Cambridge English for Engineering

CAVTnRI DGE I f, T f, I n I f, T n Descr ibingt echnical f unct ionsand applicat ions Explaininghowt echnology works Em phasising t echnical advant ages Sim plif ying and illust r at ing t echnicalexplanat ions Wordsst emmingfrom use allow, enable, permit, ensure, prevent Ver bst o descr ibem ovem ent Ver bsand adj ect ives t o descr ibe advant ages Adver bsf or addingem phasis Phr asesf or sim plif ying and r ephr asing List ening GPS applicat ions Spaceelevat ors Advant ages of a new pum p A guidedt our Reading Spaceelevat ors Ot is lif t t echnology Pile f oundat ions List ening Descr ibingspecif ic Com m onm at er ials audit An envir onm ent al m at er ials Cat egor iesof m at er ials t ools Specialised m at er ials Cat egor ising made made of, comprise, of, consist w at ches High- per f or m ance from, mode out of SpeciÍ ying and descr ibing Reading propert ies Pr oper t iesof m at er ials Mat er ialsr ecycling qualit yissues Discussing Phr asesf or descr ibingr equir em ent s Regener at ive br akes CompoundsoÍ resist ant Kevlar Adverbsof degree Descr ibingcom ponent shapesand f eat ur es Explainingand assessing m anuf act ur ing t echniques Ex p l ai n i njgo i n t i n gan d f ixingt echniques Descr ibingposit ionsof assem bledcom ponent s Shapesand 3D f eat ur es Wor dst o descr ibem achining Phr asesf or descr ibingsuit abilit y Ver bsand nounst o descr ibej oint s and f ixings of posit ion Pr eposit ions List ening A pr oj ectbr ief ing Elect r icalplugsand socket s Met al f abr icat ion UHP w at er j etcut t ing Opt ionsf or f ixing Cl u st erb al l o o n i n g Reading Cut t ingoper at ions Flow wat erj ett echnology Joint sand f ixings Thef lyinggar denchair Wor kingw it hdr aw ings and Discussingdim ensions pr ecision Descr ibingdesignphases and pr ocedur es Resolvingdesignpr oblem s View son t echnicaldr aw ings Phrasesrelat edt o scole Phrasesrelat edt o t olerance length, width, thickness, etc. Dr aw ingt ypesand ver sions Ver bsf or descr ibingst agesof a designpr ocess Ver bsand nounsf or descr ibing d esi g np r o b l em s List ening A dr aw ingquer y Scale A f loor design Designpr ocedur es Revisinga det ail Reading Super f latf loor s Ouer iesand inst r uct ions Descr ibingt ypesof t echnicalpr oblem Assessingand int er pr et ing f ault s Descr ibingt he causesof f ault s Discussingr epair sand m aint enance Ver bsand adj ect ives f or descr ibing t echnicalpr oblem s Wor dsf or descr ibingf ault sand t heir sever it y Phr asesf or descr ibingcer t aint y/ uncer t aint y Adj ect iveswit h prefixesfor descr ibingt echnicalpr oblem s Ver bsf or descr ibingr epair sand m aint enance List ening A r acingcar t est session Testsessionpr oblem s Tech n i cal h el p { i n e Tyr epr essur epr oblem s A m aint enance check Reading Air Tr ansatFlight236 Cont ent s t n Discussing t echnical r equir em ent s ideasand Suggest ing solut ions Assessingf easibilit y Descr ibingim pr ovem ent s and r edesigns Phr asesf or r ef er r ingt o issues Phr asesf or r ef er r ingt o quant it y and ext ent Phr asesf or suggest ing solut ions and alt er nat ives ldiom st o descr ibef easibilit y Ver bsw it hr e. . . t o descr ibe m odif icat ions ldiom st o descr iber edesigning List ening Sim ulat orr equir em entand s ef f ect s Lif t ingopt ions Hole r equir em entand s f or m ing A proj ectbriefing Reading Mam m ot hpr oblem Descr ibinghealt hand safet yprecaut ions Em p h asi si nt gh e im por t ance of pr ecaut ions Discussingr egulat ions and st andards Wor kingw it hw r it t en inst r uct ions and not ices Typesof indust r ialhazar ds Typesof pr ot ect ive equipm ent Phr asesf or em phasising im por t ance Ter m st o descr iber egulat ions Com m onlanguageon saf et ynot ices Languagest ylein w r it t en inst r uct ions List ening A safet ymeet ing Hazardanalysis Liveline pr ecaut ions Saf et yt r aining Or al inst r uct ions Reading Li v el i n em ai n t en an ce Helicopt ersaf et yon oil plat f or m s Descr ibingaut om at ed syst ems Ref er r ingt o m easur able par am et er s Discussingr eadingsand t r ends Givingappr oxim at e f igur es Wor dst o descr ibeaut om at ed syst ems Wor dst o descr ibem easur able paramet ers Wor dst o descr ibef luct uat ions Wor dsand phr asesf or appr oxim at ing num ber s List ening I nt elligentbuildingsand aut om at ion Monit or ingand cont r olsyst em s Elect r icit ydem andand supply pr oblem s Pumped st oragehydroelect ricpower I nt er nalr eview s Reading I ndust r ialpr ocessm onit or ing Dynam icdem andcont r ols Explainingt est sand exper im ent s Exchanging view son pr edict ions and t heor ies Com par ingr esult sw it h expect at ions Discussing causesand effect s Wordst o describet est t ypes Wor dsand phr asesf or st at ing assum pt ions Wor dsand phr asesf or agr eeingand disagr eeing Phr asesf or com par ingexpect at ions and r esult s Wor dsf or linkingcausesand ef f ect s List ening Vehicledesignand t est ing Wat er rocket s Air dr op pr oblem s Moon landings Reading A r ocketcom pet it ion Chickencannon Discussingper f or m ance and suit abilit y Descr ibingphysicalf or ces Discussingr elat ive per f or m ance Descr ibingcapabilit ies and lim it at ions Adj ect ives f or descr ibingsuit abilit y and per f or m ance Wordst o describet ypes of forces foctof criteria, criterion, consideration Wor dsand phr asest o descr ibe degreesof difference Wor dst o descr ibecapabilit ies and lim it s List ening Wind t ur binet ow er s Tallst r uct ur es TCVworld speed record The st or yof John Paul St app Reading Wind t ur binesf act f ile Solar t owers Tr ansporalt t er nat ives The Sonrc Wind tests The r ocketsled pr oposal ry n ffi T f, I TE f, ET n Cont ent s ,* ly ?"' Descr ib in gt ech n icalf u n ct ion s I 1 a I an d ap p licat í on s I ln pair s, t hink about t w o or t hr ee pr oduct syou use r egular lyand discusst he f ollow ingquest ions. \r o o W h at ar e t h e m ai n f u n ct i o n so f t h e p r o d u ct s?( W h at d o t h ey d o ?) What ar e t heir dif f er ent applicat ions? ( What ar e t hey used f or ?) What do you know about Global Posit ioning Syst em ( GPS) devices? ln pair s, descr ibe t heir m ain f unct ion, and give som e exam ples of dif f er ent applicat ions of GPS devices. 2a ) 1. 1 Paula, a design engineer f or a CPS m anuf act ur er , is discussing pr oduct developm ent w it h José , a senior m anager new t o t he com pany. List en t o t he conver sat ion and com plet e t he f ollow ing not es. o t h e p r im ar yap p licat ion of GPS asso ci at edap p l i cat i o n s m or e cr eat ive f eat ur es (l) Tr ackingsyst em sf or ( 2) Tr ackingsyst em sf or ( 3) ( 4) ( s) o n o t t ech n i cali n n o v at i o n s ( 6) alar m s b u t t on s t h e t ech n o l o g y Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he discussion w it h w or ds t hat com e f r om use. 1 2 3 t hot are relot ed t o Then Aou've got associat ed applicat ions, n av i g at i n g . . . ... t raclsing sAst ems Aou can for monit oring deliverg vehicles ... point of view, accuracg is no longer t he main selling . .. from t he end-point . Most devices are accurat e enough. The keg is t o make t hem more Un i t 1 Tech n o t o gi yn u se I 3a Ma t ch t h e GPS a p p l i ca t i o n s ( 1 - 6 ) t o t h e d e scr i p t i o n s ( a - f l . 1 t opogr aph icalsu r veyin g- a n aügat ion an d saf et 1rat sea 2 geot ogical. explor at ion b set t in g ou t posit ion san d levet sof n ew st r u ct u r es 3 ciüt en gin eer in g 4 avion icsequ ipm en t \ \ c m appin gsu r h ce f eat u r es d appt icat ion sin m in in g an d t h e oil in du st r y 5 m ar it im eapplicat ion s e h igh w ayn avigat ionan d veh ict et r ackin g 6 GPs in car s an d t r u cks f air t r af f iccon t r ol,n aügat ion an d au t opilot syst em s l n p a i r s, p r a ct i se e x p l a i n i n g t h e a p p l i ca t i o n s o f GPS i n Ex e r ci se 3 a t o a co l l e a g u e w h o h a s l i m i t e d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e d e v i ce s u si n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p h r ases. u sed f or - in g 4a u sedt o u sef u lf or an ot h er/ a sim ilar u se Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion by under lining t he cor r ect w or ds. 1 2 3 ... t here's a set t ing on t he CPS t hat allows/ prevent s it t o det ect t he m ovem ent . . . ... an alarm sounds t o warn gou, and allows/ prevent s t he boat from drift ing unnot iced. ... and enables/ ensures t hat gou don't lose t rack of where gou were, which t hen enables/ ensures uou t o t urn round and come back t o t he same point ... Mat ch t he w or ds in Exer cise 4a t o t he synonym s. : m ak essu r e 2- I : p er m it s 3 = SI oPS Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act f r om t he user 's m anual of a GPS device u si n g t h e v er b s i n Ex er ci se 4 a. So m et i m es, m o r e t h an o n e an sw er i s p o ssi b l e. you t o locat e your pr ecise The cor e f unct ion of your GPS r eceiver is t o ( 1) geogr aphical posit ion. To ( 2) t he device t o f unct ion, it r eceives at least t hr ee signals sim ult aneously f r om t he GPS const ellat ion - 30 dedicat ed sat ellit es w hich ( 3) ext remely precise receivers can funct ion anywhere on eart h. To ( a) posit ioning and ( 5) er r or s f r om occur r ing due t o ext er nal f act or s, t his device is designed t o r eceive f our separ at e signals ( see enhanced syst em accur acy on page 18) . I n p ai r s, ex p l ai n t h e m ai n f u n ct i o n s an d ap p l i cat i o n s o f a p r o d u ct m ad e b y y o u r co m p an y o r a p r o d u ct y o u k n o w ab o u t . St u d en t A, y o u ar e an en g i n eer i n g m an ag er ; St u d en t B, y o u ar e a n ew em p l o y ee. Use t h e l an g u ag e f r o m t h i s sect i o n an d t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x . Sw ap r o l es an d p r act i se ag ai n . I se e .5 o . . . 