Mushroom diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra, India

Review Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra, India Pramod Borkar 1, Anila Doshi 2 & Sudhir Navathe 3 1,3 Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University), Dapoli, Maharashtra 415712, India 2 Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India 1 pramodgb@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 anila_doshi@yahoo.co.in, 3 sudhir.agro123@gmail.com ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) OPEN ACCESS Abstract: The forays conducted in the diverse habitats of the Konkan region of Maharashtra for four consecuive monsoon seasons during 2008–2012, revealed the occurrence of 29 mushrooms. Among the collected mushrooms, six belonged to the family Agaricaceae, ive to Lyophyllaceae, two each to Pleurotaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Marasmiaceae and Tricholomataceae; one each to Phallaceae, Physalacriaceae, Xylariaceae, Tremellaceae, Sclerodermataceae, Decrymycetaceae, Cantharellaceae, Entolomaceae, Plutaceae and Ganodermataceae. The morphology of Tremella, Dictyophora, Daldinia, Pisolithus and Calocera were quite disinct and interesing. Keywords: Agariaceae, Lyophyllaceae, macrofungi, morpho-taxonomy, mushroom diversity, Western Ghats. Hygrocybe miniata NOT EVALUATED DATA DEFICIENT LEAST CONCERN NEAR THREATENED VULNERABLE ENDANGERED CRITICALLY ENDANGERED EXTINCT IN THE WILD EXTINCT NE DD LC NT VU EN CR EW EX DOI: htp://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4283.7625-40 Editor: R.K. Verma, Tropical Forest Research Insitute, Jabalpur, India. Date of publicaion: 26 August 2015 (online & print) Manuscript details: Ms # o4283 | Received 08 December 2014 | Final received 13 July 2015 | Finally accepted 30 July 2015 Citaion: Borkar, P., A. Doshi & S. Navathe (2015). Mushroom diversity of Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 7(10): 7625–7640; htp://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o4283.7625-40 Copyright: © Borkar et al. et al. 2015. Creaive Commons Atribuion 4.0 Internaional License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this aricle in any medium, reproducion and distribuion by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaion. Funding: None. Compeing interests: The authors declare no compeing interests. Author Details: Pramod Borkar Assistant Professor, his basic research area is mushroom diversity, domesicaion of edible mushroom species, Diseases of planaion and horicultural crops. He is acive member of Mushroom society of India, Indian Mycological society, Indian phytopathological society. He is acive in extension work of various culivaion technologies edible mushroom, management of disease, integrated disease management technologies. Dr. Anila Doshi Professor and Head, has worked as Mycologist; All India coordinated Research Project on Mushrooms for more than two decades. During this period she ideniied and documented about 200 wild mushrooms from Rajasthan. She was awarded the Best Teacher Award by MPUAT. She is acive member of Mushroom society of India, and Indian Society of Mycology and Plant Pathology. Sudhir Navathe B.Sc. in agriculture and M.Sc. plant pathology, is awarded with Hexamer Gold medal in plant pathology by Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth and INSPIRE RESEACH FELLOWSHIP 2014-15 by Deparment of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. He started his research career with research in culivaion technology of milky white mushroom and oyster mushrooms with innovaive techniques, and mushroom biodiversity; further working on various aspects in phytopathology and molecular plant pathology. Author Contribuion: PB and SN contributed in surveying, collecion, ideniicaion and microscopic characterizaion of mushrooms and preparaion of manuscript. AD contributed to the speciic ideniicaion of mushrooms, conirming the names of mushrooms and guidance during this research work. Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to the Department of Plant Pathology Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University) Dapoli, Maharashtra; Department of Plant Pathology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur Rajasthan necessary for research facility and database. 7625 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. INTRODUCTION The macrofungal diversity is depleing fast due to deforestaion, urbanizaion, climate change and unsystemaic exploitaion through collecion of wild mushrooms. This situaion demands an urgent need to collect, document and conserve this group. Most macrofungi are cosmopolitan, occurring both in tropical and temperate regions. They occur seasonally all over the world in various habitats such as humus rich soils, decaying plant liter and wood logs in forests as well as in meadows and even in sandy and other soils. Some species, paricularly mycorrhizal mushrooms are on the verge of exincion. India, being one of the top 10 mega diverse naions of the world, has ample species of wild mushrooms which occur mainly during the rainy season. The diversity of geographical, ecological and climaic condiions prevailing in India has made this country a natural habitat for a large number of fungal species. Six regions, viz., Eastern Himalayan, northwest Himalayan, Indo Gangeic Plain, Western Ghats, southern India and Rajasthan have been explored by a number of workers throughout the country as hot spots of mushroom diversity, since 1825. The work on collecion and taxonomic studies of mushrooms in Maharashtra started as late as 1974. Prof. A.V. Sathe and his team recorded 75 species distributed in 43 genera from the collecions made from the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala during 1978–1980. This collecion was documented in the form of a monograph on Agaricales. As far as the collecion of macrofungi from Maharashtra is concerned, mostly it remained conined to western Maharashtra. Very few mushrooms viz., Fistulina hepaica, Entyloma achrospora, E. strictus, Rhodophyllus achrosporus and R. overeemi were recorded from the Konkan region, is a narrow strip of 720km comprising four districts, viz.: Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg. On the eastern side of the region lies the Sahyadri mountain range which is a part of the Western Ghats. The Sahyadri mountain range is bestowed with rich lora and fauna. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mushrooms from four districts of Konkan region viz., Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg were collected for four consecuive monsoon seasons in the years from 2008 to 2012. Selected spots included Amboli, an area with well-known high alitude biodiversity, sea shore area like Murud, horicultural plantaions with mango, 7626 cashew, coconut and arecanut at Wakavali, Kelshi, Inampangari, lateriic soil vegetaion in Sindhudurg District comprising places like Kudal, Malvan, Pandur, Koloshi and Kanakvali and black soil area such as Wada and Palghar in Thane District and thick forest areas in Rajapur, Lanja, Sangameshwar, Ratnagiri, Chiplun and Dapoli tahasils. Ideniicaion of the collected mushroom specimens was done on the basis of their macroscopic (morphological) and microscopic characters. For recording ield observaions, a pro-forma was prepared (as per George Mimes “Principles of Mushroom Ideniicaion) (Tibuhwa et al. 2010). At the ime of collecion of mushrooms, date of collecion, locality and habitat were recorded. Every specimen was recorded with a collecion number. Descripions are based on fresh collecions made from Konkan regions. Microscopic observaions were made from free hand secions mounted in lectophenol coton blue. All collecions studied are deposited at the Mycological Herbarium of Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. B.S. