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State, Society, and National Security: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21st Century, 2016
Our understanding of how people become involved in terrorism and violent extremism has transformed since the turn of the century. That transformation occurred at the same time that ‘radicalisation’ took over as the dominant framework for considering questions around terrorist psychology, motivation and recruitment. Today, radicalisation is typically seen to refer to a complex and dynamic process which results in individuals coming to embrace a violent ideology in support of a political or religious cause. The concept of radicalisation has become an almost universal element in contemporary efforts to understand and combat terrorism. This chapter outlines the rise and development of theoretical models and research on radicalisation. It highlights some of the major research breakthroughs but also focuses on where very significant gaps remain in our understanding. The chapter cautions that we need to be careful in terms of how we think about the broader role of radicalisation. A subtle – and dangerously unquestioned - assumption has spread that ‘radicalisation’ as a phenomenon is the major root cause of terrorism. When different radicalisation models are used to design or justify a variety of counter-terrorism policies and programmes, care is needed to look beyond the headline banner of radicalisation and pay attention to the factors identified within those models as key drivers.
In this article, we review the literature and present a model of radicalization and de-radicalization. In this model, we distinguish three phases in radicalization: (1) a sensitivity phase, (2) a group membership phase and (3) an action phase. We describe the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level factors that influence the radicalization process in these three phases. However, not all people become increasingly radical — they may also de-radicalize. We specify the micro-level, meso-level and macro-level factors in de-radicalization. We highlight the importance of the role of group membership and intergroup relations in the radicalization process.
2008
This concise Report was prepared to outline the current state of academic research on violent radicalisation. Radicalisation to any form of violence, including terrorist violence, is a gradual or phased process. The Report finds that there are remarkable similarities between radicalisation to current Islamist or jihadist terrorism and radicalisation associated with left-wing, right-wing or ethno-nationalist terrorism in Western Europe since the 1960s. The Report also concludes that radicalisation leading to acts of terrorism is context-specific. Past and present waves of violent radicalisation which lead to terrorism among mainly young people share certain structural features. There is not any single root cause for radicalisation leading to terrorism but a number of factors may contribute to it. Precipitant (‘trigger’) factors vary according to individual experience and personal pathways to radicalisation. Personal experiences, kinship and bonds of friendship, as well as group dynamics are critical in triggering the actual process of radicalisation. Ideology appears as an important and constant factor in the radicalisation process towards terrorism, but the espousal of a particular ideology alone does not guarantee that radicalisation towards terrorist violence will ensue.
The 7th Annual INTERPA Conference, 2018
The examination of studies on radicalization reveals that international major events have shaped the related research and studies. For instance, prior to September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, terrorism studies had been rather marginal area of study in various disciplines such as sociology, social psychology, and political science but after the 9-11, terrorism researchers and experts became celebrities overnight (Maskaliunaite, 2015). London bombings in July 2005 is another example, after which “radicalization” became a new buzz word as officials and public were wondering how four seemingly ordinary British citizens turned into suicide bombers and targeted civilians. Given that there are many attacks around the World, it is not surprising that after each attack policy makers and security services have been turning to researchers and experts to understand why such events are taking place in order to explore the ways to prevent future incidents from happening. Public also seeking answer to the question of “why do they hate us?”. Terrorist attacks are mainly carried out by radical individuals and that many of these individuals act in terrorist groups, but there are some questions still remain unanswered such as “whether all radicals are terrorists?” and “how to deal with different type of radicalization?”. I argue that psychological perspective on process of radicalization may assist the policy makers and public answer some of the above questions. The objective of this paper is threefold. Firstly, examining the concept of radicalization, in order to provide operational definition of radicalization. Secondly, summarizing process of radicalization based on individual variables and group-level decision making strategies along with the wider political and social context in which radicalization occurs. Thirdly, reviewing the two pyramids model (McCauley & Moskalenko, 2017) in order to provide a practical framework for the examination of political radicalization. Keywords: psychology of radicalization, relative deprivation, terrorism, two pyramids model of political radicalization, terror management theory, social identity theory
This article conceptualizes political radicalization as a dimension of increasing extrernity ofbeliefs, feelings, and behaviors in support 0.( intergroup conflict and violence Aeros's individuals, groups, and J11aSS publics, twelve mechanisms of radicalir~: zation are distinguished. For ten of these mechanisms, radiculization occurs in a context of group identification and reaction to perceived threat to the ingroup. The variety and strength of reactive mechanisms point to the need to understand rudicalization-s-including the extremes 0.1 terrOriSJ11--0S emerging more [rom the dvnamics of intergroup conflict than from the vicissitudes n.1' individual psychology
Perspectives on Terrorism, 2012
La lirica italiana del Cinquecento, nonostante abbia costituito il modello principale di analoghe esperienze in altre lingue europee (innanzitutto quelle sviluppatesi in Spagna e in Francia), ha goduto negli studi di una fortuna per molti versi limitata. Soprattutto in tempi recenti (dalla metà circa del secolo 20) si è dato largo spazio agli aspetti strettamente stilistici, mentre le componenti tematiche sono state per lo più trascurate o affrontate in modo fuorviante, e gli aspetti riguardanti lo sviluppo storico di questa importante linea letteraria sono stati studiati in riferimento a singoli casi ma non su di un piano più generale. Il convegno intende affrontare questi due ultimi aspetti mettendoli l’uno in relazione all’altro, e senza ovviamente dimenticarsi dello stile, ma appunto cercando di inserirlo in un contesto storico-critico più articolato. La rivitalizzazione delle due tradizionali categorie (geografia e storia) operata da Carlo Dionisotti in rapporto alla letteratura italiana nel suo insieme è alla base di numerose applicazioni critiche, molte delle quali realizzate dallo stesso Dionisotti in ambito cinquecentesco. Se oggi è abbastanza pacifico pensare al panorama della lirica distinguendolo in scuole locali evolutesi nel tempo – Venezia e il Veneto, i centri padano-emiliani (Milano-Mantova-Parma-Ferrara, Urbino), Firenze, Siena e la Toscana, le corti papali e cardinalizie, Napoli e la Calabria –, la principale caratterizzazione della poesia del cosiddetto petrarchismo resta prevalentemente stilistica. Il convegno invita a valutare le produzioni di alcuni dei principali centri e momenti di questa larga esperienza letteraria in una prospettiva diversa: da una parte chiede di approfondire gli aspetti generali della tradizione tramite indagini su modi e tempi della diffusione dei testi (la tradizione a stampa in rapporto a quella manoscritta, la circolazione dei testi in ambito locale e a livello peninsulare, la coscienza dei caratteri locali da parte degli autori e il grado di consapevolezza della propria specifica identità letteraria), dall’altra invita a verificare quali siano le scelte tematiche prevalenti nei vari centri in una determinata fase storica, così da misurare se e quanto gli autori siano condizionati da propensioni locali e quanto aderiscano a tendenze diffuse a livello peninsulare. Si vorrebbero riservare speciali attenzioni alle rime occasionali e di corrispondenza nonché alle autorappresentazioni che i diversi ambienti hanno offerto di sé stessi, in quanto momenti specialmente utili a ricostruire il quadro cui si vorrebbe dar corpo.
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