INSPECTION of hot-dip galvanized steel products

INSPECTION of hot-dip galvanized steel products 02 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE OF INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 TYPES OF INSPECTION COATING MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 COATING THICKNESS COATING WEIGHT FINISH & APPEARANCE: VISUAL INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DIFFERENT APPEARANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 STEEL CHEMISTRY COOLING RATE STEEL PROCESSING SURFACE CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 BARE SPOTS BLASTING DAMAGE CHAIN & WIRE MARKS CLOGGED HOLES/THREADS DELAMINATION AND PEELING DISTORTION DRAINAGE SPIKES DROSS INCLUSIONS EXCESS ALUMINUM IN GALVANIZING BATH FLAKING FLUX INCLUSIONS OXIDE LINES PRODUCTS IN CONTACT/TOUCH MARKS ROUGH SURFACE CONDITION RUNS RUST BLEEDING SAND EMBEDDED IN CASTINGS STRIATIONS/FISH-BONING SURFACE CONTAMINANT WEEPING WELD WELDING BLOWOUTS WELDING SPATTER WET STORAGE STAIN ZINC SKIMMINGS ZINC SPLATTER ADDITIONAL INSPECTION TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ADHERENCE TEST EMBRITTLEMENT TEST BENDING TEST FOR REINFORCING STEEL PASSIVATION TESTING SAMPLING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 FIELD INSPECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS CREVICES DISSIMILAR METALS IN CONTACT AREAS WHERE WATER POOLS PREVIOUSLY TOUCHED-UP AREAS COMMON APPEARANCE ISSUES TOUCH-UP AND REPAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 TOUCH-UP AND REPAIR METHODS RELATED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 © 2016 American Galvanizers Association. The material in this publication has been developed to provide accurate and authoritative information about the time to first maintenance of hot-dip galvanized steel after fabrication. This material provides general information only and is not intended as a substitute for competent professional examination and verification as to suitability and applicability. The publication of the material herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Galvanizers Association, Inc. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. 03 PURPOSE OF INSPECTION Hot-dip galvanizing is one of the most economical, maintenance-free corrosion protection systems available. Like any other manufacturing process, hot-dip galvanized steel requires an inspection of the finished product to ensure compliance with applicable specifications. The inspection process requires a clear understanding of specification requirements and compliance measurement techniques to make an accurate assessment. A key feature of hot-dip galvanized (HDG) products is durability, which yields decades of maintenance-free performance. For any environment, the time to irst maintenance of HDG steel is directly proportional to the thickness of the zinc coating. To plan for this extended service life, the estimated time to irst maintenance in atmospheric exposures can be seen in Figure 1. he diference between these speciications is the type of steel product covered by each. ASTM A123/A123M covers structural steel, pipe and tubing, lat/round bar, wire, reinforcing steel and assemblies of these steel products. ASTM A153/A153M includes small castings, nails, nuts, bolts, washers, and small parts centrifuged after galvanizing to remove excess zinc. And ASTM A767/A767M covers only reinforcing steel bars. Coating thickness is an important requirement in the speciication and efectiveness of hot-dip galvanizing as a corrosion protection system. However, measuring coating thickness is only one of the many speciication requirements in the inspection process. Other key requirements include adherence, appearance, and inish. In Canada, the speciication CSA G164 covers the requirements for all hot-dip galvanized articles, and ISO 1461 is the standard most commonly used in Europe. In all cases, the inspection of hot-dip galvanized steel is conducted at the galvanizing plant prior to shipment of the product. he requirements for hot-dip galvanized coatings are found in three ASTM speciications; • A123/A123M Speciication for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products • A153/A153M Speciication for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Hardware • A767/A767M Speciication for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Time to First Maintenance* (years) 100 90 80 Key 70 Rural 60 Suburban Temperate Marine 50 Tropical Marine Industrieal 40 30 20 10 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Average Thickness of Zinc (mils) *Time to first maintenance is defined as the time to 5% rusting of the substrate steel surface. 4.5 5.0 1 mil = 25.4µm = 0.56oz/ft2 FIGURE 1: TIME TO FIRST MAINTENANCE OF HOT-DIP GALVANIZED COATINGS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES The American Galvanizers Association (AGA) offers a free online inspection course to train individuals on the proper inspection techniques and requirements for hot-dip galvanized steel products. Alternatively, the AGA offers a free app available in both the Apple and Google Play stores. galvanizeit.org/inspection 04 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION Types of Inspection here are a number of diferent inspections that can be conducted on hot-dip galvanized steel. he majority of these inspections happen immediately after the coating is applied and has cooled to ambient temperature, before it leaves the galvanizing facility, to verify the requirements of the speciications are met. However, once the hot-dip galvanized steel is being erected and after it is in place, ongoing ield inspections are common. he next sections will review the various types of initial inspection as well as best practices for ield inspection. COATING MEASUREMENT COATING THICKNESS GRADE As mentioned, the most scrutinized element in the inspection of hot-dip galvanized steel is the coating thickness. The specifications provide minimum zinc coating requirements for a given material classes and measured steel thickness. The amount of coating can be specified by thickness or weight per surface area. The specifications include tables providing specific requirements for thickness or weight per surface area based upon the steel part type and the measured steel thickness. he minimum coating requirements speciied by ASTM for diferent classes of work are summarized in Table 1 and Table 1A for ASTM A123/A123M, Table 2 for ASTM A153/A153M (next page), and Table 3 for ASTM A767/A767M (next page). Coating Grade mils oz/ft2 µm g/m2 35 1.4 0.8 35 245 45 1.8 1.0 45 320 50 2.0 1.2 50 355 55 2.2 1.3 55 390 60 2.4 1.4 60 425 65 2.6 1.5 65 460 75 3.0 1.7 75 530 80 3.1 1.9 80 565 85 3.3 2.0 85 600 100 3.9 2.3 100 705 TABLE 1A: COATING THICKNESS GRADES FROM ASTM A123/A123M MINIMUM AVERAGE COATING THICKNESS GRADE BY MATERIAL CATEGORY ASTM A123/A123M Material Category All Specimens Tested [Steel Thickness Range (Measured), in (mm)] <1/16 (<1.6) ≥1/16 to 1/8 (≥1.6 to <3.2) ≥1/8 to <3/16 (≥3.2 to 4.8) ≥3/16 to <1/4 (≥4.8 to <6.4) ≥1/4 to <5/8 (≥6.4 to <16.0) ≥5/8 (≥16.0) Structural Steel 45 65 75 75 100 100 Strip and Bar 45 65 75 75 75 100 Plate 45 65 75 75 75 100 Pipe