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. RESULTS Twenty-nine mushrooms from diferent families were collected during these surveys (Table 1; Images 1–19). The mushrooms collected from diferent locaions in Konkan region (Appendix 1 and 2) include: Agaricu splacomyces, Lepiota spp., Pleurotus spp., Marasmius haematocephalus, Lepista nuda, Tremella fuciformis, Pisolithus inctorius, Armillaria tebescens and Calocera cornea. Termitomyces heimii, T. microcarpus, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Dictyophora duplicata and Entoloma roseolavum. The mushrooms, viz., Agaricustri sulphuratus, Daldinia concentrica and Pleutus cervinus, were found to occur only in Ratnagiri District and all the collected mushrooms occur in Ratnagiri District. The morphological descripion of these mushrooms is as follows: Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel. (Physalacriaceae) (Image 1) Synnonym: Clitocybe tabescens (Scop.) Bres Habitat: Growing on bamboo roots, cespitose clusters. Pileus: Bright yellow ochraceous brown in age, 6cm in diameter, glabrous, convex to shield shaped with enire to undulate margin. Sipe: Equal, eccentric, concolorous with pileus Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. Table 1. Occurrence of naturally growing mushroom lora in four districts of Konkan Scieniic name 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Si Rt Rg Th Si Rt Rg Th Si Rt Rg Th Si Rt Rg Th Si Rt Rg Th 1 Armillaria tabescens O O - O O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O 2 Agaricus arvensis - - - - - O O O O O O O - O O O O O - - 3 Agaricus placomyces O O O - O O O - O O O - O O O - - - - - 4 Agaricus trisulphuratus - O - - - O - - - O - - - O - - O O - - 5 Calocera cornea - O - - O O - - O O - O O O O - O O - O 6 Clitocybe spp. - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O - O - - O 7 Creterellus tubaeformis - O - - O O O O 8 Daldinia concentrica - - - - - - - - O - - - - - - - O O - O - O O O - O O - - - 9 Dyciophora duplicate O O - - O O - - O O - - O O - - O O - - 10 Enoloma roseolavum - O - - O O - - O O - - O O - - O O - - 11 Ganoderma lucidum O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - - O O O - 12 Hygrocybe Conica - O - - O O O O O O - - O O O O O O - O 13 Hygrocybe miniata O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 14 Lepiota spp. - O - - O O - - O O - O O O - - O O - O 15 Lepista nuda - - - - O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O - 16 Leucocoprinus birnbaumii - - - O - - - - - - - - - - - - O O O O 17 Macrolepiota procera - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 18 Maramiallus ramealis - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O - O O O 19 Marasmus haematocephlous O O - O O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O 20 Pisolithus inctorius O O - - O O O - O O O - O O O - O O - - 21 Pleurotus ostreatus - - - - O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O - O 22 Pleurotus pulmonarius - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 23 Pluteus cervinus - - - - - O - - - O - - O O - O O O O 24 Termitomyces clypeatus - - - - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 25 Termitomyces heimii O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - O O O 26 Termitomyces logiradicata - - - - O O - - O O - - O O - - - O - - 27 Termitomyces microcarpus - - - - O O - - O O - - O O - - O O O - 28 Termitomyces umkowaani - - - - O O - O O O - O O O - O O O O O 29 Tremella fuciformis O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O Si - Sindhudurg; Rt - Ratnagiri; Rg - Raigad; Th - Thane; O - Observed; - Not observed ibrous and hollow in the centre; 5.5cm length and 2cm in width. Lamellae: Yellow then dicoloured, close, adnate. Spore print was white, annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, globose, thin walled and measured 5μm. Basidia measured 10x2.50 μm, cysidia measured 17.50x5 μm. Agaricus arvensis Schaef (Agaricaceae) (Image 2) Habitat: Growing in decaying plant liter of perennials. Pileus: Fleshy, 15–16 cm in diameter, buf brown with brown spot in centre, glabrous, convex in shape becoming plano-convex in age with enire margin. Sipe: Concolorous with pileus, equal, slightly swollen at the base, ibrous, leshy in texture, measuring: 10–12 cm in length and 2-3 cm in width. Lamellae: Crowded, free, light brown iniially, becoming pinkish in age. Spore print dark brown. Annulus present, persising like frill; volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores dark brown, oval to ellipsoid, thin walled measuring 7x2.5 µm. Basidia measured 12.5x5 µm while cysidia not observed. Agaricus placomyces Peck. (Agaricaceae) Habitat: Solitary or in cespitose clusters, in plant debris. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7627 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. © Pramod Borkar Image 1. Armillaria tabescens © Pramod Borkar Image 2. Agaricus arvensis Pileus: Diameter 10cm, buf white with prominent central dark brown spot and conspicuous brown to black squamules, granulose, convex with enire margin. Sipe: Buf white, ibrous, equal throughout the length but with abruptly bulbous base measuring 7–8 cm in length and 3cm in width. Lamellae: pink, free, crowded. Spore print pinkish. Annulus: membranous, veil present iniially rupturing at maturity andvolva absent. Mushroom with strong odour of turpenine (phenolic compounds). Microscopic features: Spores brown, ellipsoid 5x2.5µm (L X B). Basidia measuring 15x5 µm, cysidia not observed. Agaricus trisulphuratus Berk. (Agaricaceae) Habitat: Growing in soil, solitary. Also found on the roots of members of Palmaceae (coconut and arecanut). Pileus: Diameter 2.5–3 cm, bright orange, ibrillose (locculose), with imbricate, appressed squamules, convex, with crenate margin. Sipe: Concolorous with pileus, equal, hollow measuring 4–5.5 cm in length and 2.5–3 mm in width. Lamellae: Pale pinkish, crowded, freely atached. Spore print: dark brown. Annulus, present; volva, absent. Microscopic features: Spores dark brown, oval to ellipsoid, measuring 5x2.5µm. Basidia: 12.5x2.5µm. Cysidia not observed. Calocera cornea (Batsch.) Fr. (Decrymycetaceae) (Image 3) Habitat: Lignicolous on dead, decaying bark less wood logs. Caespitose, gregarious Fruit body: Small, bright yellow coloured fruit bodies, forked in the upright top porion. About 2–3 or someimes up to 8cm in length. Gelainous but irm. