" oi{tw" wjnovmasan aujtou;" ajpo; tou' Turrhnou' #Atuo" (V, II, 2). romaelebi tirenelebs uwodeben etruskebsa da tuskebs. berZnebma ki, rogorc gadmogvcemen, uwodes maT ase atisis Svilis, tirenosis saxelis mixedviT.

Semdeg straboni mogviTxrobs herodotosis `istoriaSim oTxrobil miTs lidielTa etruriaSi gadmosaxlebaze (V, II, 2).

SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom dionise halikarnaseli Tanamedrove etruskologiaSi aRiqmeba am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mecnieruli diskusiis damwyebad. 164 dionise jer am sakiTxze wyaroebSi gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs. pirvel rigSi mohyavs herodotosis `istorii-dan~ cnobili versia etruskTa lidiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb da Semdeg axsenebs helanike lesbosels, 165 romlis azriTac, tirenelebi pelasgebTan arian gaigivebulni (helanike varaudobs, rom berZenTa mier gaZevebulma pelasgebma zRviT pos Se-sarTavs miaRwies, Semdeg Sescures qveynis siRrmeSi da ti-renis zRviT kortonas teritorias miuaxlovdnen. maT tirenelebi dairqves da aq samudamod dasaxldnen).

dionise halikarnaseli arc erT da arc meore Tvalsazriss ar iziarebs. mis koncefciaSi vercerTi versia saTanado adgils ver poulobs. amitom igi sruliad axal mosazrebas warmoadgens _ tirenelebi avtoxTonebi arian _ tou;" de Turrhnou;" oiJ me;n aujtovcqona" @Italiva" ajpofaivnousin, oiJ de; ejphvluda" (I, 26).

rogorc Cans, am mtkicebulebis safuZvels dionise halikarnasels ara mxolod misi zemoTmoyvanili koncefcia uqmnida. igi acnobierebda ra etruskTa kulturis, enis da religiis originalur xasiaTs, ver ukavSirebda mas verc Zveli italiis sxva tomebs da verc misTvis cnobil xalxebsa da civilizaciebs.

OiJ de; @Rw'min Lativnwn tuvrannon ejkbavllonta Turrhnou;" tou;" eij" Ludivan mevn ejk Qettaliva", ejk de; Ludiva", eij" ! Italivan paragenomevnou" (Romulus, 2).

etruria. etruskuli qalaqebi

Zv.w. 390 wels, galebis mier romis alyis Semdeg, rodesac qalaqi sruliad gadaiwva da gapartaxda, senatSi ixileboda sa-kiTxi dedaqalaqis veiSi gadatanis Sesaxeb:

Cur enim relegari plebem in Volscos, cum pulcherrima urbs Veii agerque Veientanus in conspectu sit, uberior ampliorque Romano agro. Urbem quoque urbi Romae vel situ vel magnificentia publicorum privatorum que tectorum ac locorum praeponebant (V, 24, 5-7). ratom gavgzavnoT plebeebi volskebTan, rodesac gverdiT brwyinvale qalaqi veia, romlis miwebic ufro nayofieria da vrcelia romaulTan SedarebiT? Tanac plebeebi aSkarad upiratesobas aniWebdnen veis misi moxerxebuli adgilmde-bareobis, brwyinvale moednebisa da nagebobebis gamo, rogorc sazogadoebrivis, ise kerZosi. yoveli etruskuli qalaqi gamoirCeoda simdidriT da warmoebis ganviTarebis maRali doniT. magaliTad, XXVIII wignSi, liviusis cnobiT, roca scipions flotis Sesaqmnelad saxsrebi sWirdeboda, man ganacxada, rom saxelmwifos xazinidan fuli ar daexarjeboda, radgan yvelafers mokavSireebisagan miiRebda.

pirvelebi maT rigSi swored etruskuli qalaqebi iyvnen, romlebmac konsuls xomaldTa asagebad saWiro masala gadasces da Sesabamisi sursaTiTac moamarages.

cerem gaiRo puri da yovelgvari sursaTi mezRvaurTaTvis, populoniam _ rkina, tarkviniam _ tilo afrebisaTvis, volteram _ xe-tye gemebisaTvis da puri, aretiumma _ sami aTasi fari, Cafxuti, Subebi, galuri xelSubebi, grZeli maxvilebi, sul or-mocdaaTi aTasi nivTi, yvela saxis iaraRi, aseve najaxebi, barebi, celebi, kalaTebi, xelsafqvavebi, rac saWiroa ormoci aTasi samxedro xomaldisaTvis, as oci modiumi xorbali da sagzao fuli aTisTavebisa da meniCbeebisaTvis, peruziam, kluziumma da ruzelam _ saxomaldo fiWvi da bevri puri ( XXVIII, 10, 13-18).

2. istoriuli personaJebi 1. tarkvinius priskusi romis rigiT mexuTe mefe mezobeli qalaq tarkviniis mkvidri iyo. marTalia, liviusis cnobiT, igi warmoSobiT etruski ar iyo (tarkviniusi, rogorc amboben, iyo vaJi korinTodan ltolvili vinme demaratosisa), magram deda etruski hyavda da Zma aruntTan erTad etruskuli aRzrda-ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli. lukumoni, 153 mamamisis msgavsad, etrusk qalze daqorwinda. man meuRlis sagvareulos saxeli miiRo 154 da iwodeboda lukumon tarkviniusad.

tarkviniusebis gvari tarkviniaSi maRal sazogadoebas ekuTvnoda, magram lukumons, rogorc Cans, gvaris Secvlam am wrisken gza mainc ver gauxsna.

amitom igi colis CagonebiT roms gamoemgzavra, saxeli romaul yaidaze gadairqva da moqalaqeebs lucius tarkviniu- 153 lukumoni etruskulad "mefes" niSnavs (lauchume/lauchme). 154 etr. Tarchunies. sad gaecno, imedovnebda ra axal adgilas meti pativis da didebis moxveWas.

Has spes cogitationesque secum portantes urbem ingressi sunt, domicilioque ibi comparato L. Tarquinium Priscum (I, 34,[9][10]. am imedebiTa da azrebiT Sevidnen isini qalaqSi da SeiZines ra iq saxli, dairqves lucius tarkvinius priskusi 155 . ase gacvala tarkviniusma sakuTari samSoblo dedis mxridan (Tarqunii maternal tantum patria esset (I, 34, 7)) mefobis ambiciaze (petisse ambitiose regnum (I, 35, 2)).

am miznisken igi nabij-nabij miemarTeboda. simdidriT, xelgaSlilobiT, stumarTmoyvareobiTa da keTili saqmeebiT man Tavad mefe ankusis yuradReba miipyro, romelmac igi daiaxlova da bolos anderZiT sakuTari Svilebis meurved daniSna (I, 34,[11][12].

rodesac ankusi gardaicvala, tarkviniusma, isargebla ra mefis SvilTa arasrulwlovanebiT, gaagzavna isini sanadirod da saxalxo kreba moiwvia.

Isque primus est petisse ambitiose regnum et orationem dicitur habuisse ad conciliandos plebis animos compositam (I, 35,2). igi, rogorc gadmogvcemen, iyo pirveli, romelic eZiebda mefobas da warsdga sityviT, romelic man Seadgina ubralo xalxis gulis monadirebisaTvis. liviuss mohyavs tarkviniusis sityvis Sinaaarsi, romelic dasabuTebuli msjelobiT mWevrmetyvelebis saukeTeso nimuSs warmoadgens.

Tavdapirvelad igi aRniSnavs, rom pirveli ucxoeli rodia, romelmac romis mefoba miiRo, aramed _ mesame (aseTebi iyvnen taciusi da numa). amasTan, es mowveuli mefeebi roms da mis kanonebs saerTod ar icnobdnen. xolo igi, tarkviniusi, gadasaxlda ra romSi meuRliT da mTeli qonebiT, Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze saukeTeso, qmediTi wlebi aq gaatara da:

tanakvili

tanakvili, tarkvinius priskusis tarkvinieli meuRle antikur wyaroebSi yvelaze popularuli etruski qalbatonia. 157 liviuss `istoriaSi~ mis Sesaxeb warmodgenili aqvs ara mxolod informacia wyaroebidan, aramed Tavad avtoris Tvalsazrisi da Sefaseba.

Tanaquil summon loco nata, et quae haud facis iis in quibus nata erat humiliora sineretea, quo innupsisset. Spernetibus Etruscis Lucumonem exsule advena ortum, ferre indignitatem non potuit oblitaque ingenitae erga 156 maT Cven qvemoT dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT. patriam caritatis, dummodo virum honoratum videret, consilium migrandi ab Tarquiniis cepit… Facile persuadet et cupido honorum et cui Tarquinii materna tantum patria esset (I, 34, 4-7).

tanakvili Tavisi warmomavlobiT etruriis yvelaze maRal sazogadoebas ekuTvnoda da misTvis advili ar iyo Segueboda im azrs, rom qorwinebiT misi mdgomareoba ufro dabali iyo, vidre es dabadebiT hqonda _ raki etruskebs lukumoni ezizRebodaT, rogorc ltolvili da mosuli sxva qveynidan. igi ver egueboda damcirebas da daiviwya ra samSoblosadmi bunebrivi siyvaruli, gadawyvita daetovebina tarkvinia, oRondac meuRle did pativSi enaxa… tanakvilma sul advilad daiTanxma lukumoni, romelic Tavadac eltvoda didebas, Tanac tarkvinia misTvis samSoblo mxolod dedis mxridan iyo.

tanakvili, rogorc yvela etruski, flobda winaswarmetyvelebis xelovnebas da sxvadasxva niSanTa ganmarteba SeeZlo.

magaliTad, rodesac igi meuRlesTan erTad roms miemgzavreboda, moulodnelad mofrenilma arwivma lukumons qudi wartaca, xmamaRali kiviliT irao Sekra, mere isev daeSva, lukumons qudi kvlav Tavze daaxura da Tvals miefara. tanakvilma advilad ganmarta es RvTaebrivi niSani:

Accepisse id augurium laeta dicitur Tanaquil, perita, ut vulgo Etrusci, caelestium prodigiorum mulier. Excelsa et alta sperare conplexa virum iubet (I, 34,[9][10].

tanakvili, qali ganswavluli, rogorc saerTod etruskebi, ciur niSnebSi, sixaruliT iRebs am niSans. igi exveva qmars da ubrZanebs, rom irwmunos maRali da didebuli xvedri. sxvagan tanakvili, xedavs ra sasaxlis msaxuri qalis mZinare Svilis Tavze sinaTlis Saravandeds, mis momaval dideba-Si darwmunebuli, urCevs meuRles serviusi Rirseulad aRzardos (I, 38,7). tanakvili ar Semcdara arc erT da arc meore SemTxvevaSi _ tarkvinius priskusi romSi male gamefda, xolo serviusma romis istoriaSi yvelaze samarTliani mmarTvelis saxeli daimkvidra, gaxda ra romis meeqvse mefe _ servius tuliusad wodebuli.

am ukanasknelis gamefebaSi tanakvilma ara mxolod ma-Sin miiRo monawileoba, rodesac mas sagangebo yuradReba miaqcia, aramed, rodesac, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavisi xeliT dasva is samefo taxtze. rodesac tarkviniusi ankusis Svilebis migzavnilma mkvlelebma najaxiT daWres, tanakvilma, daumala ra romaelebs mefis gardacvaleba, misi `SeuZlod yofnis~ periodSi xalxs serviusis droebiT mmarTvelad arCeva SesTavaza. sainteresoa sityvebi, romliTac man siZes 158 bedis gangebiT, arunss sawinaaRmdego znis meuRle Sexvda _ tulia, romelic TavxedobiTa da pativmoyvareobiT iyo ga-morCeuli. mas sakuTari meuRle uniaTobis da mSvidobismoyvare xasiaTis gamo sZulda da luciuss uwodebda samefo sisxlis namdvil memkvidres.

tuliam Tavis siZes male gadasdo es ugunureba da Seiamxanaga erTi miznisTvis brZolaSi.

zedized ori dakrZalviT maT Tavi axali qorwinebisTvis male gaiTavisufles da SeuRldnen (I, 46,9). tulia qmars mosvenebas ar aZlevda, mouwodebda mas mefoba daesakuTrebina. sul amas CasCiCinebda:

nomen Tarquinium creat vocatque regem (147,(4)(5). saxeli tarkviniusi mogiwodebs da gakurTxebs mefed. tulias magaliTad tanakvili hyavda, romelic Tavad warmarTavda mefobis xazs romSi. xSirad ambobda:

Tanaquil peregrina mulier tantum molire potuissc animo ut duo continua regna viro ac deinceps genero dedisset (I, 48,6). tanakvils, ucxoels sulieri Zala hqonda gaemefebina, ori uwyveti mefobiT, jer qmari da Semdeg _ siZe. tanakvilisgan gansxvavebiT, tulia ar erideboda arc sisastikes da arc Zaladobas.

oqtavias~ komentirebisas Cven tulias Semzaravi saqcieli ukve vaxseneT. colis waqezebiT tarkviniusi simamrs jer kibidan daagorebs, Semdeg mdevars kvalSi Cauyenebs da moakvlevinebs, xolo tulia sakuTari mamis cxedars etliT zed gadauvlis.

ase daiwyo lucius tarkviniusis, amayad wodebulis, mefoba. man sakuTari simamris dasaflaveba akrZala, ambobda, rom Tavad romulusi dasaflavebis gareSe gauCinarda.

tarkvinius amayma daxoca isini, vinc serviusis momxreebad miaCnda, Semdeg mixvda ra, rom ZaladobiT Tavad misca magaliTi Zalauflebis ukanonod xelSi Cagdebas, mcvelebi daixvia. mbrZaneblobda ra xalxis rCevis gareSe, arCevnebi saerTod gaauqma. ar amtkicebda senatorebs, asaxlebda, xo-cavda misTvis arasasurvel xalxs, ris gamoc senati Zalian ga-meCxerda, romlis Sevsebazec igi saerTod ar zrunavda. erTpirovnulad SeiTavsa senatis da sasamarTlos uflebebi:

Quem ut pluribus incuteret, cognitiones capitalium rerum sine conciliis per se solus exercebat, perque eam causam occidere, in exsilium agere, bonis multare poterat non suspectos modo aut invisos sed unde nihil aliud quam praedam sperare posset… Hic enim regum primus traditium a prioribus morem de omnibus senatum consulendi solvit; domesticus consiliis rem publicam administravit, bellum, pacem, foedera, societates, per se ipse, cum quibus voluit iniussu populi ac senatus, fecit diremitque (I, 49, 4-7).

igi danaSaulTa garCevas erTpirovnulad awarmoebda, sxvasTan TaTbiris

seqstus tarkviniusi

am personaJs, rogorc es adrec iTqva, axsenebs horaciusi, ovidiusi, akciusi, ciceroni da plutarqosi. swored misi umsgavso saqcieli iqca bolo wveTad romis mkvidrTa moTminebis fialaSi, romelic tarkviniusebis Zaladobrivi qmedebebiT pirTamde iyo savse.

liviusi mogviTxrobs fastebSi ovidiusis mier gadmocemul seqstus tarkviniusis mier qalaq gabiebis uxucesebis verago-biT daxocvis ambavs (ovidiusisagan gansxvavebiT, liviusTan tarkvinius amayma ara SroSanTa, aramed yayaCoTa yvavilebi gadaamtvria kverTxiT).

kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani _ seqstusi lukrecias mokvliT emuqreba da hpirdeba, rom mkvdars sawolSi miugdebs moklul SiSvel monas, riTac gardacvlil qals samudamo sircxvils Caayolebs samareSi (savaraudod, swored am mize-ziT SesZlo tarkviniusma vnebis dakmayofileba).

liviusi seqstusis gardacvalebis Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs (sxva avtorebi ifarglebian `gaZevebamdeli~ ambebiT) _ igi mamas ki ar gahyva cereSi, aramed dabrunda gabiebSi, sadac igi mis mier dasjilma da gaZarcvulma mtrebma mokles. magaliTad, rodesac gaius muciusi, romaeli jariskaci, porsenas banakSi mefis mosaklavad Seipara da SemTxveviT kluziumis mbrZaneblis magivrad misi gadamweri xmliT gangmira, mefem igi gaaTavisufla.

aruns tarkviniusi

porsena moixibla romaelis vaJkacobiT (am ukansknelma xeli samsxverplo cecxls SeuSvira) da aseTi sityvebiT mimarTa mas: ~gaiwie _ uTxra _ Sen ufro metad daundobeli xar sakuTari Tavis mimarT, vidre Cems mimarT! me vbrZanebdi aseTi saqcielis pativiscemas, Cemi samSoblos sakeTildReod rom yofiliyo mimarTuli, axla ki omis kanonis ZaliT gaTavisufleb saR-salamaTs.p orsenam, cxadia, mxolod emociebiT ar moqmedebda, rodesac romaelebs sazavo pirobebze daTanxmda (swored aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo man sabolood) _ mefem romael-Tagan veielTaTvis miwebis dabruneba da mZevlebi moiTxova.

porsenas am ukanasknelTagan erT-erTi gaqcevis gamoc ar Seucvlia gadawyvetileba. piriqiT, rodesac kleliam sxva qa-liSvilebTan erTad tibrosi gadacura, romaelTa mier ukandabrunebuli mZevali man keTilganwyobis niSnad uyoymanod gaa-Tavisufla (II, 13,[8][9].

amasTan, porsenam romaelebs dautova mdidruli saCuqari _ sursaT-sanovagiT savse banaki, romlis qonebac sajarod gaiyida. `mefis qonebis gayidva~ _ aseTi simboluri saxelwo-debiT aRniSnes romaelebma porsenas banakis gasxviseba, romelic liviusis TqmiT, aRniSnavs ufro metad madlierebas samsaxurisaTvis, vidre vaWrobiT yidva-gayidvas mefis qonebisa, romelic saerTod ar ekuTvnoda romael xalxs (II,14,3-4). tarkvinius priskusma pirvelma aago cirki, sadac marTavda Sejibrebebs orTvalebiT da krivSi. sagulisxmoa, rom es moasparezenic etruriidan moiwvies.

tolumnusi

Sollemnes deinde annui mansere ludi, Romani magnique varie appellati (I, 35,9). am droidan Semovida yovelwliur TamaSobaTa Cveuleba, romelsac romauli an sxvagvarad, didi ewodeboda. asparezobasTan erTad tarkvinius priskusis dros SemoiRes sceniuri TamaSobebic, romelsac Savi Wiris epidemiisgan Tavdasacavad iyenebdnen.

ludi quoque scenici, nova res bellicoso populo nam circi modo spectaculum fuerat (VII,2,3). SemoiRes sceniuri TamaSobani, saqme meomari xalxisaTvis aqamde unaxavi, radgan am dromde erTaderTi sanaxaoba iyo rbolebi cirkSi.

liviusi dawvrilebiT ganixilavs etruskTa am novaciis romaelTa mier SeTvisebas:

Sine carmine ullo, sine imitandorum carminus actu, ludiones ex Etruria acati ad tibicinis modos saltantes haud indecoros motus more Tusce dabant. Imitari deinde eos iuventus…. Accepta itarque res saepiusque usurpando excitata. Vernaculis artificibus, quia ister Tusco verbo ludio vocabatur nomen histrionibus inditum (VII,2,6). moTamaSeni, mowveulni etruriidan, yovelgvari simRerisa da moqmedebis gareSe, romlebic gadmoscemdnen mis mniSvnelobas, cekvavdnen fleitis akompanimentis qveS da etruskul yaidaze sakmaod lamaz oinebs Cadiodnen. axalgazrdebma maTi mibaZva daiwyesp ase gadmoitanes es Cveuleba da xSiri gamoyenebis gamo man fexi moikida. adgilobriv ostatebs uwodes histrionebi imitom, rom etruskulad mocekvaves `histeri~ erqva. sagulisxmoa, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi ara mxolod etruskul `TamaSobaTa~, aramed Tavad Teatris warmomavlobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia saintereso hipoTeza. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT miiCneva, rom arsebobda e.w. etruskul-italikuri, sruliad originaluri Teatris fenomeni, rac dasturdeba, pirvel rigSi, arqeologiuri monacemebiT. uaxlesi gaTxrebi cxadyofs, rom etruskul-italikuri Teatris arqiteqturac sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda Tavisi berZnuli analogisgan. 160 liviusi etruskul enisa da damwerlobis Sesaxeb moiyvans sayuradRebo cnobebs: 161 160 liviusis Txzulebis es epizodi mraval sakamaTo sakiTxs wamoWris.

pirvel rigSi, ramdenad damajerebelia, rom tarkvinius priskusi skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili frinvelTmCxibaobis mimarT? es gaugebaria im fonze, rodesac mefis meuRlem, tanakvilma, qalma ganswavlulma winaswarmetyvelebaSi, Tavad liviusis cnobiT, Tavis droze qmris momavali swored frinvelTa (kerZod, arwivis) meSveobiT iwinaswarmetyvela.