and Tubing 45 45 75 75 75 75 Wire 35 50 60 65 80 80 - - - - 100 100 Reinforcing Bar TABLE 1: MINIMUM COATING THICKNESS FROM ASTM A123/A123M (SEE TABLE 1A FOR INFORMATION ON COATING THICKNESS GRADE) 05 MINIMUM AVERAGE COATING THICKNESS BY MATERIAL CLASS- ASTM A153/A153M Minimum Weight of Zinc Coating, oz/ft2 (g/m2) of Surface Minimum Thickness, Mils (Microns) Average of Specimens Tested Any Individual Specimen Average of Specimens Tested Any Individual Specimen 2.00 (610) 1.8 (550) 3.4 (86) 3.1 (79) B-1 - 5/8in (15.88mm) and over in Thickness and over15in (381mm) in length 2.00 (610) 1.80 (550) 3.4 (86) 3.1 (79) B-2 - Under 5/8in (15.88mm) in Thickness and over 15in (381mm) in length 1.50 (458) 1.25 (381) 2.6 (66) 2.1 (53) B-3 - Any Thickness and 15in (4.76mm) and under in length 1.30 (397) 1.10 (336) 2.2 (56) 1.9 (48) Class C - Fasteners over 3/8in (9.52mm) in diameter and similar articles, washers 3/16in (4.76mm) and greater in thickness 1.25 (381) 1.00 (305) 2.1 (53) 1.7 (43) Class D - Fasteners 3/8in (9.52mm) and under in diameter, rivets, nails and similar articles, washers under 3/16in (4.76mm) in thickness 1.00 (305) 0.85 (259) 1.7 (43) 1.4 (36) Class of Material Class A - Castings, Malleable Iron, Steel Class B - Rolled, Pressed and Forged Articles (Except those which would be included under Class C or D) Note: Length of the piece, stated in Classes B-1, B-2 and B-3, refers to the finished dimensions of the piece after fabrication TABLE 2: MINIMUM COATING THICKNESS FROM ASTM A153/A153M MINIMUM COATING THICKNESS BY CLASS ASTM A767/A767M (REINFORCING BARS) Coating Class Mass of Zinc Coating, (g/m2) oz/ft2 of Surface Class I Bar Designation size No. 10 (3) 915 (3.00) Bar Designation size No. 13 (4) & Larger 1070 (3.50) Bar Designation size No. 10 (3) & larger 610 (2.00) Class II TABLE 3: MINIMUM COATING THICKNESS FROM ASTM A767/A767M Coating Thickness Coating thickness refers to the thickness of the inal hot-dip galvanized coating. Two diferent methods can be used to measure the coating thickness of hot-dip galvanized steel; a magnetic thickness gauge and optical microscopy. Utilizing a magnetic thickness gauge is a non-destructive, simple way to measure coating thickness. here are three diferent types of magnetic thickness gauges. he Pencil-Style Gauge (Figure 2) is pocket-size and employs a springloaded magnet encased in a pencillike container. Its accuracy depends on the skill of the inspector, thus the measurement should be made multiple times. FIGURE 2: PENCIL-STYLE GAUGE 06 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION he Banana Gauge (Figure 3) measures coating thickness in any position, without recalibration or interference from gravity. FIGURE 3: BANANA GAUGE he Electronic or Digital hickness Gauge (Figure 4) is the most accurate and easiest to use. Electronic gauges can also store data and perform averaging calculations. Coating Weight Coating weight refers to the mass of hot-dip galvanized coating applied to a product for a given surface area. Two diferent methods can be used to measure the coating weight of hot-dip galvanized steel. he irst method uses a process called weighgalvanize-weigh, and is only appropriate for single specimen samples. Weigh-galvanize-weigh measures the weight of a steel part after it has been cleaned, and again after it has been galvanized. his technique only measures the zinc metal added to the steel and will underestimate the total coating weight by up to 10 percent. he second method is a destructive technique called weighstrip-weigh, and again, is only appropriate for single specimen samples. Weigh-strip-weigh measures the weight immediately after a galvanized part is cooled, and again after the coating has been stripped of the part using an acid solution. he weigh-strip-weigh renders the part unusable as the coating is removed. he weights must then be divided by the surface area of the steel part to determine a value that can be compared to the speciication requirements. FIGURE 4: DIGITAL THICKNESS GAUGE he speciication ASTM E376 Practice for Measuring Coating hickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods contains procedures for measuring coating thickness as accurately as possible. he other method to measure coating thickness, optical microscopy (Figure 5), is a destructive technique that exposes the edge of a coating under an optical microscope. he sample must be sectioned, then mounted and polished to show the exposed edge of the hot-dip galvanized coating. he calibrated eyepiece of an optical microscope can then determine the thickness of the coating. Since this technique destroys the part being measured, it is only used as a referee method for resolving measurement disputes. FIGURE 5: OPTICAL MICROSCOPY 07 VISUAL INSPECTION FOR FINISH & APPEARANCE Several factors can affect the finish and appearance of hot-dip galvanized coatings. Some of these factors can be controlled by the galvanizers while others cannot. The inspection of finish and appearance is done with an unmagnified visual inspection, which is performed by fully observing all parts and pieces of a hot-dip galvanized product or assembly to ensure all specification requirements have been met. Visual inspection is done in order to observe surface conditions (both inside and out) and to check all contact points, welds, junctions, and bend areas. The visual inspection should be completed at the galvanizing facility before the part is shipped. CASE STUDY Different Appearances Hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel is specified because he appearance of the hot-dip galvanized coating can vary from it provides maintenance-free corrosion protection for piece to piece, and even section to section of the same piece. Common appearances for hot-dip galvanized steel immediately decades. However, some architects and engineers under- after galvanizing include bright and shiny, spangled, matte gray, utilize HDG because of concerns about its appearance. and/or a combination of these. here are a number of reasons for Due to steel chemistry, fabrication processes, and other the non-uniform appearance; however, it is important to note appearance has no bearing on the corrosion protection of the factors, the initial appearance of hot-dip galvanized steel piece. Furthermore, in time, after exposure to the environment, all can vary from bright and shiny to matte gray, or a mixture of galvanized coatings will take on a uniform, matte gray appearance, as seen in the Case Study. both. Many specifiers erroneously equate the appearance of the coating with coating quality. It is important to note the durability of galvanized coatings is not determined by the appearance, but rather by the zinc coating thickness. Regardless of the external appearance of the coating initially, all galvanized pieces will protect steel from corrosion for decades. Additionally, as the galvanized steel weathers, initial variances in appearance will fade, producing a uniform, matte gray coating. A great example of this transformation is the canopied walkway at Mark Twain Elementary in Riverside, CA. The galvanized canopies were installed in October of 2006, and the initial coating appearance