Mushroom

Investigating the multidimensional integration between different microbiological kingdoms possesses potential toward engineering next-generation bionic architectures. Bacterial and fungal kingdom exhibits mutual symbiosis that can offer advanced functionalities to these bionic architectures. Moreover, functional nanomaterials can serve as probing agents for accessing newer information from microbial organisms due to their dimensional similarities. In this article, a bionic mushroom was created by intertwining cyanobacterial cells with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) onto the umbrella-shaped pileus of mushroom for photosynthetic bioelectricity generation. These seamlessly merged GNRs function as agents for mediating extracellular electron transport from cyanobacteria resulting in photocurrent generation. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) printing technique was used to assemble cyanobacterial cells in anisotropic, densely packed geometry resulting in adequate cell-population density for efficient collective behavior. These 3D printed cyanobacterial colonies resulted in comparatively higher photocurrent (almost 8-fold increase) than isotropically casted cyanobacteria of similar seeding density. An insight of the proposed integration between cyanobacteria and mushroom derives remarkable advantage that arises from symbiotic relationship, termed here as engineered bionic symbiosis. Existence of this engineered bionic symbiosis was confirmed by UV− visible spectroscopy and standard plate counting method. Taken together, the present study augments scientific understanding of multidimensional integration between the living biological microworld and functional abiotic nanomaterials to establish newer dimensionalities toward advancement of bacterial nanobionics.

Pleurotus is one of the most important and widely use mushroom in the world it contributed about 25% of the world total mushroom production. It can utilize agricultural waste and converted into a highly nutritious food. Now a days for strain improvement in mushrooms several modified breedings techniques such as selection and hybridization by the process of Protoplast fusion, use of chemical mutagenesis, use of resistance markers, have been employed with new findings of high yielding, more nutritious, disease resistance and more biological efficiency.

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link is an entomopathogenic fungus, which enjoyed an extensive praise for its medicinal functions. In this study, taxonomic details, isolation of pure culture, influence of different physiological requirements on the mycelia growth of this fungus its chemical components and molecular characterization has been carried out. A small bit of tissue from stipe and stroma was used as material for in vitro isolation. The present investigation revealed that this fungus showed optimum growth in YPDA (yeastal potato dextrose agar) and GAS (glucose asparagine solution). The maximum mycelial growth was observed at 25 ºC and pH 7.5 and 5.5 in solid and liquid media respectively. Among various carbon, nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources tested, sucrose, beef extract, zinc chloride and folic acid produced the maximum mycelial yield respectively. The fungus was found rich in various chemical components like vitamins, proteins trace elements, cordycepin and cordycepic acid. Molecular characterization of fungus resulted in amplified product of 540 basepairs, which is submitted in NCBI database having submission ID KJ004029. C. militaris has been successfully cultivated under lab scale cultivation trials under standardized nutritional and climatic conditions.

Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs and egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.

Recientemente Kuhar y colaboradores proponen el término Funga para referirse a la diversidad del Reino Fungi. Con esta propuesta se espera que el uso de las 3F (Flora, Fauna, Funga) sea utilizado de ahora en adelante, de manera cotidiana, al referirse a la biodiversidad que existe en el planeta, representada en los reinos Plantae, Animalia y Fungi.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important class of nanomaterials for a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. AgNPs have been used as an antimicrobial and disinfectant agents due its detrimental effect. The aim our study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of biologically synthesized AgNPs using hot aqueous extracts of the mycelia of Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.  Here, we developed a green method for the synthesis of water-soluble AgNPs by treating silver ions with hot aqueous extract of mycelia of G.neo-japonicum. The formation of silver nanoparticles was characterized by ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the toxicity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using a series of assays like cell viability, LDH leakage, ROS generation, caspase-3, DNA laddering and TUNEL in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231).  The ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy results show a strong resonance centered on the surface of AgNPs at 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the synthesized AgNP are single crystalline, corresponding to the result of transmission electron microscopy. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with various concentrations of AgNPs (1 to 10 μg/mL) for 24 h revealed that AgNPs could inhibit the cell viability and induces membrane leakage in a dose dependent manner. Cells exposed to AgNPs showed increased reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical production. Furthermore, the apoptotic effects of AgNPs were confirmed by activation of caspase-3 and DNA nuclear fragmentation.  The results indicate that AgNPs possess cytotoxic effects with apoptotic features and suggest that the ROS generated by AgNPs have a significant role in apoptosis. The present findings suggest that AgNPs may contribute to the development of a suitable anticancer drug and the presented results here may lead to develop novel nanomedicine for treatment of cancers.