0 K. I n o t h e rw o r d s. . . So v o u m e a n. . . Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giyn u se I Ex p t ain in gh ow t ech n olog yw or k s 6a ln pair s, look at t he pict ur e and discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions. o . . o b Ho w d o y o u t h i n k a sp ace el ev at o rw o u l d w o r k ? W h at co u l d i t b e u sed f o r ? W h at t ech n i calch al l en g esw o u l d i t f ace? Ho w ser i o u sl yd o y o u t h i n k t h e co n cep t o f sp ace el ev at o r si s b ei n g t ak en at p r esen t ? Read t he f ollow ing ar t icle and com par e it t o your answ er s in Exer cise 6a. lN h is 1979 n ovel,I h e Fou n t ain sof Par adise,Ar t h u rC Clar ke w r ot eabou t an elevat orcon n ect in g t h e ear t h 's su r f acet o space. Th r eedecades lat er ,t h is scien cef ict ioncon cept is pr epar in gt o t ake ot f in t h e r eal w or ld. NASA h as lau n ch edt h e Space Elevat orCh allen ge,a com pet it ionw it h a gen er ou spr izef u n d,an d sever alt eam s an d com pan iesar e w or kin gon ser iou sr esear chpr oj ect s a i m e da t w i n n i n gi t . As it s n am e su ggest s,a space elevat oris design edt o Í aise t h in gsin t o space' Sat e| | it es, com pon en t sÍ orspace sh ips, su pp| iesÍ orast r on au t st n space st at ion s,an d even ast r on au t st h em selvesar e exam plesof payloads t h at cou | d be t Í an spor t ed j n t oor bitw it h ou t h e n eed C 7a Í orexpI osivean d en vir on m en t aI ulyn Í r ien d|r yocket s. How ever t, h e alt it u deof or bit alspace - a colossal 35, 790 km above t h e ear t h- is a m easu r eof t h e ch allen gef acin g en gin eer s.How cou ld su ch a h eigh tbe r each ed? Th e an sw er is by u sin g an in cr ediblyst r on gan d ligh t w eighcable, t st r on gen ou gh t o su ppor t it s ow n w eigh tan d a h eavy| oad'Th e design oÍ su ch a cab| e is Th is w ou ld be at t ach ed t o a base st illlar gelyt h eor et ical. st at ionon ear t hat on e en d an d a sat ellit ein geost at ion ar y or bit ( lixedabove a poin t on t h e equ at or )at t h e ot h er .Lif t veh iclesw ou ld t h en ascen d an d descen d t h e cable, pow er ed by e| ect r om agn et ic Í or cean d con t r ol| ed r em ot elv. Mat ch t h e v er b s ( l - 9 ) f r o m t h e t ext in Exer cise 6b t o t h e def in it ion s carried ( obj ect s, over a dist ance) 1 con n ect in g a 2 raise b h ot d som et h in gf ir m t y/ bear it s w eigh t 3 t ranspoÉ ed c clim b dow n 4 su ppor t d provided w it h energy / moved by a force 5 at t ached e j oin in g 6 ascen d f driven / have movementdirect ed 7 descend g fixed 8 pow ered h ct im b u p 9 cont rolled i t ift / makesomet hing go up Jam es, an en g i n eer , is giving a t alk on space elevat or s. Com plet e his not es using t he cor r ect f or m of t he ver bs ( l - 7 ) i n Ex er ci se 6 c. ( a- i) . Space Elevgf or s qble is sign ií con t . o To ( 2) - it s ow n w eighf, ond be securely ( 3) _________ o.! each en d, cable w ou ld n eed ph en om en al st r en qt h _t o_w eigh t r at io. _ . How cou ld veh icles be ( 4) _ in t o cable? . Self - con t ain e4 slt er gv sou r ce pr oblem ot ic, du e t o w eigh t ( h eavy f u el ol ( 5) bat f er ies r equ ir ed cu t o u \)/ _ _ veh Ve n l ic cle. ) . ^ ) L ^ l \ I r r \ c Tw o possible w ays r ou n d pr oblem : _* : yt . l" r : , r , r y - , r " l. u t f ech n iqu e on ly ot r esear ch st age. z , ' o l a rp o w e r . B u tw o u l d otuffio* ty. ""ty y: t t : : ! ! : f blem , (t -1\ // _ Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giyn u se as cor cou ld bu , or t r ollJ Not .! payloads u n m on n ed. f t :f " Yllg_! . ,t , u , r ot n ly- t b- kq _- I 8a b ) t . Z t i st en t o p ar t o f Jam es' t al k an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s i n Ex er ci se 7 a. c W h at k i n d s o f w o r d ar e m i ssi n g f r o m t h e n o t es? l n p ai r s, co m p ar e t h e au d i o scr i p t o n p ag e 8 6 w i t h t h e n o t es i n Ex er ci se 7 a. So m e sp ace el ev at o r d esi g n s p r o p o se an o f f sh o r e b ase st at i o n . I n p ai r s, d i scu ss h o w su ch a sy st em m i g h t w o r k u si n g w o r d s i n Ex er ci se 6 c. W h at advant ages m ight an of f shor e base have com par ed w it h a land base? ) t . 3 Jam es g o es o n t o d i scu ss o f f sh o r e b ase st at i o n s. Li st en t o t h e t al k an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. ] 2 3 4 5 9a Ho w w o u | dan o Í f sh o r eb ase st at i o n b e su o o o r t ed ? W h at w o u l d t h e f u n ct i o no f i t s an ch o r sb e? Ho w w o u l d p ay l o ad sr each t h e b ase st at i o n ? W h a t p r o b l e mw o u l da m o b i l eb a se st a t i o nh e l p t o p r e v e n t ? W h at w o u l d t h e p r o ced u r eb e i f t h er e w as an al er t ? Yo u ar e m em b er s o f a sp ace el ev at o r r esear ch t eam d esi g n i n g a co n cep t f o r o f f sh o r e b ase st at i o n s. l n p ai r s, an al y se t h e n o t es b el o w , w h i ch w er e m ad e d u r i n g a b r i ef i n g g i v en b y y o u r m an ag er . l m ag i n e y o u ar e g i v i n g a p r esen t at i o n . Beg i n b y r ead i n g o u t t h e ab b r ev i at ed n o t es i n f u l l . * \ . . \ \ \ L\ \ L\ r ....... Úf 3 o 3l3 e 0 Ü0 0 o t t o | | J L r r r r r r I I r r . r = l - L- t - AN'HoR| NGa?w?uL6l0N l56uÚ6 oFF6HoR'É AsE6TA.t1oN Anchoring ayat om ulindloadson Lablevrillbe huge.ulhatim plicaiions f or anchoring slst om ? É ase Willn?,od lo bg m ovodcont inuall1, som et im es urgent l1. vrlhat t om p syst em couldbe ussdt o holdbassin posit ion? 9a* in shallowwat grnear coasi,or deepwalerfurt heroffshorg? óhoicewill haveimpacton dosignoÍ anchors1st em. ?ropulsion st st em \ ^ lillWeight e oÍ cab\ allow baset o bs m ovedb1ow nProPollors? Or m ore pow erf ul 5.í 5t 9m f or propulaion andcont ro|noc.?o.g.ert ern'pow ersource? ! n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e q u est i o n s r ai sed i n t h e n o t es an d t h i n k o f so m e su i t ab l e so l u t i o n s f o r t h e an ch o r i n g sy st em an d t h e p r o p u l si o n sy st em . At t h i s st ag e, t h ese sh o u l d b e o v er al l co n cep t s, n o t d et ai l ed d esi g n s. Rem em b er t o m ak e not es. l n sm al l g r o u p s, t ak e t u r n s t o g i v e a sh o r t t al k u si n g y o u r n o t es t o ex p l ai n h o w t h e sy st em s w o r k , i n g en er al t er m s. l m ag i n e y o u ar e sp eak i n g t o a sm al l g r o u p o f co l l eag u es, i n cl u d i n g y o u r m an ag er . w r i t e t w o o r t h r ee p ar ag r ap h s t o su m m ar i se y o u r t al k . Th ese w i l l b e i n cl u d ed in your m anager 's longer r epor t on of f shor e base st at ions. Un i t 1 T e ch n o l o g yi n u se Em p h asisin tgech n icalad v an t ag es I 10 ln pair s, discuss t he t er m t echnical advant age' Give som e exam ples of t echnology you ar e f am i l i ar w i t h . 77a Read t he f ir st Par agr aPh of som e pr om ot ional lit er at ur e f r om Ot is, a leading elevat or com pany. What is t he Gen2" syst em ? OTI Sf,,ioJl b t vt at cttrhe w or ds ( l - 6) f r om t he t ext in Exer cisel l a t o t he sYnonYm s( a- 0' 1 convent ional 2 elim inat es \ 3 super ior \ \ 4 energy-efficient 5 enhanced 6 reduces a decreases b c bet t er / t he best im pr oved d st andard,usual e get s rid of f h as low en er gYcon su m Pt ion At t hehear tof t heGen2r uelevat orsyst em yan du n i q u teo i s a Í | atb e| (t d ev eI o pbed Yet t h i ck . i t i s st r o n g er 3 m m i s l t Ot i s) . l u st st eelcab l es.l t l ast su p t h anco n v en t i o n al . di t h asen ab l ed t o t h r eet i m esl o n g erAn r' e t ht eel ev at oTh y i n v en Ot i st o co m p l et elr eel i m i n at es b el tt o t al l y f l at ,co at ed - st eel t h em et al { o - m etefalf ecto f co n v en t i o n al w i t ha sm o o t h - su r f ace Co u p l ed sy st em s. t h er esu lits sh m ach i n e eav e, cr o w n ed n dsu p er i o r ex cep t i o n alqluyi eto p er at i oan l at r i d eco m f o r Fu t . r t h er m otrhe,eÍ | ex i bÍ| e , er g y a m o r eco m p acten b el ten ab l es w h i chcanb eco n t ai n ed eÍ f i ci enm t ach i n e, Th i s i n t h eh o i st w aY. en h an cedt ech n o l o g Y g d r ed u cesb u i l d i nan cost s, oper at ing syst em an df r eesu pv al u ab l e Com plet et he f ollow ingt ext using t he cor r ect f or m of t he w or ds ( 1- 6) in Exer cise I I b' You w ill need t o use som e w or ds m or e t han once' sp ace. nar berts, ,,0; ; ; ; ; ; m : : p; ff: Y pu,.r' in ilHlillililiuing th."; ffi; ,T# . tliiltiügl;;:ö m# H, Hli.