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline or white, oval 7628 © Pramod Borkar Image 3. Calocera cornea to cylindrical measured 5x2.5 μm. Basidia measured 30x5μm while cysidia not observed. Clitocybe sp. Fr. (Tricholomataceae) Habitat: On decaying wood logs. Pileus: Infundibuliform, granulose to ibrillose scaly creamy measured 4.5–6.1 cm in diameter with undulate margin. Sipe: Thin, papery with lemon smell, cylindrical and concolorous with pileus, leshy with 3.2cm in length. Lamellae: Crowded, decurrent and concolorous with pileus. Spore print was creamy white annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic Features: Spores hyaline cylidrical to allantoid; measuring 8.13x2.5 µm basidia measured 7.5x1.25 µm while, cysidia not observed. Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel. (Cantharellaceae) (Image 4a,b) Habitat: In plant debris of perennials. Pileus:1.5–2.5cm in diameter, yellow with brown to black iny spots, ibrillose surface umblicate to convex with crenate margin. Sipe: Equal when young, broadening apically in age, twisted and slightly latened at the base; Yellowishgreen, hollow measured 7–9 cm in length and 1.5mm in width. Lamellae: Distant, adnexed to decurrent, creamy. Spore print was white; annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, globose to sub-globous, measuring 3.75x2.5 μm. Basidia measured 20x2.5 μm while cysidia not observed. Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. (Xylariaceae) (Ascomycota) Habitat: Gregarious on dead wood. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region a © Pramod Borkar Borkar et al. b © Pramod Borkar Image 4a,b. Craterellus tubaeformis Fruit body: Pale violet to light purple colored, nearly spherical, tuber like, hard. Surface smooth on upper side, rough and tanned black on underside. About 7cm in diameter; black, concentric, zonate rings in transverse secion. Spore print was black. Microscopic features: Spores amber in colour, subglobose and measured 5x2.5 µm. Dictyophora duplicata (Bosc.) E. Fish (Phallaceae) (Image 5) Fruit body: Fruit body developing from a white egg. Head, dark brown, bell shaped, 2.5–3 cm. Atached to the hollow stem at centre by an indusium (skirt like membranous outer growth) resembling a net. Indusium, 4.5–6 cm, white iniially, turning brown in age. Sipe, white hollow, 15–20 cm long, composed of sponge like issues. Ater emergence of fruit body, the egg porion remains atached at the sipe base as volva. Flies are atracted due to the strong unpleasant odour of the fruiing body. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical and measured 2.5x1.25 µm. Entoloma roseolavum Noordeloose. (Entolomaceae) (Image 6) Habitat: Roots of perennial plants. Pileus: 3–4 cm in diameter, creamy white, glabrous, depressed with enire to undulate margin. Sipe: Equal to tapered, concolorous with the cap, hollow; 3–5 cm in length and 1cm in width. Lamellae: Crowded, free, concolorous with pileus; spore print was pinkish-brown. Annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, angular, mostly pentagonal measuring 7.5μm; basidia measured 20x7.5 μm while cysidia measured 25x11.25 μm. © Pramod Borkar Image 5. Dictyophora duplicata Ganoderma lucidum (Curis) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae) (Image 7) Habitat: Growing on decaying wood logs of perennials like mango, areca nut etc. Pileus: 25–27 cm in diameter or more, white iniially, then forming zonate rings of reddish-brown to dark brown, glabrous iniially then becoming rough and corky, depressed, hemispherical, fan shaped brackets with undulate margin. Sipe: Present in young fruit bodies growing in associaion with plant roots. Absent on stems. White iniially, shiny red turning brown with age, hard, corky; 4–5 cm in length and 1.5–2 cm in width when present. Lamellae: Absent. Spores released through poroid lower surface. Spore print was light brown to pink. Annulus and volva were absent. Microscopic features: Spores rusty brown, oval, truncated, double walled, with a row of pillars between the walls and measured 7.5x6.25 μm. Basidia and cysidia not observed. Hygrocybe conica (Schaef.) P. Kumm. (Hygrophoraceae) (Image 8) Habitat: Plant debris of perennials. Pileus: Red to maroon, 5cm in diameter, striate to plicate with small dark spots; conical spliing at maturity, margins eroded with striaions at rim of pileus. Sipe: Cylindrical iniially yellow then becoming concolorous with pileus with longitudinal groves along the total length. Fibrous with hollow centre measured 4-6cm in length and 1.8–2.1 cm in width. Lamellae: Subdistant, adnexed, creamy iniially black at maturity. Spore print was white. Annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, globose, apiculate, measuring 5.63μm. Basidia measured 10x5 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7629 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. © Pramod Borkar Image 6. Entoloma roseolavum © Pramod Borkar Image 7. Ganoderma lucidum μm while cysidia not observed. Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Hygrophoraceae) (Image 9a,b) Habitat: Decaying plant liter of perennials. Solitary or cespitose, gregarious. Pileus: 1.5–3.5 cm indiameter, scarlet, shiny; glabrous, umblicate with depressed centre, remaining surface plane with deniculate margin. Sipe: Equal, yellow, hollow measured 3.5–4 cm in length and 2–3 mm in width. Lamellae: Distant adnate and yellowish to creamy. Spore print was white. Annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, globose, measuring 8.75μm. Basidia measured 42.5x5 μm and cysidia not observed. Lepiota spp. (Agaricaceae) (Image 10) Habitat: Plant debris. Solitary or gregarious in pastures. Pileus: 13–15cm in diameter, white to buf, with prominent brown spot in centre, Squarrose with distant squamules all over the surface; hemispherical, becoming a © Pramod Borkar b Image 8. Hygrocybe conica convex to planoconvex in age, slightly umbonate, eroded margins with remnants of veil. Sipe: Equal, concolorous with pileus, ibrous, more than 30cm in length and 2.5–3.5 cm in width. Lamellae: Crowded free and creamy white in colour. Spore print was white. Annulus was present, covering the gills completely, then tearing of and persising like a frill at maturity and volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid to oval, thick walled measured 5x3.75 μm; basidia measured 5x2.5 μm while cysidia measured 8–10x4.5 μm. Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke (Tricholomataceae) (Image 11) Habitat: Growing on coconut roots, soil in banana plantaion. Pileus: Violet, and shiny when young discoloured gradually and 5–5.5 cm in diameter. Glabrous, umblicate with enire to undulate margin. Sipe: Cylindrical, concolorous with pileus, leshy 4.5–5.5 cm in length and 2–2.5 cm in width. © Pramod Borkar Image 9a,b. Hygrocybe miniata 7630 © Pramod Borkar © Pramod Borkar Image 10. Lepiota spp. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. © Pramod Borkar Image 11. Lepista nuda © Pramod Borkar Image 12. Leucocoprinus brinbaumii Lamellae: Crowded, adnexed to decurrent and violet. Spore print pinkish; annulus and volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, globose to ellipsoid measured 5x2.5 µm; basidia measured 23.75x2.5 µm while cysidia not observed. Leucocoprinus brinbaumii (Corda) Singer (Agaricaceae) (Image 12) Habitat: Growing in coco peat. Pileus: Lemon yellow, 3–4 cm in diameter, ibrillose, striate to plicate, conic, with a blunt umbo becoming convex in age, with a crenate, striate to sulcate margin. Sipe: Concolorous with pileus, equal, slightly broad at the base, hollow, 3–4 cm in length and 1–1.5 mm in width. Lamellae: Concolorous with pileus, free. Spore print white. Annulus present, moving freely all along the sipe length and volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid 5x2.5 µm. Basidia and cysidia not observed Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer (Agaricaceae) Habitat: Solitary, in woods. Pileus: Fleshy, buf to light brown, 13.5cm in diameter, squarrose with dark brown shaggy scales, campanulate becoming convex in age with rimose margin. Sipe: Light brown with prominent brown scales, cylindrical, ibrous, hollow measuring 16.5–18 cm in length and 1.5–1.8 cm in width. Lamellae: White iniially becoming dirty yellow at maturity, close, free. Spore print white. Annulus moving freely along the sipe and volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to oval, apiculate measured 9.25x5 µm, basidia admeasuring 17.5x2.5µm while cysidia measured © Pramod Borkar Image 13. Pleurotus ostreatus 26.25x10 µm. Marasmiellus ramealis Bull. Fr. (Marasmiaceae) Habitat: Gregarious on dead, decaying coconut stump. Pileus: White turning dirty light brown with age, 3–4 cm in diameter, glabrous to membranous, convex to umblicate with undulaing margin. Sipe: Equal, concolorous with cap, hollow measuring 1.5–2 cm in length and 0.5mm in width. Lamellae: Distant, adnate and white in colour. Spore Print was white. Annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical, measuring 12.5x5.5 μm. Basidia measured 27.5 x 2.5μm while cysidia not observed. Marasmius haematocephalus f. haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr. (Marasmiaceae) Habitat: Hidden in grass, gregarious. Pileus: Reddish-brown to maroon, 3–4 cm in diameter, striate to plicate, convex with crenulate margin. Sipe: Filiform, hollow, more or less equal, frequently undulate; the base slightly swollen, dark coloured than the pileus, hard, ibrous measured 4.2cm in length and 2–3 mm in width. Lamellae: Distant, adnexed and creamy, purplish in colour. Spore print was white, annulus and volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, spherical to globose, measuring 11.25μm. Basidia measured 18.75x2.50 μm while cysidia measured 20x5 μm. Pisolithus inctorius (Fr.) Pilat. (Sclerodermataceae) Habitat: Growing on leaf liter of Acacia mangium plantaion and forming mycorrhizal associaion with Acacia roots. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7631 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. © Pramod Borkar Pluteus cervinus (Schaef.) P. Kumm. (Plutaceae) Habitat: Soil. Pileus: Dark brown to grey brown, 7.5cm in diameter; surface glabrous iniially, striate in age; umblicate with undulaing margin. Sipe: Bulbous and radicaing below soil level, brown leshy measuring 16.1cm in length and 3–3.5 cm in width. Lamellae: Close, free and white. Spore print was white. Annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline globose to sub-globose, apiculate and measured 12.5μm. Basidia measured 27.5x10 μm while cysidia measured 20x12.5 μm. Image 14. Termitomycs clypeatus Fruit body: Ball shaped, 20cm wide. Peridium whiish to yellowish-brown, fragile, thin, smooth exposing cinnamon coloured spore mass on rupturing. Stem about, 2–3 cm. Gleba composed of white to yellowish brown caviies developing in dark brown to black gelainous matrix. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, spherical to circular and measured 5.0μm Pleurotus ostreatus (Jack.) P. Kumm., Family Pleurotaceae (Image 13) Habitat: On decaying wood logs, dead cactus. Pileus: Beige white, 5–7 cm in diameter, glabrous and depressed; typical oyster shape with undulate margin, basidioma dimidiate. Sipe: Rudimentary. Lamellae: Concolorous with pileus, close, decurrent. Spore print was white, annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, subglobose to ellipsoid, measured 5x2.5 μm. Basidia measured 18.75x2.5 μm, cysidia not observed. Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Champ. (Pleurotaceae) Habitat: Lignicolous, on dead wood. Pileus: Light brown, 3.5–4.5cm in diameter, glabrous, convex, becoming depressed (typical oyster shaped) in age with enire margin. Sipe: Equal, central, white. Fleshy 2.5–2.7cm in length and 2mm in width. Lamellae: close decurrent, white. Spore print was white. Annulus and volva not observed. 7632 Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid to cylindrical measured 7x2.5 μm. Basidia measured 20x5μm, cysidia measured 25x5 μm. Termitomycs clypeatus R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae) (Image 14) Habitat: In soil, gregarious. Pileus: 3.5–5.7 cm in diameter, greyish to brown, conical with spiniform perforatorium, spliing at the margins with age. Sipe: long, equal, concolorous with pileus, hollow, 12–15 cm in length and 2–3 cm wide. Lamellae, sub distant, free, light brown with brown spore print. Microscopic features: Basidia measured 14x2.5 µm, while cysidia were not observed. Basidiospores were hyaline, cylindrical measuring 7.5x2.5 µm. Termitomyces heimii Natarajan (Lyophyllaceae) (Image 15) Habitat: Gregarious, cespitose on a termitorium soil. Pileus: 7cm in diameter, white, glabrous, convex to planoconvex with eroded margin. Sipe: White equal and leshy measuring 18cm in length and 2cm in width. Lamellae, white, crowded and free. Spore print pink, with a brownish inge. Annulus present, volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, ellipsoid, thin walled measuring 7.50x5 µm. Basidia measured 15x3.75 µm and cysidia 22.5x7.50 µm. Termitomyces longiradicatus Sathe & Daniel (Lyophyllaceae) (Image 16a,b) Habitat: In soil Solitary or gregarious. Pileus: 6cm in diameter white in colour Surface granulose, campanulate in shape when young becoming planoconvex at maturity. Perforatorium mammiform, Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region © Pramod Borkar Borkar et al. © Pramod Borkar Image 15. Termitomyces heimii margin crenulated, spliing at maturity. Sipe: White, ibrous Equal above ground; pseudorrhiza long below soil level, 19–20 cm in length 3cm above ground and more than 16cm below ground and 3.5cm in width. Lamellae: white, crowded with free atachment. Spore print brownish to pink. Annulus present and volva not observed. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, sub-globose, thin walled measuring 5x3.75 µm. Basidia measured 12.5x5 µm cysidia 17.5x5 µm. Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim (Lyophyllaceae) (Image 17) Habitat: On decaying plant liter in soil, gregarious. Pileus: 2cm in diameter, white, glabrous iniially convex in shape becoming planocovex in age. Margins eroded. Sipe: Concolorous with pileus, equal, hollow measuring 4.3–5.1 cm in length and 2mm in width. Lamellae: Concolorous with pileus, sub-distant and free, spore print pink. Annulus and volva not observed. Microscopic features: The basidia measured 15x5 µm and the measurement of cysidia was 25x6.25 µm, annulus and volva absent, basidiospores, hyaline, globose or reniform measuring 5x2.5 µm. Termitomyces umkowaani (Cooke & Massee) (Lyophyllaceae) (Image 18) Habitat: In soil, solitary. Pileus: 7cm in diameter, light brown, perforatorium spiniform. Surface, glabrous, shiny, due to oily layer on whole surface. Campanulate to conical in shape which becomes convex in age with crenate margins. Sipe: Radicate in shape, 7.5cm in length and 4cm in width, swollen near the base white and leshy. Pseudorrhiza, dark brown, radicaing below the ground. a © Pramod Borkar b Image 16a,b. Termitomyces longiradicatus Lamellae, crowded white and freely atached. Spore print pink. Annulus and volva absent. Microscopic features: Spores light brown, globose to oval, thin walled with an apical pore, measuring 7.5x5µm. Basidia 22.5x5 µm and cysidia 20.75x9.25 µm. Tremella fuciformis Berk. (Tremellaceae) (Image 19) Habitat: Gregarious on wild dead wood of mango, acacia. Fruit body: Fruit body composed of gelainous, translucent whiish, irm, graceful lobes 1–1.5 cm wide, 3.5–5 cm in length. Each lobe dichotomously branched in apical region. Surface smooth, shiny. Microscopic features: Spores hyaline, spherical to globose measured 5.75µm while basidia cysidia not observed. DISCUSSION Forays conducted in diferent habitats of Konkan region of Maharashtra during monsoon seasons of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 revealed the repeated occurrence of 30 macrofungi in the region. These macrofungi were ideniied on the basis of their morphological characters described by earlier scienists. Kuo (2004) has described Armillaria tabescens whereas; Gerault (2005) has considered A. tabescens synonymous to Clitocyb etabescenes. Burdsall & Volk (1993) menioned that in A. tabescens the annulus is lacking and the mushroom occurs in caespitose clusters. Tsykun et al. (2010) have described morphology of A. tabescens. On comparing the morphological descripion of the collected specimen with the descripion of previous workers the mushroom was ideniied as A. tabescens. Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7633 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. © Pramod Borkar Image 17. Termitomyces microcarpus © Pramod Borkar Image 18. Termitomyces umkowaani The family Agaricaceae is the largest mushroom family with most of the members in the genus Agaricus. Many Indian mycologists have reported diferent species of this genus from diferent states of the country (Pegler 1977; Sathe & Rahalkar 1978; Sathe & Deshpande 1979; Sathe 1979; Sathe & Kulkarni 1987; Saini et al. 1988; Nag et al. 1991; Devi 1995; Lakhanpal 1995; Saini & Atri 1995; Verma et al. 1995). Pail et al. (1995) reported that, 41 species of this genus were recorded from Maharashtra. Purkayastha & Chandra (1976) described four species of Agaricus viz.: A. arvensis, A. campestris, A. sylvaicus, and A. trisulphuratus from West Bengal. The members of the genus recorded from Rajasthan include, A. abruptus, A. arvensis, A. campestris, A. bisporus, A. bitorquis, A. placomyces, A. silvaicus and A. silvicola (Doshi & Sharma 1997). Morphological characters of the three species of this genus collected during the present research are discussed here. As per Nair (1990), A. arvensis has subglobose, silky pileus with velar remains at margin. The pileus latens in age. The gills are crowded, free, white when young turning blackish-brown with age. Sipe is cylindrical to club-shaped, thick, white, smooth, and stout with a large annulus. The descripion was matched as given on the website of Mycoweb (www.mycoweb. com) and by Kuo (2007). The second mushroom belonging to the genus Agaricus and collected from Konkan was A. placomyces. This mushroom was earlier reported from Kerala, northwestern Himalaya and Rajasthan (Devi 1995; Lakhanpal 1995; Doshi & Sharma 1997) and Kuo (2007). The morphological characters of the collected specimen matched with those reported by earlier workers. Phonolic odor of the fruit body was the most striking character. The collected specimen was therefore, ideniied as A. placomyces. The morphological characters of A. trisulphuratus were also in conformity with those reported by earlier workers 7634 © Pramod Borkar Image 19. Tremella fuciformis (Saini et al. 1991; Kumar & Sharma 2009). The macrofungus Calocera cornea was reported from India by Verma et al. (1995) from northeastern Hills. Recently, it has been reported from Coromandel Coast of Tamil Nadu by Mani & Kumerasen (2009). As per the descripion given by Kuo (2008), the fruit body is cylindrical with rounded to sharpened ips occasionally shallowly forked near the ip. Orange to yellow. In the current study the specimen was collected from bark less stem of perennial plant. The fruit body was forked, bright yellow coloured and gelainous. Gibson (2007) in his key to club shaped fungi in Paciic North West (South Vancouver Island, Canada) has described the sporocarp of this mushroom as cylindrical forked structure fruiing on bark less hard wood. The morphological features of collected specimen were in concurrence with the descripion given by other workers. One mushroom of the genus Clitocybe was reported by Sathe et al. (1980). Their descripion of the mushroom states, pileus 1–4 cm in diameter, apricot yellow in colour, margin wavy, and centrally depressed becoming deeply infundibuliform. The mushroom was found on dead coconut stump. These characters match with collected features of Clitocybe. The mushroom Creterellus tubaeformis was reported by diferent workers under diferent names. In some reports it has been menioned as Cantherellus cantharalloids. It is also reported as Merulius cantharalloides. The mushroom was always found in the decaying plant liter of trees like Terminalia ellipica and T. paniculata, in close proximity of Hygrocybe miniata. Castellano et al. (2003) reported that cysidia are absent in this fungus, spore print white to creamy white. Kuo (2008) has menioned that this fungus is oten saprobic or mycorrhizal. Growing alone or gregariously. Spore print white to buf yellowish in colour. Corner (1966), Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region in his monograph of Cantharelloid fungi, described this mushroom with similar morphology under the name Canthrallus tubaeformis. The morphological features of collected mushroom are in concurrence with those reported in reviewed literature. The genus Daldinia was monographed by Child in 1932 (Alexopoulos et al. 2004). The fruit bodies are found on dead wood (Lee 2004). The morphology of collected specimen was the same as described in reviewed literature. Change & Miles (2004) have reported that the pileus of Dictyophora duplicata is 2–4 cm long. The hymenium is atached to the surface of the pileus. Sipe is cylindrical in shape, hollow, white, with spongy texture and the skirt opens when fruit body is mature. The openings of the indusium are rounded, ellipsoidal or polyhedral. The long skirted species is D. indusiata and short skirted is D. duplicata. The volva is formed from the universal veil which ruptured by the emergence of the stalk and pileus. Spores are circular to ellipsoidal. Anonymous (2004) has reported that the fruit body arises from a sub-spherical to ovoid egg. Outer surface of the cap is covered with brownish, slimy mass. The fruit body has strong ofensive odor (www.mycobank.org/mycologytaxo.aspx). Kuo (2011) also reported similar observaions. In India, this mushroom was reported earlier by Devi (1995) and Doshi & Sharma (1997). The morphological characters of collected specimen of Dictyophora duplicata were in total agreement with those