varied (left photo) from bright and shiny to matte gray on the same beam. In June of 2009, the structure was revisited to examine the appearance and performance. The beams are now all uniformly matte gray with little to no visible difference in appearance (right photo). Additionally, as hot-dip galvanizing provides 75 years or more of maintenance-free corrosion protection, the beams show no signs of rust staining or corrosion damage. Hot-dip galvanized steel not only provides superior corrosion protection, but once in service will also sustain an aesthetically pleasing, uniform matte gray appearance for decades without maintenance. Preventing unsightly corrosion and rust staining, as well as costly maintenance will provide Mark Twain Elementary with a structure both easy on the eyes and the budget well into the future. OCTOBER 2006 08 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION JUNE 2009 Steel Chemistry COATING THICKNESS CURVE 250 Zinc Thickness (Relative) he most common reason for galvanized steel to have diferent appearances is the chemistry of the steel pieces. here are two elements of steel chemistry which most strongly inluence the inal appearance; silicon and phosphorous. Both elements are catalysts to coating growth, and the thicker coating is responsible for the difering appearance. Silicon is added during the steel-making process to deoxidize the molten steel. he recommended silicon composition for steel to be galvanized is either less than 0.04% or between 0.15% and 0.22%. Steels outside these ranges are considered reactive steels and can be expected to form zinc coatings thicker than average. he Sandelin Curve (Figure 6) compares the zinc coating thickness to the mass percentage of silicon in the steel. In addition to producing thicker coatings, highly reactive steels tend to have a matte gray or mottled appearance instead of a typical bright coating. his diference in appearance is a result of the rapid zinc-iron intermetallic growth. his growth of the intermetallic layer is out of the galvanizer’s control; however, if he is aware of the steel’s composition beforehand, he can utilize some process controls to minimize the efect. Figure 7 shows the diferences between the alloy formations on steel with recommended silicon ranges (left) and those of reactive steels (right). hough the appearance and microstructure difer, the increased coating thickness can be beneicial in some respects as the time to irst maintenance is linearly related to coating thickness. 200 150 100 50 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 % Silicon in the Steel FIGURE 6: SANDELIN CURVE Similar to silicon, the presence of phosphorus inluences the reaction between molten zinc and steel. Figure 8 shows steel with phosphorus levels over 0.04% which produces matte gray coating areas and a rough surface with ridges of thicker coating where there is increased intermetallic growth. FIGURE 7: RECOMMENDED SILICON VS. REACTIVE STEEL Figure 9 shows connected galvanized pieces with diferent appearances due to steel chemistry. his is often observed when connecting diferent types or thicknesses of steel, but can also occur on similar pieces. Another common place this is found is in welded areas, as the silicon content of the weld rod can inluence appearance. Regardless of the appearance, all of these products have an equal amount of corrosion protection and meet the speciication requirements. FIGURE 8: ROUGH COATING DUE TO PHOSPHOROUS LEVELS OVER 0.04% (ACCEPTABLE UNLESS HANDRAIL) FIGURE 9: SHINY VS. DULL (ACCEPTABLE) 09 Cooling Rate A steel part with both dull and shiny coating can also be the result of a diferent cooling rate. In Figure 10, the outer edges of the product were cooled rapidly, allowing a free zinc layer to form on top of the intermetallic layers. he center of the product remained above 550 F longer and the metallurgical reaction between zinc and iron continued in the solid state, consuming the free zinc layer, resulting in a matte gray look. As the product weathers, the diferences in appearance will become less noticeable and the overall color will turn a uniform, matte gray. FIGURE 11: GRAY COATING DUE TO PROCESSING (ACCEPTABLE) Steel Processing he fabrication and processing of the steel can also create a bright or dull appearance in galvanized products. he top rail in Figure 11 has a winding pattern of dull gray areas corresponding to the process used during the making of the tube. he stresses in the steel from processing afect the intermetallic formation and can result in this striped look. he corrosion protection is not afected, thus these parts meet the speciication. FIGURE 10: GRAY COATING DUE TO UNEVEN COOLING RATE (ACCEPTABLE) Surface Conditions When inspecting the inish of the hot-dip galvanized coating, a variety of surface conditions can be observed. Several factors can afect the inish of the galvanized coating – some of these factors can be controlled by the galvanizer while others cannot. he speciication requirement for inish is the coating must be smooth, uniform, and continuous. here are many subjective interpretations for what that means; however, the key to whether surface conditions are acceptable or not relates to its efect on the long-term corrosion performance. If the surface condition will not lessen the long-term corrosion resistance of the piece, it is acceptable. On the other hand, if the condition compromises the life of the coating, it is cause for rejection. Bare Spots Bare spots, uncoated areas on the steel surface, are a surface defect that can occur because of inadequate surface preparation. Bare spots may be caused by welding slag, sand embedded in castings, excess aluminum in the galvanizing kettle, or lifting devices that prevent the coating from forming in a small area. In order to avoid bare spots, (Figure 12), the galvanizer must ensure the surfaces are clean and without rust after pretreatment. Small bare spots can be repaired in the galvanizing shop. If the size of the bare spot or total number of spots causes rejection, the parts may be stripped, regalvanized, and then re-inspected for compliance to the speciications. If a hot-dip galvanized steel part has been rejected for any reason other than embrittlement, the part may be repaired and/or regalvanized and resubmitted for inspection. here are speciic limitations to repairable areas, which will be discussed later in this publication. If the area does not meet the requirements for repair, the part can be stripped and regalvanized and then inspected again. It is important to note galvanizing does not change the mechanical properties of the steel, so there is no additional issue/concern with stripping and regalvanizing the part. he following is a review of surface conditions that can be present after galvanizing, including an overview of the cause of the condition and whether it is acceptable or rejectable according to the speciications. 