Background This experiment was conducted to study the effect of diet contained mushroom spent wheat straw (MSWS) remained from Agaricus bisporus mushroom as well as the physical form of the diet on the performance of the feedlot calves. At the end of mushroom harvesting period, MSWS was collected from production room and the casing soil was removed from the whole compost, then it was sun dried and sampled for chemical analysis. In a completely randomized design, 24 Holsteins male calves with initial weight of 201.9 ± 1.0 kg were allocated to four experimental diets containing (1) standard pellet diet; (2) pellet diet with 15 % MSWS; (3) standard mash diet and (4) mash diet contained 15 % of MSWS. Results Average daily gain was 1,261, 1,146, 1,093 and 830 g; dry matter intake was 7.91, 6.51, 8.07 and 8.15 kg/ animal/day and feed conversion ratio was 6.32, 5.69, 7.39 and 8.76 for the diets respectively that were significantly different (P \ 0.05) among the treatments. Results of slaughtering observations showed that no differences could be detected in carcass and internal organs of the calves that received different diets. Conclusions The spent compost straw could be included up to 15 % in finishing calve diet in the pellet form.

Based on morphological examination, genus of mushroom Polyporus sp. was identified, which constitutes the first record of this fungus in Iraq. It is necessary to study ecology of the rare species of polypores then conservation of their habitats. Because most of polypores live on the substrate of fallen trunks and rotten wood, it is very important to keep such substrate in the ecosystem. Polypors fungus was identified as genus level only which appeared on September 2013 in Fallujah city. The aim of this study to collect and identify of wild mushroom that grow naturally in different orchards and gardens.

Edible natural or cultivated macrofungi (mushrooms) are economically significant in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Although they have considerable direct and indirect economic, social, and cultural value, these are to date poorly explored. In this study, edible macrofungi were investigated for their ethnomycological standing from identification to marketing. The method was face-to-face data collection with a semi-structured questionnaire, applied in 6 provinces (Bolu, Düzce, Karabük, Zonguldak, Bartın, and Kastamonu): 6 provincial centers, 17 counties, and 120 villages from April 2012 to December 2013. Seventy different local markets were visited particularly during mushroom gathering seasons. Four hundred and seventy-five responses from the forest villages provided results identifying the gender, identification of mushrooms, use, and marketing. Thirty-three species in 14 families were used for food (55.4 %), income (43.8 %), or medicine (0.8 %). These were Russulaceae Pleurotaceae (1). In addition, 169 different Turkish folk names were registered and five marketing channels were

The present investigation was carried out at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Chatha, Jammu during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design and comprised of twenty-three treatments replicated thrice. Among the various treatments, maximum plant height (90.10 cm) and highest number of laterals (21.89) were recorded with treatment T7 comprising of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (00:52:34). Lesser number of days taken to 50% flowering (70.22 days), number of flowers/plant (86.78), maximum flower diameter (6.20g), weight of flower (5.78 g), flower yield per plant (500 g), seed yield/plant (105.91 g), 1000 seed weight (11.67g) was recorded with the treatment of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + 1% foliar spray of MKP (T9). Maximum plant spread (68.44 cm) was recorded with treatment comprising of 75 % RDF + Spent mushroom compost (1 kg/m2) + Biofertilizers (T6). However, minimum elect...