Tu liviusis informacias mainc sarwmunod miviCnevT (tarkvinius priskusis skepticizmze), isRa dagvrCenia vivaraudoT, rom tarkviniusi romaul winaswarmetyvelebas ar Tvlida ndobis Rirsad (Sesabamisad, marto tirenuls aRiarebda WeSmarit xelovnebad).

magram maSin gaugebari rCeba liviusis cnoba imis Taobaze, rom mkiTxaobis yvela saxeoba etruriidan iyo nasesxebi.

sabolood, erTi `gamosavali~ gvrCeba _ es epizodi `mxatvrul xerxad~ miviCnioT, erTgvar hiperbolad, risi meSveobi-Tac avgurTa avtoriteti istoriuli magaliTebiT dasturdeba. liviusTan sxva mravali nimuSi gvxvdeba, romelic etrusk winaswarmetyvelTa yovlismcodneobas asaxavs, magram er-Ti gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia, radgan aRniSnuli winaswarmetyveleba delfos samisnom daadastura.

haruspicia

veis alyis dros mravali niSani gamocxadda, romelTa umetesobas ar daujeres, radgan, jer erTi, yoveli maTgani mxolod erT mowmes moevlina da meorec, etruskTa mtruli ganwyobis gamo, ar moiZebna erTi haruspikic ki, romelic ityoda rogor aecilebinaT gansacdeli.

bolos albanis Walis wminda tbis wyali adidda. es moxda sruliad umizezod, radgan manamde arc wvima yofila da arc raime sxva garemoeba uwyobda wylis uecar movardnas. romaelebma macneebi delfoSi gagzavnes, raTa iq axsniliyo es saocari niSani.

sanam mstovrebi dabrundebodnen, adgilzec aRmoCnda tomiT etruski bedismWvreteli _ veieli moxuci, romelic grZne-uliviT mReroda da rogorc romael, ise etrusk guSagTa dacinvebs ar pasuxobda. is acxadebda, rom romaelebi veis ver ai-Reben, Tu mTeli wyali albanuri tbidan ar wava (V,15). erT-erTma romaelma jariskacma igi qalaqidan motyuebiT gaiyvana da senats mihgvara. moxucma iqac igive gaimeora:

Sic igitur libris fatalibus, sic discplina Etrusca traditum esse, quando aqua Albana abundasset, tum si eam Romanus rite emisset, victoriam de Veientibus dari, antequam id fiat deos moenia Verentium deserturos non esse. Exsequebatur inde quae sollemnis derivatio esset (V,15,1). ai, ras ganmartaven etruskuli sawinaswarmetyvelo wignebi (libri fatales), ai, ras gadmogvcems disciplina etruska _ rodesac albanas wyali napirebidan gadmova, romaels eboZeba veize gamarjveba, Tu igi ritualTa dacviT wyals dauSvebs. sanam es ar moxdeba, RmerTebi veis kedlebs ar datoveben. Semdeg ganmartavda raSi mdgomareobda es rituali. senatorebma moxucs ar daujeres da arCies dalodebodnen delfos samisnos pasuxs.

piTiam ki romaelebs moxucis sityvebi gaumeora da das-Zina, rom maT winaswarmetyveleba ukve miecaT im qalaqis mkvidrisagan, romlis aRebasac isini cdilobdnen.

amrigad, liviusis Txzuleba `wignebi dasabamiTgan qalaqi-sa~ etruskTa Sesaxeb mravalferovan informacias gvTavazobs.

antikur samyaroSi liviusis istoriuli nawarmoebi metad sarwmuno wyaros warmoadgenda, amitom xSiria sxva avtoreb-Tan liviusiseul SefasebaTa ganmeoreba an pirdapiri citirebac ki.

amasTan erTad, dasturdeba sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebic.

rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevas Cven momdevno avto-rebTan dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT. z) dionise halikarnaseli berZeni oratoris da istorikosis dionise halikarnaselis biografia Cveni sakvlevi TemisTvis pirvel rigSi sayuradReboa imiT, rom igi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi romSi cxovrobda (Zv.w. 30-8 ww.). avgustusis mmarTvelobis adreul periodSi italiaSi moRvawe am berZenma dawera Txzuleba `romis siZ-veleebi~1 63 oc wignad, romelTagan dRemde SemorCenilia mxolod aTi da meTerTmete _ fragmentulad. dionise halikarnaseli mogviTxrobs ambebs romis uZvelesi istoriidan pirveli punikuri omis periodamde.

wyaroebad atikizmis mimdevari es istorikosi iyenebs rogorc romaul (kato, varo), ise berZnul wyaroebs, romelTa umetesoba italias eZRvneba (antonikus sirakuseli (Zv.w.V s.), timeos tauromenosi (Zv.w. III s.), fabius piqtori (Zv.w. III s.)).

romis siZveleebis~ ideologiuri koncefcia gacxadebulia pirvelive wignSi, sadac gadmocemulia italiis xalxTa legendaruli istoria da warmomavlobis sakiTxi.

avtori romaelebs, gansxvavebiT italiis binadari sxva tomebisagan, `arabarbarosebad~, berZenTa Camomavlebad aRiqvams.

dionise halikarnaselis TvalsazrisiT, romaelebi berZnuli warmomavlobis sxvadasxva legendaruli xalxis (aborigenebi, pelasgebi, arkadielebi da troelebi) memkvidreebi arian.

cdilobs ra berZnebi romaelTa batonobas `Seaguos~, avtori zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare miiCnevs, rom romaelTa hegemonia warmoadgens berZnuli warmomavlobis xalxTa odindeli pirvelobis logikur da istoriul gagrZelebas.

am koncefciis CarCoSi ganxilulia italiis mosaxle sxva tomebis warmoSobis sakiTxic.

maT Soris dionise halikarnaseli sagangebo yuradRebas etruskebs miapyrobs.

veis aRebisas, rogorc es liviusTanacaa moTxrobili, romaelTa mebrZolebma miwisqveSa gasasvlelis gaTxra moaxerxes da qalaqSi SeaRwies.

SemTxveviT heras taZarSi moxvedrilebi, haruspiciis ritualis mowme Seiqnebian.

plutarqosi mcired cvlis liviusTan haruspikis naTqvams _ RmerTi mas miscems gamarjvebas vinc am rituals gaagrZelebso (kamilusi,1,3). (liviusTan _ hostiae extra prosecuisset _ vinc am cxovelis Signeulobas gakveTs (V, 21,8)). rogorc cnobilia, romaelebma iataki gamoangries da yviriliT da xmauriT zemoT amocvivdnen. maT gaitaces samsxverplo cxoveli da daasrules rituali. marTlac, rogorc amas haruspikici amtkicebda, gamarjveba maT advilad moipoves.

divinacià

romaelTa siZveleebis~ avtori etruskuli winaswarmetyvelebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis saintereso cnobebs.

I. haruspicia

o{sa de; para; Turrhnoi'" kai; e[ti provteron para; Pelasgoi;" sunetevloun ejpiv te Kourhvtwn kai; megav qew'n ojrgiasmoi'" oiJ kalouvmenoi pro;" aujtw'n ka;dmiloi, tau'ta kata; to;n aujto;n trovpon uJphrevtoun toi'" iJereu'sin oiJ legovmenoi nu'n uJpo; @Rwmaivwn kavmiloi: e[ti pro;" touvtoi" e[taxe mavntin ejx eJkavsth" fulh'" e{na parei'nai toi'" iJeroi'", o{n hJmei'" me;n iJeroskovpon kalou'men, @Rwmai'oi de; ojlivgon ti th'" ajrcaia" fulavttonte" ojnobasiva" ajrouvspika prosagoreuvousin. a{panta" de; tou;" iJerei'" te kai; leitourgou;" tw'n qew'n ejnomoqevthsen ajpodeivknusqai me;n uJpo; tw'n fratrw'n ejpikurou'sqai de; uJpo; tw'n ejxhgoumevnwn ta; qei'a dia; mantikh'" (II,22 kerZod, igi aRniSnavs, rom am RvTaebrivi niSnis arsis ganWvreta adgilobrivma qurumebma ver moaxerxes da tireneli winaswarmetyvelebis rCeviT, mimarTes yvelaze saxelganTqmul etrusk misans: oujde;n de; aujtw'n ajpofainomevnwn, ajlla; Turrhnoi'" ajpodidovntwn th;n peri; tw'n toiouvtwn ejpisthvmhn, ejxetavsa" par j aujtw'n kai; maqwn; to;n ejpifanevstaton tw'n ejn Turrhnoi'" teratoskovpwn o{sti" h\n, pevmpei tw'n ajstw'n tou;" dokimwtavtou" prevsbei" pro; aujtovn (IV,59) swored tirenelma avgurma, gamoikiTxa ra dawvrilebiT zustad sad ipovnes es Tavi, daaskvna, rom am adgilisTvis kapitoliumi unda ewodebinaT, radgan igi qveynierebis Tavi Seiqneboda: kefalh;n ei{martai genevsqai sumpavsh" !Italiva" to;n tovpon tou'ton ejn w|/ th;n kefalh;n eu{rete. ejx ejkeivnou kalei'tai tou' crovnou Kapitwli'no" oJ lovfo" ejpi; th'" euJreqeivsh" ejn aujtw'/ kefalh'" (IV,61). berZeni istorikosi aRwers am qalaqebis romTan dapirispirebis magaliTebs da maT TandaTanobiT dapyrobas laTinTa mier.

III. qalaqebi

IV. RmerTebi

dionise halikarnaseli Tavis TxzulebaSi erT RmerTqals, feronias, warmoadgens.

am RmerTqalTan dakavSirebiT komentari strabonis `ge-ografiis~ erT-erT nawyvetSi ukve gavakeTeT, sadac winaswar aRvniSneT, rom am RvTaebas dionise halikarnaseli bunebis sasicocxlo Zalebs ukavSirebda. sayuradReboa, rom dionise palikarnaseli feronias ara etruskul, aramed sabinur RmerTs uwodebs: h{n nu'n eJno;" ajllagh'/ gravmmato" Ferwnivan kalou'sin. ejkei'qen d j oJrmhqevnta" aujtw'n tina" sunoivkou" toi'" Sabivnoi" genevsqai (II, 49). da, amasTan, aRniSnavs, rom misi taZari laTinTa da sabinelebis saerTo salocavia: iJerovn ejsti koinh'/ timwvmenon uJpo; Lativnwn te kai; Sabijnwn a{gion ejn toi'" pavnu qea'" Ferwneiva" ojnomazomevnh" (III,32).

sayuradReboa, rom varoc 166 am Tvalsazriss Tavis

TxzulebaSi `laTinuri enis Sesaxeb~ TiTqmis sityva-sityviT gaimeorebs.

etruskuli RvTaeba feronias sabinur qalRmerTad aRqma, safiqrebelia, gamoiwvia misi saxelis msgavsebam sabinur fedoniasTan. 167 savsebiT SesaZleblad migvaCnia Feronia etimologiur doneze davukavSiroT etruskul saxelad fuZes _ fler _ romelic mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT, aRniSnavs `msxverpls, Sesawiravs, ZRvens~. 168 am gziT, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia aRvadginoT RmerTqalis saxelis ufro arqauli forma _ Fleronia.

V. istoriuli personaJebi 1. mezenciusi dionise halikarnaseli etruskTa am mefes rutulebis mo-kavSired warmoadgens, romelsac `elinuri Zliereba~ (igulisxmeba romaelebis) xels ar aZlevda: kai; su;n aujtoi'" basileu;" Tirrhnw'n Mesevntio" deivsa" peri; th'" aujtoo' cwvra", h[dh ga;r ejpi; mevga cwrou'san oJrw'n th;n @Ellhnikh;n duvnamin h[cqeto (I, 64).

porsena

basileu;" Klousinw'n twn ejn Tirrhniva/ Lavro" o[noma, Porsivna" ejpivklhsin (V, XXXI).

kluziumis mefe, tireniaSi, saxelad lars porsena. berZeni istoriografosi tarkvinius amayis am mokavSirisa da mucius scevolas Sexvedras dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems.

porsenasTan dazavebiT, dionise halikarnaselis azriT, romaelebma qveyanas didi safrTxe aaSores: oJ me;n dh; povlemo" oJ susta;" @Rwmaivoi" pro;" tou;" turavnnou" te kai; basileva Klousivnwn Lavron Porsivnan, eij" kinduvnou" megavlou" ajgagw;n th'n povlin toiouvtou tevlou" e[tucen (V, 34). xolo etruski mefe mravali Zvirfasi saCuqriT daajildoves: ejyhfivsato Porsivna/ me;n pevmyai dw'ra qro;non ejlefavntinon kai; skh'ptron kai; stevfanon cruvseon kai; qriabbikh;n ejsqh'ta uJf j h|" oiJ basilei'" ejkosmou'nto: (V, 35).

kenWisyriT gadawyvites porsenasTvis gaegzavnaT saCuqrad spilos Zvlis taxti, kverTxi da oqros gvirgvini da triumfaluri tansacmeli, romliTac mefeebi irTvebodnen. Turrhnikh'" oijnwskopiva", lavbou'sa movnon aujto;n ajpo; tw'n sunovntwn hjspavsatov te kai; ajgaqw'n ejlpivdwn ejnevplhsen wJ" ejx ijdiwtikh'" tuchv" eij" ejxousivan basilikh;n ejleusovmenon (III,47). meuRlem lukumonisa saxelad tanakvilam, winaprebisagan sakmao gamocdilebis mqonem tirenul frinvelmCxibaobaSi, niSnebis meSveobiT ganWvrita, sixaruliT miegeba da kargi imedebiT aivso, rom meuRle SesZlebda sakuTari bediT samefo Rirsebis miRwevas. sayuradReboa, rom dionise halikarnaseli tanakvils servius tuliusTan dakavSirebiT ar axsenebs (aq igulisxmeba rogorc servius tuliusis Tavs damdgari naTebis ganmarteba, ise misi gamefeba etruski qalis meSveobiT).

traqtatSi `mrisxanebis daTrgunvaze~ sxva magaliTebTan erTad mrisxanebis daTrgunvis nimuSad moyvanilia porsenas qmedeba, riTac etruski mefe Tavis mkvlelobis mosurnes sicocxles SeunarCunebs da muciuss Tavisi keTilSobilebiT moxiblavs.

tarkviniusebi

amrigad, dionise halikarnaselTan mocemuli informacia etruskTa Sesaxeb ZiriTadad warmoadgens wyaroTa gadamuSavebis Sedegs, romelic enciklopediurobasTan erTad xasiaTdeba zogierT sakiTxze avtoriseuli SefasebebiT (etruskTa warmomavloba).

T) gaius veleius paterkulusi (dabad. Zv.w. 20w.)

warmoSobiT kapuelma veleius paterkulusma samxedro karieris dasrulebis Semdeg 29-30 wlebSi dawera romis istoria or tomad, saxelwodebiT `romauli istoriebi~. 169 Txrobas igi troas dangreviT iwyebs, Tumca ZiriTad yu-radRebas tiberiusis mmarTvelobis wlebs miapyrobs ( amiTve SeiZleba aixsnas Txzulebis zemoTmoyvanil pasa-JebSi dadasturebuli sxva wyaroTa monacemebisgan gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis arseboba.

i) plutarqosi (46-119 ww.)

cnobilia, rom plutarqosma, rogorc es misi biografiidan vi-ciT, italiaSi imogzaura da sakuTari STabeWdilebebi sxvadasxva wyaroTa monacemebTan erTad araerT nawarmoebSi gamoiyena.

etruskebs plutarqosi `rCeul biografiebSi~, traqtatebsa da dialogebSi axsenebs. rCeuli (paraleluri) biografebi~1 74 plutarqosis am TxzulebaSi mocemuli informacia etruskTa Sesaxeb SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg Sinaarsobriv jgufebad:

etruria, misi qalaqebi galebis Semosevis Sesaxeb msjelobisas plutarqosi vrclad gvTavazobs etruriis aRwerilobas.

OiJ d j ejmbalovnte" eujqu;" ejkrav toun th'" cwvra" o{shn to; palaio;n oiJ Turrhnoi; katei'con, ajpo; tw'n #Alpewn e jp j ajmfotevra" kaqhvkousan ta;" qalavssa", wJ" kai; tou[noma marturei' tw'/ lovgw/: th'n me;n ga;r bovreion qavlattan ! Adrivan kalou'sin ajpo; Turrhnikh'" povlew" !Idriva", th'n de; pro;" novton keklimevnhn a[ntikru" Turrhniko;n pevlago". pa'sa d jesti; dendrovfuto" au{th kai; qrevmmasin eu[boto" kai; katarruto" potamoi'". kai; povlei" eu\cen ojktwkavideka kala;" kai; megavla" kai; kateskeuasmevna" pro;" te crhmatismo;n ejrgatikw'" kai; pro;" divaitan panhgurikw'n (Camillus, XVI, 1-2) rodesac (galebi) SemoiWrnen, daipyres qveyana, romelsac uZvelesi droidan tirenebi ikavebdnen alpebidan or zRvas Soris, rasac amowmeben maTi saxelebi. CrdiloeTidan tirenias adriatika esazRvreba, tirenuli qalaq adrias mixedviT Serqmeuli, xolo samxreTiT _ tirenis zRva. mTeli es mxare aris dafaruli tyeebiT, noyieri saZovrebiT da mravali mdinariT. iq aris aseve Tvrameti lamazi da mdidari qalaqi, romelic sarfiani vaWrobisa da fufunebiT cxovrebisTvis aris gankuTvnili. am qalaqTagan, plutarqosis aRiarebiT, iyo vei, romis uaxloesi mezobeli &Hn de; srovschma th'" Turrhniva" hJ povli", o{plwn me;n ajriqmw'/ kai; plhvqei tw'n stratenomevnwn oujk ajpodevousa th'" @Rwvmh", plouvtw/ de; kai; bivwn ajbrovthti kai; trufai'" (Camillus, II, 3) es iyo qalaqi, romelic tireniis samkauls warmoadgenda da mebrZolTa da iaraRis simravliT ar CamorCeboda roms; xolo simdidriT da yofieri siamovnebiT da gansakuTrebuli siuxviT _ aRemateboda mas. es qalaqi romaelTaTvis imdenad mimzidveli iyo, rom galTa mier dangreuli romis mosaxleoba erTxans sakuTari qalaqis mitovebas da veiSi gadasaxlebas gegmavda, romelic yvelafriT damSvenebul da xeluxlebel qalaqs warmoadgenda (kamilusi, II, 31). 175 veis garegnuli brwyinvaleba qalaqis saxelovani xelosnebis mier iyo mudmivad ganaxlebadi. maTi saxeli Sors iyo gavardnili. magaliTad, tarkvinius amayma, rodesac aSenebda kapitoliumze iupiteris taZars, Senobis Tavze dasadgmeli oTxcxeniani etlis qandakeba swored veiel xelosnebs SeukveTa (poplikola, 13). swored am qalaqis ngrevisa da Zarcvis Semyure kamiluss, veielTa winaaRmdeg mebrZol romaelTa mxedarTmTavars, Tvalze cremlic ki moadga: prw'ton me;n ejstw;" ejdavkrusen ... ajnevsce ta;" cei'ra" toi'" Qeoi'" kai; proseucovmeno" ei\pe: "Ziu' mevgisth kai; Qeoi; crhstw'n ejpivskopoi kai; ponhrw'n e[rgwn, aujtoi; pou suvniste @Rwmaijoi", wJ" ouj para; divkhn, ajlla; kat j ajnavgken ajmunovmenoi metercovmeqa dusmenw'n ajndrw'n kai; paranovmwn povlin" (Camillus, V, 5). jer idga cremlmomdgari mere ki... aRapyro xelebi RmerTebis mimarT da Seevedra maT: `dido zevso da RmerTebo, romlebic xedavT adamianis karg da cud saqciels, dagvideqiT mowmed romaelebs, rom es usamarTloba ki ara, Tavdacvis Tavad poplikola mas uborotes kacs uwodebda da miiCnevda, rom romaelebma igi sruliad samarTlianad gaaZeves. b) arunt tarkviniusi plutarqosi arunt tarkviniuss, tarkvinius amayis vaJs, sul oriode sityviT axsenebs, rodesac brZolis velze igi pirispir Sexvda konsul brutuss, sakuTar mamidaSvils. rogorc cnobilia, isini erTmaneTs sasikvdilod gangmiraven. plutarqosi saintereso paralels gvTavazobs _ marTalia, orive zizRiT iyo Sepyrobili, magram arunti kerZo interesis gamo _ Tavisi gamZeveblis mimarT, xolo brutusi _ tiranis da mamulis mtris siZulviliT iyo anTebuli (poplikola, 9). g) tarkvinius kolatinusi sagulisxmoa, rom tarkvinius kolatinusi, lukrecias meuRle da tarevinius amayis naTesavi, plutarqosis cnobiT, konsulad airCies `brutusis survilis winaaRmdeg~ (poplikola, 1). 176 rogorc Cans, brutusma, marTlac, garkveuli roli Seasrula kolatinusis gandevnaSi, Tumca kolatinusis meore saxeli (tarkviniusi) romael xalxs isedac zizRs hgvrida.

lars porsena

kluziumis mefe, romelsac Tavi Seafara tarkvinius amayma Zalauflebis dabrunebis pirveli warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg.

Tuki liviusTan porsenas saqcieli logikur qmedebaTa jaWvadaa warmodgenili (tarkviniusis mxardaWera _ etruskTa Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis surviliT, xolo romaelebTan dazaveba _ laTinTa Tavganwirulobis SefasebiTaa ganpirobebuli (ix. muciusi, klelia)), plutarqosTan kluziumis mefis saqcielTa motivacia mTlianad emyareba porsenas pirad Rirsebebs da sulier Tvisebebs.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, lars porsenas portreti plu-tarqosTan individualizmis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva.

Tuki liviusTan porsenas xasiaTis TandaTanobiT `gaxsnax deba, plutarqosi Tavidanve afasebs mas: a[ndra kai; dunamin megivsthn e[cousa tw'n !Italikw' basilevwn kai; dokou'nta crhsto;n ei\nai kai; fivlotimon (Poplicola, XVI, 1). kaci, romelsac hqonda yvelaze didi Zala italiis mefeTa Soris da iyo cnobili mamacobiT da sikeTiT.

Tavad muciusi, romelic mefis mosaklavad Seipara etruskTa banakSi, aRiarebs mefis Rirsebebs: e[fh de ; to;n fovbon tou' Porsivna nenikhkw;" hJtta'sqai th'" ajreth'", kai; cavrisi mhnuvein a{ pro;" ajnavgkhn oujk a[n ejxhgovreuse... ejgw; de; klhvrw/ lacw;n kai; proepiceirhvsa" oujk a[cqomai th'/ tuvch/, diamartwvn ajndro;" ajgaqou' kai; fivlou ma'llon h[ polemivou @Rwmaivoi" ei\nai prevponto" (Poplicola, 17, 4) uTxra (muciusma), rom SiSi porsenasi aRar hqonda, aramed damarcxda misi keTilSobilebiT... da ar iyo ukmayofilo imiT, rac moxda, imdenad keTilSobilia kaci, romelsac mokvlas upirebda, xolo mas (porsenas) Seefereba iyos romaelTa megobari da ara mteri.

Tavad poplikolac miiCnevda, rom porsena romis mtridan mokavSired unda eqciaT da Tavad SesTavaza mas tarkviniusis gansja-gasamarTleba. porsenam, marTlac, Sewyvita omi da Tavisi keTilSobileba maSinac gamoavlina, rodesac erT-erTi mZevali, klelia, gaiqca, gadacura tibrosi da sxva qaliSvilebic Tan waiyvana. plutarqosis cnobiT, porsena moixibla qaliSvilebis mama-cobiT da ukandabrunebul klelias saucxoo raSi aCuqa (poplikola, 19).

porsenas didsulovani qmedeba maSinac gamoCnda, rodesac man omis dasrulebis Semdeg romaelebs saCuqrad sursaT-sanovagiT savse banaki dautova (poplikola, 19). romaelma xalxma, plutarqosis cnobiT, etrusk mefes brinjaos qandakebac ki augo da mas senatTan miuCina adgili (poplikola, 19).

arunti, porsenas vaJi

porsenas vaJi arunti, romelic mefes Tan axlda romaelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, mamas maTTan dazavebas urCevda. sagulisxmoa, rom lars porsenam Svilis rCevac gaiTvaliswina (poplikola, 18).

arunti, mamis msgavsad, keTilSobilebiT da mamacobiT gamorCeuli personaJia. plutarqosis cnobiT, rodesac tarkviniusis momxreebi klelias da mis TanmxlebT Causafrdnen, swored arunti miiWra qa-liSvilebis gadasarCenad (poplikola, 19).

aron tireneli da lukumoni

plutarqosi mogviTxrobs, rom aron tireneli iyo kaci patiosani da gulmowyale. igi meurveobda erT obol, magram umdidres da ulamazes ymawvils, saxelad lukumons. am ukanasknelma meurvis sareceli Sebilwa, ris gamoc aronma sasamarTlos mimarTa. lukumonma fuliT advilad daixsna Tavi, Tumca qalaqSi aRar darCa da galiaSi gaemgzavra.

lukumonma, plutarqosis gadmocemiT, galiaSi Rvino Caitana, yvelas gaasinja maTTvis aqamde ucnobi sasmeli da Tavad wamouZRva RviniT moxiblul galebs im nayofieri miwebisaken, sadac vazi xarobda. sayuradReboa, rom am etruskis Sesaxeb liviusTan araferia cnobili.

ritualebi, winaswarmetyveleba 1. fcis dadeba plutarqosTan dasturdeba (wyaro, dadgenili ar aris) erTi etruskuli rituali, romelic ukavSirdeba ficis dadebas.

rodesac tarevinius amayi qalaqidan gandevnes, man rom-Si sakuTari qonebis gamoTxovis sababiT elCebi moavlina, romlebic farulad cdilobdnen xalxis gadabirebas da zogierT SemTxvevaSi es moaxerxes kidec.