űJ Jff .d;É ,x { ljil' [ J,üi .uto jnl'iff * ti,u rrvt.-t., tffi ,.?ffil m at n t en anpce er so n n fel or il ;1,.'n jJ;:ll''' ;* ;-ff ilT ffi ;;:í?':fi sYst em t hat1a) - ih. * .d f r _ - ; .il i. ica lTili,',liT; ,:; ,,': r : T*lT # ; lnom d 10 belt syst em . Discuss I n pair s, sum m ar ise t he advant ages of t he f lat aut om at ion' dur abilit y, w ear , noise, space' cleanliness' ef f iciency' m ai n t en an ce an d co st . n u se Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giY I 72a Com plet e t he f ollow ing t ips on em phasising t echnical advant ages using t he w or ds in t he box. convent ionat et iminat ed enhanced reduced superior W h en d escr i b i n gt ech n i calad v an t ag es,i t ' s u sef u lt o em p h asi se. . . a( l ) - p er f o r m an ce, co m p ar ed w i t h t h eo | d er m o d e| o f t h esam e p r o d u ct . b n eg at i v ei ssu est h at h av eb een ( 2 ) - , o r co m p | et e| y (3)_. c special f eat ur es t hat dif f er ent iat et he t echnology f r om ( 4) sysr em s. d p er f o r m an ce| ev e| st h at m ak et h et ech n o | o g y ( 5 ) - t o t h e co m Det i t i o n . ) t . l St ef an, an engineer , is br ief ing som e sales colleagues on t he advant ages of a new pum p design. List en t o t he br ief ing and m at ch t he t ips ( a- d) in Exer cise I 2a t o t he ext r act s ( l - 4) . Ext r act I - Ext r act2 - Ext r act3 - Ext r act4 Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences f r om t he br ief ing by under llning t he cor r ect em p h asi si n g w o r d . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 We've come up with a completelg/ significantlg unique profile. lt completelg/ dramaticallg reduces vibration. Machines lilse t hese can never be ent irelg/ highlg free from vibrat ion. The new design runs dramaticallg/ extremelA smoothlA. Another advantage of the new profile is thot it's consideroblg/ entirelg lighter. So compared with our previous range, it's highlg/ totallg efficient. Trials so far suggest the design is completelg/ exceptionallg durable. We expect it to be entirelg/ significantlg more reliable than rival units. Mat ch t he w or ds in Exer cise 12c t o t he synonym s. considenbly dnmat ically ent irely except ionat t yhight y t ot at t y 13 I -l- : com plet ely 2 -l- : si g n i f i c a n t l y 3 -l-: ext rem ely You ar e Ot is engineer s back in t he l85Os, w hen elevat or s w er e new . ln pair s, pr epar e a shor t t alk t o br ief your sales colleagues on t he advant ages of elevat or s f or lif t ing people and goods. Em phasise t he point s below using t he phr ases and t echniques f r om t his sect ion. Rem em ber t hat people at t his t im e ar e scept ical about t he t echnology. El ev at o r sar e . . . saf e - a r el i ab l e b r ak i n g sy st em el i m i n at est h e d an g er o f a car f al l i n g i f a cab l e f ai l s o si m p l e - t h ey ' r eco n t r o l l edf r o m t h e car an d ar e v er y easy t o o p er at e o o o co n v en i en t- t h ey ' r eeasi er o n t h e l eg s t h an t h e co n v en t i o n al alt er nat ive ( st air s) v al u ab l e- t h ey en h an cet h e v al u e o f l an d b y al l o w i n gt al l er b u i l d i n g s o n sm al l er ar eas Unit 1 Technologyin use 11 Sim p lif y í nan g dil[ u st r at in tgech n ical exp lan at ion s I t4 a ) r .l Richar d,a st r uct ur al engineer ,of t en t akes client s on guided t our s of t heir new buildingsdur ing const r uct ion.He is t alking about explaining t echnicalconcept st o non- specialist s.List en and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. t ech n icalcon cep t s? I Wh atd oesRich ar dsay ab ou tex p lain in g 2 Wh atd oesh e m eanb y d u l/ex p lan at ion s? 3 What is being pat ronising? b ln pair s, t hink of som e t ips on how t o solve t he f ollow ingpr obt em s. I not being under st ood 2 b ein gp at r on isin g 3 ex p l ai n i n gd i f f i cu l tco n cep t s 4 so u n d i n d gull C ) r .o Richar d is giving som e advice about t he pr oblem sin Exer cise l4b. List en and sum m ar isehis ideas. Com par e his t ips w it h your suggest ions. 15 d Richar d has m ade not es f or a guided t our of a sit e. The pr oj ect is a skyscr aperin t he ear ly st agesof const r uct ion.Dur ing t he t our he explainst he t echnical t er m s t o t he non- specialistgr oup. ln pair s, discusst he f ollow ing t er m s and t r y t o int er pr et t hem using ever ydaylanguaget o r ep h r aset h em . SUBSTRUCTURE Pi/ e foundations Bored (in generaD in situ concrete Pre-cast driven pi/ es concrete pi/ es Pi/ e driver 7/ e auger Bentonite ) t .l Rict r ar ais giving a t our of a const r uct ionsit e. List en and m ake not es of his explanat ionsof t he f ollow ingt echnicalt er m s. Com par eyour ideas w it h his. t he subst r uct ur e t he.e* r t .- of .t h.e.5t vr act $r e.5 pr e- castpiles be! p. w . 9! , . q! ^ 14. . . . . . . . . . 6 . . . .t.o. .d. r. .i v ei n ( a p i l e ) 7 a p iled r iv er 2 a p i l e f o u n d at i o n 8 a p ileau g er 3 t o bor e ( a pile) 9 bent onit e 4 i n si t u co n cr et e I t2 Unit 1 Technologyin use I List en again and com par e Richar d's explanat ions w it h t he t ips in Exer cise l4c. Which t echniques did he use? Wer e t hey successf ul? Com plet e t he f ollow ing t able using t he w or ds in t he box. basicat t y( x2) ca[ [ effect ivet y essent ially imagine ot her picture refer sinrpk simply Words/ Phrases 1n sinple t er m s/ put Funct ion 1 Sim pt i[ r ing t he language 2 Sim pt if oing t he concept 3 Focusing on t echnicalt er m s 4 llt ust rat ingwit h images / w hatw e if you - / in - w or ds / / w hatw e/ if you f - t o as l n p ai r s, p r act i se ex p l ai n i n g t h e t ech n i cal t er m s i n Ex er ci se l 5 a u si n g t h e si m p l i f i ed w o r d s an d p h r ases i n Ex er ci se l 5 d . t6 Read t he t ext book descr ipt ion of t w o t ypes of pile f oundat ion. Use t he w or ds and phr ases in Exer cise l5d and t he f ollow ing not es t o r ephr ase it . From a st ruct ural perspect ive, pile foundat ions can be divided int o t w o cat egories: end-bearing piles and frict ion piles. End-bearing piles are driven or bored t hrough soft ground in order lmargirnewart ev at \ á t he sea| beL t o at t ain firm subst rat a below . The pile t hen t ransmit s load vert ically Like statrráitg o\ t o firm subsoil or bedrock. The soft ground surrounding t he sides of stilts i\ warfev pile t he is st ruct urally redundant . Frict ion piles count eract dow nw ard loads from t he st ruct ure t hrough frict ional resist ance bet w een t he sides of t he pile and t he luaargile ar leg a,| \ ) , é \ Poo| surrounding ground, and do not t herefore rely on firm subst rat a. I n some cases, t he diamet er of t he concret e at t he pile's base is w idened by compact ion, allow ing t he increased area t o give t he frict ion pile a Like ar h4il i\ w oo) t cert ain degree of end-bearing resist ance. 17 You ar e sh ow in g a n on - specialist t ech n ical con cept s pr odu ct visit or ar ou n d you r com pan y u sin g sim plif ied or t ype of t ech n ology an d explain in g lan gu age. I n pair s, pr act ise explain in g t h at you ar e f am iliar a w it h . Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giyn u se 13 I UNI T 2 n a a o - Describingspecific mat eriat s Cat egorising mat erials Specifoingand describing propert ies Discussingquat it yr issues Descr ib in gsp ecif icm at er iat s l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e b en ef i t s an d p r o b l em s o f r ecy cl i n g . Use t h e f o l l o w i n g ex am p l es an d y o u r o w n i d eas. br eaking up ships dem ol. ishing buit dings r ecycling elect r onicsscr apping car s 2a Read t h e f o l l o w i n g w eb p ag e an d co m p l et e t h e m i ssi n g h ead i n g s u si n g t h e w ords in t he box. Alum inium Copper Gt ass Plast ic Rubber 5t ecl Tim ber 1í í cEYcLABLE Li!