10 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION FIGURE 12: BARE SPOTS (REJECTABLE) Blasting Damage FIGURE 13: BLASTING DAMAGE (REJECTABLE) Blistered or laking areas on the surface of the galvanized product can occur due to blasting damage prior to painting of the galvanized steel. It is caused by incorrect abrasive blasting procedures creating shattering and delamination of the alloy layers in the zinc coating. Blasting damage (Figure 13) can be avoided when careful attention is paid to preparation of the product for painting or powder coating. In addition, blast pressure should be greatly reduced according to ASTM D6386 Practice for Preparation of Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coated Iron and Steel Product and Hardware Surfaces for Paint. More information about proper surface preparation of hot-dip galvanized steel for painting or powder coating can be found in the American Galvanizers Association’s (AGA) Preparing HotDip Galvanized Steel for Paint or Powder Coating instructional DVDs and guide booklets. Since blasting damage is induced by a post-galvanizing process, the galvanizer is not responsible for the damage. Chain & Wire Marks FIGURE 14: CHAIN AND WIRE MARKS (ACCEPTABLE UNLESS BARE STEEL IS EXPOSED) Another type of surface defect occurs when steel is lifted and transported using chains and wires attached to overhead cranes. Lifting devices can leave uncoated areas on the inished product that will need to be renovated. Supericial marks (Figure 14) left on the galvanized coating from the lifting attachments are not grounds for rejection unless the marks expose bare steel; in such a case, the galvanizer must repair the bare areas before the part is acceptable. One potential way to avoid these types of marks is to design permanent or temporary lifting points in the fabrication. Clogged Holes & Threads FIGURE 15A: CLOGGED HOLES <1/2IN (ACCEPTABLE), HOLE SIZE ≥1/2 IN (ACCEPTABLE AFTER CLEANING) Clogged holes are caused by molten zinc metal not draining adequately and partially or completely illing holes with zinc. Molten zinc will not drain easily from holes less than 3/32” (3mm) in diameter due to the viscosity of zinc metal. A good example is the screen shown in (Figure 15a). Clogged holes can be minimized by making all holes as large as possible; regardless, clogged holes less than 1/2” (12.7mm) in diameter are not a cause for rejection, unless it prevents the part from being used for its intended purpose. Similarly, clogged threads are caused by poor drainage of the threaded section after the product is withdrawn from the galvanizing kettle. Clogged threads, (Figure 15b), can be cleaned by using post-galvanizing cleaning operations such as a centrifuge or by heating them with a torch to approximately 500 F (260 C) and then brushing them of with a wire brush to remove the excess zinc. Clogged threads must be cleaned and free of excess zinc before the part will meet the speciication. FIGURE 15B: CLOGGED THREADS (ACCEPTABLE AFTER THREADS ARE CLEANED) 11 Delamination & Peeling Delamination or peeling creates a rough coating on the steel where the zinc has come of. here are a number of causes for zinc peeling. Many thick galvanized parts take a long time to cool in the air and continue to form zinc-iron layers after they have been removed from the galvanizing kettle. his continued coating formation leaves behind a void between the top two layers of the galvanized coating. If there are many voids formed, the top layer of zinc can separate from the rest of the coating and peel of the part. If the remaining coating still meets the minimum speciication requirements, then the part is acceptable. If the coating that remains on the steel does not meet the minimum speciication requirements, then the part must be rejected and regalvanized. If delamination (Figure 16) occurs as a result of fabrication after galvanizing, such as blasting before painting, then the galvanizer is not responsible for the part acceptance. FIGURE 16: DELAMINATION (ACCEPTABLE IF MINIMUM THICKNESS LEVELS ARE MET) Distortion & Warpage Warpage and distortion are caused by the thermal changes steel parts or assemblies encounter during the hot-dip galvanizing process. Steel parts or assemblies are susceptible to warpage and distortion through residual stress in the part from fabrication or from asymmetrical designs. Figure 17 shows checkered plate which is asymmetrical due to the fabrication of the checkers on one side of the part. his can also happen to designs that combine thick and thin steel components together into an asymmetrical assembly. he thinner section reaches the zinc bath temperature quickly and expands while the thick portion of the assembly increases temperature slowly preventing the thinner parts from expanding, causing signiicant stress within the assembly. Best practice to avoid warpage and distortion dictates fabricating parts with similar steel thickness and/ or temporary bracing. For more on minimizing distortion, please see the AGA’s publication he Design of Products to be Hot-Dip Galvanized after Fabrication. Many distorted items can be manually formed or laid lat after galvanizing to bring the part to an acceptable inal condition. FIGURE 17: DISTORTION (ACCEPTABLE) Drainage Spikes Drainage spikes or drips are teardrops of zinc along the edges of a product. hese are caused when steel products are removed from the galvanizing kettle, and the zinc does not low freely back into the kettle (Figure 18). Drainage spikes are typically removed during the inspection stage by a buing or grinding process. Comprised of excess zinc, drainage spikes and drips will not afect corrosion protection, but are potentially dangerous for anyone who handles the parts. herefore, these spikes must be removed before the part can be accepted. 12 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION FIGURE 18: DRAINAGE SPIKES (ACCEPTABLE AFTER REMOVAL OR FILING) Dross Inclusions Dross inclusions are a distinct particle of zinc-iron intermetallic alloy that can become entrapped or entrained in the zinc coating (Figure 19). Dross inclusions may be avoided by changing the lifting orientation or redesigning the product to allow for more efective drainage. If the dross particles are small and completely covered by zinc metal, they will not afect the corrosion protection; and thus, are acceptable. If there are gross dross particles (large inclusions) that prevent the full galvanized coating from forming on the steel, then the particles must be removed and the area repaired. FIGURE19: DROSS INCLUSIONS (ACCEPTABLE UNLESS LARGE, AND IF REMOVED, A BARE SPOT IS EXPOSED) Excess Aluminum In Bath Galvanizers are required to have a bath of 98% pure zinc, according to the product speciications ASTM A123, A153, and A767, while the remaining 2% is comprised of additives at the galvanizer’s discretion. One common additive is aluminum, which improves the aesthetic of the coating. When excess aluminum is in the galvanizing bath, it can create black marks or bare spots on the surface of the steel, which can be seen immediately upon withdrawal from the bath (Figure 20). Bare spots due to excess aluminum in the bath can be repaired if only small areas are evident; however, if this condition occurs over a signiication portion of the part, it must be rejected, stripped, and regalvanized. FIGURE 20: EXCESS ALUMINUM IN GALVANIZING BATH (REJECTABLE) Flaking When heavy coatings (12 mils