described by previous workers. Doshi & Sharma (1997) reported Entoloma nidorosum from Udaipur while Sathe & Kulkarni (1980) reported E. achrospora and E. strictus from Sawantwadi (Konkan). Most striking feature of this fungus was its angular basidiospores, mostly pentagonal measuring 7.5µm. Noordeloos (2004) has described the general characterisics of the members of the genus Entoloma. He has classiied the angular spores observed in diferent species into four categories such as isodiametrical (5 angled), heterodimetrical (6 angled), subisodiametrical (7 angled) and star shaped or cruciform. Manimohan et al. (2006) have provided a key to Entoloma species occurring in Kerala. Noordeloos & Morozova (2010) have described E. roseofulvum. These morphological details are mostly in agreement with those of the collected specimen. Therefore, the fungus was ideniied as Entoloma roseolavum. Review of literature revealed that the genus Ganoderma has a worldwide distribuion. It grows on a numerous perennials, coniferous and palmaceous hosts. Some Ganoderma species are wood roing Borkar et al. fungi, many are pathogenic to economically important crops causing root and stem rots. In forest ecosystem they play an important role in breakdown of lignin of woody plants. Ganoderma is the largest genus in order Apphyllophorales with more than 300 species. In 1881, Karsten established the genus with the type species G. lucidum and a number of species has been described in the genus thereater. Diferent taxonomic characters were used for ideniicaion by various authors like Murill, Atkinson, Coleman, Corner, Steyaert etc. Moncalvo & Ryvarden (1977), published a world list of Ganoderma species (Bhosle et al. 2010). Fiteen species of Ganoderma were reported from Western parts of Maharashtra by Bhosle et al. (2010), with the help of a key prepared to difereniate the species on the basis of morphological characters. Tiwari et al. (2005) has provided a taxonomic overview of Ganoderma and described nine species on 91 hosts from India. Later on they described 17 species of the genus from central India with photographs and host details (Tiwari et al. 2013). The basidiocarps were designated as laccate and sipiate for G. lucidum complex and non laccate and generally asipiate for G. applanatum complex. Muthelo (2009) followed Adaskaveg and Gilbertson’s key considering context colour and basidiospores size to difereniate the species of Ganoderma. Bhosale et al. (2010) described G. lucidum. Muthelo (2009) stated that the context colour of G. lucidum is tan to brown. Petersen (1983) reported that Ganoderma can be recognized by the shiny orange red wax crust and presence of sipe. Perennial trees such as Ain (Terminalia ellipica) and Kinjal (T. paniculata) are of common occurrence in all the forests of the Konkan region. In decaying plant liter of these trees, Hygrocybe miniata was repeatedly observed during the present study. The other member of this genus collected during the surveys was Hygrocybe conica. But it occurs in forests as well as in open ields. The reports of occurrence of both these members of Hygrophoraceae and their morphological features are discussed here. Doshi & Sharma (1997) reported four species of the genus Hygrocybe, viz., H. eburnea, H. russula, H. sulphureus and H. benzoninum from Rajasthan. H. ceracae, H. indica, Hygrophorus partensis were reported from Maharashtra (Pail et al. 1995). Verma et al. (1995) also reported H. miniata from northeastern hills of India. The species of this genus occurring in northwestern Himalaya were, H. conica, H. miniata, H. psitacina and H. calopus (Lakhanpal 1995). Natarajan (1995) reported H. ceracae, H. chlorophena, H. fornicate H. miniata and H. wesii from southern India while Devi (1995) reported H. calypraeformis, H. conicus, Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7635 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. and H. puncia from Kerala. The morphological features of the collected macrofungi are in agreement with those described earlier. The fungus was therefore, ideniied as Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) Kummer. Morphological features of the collected fungus Hygrocybe conica are in conformity with those described on authenic macrofungi websites. A single member of the genus Lepiota was collected during present studies. Metzler & Van (1992) menioned that the diversity of Lepiota extends to edibility as well as morphological features. Large sized species of the genus are oten robust, creamy to white with very noiceable scales or patches on cap that do not wash of. The presence of scales or patches on cap is one of the best disinguishing features. Eight species of the genus Lepiota were reported by Devi (1995). Pail et al. (1995) menioned eleven species of the genus recorded from Maharashtra. Many other workers have reported Lepiotas from diferent states of the country (Natarajan 1995; Raique & Patel 1995; Saini & Atri 1995; Verma et al. 1995). The morphology of the collected fungus was in concurrence with the descripion in earlier reports. The pileus, lamellae and sipe of Lepista nuda were violet in colour and this was a very peculiar characterisic of this mushroom. Mirko (1975) described the morphological features of this fungus as, fruit body amethyst purple when young. Colour of cap and gills disappears with age and changes into cloudy purple or beige brown. Flesh has a pleasant smell. Purple colour of the sipe is retained for long ime and this fungus was earlier reported by Sathe & Deshpande (1980) from Panchagani, Maharashtra as Lepista nudoidea. Oten slightly bulbous at the base, bluish-lilac. Flesh thick, bluish-lilac. Gills crowded, bluish-lilac (htp://www. rogersmushrooms.com) or in fairy rings under a variety of hardwoods and conifers (htp://www.mykoweb.com/ CAF/species/Clitocybe_nuda.htm). On the basis of comparison between the morphological characters of the collected specimen with the descripion in reviewed literature, the fungus is ideniied as Lepista nuda. Singer (1986) recognized 13 species in genus Leucocoprinus while Wasser (1993) menioned 18 species. According to recent literature (Kirk et al. 2008) there are 40 species in this genus. Manjula (1983) listed ive species from India, Natarajan et al. (2005) listed six species, and Kumar & Manimohan (2009) reported a new species from Kerala State. Only one species has been reported from Karnataka (Pushpa & Purushothama 2011) with conical pileus becoming campanulate with age, membranous; surface yellow, loccose squamulose; plicate striate, with velar remains. 