ÁÍ ERl ALs t Sf eel Scr ap can be sor t edeasilyu sin g m agn et ism .lf t h e m et alis galvan ised( coat ed w it h zin c) t h e zin c is Í u | |ryecyc| ab| e' | Íit is st ain | essst ee| ,ot h erm et a| sm ixedw it h t h e ir on , su ch as ch r om iu man d n ickel,can also be r ecover edan d r ecycled. rE 2 Sodin g is cr it ical,as t h er ear e key dif f er en cesbet w eent h e clear an d colou r ed m at er ialu sed in bot t lesan d Jar s,an d t h e h igh - gr adem at er ialu sed in en gin eer in g applicat ion s,w h ich con t ain st r acesof m et als. y 3 Scar cit ym akes r ecyc| in gespecia| lydesir ab| e,an d j u st iÍ ies t h e cost of r em ovin gin su lat ion Í r ome| ect r icw ir es,w h ich ar e a m aj orsou r ce of scr ap. Pu r e m et a|can also be r ecover edf r om alloysder ivedf r om it , n ot ablybr ass ( w h ichalso con t ain squ an t it iesof zin c, an d of t enlead)an d br on ze( w h ichcon t ain st in ) . t4 Th e cost of m elt in gdow n exist in gm et alis sign if ican t ly ch eapert h an t h e pr ocess of elect r olysis, en er gy- in t en sive w h ich is r equ ir edt o ext r actn ew m et alf r om or e. rE Har dw oodan d sof t w oodcan be r eu sed,How ever t, h e f r equ en tn eed t o 5 r em oveir on m on ger yan d saw or plan eof f dam agededges, can m ake t h e pr ocesscost ly. y Tyr esar e t h e pr im ar ysou r ceoÍ r ecyc| ab| m 6 e at er ia|Th . ese can be r eu sedw h o| e in cer t ainapplicat ion s.Th ey can also be gr ou n din t o cr u m bsw h ich h ave var iedu ses. y 7 An obst aclet o r ecyclin gis t h e n eed t o son w ast e car ef u lly. Wh ilesom e t ypes can be m elt eddow n f or r eu se,m an y can n ot ,or r esu ltin low - gr adem at er ial. y a) 74 T Un i t 2 Mat er i at st ech n o l o g y I Mat ch t he m at er ials f r om t he w eb page ( l- 8) def init ions ( a- h) . 1 2 3 st ainlessst eet .,''a zinc I b \c iron 6 hardw ood 7 ore d e f g 8 soft w ood h 4 bronze 5 lead in Exer cise 2 t o t he a met alusedt o makebrass,andin galvanisedcoat ingson st eel met alin st eel t he predominant a \ rpe of st eelnot needinga prot ect ivecoat ing,as it doesn'trust met al a dense,poisonous rocksfromwhichmet alscan be ext ract ed an a[ [ oymadefromcopperandt in t imberfrompinet rees t rees t imberfromdeciduous Com pf et e t he f ollow ing sent ences using f r om , w it h or of . I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 co p p er . Br o n ze co n t ai n ssi g n i f i can tam o u n t s o { Cal v an i sedst eel i s st eel co at ed - zi n c. iron. St eel i s an al l o y d er i v ed al l o y s. Pu r e m et al s can u su al l yb e r eco v er edo t h er m et al s. To p r o d u ce st ai n l essst eel , i r o n i s m i x ed ch r o m i u m an d n i ck el . St ai n l essst eel co n t ai n sq u an t i t i es m et al s,su ch as l ead . Gl ass t ab l ew ar eco n t ai n st r aceso r e, t h e co st s can b e h i g h . W h en n ew m et al i s ex t r act ed ln pair s, ask and answ er quest ions about dif f er ent m at er ials using t he f ollow ing phr ases. 3 a lr ina, an ecological adviser , is t alking t o a gr oup of engineer s o n a t r ai n i n g co u r se ab o u t envir onm ent ally f r iendly design. ln pair s, discuss t he ideas f r om her slide and give som e exam ples. ) z. t List en t o an ext r act f r om t he t alk and com par e your ideas w it h w hat lr ina says. What exam ple does she use t o i l l u st r at e h er m ai n p o i n t ? ) z. z lr ina asks t he engineer s t o do a sim plif ied envir onm ent al audit . Their t ask is t o com par e st eel and alum inium car bodyw or k f r om an ecological per spect ive. List en t o Sophia and Pet e, t w o of t he engineer s, discussing t he t opic and m ake not es of t heir ideas. ln pair s, do an envir onm ent al audit f or t he f ollow ing applicat ions and m at er ials. Use t he w or ds and phr ases in t he box. Ap p licat ion w ir esin v eh icles I elect r ical 2 ex t er n alw allsin h ou ses Mat er ials co p p e ra n d a l u m i n i u m br icksand sof t w ood I 'm ( n ot ) su r e I t h in k so / I 'd say so as f ar as I kn ow . . . t h at s an im por t an tcon sider at ion t h at n eedst o be r esear ch ed coat ed der ived m ixed r ecover ed r ecycled - Cat egor isingm at er ials What do you know about br aking syst em s? I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing q u est i o n s. I 2 5a Cen er al l y sp eak i n g ,w h at d o b r ak es d o an d h o w d o t h ey w o r k ? W h at k i n d s o f m at er i al ar e u sed i n b r ak e p ad s an d b r ak e d i scs i n d i f f er en t v eh i cl es? Read t he ar t icle on br aking syst em s. I n t he t it le of t he ar t icle, w hat do t he colour s gr een and r ed r ef er t o? b I n pair s, answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 4 W h y d o m o st b r ak i n g sy st em sw ast e en er g y ? W h at ar e r eg en er at i v eb r ak i n g sy st em s,an d h o w d o t h ey sav e en er g y ? W h at ch ar act er i st i csar e r eq u i r edo f m at er i al su sed f o r t h e b r ak es o n r aci n g car s? W h at i s m ean t b y h eat so ak , an d w h y i s i t a p r o b l em i n r aci n g car s? GREEN Br ÜAKEs - A RED HOT TOPI C I N MOTOR As m ot or r acing goes gr een, For m ula I is aim ing t o lead aut om ot ive r esear ch in f inding hi- t ech ef f iciency gains. One of t he keys t o t his ecological dr ive is r egener at ive br aking ( also know n as kinet ic ener gy r ecover y) , w hich r ecover s gener at ed dur ing ener gy deceí er at ion.and st or es it as a sour ce of pow er f or subsequent acceler at ion. RACI NG m at er ials, and discs m ade of f eÜous m et al. The r esult ing f r ict ion gener at es heat , w hich is w ast ed. I n per f or m ance car s, t his phenom enon is t aken t o ext r em es, and due t o t he high t em per at ur es gener at ed, br ake discs ar e of t en m ade out of cer am ics. The pot ent ial f or r ecover ing ener gy also ext ends t o t he heat gener at ed by engines The car bon discsand pads used and exhaust syst em s. This on For m ula I car s gener at e ar ea has also been discussed as a oossible ar ea f or f ut ur e so m uch heat t hat t hey glow Regener at ive br akes lim it r ed hot . High t em per at ur es exploit at ion in m ot or r acing. t he ener gy loss inher ent in ar e, in f act , necessar y f or t he Heat r ecover y m ight of f er t he t r adit ional br aking syst em s. I n ef f ect ive oper at ion of car bon added benef it of r educing m ost vehicles. convent ional br akes. But t her e3 st ill plent y heat soak í t her m a|absor pt ion pads of pot ent ial f or r ecover ing t he by t he chassisf as delicat e br akes com pr ise pr eviouslym ade f r om asbest os- kinet ic ener gy, r at her t han alloy par t s and sensit ive nonm er e| y dissí pat ing it í n t he m et allic m at er ials, such as based com posit es, but now polym er s, ar e suscept ible t o f or m of heat . consist ing of com pounds* h eat d am ag e. of exot ic. non- hazar dous C 16 I Ma t ch t h e m a t e r i a t s f r o m t h e t e x t ( l - 7 ) 1 com pou n ds1 2 exot ic \ a U \ \ g t o t h e d e scr i p t i o n s ( a - g ) . m at er ialst h at ar e n ot m et al iron and st eel 3 f er r ou s 4 cer am ics d mixt ure of met als 5 al.Loy e plast ic mat erials 6 n on - m et allic f mineralst ransformedby heat 7 polym er s g r ar eor com plex com bin at ion sof m at er ials Un i t 2 Mat er i al st ech n o l o g y I ln pair s, t ake t ur ns t o descr ibe an obj ect using t he w or ds f r om Exer cise 5c and t he phr ases in t he box. Ask your par t ner t o guess w hat it is. com pr ise 6 con sist of m adef r om m adeof m adeou t of a You ar e going t o give a t alk on com posit est echnologyat a const r uct ion m at er ialst r ade f air . I n par t of t he t alk, you f ocus on r einf or cedconcr et e as a w ell- know nexam pleof a com posit em at er ial. Pr epar e your t alk using w or ds and phr asesf r om t his sect ion and t he f ollow ingnot es. hmpositematerials (ammonetample:reinforcedconcrete(verywidelyusedcomposite) Lement(derived fron lime) or crushed (qravel ftgregate f:i:r:fgrrg"te(und) + clarseaggregate Water + chemical additives (e.9.plasticiser to improve w1rk^ bility) kinforcement (steel barq fixed together with steel tie wirQ b ln sm all gr oups, t ake t ur ns t o give your t alk. c Mar git , a sales engineer , is descr ibing a high- volt age cable. Bef or e you list en, label t he cr oss- sect ion w it h t he par t s ( a- e) . a b c d e i n su l a t i o n w at er or oof m em b r an e ou t erj ack et ar m ou r edp r ot ect ion con d u ct or 2 ) z3 t ist en t o t he descr ipt ionand check your answ er sin Exer cise6c. Mat ch t he par t s of t he cable ( a- e) in Exer cise6c t o t he f ollow ingcat egor iesof m at er ials ( l - 5) . You w ill need t o use som e par t s m or e t han once. I n o n - m et al l i c at 2 m et al l i c 3 f er r ous m et al - 4 5 n o n - f er r o u sm et al p o l y m er - b ased I m agineyou ar e pr esent inga pr oduct or applianceyou know w ell t o a pot ent ial client . Descr ibet he cat egor iesof m at er ial used t o m ake t he dif f er ent par t s. Unit 2 Mat er iat st echnology t7 Sp ecif y in gan d d escr ib in gp r op er t ies I 8a I n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at y o u k n o w ab o u t t h e p r o p er t i es o f Kev l ar @an d h o w i t i s u se d . b Read t he f ollow ing ext r act f r om DuPont '" 's t echnical guide t o Kevlar @. Co m p ar e t h e i n f o r m at i o n w i t h y o u r i d eas f r o m Ex er ci se 8 a. \ ^ / HATI SKEVLAR,@? is an or g ar r icf ib er Dt r Pon t Í l'KEVLAB@ 1 in t h e ar or n aiicp oly an r id ef an r i{ yTh . e l u n i q up e r o p e r t i easn d d i st i n ctch e m i ca l KEVLÁRe d i st i n g t r i sn Co | - 1 p o s| Lloot n t llan it Í r omot h ercot - , r t