SeTqmulebma gadawyvites erToba ficiT SeekraT da Semdegi rituali aRasrules: o{rkon ojmovsai mevgan e[doxe pa'si kai; deinovn, ajnqrwvpou sfragevnto" ejpispeivsanta" ai|ma kai; tw'n splavgcnwn qigovnta" (Poplicola, IV, 1). gadawyvites, rom didi da saSineli fici daedoT, daeRvaraT zedaSed dakluli adamianis sisxli da mis Signeuls xeliT Sexebodnen.

dResdReobiT dadgenili ar aris am ritualis etruskul kultmsaxurebaSi arseboba _ ararsebobis sakiTxi, radgan sxva wyaroebSi analogiuri informacia arsad dasturdeba.

qalaqis daarseba

plutarqosi dawvrilebiT aRwers romis daarsebis rituals, romlis arsi da realur qmedebaTa mimdevroba romuluss tireniidan sagangebod mowveulma qurumebma ganumartes: w[kize th;n povlin ejk Turrhniva" metapemyavmeno" a[ndra" iJeroi'" tisi qesmoi'" kai; gravmmasin uJfhgoumevnou" e{kaste kai; didavskonta" wJsper ejn teleth' (Romulus, XI, I).

qalaqis daarsebis am etruskuli ritualis aRweras plutarqosi sakmaod mozrdil pasaJs uTmobs. upirveles yovlisa, _ wers plutarqosi, _ am adgilas, sadac axla komiciumia, amoTxares ormo da Sig yvelaferi axladmoyvanili Caawyves, rac bunebam gaiRo. bolos TiToeulma am ormoSi Cayara im mxridan motanili miwa muWiT, saidanac movidnen. Semdeg es miwa auries erTmaneTSi, am ormos uwodes mundusi _ samyaro _ anu misi Suaguli. mis irgvliv qalaqis sazRvrebi wriulad Semoxazes.

qalaqis damfuZnebelma guTanSi Seaba xari da Zroxa, Tavad guTans ki gaukeTa spilenZis saxnisi, gauZRva guTans da wriul niSnulze Rrma Txrili gaavlo. maT, vinc guTans ukan mihyveboda, evalebodaT beltebi wris SigniT moeqciaT. miwis beltebi ar unda gadascilebodnen mijnas. aseTi samijno wriT gansazRvres qalaqis kedlis moxazuloba da mas uwodebdnen pomeriums, romelic sityvidan bgerebis dakargviTaa miRebuli (post merium e.k.) da niSnavs `kedlis Semdeg, ukan~. sadac karibWis gakeTebas gegmavdnen, saxniss miwidan iRebdnen, guTans zeviT swevdnen da ar xnavdnen. amitom karibWes wminda adgilad ar miiCneven. ase rom iyos (anu karibWe rom wminda adgili iyos) zogierTi aucilebeli, magram arawminda nivTis qalaqSi Semotana da gatana mkrexelobad CaiTvleboda (romulusi, 11 rac Seexeba sityva mundus-s, zogierTi mkvlevari mis etruskul warmomavlobas adasturebs. 178 marTlac, am laTinizirebuli sityvis fuZe mun-sakmaod produqtiulia etruskul enobriv samyaroSi (mun-, muni -`saflavi, miwisqveSa samyofeli, adgili~, Munthuch _ erT-erTi lasa, miwisqveSeTis mkvidri) da organulad ukavSirdeba mas.

qalaqis sazRvrebis wriuli forma

zemoTmoyvanil komentars ukavSirdeba qalaqis sazRvrebis wriuli formac, romelic e. w. wminda zeciuri sivrcis dedamiwaze proecirebis nimuSs warmoadgens.

samive `sknelis~ kavSiris meSveobiT (miwisqveSeTi _ mundus, (ormo, Sesasvleli miwisqveSeTSi, ca _ wris simbolika, dedamiwa _ am `sknelTa~ gadakveTis da proecirebis adgili)) xdeba qalaqis simtkicis, misi Seuvalobis uzrunvelyofa. plutarqosis informaciiT, cnobili formula ubi tu Gaius, ibi ego Gaia, romelic col-qmrobis romauli ritualis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, konkretuli wyvilis _ tarkvinius priskusis erT-erTi vaJiSvilis da misi mSvenieri da keTilSobili meuRlis gaia cecilias siyvarulis istorias asaxavs. aq plutarqosi Secdomas uSvebs, radgan gaia cecilia sinamdvileSi aris gaia cecilia tanakvili, romelic tarkvinius priskusis ara rZali, aramed meuRle iyo.

mijnebis guTniT gavleba

plutarqosi erT-erT taZarSi mdgar mis qandakebasac ki aRwers: h[ dia; Gai?an Kaikilivan kalh;n kai; ajgaqh;n gunai'ka, tw'n Tarkunivou paivdwn eJni; sunoikhvsasan, h|" ejn tw'/ tou' Savgktou iJerw'/ calkou'" ajndria;" e{sthken, e[keito de pavlai kai; sandavlia kai; a[trakto", to; me;n oijkouriva" aujth'", to d j ejnergeiva" suvmbolon (Aitia Rhomaika, 30). gaia cecilias, mSvenieri da keTili qalbatonis, tarkviniusis Svilis meuRlis, brinjaos qandakeba uZvelesi droidan dgas wminda taZarSi, iqve devs sandlebi da TiTistari _ pirveli misi meojaxeobis, meore _ ki misi Sromismoyvareobis simbolo.

tarkvinius amayì

romaul sakiTxebSi~ calke sakiTxad plutarqosi ganixilavs sakiTxs `ratom hkideben kiserze biWebs samkauls saxelwo-debiT `bulas~. bulas, tyavis, liTonis an oqros budes, romelsac romaelebi yelze ikeTebdnen amuletis Sesanaxad, plutarqosis cnobiT, romaelebi tarkviniusis mamacobis aRsaniSnavad atareben. gadmocemiT, jer kidev Wabukobisas igi SeiWra mowinaaR-mdegeTa SuagulSi da Tumca igi unagiridan Camoagdes, mainc SeebrZola misken gamoWril mtrebs. tarkviniusis saqcielma romaelebs mxneoba mianiWa. romaelebi mowinaaRmdeges ekveTnen, gaJlites 16 000 meomari da brwyinvaled gaimarjves. tarkviniusma ki mamisagan saCuqrad bula miiRo (romauli sakiTxebi, 101). es informacia makrobiusTanac dasturdeba. 180 makrobiusi azustebs, rom es brZola romaelebs sabinebTan hqondaT, xolo bula da preteqsta, romelic tarkvinius umcrosma mamisagan miiRo, etruskTa magistraturis niSnebs warmoadgenda, romelsac triumfatorebic atarebdnen.

plutarqosTan tarkvinius amayi warmogvidgeba uSiSar mebrZolad, 181 romelic axalgazrdobidanve gamoirCeoda ma-macobiT. 180 Macrobius, Saturnalia, II, 6,8. 181 sayuradReboa, rom mis am Tvisebas ar uaryofen arc liviusi (I, 53,1) da arc sxva avtorebi. jer kidev sakmao dro unda gavides, sanam igi gadaiqceva borot tiranad `paraleluri biografiebidan~ (poplikola, I, 3) jer mas mxolod tarkvinius-umcrosi hqvia da ara tarkvinius amayi.

etruskTa gamogonebani, novaciebì

romaul sakiTxebSi~ qveTavi `ratom uwodeben romaelebi dionises ostatebs histrionebs?~, plutarqosi liviusisgan gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdis. es gasagebicaa, radgan plutarqosi wyarod kluvius rufuss asaxelebs: Dia; tiv tou;" peri; to;n Diovnuson tecnivta" "iJstrivwna"" @Rwmai'oi kalou'sin, h\ di j h{n aijtia;n Klouvbio" @Rou'fo" iJstovrhke, fhsi; ga;r ejn toi'" pavnu palaioi'" crovnoi" Gai?ou te Soulpikivou kai; Likinivou Sto;lwno" uJpatenovntwn loimwvdh novson ejn @Rwvmh/ genomevnhn pajnta" oJmalw'" diafqei'rai tou;" ejpi; skhnh;n proercomevnou": dieqei'sin ou\n aujtoi'" ejk Turrhniva" ejldovxh/ kai; crovnon plei'ston ejnenhmerou'nta toi'" qeavtroi" $Istron ojnomavzesqai: kai; dia; tou'to pavnta" "iJstrivwna"" a jp j ejkeivnou prosagoreuvesqai (Aetia Romana, 107 (ufro zustad, am sityvis apelativad) miiCnevs da ara sakuTar saxelad.

k) publius kornelius tacitusi (55-120)

tacitusi rogorc `istoriaSi~, 185 ise `analebSi~ mogviTxrobs ambebs avgustusis sikvdilidan domicianusis mkvlelobamde . istoriis~ 14 wignidan, romelic 69-96 wlis ambebs aRwers, romelTa TviTmxilveli tacitusi Tavad iyo, SemogvrCa mxolod 1-4 da me-5 wignis dasawyisi (69)(70). 183 Symposiakos problematon biblia. 184 amasTan dakavSirebiT ix.: Die Fragmente dei Vorsokratiker, griechisch und deutch, von H. Diels und nachträgen von W. Kranz, Bd. I-II, Berlin, 1953, 14 A8. 185 Tacitus, Historiae, Tacitus, Annales. rac Seexeba `analebs~, Cvenamde moaRwies wignebma: 1-6 (tiberiusi, 14-37) da 11-16 (klavdiusi da neroni 47-66), xolo 5,6 da 16 _ mxolod nawilobrivaa Semonaxuli. tacitusis naSromebSi centraluri roli gamoCenil pirovnebebs akisriaT. isini dramatuli personaJebis msgavsad moqmedeben, Tanac xSirad movlenaTa qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobis dacvis gareSe.

tacitusTan uxvadaa informacia etruskebTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac ramdenime Sinaarsobriv jgufad warmovadgenT. amgvarad, tacitusi eTanxmeba e. w. herodotosis xazs, romelsac, rogorc zemoTmoyvanili cnobidan irkveva, gaziarebuli iyo Tavad lidielTa da etruskTa mxridanac.

etruskuli anbani

tacitusi `analebSi~ miuTiTebs, rom etruskebma igi iswavles korinToeli demaratosisagan (tarkvinius priskusis mama e.k.) (analebi, IV, 50). dRes mecnierebaSi erTxmadaa gaziarebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom etruskuli anbani berZnuli warmoSobisaa da igi tirsenielebs berZeni kolonistebisagan (savaraudoT, kumedan) unda gadmoeRoT.

Tumca, amavdroulad damafiqrebeli unda iyos is garemoeba, rom yvelaze arqauli etruskuli epigrafikuli nimuSi, romelic Zv. w. VIII-VII ss. TariRdeba, swored tarkviniaSia napovni. 186 Tuki miTsa da realobas (ufro sworad, analitikur istorias da arqeologiur masalas) erTmaneTs SevuxamebT, SeiZleba ga-movTqvaT varaudi, rom berZnuli anbanis pirveli `Semomta-nebi~ swored tarkvinielebi iyvnen, romelTac igi berZnebisagan gadmoiRes (Sdr. demaratosi).

winaswarmetyveleba

tarkvinius amayi

tacitusi `analebSi~ erTxel axsenebs mefobas tarkvinius amayisa, romelmac aiZula xalxi misi gaZevebis Semdeg ga-nemtkicebinaT Tanxmoba (analebi, III, 27).

tarkvinius krescenti

tacitusi `analebSi~ warmogvidgens neronis Tanamedrove erT etrusks _ vinme tarkvinius krescents, centurions, romelic gamoirCeoda Seudarebeli mamacobiT. igi koSkSi gamagrebul Tavis garnizonTan erTad anadgurebda barbarosebs (analebi, XV, II).

aq tacitusi parTeli mefe vologezesa da neronis jarebis mwvave orTabrZolis erT epizods acocxlebs (Zv. w. 66 w.).

tarkvinius priskusi

kidev erTi, klavdiusis imperatorobis dros moRvawe didi tarkviniusis sexnia etruski naxsenebia tacitusis `analebSi~.

igi sakmaod antipaTiur personaJad warmogvidgeba. tacitusis cnobiT, agripinam statilius tavrusis baRebis xelSi Casagdebad cru mowmed swored igi gamoiyena da simdidriT saxelganTqmuli warCinebuli magebTan kavSirSi daadanaSaula. tavrusma ver aitana cru braldeba da Tavi moikla ise, rom senatis gadawyvetilebas ar dalodebia. sanacvlod senatma yvelasTvis saZulvel etrusk senators wodeba CamoarTva (analebi, XII, 59).

tacitusi kidev erTxel ubrundeba am personaJs XIV wignSi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom tarkvinius priskusi biTvinielTa saCivris safuZvelze gasamarTlebuli iyo da senatorebi didi siamovne-biT Sexvdnen am faqts (analebi, XIV, 46). es `uzomod pativmoyvare~ etruski advilad gadavida galbas mxareze, romelmac igi legionis meTaurad daniSna. Tumca, imperatorma male igi saxazino fulis gaflangvaSi daa-danaSaula. aRSfoTebulma galbam piradi danaSaulidan yu-radRebis gadatana sazogadoebriv ubedurebaze scada. igi helvecielebis winaaRmdeg gaemarTa da maTi samosaxloebi gaZarcva (istoria, I, 67).

II. cecinebis sagvareulo

tacitusis TqmiT, cecina fufunebis siyvaruliT aRizianebda romaelebs. misi tansacmelic ki zizRs hgvrida ubralo moqalaqeebs. isini, togebSi Cacmulni ver hguobdnen zolian wamosasxamsa da grZel SarvalSi qedmaRlurad gamowyobil alienus cecinas da mis mdidrulad gamopranWul meuRles, sau-keTeso bedaurze amxedrebuls (istoria, III, 20). cecinas medroveobas cxadyofs misi ganuwyveteli moRalateoba (igi galbadan _ viteliusis, viteliusidan vespasianes mxareze gadavida). Tumca aqve mwerali im wyaroTa monacemebsac iTvaliswinebs, romelTa mixedviTac es bedis nebiera mSvi-dobisTvis zrunviT da samSoblos siyvaruliT iyo gulanTebuli (istoria, II, 101).

gaius cecina largusi

imperator klavdiusTan daaxloebuli etruski didebuli, romelsac udidesi gavlena hqonda masze (analebi, XI, 33).

avlus cecina severusì

analebSi~ tacitusi xSirad axsenebs am saxelovan etrusk mxedarTmTavars, romelic germanuli legionebis qveda razms xelmZRvanelobda (analebi, I, 31). igi warmatebiT ibrZoda: xaTebis, marselebis da xeruskebis winaaRmdeg (analebi, I, 56).

tacitusi, gancvifrebuli misi TavganwirviT, `analebSi~ erT epizods moiyvans. rodesac erT-erT brZolaSi jars panika daeufla, cecina, daadgina ra, rom SiSi usafuZvloa, Seecada jari See-Cerebina. rodesac brZanebiT, vedrebiT da muqariT verafers gaxda, WiSkarTan dawva, gadauRoba ra amgvarad gza gaqceulebs, romlebsac exaTrebodaT legatis sxeulze gadavla (analebi, I, 66).

avlus cecina kargi meojaxec yofila (mas eqvsi Svili hyavda), magram misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianoba iyo.

amas adasturebs avlus cecinas mier senatSi wamoyenebuli winadadeba aekrZalaT provinciaSi mimavali magistrate-bisTvis Tan colebis wayvana, raTa amiT sazogadoebriv saq-mianobaSi damatebiTi sirTuleebi ar SeqmnodaT (analebi, III, 33).

cecina tuskusi

neronis mmarTvelobis dros egviptis es nacvali ixsenieba rogorc `analebSi~, ise `istoriaSi~.

rogorc Cans, seneka am pirovnebis mimarT keTilganwyobili ar iyo, raki, rogorc amas tacitusi gvamcnobs, tuskusis dawinaurebas xels uSlida _ swored misi ZalisxmeviT gauqmda tuskusis pretorianuli kohortebis ufrosad daniSvnis brZaneba. (analebi,XII,20). cecina tuskusi, rogorc WeSmarit etrusks, lxinSi badali ar hyavda.

istoriaSi~ moTxrobilia, rom imperatorma viteliusma avadmyofobis dros SeniSna, rom erT-erTi axlomdebare sasaxle Zalze ganaTebuli iyo. viteliusma gagzavna kaci imis gasagebad, raSi iyo saqme. mas moaxsenes, rom cecina tuskusma xalxmravali lxini moawyo iunius blezusis pativsacemad da gazviadebiT aRuweres lxinis fufuneba da TavaSvebuloba, romelic iq sufevda. maSinve aRmoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac danaSaulad CauTvales tuskuss, mis stumrebs da pirvel rigSi blezuss, rom isini mxiaruloben, rodesac prinkepsi avadmyofobs (istoria, III, 39).

amis gamo viteliusma blezusis mowamlva brZana, Tumca tuskuss, rac sagulisxmoa, araferi avno (istoria, III, 39).

neronis ZiZis vaJi, egviptis prokuratori, romlis saxeli jer kidev tacitusTan gvxvdeba (analebi, XII, 201), erTgan aris svetoniusTan moxsenebuli neroTan dakavSirebiT:

Tuscum nutricis filium, relegavit, quod in procuratione Aegypti, balneis in adventum suum exstruetis lavisset (Nero, 35,5). tuskusi, Tavisi ZiZis vaJi (ZuZumte e.k.) gadaasaxla (neronma e.k.) imisTvis, rom prokuratorad yofnis dros egvipteSi man ibanava abanoSi, romelic neronis CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT aages.

porsenà

istoriis~ erT-erT pasaJSi tacitusi kluziumis am legendarul mefes gakvriT axsenebs. msjelobs ra viteliusisa da mis mo-winaaRmdegeTa Setakebebze, romlis drosac kapitoliumi daiwva, mwerali aRniSnavs, rom: quam non Porsena dedita urbe, neque Galli capta, temerare potuissent, furore principium exscindi! (Historia, III, 72

gaius cilnius mecenati

avgustusis epoqis am gamoCenil moRvawes tacitusi axsenebs `analebsa~1 92 da TxzulebaSi `dialogi oratorebis Se-saxeb~. 193 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avgustusis es megobari, araerTgzis naxsenebi sxva JanrebSi (horaciusi, properciusi, marcialisi, iuvenalisi), istoriul prozaSi pirvelad swored tacitusTan gvxvdeba.

mecenati `analebis~ 5 sxvadasxva wignSi Cndeba. 189 klavdiusis mier gadmocemuli informaciiT, celiuss Tan axlda vinme mastarna. 192 Tacitus, Annales. 193 Tacitus, Dialogus de oratoribus. mimTa Sejibrebaze msjelobisas, tacitusi aRniSnavs, rom imperatori mxolod mecenatis pativiscemiT iwynarebda am garTobas (analebi, I, 54).

analebSi~ tacitusi zogadad ganixilavs favoritTa mdgomareobas da beds. gaius salustiusis daxasiaTebisas tacitusi aRniSnavs, rom igi mecenatis sicocxleSive iyo erTi mravalTagani da Semdeg _ pirveli, romelsac imperatori yvela saidumlos uziarebda, sibereSi ki igi ufro moCvenebiTad, vidre namdvilad inarCunebda prinkepsis keTilganwyobas.

idque et Maecenati acciderat, fato potentiae raro sempiternae, an satias capit aut illos, cum omnia tribuerunt, aut hos, cum iam nihil reliquum est quod cupiant (Ann., III, 30). igive daemarTa mecenatsac imitom xom ara, rom bedis nebiT Zalaufleba iSviaTad aris myari an ki imitom, rom dgeba moyirWeba, romelic eufleba rogorc imaT, vinc yvelaferi gaiRo, rac ki SeiZleboda, ise maT, vinc ukve aRar icis ra isurvos.

es

Tvalsazrisi sakmaod uaxlovdeba senekas mecenatisadmi damokidebulebas. 194 igi da misi Zmebi luciusi da ticianusi tacituss naxsenebi hyavs rogorc `analebsa~ da `istoriaSi~, ise `dialogSi oratorebis Sesaxeb~ da `agrikolas cxovrebis aRwerilobaSi~. 195 tacitusi aRniSnavs, rom oTo ferentinis etruskuli gvaridan iyo, mamamisi _ konsulis, xolo babua pretoris Tanamdebobas ikavebdnen (analebi, II, 50). neronis megobari oTo warmodgenilia `analebSi~ Tavisi imperatoris nebismieri survilis Semsruleblad. miuxedavad, xorcieli siamovnebisaken dauokebeli ltolvisa, oTo sulierad mtkice da energiuli axalgazrda iyo. mas arc pativmoyvareoba aklda da eswrafoda prinkepsis mdgomareobas (analebi, I, 24). sakuTari qmedebebiT igi garyvnilebis, fufunebis gansaxierebas warmoadgenda: mecenatisadmi gulwrfeli ndobis miuxedavad, avgustusi ar erideboda megobris pirSi dacinvasac _ igi aqilikebda fufunebis motrfiale `etruski mxedris~ `pomadwasmul dalalebs~ ("cincinnos") da masze parodiebsac ki werda (oqtavianusi, 9,6,2). mecenatis kolorituli garegnobis erT-erTi atributis _ `kulu-lebis~ metaforizacia tacitusTan ukve ganvixileT. svetonius-Tan mecenatis `pomadwasmuli dalalebis~ avgustusis mier gaqilikeba sagulisxmo Strixia ara mxolod mecenatis portreti-saTvis, aramed misi Sinagani bunebisaTvis, romelic sakuTar garegnobaze gaZlierebul zrunvas efuZneboda. mecenatis esTetobas misi araCveulebrivi baRebic warmo-aCens. svetoniusi aRniSnavs, rom eskvilinumis borcvze ga-Senebuli mecenatis baRebi mnaxvels xiblavda ganumeorebeli mSvenierebiT (tiberiusi, 15 199 hesixiosis cnobiT _ cxeni.

cecinebis sagvareulo

cecina avlusi

ciceronis megobari da respondenti, pompeusis momxre, keisris winaaRmdeg dawerili pamfletis avtori.

rogorc Cans, cecina avlusis leqsma seriozuli ziani miayena iulius keisris reputacias, Tumca:

Aulique Caecinae criminosissimo libro... laceratam existimationem suam civili animo tulit (Iulius Caesar, 75,5). is ziani, romelic mis saxels miadga avlus cecinas cilismwamebluri wigniT... man wynarad gadaitana rogorc ubralo moqalaqem (iuliusi, 75,5).

cecina alienusi

svetoniusi viteliusis am mxedarTmTavars `Tormeti keisris cxovrebis~ merve wignis im nawilSi ixseniebs, romelic RvTaebriv tituss~ eZRvneba.

tacitusis `analebsa~ da `istoriaSi~ ramdenjerme naxsenebi es etruski konsuli svetoniusTan mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba da isic, sicocxlis bolo dRes.

igi titusma, romelic pretorielTa ufrosad dainiSna, SeTqmu-lebaSi daadanaSaula da sikvdiliT dasaja. momavalma imperatorma igi jer sadilad dapatiJa, xolo Semdeg misi mokvdineba brZana. es gadawyvetileba, svetoniusis azriT, sruliad samarTliani iyo, radgan tituss xelT hqonda cecinas mier dawerili sityva, romliTac igi jariskacebs ajanyebisken mouwodebda (titusi, 6,2).

markus salvius oTo

svetoniusis Txzulebis meSvide wignis erTi Tavi mTlianad eZRvneba tomiT etrusk imperators.

plutarqosisa da tacitusisagan gansxvavebiT, svetoniusi oTos Sesaxeb informacias mxolod wyaroebidan ar imow-mebs _ bevri ram man sakuTari mamis, svetonius letusis monayolidan Seityo, romelic am omSi (oTos da viteliusis brZolebi e.k.) mxedarTa wodebis tribuni iyo mecamete legionSi (o-To, 10). mwerali dawvrilebiT gadmoscems oTos biografias da mis etruskul warmomavlobaze garkveviT miuTiTebs.

svetoniusi gvTavazobs oTos garegnul portretsac da mas tandabal da uSnod agebul kacad warmoadgens. is, rac oTos garSemomyofebisagan gamoarCevda, iyo, svetoniusis azriT, is, rom igi sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevda sakuTar garegnobas da higienas: gameCxerebuli Tmis dasafarad marjved morgebul Tmis sadebs iyenebda, wvers yoveldRe iparsavda da saxes nelsaceblebiT izelda, xolo sxeuls qaliviT uvlida (o-To, 12,1).