7636 Members of the genus Macrolepiota are of worldwide occurrence. Like many other countries this mushroom was reported by a number of workers from India. Collected specimen of Macrolepiota is in agreement with the descripion reported by Nair (1990). Tsykun et al. (2010) described Marasmius ramealis with the following characters. Conical to hemispherical when young, convex to conical later and having ochraceous yellow to brown. Lamellae with adnate to decurrent atachment; sipe; without annulas, cylindrical slightly broad at the base. The morphological features of the collected specimen are in conformity with those described Wannathes et al. (2009) and Antonin & Buyck (2006). Five species of Marasmius including M. haematocephalus were reported from Maharashtra (Pail et al. 1995). On the website of Rogers mushrooms, the descripion of M. ramealis says that the cap is convex to latened, centrally depressed, whiish pink in colour, membranous and wrinkled. Gills are distant, white to pinkish and the spore print is white. All these characters are matched with collected specimens of M. ramealis. During the forays it was observed that at some locaions the fruit bodies of Pisolithus inctorius were larger than those normally observed. Someimes these fruit bodies grow on the underground roots of Acacia plants along the roadside and during the period development, they grow out by breaking the soil surface or even the tar roads and hence locally called as bhuiphoda (land breaker). The review of literature revealed that, this fungus is in mycorrhizal associaion with the roots of the members of families such Fabaceae and Myrtaceae. On the basis of morphological and cultural studies and polypepides analysis of 100 specimens, Burgess et al. (1995) described the variaion in basidiome and basidiospore morphology of P. inctorius isolates mycorrhizal with Eucalyptus, Pinus casuarhina and Acacia. The morphological characters of the basidiome of the collected specimen were in concurrence with those menioned by Burgess et al. (1995) but the basidiospores were smaller in size then the four ranges menioned by them. So also the spines on the basidiospores were not observed under 100X. This points out that the species collected in the present study was diferent than those studied by Burgess et al. (1995), Razzaq & Shahzad (2004) for the irst ime reported occurrence P. inctorius in Eucalyptus plantaions in sandy soils of Karachi in summer season. The morphological descripion of collected fungi was in agreement with that reported by earlier workers. On this basis the fungus was ideniied as P. inctorius. The occurrence of this fungus in Maharashtra was reported Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region by Pande (1972). Recently, it was reported by Mani & Kumaresen (2009) from Tamil Nadu, by Hedawoo (2010) from Amaravai region and by Karwa & Rai (2010) from Melghat region of Maharashtra. The genus Pleurotus is a vast genus comprising about 766 species (www.indexfungorum.org/names/Names. asp). The species in this genus are diicult to difereniate taxonomically because of the variability in fruit body morphology. Several species have been described under more than one name all over the world (Buchanan 2001). The morphology of three species of Pleurotus collected during the present study is discussed below. The sipe of P. pulmonarius is typically eccentric than lateral while in P. ostreatus it is more lateral than eccentric (Buchanan 2003). All the two species of Pleurotus collected during the present study were morphologically diferent. The basidiocarp of P. ostreatus was asipiate, dimidiated and nearly white. The pileus of P. pulmonarius was light brown with small sipe. Many workers in the country had reported diferent species of Pleurotus (Singh 1977; Devi 1995; Pail et al. 1995; Verma et al. 1995; Doshi & Sharma 1997; Tani et al. 2011). Two species of the genus Pluteus, viz., P. aricapillus and P. salmoneus were reported by Sathe et al. (1980) from Maharashtra. The former was recorded in Pune while the later was observed at Castle Rock. In respect of P. aricapillus, Sathe et al. (1980) reported that the mushroom is commonly known under the name P. cervinus all over the world. Further they have menioned that it is an edible mushroom. Natarajan & Raman (1980) reported Pluteus from southern India. The morphology of collected mushroom in respect of colour, shape and surface of the pileus, gill atachment, and sipe was in conformity with the descripion menioned above. On the basis of morphological characters it was ideniied as Pluteus cervinus. Most of the recorded species of the genus Termitomyces genus all over the world occur mainly in Asian and African countries. All the species of this genus are reported to be in symbioic associaion with termites and hence the genus is named as Termitomyces. Some of the members grow on epigeous termite mounds while others grow on the termitoria formed very deep below the soil level. In case of such mushrooms the pseudorrhiza (root like structure of the mushroom fruit body) is quite long. The lateriic soils of Konkan region are conducive for growth of termites. As a result, all the dried plant liter in fruit orchards and plantaions is atacked by termites. Someimes the termites grow on the trunks of live plants. During the present invesigaion, ive species of the genus were Borkar et al. collected from all the four districts of the Konkan region. Several species viz., T. albuminosa T. carilagineous T. clypeatus T. mammiformis T. microcarpus T. poonensis T. robustus T. eurrhizus, T. heimii, T. radicatus, T. robustus and T. siatus T. indicus, T. rabuorii, T. microcarpus f. santalensis, T. letestui, (Sathe et al. 1980; Nair 1990; Devi 1995; Natarajan 1995; Saini & Atri 1995; Doshi & Sharma 1997; Verma et al. 1995; Purkayastha & Chandra 1985; Tani et al. 2011) had been reported from India. Tang et al. (2005) reported that a total of 68 species of this genus have been recorded worldwide. Macromorphological characterisics of Termitomyces provide more reliable taxonomic informaion to delineate most of the species in the genus than micro-morphology. The micro-morphology is less informaive and ambiguously used by many workers (Tibuhwa et al. 2010). In his monograph on the genus Termitomyces, Heim (1977) has given a detailed account of the species of this genus occurring all over the world. A key to the species of Termitomyces from India by Vrinda & Pradeep (2009) includes morphological characters of sixteen previously reported species as well as a lesser known species, T. sagiiformis. According to the key, the mushroom with straw coloured to brownish pileus, pointed perforatorium, black pseudorrhiza and absence of annulus is T. umkowaani. Morphological features of the collected specimen matched with that of Sathe & Daniel (1980). They have also menioned that T. longiradicatus is closer to T. heimii but difers in having long radicaing sipe. The fungus was therefore, ideniied as T. longiradicata. T. heimii was irst described by Natarajan (1979) the morphological features of the specimen recorded in the present study are in conformity with those given by Natarajan (1979) and Sathe & Daniel (1980). According to Vrinda & Pradeep (2009), T. longiradicatus is a synonym of T. hemii. In the present study, the pileus of T. longiradicata was granulose and that T. heimii was glabrous. So also the sipe length of T. longiradicata was less above ground and pseudorrhiza was long. In T. hemii the sipe was 18cm above the soil. Due to this diference in morphological characters of both these mushrooms, it is appropriate to consider them as separate species. T. microcarpus was reported by most of the workers in the country. Nair (1980) described this mushroom as per the key given by Vrinda & Pradeep (2009). Kesel (2011) menioned that, the fruit body of T. microcarpus has very small cap and the pseudorhiza is absent. Tibuhwa et al. (2010) reported that the pileus of T. microcarpus