Present experiment was conducted during 2017-18 in the Department of Plant Pathology, CoA, IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh to know the effect of different straw prepared compost [Wheat straw and Wheat straw + Paddy straw (1:1)] and growing structure (Growing room and Ecofrost cold storage) on growth and yield of button mushroom. The results obtained that on the different straw prepared compost, spawn run was found significantly fastest (13.30 days) in wheat straw while, the days required for pinhead initiation was less (15.60 days) in combination of wheat straw + paddy straw. The yield attributing characters did not differed significantly and the number of fruiting bodies varied from 23.60-31.00. The fresh yield of button mushroom on different straw prepared compost, significantly maximum (560g) with 11.2 % biological efficiency was recorded in combination of wheat straw + paddy straw. Under the different growing structure the quickest (16.80 days) pinhead initiation was recorded in growing room and the stalk length, stalk diameter did not found significant and the pileus diameter was found significant with growing structure. The number of fruiting bodies varied from 44.60-32.80. Fresh yield of button mushroom was not differed significantly under the different growing structures and ranges from 559-662g with 11.18-13.24 % biological efficiency.

Morchella Esculenta is one of the expensive mushrooms throughout the globe due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Naturally it grown in different locations of Pakistan i.e. Swat, Miandam, Kalam, MalamJabba, Parona, Kokaria, Jambile and Madian etc.Traditionally Morchella esculentais used as medicines in different countries like Japan, China and Malaysia for healing of different diseases and is famous due to its unique flavor and taste.

The field of biotechnology presents us with a great chance to use many organisms, such as mushrooms, to find suitable solutions for issues that include the accumulation of agro-wastes in the environment. The green biotechnology of mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.) includes the myco-remediation of polluted soil and water as well as bio-fermentation. The circular economy approach could be effectively achieved by using oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus L.), of which the substrate of their cultivation is considered as a vital source for producing biofertilizers, animal feeds, bioenergy, and bio-remediators. Spent mushroom substrate is also considered a crucial source for many applications, including the production of enzymes (e.g., manganese peroxidase, laccase, and lignin peroxidase) and bioethanol. The sustainable management of agro-industrial wastes (e.g., plant-based foods, animal-based foods, and non-food industries) could reduce, reuse and recycle using oyster mushrooms. This...

Nell’ambito delle attività istituzionali del Dipartimento Difesa della Natura
dell’Istituto Superiore par la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), è
stato istituito il “Progetto Speciale Funghi”, per studiare questa componente
ecosistemica su cui sono disponibili pochi studi sintetici a livello nazionale. E’ stata quindi stipulata una convenzione non onerosa con l’Associazione Micologica Bresadola (AMB) ed il suo Centro Studi Micologici, finalizzata alla condivisione, sviluppo ed organizzazione dei dati micologici raccolti.

Major efforts in mushroom cultivation have been focused on technological developments and yields. However, its future will also depend on a thorough understanding of consumer trends worldwide. This is the case of developing countries where the importance of edible mushrooms within consumer preferences and perceptions is not yet clear and studied. We carried out a study (2000-2003) to understand the patterns of mushroom consumption in central Mexico, where most wild/cultivated mushrooms are produced and/or marketed. Structured interviews were made to urban consumers, and data were statistically analyzed by the correlation of variables studied. About half (49.4%) of urban consumers buy mushrooms, independently of their social level (fresh or canned: Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinula). There were differing factors affecting mushroom quality and price through long channels of distribution. Preferences and perceptions from Mexican consumers depended on the social level. Mushroom prices were...