(sayuradReboa, rom etruskTa gansakuTrebuli ltolva fufunebisaken am personaJis garegnobazec aisaxa). mniSvnelovania, rom dRemde etruski imperatoris orma biustma moaRwia, romelTa mixedviTac SesaZlebelia zustad aRvadginoT oTos portreti.

vatikanis muzeumSi dacul biustze oTo xorcsavse axalgazrdad warmodgvidgeba. misi talRovani Tma ostaturi varcxni-lobiT aris Semkuli da maRal Sublze sqel kululebad adevs. 200 luvrSi arsebuli biusti tuskulusidan asaxavs aziz Wabuks. 201 svetoniusi ase axasiaTebs oTos _ adreuli axalgazrdobidan igi iseTi mflangveli da Tavxedi iyo, rom mamas araerTxel gaurozgavs amisTvis. misi sayvareli gasarTobi iyo Semdegi _ RamiT quCebSi daexeteboda da yovel gamvlels, romelic an umweo iyo an mTvrali, stacebda xels da gaWimuli mosasxa-miT haerSi isroda (oTo, 2,1). 202 oTo nerons advilad dauaxlovda zneTa msgavsebis wyalobiT da zogierTi Woris mixedviT _ masTan garyvnili siaxlovis gamo (oTo, 22). oTo, svetoniusis TqmiT, neronis mesaidumle da megobari iyo. dedis mkvlelobis dRes man, yovelgvari eWvis gasafantavad, nerons da agripinas arnaxuli lxini gaumarTa. oTos sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebidan svetoniusi, tacitusTan ukve naxseneb istorias mogviTxrobs _ oTosa da popea sabinas urTierTobaze, rodesac etruskma imperatorsac ki gaubeda metoqeoba (oTo, 3(2)). 200 Гай Светоний Транквилл, Жизнь двенадцати Цезарей, Москва, 1966, 184. 201 Герман Хафнер, Выдающиеся портреты античности, Москва, 1984, 198. 202 sagulisxmoa, rom aseT TavSeqcevas marcialisic axsenebs (I, 3,4). neronma Tavneba oTo cols gaaSora da luzitaniaSi gagzavna nacvlad. Cans, rom neroni erideboda am ambis gaxmaurebas, Tumca, igi mainc cnobili gaxda, rasac svetoniusis na-warmoebSi moyvanili es patara leqsic cxadyofs:

Cur Otho mentito sit, quaeritis exsul honore? Uxoris moechus coeperat esse suae (Otho, 3, 2 Tavad oTo imedovnebda, rom galba mas daasaxelebda memkvidred, magram rodesac es imedi gaucruvda (galbam upiratesoba mianiWa pizons), Zalas mimarTa.

wyenis garda mas amisken uamravi piradi vali ubiZgebda. ambobda kidec, rom Tuki imperatori ar gaxdeboda, mis-Tvis sul erTi iyo mtris xeliT daiRupeboda Tu kreditorebisagan _ forumze.

qrTamiT aRebuli fulis meSveobiT man TandaTanobiT daiwyo xalxis mosyidva da gadatrialebis mzadeba. magram imperatoris taxtidan Camogdeba mas brZolis ga-reSe surda, amitom SeTqmulebis dRes igi Cveulebriv eaxla galbas, daeswro msxverplSewirvas da Semdeg raRac saqmis momizezebiT daTqmul adgilas gaemarTa. brZana ra galbas da pizonis mokvla, dRis bolos senatSi mivida da ganacxada, rom igi quCaSi gaitaces da aiZules Zalaufleba mieRo. oTo nerons baZavda da xandaxans xelsac ki awerda misi saxeliT. imperatorad kurTxevis Semdeg neba darTo aRedgi-naT neronis qandakebebi da neronis daniSnul prokuratorebs da gaazatebulebs daubruna Zveli uflebebi (oTo, 7).

rogorc Cans, Cadenilis gamo sindisi qejnida, raki sizmarSi galbas suli ecxadeboda da tanjavda (oTo, 7,3).

xanmokle imperatoroba TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula _ viteliusis mier ukugdebuli brikselTan, suliT daeca da winaaRmdegoba Sewyvita.

svetoniusi cdilobs imis garkvevas, ram aiZula oTo sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daesrulebina, maSin rodesac jer kidev rCeboda gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba. svetoniusis azriT, imperatoris naadrevi suliT dacema misi xasiaTis Tvisebebidan momdinareobda.

Nec concursurum cum Galba fuisse nisi confideret sine bello rem transigi posse (Otho, 10). oTos kerZo pirad yofnisas yovelTvis sZulda ganxeTqileba. is galbas winaaRmdeg arasdros gailaSqrebda, miznis uomrad miRwevis imedi rom ar hqonoda. amis garda, svetoniusi racionalur mizezTan erTad e. w. sentimentalur garemoebebsac axsenebs.

oTos moulodnelad keTilSobileba gaeRviZa da ganacxada, rom aRar surs safrTeSi Caagdos aseTi vaJkacebi da aseTi jariskacebi (oTo, 10). sikvdilis win mTeli fuli jariskacebs gauyo, werilebi miswera das (germanikusis vaJis, druzusis, meuRles) da mesalinas (neronis qvrivs, romelzec apirebda daqorwinebas), dawva piradi mimowera, raTa misi meSveobiT aravisTvis ziani ar mieyenebina (oTo, 10,2). sikvdilis dRes yvelas gamoeTxova, gamoiZina da gamTeniisas or xanjalze wamoego. maSin igi ocdaTvrameti wlis iyo.

svetoniusi oTos sikvdils sicocxlisagan gansxvavebuls uwodebs _ garyvnili cxovreba man vaJkacuri aRsasruliT daagvirgvina (oTo, 12). oTos cxedari gulwrfelad daitires misma jariskacebma, ro-melTagan bevrma, sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnilma, Tavic ki moikla. romaelTagan mravalma, romelTac sicocxleSi sZuldaT oTo, sikvdilis Semdeg misi gandideba daiwyes, rogorc es mdabi-oT axasiaTebs. imasac ki ambobdnen, rom galba imisaTvis moakvlevina, rom Zalaufleba xelT egdo da Semdeg Tavisufleba da respublika aRedgina (oTo, 12,2).

lucius salvius oTo

markus salvius oTos mama. salustiusi mas oTosadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi axsenebs.

svetoniusi aRniSnavs, rom lucius oTo garegnobiT ise hgavda imperator tiberiuss, rom zogni mas mis Sviladac ki Tvlidnen. lucius oTo mraval sapatio Tanamdebobas ikavebda romsa da afrikaSi (prokonsuli iyo) (oTo, 1,2). sayuradReboa, rom igi imdenad principuli mmarTveli iyo, rom imperatoris wyalobac ki dakarga, Tumca maleve aRidgina klavdiusis keTilganwyoba da siyvaruli, gamoaSkarava ra SeTqmuleba, romelic imperatoris mkvlelobas isaxavda miznad.

senatma igi iSviaTi pativiT Semosa _ palatinumze qandakeba aRumarTa, klavdiusma patriciusoba uboZa da gulwrfelad SesZaxa, rom am adamianze ukeTess Svilebsac ki ar inatrebda. mas sami vaJi hyavda: luciusi, ticianusi da umcrosi _ ze-moTxsenebuli markusi, romelmac mamis metsaxeli mem-kvidreobiT aiRo. lucius salvius oTos erTaderTi qaliSvili druzusze, germanikusis vaJze iyo daniSnuli (oTo, 1,3).

Svilebs luciusi Zalze mkacrad epyroboda. svetoniusi aR-niSnavs, rom umcros vaJs, markuss, igi umsgavso saqcielis-Tvis xSirad rozgavda kidec.

m) gaius flavius arianusi (95-165)

arianusi TxzulebaSi `aleqsandres anabazisi~, 203 romelic aleqsandres epoqis mniSvnelovan dokumentur wyaros warmoadgens, erTgan tirenebsac axsenebs. @Otan !Alevxandro" katevbaine pro" th babulwvna, phvgan kai; ton brhvkan Livbuoi prevsbei", pou ton ejpaivnesan kai; ejx !Italiva" Brevttioiv te kai; Leukanoi; kai; Turrhnoi; ejpi; toi'" aujtoi'" ejprevsbeuon. brundeboda ra aleqsandre babilonSi, mas libielTa elCoba Sexvda da qeba Seasxa rogorc aziis mefes. mas mohyva elCoba italiidan: bretiebis, lukanebis da tirenelebis (VII, 15). sayuradRebo am pasaJSi is aris, rom tirenelebi damoukideblad agzavnian aleqsandresTan sakuTar elCebs, rac Zv. w. III saukuneSi maT absolutur damoukideblobas cxadyofs.

n) pavsaniasi (II s.)

II saukunis warmoSobiT mcireaziuli istorikosi TxzulebaSì eladis aRweriloba~, romelic man saberZneTSi mogzaurobis Semdeg dawera da daafuZna mraval wyarosa da sakuTar STabeWdilebebze, tirenebs araerTxel axsenebs.

tirseniuli sayviri temenosSi yofnisas pavsaniasi aTenas taZars aRwers da misi dafuZnebis Sesaxeb Tqmulebas gadmogvcems. !Aqhna'"

de; iJdruvsasqai Savlpiggo" iJerovn fasin @Hge;lewn. Turshnou' de; tou'ton @Hgevlewn, to;n de; @Hraklevou" ei\nai kai; gunaiko;" levgousi th'" Ludh'". Turshno;n de; savlpigga euJrei'n prw'ton, @Hgevlewn de; to;n Turshnou' didavxai tou;" su;n Thmevnw/ Dwrieva" tou' ojrgavnou to;n yofon kai; di j aujto; !Aqhna'n ejponomavsai Savlpigga, pro; de; tou' naou' th'" !Aqhna'" Epimenivdou levgousin ei\nai tavfon (II, 21,3) amboben, rom aTenas taZari, romelsac sayvirs uwodeben, dafuZnebuli iyo hegelesis mier. imasac amoben, rom es hegelesi iyo tirsenosis Svili da SviliSvili heraklesi midieli qalisagan (omfalesagan). tirsenosma pirvelma gamoigona sayviri, xolo hegelesma, tirsenosis vaJma, aswavla temenosidan mosul didebulebs rogor daekraT am instrumentze da rom amitom uwodebdnen aTenas sayviras~. es pasaJi tragediasTan dakavSirebiT zemoT ukve vaxsene, ganvixilavT ra tirseniuli sayviris da aTenas Soris ZvelberZnul dramaSi arsebul metaforul kavSirebs. miTis es versia advilad xsnis im faqts, rom tirseniuli sayviri tragediaSi JRers an aTenas brZanebiT (esqile) an sulac RmerTqalis xmas waagavs (sofokle).

etruskTa warsuli dideba

olimpiaSi, zevsis taZarSi pavsaniasi aTvalierebs Semowirulobebs da maTSi etruskTa ZRvensac xedavs. es aris samefo taxti, romelic arimnestosma, etruskTa mefem, barbarosTagan pirvelma, gaugzavna olimpiel zevss (V, 12,5). taZari, romlis vestibulumSic idga es taxti, rogorc cnobilia, Zv. w. V saukuneSi iyo agebuli. sayuradReboa, rom im votivur qandakebebs da iaraRs Soris, romelic olimpiis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda, marTlac dasturdeba e. w. `etruskuli kvali~. marTalia, pavsaniasis mier aRwerili taxti arsad Cans, magram aris Zv. w. VIII saukuniT daTariRebuli brinjaos CaCqanebi, farebi, romlebsac Tanamedrove mecnierebi samxedro nadavlis ricxvs miakuTvneben.

olimpiaSi aris warmodgenili agreTve ori brinjaos muzaradi, romelsac hieron sirakuselis kumesTan tirenTa damarcxebis aRsaniSnavi miZRvna amSvenebs. 204 rac Seexeba Tavad arimnestoss, mkvlevarTa umetesoba miiCnevs, rom igi `warmoadgens garkveul analogias cnobili frigieli mefe midasisa, romelmac Tavisi taxti aCuqa delfos ta-Zars~. 205 3. etruskTa sabrZolo Tvisebebi delfoSi yofnisas pavsaniasi aTvalierebs uricxvs ZRvens, romelic mlocvelebma taZars Seswires. igi axsenebs liparelTa miZRvnil qandakebebsac, romlebic maT apolons tirenTa damarcxebis aRsaniSnavad miarTves (X, II, 3).

aqve pavsaniasi liparelTa da tirsenielTa sazRvao orTabrZolis detalebs gvacnobs.

igi aRniSnavs, rom es gamarjveba araCveulebrivi iyo, radgan berZnebi Tavad piTiam daariga _ swored apolonis qurumma ubrZana liparelebs tirenTa flots Serkinebodnen raoden mcire Zalebic ar unda hqonodaT. da, ai, berZnebma tirenelebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres sul raRac xuTi trieriT. tirenelebma, dainaxes ra xomaldTa mcirericxovnoba, maT winaaRmdeg imave raodenobis gemebi gamoiyvanes.

liparelebma xelT igdes maTi es xomaldebi da sxva _ xuTi, romelic maT winaaRmdeg gamoemarTa, Semdeg _ mesame xuTeuli. aseve maT daamarcxes _ meoTxec. 204 M. Cristofani, Olimpia wignSi: Dizionario Illustrato... 193-194. 205 M. Cristofani, Arimnestos, wignSi: Dizionario Illustrato... 18. amitomac maT apolons imdeni qandakeba Seswires, ramdeni xomaldic tyved igdes (V, 16,7). am epizodidan sayuradRebod gveCveneba is garemoeba, rom pavsaniass, liparielTa sabrZolo warmatebis fonze, etruskebi RirsebiT Semkul mowinaaRmdeged hyavs gamoyvanili _tirsenielebma ar ikadres xomaldTa Warbi raodenobiT mtris damarcxeba.

amasTan erTad, liparelebis warmatebis `garanti~ Tavad apoloni iyo, romlis Semweobis gareSe mcirericxovan liparelebs gauWirdebodaT aseT saxelganTqmuli mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba (Zv. w. VI-V ss.).

oriode sityva liparelTa da tirenelTa dapirispirebis motivebze, romlis Sesaxebac pavsaniasi arafers ambobs. am mizezebis dasadgenad sakmarisia eoliis kunZulTagan umciresis (saxeli liparac swored amis gamo Seerqva am kunZuls) mdebareobis gaTvaliwineba _ igi tirenis zRvis samxreT nawilSi mdebareobda.

cxadia, tirenis zRvis makontrolebel etruskebs zRvaze sruli gavlenis mosapoveblad eoliis es patar kunZuli garkveul problemebs uqmnida.

o) klavdius elianusi (200 w.)

berZnulenovani mwerali klavdius elianusi, rogorc cnobilia, italiis qalaq prenestedan iyo da sakuTar TxzulebebSi mravlad iyenebda e. w. `italiur masalas~.

nawarmoebi `cxovelTa bunebis Sesaxeb~, 206 romelsac, pirvel rigSi, istoriuli Rirebuleba aqvs, tirenTa Sesaxeb erT sa-yuradRebo cnobas Seicavs: amboben, rom etruriaSi nadiroben taxsa da iremze ara ba-deebiT da ZaRlebiT, rogorc Cveulebriv amas monadireebi akeTeben, aramed musikis daxmarebiT. rogor xdeboda es axlave mogiTxrobT. pirvelad abamdnen badeebsa da agebdnen maxeebs. Semdeg iwvevdnen fleitis daxelovnebul damkvrels. igi cdilobda daekra arc Zalian mSvidi da arc Zalian xmamaRali melodia _ aJRerebda iseT tkbil xmas, rac ki ormag fleitas SeeZlo gamo-eRo. fleitis bgerebi mdumare siCumeSi aRwevdnen mTaTa mwvervalebs, xeobebs, daburul tyeebs. niavze swrafad mih-qroda fleitis xma da cxovelTa samalavebsa da samijnuro adgilebs epareboda. Tavdapirvelad, rodesac am instrumentis JRera esmiT cxovelebs, isini frTxebian, magram Semdeg TavSeukavebeli sixaruli da aRtaceba euflebaT, aviwydebaT sakuTari naSierebic ki da toveben bunagebs, romlebsac Znelad Tu Sordebian. ai, amgvarad mojadoebuli tireneli gareuli cxovelebi, dahipnozebulni bgerebiT da Zleulni musikiT, ebmebian xafangebSi (XII, 46). am nawyvetidan sayuradReboa rogorc tirenuli nadirobis uCveulo saxeobis, ise Tavad etruseuli ormagi fleitis jadosnuri JReradobis aRwera.

etruskuli musikaluri instrumentebis da kerZod, fleitis sa-xeobaTa Sesaxeb vergiliusis `georgikebis~ erTi pasaJis komentirebisas ukve vimsjeleT.

damatebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom etruskebi fleitas iyenebdnen yoveldRiuri cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi (ceremoniebi, TamaSobebi, nadimebi, Teatraluri warmodgenebi, sakvebis momzadeba), rasac adastureben ara mxolod literaturuli wyaroebi, aramed xelovnebis nimuSebi da gansakuT-rebiT, samarxTa kedlis mxatvroba. 207

p) amianus marcelinusi (IV s.)

gvianromauli periodis istorikosi, romelic warmoSobiT, savaraudod, antioqiidan iyo, jer sparseTSi romis armiaSi msaxurobda, xolo 357 wels, samxedro karieris dasrulebis Semdeg, dasaxlda romSi, sadac dawera istoriuli Txzuleba Rerum gestarum Libri. 208 am nawarmoebis 31 wignidan Cvenamde mxolod 17-ma moaRwia (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31), romelSic moTxrobilia romis imperatorTa istoria nervadan (96 w.) valentusis sikvdilamde (378 w.). amianus marcelinusis naSromi, romelic warmoadgens konkretuli istoriuli periodis analizs, Seicavs mraval literaturul gadaxvevas da samecniero eqskurss.

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom istoriografosis obieqturoba aqcevs mis nawarmoebs romis istoriis am periodis Seswavlis Zalze mniSvnelovan wyarod. am TvalsazrisiT 207 A. Giuliano, G. Buzzi, Splendore degli Etruschi, Milano, 2000, 158, 166, 167, 169. 208 Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum gestarum libri. mkvlevarni marcelinusis naSroms liviusisa da tacitusis Txzulebebs utoleben. 209 amianus marcelinusis nawarmoebSi daculia cnobebi etruskTa Sesaxebac. es cnobebi, pirvel rigSi sayuradReboa imiT, rom warmoadgens etruskTa memkvidreobisa da sinamdvilis aRqmis nimuSs gvianantikurobaSi. iulianes sparseTSi laSqrobis aRwerisas (amianus marcelinusi Tavad iRebda monawileobas am brZolebSi) mwerali aR-niSnavs, rom imperatoris amalaSi iyvnen etruski winaswarmetyvelebi.

etruskTa warsuli dideba. warsulis didebis naSTebi

rodesac mxedarTmTavarma valeriusma jariskacebs mimarTa sparselebTan brZolis win, man romaelTa sabrZolo warmatebebi gaixsena.

J) paulus oroziusi (V s.)

paulus oroziuss, warmoSobiT espaneli sasuliero piris biografia mWidrod ukavSirdeba mis Semoqmedebas.

mis Sesaxeb dResdReobiT cnobilia is, rom igi vandalTa Semosevebis dros espaneTidan CrdiloeT afrikaSi gaiqca, sadac avrelius avgustinusis mfarvelobiT sargeblobda.

zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom swored am ukanasknelis Txzulebis `RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb~2 10 gavleniT dawera man `istoriebi warmarTTa winaaRmdeg~2 11 Svid wignad, romelic 417 wels daasrula. oroziusis nawarmoebi, romelic, garkveulwilad, avsebs svetoniusis Txzulebas, pirvel rigSi, sayuradReboa imiT, rom Semoinaxa tacitusis ramdenime dakarguli wignis Sinaarsi.

rac Seexeba avgustinusis oroziusze zegavlenas, unda iTqvas, rom arsebobs azri, romelic am sakiTxze sayovelTaod gavrcelebul Sexedulebas ewinaaRmdegeba. kerZod, Carlz devisi Tvlis, rom oroziusi yvelaferSi ar misdevs avgustinuss. swored oroziusisa da misi maswavleblis ideurma gansxvave- 210 Augustinus, De civitate Dei. 211 Orosius, Historiae adversus paganos libri septem. bebma biZgi misca italiuri aRorZinebis politikuri ideebis geneziss, romelic naTlad gamoCnda dantes `monarqiaSi~. italiuri aRorZinebis mamamTavris am traqtatis antiavgustinuri paTosi, devisis azriT, bevriTaa davalebuli oroziusis `istoriebiT warmarTTa Sesaxeb~. 212 Tavad Txzulebis koncefcia mTlianad efuZneba oroziusis msoflxedvas, romelic epoqis suliskveTebiT iyo nakarnaxevi: oroziusi pirquSi adamiani iyo da pirquS droSi cxovrobda. mas uyvars omis, Wirianobis, stiqiuri ubedurebebis msxver-plTa CamoTvla. Tavad avgustusis epoqaSic ki igi verafers kargs ver xedavs, miapyrobs ra mzeras damarcxebulebs, damonebulebs, romis uRlis qveS mgminavebs~2 13 . zemoTqmuls imas davumatebdiT, rom gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas oroziusis am paTosSi iZenda avtoris qristianoba. Tavad Txzulebis saTauric cxadyofs, rom movlenebi swored warmarTTa istoriis konteqstSia aRqmuli.

cxadia, rom oroziusi warmoaCens urwmunoTa istoriis Zaladobriv da pirquS xasiaTs. ganixilavs ra sayovelTaod cnobil faqtebs axali, qristianuli moralis TvalTaxedviT. am istoriul TxzulebaSi etruskTa Sesaxeb informacia sakmaod uxvia, romelsac Semdeg jgufebad warmovadgenT:

1. qalaqebi vei _ oroziusi yvelaze xSirad am etruskul qalaqs axsenebs (II, 4,7; II, 5,7; II, 19,1). yvela es xseneba ukavSirdeba roma-elTa da veielTa sabrZolo dapirispirebas.

oroziusi axleburad afasebs romaelTa mier veielTa damarcxebas. romaelTa mier miwisqveSa gvirabis gaTxra da veis alyis amgvarad garRveva, oroziusis TqmiT, romaelTa mxridan Rirsebas moklebuli saqcieli iyo:

Urbem novissime sine ullo digno Romanae virtutis testimonio cuniculis et clandestina obreptione ceperunt (II, 19,2). bolos romauli siqvelis yovelgvari Rirseuli damowmebis gareSe gvirabis gaTxriTa da veragobiT xelT igdes qalaqi.