ller cia] ' n lad e Í i b e r s' KEVLAR@h as a u n iq u econ r b in at ion t o u g h n e ss, a b r a si o n o f l ' r r g nh r o d u i u s, r e sr st a n ce a r ' crI l r e r n r astl a b i tl y .l t r , v a s d ev elop edf or d er - n an ciiningd u st r ial a r l d a d v a n ce d - t e ch n o l oagpyp l r ca t i o n s. Cu r r en t lyr.r an y t y p esof KEVLAR@ar e p r o cl u ce d t o r r r e eaT o r o a dr i r n g eo f e n d u se st h a t r e q u i r est r o n g l, t g h t w e r g h t . cl t i r a b l rer a t e r i a l s. Co p y r i g hDu t Po n td e Ne m o u r s r s m p anoyr i t s af f i t i at es Du Po n t an " dKev t arar @er eg i st er ed t r ad em arokrst r ad em arokfsE. I . d uPo n td e Nem o u Co Fi n d w o r d s i n t h e t ex t i n Ex er ci se 8 b t o m at ch t h e f o l l o w i n g d ef i n i t i o n s. f o r ag h n ess : t h e o p p o si t e o f f r ag i l i t y 1 : r esi st an cet o d am ag e cau sed b y f r i ct i o n 2 3 - : r e S| St a n c e t o p r o b l e m s c a u s e d b y t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e 4 -: l o n g - l ast i n g : t h e o p p o si t e o f h eav y 5 - 9a Mat ch t h e au t o m o t i v e p ar t s ( l - 5 ) t o t h e d escr i p t i o n s ( a- e) . t 2 3 4 5 a b c t yr es sealinggasket s d ar m our e but let - r esist ant drivebelt s br akepads sheet sinsert edbet weenpart st o preventgasor fluid leakage pneum at envelopes ic in cont actw it ht he r oadsur f ace syst em s f lexiblebandsusedin t r ansm ission gunshot s pr ot ect ive of r esist ing bar r iercapable s padspr essed againstdiscst o inducedecet er at ion Read t h e i n f o r m at i o n f r o m Du Po n t ' u o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p ag e ex p l ai n i n g so m e o f t h e au t o m o t i v e ap p l i cat i o n s o f Kev l ar @.Co m p l et e t h e t ex t u si n g t h e aut om ot ive par t s in Exer cise 9a. 18 Un i t 2 Mat er i at st ech n o l o g y I ( 1 )h av er n co r p o r at ed Car an d t r r - r ck Kev l ar @i n t ot h ei rco n st r u ct i o b n ecau sei t o f f er s al l o l vt h er nt o l ast l o i ' r gan d st o p t h e r r el r i cl e saÍ e| an y d q r t i et l y . < ur fr rnco r l _v r p n ru lr t lavi r( u r r oa . J p r o v i d esan eÍ Í ect l r1l e' Kev | ar @ i g h t w ei g h t ( 4 )t h at r eq u r r e so l u t i o rfro r r . ' eh r ci es p r o t ect i o n ag ai n s{b al l i st i cat t ack .al l o w i n gcar s eh r cor lnu' o u rl o l O r U lHOl ' g ) l) iOl !8, Sn c j a b Í a S| o lr le s | St a l l c o ef T h e h r g h| n o d U I U a Ke v l a r @h e l p ( 2 ) c, h : n p an. l r e t a i nt h e i r o r g i n a l l p r r cr n n n \ / Ar l h e t T l r l l r g p t Ot r ev o l r r t , crt rl t eu s n o t h r o u g no v er l h e l i t esp ano { a v en r ct e. Th e f r i ct i o n a| Í o r cest h at ( 3 )ar e d esi g n ed t o e n d u r et a k el e sso f a t o l lo r rt l \ o sen ' d d ew r t i r p u l p .Th e en h an cedt h er n r alst ab i l i t y Ker r l ar @ t r asi o nr esi st an ce an d i n h er enab o f Kev l ar i S an d l i g h tt r u ck st o r et ai nm o st o f t h ei ro r i g i n al h an d i i n gch ar act er i st i cs. Ch e r n r c .st r l a i l i i i ta\ 1 o l l r e !! a ' sl a D , l ' ir)e i o m ak e ( 5 ) r ei n Í o r ced w i t h Kev i ar @p u l p st r o n gan cjd u r ab l e.Th e g ai v an i cco r r o si o n r esr st an ce o f Kev l ar ' @ al so co n t r i b u t es to i r n p r o v edi o n g t er n ren g r n ep er f o n r an ce. ln pair s, discuss w hy t he pr oper t ies of Kevlar @ar e especially im por t ant f or each ap p l i cat i o n d escr i b ed i n t h e t ex t . ) Z. q List en t o a conver sat ion about t he pr oper t ies of m at er ials used in a specif ic t ype of t ool and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. 1 W h er e d o es t h e co n v er sat i o nt ak e p l ace? 2 W h at t o o l i s b ei n g d i scu ssed ? 3 W h i ch m at er i al scan b e u sed f o r i t s d i f f er en to ar t s? Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion using t he pr oper t ies in Exer cise 8c. List en again and check your answ er s. 1 The handle m ust n't be heavy.ldeallg, Aou w ont it t o be 2 Resi st i n gf r i ct i o n i s essen t i al .Th e k eg r eq u i r em en t i s5 The bur has t o be built t o last . Obviouslg, t heg need t o be ver g 4 Heat b u i l d s u p i n t h e b u r . Yo u n eed o g o o d d eg r ee o f Mat ch t he w or ds and phr ases ( | - 5) f r om Exer cise | 0b t o t he synonym s ( a- e) . 1 2 3 4 5 a ideal.t y obviously t he lastt hingyou w ant t he keyr equir em ent a gooddegr ee of a b c d e ií s cleart hat for t he best result s t he m ostim por t ant f uct or a lot of l a hight evelof t he worstsit uat ion You w or k f or a m anuf act ur er of hand t ools and have ; ; ; '; ; n* a invest igat e using alt ernat ive mat erials - in your product s. ln pui.., ." uá t r'" not es and discuss t he m ain pr oper t ies required of t he mat erials used t o make t he t oo| s. .,-\ a! Joi're" s' hat mme's ( t ov rat t ls) chisels) ro) Lt au'rp hat wrmet s( fov uaat sorrvy Co\ siáev t he harr" rmerheot A at \ A t he harmwrevshart | . a| Wooá Sar w s( €o v ct a| t ir r gw ooá) Sat w s Harprme's b) Harcksarws( fov craffirrg uaet at l) v arrre. Coqsiáev | he sat wb| oA,e aú O,| v\ e sarw hat r,t áleo" € Th i n k o f a p r o d u ct y o u k n o w w el l . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e m at er i al s u sed i n i t an d w h at p r o p er t i es m ak e t h e m at er i al s su i t ab l e. Di scu ss w h et h er al t er n at i v e m at er i al s co u l d b e u sed . Un i t 2 Mat er i at st ech n o l o g y 79 Discu ssin qg u alit yissu es I 72 I n pair s, answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. ln ad v er t isin gw, h at h i- t echh, ig h - p er f or m an ce sit uat ionsar e of t enusedt o pr om ot ew at ches? ar e t h eyin t en d edt o sen dab ou tt h e 2 Wh at m essag es qualit yof pr oduct s? higher - qualitw y at ches 3 What qualit yissuesdif f er ent iat e f r om low er - qualitones? y 4 What is t he dif f er encebet w eendescr ibingsom et hingas and w at er pr oon w at er - r esist ant I 13a ) ls t ouisa, a m ar ket ingexecut ivef or a w at ch m anuf act ur er ,is discussingm at er ial select ionw it h Tom , one of her engineer ingcolleagues.List en t o t he discussionand com plet et he f our qualit y issues t hat ar e m ent ionedin t he m eet ing. r esist ance I 2 - r esist ance 3 - r esist an ce 4 - r esist an ce b 14a I n pair s, discussw hat is m eant by each of t he qualit y issu esin Ex er cise1 3 a. ) z.s t ist en again and answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. I What point doesTom m akeabout t he r easonsf or select ingm at er ials? st eelt o exem plif yt he above 2 What does he say about subm ar ine- gr ade p oin t ? y m an y 3 Wh at p r ob lemd oesh e d escr ib ew it h r eg ar dt o t h e m ar k et ab ilitof m at er ials? 4 What har d com m er cialf act does Louisagive? ln pair s, m ar k t he f ollow ingst at em ent sTr ue f I ) or False ( F) accor dingt o t he view sexpr essed in t he conver sat ion.Read t he audioscr ipt on page 87 and check your answ er s. t ech n ically . ar e n ot t h at su it ab le, I Of t en ,ex ot ic- sou n d inmgat er ials 2 Peop let h in kt h at a su b m ar in est eelw at chm u st b e t r em en d ou sly w at er - r esist ant . good. 3 The cor r osionr esist anceof subm ar inest eel is except ionally 4 Su b m ar in e- g r adsteeellook sf air lyg ood . su it ab lef or w at ch es. 5 Tomt h in k ssu b m ar in est eelis p ar t icu lar ly 6 The f ir m has of t enused m at er ialst hat ar e not adequat elydur able. of good w at chm at er ialsar e r elat ivelycom plex. 7 Of t en,t he com posit ions 8 Mat er ialsw it h com plicat ednam esar e pr et t ygood f or m ar ket ing. 20 I E" Unit 2 Mat er ialst echnot ogy r E- . - C ) z.O List en t o t he f ollow ingphr asesf r om t he conver sat ionand under t inet he st ressed syllable. Pract ise saying t he phrases. I n ot p at j eu lar lysu it ab le 2 except ionally r esist ant n ot at 3 all su it ab le 4 t r em en d ou sly m ar k et ab le 5 r elat ivelycom plex 6 n ot all t h at g ood d Com plet et he f ollow ingt able using t he w or ds in t he box. cxrcÉ ia* y fairty insufficientty not adequatety not (alt)that not partí .culartypÍ etty ntativety tetendousty ext r em ely quit e not ver y not enough def init elynot excepfiohrrlly 15 I n pair s, discusst he key pr oper t iesand dif f er ent t ypes and gr ades of t he f ollow ingm at er ials.Give exam plesof t he pr oper t iest hat m ake each m at er ial good or bad f or w at ch- m aking,f r om a qualit y per spect ive. Mat er ials st eel glass at um iniumt it anium got d pt ast ic copper r ubber Pr oper t ies w at er - r esist an t abr asion - r esist an t cor r osion - r esist an t sh ock- r esist an t t ou qh brit t Le et ast ic durable heavy Light w eight t hermalt yst able 16 ln sm all gr oups, choose a w ell- know nconsum erpr oduct or applianceand discussit f r om a qualit y per spect ive.How suit able ar e t he m at er ials used? How good is t he pr oduct , com par edw it h ot her s sold by com pet it or s? Unit 2 Mat er ialst echnology 27 Descr ib incom g p on ensh t ap es andf eat ures I t What do you know about t he elect rical plugs and socket s used in different count r ies?ln pair s, descr ibe som e specif icdesigns. 