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Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1993
Presents a conceptual framework for understanding the relationship of the objective permanent (defensible space) and transient (territorial markers and incivilities) physical environment and the subjective environment to crime. 48 blocks were selected from 3 working-class urban neighborhoods. Data were obtained from a telephone survey of 1,081 residents, a 15-mo follow-up survey of 471 households, block-level police records of 1,190 crime complaints, and a procedure for objectively measuring physical signs of disorder, territoriality, and the built environment of 576 homes on all 48 blocks. Although various measures of crime were not consistently intercorrelated, objective environmental items correlated more strongly with the crime indicators than did the subjective environment, even after controlling for the demographic profile of the block.
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