(gvianantikurobis meore avtori, amianus marcelinusi, romelic Cven zemoT ganvixileT, veis aRebas romaelTa Rirseul gamarjvebad miiCnevs). 212 Ch. Davis, Dante amrigad, tarkvinius amayis mefoba Sefasebulia uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebis sruli gaTvaliswinebiT. am legendaruli etruskis mefis Sefasebasac oroziusi faqtebis logikuri analiziT cdilobs.

Porsenna rex Etruscorum, gravissimus regis nominis suffragor, Tarquinium manu ingens tribus continuis annis trepidam urbem terruit, conclusit, obsedit et nisi hostem vel Mucius constanti urendae manus patientia, vel virgo Cloelia admirabili transmeati fluminis audacia permovisset, profecto Romani compulsi forent perpeti aut captivitatem hoste insistente superati aut servitutem recepto rege subiecti (II, 5,3). porsena, etruskTa mefis yvelaze didi mxardamWeri, tarkviniusis dasaxmareblad darazmuli, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqs SiSiT acaxcaxebda, ketavda da alyas artyamda. rom ara muciusis Seuryeveli moTmineba, rodesac is cecxls xels uSverda an qalwul klelias gansacvifrebeli mamacoba mdinaris gadacurvisas, porsenas romaelTa uSiSroba guls ar SeuZravda da es rom ar momxdariyo, romaelebi namdvilad iZuleburni iqnebodnen aetanaT gamarjvebul etruskTagan an tyveoba an mefis aRdgenili Zalauflebis qveS monoba.

gansxvavebiT liviusisa da plutarqosisagan, oroziusi arsad saubrobs porsenas keTilSobilebasa da damsaxurebebze da mas bolomde `mters~ uwodebs.

am fonze garkveulad moulodnelia romis samwliani omisa da alyis Semdeg (swored am versias emxroba oroziusi) porsenas `gulis aCuyeba~ da romaelebTan dazaveba. oroziusi, rogorc Cans, ramdenime wyaros monacems iTvaliswinebs da Tavs uyris metad `Wrel~ informacias, romlis magaliTsac Cvens mier moyvanili pasaJi warmoadgens. cnoba, safiqrebelia, Seexeba Zv. w. 292 wlis monaTa ajanyebas volsiniSi. Tumca, Tanamedrove gamokvlevebi cxadyofen, rom am areulobis mizezi ara oroziusis mier moyvanili garemoebebi, aramed monaTa ukmayofileba warmoadgenda.

etruskTa samxedro

rac Seexeba romaelTa keTilmezoblur daxmarebas, cnobilia, rom konsul fulvius flakusis meTaurobiT romaelebi marTlac Semovidnen volsiniSi, magram monaTa sastikad dasjis Semdeg etruskTa Zarcvas mihyves xeli _ RmerTTa orasamde brinjaos qandakeba, voltumnusisa da norcias gamosaxulebani meomrebma Tan waiRes. Tavad volsinielebi romaelebma ki ar `gadaarCines~ da `aRadgines Tavis uflebebSi~, rogorc oroziusi ambobs, aramed dangreuli qalaqidan ayares da Tanamedrove bolsenas maxloblad gadaasaxles. 214 marTalia, ajanyebis mizezTa kvleva Cveni naSromis Tematikas sagrZnoblad scildeba, magram Sedegi, riTac romaelTa `daxmareba~ dasrulda, cxadyofs, rom areuloba volsiniSi provocirebuli iyo Tavad romaelTa mier, romelnic, rogorc Cans, amgvarad gauswordnen uZlieres da saSiS etruskul qalaqs, romelTanac araerTi samxedro dapirispireba hqondaT (Zv. w. 392-1, 308, 294, 285 da sxv. wlebSi).

r) prokopi kesarieli

(500-565 ww.)

imperator iustinianus I-is epoqis gamoCenili iuristi, ritori da istorikosi wlebis manZilze mxedarTmTavar veliazaris mdivani iyo da Tan axlda mas sparselebis, vandalebis da ostgoTebis wi-naaRmdeg warmoebul omebSi (534-559 ww.). man berZnuli enis atikur dialeqtze Seqmna istoriuli Txzuleba, `omebi~, romelSic aRwera am laSqrobaTa ZiriTad movlenebze sakuTari STabeWdilebebi.

sayuradReboa, rom `goTebTan omebis istoriaSi~2 15 prokopi kesarieli etruskebsac axsenebs. es bunebrivicaa, radgan sabrZolo qmedebebi italiis am regionSic warmoebda. amave dros goTebis beladma besma, cota xanSi daikava narnia.

kai; Bevssan e jphvggelle kata labei'n Narnivan, povlin ejcuran mavlista ejn Touvskoi" ou\san (I, 16,15) xolo besma mcxovrebTa sruli TanxmobiT daikava narnia. etruskuli zRvispira qalaqi centumelelic goTebidan romaelTa xelSi gadavida _ dio; dh; kai; povlin ejpiqalassivan, lovgou pollou' ajxivan, Kentoukevlla" o[noma, tw'n ejpithdeivwn spanivzonte", uJpo to;n aujto;n crovnon ejxevlipon (I, 7,18) sursaTis naklebobis gamo goTebma datoves Zalze mniSvnelovani zRvispira qalaqi centumceli. am qalaqs prokopi kesarieli `dids da mWidrod dasaxlebuls uwodebs~ _ `povli" megavlh kai; poluvanqrwpo"~ (II, 17,19). qalaqebis garda prokopi kesarieli axsenebs etruriis tbebs, kunZulebs da mdinareebs.

magaliTad: e[sti dev ti" livmnh ejn Touvskoi", Boulsivnh kaloumevnh, h|" dh; ejnto;" nh'so" ajnevcei, bracei'a me;n komidh' ou\sa, frouvrion de; ejcuro;n e[cousa (I, 4, 14-15) etruriaSi aris tba, romelsac ewodeba vulsina, romlis SuaSic mdebareobs kunZuli, TavisTavad patara, magram Zlieri gamagrebis mqone.

prokopi kesarieli axsenebs qalaq narniasac, romelic mTazea aSenebuli da mis ZirSi moedineba mdinare nara, romlis mixedviTac qalaqs es saxeli daerqva (I, 17,3).

etruskuli winaswarmetyveleba

prokopi kesarielis TxzulebaSi erTgan naxsenebia viRac etruski, romelic winaswarmetyvelebs romis imperatoris damarcxebas vinme saWurisis mier: tuvch/ dev tini pariovnta tina;, Tou'skon geno", komidh' a[groikon dovxanta e\inai, xumbavllonta to; poiouvmenon favsai (eijsi; ga;r mantikoi; kai; ej" ejme; Tou'skoi) wJ" eujnou'cov" pote kaivaluvsei to;n a[rconta @Rwvmh". kai; thnikavde me;n o{ te Tou'sko" ejkei'no" kai; oJ par j aujtou' lovgo" ge vlwta w\fle (IV, 21,16) SemTxveviT gaiara aq erTma adamianma, tomiT etruskma, romelic saerTod ubralo miwaTmoqmeds hgavda, da Tqva (etruskebi Cems dromdec gamoirCeodnen winaswarmetyvelebis unariT), rom dadgeba dro, rodesac evnuqi daamarxebs romis mbrZanebels. maSin am etruskma da misma sityvebma sicili gamoiwvies.

prokopi kesarieli iqve aRniSnavs, rom etruski winaswarmetyveli marTali aRmoCnda _ umokles droSi iustinianus I-is mxedarTmTavari narzesi, romelic, marTlac, saWurisi iyo, ostgoTebis damarcxebis Semdeg italiis pirvel eqsarxosad dainiSna. amgvarad, prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, etruskuli winaswarmetyvelebis avtoriteti gvianantikurobis periodSi jer kidev maRali iyo da am xelovnebas etruskebi isev inarCunebdnen.

etruskebi etruskebi

prokopi kesarielis TxzulebaSi fizikuri ganadgurebis piras misul eTnosad arian warmodgenilni. mravalricxovani omebiT da momTabare tomebis SemosevebiT dasustebuli qveynis mcxovrebni sabrZolo qmedebebSi saerTod ar monawileoben.

isini Tanabari gulgrilobiT xvdebian rogorc goTebis, ise romaelebis jaris mier maTi qalaqebis dakaveba-datovebas da mTebSi Sexiznulni cdiloben SimSiliT ganadgurebas gadaurCnen: kai Touvskwn.... aujtw'n o{soi e jn toi'" o[resin w[/khnto, tw'n druw'n ta;" balavnou" ajlou'nte", w{sper to;n si'ton, a[rtou" te ajp j aujtw'n poiouvmenoi h[sqion. kai; novsoi" me;n pantodapai'", wJ" to; eijko;", oiJ plei'stoi hJlivskonto, e[nioi de; kai; perigenovmenoi dieswvzonto (II, 20,19) is tuskebi, romlebic mTebSi cxovrobdnen, xorbleulis nacvlad ikvebebodnen muxis rkoebiT, isini purs acxobdnen maTi fqvilisagan da imas Wamdnen. umravlesoba daavadebuli iyo sxvadasxvagvari avadmyofobebiT, maTgan mxolod mciredni gadarCnen.

istoriul-geografiuli prozis nimuSebis ganxilvis Sedegad gamovlenil cnobebs TvalsaCinoebisTvis warmovadgenT sagangebo tabulis meSveobiT, sadac wina qveTavebSi ukve gamoyenebul pirobiT niSnebTan erTad damatebiT vsargeblobT Semdeg aRniSvnebiT.

G _ etruskTa warmomavloba (Genesis) Gl _ glosebi (Glossae) A _ anbanis warmomavloba (Alphabetum) taula # 4 avtori saukeneebi (wlebi) nawarmoebi T e m a t u r i j g u f e b i gamoC. adam.

istoriebi warmarTTa win.

flosofur-ritorikuli proza

am saTauriT sul 3 avtori gavaerTianeT: platoni, ciceroni da apuleiusi. (Zv. w. 427-347) tirenias da tirenelebs paltoni sam dialogSi axsenebs. esenia: `tomeosi~, 216 `kritiasi~, 217 `kanonebi~. 218 timeossa~ da `kritiasSi~ faqtiurad identuri informaciaa mocemuli _ platoni tirenias miTiuri atlantidis mosazRvre teritoriad warmoadgens.

a) platoni

tirenia

!En de; dh; th'/ !Atlantivdi nhvsw/ tauvth/ megavlh sunevsth kai; qaumasth; duvnami" basilevwn, kratou'sa men aJpavsh" th'" nhvsou pollw'n de; ajllwn nhvswn kai; merw'n th'" hjpeivrou: pro;" de; touvtoi" e[p tw'n ejnto;" th'/de Libuvh" me;n h\rcon mevcri pro;" Ai[gipton, th'" de; Eujrwvph" mevcri Turrhniva" (25 a.b) am atlantidis kunZulze iSva saxelmwifoTa didi da gansacvifreblad Zlieri gaerTianebuli samefo, romlis Zalauflebac mTel kunZulze, sxva kunZulebsa da xmeleTis nawilze vrceldeba, amis garda, srutis aqeT maT xelT igdes libias mmarTveloba egviptemde da evropa _ tireniamde. ou|toi dh; pavnte" aujtoiv te kai; e[kgonoi touvtwn ejpi; genea;" polla;" w[/koun a[rconte" me;n pollw'n a[llwn kata; to; pevlago" nhvswn, e[ti de w[sper kai; provteron ejrrhvqh, mevcri te Aijguvptou kai; Turrhnia" tw'n ejnto;" dei'ro ejpavrconte" (Critias, 114, cd). yvela isini, maTi STamomavalni, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen da mbrZaneblobdnen zRvis bevr sxva kunZulze da aseve, rogorc es ukve adrec vTqvi, ganavrcobdnen Tavis Zalauflebas egviptesa da tireniamde. msoflio geografiaSi damkvidrebuli adgili, romelic Txzulebebis am nawyvetebSi aqvs tirenias, naTelyofs etruskTa saxelmwifos mniSvnelobas imJamindel samyaroSi, miT ufro, rom igi egviptis kvaldakval ixsenieba. 216 Platon, Timaios (Timaeus). 217 Platon, Kritias e Atlantikos (Critius). 218 Platon, Nomoi (Leges). kanonebis~ V wignSi platoni aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos saZirkvels, romelic rogorc axladSeqmnili, ise axleburad gardaqmnili qveynisaTvis Seuryeveli unda darCes, warmoadgens RmerTebisa da siwmindeebis pativiscema. am ukanasknels ki, filosofosis TqmiT, RvTaebaTa saxelze agebuli taZrebi da sakulto qmedebebi gamoxataven.

tirenuli mantikà

xolo wesrigs am sferoSi ganagebs mantika, romelic cdilobs Caswvdes RvTaebriv neba-survils. platonis rwmeniT, swored winaswarmetyvelebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli zustad ganisazRvros romeli RvTaebis Tu demonis saxeli unda ewodos wminda adgils.

am SemTxvevaSi xalxma unda misdios delfos samisnos, dodonas, amons da sxva damajerebel Tqmulebebs RvTaebriv niSanTa interpretaciis Sesaxeb.

platoni am religiuri praqtikis maSindel msoflioSi cnobil saxeobebs CamoTvlis:

Peivsante" de qusiva" teletai'" summeivktou" katesthvsanto ei[te aujtovqen ejpicwrivou" ei[t j o\un Turrhnika;" ei[te Kupriva" ei[te a[lloqen oJqenou'n (Leges, V, 738, b, c, d, e).

sjerodaT ra maTi [RmerTebis _ e.k.], awyobdnen sxvadasxva msxverplSewirvebs an Tavisi qveynisa an tirenuls Tu kviprosuls an kidev sxva adgilebidan (aRebuls). sayuradReboa, rom platoni antikuri samyarosTvis avtoritetul samisnoTa da ritualTa gverdiT axsenebs tirenul winaswarmetyvelebas. mniSvnelovania isic, rom platonis Txzulebidan moyvanili es citata warmoadgens tirenuli mantikis antikur samyaroSi, e. w. `aRiarebas~ RvTaebrivi nebis Secnobis erT-erT WeSmarit moZRvrebad. platonis azriT, kanonmdebelma am moZRvrebebSi araferi an unda Secvalos, sul umniSvnelo detalic ki, raTa zustad gansazRvros uzenaesTa neba da is wminda adgilebi, sadac RvTaebas taZari an samlocvelo unda augon. quae est igitur ista calliditas res vetustate robustas calumniando velle pervertere? non riperio causas.. utar igitur nec adducar aut in extis totam Etruriam delirare aut eandem gentem in fulgoribus erare aut fallaciter portenta interpretati (I, XVIII, 35). raRa saWiroa, maSasadame, amdeni maxvilgonierebis daxarjva imisaTvis, rom saxeli gautexon an gaabaTilon niSnebi, romelTa mniSvneloba dadasturebulia maTi aseTi xangrZlivi arsebobiT. mec gamoviyeneb maT da aravis davanebeb damarwmunon imaSi, rom mTeli etruria Wkuidan SeiSala, raki Signeulobaze mkiTxaobs an rom elvebTan 219 Cicero, De divinatione De natura deorum De res publica De legibus.

dakavSirebiT Secdomas uSvebs da Tavs ityuebs, rodesac sakvirvelebebs ganmartavs. etrusk misanTa winaswarmetyveleba yovelTvis cxaddeboda (X, XII, 19), (I, XII, 20), (I, XII, 29).

aqve dawvrilebiTaa ganmartebuli divinaciis saxeobebi. aRniSnulia, rom msoflioSi ZiriTadad ori saxis divinacia arsebobs. erTi codnis elements gamoricxavs da efuZneba eqstazs da improvizacias (kalqanti, piTia, tiresiasi), xolo meore _ romelTa rigSi etruskuli misnoba Sedis, eyrdnoba am xelovnebis mecnierul Seswavlas. es ukanaskneli efuZneba mkiTxaobas (conienctura) da dakvirvebas anu xelovnebas (artificiosa). peripatoelni skeptikurad uyureben am saxis divinacias, xolo stoikosebi _ endobian da icaven mas. nawarmoebSi miCneulia, rom TiToeuli qveyana divinaciaSi e. w. `profils~ irCevda, rac ganapirobebda, pirvel rigSi, garemo pirobebi. magaliTad, egviptelebi da babilonelebi swor da gaSlil adgilebze binadrobis gamo advilad akvirdebodnen varskvlavebs, xolo etruskebma, romlebic msxverpls xSirad swiravdnen, Tavi miuZRvnes Signeulis gamokvlevas. aseve imis gamo, rom etruriaSi haeris gansakuTrebuli simkvrivea, warmoiSoboda ucnauri movlenebi, ris ganmartebaSic etruskebi sakmaod gaiwafnen (I, XLII, 93). yvela cnobil etrusk winaswarmetyvelTa Soris dialogSi naxsenebia spurina. swored am haruspikma iulius keisris oqros taxtze dajdomis dRes sagangebo mkiTxaoba Caatara.

spurinam samsxverplo xaris Signeulze dakvirvebisas SeamCnia, rom xaris SigneulobaSi ar iyo guli... Tumca keisari ar daibna am uCveulo movlenis xilvisas, winaswarmetyvelma mas ganumarta, rom igi unda ufrTxodes ar dakargos goneba da sicocxle, radgan orive gulidan iRebs saTaves. rodesac rituali momdevno dResac Caatares, samsxverplo cxovelis RviZls ar aRmoaCnda Tavi (caput in iecore). 220 cxadia, es niSnebi keisars ukvdavma RmerTebma gaucxades imisaTvis, rom mas winaswar Seetyo sakuTari sikvdilis Sesaxeb da ara imisaTvis, rom es Tavidan aeridebina (I, LII, 119).

kvintusi Tvlis, rom divinacia praqtikul dakvirvebaTa ganzogadebuli sistemaa.

Tavis droze demokrite fiqrobda, rom haruspicia araa enigmaturi qmedeba, aramed _ movlenaTa kanonzomieri da mecnieruli analizi. dialogSi isicaa naTqvami, rom Signeulobis mdgomareobas namdvilad SeuZlia garkveuli informaciis gacxadeba _ magaliTad maTi mdebareobis da feris mixedviT SesaZlebelia dadgindes haeris mdgomareoba, havis sijansaRe da sxva. amasTan, SeiZleba momavlis ganWvretac _ iqneba Tu ara mindvrebi nayofieri (I, LII, 313) da a. S. meore wignSi ukve Tavad ciceroni gamoTqvams moszrebebs haruspiciis Sesaxeb.

ciceroni aRiarebs, rom tirenuli misnoba namdvilad Rirsia pativiscemisa da mowiwebisa. ut ordiar ab haruspicina, quam ego rei publicae, causa communisque religionis colendam censco (II, XII, 28). saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebriv religiaTa mimarT pativiscemis gamo haruspicias krZalviT unda movepyraT. aqve ciceroni gadmoscems cnobil miTs tagesis Sesaxeb, romelic haruspiciis mamamTavradaa miCneuli. mogviTxroben, _ wers ciceroni, _ rom erTxel tarkviniaSi, rodesac mxvnelma Rrmad gaavlo guTani, niadagidan uecrad amoxta vinme tagesi, ramac miwaTmoqmedi friad gaakvirva. tagesi, rogorc etruskul wignebSi weria, garegnobiT iyo biWi, xolo sibrZniT _ moxuci. misi danaxvisas gancvifrebulma glexma yvirili daiwyo da male am adgilas mTeli etruria Segrovda _ tagesi didxans laparakobda xalxTan, romelmac misi sityvebi daimaxsovra da Caiwera. mTeli misi saubari iyo imaze, ramac haruspiciis mecniereba Seadgina. mogvianebiT igi ufro ganivrco, radgan am cnobebs axali daemata (II, XXIII). sainteresoa, rom ciceroni am etruskuli miTis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gagebas ewinaaRmdegeba _ moiZebneba ki iseTi suleli, romelic daijerebs, rom miwidan amoxta RmerTi an adamiani? Tuki es iyo RmerTi, maSin ratom imaleboda igi miwaSi, Tavisi bunebis sawinaaRmdegod, sanam igi guTanma qveyanaze ar daabruna? gana am RmerTs adamianebisTvis Tavisi codnis gadacema ufro maRali adgilidan ar SeeZlo? xolo Tuki es tagesi iyo adamiani, rogor icxovrebda igi, miwiT miWyletili? da saidan SeeZlo mas eswavla is, rasac sxvebs aswavlida? (II, XXIII, 51). kiTxvebi, romlebsac, ciceronis TqmiT, es miTi aRZravs, filosofosebis mier iyo Tavis droze dasmuli. am filosofosTa Soris ciceroni asaxelebs karneadossa da epikures, romelTa azrebsac is nawilobriv iziarebs.

dialogis daskvniT nawilSi ciceroni katos sityvebsac moiyvans, romelic ambobda, rom gancvifrebulia rogor SeuZlia sicili Seikavos haruspikma, rodesac meore haruspiks uyurebs.

Vetus autem illud Catonis admodum scitum est, qui mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, haruspicem cum vidisset (II, XXIV, 110).

