Presentation of paper "Genealogy of Behaviourist Peace Research"

Genealogy of Behavioralist Peace Research Forth o i g i : Ge ealog of Behavioralist Peace Resear h , JANU“.NET e-journal of International Relations, Vol. 8, N.º 1, May 2017-October 2017. Seminar Development Studies - ISEG Anf.1 – 18.00h – 20.00h Ricardo Sousa – rsousa@ual.pt 1 Agenda • • • • • Objectives Analytical framework Differentiating Behaviorist Peace Research Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Conclusion 2 Objective • Clarify the delimitation of research on Peace and Co fli t of differe t episte ologi al o u ities . • It is written as a text book and will be published also in Portuguese i the ook Incursões na Teoria da Resolução de Co flitos editado por Carlos Branco, Ricardo Real P. Sousa e Gilberto Carvalho de Oliveira e publicado pela UAL. 3 Epistemological communities • "...a network of professionals [persons] with recognised expertise and competence in a particular domain [object of analysis] and an authoritative claim to policy relevant knowledge [inter-subjectively validated based on a shared understanding of valid research - ontology, epistemology and methodology] within that domain or issue-area. Haas, Haas, Peter M. (Winter 1992). "Introduction: epistemic communities and international policy coordination". International Organization, special issue: Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination. Cambridge Journals. 46 (1): 1–35. 4 Epistemological communities, why are they important? • Research is a conversation with other researchers about knowledge over a specific issue. It is important to understand who is in the conversation, what is the conversation about, what rules are followed to be listened to. 5 Peace Research • With the start of the Cold War (1947?) > study conflict in a systematic way. • This community of scholars would grow and branch out according to issue-areas and approaches to research. • Second great debate (1950/1960) between traditionalist and behavioralist scholars of Political Science and International Relations. • This paper adopts the behavioralist approach as its backbone. 6 Agenda • • • • • Objectives Analytical framework Differentiating Behaviorist Peace Research Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Conclusion 8 Analytical framework • How to delimit an epistemological community? 9 Analytical framework • Buzan and Hansen (2009) The Evolution of International Security Studies 10 Analytical framework Evolution of International Security Studies (Buzan and Hansen, 2009) Analytical framework • But this framework is very broad. • Alternatively one can use a more parsimonious definition of science: – What it studies – the object of analysis – Ontology – How it is studied – epistemology and methodology of research 12 Analytical framework • What it studies – the object of analysis – Ontology – Peace and Conflict • How it is studied – epistemology and methodology of research – Behavioralist (objectivity, deductive, empiric) 13 Behavioralism Characteristics of research are: • to make descriptive or explanatory inferences on the basis of empirical information; • that research uses explicit, codified and public methods to generate and analyze data whose reliability can be assessed; • that qualitative and quantitative methods are necessarily imperfect and therefore the conclusions are uncertain, and; • that the u it of all s ie es o sists alo e i its ethod, ot i its aterial Pearso , , p. . 14 Looking back at Busan and Hansen framework • The focus is on the academic debate. • The other forces contextualize the debate. Fonte: Buzan e Hansen (2009) Looking back at Busan and Hansen framework • In practice the criteria delimits the research to specific epistemologica l communities. Fonte: Buzan e Hansen (2009) Method Textual analysis of: • Publications; • Scope and aims of leading journals (Journal of Conflict Resolution, Journal of Peace Research, Peace and Change); and • Review publications. 17 Analytical framework • What it studies – Peace and Conflict • How it is studied –Behavioralist (objectivity, deductive, empiric) • Objectives – Differentiate Behaviorist Peace Research from others; – Characterize the evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research. 18 Agenda • • • • • Objectives Analytical framework Differentiating Behaviorist Peace Research Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Conclusion 19 Differentiating Behaviorist Peace Research • Epistemological community: Behavioralist Peace Research Close epistemological communities: • Political Science, • International Relations, • International Security Studies, • Strategic Studies, • Peace Studies, and • Conflict Resolution. 20 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Research What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus ྶ What are the causes of war? How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice ྶ Non-normative, positivist, rationalist 21 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Research Political Science/ Int. Rel. ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice ྶ ྶ Peace Research branches out of Political Science and Int. Rel. But in Political Science and Int. Rel. there are other dependent variables: finance and economics, development, sustainability, environment, justice, ethics, civil society or democracy. 22 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Strategic Research Studies Peace Research emerges as an alternative to Strategic Studies What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus ྶ ྷ How to win or not loose war? ྶ ྶ Non-normative, positivist, rationalist How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice 23 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Research Int. Security Studies ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice ྶ ISS as a sub-field of IR focus on: • Referent object - the state? • Threats - internal and/or external?; • Security - military or also other sectors • Security tied to a dynamic of threats, dangers and urgency?. Peace Research is a subfield of ISS. 24 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Research Peace Studies ྶ ྶ What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice ྶ ྶ ྶ Peace Studies = Peace Research + Peace Action + Peace Education How to transform war into positive peace through research, teaching and action? Normative, pos-positivist, reflectivist, participative action research 25 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Conflict Research Research What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus ྶ ྶ How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ CR: multilevel; multidisciplinary; multicultural; analytical and normative, and; theoretical and practical It is the normative but essentially the practical approach that distinguishes it from PR. 26 Distinctiveness of Peace Research vis a vis other approaches Peace Research Political Science/ Int. Rel. Strategic Studies Int. Security Studies Peace Studies Conflict Research ྶ ྶ ྷ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ What it studies Peace and Conflict Other focus How it is studied Neutral/ objective Normative/ subjective Practice ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ ྶ 27 Positioning PR 28 Agenda • • • • • Objectives Analytical framework Differentiating Behaviorist Peace Research Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Conclusion 29 Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Late 1960s- late 1980s Late 1980s onwards Beginning First epistemological challenge Second epistemological challenge Late 1950slate 1960s 30 Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Late 1950slate 1960s What is studied (dependent variable) Inter-state (nuclear) conflict How it is studied (method of research) Behaviorist Disciplines Political Science Late 1960s- late 1980s Late 1980s onwards An alternative knowledge to Strategic Studies. 