2a ) lt Jan, a pr oj ect m anager f or a f ir m t hat m anuf act ur eselect r icalplugs and socket s, is briefing some of his engineering colleagues. List en t o t he br ief ingand sum m ar iset he aim of t he pr oj ect . f n pairs, discuss what is meant by profile of t he pins and st andard configuration. ) U Er in, an engineerw it h t he sam e com pany,is descr ibingdif f er ent elect r icalplug and socket f or m at s dur ing t he br ief ing.List en and m at ch t he descr ipt ions( l - 6) t o t he pict ur es( a- f l. tu e_ 22 Unit 3 Com ponent sand assem bt ies I d g Com plet e t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he descr ipt ions using adj ect ives based on t he w or ds in br acket s. 1 2 . . . t her e ar e c\ vcviav pins f or live and neut r al. ( cir cle) . . . t he eart h slot 's got a flat base wit h one side sem i- cir cle. ( r ound) 3 4 5 6 This one has blades f or live, neut r al and ear t h. . . ( r ect angle) . . . it has a slot t o r eceive t he ear t h pin. ( cylinder l ... t he pins are arranged in configurat ion. ( line) ( t r iangle) . . . t heg'r e laid out in - conf igur at ion ) t . l Li st en an d u n d er l i n e t h e st r essed sy l l ab l e i n each o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w or ds. r edangle cy lin d er 3 r ect angular cy lin d r ical t r iangle line t r iangular linear a ) S. l List en t o a longer descr ipt ion f r om t he m eet ing. Which pict ur e ( a- 0 in Exer cise 2c does Er in descr ibe? b Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he descr ipt ion using t he cor r ect f or m of t he w or ds in t he box. flushwit h groove ffie 1 2 3 4 over t o form a pin recess ridge set back V, ole . . . t her e's a cir cular slot at t he t op. I t 'sobviouslg a bt ind , i7 doesn't go right t hrough. . . . t here ore t wo plast ic , one on eit her side of t he plug casing, and t heg slot int o corresponding at each side of t he so c k e t . l n a d d i t i o n . t h e c e n t r e o f t h e so c k e t l s- . So r a t h e r t h a n being t he front of t he socket , on t he same face, t he circular area t hat receives t he plug / s from t he surrounding casing ... These covers onlg open when pressure is applied t o bot h bg t he t wo - of t he plug sim ult aneouslg. C ! n pair s, descr ibe t he dif f er ent plug and socket f or m at s in t he pict ur es in Exer cise 2c. a ) l . s An d y an d Kar i n , t w o el ect r i cal en g i n eer s, ar e ev al u at i n g a p l u g an d socket f or m at in Exer cise 2c. List en t o t he conver sat ion and m ake not es of t he advant ages and disadvant ages of t he f ollow ing f eat ur es. 1 2 b Pl u g sl o t s i n t o a r ecessi n t h e so ck et : Advant ages Di sad v an t ag es Co v er sp r o t ect l i v e an d n eu t r al sl o t s: Advant ages Di sad v an t ag es ln pair s, discuss t he advant ages and disadvant ages of t he plug and socket f or m at s in Exer cise 2c. Use t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he conver sat ion. an advant age/ disadvantofage t hisf or m atis . . . anot heradvant age/ disadvantisage ... e)ops. . . f r om. . . - ing w it ht his syst emis . . . t his ( shapef or m at f eat urst t he pr oblem urte) t his ( shape/ f or m at / f eat at owits t o , / hel. ps it t o / m akes it easyt o / m akes it dif f icut tt o . . . Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan s d assem b l i es 23 n Exp lain in g m an u f act u r in g an dassessin g t ech n i q u es 5 l n p ai r s, t h i n k o f so m e ex am p l es o f m ach i n i n g o p er at i o n s t h at ar e o f t en used in m anuf act ur ing involving m et alw or king. 6a ) l. S Suan, a sales engineer w it h a m et al f abr icat ion com pany, is show ing Mr Bar r et t , a new cust om er , ar ound t heir plant . List en t o t he conver sat ion and m ar k t he st at em ent s Ti'ue ( T) or False ( F) . I 2 3 4 5 6 Th e co m p an y sp eci al i sesi n sh eet m et al w o r k i n g . Th e co m p an y d o es a l o t o f m et al cast i n g . Met al b ash i n g i s a p r eci set ech n i calt er m f o r h am m er i n g . Dr i l l s an d m i l l i n g m ach i n esar e al w ay sn o i sy . Cr i n d i n g i s a p r o cesst h at u ses ab r asi v es. Th e p r ess i s u sed f o r sh ear i n gm et al . Com plet e t he f ollow ing t r aining m at er ial f or gr aduat e engineer s using t he w or ds in t he box. Drit t ing Flame-cut t ingMit t ing Sawing Shearing l'| fiilÜilGT| ||Rl|GI tGl|l|l 0ut HnlÜ[ I 0 | l|: cl| I Tll| 0 sptllll 0l|s Key Í act or sin det er m iningt he m ost appr opr iat ecut t ingt echniquear e: m at er ia| char act er ist ics( not ablyhar dness,and t her m aland elect r icalpr oper t ies) , com ponent t hickness,com ponent shape and com plexit y,r equir ededge qualit y,and \ pr oduct ionvolum e.Select cut t ingopt ionsbelow f or a det ailedanalysisof t echniques. Gunil8oPiloilS ( 1 ) - : a b r a si v e c u t t i n g , r e m o v i n g a k e í o Í m a t e r i a | . | n c | u d e sc u t t i n g w i t h t o o t h e d b | a d e s and abr asivew heels. @ ( 2 ) - : u seo f p r essu r eo n sm o o t h - ed g ed b | ad esf o r g u i l l o t i n i n g an d p u n ch i n g @ ( 3 ) - : r e m o v a | o f m a t e r i a | a c r o sst h e Í u | | d i a m e t e r o Í a h o | e , o r u si n g h o l e - sa w sf o r kens. j ! ! il! * cut t ingcir cum Í er ent iar ( 4 ) - : r e m o v a | o f su r f a c e l a y e r sw i t h m u | t i p | e c u t t i n g w h e e | p a sse s@ ( 5 ) - : u si n g o x y f u e | ( o x y g e n + c o m b u st i b | e g a s' o f t e n a c e t y | e n e ) . @ C Com plet e t he f ollow ing def init ions using t he w or ds in t he box. abrasivewheel guit Lot ine hole-saw kerf punch t oot hedblade p q \ ch I A m ak es h o l es b y ap p l y i n g p r essu r et o sh ear t h e m at er i al . 2 A- m ak esst r ai g h t cu t sb y ap p | y i n g p r essu r et o sh ear t h e m at er i al . i s t h e w i d t h o f t h e saw cu t . 3 A4 Ah as sh ar p ed g es f o r cu t t i n go r m i l l i n g . h as a h ar d , r o u g h su r f acef o r cu t t i n go r g r i n d i n g . 5 A6 A- cu t saci r cu l ar o i ecet o r em o Vean i n t act co r eo f m at er i a| . 24 I Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan s d assem b l i es I 7 a Read t he f ollow ing ext r act of pr om ot ional lit er at ur e f r om a leading pr oducer o f u l t r a- h i g h - p r essu r e( UHP) w at er j et cu t t i n g m ach i n es. l n p ai r s, ex p l ai n t h e p h r ases i n b o l d . = Ffow m ak esw at er j et su s cha p op u larcu t t in gop t ion ? \ A / h at j et s V V Wat er r equir ef ew secondar y oper at ions, pr oducenet - shapedpar t s w it h no heat - af f ect edzone, heat dist or t ion, or m ech an icalst r essescau sedb y ot h ercu t t in gm et h od s, can cu t w it h a nar r ow ker í and can pr ovidebet t erusageof r aw m at er ia|sincepar t s can be t ight ly nest ed.As a r esultof t he Flow Mast er r uPC cont r olsyst em and int uit iveoper at ion,w at er j et sar e ext r em elyeasyt o use.Typically, op er at or can s b e t r ain edin h ou r san d ar ep r od u cin gh ig h - q u alit py ar t sin h ou r s.Ad d it ion allyw,at er j et can s cu t v ir t u allyan y m at er ial, leav inagsat in sm oot hed g e. ) l . l f v an i s t al k i n g t o Mr Bar r et t ab o u t UHP w at er j et cu t t i n g . Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d m at ch t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x t o t h e ex t r act s ( 1 - 4 ) . heat -affect ed zone mechanical st resses narrowkerf Ex t r act I Ex t r act3 Ex t r act 2 Ex t r act4 part s net -shaped Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion by under lining t he cor r ect phr ases. 1 So t heg are especiallg good when / not so good when gou have int ricat e shapes. 2 Saw blades are obviouslg pert ect when / useless when you're cut t ing curved shdpes. 3 ... sawing is t he ideal solut ion / not t he best solut ion if gou want t o avoid alt ering t he mat erial. 4 ... it 's ideal for / t ot allg unsuit able for met als. 8 I n pair s, assess t he dif f er ent cut t ing t echniques in t er m s of o shape/ size of cut o m at er ial t ypes/ char act er ist ics . p h r ases Use t h e in t he box. cut w idt h/ qualit y. good ideaL/ per f ect / especiaU. y f or + - in g t h e ideal. / per f ect solu t ionf or n ot par t icu t ar lysu it able/ n ot so good if you n eed . . . n ot t h e best sot u t ionif you don 't w an t . . . t ot alt y u n su it abt e/ u seless Cu t t in gt ech n iq u es dr il. l. inw g it h a bit dr it Lin gw it h a h ole- saw f lam e- cu t t in g grinding gui[ [ ot ining m il. Lin g p u n ch i n g sa w i n g w at er j etcu t t in g Shape/ sizeof cut angular bLindhol. es cur ved lar ge sm a[ [ st r aight t h i ck t h i n t h r o u q h o t es Mat er ial t ypes/ char act er ist ics cer am ics m et als plast ics t im ber brit t t e har d Cu t w i d t h / q u al i t y heat - af f ect ed zone nar r owker f s no ker f sm oot hedges w ideker f s t ough r oughedges Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan s d assem b l i es 25 Ex p lain in gj oin t in g an d f ix in g t ech n iq u es I 9 I n pair s, t hink of som e exam ples of w ays of j oining m at er ials t oget her . 