`RmerTebis bunebis Sesaxeb~.

am dialogSi ramdenime filosofosi iRebs monawileobas, maT Sorisaa epikureli etruski veliusi. swored igi amtkicebs, rom romael avgurTa da etrusk haruspikTa xelovnebis WeSmaritebas cxovreba adasturebs.

amis magaliTad veliuss mohyavs erTi epizodi romis istoriidan, rodesac konsulebis arCevnebis dros (p. scipionis da g. figulusis), romelsac t. graxkusi atarebda, xmebis erT-erTi damTvleli, rogorc ki graxkuss Sedegebi moaxsena, usulod daeca. senatma gadawyvita, rom es SemTxveva sagangebod ganexila. moiyvanes haruspikebi, romlebmac gamoacxades, rom magistrati, romelic komiciebs atarebda, ukanono iyo (II, IV, 10). kerZod, rodesac ciceroni gadasaxlebaSi iyo, misi saxli tribun publius klodius pulxrusis brZanebiT gadaiwva da im adgilas Tavisuflebis taZari aigo. 222 gadasaxlebidan dabrunebulma ciceronma moaxerxa teritoriisTvis religiuri akrZalvis axsna. publius klodiusma, romelic im dros kurilis edilis Tanamdebobaze iyo, ciceronis devna ar moiSala da romSi SemCneuli miwis ucnauri guguni, romelic haruspikebis mier ganmartebuli iyo rogorc wminda adgilebis Seuracxyofa, swored ciceronis qmedebas daukavSira.

klodiusis am braldebis gabaTilebas uZRvnis ciceroni cnobil `sityvas haruspikebis pasuxebis Sesaxeb~. 223 ciceronis sxva oratorul sityvebSic xSiria e. w. `etruskuli masalis~ gamoyeneba. 222 С. Л. Утченко, Цицерон и его время, Москва, 1986, 185. 223 De haruspicum responso in Publium Clodium. magaliTad sityvaSi `publius sestiusis dasacavad~, 224 ciceroni cnobil romael gmirs axsenebs, romelmac etruskTa mefe porsena ganacvifra Tavisi vaJkacobiT: me xom im qalaqis moqalaqe var, saidanac gaius muciusi iyo, romelic marto mivida mefe porsenas banakSi da umzerda ra sikvdils saxeSi, cdilobda mis mokvlas. sxvagan, `mesame sityvaSi katilinas winaaRmdeg~2 25 igi axsenebs vinme lentuluss, romelic galTa sityvebiT, amtkicebda, rom sibilas sityvebidan da haruspikebis pasuxebidan gamomdinare, igi swored is mesame korneliusia, romelic samefo Zalauflebas am qalaqSi xelT igdebs. amrigad, ciceroni rogorc filosofiur, ise ritorikul TxzulebebSi etruskebze informacias xSirad iyenebs, amasTan, es cnobebi gamoirCeva Tematuri mravalferovnebiT da exeba rogorc religiur, ise istoriul da yoveldRiur cxovrebas.

yovelive zemoTqmuli naTelyofs, rom etruskuli realiebi, romliTac gajerebuli iyo maSindeli romis yofa-cxovreba, e. w. gzaauvlel elements warmoadgenda romauli filosofiuri da samWevrmetyvelo azrisTvisac.

g) apuleiusi (daaxl. 124 w.)

apuleius madavrelis `apologia~, 226 romelic mis Tavdasacav sityvas warmoadgens sasamarTloze, sadac mas magiaSi adanaSaulebdnen, sayuradReboa etruskul masalaze dafuZnebuli erTi metaforiT.

cnobili advokati da mwerali axsenebs vinme emilianuss, romelsac ori metsaxeli hqonda.

Igitur adgnomenta ei duo indita: Charon, ut iam dixi, ob oris et animi diritatem, sed alterum, quod libentius audit, ob deorum contemptum -Mezentius (56,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). ai, man miiRo ori metsaxeli: qaroni, romelic ukve vaxsene _ maxinji saxisa da sulisaTvis da meore _ (romelic mas ufro moswons) RmerTebis mimarT agdebuli damokidebulebis gamo _ mezenciusi. 224 Pro Publio Sestio. 225 Catilinariae orationes, III. 226 Apuleius, Apologia. mezenciusi, romelic Cvens naSromSi pirvelad `eneidaSig vxvdeba, sagangebod swored vergiliusTan ganvixileT. mezenciusis mier RmerTebis gmoba, romelsac sxva avtorebic adastureben, mecnierTa azriT, dafuZnebulia berZnul wyaroTa cnobebze, romelTa meSveobiT fokeel tyveTa Caqolva daukavSirda mezenciusis saxels, xolo realurad, rogorc fiqroben, mezenciusis uaryofiTad warmosaxva miznad isaxavs etruskTa diskreditacias im periodSi, rodesac isini dominirebdnen laTinebze. 227 da bolos, Cveulebisamebr, filosofiur-ritorikul prozaSi etruskebze dacul informacias warmovadgenT tabulis saxiT.

Fausto Zevi; Mezenzio wignSi: Dizionario Illustrato... 174. kli_Se -+ ------------metafora --------+ ------am tabulis monacemebze dayrdnobiT irkveva, rom filosofiur-ritorikuli prozisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tema aris divinacia, romelic or avtorTan da xuT nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba.

etruskuli misnoba saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis swavlebadaa aRqmuli, Tumca aqve Cndeba am moZRvrebis filosofiuri interpretaciis nimuSi (ciceroni).

es Tematuri jgufi ganmeorebis da `kliSizaciis~ nimuSs gvaZlevs da WeSmaritebis Secnobis utyuar gzas ganasaxierebs.

filosofiur-ritorikul prozaSi warmodgenilia metaforizaciis nimuSic (mezenciusi, apeleiusis `apologia~). romelic istoriuli da miTologiuri personaJebis jgufSi yalibdeba.

am mimarTulebis prozaSi ramdenime Tanamedrove personaJic figurirebs, romelic religiur (spurina) an filosofiur (veleiusi) sferos ganekuTvneba. amgvarad, gaSarJebuli hepatoskopia cxadyofs avtoris skeptikur damokidebulebas etruskuli divinaciis mimarT.

mxatvruli proza

amasTan, komikur situaciaSi aRmoCndebian `satirikonisĩ s personaJebic, romlebic, divinaciis brma rwmeniT Sepyrobilni, imedovneben, rom amiT momavlis ganWvretas SeZleben.

romanis kidev erTi epizodi aris sayuradRebo Cveni sakvlevi TemisaTvis _ Wabuki gitonis gaupatiurebis mcdeloba.

aRelvebuli gitoni askiltuss uambobs:

tuus-inquit-iste frater seu comes paulo ante in conductum accucurit coepitque mihi velle pudorem uxtorquere, cum ego proclamarem, gladium strinxit et "Si Lucretia es" inquit "Tarquinium invenisti" (9). ar vici, megobari iyo Tu amxanagi, Cvens oTaxSi rom moiWra da cdilobda Cemi simorcxvis daZlevas. me yvirils movyevi da man xmali amoiRo da miTxra: `Tuki Sen lukrecia xar, moiZebna Seni tarkviniusic~.

petroniusis `satirikonis~ am epizodSi naxsenebi lukrecia da tarkviniusi romis analitikuri istoriis cnobili personaJebi arian. tarkvinius amayis vaJis, seqstusis mier tarkvinius kolatinusis meuRlis, lukrecias gaupatiurebis ambavi araerT istoriul wyaroSia naxsenebi. swored es incindenti gaxda sababi tarkvinius amayis romidan gaZevebisa. lukrecias TviTmkvlelobis Semdeg romaelTa moTminebis fiala aivso da maT sabolood uari Tqves monarqiaze.

liviusTan, plutarqosTan, akciusTan, senekasTan da sxva avtorebTan naxsenebi tarkviniusi da lukrecia, petroniusis satirikonSi~ metaforebad gardaisaxebian, gamoxataven ra simbolurad moZalades (tarkviniusi) da mis msxverpls (lukrecia).

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis moviSveliebT specialur tabulas tabula VI avtori saukeneebi (wlebi) nawarmoebi T e m a t u r i j g u f e b i

amrigad, mxatvrul prozaSi ZiriTadad 3 Tema ganixileba _ divinacia, tirsenieli mekobreebi da istoriuli personaJebi. yvela es informacia mxatvruladaa gadamuSavebuli. kerZod, petroniusTan gaSarJebulia divinacia, romelic sakraluri qmedebidan batis RviZlis mixedviT komikur mkiTxaobadaa qceuli, xolo seqstus tarkviniusis mier umanko lukrecias Seuracxyofa _ mamaTmavalTa sasiyvarulo TamaSad.

es ukanaskneli, kerZod seqstus tarkviniusi, gardaqmnilia metaforul saxed da ganasaxierebs sastik moZalades. ...Sen, rogorc Sevityve da vimedovneb, suliT dacemuli ara xar. me ki, Cemis mxriv, aucileblad mimaCnia kidev da kidev erTxel dagiWiro mxari Cemi avtoritetiT, marTalia, ara rogorc yvelaze brZenma adamianma, aramed rogorc Senma sauke-Teso megobarma (2). ciceroni axsenebs avlus cecinas mamasac da mas `uwar-Cinebules da ubrwyinvales kacs~ uwodebs (3).

epistolografa

amave werilSi ciceroni ixseniebs `etruskTa swavlebas~, romelsac ganuyrelad icavda rogorc avlusis mama, ise _ Tavad avlusi:

Tuki zogierTma safuZvelma etruskTa swavlebisa, romelic Sen mamaSenisagan gadmoiRe, ar mogatyues, mec ar mimtyunebs Cemi winaswarWvreta, romelic me ubrZenes kacTa darigebebis gamoisobiT da, rogorc ici, mecnierebiT Cemi xan-grZlivi gatacebis wyalobiT SeviZine (3).

werilis am nawyvetSi ciceroni kvlav ubrundeba mis mier adre wamoWril sakiTxs winaswarmetyvelebisa da mecnierebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebiT filosofiuri nawarmoebebisagan, ciceroni `werilebSi~ ufro Semrigeblur pozicias warmoadgens da WeSmaritebis SecnobaSi orive maTganis `mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas~ ar gamoricxavs.

b) lucius anneus seneka (Zv. w. 4 _ ax. w. 65)

am avtoris Txzulebebs Cven III qveTavSi, dramasTan da-kavSirebiT ganvixilavdiT. amaJamad SevexebiT mis cnobil Txzulebas `zneobrivi werilebi luciliusisadmi~. 232 marTalia, senekas am Txzulebas zogierTi mkvlevari wminda filosofiur nawarmoebad aRiqvams, SesaZleblad miviCnieT igi epistolur JanrSi gangvexila, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom senekas adresati realuri pirovnebaa _ senekas Tanamedrove cnobili poeti da politikuri moRvawe.

nawarmoebis mecxramete da aspirvel werilSi igi sakmaod did monakveTebs uZRvnis gaius cilniuss mecenats, ufro zustad ki, mis mxatvrul Semoqmedebas.

mecenatis Sesaxeb sakmaod dawvrilebiT Cven vergilius-Tan vimsjeleT, sadac mecenatis TxzulebaTa dRemde moRweuli fragmentebic vaxseneT. 232 Seneca, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium.

101-e werilSi seneka ganixilavs mecenatis Txzulebas `Cemi cxovrebis Sesaxeb~. 233 am gzavnilSi seneka luciuss mouwodebs icxovros gaazrebulad, yoveli dRe aRiqvas mTel sicocxled. vinc amgvarad cxovrobs, romaeli stoikosis azriT, man ar icis ra aris SiSi. xolo is, vinc mxolod xvalindeli imediT arsebobs, mas cxovreba xelidan usxlteba da sikvdilis molodini akninebs. swored am ukanasknelis magaliTs, senekas azriT, warmoadgens mecenatis Sexedulebani: Tavis gadasarCenad yvelafers ikadrebs _ megobris Ralats, bavSvebis gaxrwnas, colis da dedis monad gayidvas da sxva.

Maecenas de cultu suo quid turpius "amne silvisque ripa comantibus, vide ut, alveum lintribus arent versoque vado remittant hortos" quid? si quis "feminal cinno crispat et labris columbatur incipitique suspirant ut cervice lassa fanantur nemoris tyranni" -"incemediabilis factio" -rimantur epulis lagonaque temptant domos et spe mortem exigunt" -genium festo vix suo testem -"tenuisve" cerei fila et crepacem molam, focum mater aut uxor investiunt.

sayuradReboa, rom seneka, ganixilavs ra mecenatis leqss, yuradRebas miapyrobs ara mis mxatvrul Rirebulebas, aramed mecenatis msoflmxedvelobas, romelic warmoadgens stoikur SexedulebaTa e. w. `antimagaliTs~.

cxadia, senekasTvis mecenati araa rigiTi lirikosi, romelmac miuRebeli azri gamoTqva. mecenatis gakritikeba sene-kasTvis principuli mniSvnelobisaa _ aseTi cnobili da bevris-Tvis misabaZi adamianis gakilva, garkveulwilad, sazogadoebis Zveli idealebis msxvrevas emsaxureba. amasTan, naTelyofilia stoikuri moZRvrebis mimdevarTa moraluri upiratesoba fufunebaSi Caflul, sicocxles CabRauWebul adamianebTan Se-darebiT.

seneka gancvifrebulia imiTac, Tu rogor exameba mecenatis es simxdale suliskveTebas poetisa, romelic mas pirvels ukiTxavda `eneidas~ am ukvdav sityvebs _ `nuTu amgvarad saSiSia aRsasruli?m ecenatis sxva Txzulebis citirebas seneka mecxramete werilSic axdens:

Volo tibi hoc loci referre dictum Maecenatis: vera in ipso eculeo docuit: "ipsa enim altitudo attonat summa", si quaeris, in quo libro dixerit: in eo, qui Prometheus inscribitur hoc voluit dicere: "attonita habet summa", est ergo tanti ulla potentia, ut sit tibi tam ebrius sermo? Ingeniosus vir ille fuit, magnum exemplum Romanam elquentiam daturus, nisi illum enervasset felicitas, immo castrasset (XIX, [8][9]. rac ufro metia warmateba, metia SiSic, aq minda mecenatis sityvebi moviyvano _ `mwvervalebs Tavad 155-156. arseboba (scriba), romelic muciusma mefis nacvlad gamoasalma sicocxles, aseve zemoTnaxsenebi tragikos volniusis Semoqmedeba da sul axlaxans lionSi aRmoCenili brinjaos firfita, romelic 48 wliTaa daTariRebuli. es epigrafikuli Zegli gadmogvcems imperator klavdiusis mier am qalaqSi war-moTqmuli sityvis Sinaarss. saubrobs ra galTaTvis romis moqalaqeobis miniWebaze, imperatori aRniSnavs, rom es pativi ucxoelebs uZvelesi droidanve eboZebodaT, razec metyveleben tuski avtorebi (auctores Tusci). 236 arqeologiuri nimuSebSic moiZebneba ramdenime sayurad-Rebo magaliTi (qandakebebi gragnilebiT, samarxTa kedlis mxatvrobaSi asaxuli etruskuli miTebi Tu istoriuli siuJetebi).

cxadia, rom mecnierebi aq mxatvruli literaturis kvals eZeben da ara religiur-sakulto teqstebisa, romelTa arsebobas araerTi wyaro adasturebs (Libri Fulgurales, Libri Rituales, Libri Fatales, Libri Acheruntici da sxva _ Cven sxva avtorebTan dakavSirebiT ukve vaxseneT). amitom varonis es mniSvnelovani informacia dResdReobiT mecnierulad arc uaryofili da arc dadasturebuli ar aris. 244 Prayon, Architecture wignSi: Etruscan life and Afterlife, edited by L. Bonfante, Detroit, 1986, 195-197. pliniusis cnobiT, etruriaSi gavrcelebuli iyo e. w. `mcire xe-lovnebani~, mag., oqromWedloba (XXI, 6 (IV/3)), (XXXXIII, II (IV/4)); (XXXVII, 10 (1/4)). amis sailustraciod pliniusi aRniSnavs, rom romael triumfatorebs Tavze exuraT etruskuli oqrosagan damzadebuli gvirgvinebi (XXXIII. 11 (IV (4)).

qalaqis organizeba

divinacia

antikur prozaSi yvelaze meti yuradReba swored am sferos eTmoba.

nawarmoebebSi ganimarteba etruskuli winaswarmetyvelebis sxvadasxva saxeoba, moyvanilia tirenuli misnobis ma-galiTebi romis istoriidan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi dasaxelebulia konkretuli pirovnebani, romlebic am sferoSi avtoritetebad iTvlebodnen.

avtorTa umetesoba am etruskul xelovnebas ndobiT ekideba da movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis ganWvretis WeSmarit saSualebad miiCnevs. sayuradReboa, rom tirsenielTa am moZRvrebas da religiur praqtikas interesiT ganixilaven gvianantikurobaSic.

marTalia, oriode SemTxvevaSi divinaciis mimarT skeptikuri damokidebuleba SeiniSneba (ciceroni, petroniusi), magram es faqti literaturis am JanrSi `aminds ar qmnis~ da ver aryevs etruskuli winaswarmetyvelebis mimarT antikur wya-roebSi tradiciulad Camoyalibebul ndobas.

Signeulze mkiTxaoba

porsenasTan erTad pliniusis `sabunebismetyvelo isto-riaSi~ naxsenebia vinme cecina volateradan, romelic saocari ambis TviTmxilveli gaxda:

Caecinae Volaterrano dracones emicuisse de extis laeto prodigio traditur (XI, 37,7=XI,197). gadmogvcemen, rom cecina volaterelma dainaxa rogor gamofrindnen samsxverplo cxovelTa Signeulidan drakonebi.

etruskTa gamogonebani

pliniusi maT miakuTvnebs togis saxeobas, romelic tanakvilma, tarkvinius priskusis meuRlem gamoigona. 248 mwerlis azriT, tansacmlis es saxeoba _ swori toga _ etruskulia da samefo samoss warmoadgenda (toga regia). romSi aseT togas icvamdnen dasaqorwinebeli qaliSvilebi (nubentes virgines) da axalwveulebi (VIII,194 pirveli epizodi herakles mier gerionis mokvlis Semdeg misi Zroxebis gadarekvas eZRvneba. avtori aRniSnavs, rom li-guriaSi mas Zroxebis warTmeva poseidonosis Svilebma daupires:

ou{" kteivna" dia; TurjrJhniva" h/e[i: !Apo @Rhgivon de; ei|" ajporjrJhvgnusi tau'ro", kai; tacevw" eij" th'n qavlassan ejmpesw;n, kai; dianhxavmeno" eij" Sikelivan (kat v th;n plhsivon cwvran dielqw;n, th;n ajp j ejkeivnou klhqei'san ! Italivan TurjrJhnoi; ga;r !Italo;n to;n tau'ron ejkavlesan) (II, 5, 10, §9).

mokla ra isini, tireniis gavliT gaemarTa. regiumis regionSi erTi xari naxirs CamoSorda, zRvaSi gadaeSva da gascura siciliisken (gadavida axlomdebare miwaze, romelsac misi saxelis mixedviT ewoda italia, radgan tirenelebi xars `italoss~ uwodeben).

am epizodSi sayuradReboa ori momenti:

1. herakles da tireniis kavSiri;

2. etruskuli glosa (`italos~ etruskulad xars niSnavs). pirveli sakiTxi dawvrilebiT ganxiluli gvaqvs gamokvlevaSi, italieli herakle~, 251 romelic Zveli italiis binadar tomebSi herakles popularobis mizezebis dadgenas eZRvneba.

statiaSi aRniSnuli gvaqvs, rom `jer kidev Zveli avtorebi cdilobdnen am faqtisaTvis (igulisxmeba herakles popularoba apeninis naxevarkunZulze) garkveuli miTologiuri axsna moeZebnaT. safiqrebelia, amitomac SeiTxza herakles mogzaurobis ambavi italiaSi, sadac igi gerionis Zroxebis mikenSi gadarekvisas aRmoCnda~. 252 italiaSi yofnis versiis gasamyareblad herakle ecnoba ligurielebs, etruskebs, laTinebis mefe favnuss ( heraklesagan am versiiT, favnusis asuls Ze gasCenia, laTinTa winapari latinusi). 253 2. `italos~-is etimologia, marTalia, daudgenelia, magram tradiciulad efuZneboda sityvis laTinur (vitulus `xbo~) an berZnul (Italov" _ pelasgzTa legendaruli mefe, romelmac daafuZna sikielTa Tu enotrielTa samefo, misi saxeli ewoda 251 logosi, weliwdeuli elinologiasa da laTinistikaSi, 2, programa `logosi~, Tbilisi, 2004, 174-182. italias) warmomavlobas. 254 fsevdo-apolodorosis mier SemoTavazebuli etimologia dResdReobiT araa dadasturebuli. zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom `xari~ etruskulad aris thevru. 255 meore epizodi, sadac tirenia ixsenieba, aris argonavtebis miTis is monakveTi, rodesac berZnebi kirkesTan miemarTebian. fsevdo-apolodorosi aRniSnavs, rom `argomC auara miwebs, romlebzec binadrobdnen libielTa, keltTa tomebi, gadaWra sardiniis zRva, gverdze moitova tirenia da miadga kunZul aias (I, 5,11). apolodosi am epizodSi e. w. hesiodes xazs~ mihyveba da kirkes adgilsamyofels tireniis mezoblad warmoadgens. e) aTenaiosi egviptur qalaq navkratisSi mcxovrebi berZeni gramatikosi avtoria Cvenamde fragmentulad moRweuli Txzulebisà monadime swavlulebi~. 256 platonis `nadimis~ mibaZviT Seqmnili es nawarmoebi aRwers ocdaaTamde sofistis saubars xelovnebis, kulturis, gramatikisa da da literaturis sxvadasxva sakiTxze.

naSromi 15 wignadaa Sedgenili da miuxedavad originalobisa, mis ZiriTad Rirebulebas enciklopediuri xasiaTi ganapirobebs _ aTenaiosis TxzulebaSi mravladaa citirebuli is avtorebi, romelTa qmnilebebi dReisaTvis dakargulia.

am ukanasknelTa ricxvs Teopomposi miekuTvneba, romelic Zv. w. 377-320 wlebSi cxovrobda da istoriul JanrSi moRvaweobda. 257 Teopomposis Txzulebebidan sul ramdenime fragmenti SemogvrCa. aTenaiosi am mwerals swored CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze imowmebs. T e m a t u r i j g u f e b i + + --+ ---+ + --+ + plinusi umcrosi 61-113 werilebi ----+ ---------svetoniusi 70-140 12 keisris cxovreba + + ------+ + ----arianusi 95-175 anabazisi + -------------apuleiusi 124 apologia --------+ -----fsevdo apolodo-rosi II s. biblioTeka --------+ -----+ pavsaniasi II s. eladis aRweriloba + -------+ --+ + -elianusi 200 w. cxovelTa bunebis Sesaxeb -----+ -----+ ---aTenaiosi III s. monadime -+ ---+ ---+ + + ---swavlulebi amianus marcelinusi IV s. istoria

amgvarad, prozaSi warmodgenili masala etruskebis Sesaxeb gamoirCeva Tematuri mravalferovnebiT da cnobaTa sim-ravliT.

rogorc es tabulidan Cans, yvelaze meti informacia gvaqvs divinaciaze (herodotosi, platoni, dionise halikarnaseli, ciceroni, diodoros sicilieli, straboni).

prozaSi, gansxvavebiT sxva Janrebisgan, ara mxolod naxsenebia, aramed dawvrilebiT ganmartebulia gamogonebaTa arsi da romaul sinamdvileSi maTi damkvidrebis istoria. antikur wyaroebis cnobiT, tirsenielebma gamoigones: kamaTlebi, burTiT TamaSobebi (herodotosi); sayviri (pavsaniasi); magistris Tanamdebobebi da niSnebi (salustiusi); toga, bula (plutarqosi), samefo taxti, toga, wriuli portikebi (diodoros sicilieli), saxlis da taZris gansakuTrebuli tipi (vitruviusi), scenuri TamaSobebi (liviusi, plutarqosi), gladiatorTa brZolebi (aTenaiosi) da mr. sxva. rogorc vxedavT, TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, antikuri wyaroebis cnobiT, etruskebma TavianTi wvlili Seitanes. amas, cxadia, erTvoda etruskuli winaswarmetyvelebis da ritualebis romSi damkvidreba, razec zemoT ukve vimsjeleT.

istoriuli da miTologiuri personaJebi

prozaSi SeiniSneba am Tematur jgufis gansakuTrebuli mravalferovneba.

prozis yvela mimarTulebis nawarmoebebSi warmodgenilia rogorc miTologiuri, ase istoriuli da Tanamedrove epoqis per-sonaJebi.

sayuradReboa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi garkveul siZneles ukavSirdeba realur da miTologiur siuJetebs Soris zRvris gavleba. ase, magaliTad, Zneli saTqmelia, mezenciusi, lukumoni, celius vibena, arimnesto _ SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT miTologiur Tu istoriul sferoebs.