Jamur tiram putih (Pleorotus ostreatus) adalah salah satu jamur kayu yang dapat dikonsumsi serta mempunyai kandungan gizi tinggi seperti karbohidrat, kalsium, protein, zat besi, lemak, kalium dan fosfor. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan produktifitas jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) pada komposisi media tanam ampas kopi dan daun pisang kering yang berbeda. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan satu faktor komposisi ampas kopi dan daun pisang kering yaitu Y0 (tanpa ampas kopi dan daun pisang kering), Y1 (ampas kopi 50 g + daun pisang kering 25 g), Y2 (ampas kopi 50 g + daun pisang kering 15 g), Y3 (ampas kopi 25 g + daun pisang kering 25 g), Y4 (ampas kopi 25 g + daun pisang kering 15 g). Analisis data pengujian menggunakan One Way Anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan jamur tiram putih (waktu pemenuhan miselium) paling cepat pada perlakun Y0 (tanpa ampas kopi dan daun pisang kering) selama 28,7 hari. Produktifi...

Agaricus brasiliensis is a mushroom native to São Paulo State, Brazil, that is studied for its medicinal proprieties. This work aimed to investigate the antitumoral activity of A. brasiliensis extracts and pure powdered basidiocarp preparation using Walker-256 (W256) tumor-bearing rats, a model for cancer-related cachexia studies. The rats were treated for 14 days by gavage (136 mg/kg) and at the end of the experiment tumors were collected to calculate mass and volume. Blood was collected for determination of plasma glucose, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Hepatic and tumor enzymes indicating oxidative stress were also evaluated. The results showed that all 4 treatments (pure powdered basidiocarp and aqueous, acid, and alkaline extracts) significantly reduced tumor size and promoted gain in body weight. Plasmatic analysis showed a reduction in AST level and increased glycemia in the treated rats. Pure basidiocarp preparations improved t...

The present study investigated the content of 62 elements in the fruiting bodies of Lentinula edodes (Shiitake mushroom) cultivated commercially in Poland on various substrates from 2007-2015. The general mean content (mg kg(-1) dry weight (DW)) of the studied elements ranked in the following order: K (26,335) > P (11,015) > Mg (2,284) > Ca (607) > Na (131) > Zn (112) > Fe (69) > Mn (33) > B (32) > Rb (17) > Cu (14.5) > Al (11.2) > Te (2.9) > As (1.80) > Cd (1.76) > Ag (1.73) > Nd (1.70) > Sr (1.46) > Se (1.41) > U (1.11) > Pt (0.90) > Ce (0.80) > Ba (0.61) > Co (0.59) > Tl (0.58) > Er (0.50) > Pb (0.42) > Li (0.40) > Pr (0.39) > Ir (0.37) > In (0.35) > Mo (0.31) > Cr (0.29) > Ni (0.28) > Sb (0.26) > Re (0.24) > Ti (0.19) > Bi (0.18) > Th (0.12) > La (0.10) = Pd (0.10) > Os (0.09) = Zr (0.09) > Rh (0.08) > Ho (0.07) > Ru (0.06) > Sm (0.04) = Eu (0.04) =...

Global food production faces many challenges, including climate change, a water crisis, land degradation, and desertification. These challenges require research into non-traditional sources of human foods. Edible mushrooms are considered an important next-generation healthy food source. Edible mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components (alkaloids, lactones, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, sterols, and terpenoids). Several bioactive ingredients can be extracted from edible mushrooms and incorporated into health-promoting supplements. It has been suggested that several human diseases can be treated with extracts from edible mushrooms, as these extracts have biological effects including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immune-potentiating, and hypo-cholesterolemic influences. The current study focuses on sustainable approaches for handling edible mushrooms and their second...

Global food production faces many challenges, including climate change, a water crisis, land degradation, and desertification. These challenges require research into non-traditional sources of human foods. Edible mushrooms are considered an important next-generation healthy food source. Edible mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components (alkaloids, lactones, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, sterols, and terpenoids). Several bioactive ingredients can be extracted from edible mushrooms and incorporated into health-promoting supplements. It has been suggested that several human diseases can be treated with extracts from edible mushrooms, as these extracts have biological effects including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immune-potentiating, and hypo-cholesterolemic influences. The current study focuses on sustainable approaches for handling edible mushrooms and their second...