10a ) g. A pear o, a pur chasing m anager w it h a kit chen appliance m anuf act ur er , is t alking t o Alicia, a sales m anager f r om one of t heir m ain supplier s. List en t o t he conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. 1 W h at o b j ect i v ed o es Ped r o d escr i b e r eg ar d i n gh i s co m p an y ' sr el at i o n sh i p w i t h su p p l i er s? 2 W h at i s Al i ci a co n cer n edab o u t ? 3 Ho w d o es h e r esp o n d t o h er co n cer n s? Com plet e t he f ollow ing t able using t he w or ds in t he box. adhesive ü'ot t ct ip Mech an i calf i x i n g s bolf C rivet screw weld No n - m ech an i calf i x i n g s Lab el t h e p h o t o s ( l - 5 ) w i t h t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci se l Ob . l w elá 3_ Mat ch t he t ypes of connect ion in t he box t o t he f ollow ing gr oups. bot t ing bonding conncct ing fixing gt uing j oining rivet ing welding 1 cor r \ ect iqg 2 - : descr ibes any kind of connect ion. : d escr i b esm ech an i calco n n ect i o n so n l v . : d escr i b esn o n - m ech an i calco n n ect i o n s on ly . 26 Un it 3 Com p on enan t s dassem b lies T l1 d Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s u si n g t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x . eachot her on ont o t o t oget her I 2 3 4 b Ho w can w e f i x t h ese t w o co m p o n en t sHo w can w e f i x t h ese t w o co m p o n en t st o H o w c a n w e f i x t h i s c o m p o n e n t- ? Ho w can w e f i x t h i s co m p o n en t I- ? ? t h i s co m p o n en t ? Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g t r ai n i n g w eb p ag e u si n g t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci se | | a. a il[ ilUrA8I UB ll| Bllcl| l|l| lÜtEURI ÜI0l| I ! :J0ll| I sll| l| rilI ilBs The most suit able met hod ot j oÍ ning component s depends ext end beyond t he obvious í ssue oÍ requí rcd st rengt h. on many t act ot s, whí ch . Wil| t he . j ointneed t o be disconnect edin t he Í ut ur e?| Í a par t is bo| t ed( 1), it can obvious| y be r em ovedat a | at erdat e. | Ít w o com ponent sar e bonded t o ( 2)w it h st r ong adhesive,or w elded ( 3)t hen subsequentr em ovalw ill clear lybe m or e dif f icult . @ . What ext er nalf act or sm ight af f ect t he j oint ? Wat er or heat can w eaken adhesivej oint s.And no m at t er how t ight lynut s ar e scr ew ed ( 4)bolt s, vibr at ioncan cause t hem t o w or k loose ^ .,^ - + i- ^ vvvr Lil rv. . 4t llF t llllliblr each How qualit y- sensit ive is t he j oint ingt echnique?Com ponent sar e r ar elyj oined ( 5)ot her in idealcondit ions.lnadequat elyt ight enedf ixings,im pr oper lypr epar edsur f aces,or f law ed w elds ar e inevit able.How could such im per f ect ionsaf f ectt he j oint negat ively?@ - < 't C I n p ai r s, an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s u si n g t h e i n f o r m at i o n o n t h e w eb page in Exer cise 1 I b. I 2 3 72 a l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f o l l o w i n g j o i n t i n g t ech n i q u es u sed i n ai r cr af t an d say how t he par t s ar e f ixed t oget her . 1 2 3 4 b W h at ar e t h e m ai n ad v an t ag ean d d i sad v an t ag eo f m ech an i calf i x i n g s? W h a t i s t h e m a i n d i sa d v a n t a g o e f n o n - m e c h a n i c jaol i n t i n g ? W h at i ssu escan n eg at i v el yaf f ect m ech an i calf i x i n g s an d n o n - m ech an i cal j o i n t s? Ear l y ai r cr af t :t i m b er f r am e / ad h esi v eo r scr ew s Mo d er n j et ai r cr af t :al l o y b o d y p an el s/ r i v et s Ai r cr af t cab i n s: seat s/ f l o o r / b o l t s Ai r cr af t co ck p i t :w i n d sh i el d / f u sel ag e/ ad h esi v e Yo u r co m p an y h as l au n ch ed a co m p et i t i o n f o r i t s en g i n eer s t o b u i l d a h o m em ad e m o d el g l i d er t h at i s as ch eap as p o ssi b l e t o assem b l e. l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at t y p es o f m at er i al s an d j o i n t s y o u co u l d u se. Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan s d assem b t i es 27 n Descr i b i n g p o si t i o n so f assem b 1 ed co m p o n en t s 13a ln pair s, r ead t he t it le of t he ar t icle and suggest w ays of m aking a gar den ch ai r f l y . Di scu ss an y p o t en t i al p r o b l em s. b Read t h e ar t i cl e an d m at ch t h e q u est i o n s ( a- d ) t o t h e p ar ag r ap h s ( l - 4 ) . a b c d Ho w d i d t h e act u al f l i g h t d i f f er f r o m t h e o n e t h at w as p l an n ed ? W h at i n ci d en t so ccu r r edj u st b ef o r ean d j u st af t er t h e l an d i n g ? W h at i s sai d ab o u t t h e m o d er n eq u i v al en to f t h i s t y p e o f act i v i t y ? W h at co m p o n en t sw er e u sed t o assem b l et h e f l y i n g m ach i n e? ANDTHEFLYI NGGARDENCHAI R CRAZYBUTTRUE:LARRYWALTERS I On July 2, L982, a Californian t ruck driver named I -arry \ ü?'alt erssat out side his house on a garden chair.To say t hat h e w as ou t t o get som e air for is an underst at ement , proj ect ing above him a clust er gradually t o earü. helium But as t he gas cont ained w it hin t he balloons w armed up in t he su m m er su n , it pr ogr essively generat ed more lift . \ ü7hen t he anchor ropes w ere released, t he self-assembly airship shot of r opes w as t iedt o 42 h eliu m - up like a rocket . Too shocked fi lled w eat her balloons. Anchor t o reach for üe pist ol insert ed r opes, sit u at ed u n der n eat h ú e in his pocket , t he first -t ime chair, w ere fast ened around pilot h eld on f or lif e. I n iu st a few minut es, l-arry rWalt ers t he bumper of his car, w hich w as posit ioned j ust below t he w as 16'000 makeshift flying machine. ground, 2 MrWalt ers feet , before drift ing slow ly out of t ow n and across count ry. He t hen t o use an airgun planned to float ing over t he cit y of l-ong Beach. A short int ended t o climb gent ly t o an alt it ude of a few hundred f eet above üe shoot som e balloon s an d descen d t ime lat er, t here w ere furüer complicat ions; he suddenly found himselfinside cont rolled airspace, adj acent to Long cu r iou s spect acle ou t side, as w ide-eyed as t he garden chair pilot hovering beside t hem. Evenrually, Walt ers descended a w h ich w as ben eaú üe t angled w it h ! u 28 line sit e ( in som eon e's gar den ) . He w as immediat ely arrest ed by w ait ing police of6cers, and w as lat er fined for breaking Federal aviat ion law s. Today, w hile clu st er balloon in g, st ill a fairly marginal of passing Delt a Airlines and gain in popularit y. T$í A aircraft looked on at t he beneat h beside ,f f i Un i t 3 Co m p o n e n tasn da sse m b l Í e s get t in g a pow er Beach Airport . The occupant s '! . a su spen ded ch air , sport , is st eadily st art ing t o abor/ e adj acent t o alongside around below in side ou t side over u n der n eat h w it h in at bove st ill locat ed alongside t he landing Lab el t h e d iag r am su sin gt h e p r ep osit ion sin t h e b ox . a safely t o eart h despit e an anchor rope, C An sw er t h e q u est ion sin Ex er ciseI 3 b . 74 managing aft er t o sh oot som e balloon s, Mr " 8. I co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces ab o u t t h e f l y i n g g ar d en ch ai r u si n g t h e pr eposit ions in t he box. Check your answ er s against t he t ext in Exer cise t 3b. in above ar ound beneat h w it hin t h e ch ai r w as a cl u st er o f r o p es' t i ed t o 4 2 Pr o j ect i n g h el i u m - f i l l edw eat h er b al l o o n s. t h e b u m p er o f t h e car . An ch o r r o p es w er e f ast en ed his pocket . Lar r y Walt er s had an air gun inser t ed t h e b a l l o o n sw a r m e du p i n t h e su n ' T h e h e l i u mc o n t a i n e d t h e ch ai r . Af t er t ak eo f f ,t h e an ch o r r o p es r em ai n edsu sp en d ed- 1 2 3 4 5 co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g d escr i p t i o n s o f h o w t h e g ar d en ch ai r ai r sh i p w as assem bled by under lining t he cor r ect w or ds. A q u an t i t yo f h el i u m g as w as co n t ai n ed / su sp en d edi n si d e each b al l o o n . 2 A t u b e w as i n ser t ed / p r o j ect edi n si d e t h e o p en i n g so f t h e b al l o o n s,t o i n f l at e t hem . 3 Th e b al l o o n sw er e si t u at ed / su sp en d edo v er t h e ch ai r , i n a l ar g e cl u st er . 