or more) develop during the galvanizing process, laking can result. Excessively thick coatings generate high stresses at the interface of the zinc/ iron intermetallic layers which causes the zinc coating to become laky and separate from the steel surface (Figure 21). Flaking can be avoided by minimizing the immersion time in the galvanizing kettle and cooling of the galvanized steel parts as quickly as possible, and/or if possible using a diferent steel grade. If the area of laking is small, it can be repaired and then accepted; however, if the laking area is larger than allowed by the speciications, the part must be rejected and regalvanized. FIGURE 21: FLAKING (REJECTABLE) Flux Inclusions Flux inclusions are created by the failure of the lux to release during the hot-dip galvanizing process, preventing the coating from forming. Because no coating grows under the inclusion, the area must be repaired prior to acceptance. If the area is small enough, it can be cleaned and repaired with touch-up, but if the lux inclusion covers a large area, the part must be rejected. Flux deposits on the interior of a hollow part, such as a pipe or tube, (Figure 22) cannot be repaired and thus must be rejected. Parts rejected for lux deposits may be stripped of their zinc coating and then regalvanized to provide an acceptable coating. FIGURE 22: FLUX INCLUSIONS FROM INTERIOR OF PIPE (REJECTABLE) 13 Oxide Lines Oxide lines are light colored ilm lines on the galvanized steel surface created when a product is not removed from the galvanizing kettle at a constant rate (Figure 23). he inconsistent rate of withdrawal may be due to the shape of the product or the drainage conditions. Oxide lines will fade over time as the entire zinc surface weathers (oxidizes). Strictly an aesthetic condition, oxide lines have no efect on the corrosion performance; and therefore, are not a cause for rejection of hotdip galvanized parts. FIGURE 23: OXIDE LINES (ACCEPTABLE) Products In Contact/Touch Marks Another surface defect can occur if steel parts come in contact with one another or are stuck together during the galvanizing process. his can occur when many small products are hung on the same ixture, creating the chance products may become connected or overlapped during the galvanizing process (Figure 24). he galvanizer is responsible for proper handling of all steel parts in order to avoid defects from products in contact. A similar type of surface defect, touch marks are damaged or uncoated areas on the surface of the product caused by galvanized products resting on one another or by the material handling equipment used during the galvanizing operation. Touch marks (Figure 25) may be cause for rejection, but may be repaired if their size meets the speciication requirement for repairable areas. FIGURE 24: PRODUCTS IN CONTACT (ACCEPTABLE UNLESS BARE SPOT) FIGURE 25: TOUCH MARKS (REJECTABLE) Rough Surface Conditions FIGURE 26: ROUGH SURFACE CONDITION/ STEEL SURFACE CONDITION (ACCEPTABLE) Rough surface condition or appearance is a uniformly textured appearance over the entire product (Figure 26). he cause for rough surface condition could be the steel chemistry or the preparation of the surface by mechanical cleaning, such as blasting before the part reaches the galvanizer. Rough surface condition can actually have a positive efect on corrosion performance because a thicker zinc coating is produced; and therefore, rough coatings are usually not cause for rejection. However, one of the few situations where rough coating is cause for rejection is on handrails, as it impacts the intended use of the product and should be smoothed prior to use. Runs Runs are localized thick areas of zinc on the surface that occur when zinc freezes on the surface of the product during removal from the zinc bath (Figure 27). Runs are not cause for rejection unless they afect the intended use of the steel part. If runs are unavoidable due to the design of the product, but will interfere with the intended application, they can be bufed. FIGURE 27: RUNS (ACCEPTABLE) 14 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION Rust Bleeding FIGURE 28: RUST BLEEDING (ACCEPTABLE) Rust bleeding appears as a brown or red stain that leaks from unsealed joints after the product has been hot-dip galvanized (Figure 28). It is caused by pre-treatment chemicals that penetrate an unsealed joint. During galvanizing of the product, moisture boils of the trapped treatment chemicals leaving anhydrous crystal residues in the joint. Over time, these crystal residues absorb water from the atmosphere and attack the steel on both surfaces of the joint, creating rust that seeps out of the joint. Rust bleeding can be avoided by seal welding the joint where possible or by leaving a gap greater than 3/32” (2.4mm) wide in order to allow solutions to escape and zinc to penetrate during hot-dip galvanizing. If bleeding occurs, it can be cleaned up by washing the joint after the crystals are hydrolyzed. Bleeding from unsealed joints is not the responsibility of the galvanizer and is not cause for rejection. Sand Embedded In Castings Sand inclusion defects occur when sand becomes embedded in castings and creates bare spots on the surface of the galvanized steel (Figure 29). Sand inclusions are not removed by conventional acid pickling; therefore, abrasive cleaning must be done before the products are sent to the galvanizer. Because this defect leaves bare spots, it must be cleaned and repaired, or the part must be rejected, stripped, and regalvanized. FIGURE 29: SAND EMBEDDED IN CASTING (REJECTABLE) Striations & Fish Boning FIGURE 30: STRIATIONS (ACCEPTABLE) Striations are characterized by raised parallel ridges in the galvanized coating, which can be caused by the chemical composition of the steel. Striations, (Figure 30) are related to the type of steel that was galvanized, and while the appearance is afected, the performance of the corrosion protection is not; therefore, striations are acceptable. Fish-boning, (Figure 31) similar to striations, is an irregular pattern over the entire surface of the steel part, which is caused by diferences in the surface chemistry of a large diameter steel piece and variations in the reaction rate between the steel and molten zinc. hese surface conditions do not afect the corrosion resistance and are acceptable. FIGURE 31: FISH BONING (ACCEPTABLE) 15 Surface Contaminants Contaminants on the steel surface not removed by pretreatment will create an ungalvanized area where the contaminant was originally located. Paint, oil, wax, lacquer, or other contaminants chemical cleaning cannot remove cause this; thus, surface contaminants (Figure 32) should be mechanically removed prior to the galvanizing process. If they cause bare areas on the inal product, they must be remedied. If the area meets size limits in the speciication, it may be repaired; however, if the area is too large, the part must be rejected and regalvanized. Weeping Weld FIGURE 32: SURFACE CONTAMINANT (REJECTABLE) Weeping welds stain the zinc surface at welded connections on the steel. Caused by entrapped cleaning solutions that penetrate the space between the two pieces, weeping welds can be