is white, small, sipe, white, annulus and pseudorhiza absent. Atri et al. (1995) described this fungus with 1cm broad, yellowish-white pileus, Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7637 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. lamellae subdistant, and spore print light orange. The morphological characters of the fungus collected during present study are in concurrence with those described by earlier workers. The ith species of the genus Termitomyces collected from the Konkan region was T. clypeatus. Nair (1980), in his descripion of this species, menioned that the pileus is conical at irst with strongly spiniform perforatorium, expanding with age. As per Froslev (2000) the perforatorium of this mushroom is strongly spiniform. The perforatorium of T. clypeatus is grayish to buf brown paling towards margin, stem white pseudorhiza present, annulus absent (Tibuhwa et al. 2010). Perforatorium spiniform with grayish brown pileus (Kesel 2011). According to Wei et al. (2006) the spiniform perforatorium, smooth and non-annulate sipe surface, and pale sipe and pseudorhiza indicate that it is a collecion of T. clypeatus. Furthermore, the microscopic characters of the type, e.g., size and form of basidiospores, basidia and cysidia, are in agreement with that of T. clypeatus. Hence the fungus described by Zang (1981) as Sinotermitomyces taiwanensis is T. clypeatus. Considering all the morphological characters described by previous workers and comparing them with the morphology of the collected specimen, this fungus was ideniied as T. clypeatus Heim. Chang & Miles (2004) described two types of fruiing bodies in Tremella fuciformis. The nut gall type has folds or lobes and the other type looks like a cock’s comb. As per Kuo (2008), the fruit body is composed of graceful lobes, transparent, whiish, up to 7cm across and 4cm high and shiny. Anonymous (2000) described the fruit body as a basidiocarp with lobes which were forked with incised crenate margin gelainous, irm and up to 5cm in height. The spores are ellipsoid, smooth and hyaline. The basidiocarps are cespitose (www.mycobank.org). The collected mushroom was ideniied as T. fuciformis on comparing the characters of collected specimens with the descripion given by previous workers. The present study does not include all the macrofungi occurring in the region. It is just an efort to peep into the hidden treasure of these colorful and fascinaing fungi. CONCLUSIONS Forays conducted during monsoon of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012 revealed the presence of 29 mushrooms belonging to diferent families. Among these, six species of Agaricaceae and six of Lyophyllaceae from one-third of the total collecion. 7638 The noteworthy outcome of the present study was the occurrence of ive species of Termitomyces, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Lepista nuda, Tremella fuciformis, Dictyophora duplicata and Pluteus cervinus which are edible and Tremella is a medicinally important mushroom. There is a vast scope for documentaion of macrofungi from this region in future. REFERENCES Alexopoulos, C.J., C.W. Mims & M. Blackwell (2004). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley & Sons. (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 808pp. Antonin, V. & B. Buyck (2006). Marasmius (Basidiomycota, Marasmiaceae) in Madagascar and the Mascarenes. Fungal Diversity 23: 17–50. Atri, N.S., S.S. Saini & G. Kaur (1995). Studies on north Indian Agarics: The Genus Termitomyces. Mushroom Research 4: 7–10. Bhosale, S., K. Ranadive, G. Bapat, S. Garad, G. Deshpande & J. Vaidya (2010). Taxonomy and Diversity of Ganoderma from western parts of Maharashtra (India). 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A monograph of Marasmius (Basidiomycota) from north Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640 7639 Mushroom diversity of Konkan region Borkar et al. Appendix 1. List of mushrooms described Appendix 2. List of localiies tapped with laitude and longitude. Locality Lat. and Long. 1 Alore 17045’N & 73005’E Agaricaceae 2 Amboli 17057′52″N 73023′50″E Agaricus trisulphuratus Berk., Agaricaceae 3 Anjarle 17.850N & & 73.090E 4 Armillaria tabescens (Scop.) Emel Physalacriaceae 4 Chiplun 15057′45″N & 73059′52″E 5 Calocera cornea (Batsch.)Fr. Decrymycetaceae 5 Dapoli 17045′32″N & 73011′8″E 6 Clitocybe spp. Fr. Tricholomataceae. 6 Devrukh 17046’45”N & 7307’9”E 7 Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel. Cantharellaceae 7 Enampangari 17044’39”N & 73017’13”E 8 Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. Xylariaceae 8 Guhagar 16.850N & 73.550E 9 Dictyophora duplicata. (Bosc.) E. Fish Harne 16.000N & 73.750E 9 Phallaceae 10 Entoloma roseolavum Noordeloose Entolomaceae Jamsande 17.1870N & 73.5530E 10 11 Kanakvali Ganoderma lucidum (Curis.) P. Karst. Ganodermataceae 17003′54″N 73036′57″E 11 12 Kolad Hygrocybe conica (Schaef.) P. Kumm Hygrophoraceae 16059’54”N & 73041’48”E 12 13 Koloshi Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm Hygrophoraceae 1700’41”N & 73029’33”E 13 14 Kudal, Lepiota spp. (Pers.) Gray 17043’58”N & 73015’39”E 14 Agaricaceae 15 Lanja 16.000N & 73.6870E 15 Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke Tricholomataceae 16 Mahad 16 16.050N & 73.460E Leucocoprinus brinbaumii (Corda) Singer Agaricaceae 17 Malvan, 1604’7”N & 73042’33”E 17 Macrolepiota procera (Scop.) Singer Agaricaceae 18 Murud 16023’33”N & 73038’29”E 18 Marasmiellus ramealis Bull. Fr. Marasmiaceae 19 Palghar 16.2850N & 73.680E 19 Marasmius haematocephalus f. haematocephalus (Mont.) Fr. Marasmiaceae 20 Pali 19039’9”N & 7308’48”E 20 Pisolithus inctorius (Fr.) Pilat Sclerodermataceae 21 Pandur 19.690N & 72.760E 21 Pleurotus ostreatus (Jack.) P. Kumm. Pleurotaceae 22 Pedhambe 16.670N & 73.520E 22 Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel. Champ Pleurotaceae. 23 Poynad 17.530N & 73.520E 23 Pluteus cervinus (Schaef.) P. Kumm. Plutaceae 24 Prabhanwalli 17.470N & 73.20E 24 Termitomyces heimii Natarajan Termitomyces longiradicatus Sathe & Daniel Termitomyces microcarpous (Berk. & Broome) Lyophyllaceae 25 Rajapur 16051’32”N 73042’6”E Lyophyllaceae 26 Sakharpa 16024’5”N & 73025’51”E Lyophyllaceae 27 Sangameshwar 15.850N & 73.630E 28 Sawantwadi 17024′54.5″N & 73032′19.3″E 27 Termitomyces umkowaani (Cooke & Massee) Lyophyllaceae 29 Sawarde 17.470N & 73.620E 28 Termitomycs clypeatus R. Heim Lyophyllaceae 30 Shrivardhan 18.0830N & 73.4170E 29 Tremella fuciformis Berk. Tremellaceae 31 Umberghar 18024’0” N & 73012’0”E 32 Vengurle 18040’58”N & 72059’26”E 33 Wada 18.030N & 73.010E 34 Wakavali 17028′51.1″N & 73035′20.4″E Species Family 1 Agaricus arvensis Schaef Agaricaceae 2 Agaricus placomyces Peck., 3 25 26 Thailand based on morphological and molecular (ITS sequences) Data. Fungal Diversity 37: 209–306. Wasser, S.P. (1993). Tribes Cystodermateae and Leucocoprineae Sing. of the CIS and Balic States. Libri Botanici 9: 1–105. Wei, T.Z., B.H. Tang, Y.J. Yao & D.N. Pelger (2006). A Rivision of Sinotermitomyces, an synonym of Termitomyces. Fungal Diversity 21: 225–237. Zang, M. (1981). Sinotermitomyces, a new genus of Amanitaceae from Yunnan, China. Mycotaxon 13: 171–174. Threatened Taxa 7640 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2015 | 7(10): 7625–7640