Tumca, tagesis SemTxvevaSi eWvgareSea, rom saqme gvaqvs namdvilad miTologiur gmirTan, romlis mimarT interesi araerT avtorTan dasturdeba (liviusi, plutarqosi, svetoniusi, amianus marcelinusi, ciceroni, varo, marcianus kapela). romis analitikuri istoriis kuTvnilebad gvevlinebian Semdegi etruski personaJebi: tarkvinius priskusi, tanakvili, tulia, tarkviniusebis ojaxi (tarkvinius amayi, seqstus tarkviniusi, aruns tarkviniusi), tarkvinius kolatinusi, porsena.

antikur wyaroebSi xSirad ixseniebian: cecinebi, tarkvinius krescenti, tarkvinius priskusi (senatori), mecenati, markus silvius oTo; cnobili winaswarmetyveli spurina, filosofosebi: lukiusi, veliusi, musoniusi, avlus cecina, vinme volniusi, etruskuli tragediebis mTxzveli da sxva.

am mravalricxovan galereaSi xSiria personaJTa da maT daxasiaTebaTa nawarmoebidan nawarmoebSi ganmeoreba.

niSandoblivia, rom etrusk personaJTa mimarT antikur, gansakuTrebiT ki, romaul literaturaSi yalibdeba e. w. stereotipi, romelic maT warmoaCens fufunebis moyvarul, uaRresad pativmoyvare, divinaciis xelovnebaSi ganswavlul da amavdroulad, novator da saqmisadmi pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT ganmsWvalul xalxad, romelmac dakarga ra Zveli samxedro dideba, samSoblo, mainc icavs uZveles tradiciebs, Tumca sakuTar niWs ukve sxva qveynis sarbielze warmoaCens. mniSvnelovania, rom am Tvisebebidan yvelas Tu ara, umetes nawils mainc, Cven TiToeul etrusk personaJSi vam-CnevT, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT erTmaneTisgan ramdenime saukunec ki aSorebT. (Sdr.: tarkvinius priskusi _ mecenati, mezenciusi _ tarkvinius amayi, oTo da mr. sxva).

sagulisxmoa, rom antikurma prozam, sxva Janrebis msgavsad, ramdenime personaJi `metaforebad~ gadaaqcia. am mxatvrul interpretacias daeqvemdebaren: mezenciusi (apuleiusi), mecenati (seneka), seqtus tarkviniusi (petroniusi).

sabrZolo dideba

gansxvavebiT eposisa da lirikisagan, etruskTa sabrZolo dideba, gasagebi mizeziT, warsulSi inacvlebs.

zogierTi avtori cdilobs imaSic gaerkvas, rom gamoiwvia am xalxis samxedro Zlierebis daqveiTeba (diodoros sicilieli).

etruskTa winaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebi ar aviwyde-baT arc gvianantikurobis epoqaSi (amianus marcelinusi, oroziusi, prokopi kesarieli).

sayuradReboa, rom warsulis es gamocdileba `gansxeul-da~ konkretul personaJebSic. TiTqmis yvela etruski gamoir-Ceva samxedro saqmis kargi codniT da pirovnuli mamacobiT (alienus cecina, avlus cecina severusi, tarkvinius krescenti, markus salvius oTo, lucius salvius oTo).

sisastike

Tema, romelic Zalze aqtualuri iyo sxva JanrebSi, prozaSi gakvriTaa naxsenebi mxolod 3 avtorTan (herodotosi, liviusi, oroziusi) da isic, erTi konkretuli SemTxvevis (mezenciusis mier fokeelTa Caqolvis) ganzogadebis wyalobiT.

14. qalebi es sakiTxi, romelic oriode sityviT plavtusTan gvxvdeba, ufro vrclad aTenaiosTan aris warmodgenili, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Teopomposs, skandaluri siuJetebis tiraJirebiT gatacebul berZens imowmebs. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, aTenai-osTan gamoyenebuli informacia Rirebulad ar miiCneva.

I Tavis daskvna

amrigad, I TavSi Janrobrivad ganxiluli masala etruskTa Sesaxeb Semdegi Semajamebeli daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs:

1. etruskebze arsebuli informacia warmodgenilia antikuri literaturis yvela JanrSi; 2. cnobebi etruskebze gamoirCeva Tematuri mravalferov-nebiT da exeba maTi kulturis yvela sferos (yoveldRiuri cxovreba, religia, miTologia, istoria, gamoCenili pirovnebebi); 3. miuxedavad, zogadad arsebuli tendenciisa, romelic ik-veTeba etruskuli civilizaciis sxvadasxva sferoTa mimarT gamovlenil TavisTavad interesSi, garkveuli gansxvaveba Temebis SerCevis TvalsazrisiT Janrebs Soris mainc arsebobs da Zi-riTadad emTxveva Janris maxasiaTeblebs, kerZod: a) epikuri suliskveTebidan gamomdinare, romelic perso-naJebs yvelaze xSirad sabrZolo dapirispirebis monawileebad warmoadgens, eposSi yvelaze popularul Temad gvevlineba etruskTa sabrZolo Tvisebebi (hesiode, apolonios rodoseli, vergiliusi). fantastikuri elementi, romelic eposisaTvis agreTve niSandoblivi momentia, warmosaxulia etruskuli divinaciis saSualebiT (lukreciusi, vergiliusi, ovidiusi, lukanusi); aqve Cans etruskTa yoveldRiurobis amsaxveli realiebi (vergiliusi). b) lirikis specifikidan gamomdinare, am Janris ZiriTadi yu-radReba mimarTulia pirovnebebisa da yoveldRiurobisaken.

sarbielze Cndebian~ Tanamedrove etruskebi (katulusi, horaciusi, properciusi, marcialisi, staciusi, iuvenalisi), maTi yofa-cxovrebis amsaxveli detalebi (horaciusi, persiusi, marcialisi, staciusi), fufunebisken gansakuTrebuli ltolva (horaciusi, marcialisi, staciusi). aqve warmodgenilia etruskTa saxelovani warsulis naSTebi da tirenTa sabrZolo Tvisebebi (pindarosi, horaciusi, properciusi), istoriul-miTologiuri personaJebi (horaciusi, tibulusi) da divinacia (lukreciusi, vergiliusi, ovidiusi, lukanusi); g) tragediis `Tematuri interesi~ etruskTa mimarT, gamomdinare Janris specifikidan, ZiriTadad vlindeba divinaciaSi (sofokle, pakuviusi, akciusi, seneka, plavtusi) da istoriul-mi-Tologiur personaJebSi (akciusi, seneka, `oqtavia~). es, bunebrivia, eTanxmeba Janris e. w. `koncefcias~, _ movlenaTa fataluri gardauvalobis demonstrirebas istoriul-mi-Tologiuri magaliTebis moxmobiT. swored etruskuli divinacia, romelic TxzulebaTa umeteso-baSi win uswrebs kvanZis gaxsnas, iZens mxatvruli xerxis funqcias, romlis saSualebiT xdeba momavlis e. w. `anonsire-ba~ (Tumca, ara imisaTvis, rom moxdes misi Secvla) sakulto simboloebiT (evripide, pakuviusi, akciusi, seneka).

tragediaSi warmodgenili tirseniuli sayviri bunebrivad `jde-ba~ tragediis konteqstSi, radgan simbolurad RvTaebriv Za-lebTan (ZiriTad SemTxvevaSi, aTenasTan) kavSirs gamoxatavs.

masalis simciris gamo komediis Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTeba Znelia, Tumca plavtusTan dadasturebuli ori epizodi, romelic gaSarJebul divinacias da etrusk qalTa prostitucias Seexeba, mTlianad Seesabameba komediis suliskveTebas; d) proza, romelic ramdenime jgufad warmovadgineT, ag-reTve icavs garkveul Tematur kanonzomierebas.

filosofiur-ritorikuli proza yuradRebas apyrobs divinacias (filosofiasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT) da pirovnebebs (mWevrmetyveleba). mxatvruli proza _ divinacias da miTologias (Temebi, perso-naJebi). epistolografia _ Tanamedrove etruskebs (maT Soris arian adresatebic) da divinacias (pirovnebebi) da a. S. 4. cnobaTa mxatvruli interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT, antikur li-teraturaSi gamovlenilia Semdegi tendenciebi:

1. informaciis ganmeoreba; 2. informaciis transformacia; 3. informaciis `kliSizacia~; 4. informaciis metaforizacia. informaciis ganmeoreba (ara mxolod Janris SigniT, aramed erTi Janridan meoreSi), damaxasiaTebelia yvela Janri-saTvis.

Janridan JanrSi informaciis ganmeorebas rogorc wesi Tan axlavs cnobaTa `morgeba~ Janris CarCoebisaTvis, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi iwvevs informaciis transformacias. (mag., `tirsenieli mekobreebi~-s Temis lirikidan (`homerosis himnebi~, ovidiusi) eposSi (nonosi) `gadmotana~).

informaciis `kliSizacia~ damaxasiaTebelia yvela JanrisaTvis, Tumca kliSes Camoyalibeba xdeba im JanrSi, romelic am sakiTxiT dainteresebulia Janrobrivi Tematikidan gamomdinare.

informaciis metaforizaciis aucilebeli winapiroba aris informaciis ganmeorebis da kliSizaciis arseboba (rogorc Janris SigniT, ise sxva JanrebSi).

Janrobrivi Seswavlis Semdeg gadavdivarT sakiTxis qronologiur analizze, romelsac Tavdapirvelad Tematuri qvejgufebis diaqronuli ganxilvis saxiT warmovadgenT, xolo Semdeg vimsjelebT Tavad qronologiuri periodebis zogad tendenciebze.

I qveTavi. Tematuri jgufebis qronologiuri analizi

Tematuri jgufebi etruskebze antikur wyaroebSi daculi informaciis Janrobrivi Seswavlis Sedegad iqna gamovlenili. etruskologiuri problematikis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, mizanSewonilia zogierTi jgufis erTmaneTTan pirobiTi gaerTianeba maTSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis urTierTdakav-Sirebis gamo. sabolood, I TavSi mocemul cnobebs Semdeg 12 Tematur jgufad warmovadginT:

1. `etruskTa sabrZolo Tvisebebi~ (B); 2. `winaswarmetyvelebis xelovneba da ritualebi~ (D); 3. `etruskTa sisastike (C); 4. `(tirsenieli) mekobreebi (P(t))~; 5. yoveldRiuri cxovreba (V) da `gamogonebebi~ (N); 6. `warsulis nangrevebi~ (R); 7. `RmerTebi~ (Dei) da `miTologiuri personaJebi~ (P); 8. `fufunebis siyvaruli~ (L); 9. `qalTa mdgomareoba ` (F); 10. `warmomavloba~ (G); 11. `ena, damwerloba, glosebi~ (A) (Gl); 12. `istoriuli da Tanamedrove personaJebi~ (P). sayuradReboa Tematuri jgufebis qronologiuri ganxilvisas pirvel rigSi sakiTxis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis gacnoba, riTac naTeli xdeba, ramdenad gadamwyvetia dRevandel etruskologiaSi ama Tu im wyaros monacemebi. amasTan, mniSvnelovania konkretuli informaciis sxvadasxva qronologiur periodSi `damuSavebis~ tendenciebic.

daskvniT nawilSi gamovavlenT da gavaanalizebT yovel qronologiur epoqaSi etruskebze daculi cnobebis Janrobriv da Tematur Tviseburebebs. e. w. III periodi berZnul da romaul literaturaSi Seesabameba gvianantikurobis epoqas.

am periodis mweralTa Soris Cven ganvixileT: aTenaiosi, amianus marcelinusi, avsoniusi, paulinusi noladan, klavdianusi, rutilius namacianusi, oroziusi, nonosi, hesixiosi, marcianus ka pela, prokopi kesarieli, maqsimianus etruski. maSin, rodesac gvianantikurobis periodi Zveli berZnuli da romauli kulturebis ganviTarebis erT-erT safexurs warmoadgens, etruskuli civilizaciisTvis igi aris e. w. sikvdilis `Semdgo-mi~ xana.

erT dros Zlieri da apeninis naxevarkunZulis makontrolebeli Zala _ etruria ukve aRar arsebobs.

Sorsaa is periodi, rodesac etruskebi romaelebsa da ber-Znebs konkurentad esaxebodaT, saSiS dabrkolebad eRobe-bodaT zRvaze sruli batonobis xelSi Casagdebad, cxovrebis wesis uCveulo fufunebiTa da daxvewilobiT igi Surs aRar iwvevs maTSi. am grZnobaTa adgils arc gamarjvebulis qed-maRloba da TviTdajerebuloba ikavebs. es gasagebia _ etruria ukve ramdenime saukunea, rac aRar arsebobs. grZnobebis adgils nel-nela ikavebs mecnieruli Wvreta, novatoruli gadaazreba ukve tradiciuli Sexedulebebisa da cnobebisa.

amgvarad, gvianantikuroba gvevlineba am odesRac mZlavri gaerTianebas, rogorc iyo etruria, `nangrevebisaT-vis~ pirvel Semfaseblad, gamaanalizeblad da Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, ganaCenis gamomtanad.

Tavidanve unda iTqvas, rom epoqaSi etruskTa Sesaxeb informacia ZiriTadad romaul literaturaSia warmodgenili. gamonakliss warmoadgens aTenaiosi, prokopi kesarieli, nonosi, hesixiosi.

am periodis literaturaSi, Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT, dominirebs lirika da proza. erTaderTi eposi, romelic tirenelebs axsenebs, aris nonosis `dionisiaka~. sayuradReboa, rom am periodis proza, gamomdinare periodis specifikidan, ZiriTadad aris enciklopediuri da sacnobaro xasiaTis.

Tavad istoriul prozaSi daculi informacia mciredi gansxva-vebiT imeorebs III periodSi gadmocemul ambebs.

Resume

In the work there is researched an information kept in Antique Literature regarding the Etruscan culture. Data existed in ancient Greek and Roman Literature are one of the most important sources. In spite of it, that Antique Literature was researched from this point of view by the scientists famous all over the world: historians, archaeologists, philologists, there are a lot of unsolved problems, which are actual in the matter of researching Etruscology, as well as Antique Culture.

In modern science, there is not so far explained a contradictory character of some information kept in sources there, what complicates the using of data as the certain proofs. Thus, unlike the majority of researches existed in Etruscology to present, where there is discussed an information presented to any one author, It is important to present the tendencies of repeating and transformation of data in the whole Antique Literature.

Having taken into the consideration the fact, that were discussing the literature sources, it is necessary to base not only chronological succession, but genre characteristics as well. In the material in synchrony and diachronic section there were revealed a lot of unexpected novelty from the point of view of verification of information, as well as setting the reasons of motivation of artistic generalization.

The research presented in work describes a diachronic process -how there happened an artistic transformation of concrete facts and in some casemetaphorization.

Such analyze makes the possibility to review not only Etruscological problematic, but the general tendencies of literary processing of information saved in antique sources in a new manner.

The goal of the work is a maximum comprehensive analyze of information kept in Antique Literature about Etruscans from one party, which is an important base in the matter of Etruscological research and from the other party, the studying of the question has a meaning for establishing the general regularities of changing the factual data for the objects of artistic generalization in the entrails of Antique Literature.

Information saved in Antique Literature about the Etruscans is not studied jet from monographic point of view. Meanwhile, method of research applied in the work and which is based on genre and chronological analyze of information, is not used in Etruscology so far.

Majority of Etruscologists analyzed the literary sources according to the certain authors, perceived the data gathered there as a means for picking the factual information out. In the works of such kind, there is contemplated neither the principal of artistic generalization characterized for literary works, neither the tendencies of repeating and transformation of this data from work to work, what is a new way for the interpretation of this or that information.

Novelty is a genre, chronological and thematical analyze of information kept about the Etruscans in Antique Literature. As an innovation worthwhile to be paid an attention can also considered the establishing of pre-conditions of revealing and rising of so called "clichйs" and metaphors.

The practical meaning of work is targeted to the sphere of Etruscology, referring to it, that there are discussed the questions of interpretation in antique sources of Etruscan culture, as well as general problematic of theory of literature.

There are described three trends of research in the work there: genre analyze of information, chronological discussion of data and Etruscans kind -changing of symbols for artistic metaphor. Referring to it, there is the necessity for using the different methods. The most significant from them are the methods of comparative and structural analyze.

The volume and structure of the work. Work consists of foreword, three chapters (chapters are divided into sub-chapters) and a conclusion. The work is enclosed by bibliography.

Foreword.

In the foreword of the book, there is a discussion regarding the goal of work and its actuality in Etruscology and Classical Philology. There is also discussed the method applied while the above mentioned research.

In spite of it, that Etruscology in the branch of Classical Philology is already a long time is discussed as several autonomous disciplines, Etrusculogical researches in modern science is in fact unimaginable without taking a role of antique civilization into the consideration.

This, first of all is provided by the fact, that as the main sources for studying the Etruscans culture, together with archeological materials are just the antique written monuments.

The goal of research of the work is an analyze of describing the Etruscan culture in Antique Literature.

The word "Etruscans" following the majority of modern Etruscologists is used in the work in the meaning of term, through the which, It designates not only the people, as an ethno, but the culture in its many sided revealing.

In the word it is indicated, that unlike the researches made by Etruscologists, the work is based on systematical analyze of factual data of sources and studying the tendencies of artistic interpretation of data.

Researching of the question from this point of view is significant for three main goals:

1. Complex researching of the problems of Etruscan culture. 2. Offering the interpretation of data in a new manner taking a high artistic value of information into the consideration. 3. Methodical studying of transformation of information by the influence of genre and chronological tendencies in Antique Literature itself. Discussing of the question from this point of view is not so far in the limit of the sphere of interest of Etruscologists.

To my mind, one more factor is an interesting component for research.

If the chronology of material monuments itself coincides with the period of existing the Etruscans, there are plenty of data about the Etruscans in artistic literature, even after them, as the people's disappearing from an area of History.

Thus, for the purpose of perfect presenting the question, we considered it significant not to be limited by the certain chronological frames and completely study the Antique Literature -from the period of classic through the late antiquity (total more than 60 authors from ancient Greek, as well as Roman Literature).

In the foreword there is presented a list of discussed authors and works there. I refused for using the artistic translations and use my own interlinear translations in the work.

In the foreword there are formed the principles, which I use for analyzing the above mentioned material. There is a discussion regarding the necessity of genre and chronological discussion of the information saved in Antique Literature regarding the Etruscans.

Chapter I Genre analyze

The chapter is divided into 4 sub-chapters: a) Epos; b) Lyrics; c) Drama; d) Prose.

There is presented the information saved in Antique Literature about the Etruscans from the point of view of genre in it. There are discussed each authors, each works, there is taken a meaning of contextually of information into the consideration. Each data is enclosed by a proper comment, which is based on modern situation of the research of question, my own analyze of information and a literary interpretation of passage.

I sub-Chapter Epos

In this sub-chapter, there are presented the following 7 authors: Hesiod, Apollonius Rhodius, Lucretius, Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, Nonnos.

In the sub-chapter there are discussed the following works: "Theogonia", "Argonautica", "On the Nature of Things", "Georgics", "Aeneid", "Fasti", "Metamorphoses", "Pharsalia", "Dionysiaca".

As a result of detailed studying of material, it is presented the information existed in epos about the Etruscans into the following thematic groups: (Virgil). In sub-section each of these groups are discussed in chronological section.

1.

Martial characteristics Being interested in fighting experience of Etruscans in Epos is connected with VIII-VII centuries B.C. (Hesiod). So called "Standard" formed with Hesiod was not left beyond the attention neither Greek nor Roman authors. The Etruscans special fighting characteristic features are mentioned by Apollonius Rhodius (II century B.C.), Virgil ( I centiry B.C) and Ovid (I century B.C).

It's worthwhile to be paid an attention, that not only positive, but negative characters are presented by the above mentioned characteristic features (Tarchon, Arruns, Tarquinius Superbus, Mezentius, Porsena).

Repeating of information makes so called "clichйs" about the martial characteristic features about the Etruscans false.

2.

Art of prediction After the fighting thematic, most of all, referring the volume of information, attention in epos is paid to the art of Etruscan divination.

In antique epos there are presented almost every trends of this art (fortune-telling on thunders (Lucrecius, Virgil, Lucan), Haruspition (Virgil, Ovid, Lucan), prediction according to stars (Virgil), science for the treatment of birds ( Virgil, Lucan).

In antique epos, there are given the artistic faces of the experts of divination as well, authority of which is stable (Azyl, (Virgil), Tages, Cipus (Ovid), Arruns (Lucan).

It can be said clearly, that Etruscan prediction in ancient Greek and Roman epos depicts a true knowledge of the events. Including the elements of divination in the plot of work, psychologically gets the reader ready for fatal development of the action, making so called "announcing" of future by sacral symbols. As a result of understanding reasons, philosophical poem "On the Nature of Things" by Lucretius looks like isolated, which is special with its skeptical attitude to Etruscan divination.

Meanwhile, opposition of sides significant for epos is maintained here toofrom one part there is presented a scientific discussion of the subjects and opposite to it -art of Etruscans prediction Different point of view given at Lucretius about the prediction of Etruscans doesn't interfere the formation of homogenious relation to the divination in antique epos, which to my mind, like the information presented in the first group, can be conditionally called "clichй"

Cruelty

Data regarding the essential brutality of Etruscans in antique epos are episodic. From one sight, this information is based on concrete historical facts (episode of stoning of Foceans by Etruscans, piracy of Etruscans ...) Though, as it became clear from the work, such estimation of Etruscans is provided not only by historical facts, but the concrete artistic configuration of certain works (Virgil, Ovid, Nonnos).

Here, first of all, is meant the preparation of "Epic opposition" by means of opposing of kind and evil), (Aeneas -Mezentius, Lucretia-Tarquinius Junior, Dionysus -Tyrrhenian pirates).

Tyrrehenian pirates

Comparative characterization of "Tyrrehnoi" presented at Ovid and Nonnos makes it clear, that the authors of these mythological characters win for rising their artistic conception. At Ovid, Tyrrhenians personified "godless crowd" (opposition: god -godless crowd) and at Nonnos -brutality and cruelty (opposition -kindness -cruelty, justice -injustice).

Rights the above mentioned conception causes the transformation of information regarding the pirates at Nonnos.

Modern Etruscan

Referring the specific of genre there is noticed to be the lackage of modern characters in epos.

It is conformed by two exceptions, which are made at Virgil (thick Etruscan participating the feast and Maecanas).

Both of them are presented only in one phrase. Thick Etruscan presented in "Georgics" is an example of repeating the literary clichй of already fecundated lyrics (comp. Catullus).