avoided by providing a 3/32” (2.4mm) or larger gap between the two pieces when welding them. his will allow the zinc to penetrate the gap. he weld must then be made with gaps instead of continuous weld bead, actually making a stronger joint when the process is complete. Weeping welds (Figure 33) are not the responsibility of the galvanizer and are not cause for rejection. FIGURE 33: WEEPING WELD (ACCEPTABLE) Welding Blowouts FIGURE 34: WELDING BLOWOUT (REJECTABLE) Welding blowout is a bare spot around a weld or overlapping surface hole caused by pre-treatment liquids penetrating the sealed and overlapped areas that boil out during immersion in the molten zinc. Blowouts cause localized surface contamination and prevent the galvanized coating from forming. In order to avoid welding blowouts (Figure 34), check weld areas for complete welds to ensure there is no luid penetration. In addition, products can be preheated prior to immersion into the galvanizing kettle in order to dry out overlap areas as much as possible. Bare areas caused by welding blowouts must be repaired before the part is acceptable. Welding Spatter FIGURE 35: WELDING SPATTER (REJECTABLE) 16 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION Welding spatter appears as lumps in the galvanized coating adjacent to weld areas due to spatter left on the surface of the part from fabrication (Figure 35). To avoid bare spots in the coating, welding residues should be removed prior to hot-dip galvanizing. Welding spatter appears to be covered by the zinc coating, but the coating does not adhere well and can be easily removed, leaving an uncoated area or bare spot. If this defect occurs, the area must be cleaned and properly repaired, which may require regalvanizing. Wet Storage Stain 1. Light 2. Medium Wet storage stain is a white, powdery surface deposit on freshly galvanized surfaces. Wet storage stain is caused by newly galvanized surfaces being covered by moisture, such as rain, dew, or condensation, and having no air low over the surface. Water reacts with the zinc metal on the surface to form zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide. Wet storage stain is most often found on stacked and bundled items, such as galvanized sheets, plates, angles, and bars. It can have the appearance of light, medium, or heavy white powder on the galvanized steel product (Figure 36). One method to avoid wet storage stains is to passivate the product after galvanizing by using a quench solution. Another precaution is to avoid stacking products in poorly ventilated, damp conditions. Light or medium wet storage stain will weather over time in service and is acceptable. In most cases, wet storage stain does not indicate serious degradation of the zinc coating, nor does it necessarily imply any likely reduction in the expected life of the product; however, heavy wet storage stain should be removed mechanically or with appropriate chemical treatments before the galvanized part is put into service. Heavy wet storage stain must be removed or the part must be rejected and regalvanized. he galvanizer is responsible for following best practices for avoiding wet storage stain on parts stored at the galvanizing facility. When those best practices are followed, the galvanizer is not responsible for wet storage stain developed at his facility, during transit, or storage at the job site prior to use. For more information on avoiding and/or removing wet storage stain, please see the AGA’s publication Wet Storage Stain. 3. Heavy FIGURE 36: WET STORAGE STAIN [LIGHT (1) OR MEDIUM (2) IS ACCEPTABLE, HEAVY (3) IS REJECTABLE] Zinc Skimmings Oxidized zinc on the bath surface, zinc skimming deposits, are usually caused when there is no access to remove the zinc skimmings during the withdrawal of the steel from the galvanizing kettle. Zinc skimmings on the molten zinc surface are then trapped on the zinc coating. Zinc skimming deposits (Figure 37) are not grounds for rejection as long as the zinc coating underneath is not harmed during their removal and it meets the necessary speciications. FIGURE 37: ZINC SKIMMINGS (ACCEPTABLE) Zinc Splatter Zinc splatter is deined as splashes and lakes of zinc that loosely adhere to the galvanized coating surface. Zinc splatter is created when moisture on the surface of the galvanizing kettle causes molten zinc to “pop” and splash droplets onto the product. hese splashes create lakes of zinc loosely adherent to the galvanized surface (Figure 38). Zinc splatter will not afect the corrosion performance of the zinc coating and thus is not cause for rejection. he splatter does not need to be cleaned of the zinc coating surface, but can be if a consistent, smooth coating is required. FIGURE 38: ZINC SPLATTER (ACCEPTABLE) 17 ADDITIONAL INSPECTION TESTING In addition to coating measurements and a visual inspection of the appearance and finish, there are a few other tests that may be conducted on hot-dip galvanized steel. These tests are typically only done when there is a question or concern about a specific part. Adherence Test Testing zinc coating adherence is achieved using a stout knife and smoothly running it along the surface of the steel without whittling and gouging, as detailed in the ASTM specifications A123/A123M and A153/A153M. Embrittlement Test When there is suspicion of potential embrittlement of a product, it may be necessary to test a small group of the products to measure the ductility according to the protocol in specification A143/A143M Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement. Bending Test for Reinforcing Steel The hot-dip galvanized coating on a steel reinforcing bar must withstand bending without flaking or peeling when the bending test is performed in accordance with the procedure in A143/A143M. Rebar is commonly bent cold prior to the hot-dip galvanizing process. When bending prior to galvanizing the fabricated bend diameter should be equal to or greater than the specified value in A767/A767M. Passivation Testing The specification to determine the presence of chromate on zinc surfaces is ASTM B201. This test involves placing drops of a lead acetate solution on the surface of the product, waiting five seconds, and then blotting it gently. If this solution creates a dark deposit or black stain, there is unpassivated zinc present. A clear result indicates the presence of a passivation coating. SAMPLING METHODS When conducting an inspection of hot-dip galvanized steel, it would be impractical to test every single piece for coating thickness. Therefore, a sampling protocol has been adopted by ASTM to ensure high quality products. To properly evaluate hot-dip galvanized coatings, randomly chosen specimens are selected to represent the lot. The inspection quantities are determined by the lot sizes and are detailed in the ASTM specifications A123/A123M, A153/A153M, and A767/A767M. For products whose surface area is equal to or less than 160in2 (1032cm2), the entire surface of the tested product constitutes a single specimen. Products containing multiple material categories or steel thickness ranges and products with surface areas greater than 160in2 (1032cm2) are considered multispecimen