Present study was conducted in the laboratory as well as in mushroom house to determine the effect of different agricultural wastes (wheat straw, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, maize straw and sorghum straw) on growth, production and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida). The culture was maintained on Malt Extract Agar medium. Spawn was prepared on wheat grains. Spawn running took less time i.e. 20 days on wheat straw as compared to other substrates. The appearance of pinhead and their maturity also took less time i.e. 29 days and 30 days, respectively on wheat straw. Maximum yield i.e. 1360 gram was recorded on wheat straw. The first flush gave the maximum yield in all treatments and there was a progressive decrease in the yield of successive flushes. The maximum biological efficiency of 136% was observed in case of wheat straw. The maximum moisture (93.44%) and ash (1.006%) were recorded in oyster mushroom obtained from sorghum straw. Percent protein content (8.75 gram), ...

The alternative control is an environmentally safe and ecologically viable option for controlling plant pathogens. Considering the great importance of nematodes in soybean, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of nematophagous fungi against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in soybean. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replicates. The treatments were Pochonia chlamydosporia, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Coprinus comatus, a mixture of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinus, and control plants inoculated with M. incognita and without treatment. We evaluated number of eggs and second stage juveniles (J2) in soil and roots, number of galls and reproduction factor (RF). There were no differences among the treatments and the control plants for number of eggs and J2 in soil and roots, number of galls and RF. The P. chlamydosporia treatments caused the reduction of the number of J2 in roots. Thus, was possible to conclude that P. chlamydosporia has potential to control M. incognita in soybean plants.

Context: Malnutrition is considered worldwide as an important burden because it provokes serious damage in several physiological and metabolic mechanisms, among them the hepatic function. Currently, natural products are being used to reduce the negative impact of some pathological disorders in liver. Pleurotus genus of edible mushrooms has shown a wide spectrum of medicinal effects, but its role in the management of liver complications associated to malnutrition is not clear.

Aims: To evaluate the restoration of hepatic function in BALB/c malnourished mice, orally administered with a crude water extract (CW-P) from Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies.

Methods: Animals (8-week old female BALB/c mice) were  starved  for  3  days  and  then  refed  with  commercial  diet  supplemented  with  or  without CW-P (100 mg/kg) for 8 days. Serum ALP, GGT and amylase activities, hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, GGT), and liver histological examination were assayed.

Results: CW-P (34.3 % proteins, 42.6 % carbohydrates and 3.8 g/ 100 g of phenolics) administered to malnourished mice: (i) increased total serum proteins concentration that was correlated with the stimulation in liver protein anabolism, (ii) alleviated hepatic damage markers such as decrease serum ALP levels as well as, in ALP, GGT y AST activities in liver samples, and (iii) improved liver histological architecture similar to control group with decreased lipid accumulation.

Conclusions: CW-P supplementation favored liver restoration in malnourished mice. Nutritional interventions with this mushroom extract may be suggested to prevent liver complications associated to malnutrition.

The oyster mushroom Pleurotus pulmonarius could
be cultivated in paddy straw substrate at temperature
range of 25-28°C and relative humidity of 80-85%
throughout the year under controlled conditions with
average bioefficiency ranging from 116 to 129.6%
in a total cropping cycle of 45-47 days with benefit:
cost ratio of 3.3. The nutritive values analyzed showed
the presence of 56.01% carbohydrates, 19.64%
protein, 5.45% crude fibre, 1.36% fat, calcium
455mg/100g, iron 8.4 mg/100g with total calorific
value of 314.96 kcalories/100g and antioxidant
activity of 1.18 mg/g. P. pulmonarius being white rot
fungi showed good degradation of agro wastes with
C:N ratio range of 18:1 and 24:1. The cellulose
content in degraded wastes ranged from 7.15 to
8.94% and the lignin content ranged from 7.24 to
13.82% in oil palm, cocopeat, banana, sugarcane and
cocoa wastes. This study shows the potentiality of P.
pulmonarius both for edible purpose and for
biodegradation of agrowastes that can best suit the
integrated farming system.