Every day life

Elements of every day life, as we've already mentioned are shown at Virgil. Musical instruments (fife, hooter) are presented in the other genre of Antique Literature as well and hooter, as it is discussed in connection with tragedy -already formed clichй and is perceived as a symbol of strong, divine, symbol of thunder like voice .

Thus, from the point of view of artistic interpretation of information about the Etruscans, epos is not beyond the limits characteristic for genre.

-They are the following: data inspired with heroic-battle aspiration (group 1,3) mixed with the certain fantastic (group 4) and reality (group 5,6,).

"Inside" the genre, there are fixed the case of repeating (group 1,2,3) and transformation (4). In Epos, there are the repeating of already existed clichйs (Group 5,6).

The essential attention is paid to one significant tendency. Repeating of information at several authors, supports the transformation of data and characters into certain clichйs, which are conferred a defined meaning.

It, from its party, in most cases may provide their so called "metaphorization", in each genre, as well as in separate period and in the whole literature.

For example, in Antique Literature, from artistic characters there are mentioned Tarquin dynasty (Virgil, Ovid) in antique epos most of all. These data are Plot of the work follows with the further development of events announced by sorcery.

Another attitude is seen in "Chryses" by Pacuvius, where divination, by means of birds, as well as liver is considered to be less believable. Through, the plot of work (and myth) completely abolished this skeptic point of view. In "Brutus" by Accius, dream of Tarquinius Superbus is a clear example of contemplation of the events in advance. In "Oedipus" by Seneca, future announced by hepatoscopy symbolically retells about tragic fortune of Oedipus. By means of detailed description of the situation of intestines of the animal to be sacrificed, Seneca makes the breaking of divine order clear, which further is provided on the fortune of chief character.

Thus, in all the above mentioned case, divination (Etruscan Haruspition) is announcing of events by means of Etruscan symbols, through the which it turns out to be an artistic means and repeatable literary face in antique drama.

In such case, this group presented in previous sub-chapters is presented only in one sphere -by music and one concrete instrument. This is a Tyrrhenian hooter. Soundness of this musical instrument in Greek tragedy is repeated in face of artistic formula several time. Tyrrhenian hooter has a strong, terrible voice. At Aeschylus, this voice is sounded by will and order of Athene. At Sophocles ,sound of fighting hooter reminds Odysseus, the voice of Athene. At Euripides, this formula is repeated, but without a connection with Athene.

It's significant, that in Roman literature, Tyrrhenian hooter will appear in epos, namely in "Aeneid" by Virgil, though at Virgil, this Etruscan musical instrument is connected not with Athene but Venus.

Only 3 authors are interested in this theme (Diodorus Siculus, Aelianus and Athenaeus).

Diodorus Siculus pays an attention to Etruscan feasts, Aelianus -Special way of hunting and Athenaeus -rule of sexually immoral life of Etruscans.

Tyrrhenian pirates

Tyrrhenian pirates in tragedy are met only in "Oedipus" by Seneca. In tragedy, Tyrrhenian pirates lack "artistic selfness" and are called only for illustration of terrible punishment of guilties by the Gods.

Though, meanwhile, passage is in certain connection with previous, divination episode, as well as symbolic language of the whole work, which acknowledges Oedipus' unwilling crime as an offence.

Historical characters

In antique tragedy from historical characters, there are mentioned Tarquinius (Tarquinius Superbus and Sextus Tarquinius) and Servius Tullius' daughter Tullia.

All these famous persons are acting the cruelty in antique tragedy and simultaneously, they are the artistic object for overcoming the cruelty.

Women

In one passage of comedy by Plautus, there are data regarding the existing of " Tuscan rule", which makes a custom of Women's prostitution clear, in modern

Divination

The most attention in antique prose is paid to the above mentioned sphere. In the work, there are explained the various sorts of Etruscan prediction, there are given the examples of Tyrrhenian fortune-telling from the history of Rome, in several cases, there are named the concrete persons, who were considered to be authoritative in this sphere.

Majority of authors trust this Etruscan art and considers it to be a real mean for predicting the further development of events. It's worthwhile to be paid an attention, that this preach of Tyrrhenians and religious practice is as well discussed in late antique period with interest.

It's true, that in only two cases, there is noticed to be a skeptical attitude to divination (Cicero, Petronius), but this fact in this genre of literature "doesn't make a climate" and is unable to shake a faith traditionally formed in antique sources to prediction of the Etruscans.

Historical and mythological characters

In prose, there is noticed to be an essential variety of this thematic group. In the works of all trends of prose, there are presented mythological, as well as historical and modern epoch characters.

It's worthwhile to be paid an attention, that in frequent case, making a limit between the real and mythological characters is connected with certain difficulty. So, it's difficult to say, whether Mezentius, Lucumon, Celius Vibena, Arimnesto -can be belonged to mythological or historical spheres.

Etruscans inventions

In prose, unlike the other genres, there is not only mentioned, but the essence of fictions and the history of inculcation is Roman reality is explained in detailed. On the basis of data of antique sources, Tyrrhenians invented the following: Dices, games by ball (Herodotus), hooter (Pausanias), master's positions and marks (Sallust), toga, bulla (Plutarch), throne, toga, circular portics (Diodorus Siculus), special type of house and temple (Vitruvius), stage games (Livy, Plutarch), gladiators fights (Athenaeus) and many others.

As it makes clear, on the basis of antique data, the Etruscans contributed in almost every fields.

All the above mentioned was certainly enclosed by Etruscans fortune-telling and inculcation in Rome, what was already discussed above.

Fighting fame

Origination of Etruscans

This thematical group is special with an enough numerous data. Together with numerousity, there co-exist the points of view contradict to one another.

1. At Herodotus, we are first time met by version regarding the Lydian origination of Etruscans (this opinion is agreed by: Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, Livy, Velleius Paterculus, Tacitus, Cicero and the others).

2. Dionysus of Halicarnassus presents the Etruscans as autochons.

3. Hellanic Lesbosian (his compositions are kept only fragmentically, in the works of the other authors) -supports the origination of Etruscans from Pelasgians(Plutarch, Athenaeus).

It's natural that the interest in antiquity to this theme was provided by an original character of the culture of Etruscans.

Affectionate of luxury

This theme is presented in the other genres as well, though the prose makes it clear, not only on the example of separate characters (Tarquinius Superbus, Maecenas, Caecina and the others) but tries to learn the reasons of this character of Etruscans (Diodorus Siculus, Athenaeus).

Reminders of past fame

For the time of developing the prose, Etruria is losing its military -political strengthness step by step and is on the way of decay.

It's completely natural, that the lackage of data is not noticed to be in antique prose and symbolically embodies the reflection of past fame. Simultaneously, in some cases there is noticed to be an arrogance and a sense of self satisfaction (Livy, Velleius Paterculus).

Modern Etruscans

It's worthwhile to be paid an attention, that if in previous chapters, from this point of view Maecenas looked separately, in antique prose, essentially in Roman one, there are presented the faces of writers modern so called "alive" Etruscans.

They are as follows: Haruspics (Spurina, Aulus Licinus Caecina) philosophers (Vellius, Lucius, Musonius), military leaders and social workers (Alienus Caecina, Gaius Maecenas,Caecina Tuscus). In the list there is mentioned one Emperor as well (Marcus Salvius Otho).

It's worthwhile to be paid an attention, that Procopius from Caesarea mentions one Etruscan, which is a resident of ruined Etruria dated VI. A.D. and like his ancestors is mastered in prediction.

Gods

We are met with the Gods only at 5 authors. ( Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Varro, Strabo, Livy, Martianus Capella).

It's true that at this last one, there is depicted a picture of celectrial templum (which on the basis for research made by scientists, is based on Etruscan cosmogony), but the idols have Roman names and being Etruscan of this or that worship is not mentioned in my places.

Etruscan language, alphabet

This theme is met at Varro, Diodoros Siculus, Livy and Tacitus. Unlike the various versions of origination of Etruscans, in antique sources it is unanimously considered, that Etruscans alphabet is of Greek origination. The glossas are significant as well, which have a great importance in modern Etruscology (Hesichios, Phseudo Apollodorus , Livy and the others).

Piracy

Unlike the other genres, in prose, it may be said, that the theme of Dionysus and Tyrrhenian pirates is not actual. Instead of it, more attention is paid to the data regarding the piracy of Etruscans, which is discussed at Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. reckons with hypothesis expressed in antique sources. Interest to the origination of Etruscans is maintained in III and IV periods. Information is characterized by repetition of opinions expressed in II period.

14) Language, alphabet -In spite of it, that in Antique Literature, question of origins of Etruscans enjoys with popularity, problem of origins of Etruscans language is discussed nowhere. Data regarding the alphabet are appeared since II period and don't lose the actuality even in III period. Data of IV period in connection with this question are not kept, if we don't consider at about 15 Etruscan Glossa e, which are in the dictionary by Hesichios. Information is mainly homogeneous and bears a character of repetition.

15) Glossall -If in II and III period, there were revealed only two cases of Glossall, being more interested in from this point of view is presented in the IV period. Majority of these Glossall is informed by sources of searching of modern Etruscology.

II Sub-chapter. Analyze of chronological periods

Thus, on the basis of studying the thematical groups, there were revealed the following chronological tendencies: I Period of Archaic (VII-VI centuries B.C) This period presents an epoch of getting of Antique Literature acquaintance with Etruscans civilization.

From the compositions of this period, information about the Etruscans is met at four authors. They are as follows: Hesiod, Homeric Hymns, Pinder and Solon (It's true, that in connection with this last one it can be said, that its certified origination is one of elegy is not established, but to my mind, there can be found enough arguments for supposing of it).

If "famous Tyrrhenians" mentioned by Hesiod, as it is seen, haven't so far opposed the aspiration of Greeks for supremacy on the sea, this collision is already happened at Pindar ("Fighting whooping of Tyrrsenoi"). The Etruscans were on the top of fame this time. Besides the Italican tribals, their being strong are acknowledged by Phoenicians as well. Etruscans begin an expansion of Latium as well. In the same period, by Tyrrhens residing in twelve city-states of Eturia found the colonies and settlements in the whole Italy and Europe as well.

It's natural, that majority of data of this period show the military strength and danger of Etruscans. Meanwhile, there happens a mythological localization of Tyrrhenians (Hesiod) and literary report in mythological plot ("Homeric Hymns"). Information confirmed at Solon makes a gradual diffusion of Etruscan points of view of that time in the Mediterranean of that time.

It's natural, that the "first impression", which became a certain "clichй" as a result of repeating, had an enough influence on the imaginations of writers of the following period about the Etruscans. Literature of this period is various from the point of view of genre (18 authors Referring the inheritance of I period, data regarding the "Fighting Etruscans" first of all address the military sphere. There appears a repeating face in dramafighting hooter of Etruscans, which is transformed into metaphor in Greek drama. Connecting of Tyrrenian hooter with Athene (Myth about the coming of Hegeles in Temenos) didn't turn out to be occasional.

Right in this period, there are formed the theories regarding the origins of Etruscans and it happens in the entrails of Greek literature (Herodotus, Dionysus of Halicarnassus). Etruria is firmly "set" on the map of world of that time. There is formed a mythological localization (Hesiod) (Apollonius Rhodius), it is enclosed by geographical concretization (Herodotus, Thucydides, Diodorus Siculus).

In this period, there are created the scandal histories about Etruscans, what was dictated by the concrete political aims (Theopompos and the others).

On the "prepared" ground, Roman literature is involved in the matter. It's true, that Romans compare to Greeks knew their neighbours more better, but the clichйs of Greek literature are involved in Latin compositions without any changing.

The first works of Roman literature, where there is confirmed an information about the Etruscans, belong to dramatic genre (Plautus, Pacuvius, Accius). At three authors, referring the specification of genre, attention is paid to divination and mythological characters. Plautus repeats one data about women kept in propagandistic compositions of Greek literature.

At the end of period, Roman prose partly manages "rehabilitation". Cicero greatly contributed in this matter, which pays an essential attention to divination of Etruscans and historical-mythological characters. Right at Cicero are first shown so called "alive" Etruscans, majority of which are seen in correspondence of this wonderful orator.

One of lyrician of this period, Catullus retells a portrait of Etruscans in one word, which becomes a repeating face in antique lyrics of III period.

Just in II period, there is depicted a literary tradition about the piracy of Etruscans (Diodorus Siculus, Sallust), which replaces a mythological changes a popularity of Tyrrhenian pirates .

For this period, 3 cases of repetition (Tyrrhenian hooter, divination, involutions) and cliutchezing are significant).

There are confirmed 2 metaphors -(Tyrrhenian hooter, "Tyrrhenian songs").

III period (30s of I century B.C., III century A.D.) This period, which in Greek literature corresponds with the period of Roman supremacy and in Roman -period of classics, which from its party, includes the literature of the age of Augustus and Caesars, present the greatest amount of information about Etruscans (26 authors, 35 works) (It's significant, that this epoch in Etruscan history is known as a period of Romanization).

It's significant, that from the point of view of abundance of information, initiative is first taken by Latin authors (Greek literature is presented only in face of 4 authors).

In this period, from the point of view of genre, because of understandable reasons, prose has some leadership (16 authors), it is followed by lyrics (6 authors), epos -(3 authors), drama -(1 author).

By virtue of epos and essentially lyrics, information is gradually changed in the field of artistic generalization.

At the end of period, "modern" Etruscans are not identified as Tyrrhenians (Tacitus, Svetonius) any more. When the period of late antiquity is one of the stage of development of ancient Greek and Roman cultures, for Etruscan civilization, it is a period "followed" so called death.

Once strong power controlling the Apennine peninsula -Etruria doesn't exist any more.

The period, when Etruscans were considered to be the competitors by Romans and Greeks is far, they were a dangerous obstacle for obtaining a complete supremacy on the sea it already doesn't cause an envy in them because of unusual luxury of the rule of life and refined style. The place of these senses is not occupied not by arrogance and self-assurance of the won one. It's not difficult to understand -It's already some centuries, Etruria has not been existing any more. Place of sense is gradually occupied by scientific thinking, innovative over thinking of already traditional views and data.

Thus, late antiquity is a first estimator of analyze maker for once strong unity such as Etruria, if it can be said so verdict maker:

It should be said from the very beginning, that in epoch information bout Etruscans is mainly presented in Roman literature. The exception is Athenaeus, Procopius from Caesarea, Nonnos, Hesichios.

In the literature of this period, from the point of view of genre, there are dominated lyrics and prose. The only epos, which mentions Tyrhenians is "Dionysica" by Nonnos.

It's significant, that prose of this period, referring the specification of period is mainly encyclopedical and informational character.

Information kept in historical prose from the very beginning repeats the stories retelled in III period with a little difference.

It's significant, that almost all the spheres of the life of Etruscans, which are presented in literature of III period, is seen in IV period as well, though a special attention is still paid to religion (Ammianus Marcellinus, Orosius, Martianus Capella, Procopius from Caecarea).

Still on the bases of data of III period and sometimes on the data of II period, there is formed a discussion about the Etruscans traditions and their origins (Athenaeus, Arnobius, Marcellinus, Orosius, Martianus Capella).

Imagining of Etruscans culture as a compound part of Romanian is significant for this period. For example, Martianus Capella perceives the Etruscan religion as a n organic part of Roman theology and this doesn't frequently indicate this or that information as Etruscan.

Late antiquity discusses one more important sphere of Etruscan civilization -it is an Etruscan language.

Dictionary be Hesichios makes it clear, that in late antique epoch, trace of Etruscans is maintained on language level as well (15 glossae).

It's true, that majority of Etruscan words are hellinized, but modern Etruscology easily resorts its Etruscan variant.

Information dated V century kept in late antiquity about a modern situation of the cities of Etruria is significant. In lyric poem "Returning in native land" Rutilius Namatianus reviews the former Etruscan settlements, which by saying of poet, turned out to be "villages" and the Etruscans themselves were transformed in "Mortal tribal".

And still, in several compositions, there is a trace for fixing the Etruscans as "alive" (Namatianus, Procopius from Caesarea).

In face of final conclusion, there may be said the following: 1. Interest of late antiquity to Etruscan civilization is less addressed to the sphere of history -this interest is limited by a concrete depiction of inheritance of Tyrrhenians with their trace in culture of the other people -essentially, by religion, mythology and linguistics.

2. Data connected with Etruscans essentially show the process, which is characteristic for late antiquity -a) There happens the maintaining of values of antique culture, re-fixing of data of classical period, b) Fitting of these data with so called new environment -re-interpretation.

3. All these data are far from ideology and in fact make the existing of remembering of Etruscans, as a people clear in antique world.

4. Many thing is not specially explained, as the Etruscans culture is perceived as living part of antique civilization.

5. Late antiquity, if we don't consider some exception, is the last period of still alive depiction of the trace of Etruscans civilization of the latest period. This period is followed by a gradual forgetting of the culture of Etruscans and complete disappearing from the memory of mankind, until there won't pass about ten centuries and an active research won't discover this civilization again.

Thus: 1) Each chronological period is characterized by a different attitude to the information kept about Etruscans. a) I period "gets acquaintance" with Tyrrhenians and forms the first impressions in face of certain "clitchйs"; b) II period is characterized with marking of diapason (formation of main thematic groups.) c) Significant for III period is enriching the "spheres of interests" formed in II period with systemic data and beginning an artistic interpretation of information. d) IV period mainly repeats the information kept in previous period, though makes an analyze estimation and re-interpretation of these data.

Chapter IV -Etruscans turned in "Metaphors"

In this chapter, there is discussed "metaphorization" of information kept in Antique Literature about Etruscans, which is a final stage of artistic interpretation of data.

Concrete examples were revealed that the process of metaphorization is advanced and "prepared" by repeating of information and "clitchezation", inside each genre and chronological period, as well as out of them.

This regularity is confirmed in pre conditions of forming each concrete metaphor and doesn't put this result in the row of unexpectedness.

For example, the first metaphor, which is chronologically fixed in Antique Literature is formed in Greek tragedy. "Tyrrhenian hooter" is seen in the creations of three tragedians and its soundness in most cases is compared with the voice of goddess (Athene) and metaphorically personifies a divine will.

This process of metaphorization began in antique drama (on the basis of repetition and "clitchezation") was crowned in Roman epoch and the voice of Tyrrhenian hooter was finally connected and identified with divine will ("Aeneid").

From its party, thematical choice of metaphor was provided by ground "prepared" in I period -"clichй" existed for special martial characters of Etruscans (Hesiod, Pindar).

The second metaphor as well, which was chronologically created in the III period, was formed in the entrails of lyrics. The most "volume" thematic group (divination) about the Etruscans for III period was finally "ripened" for artistic transformation and obtained the meaning of the "Book of miracles" (Juvenal).

In this case as well, group for concrete metaphor was prepared by means of "clichйs" already existed in previous period.

Metaphor about Maecenas belongs to Juvenal ("Maecenases"). Maecenas, more correctly his creation is connected with the following metaphor ("Curls of Maecenas", Tacitus), which shows the maneuvers of oratory and poetry of Maecenas.

Both metaphors are "prepared" in the creations of Virgil, Horace and Propertius, where there was carried out the "gathering" of information about these characters there.

The matter concerns with the same case in connection with Tanaquil -this Etruscan Lady formed as a metaphor in the VI period enjoyed with essential interest in II period and it was even "unavoidable" theme for the describers of early history of Rome (Livy, Velleius Peterculus, Plutarch, Tacitus and etc.).

The certain clichйs, which is already confirmed at Plutarch, prepared a ground for the transformation of this character into metaphor. (Avsonius, Pantius Paulinus).

At the end of III period, there is formed a metaphor, in the creation of Apuleius.

,,Metaphorization" at Mezentius was prepared by the data of II and III periods in epos (Virgil), as well as prose (Livy, Cato), where it was transformed in repeatable artistic face. Simultaneously, Mezentius fited a clitchй of one of the enemy of Roman State for himself and turned out to be under the subordination of metaphorization on the next stage.

Thus, on the basis of our proofing, metaphor, which in theory of literature is completely justly is called abbreviated comparison is formed as a final stage of artistic transforming of information.

It was advanced by a tradition of repeating the concrete data and formation of these data as so called "clichйs", these two pre-conditions are necessary base for changing of information into metaphor.

Genre and chronological principles obtain the certain meaning in this process. Because of understandable reasons, metaphorization was not carried out in I period, as the gathering of information (because of abundance of data) turned out to be not enough for preparing the previous "two stages" (repetition, "clichйs").

Metaphorization of information is natural in II, IIII and IV period, what is confirmed by concrete examples.

From the point of view of genre, formation of metaphor provides the preparing of certain clichйs in the entrails of one genre, which by its "turned out to be" in the limits of the other genre is formed as "metaphor".

From its party, "clitchezation", as an important stage of preparing metaphor is provided by a concrete thematic "choice" of genre, which, from its party is completely based on so called specification of genre. For example, clichй formed in epos and epinics about the martial characters of Etruscans (Hesiod, Pindar) naturally provides one revealing of this theme (fighting hooter) in the dram of period following the metaphorization.

Conclusion of IV chapter 1. "Metaphorization" is characteristic for II, III and IV periods of Antique Literature.

2. "Metaphorization" was made in all the genres of Antique Literature. 3. "Metaphorization" of Etruscan inheritance in Antique Literature makes a desire of Greek-Roman civilization and readiness for its involving in the system of general antique values clear.

Conclusion

Thus, data about the Etruscans in Antique Literature corresponds with the opinion formed in antique world regarding to it, that Etruscans culture is an original system, which simultaneously took part in the question of formation of general values of antique culture.

In Antique Literature, there is described not only any sphere of Etruscan civilization, but many aspects of its revealing, what from its party, confirms the fact, that Etruscan inheritance was perceived as an united system, which was reflected on religion, mythology, customs of Tyrrhenians and personal characteristics of separate characters.

Data about the Etruscans are presented in all the genres of Antique Literature, what clearly shows a significance of Etruscan inheritance for antique culture.

Information about "Tyrrhenian" is depicted in all the periods of Antique Literature, what confirms its actuality in any epoch.

In Antique Literature, Etruscans world turns out to be not only the object of description, but the object of analyze and artistic interpretation.

Process of so called "metaphorization", which was revealed to the Etruscan inheritance in Antique Literature, makes the readiness form the party of Greek-Roman Civilization clear for the perception of Etruscans culture as a part of general antique values.

From the point of view of genre, information kept about Etruscans follows the thematical choice of data according to genre principals.

Chronological analyze revealed a chronological regularity of repeating and transformation of data existed about the Etruscans from work to work.

Final "registration" of information is carried out by interaction of genre and chronological principles, what certainly doesn't exclude an individual attitude of writer as well.

Decisive role in transformation of information is taken by chronological as well as genre "circumstances", what gives the possibility to a creator to show the data as an object of artistic interpretation.

This tendency is equally spread in both language world of Antique Literature (in ancient Greek and Roman literature), what once more makes the cultural principles of both civilization clear.

This process is not finished in Antique Literature, it was continued in Medieval and Byzantine epoch, through the which, they prepared a ground for rediscovering and studying of Etruscans inheritance by the epoch of Renaissance.

We hope, that activated archeological and papirological research, which offers a lot of unexpected novelty to the research works of antiquity in this century, earlier or later will enlight not only an additional information about these sources, but new compositions, which, to our supposition, won't break the principals of interpretation and systematization worked out by me from chronological and genre point of view of literary data existed about the Etruscans.