products. he minimum number of specimens required for sampling is based on the total lot size (number of pieces) and is deined in the ASTM speciications. For single specimen articles, specimens are randomly selected and a minimum of ive widely dispersed measurements are taken over the surface area of each specimen to represent the average thickness. he average value of the ive coating thickness measurements must be greater than or equal to one grade below the minimum average coating thickness for the material category. he average coating thickness of the lot (all 18 AM E RI C A N GAL VANIZ E R S A SSOCIA TION specimens tested) must meet the minimum coating thickness for the material category. For multi-specimen products, the product’s surface area is subdivided. For parts greater than 160in2 (1032cm2), three continuous local sections with equivalent surface areas constitutes a specimen. Each specimen (subsection) must have ive widely dispersed readings just as for single specimen articles. For fabrications with more than one material category or steel thickness, the fabrication will contain more than one specimen. Each specimen’s (subsection) average thickness measurement values must be greater than or equal to one grade below the minimum average coating thickness for the material category, and the overall sample (three subsection averages) must meet the minimum average coating thickness for the material category. IN FIELD INSPECTION Inspection of hot-dip galvanized steel products does not end once they are accepted at the galvanizer’s facility or job site. During the erection process, and once in place, any good corrosion protection strategy includes periodic inspection and maintenance to ensure the protective coating is performing as expected. When inspecting hot-dip galvanized steel in the field, the inspector should be aware of potential accelerated corrosion areas and aesthetic surface conditions and whether they are a concern. When inspecting a galvanized coating in the ield, the primary concern is the number of years remaining before the coating will need to be touched-up or replaced. Fortunately, estimating the remaining time to irst maintenance for hotdip galvanized coatings in atmospheric exposures is relatively simple. For a ballpark estimation, use a magnetic thickness gauge to take a coating thickness measurement and check the thickness value against the AGA’s Time to First Maintenance Chart (Figure 1, page 3). Visual Observations In addition to taking coating thickness measurements, the galvanized coating can be visually inspected for signs of accelerated corrosion in speciic areas. hickness measurements should be taken in these areas to ensure adequate zinc coating remains or if touch-up should be performed. Corrosion-prone areas to inspect further include: Crevices When corrosive elements such as water penetrate crevices, the limited air low can create diferences in potential creating anodic and cathodic areas which can lead to corrosion. Some common areas include: overlapped areas, mated sections between fasteners, and areas where the galvanized coating is butted up against another surface such as wood, concrete, or asphalt. When possible, crevices should be avoided during the design process. Dissimilar Metals in Contact When dissimilar metals are in contact, galvanic corrosion can occur. Zinc, which comprises the galvanized coating, is high on the Galvanic Series of Metals; and therefore, will preferentially corrode to almost any other metal with which it is in contact. When possible, preventing dissimilar metals from being in contact should be addressed during the design process. Electrically isolating dissimilar metals from one another stops galvanic corrosion and can be accomplished by using plastic or rubber grommets between the dissimilar metals or by painting the cathode. When the surface area of the cathode is much larger than the anode, galvanic corrosion can quickly consume the anodic material. Areas Where Water Pools Flat areas can collect water and other corrosive elements and can have higher corrosion rates than vertical surfaces. Visually observing galvanized steel’s lat areas and taking coating thickness measurements will ensure adequate corrosion protection remains. When possible, areas that collect water can be addressed by providing drain holes to prevent moisture from pooling on the surface for long periods. If drain holes do exist, inspect the drain holes of the galvanized steel for corrosion and touch-up when necessary. Previously Touched-Up Areas Areas of hot-dip galvanized steel previously touched-up either after the initial coating or erection often corrode more quickly than the surrounding zinc coating and should be inspected visually and tested with a magnetic thickness gauge. hese areas may be touched-up when necessary using the instructions listed in the Touch-Up and Repair section of this publication to extend the service life of the part. 19 Common Appearance Issues During your visual inspection of galvanized steel in the field, you may observe a few common appearance issues as well. Most are surface or aesthetic conditions and not cause for concern; however, others may require attention and/or maintenance. The most common appearance issues on galvanized steel after being in service for a number of years include: Brown Staining Often mistaken for corrosion, brown staining is a surface condition created when loose iron in the zinc-iron alloy layers oxidizes. As previously noted in this publication, sometimes hot-dip galvanized coatings form without a free zinc layer (eta), leaving intermetallic layers on the surface. Also, as galvanized steel weathers, the free zinc layer will be consumed and can lead to this phenomenon. Brown staining forms when free iron in the intermetallic layers reacts with moisture in the environment and oxidizes, discoloring the surrounding zinc coating. To distinguish between red rust and brown staining, simply test the area with a magnetic thickness gauge. If the gauge reading shows a coating thickness, it is brown staining and the corrosion performance of the galvanized coating is not affected. As brown staining is simply an aesthetic concern, touch-up is not necessary in the stained area. Wet Storage Stain As addressed earlier in this publication, improper storage and tight stacking of galvanized products can lead to the development of wet storage stain or zinc oxide and hydroxide build-up on the surface (Figure 36, page 13). If galvanized products are going to be stored before erection, it is important to properly vent the bundle to avoid the development of wet storage stain. For more information, see the AGA’s publication Wet Storage Stain. Another common area for this to occur is on surfaces where snow is piled on the piece and left to melt or in areas where water pools for extended periods without drying. Wet storage stain occurs most often during the first month after galvanizing. Weeping Welds Weeping welds (Figure 33, page 12) were previously discussed in this publication, and though they can be seen immediately after galvanizing, they often occur after the steel is in service. As reviewed earlier, weeping welds are mostly a cosmetic concern; however, corrosion can be accelerated in the area where the liquids and rust bleeding are leaking. To clean and seal weeping welds, you can wash away the oxides on the outer area and apply epoxy or caulk to the area to prevent water from penetrating the crevices in the future. Bare Spots The galvanized coating can be compromised during delivery, handling, erection, and while in use. Some cathodic protection is offered to bare areas of the steel by the surrounding galvanized coating, but these areas can still rust if the area is too wide or corrosive elements frequently attack the steel. Research has shown the galvanized coating offers cathodic protection to bare areas between 1mm 5mm wide depending on the electrolyte that electrically connects the galvanized coating to the bare area. Bare areas should be touched-up in accordance with the procedures outlined in this publication and specified in ASTM A780. 