31 Late 1950s and 1960s • Second great debate in International Relations between Traditionalists and Behavioralists: • Western community of behavioralist scholars (North America, Western Europe and Japan) • Two significant institutional initiatives: – University of Michigan in the United States, Kenneth Boulding and others (Journal of Conflict Resolution JCR – 1957; Correlates of War project - 1964); – Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), Norway, Johan Galtung and others (Journal of Peace Research JPR 1959) 32 Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Late 1950slate 1960s Late 1960s- late 1980s What is studied (dependent variable) Inter-state (nuclear) conflict Inter-state conflict Positive and Negative Peace and structural violence How it is studied (method of research) Behaviorist Behaviorist Behaviorist and Normative Disciplines Political Science Political Science and Economics Late 1980s onwards Inter and intra state conflict Liberal Peace Rationalist Positivist (behaviorist) Multidisciplinary 33 Late 1960s to late 1980s • Johan Galtung – Co ept of positi e pea e ot o l as the a se e of iole t o fli t – What is studied. Positive Peace Negative Peace Nonviolent conflict Social Justice Structural violence War Violent conflict Direct violence 34 Late 1960s to late 1980s • Johan Galtung – Co ept of positi e pea e ot o l as the a se e of iole t o fli t – What is studied. – Claim for normativity in research – How it is studied. • Resear h: i aria e reaki g , the pote tial . • (Structural) Violence is the difference et ee the potential and the actual, between what could have been and what is. – Politi al o te t of these de elop e ts is . • These developments would be reflected in the aim and scope of JCR and JPR. 35 Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Late 1950slate 1960s Late 1960s- late 1980s What is studied (dependent variable) Inter-state (nuclear) conflict Inter-state conflict Positive and Negative Peace and structural violence How it is studied (method of research) Behaviorist Behaviorist Behaviorist and Normative Disciplines Political Science Political Science and Economics Late 1980s onwards Inter and intra state conflict Liberal Peace Rationalist Positivist (behaviorist) Multidisciplinary 36 Late 1980s onwards • Broadening of the referent object to intra-state conflict and the liberal peace; • The nature of the threat enlarges and data projects focus on some new types of violence. 37 Late 1980s onwards • Research focus on conflict with the exception of the a al sis of Li eral Pea e ; 38 War , Pea e a d Co fli t i JPR and JCR 39 Source: Gleditsch, Nordkvelle, & Strand (2014) Late 1980s onwards • Research focus on conflict with the exception of the a al sis of Li eral Pea e ; • The concept of structural violence is not debated (title or abstract) although there is an interest in democratic peace, human rights and peacebuilding. 40 Structural violence and other popular terms in JCR and JPR. 41 Source: Gleditsch, Nordkvelle, & Strand (2014) Late 1980s onwards • Research focus on conflict with the exception of the a al sis of Li eral Pea e ; • The concept of structural violence is not debated (title or abstract) although there is an interest in democratic peace, human rights and peacebuilding. • Publication focusing on conflict have more citations than focusing on peace. 42 Deviation from average citations for JPR articles – key words in title (1964-2012) 43 Source: Gleditsch, Nordkvelle, & Strand (2014) Late 1980s onwards • Third Great Debate opposing: • Rationalist and Reflectivist (context dependent decisions) approaches; • Positivists and pos-positivists (no neutral researcher) approaches. • Behaviorist are mainly rationalist and positivists; 44 Late 1980s onwards • Mostly reflectivist and post-positivists approaches: • • • • • • • Linguistic studies – the importance of language and the discourse representation of the object of analysis; Post-structuralism – phenomena only exists through a discursive representation which is permeated by power relations; Feminist theory – dynamics of patriarchy; Critical studies – project of human emancipation; Constructivism (conventional and critical) – role of ideas, culture, norms and identities; Human security – roade s the o ept of stru tural iole e linking security to development; Copenhagen School – the se uritizatio pro ess i hi h a phenomenon or actors is constituted through discourse as a threat to a referent object (state, society or individual). 45 Late 1980s onwards • Call for papers of the European Network of Peace Scientists (example) • We welcome presentations that address any issue relating to peace and security broadly defined. As in the past, we strive for a multi-disciplinary program comprising contributions with a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches, including strictly theoretical work, game theory and formal modeling, statistical and econometric analysis, qualitative studies, and e peri e ts . (source) 46 Agenda • • • • • Objectives Analytical framework Differentiating Behaviorist Peace Research Evolution of Behaviorist Peace Research Conclusion 47 Conclusion • The framework allows to explain changes and developments of epistemological communities; • u it of all s ie es o sists alo e i its ethod, ot i its aterial Pearso , , p. ) • This epistemological community of Peace Research is characterized by its behaviorist approach which is reinforce through two episte ologi al halle ges: the so ialist re olutio i the late s a d the third great de ate i the sa d s. 48 Referências 1. Sousa, Ricardo Real P. (forthcoming) Genealogy of Peace and Conflict Studies link 2. Buzan, B., & Hansen, L. (2009). The evolution of international security studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Gleditsch, N. P., Nordkvelle, J., & Strand, H. (2014). Peace research - Just the study of war? Journal of Peace Research, 145-158. 49