20 TOUCH-UP AND REPAIR The touch-up and repair of hot-dip galvanized steel coatings is important to maintain uniform barrier and cathodic protection, as well as ensure longevity. Although the hot-dip galvanized coating is very resistant to damage, small voids or defects in the coating can occur during the galvanizing process or due to improper handling of the steel after galvanizing. Touch-up and repair of galvanized steel is simple, whether newly galvanized or in service for years. The practice is the same, but there are more restrictions to the allowable repairs on a new product than one that has been in service. he main restriction in the speciication for repairing newly galvanized material in the plant is the size of the area which is outlined in the product galvanizing speciications (A123, A153, and A767). According to those speciications, the allowable surface area for repair is no more than ½ of 1% of the accessible surface area on that article, or 36in2 (22,500 mm2) per ton of piece-weight, whichever is less. If a part does not pass inspection, and the repair area is larger than this minimum, the part can be stripped and regalvanized, then resubmitted for approval. When it comes to repairing galvanized steel in the ield, there is no limitation to the size that can be repaired. he zinc coating is diicult to damage, and ield fabrication that requires removal of the coating should be minimized as much as possible. As noted before, the cathodic protection of the coating will provide some protection to uncoated areas, but the best practice for longevity is to touch-up any bare areas. he speciication to follow for touch-up and repair of hot-dip galvanized steel, whether immediately after galvanizing or once it is in the ield is ASTM A780 Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings. his speciication details how to use the various repair methods as well as the required coating thickness each application. Touchup materials are required to meet a coating thickness of at least 2.0mils (50.8µm) for one application, and the inal coating thickness of the repair area is dictated by the material used to do the repair, outlined below. Touch-Up & Repair Methods ASTM A780 includes three acceptable methods of touch-up and repair of hot-dip galvanized steel: Zinc-Based Solders Soldering with zinc-based alloys is achieved by applying zinc alloy in either a stick or powder form. he area being repaired needs to be preheated to approximately 600F (315C). he acceptable material compositions of solders used for repair are included in the speciication. he inal coating thickness for this repair must meet the speciication requirement for the material category of the steel part being repaired with a maximum thickness of 4 mils (100 µm). he thickness should be measured by any of these methods in A123/A123M that are non-destructive. Zincbased solder products closely match the surrounding zinc and blend in well with the existing coating appearance. Zinc-Rich Paints Zinc-rich paint is applied to a clean, dry steel surface by either a brush or spray. Zincrich paints should contain either between 65% to 69% metallic zinc by weight or greater than 92% metallic zinc by weight in dry ilm. Paints containing zinc dust are classiied as organic or inorganic, depending on the binder they contain. Inorganic binders are particularly suitable for paints applied in touch-up applications of undamaged hot-dip galvanized areas. he coating thickness for the paint must be 50% more than the thickness of the galvanized coating for the material class, but not greater than 4.0 mils (100µm), and measurements should be taken with a suitable gauge. Zinc Spray (Metallizing) Zinc spray, or metallizing, is done by melting zinc powder or zinc wire in a lame or electric arc and projecting the molten zinc droplets by air or gas onto the surface to be coated. he zinc used is nominally 99.5% pure or better. he renovated area must have a zinc coating thickness at least as thick as that required in ASTM A123/A123M for the material category. For best results, thickness measurements for the metallized coating should be taken with either a magnetic or an electromagnetic gauge. 21 INSPECTION SUMMARY Inspection of hot-dip galvanized steel is fairly simple, and most effectively and efficiently conducted at the galvanizing facility where questions can be asked and answered quickly. A visual inspection will easily identify any uncoated areas or surface conditions to further analyze, and once that is complete, coating thickness measurements should be taken in accordance with the sampling procedures outlined. The purpose of inspecting hot-dip galvanized steel is to ensure conformance to the specification requirements, and although differences in appearance and finish may be present, they are not cause for rejection unless they will affect the long-term corrosion protection. RELATED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS ASTM A123/A123M Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products ASTM A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Hardware ASTM A767/A767M Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A780 Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings ASTM A143/A143M Practice for Safeguarding Against Embrittlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embrittlement ASTM A384/A384M Practice for Safeguarding Against Warpage and Distortion During Hot-Dip Galvanizing of Steel Assemblies ASTM A385 Practice for Providing High-Quality Zinc Coatings (Hot-Dip) ASTM B6 Specification for Zinc ASTM B201 Practice for Testing Chromate Coatings on Zinc and Cadmium Surfaces ASTM B960 Standard Specification for Prime Western Grade - Recycled (PWG-R) Zinc ASTM D6386 Practice for Preparation of Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coated Iron and Steel Product and Hardware Surfaces for Paint ASTM D7803 Practice for Preparation of Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coating Iron and Steel Product and Hardware Surfaces for Powder Coating ASTM E376 Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods 22 23 AM ERIC AN G ALVAN IZE R S A S S O C I A T I O N American Galvanizers Association Protecting Steel for a Sustainable Future WWW.GALVANIZEIT.ORG