4 Th e ch ai r w as co n t ai n ed i su sp en d ed u n d er t h e b al l o o n sb y r o p es. 5 Ar m r est s,co n t ai n ed / l o cat edb esi d e t h e p i l o t , at each si d e, h el p ed t o h o l d h i m I i n p l ace. Th e l an d i n g g ear , i n ser t i n g / p r o j ect i n gb el o w t h e seat , co n si st ed ,si m p l y ,o f t h e ch ai r l eg s. Th e p i l o t w as p o si t i o n ed / p r o j ect edu n d er n eat ht h e b al l o o n s,so h i s w ei g h t 7 w as l o w d o w n . d Wt r ict r t w o ot h er w or ds h ave t h e sam e m ean in g as posit ion ed? cont ained t5 a fast ened insert ed Locat ed proj ect ed suspended I n p air s,look at t h e p h ot o an d d escr ib eh ow y ou t h in k t h e clu st er b alloonis assem b ledf r om t h e f ollow in gcom p on en t s. bags balloons helium nyt onropes nylonst raps pLast iccabt e sand/ wat er bat last t ies t ape b sit uat ed par agt iding har ness Eva and Lenny, t w o engineer s w or king f or an ext r em e spor t s ) il eq u i p m en t m an u f act u r er ,ar e d i scu ssi n g cl u st er b al l o o n i n g . List en t o t he conver sat ion and sum m ar ise w hat t hey say about t he f ollow ing issues. I 2 3 4 a sse m b l yt i m e h o w o l ast i c cab l e t i es ar e u sed a t r ee st r uct ur e h o w w at er b ag s ar e u sed t h e ad v an t ag eo f t y i n g e a c h i n d i v i d u abl a l l o o n t h e p r o b l em o f u si n g a n et t o co n t ai n t h e b al l o o n s I n pair s, discuss w ays of over com ing t he pr oblem s m ent ioned in t he conver sat ion. How could clust er ballooning be m ade m or e accessible t o a m ass m ar k et ? W h at o t h er eq u i p m en t / assem b l i esco u l d b e u sed ? s d assem b t i es Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan UNI T 4 E . o Workingwit h dnwings Discussing dim ensions and precision Descr ibing designphasesand procedures Resolvingdesignproblems o o .n fL r- . 9Íj$l l - r; r - rI {; ilil llt t I .-f -:StT.: * l l e a p NI I r+ lJ " I .6 tf,d* .; ..1 r* 'ii$* i* ffiitrLn: u- I fa ? I Wor k in gw it h d r aw in g s l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en t t y p es o f d esi g n i n f o r m at i o n n eed ed o n a co m p l ex en g i n eer i n g p r o j ect , su ch as t h e co n st r u ct i o n o f a l ar g e cr u i se sh i p . Ho w m an y dif f er ent dr aw ings do you t hink m ight be pr oduced f or such a pr oj ect ? How w o u l d t h ey b e o r g an i sed an d cat eg o r i sed ? 2a ) l . t l o e, a t ech n i ci an at a sh i p y ar d , i s t al k i n g t o Li n d a, o n e o f h i s en g i n eer i n g co l l eag u es i n t h e d esi g n o f f i ce. He i s ask i n g ab o u t so m e i n f o r m at i o n w h i ch h e can ' t f i n d o n an y o f t h e d r aw i n g s. Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. I 2 W h at ar ea o f t h e sh i p ar e t h ey d i scu ssi n g ? W h at d o es t h e t ech n i ci ann eed t o k n o w ? Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g d ef i n i t i o n s u si n g t h e t y p es o f d r aw i n g i n t h e b o x . cross-sect ion elevat ion explodedüew specif icat ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 p\ art \ X An An t oget her . AAAdr aw ing. A- not e phn schemat ic gives a view of t he whole deck, t rom above. g i v es a v l ew o f al l t h e p an el s,f r o m t h e f r o n t . g i v es a d eco n st r u ct edv i ew o f h o w t h e p an el sar e f i x ed g i v es a cu t aw ayv i ew o f t h e j o i n t b et w eent w o p an el s. g i v es a si m p l i f i edr ep r esen t at i o no f a n et w o r ko f ai r d u ct s. g i v es a b r i ef d escr i p t l o no r a r ef er en cet o an o t h er r el at ed g i v es d et ai l ed w r i t t en t ech n i cald escr i p t i o n so f t h e p an el s. Which t w o t ypes of dr aw ing in Exer cise 2b ar e exam ples of gener al ar r an g em en t d r aw i n g s, an d w h i ch t w o ar e ex am p l es o f d et ai l d r aw i n g s? 30 g esi g n Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d .-j;t' t " - b-- Read t he f ollow ingt echnicalquest ionst hat cam e up dur ing t he shipbuildingpr oj ect and decide w hich t ype of dr aw ingis r equir ed t o answ er each quest ion. l H o w m a n y p a n e | s a r e t h e r e a l t o g e t h e r o n t h i s w a | l ?2 What pr of ilear e t hesehollowbeam s:r ect angularor cir cular ? 3 What ar e t he posit ionsof all t he f loodlight sar oundt he deck per im et er ? 4 H o w m a n y b r a n c h e s c o m e o f f t h e m a i n s p r i n k | e r s u p p | y p i p e ?s t he f an unit f it t oget her ? 5 How do all t he int er nalcom ponent of 3a What is meant by scale on a drawing? ln pairs, o< plainhow a scale rule, like t he one show n in t he pict ur e,is used. b ) u nft er receiving t he drawings for t he panet s, Joe is now discussing some det ails wit h Pavel, a colleague. List en t o t he conversat ion and answer t he f ollow ingquest ions. I What pieceof inf or m at ionis not show non t he dr aw ing? 2 What golden rale is ment ioned? Complet e t he following ext ract s from t he conversat ion and explain what is m eant by each one. I 2 3 4 4 / s fhis drawing scale? lt's one five. ... gou shouldn'tscale drawings... ... it 'sact ual size, on a --scale drawing... You are engineers on a proiect t o design t he met al handr ail t hat w ill r un ar ound t he per im et er of t he t op, out door deck of a lar ge cr uise ship. ! n pair s, discuss what drawings you will need t o produce for manufact uring and inst allat ion wit h regard t o t he f ollow ingissues: o t he t ypesof viewt hat w ill be r equir edand w hat each on e w ill sh ow o t he appr oxim at escaleof dif f er entdr aw ingsand view s o w hat w r it t eninf or m at ionyou w ill needt o pr ovidein t he specif icat ion. 5 You are going t o provide design informat ion t o enable a pr oduct iont eam t o m anuf act ur ea pr oduct or applianceyou know w ell. Make a list of som e of t he dr aw ingst hat w ill be needed, not ing w hat each one w illsh ow . Unit 4 Engineering design Di scu ssi n g d i m en si o n san d p r eci si o n 6 d ln pair s, discuss w hat is m eant by pr ecision and accur acg. Read t he t echnical advice w eb page and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. 1 Ho w i s a su p er f l atf l o o r d i f f er en tf r o m an o r d i n ar y co n cr et ef l o o r ? 2 W h at accu r acycan b e ach i ev edw i t h o r d i n ar y sl ab s, an d w i t h su p er f l atsl ab s? 3 W h at p r o b l em i s d escr i b ed i n h i g h b ay w ar eh o u ses? Floors:FAO SuperÍ lat What is a super f lat f loor ? p r o cess. g esu r f ace | yp r eci se Fo rano r d i n ar y Co m p act ian n gdf i n i sh i nt h o Í W etco n cr eti sean i n h er en it m t o l er an ce, en g i n eer can s o n l yr eal i st i calex l yp ect t h esu r f ace t o b ef i n i sh ed co n cr etsleabt o b el ai dw i t h i n t o p l u so r m i n u5s m mBy su, p er f lco at n cr etf leo o rar s ef i n i sh ed t o m eetex t r em el clyo set o l er an ces, . co n t r ast '1m m b ei n gaccu r att e ow i t h i n acr o ss t h ei u r p p er su r f ace. Wher e ar e super f f atf loor s used? t | eci y f i ed i nw ar eh o u ses w h er e Au t o m at ed Fl o osu r r Í aces w i t hex t r em e| t i gy h t o I er an ces ar eÍ r eq u ensp c i g hb ayw ar eh o u ses, Veh i cl es f l o o rar s eesp eci alpl yr o b l em ati ni h w h i chu se Gu i d ed o p er at Un e ev en o r k | i fw t si t ha v er t i caI r eacho Í 3 0m et r es o r m o r e' At su cha h ei g hs| t , i g hvtar i at i o n i nsÍ | o o r au t o m at fed | ev eI i nt h ef o r mo Í v er t i caI t i | t cau , mean o eu v r at i n hg i g h| ev el| 'Ít h ese ar eam p | i f i ed si nign accu r at v ar i at i o ar n seo u t si dteo l er an ce t h eycanl eadt o co l l i si o nwsi t hr ack i nel g em en tos,r cau sei t em tso b e p a| | et s. Í rom d r o p p ed ln pair s, discuss w hat is m eant by t oler ance in t he cont ext of dim ensions and p r eci si o n . d Com plet e t he f ollow ing expr essions f r om t he w eb page w hich ar e used t o d escr i b e t o l er an ces. I t o l er an ce( i n si d et h e l i m i t s o f a g i v en t o l er an ce) 2 - o r - Sm m ( + / - 5 m m ) 3 t o l er an ce( cl o set o l er an ce) 4 - t o | er an ce( n o t i n si d et h e| i m i t so f t o | er an ce) e Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e ex p r essi o n s i n Ex er ci se 6 d . I 2 4 Th e f r am e' st o o b i g f o r t h e o p en i n g .Th e o p en i n g ' st h e r i g h t si ze,so t h e f r am e m u st b e Th e t o t al t o l e r a n c ei s I m m . T h e o e r m i ssi b l ev a r i a t i o ne i t h e rsi d e o f t h e i d e a l is Th e en g i n eer sp eci f i ed + / - 5 m m f o r t h e sl ab f i n i sh , an d w e g o t i t t o + I - 2 m m . So i t ' s w el l Yo u can ' t f i n i sh co n cr et et o + / - 0 . I m m . Th er e' sn o w av v o u can w o r k t o su ch ln som e sit uat ions, engineer s descr ibe t oler ances using p/ us or m inus, f or exam ple + / - I m m , and in ot her sit uat ions as w it hin, f or exam ple w i t h i n l m m . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en ce i n m ean i n g b et w een t h ese t w o d escr i p t i o n s, g i v i n g ex am p l es o f si t u at i o n s w h er e each d escr i p t i o n m i g h t b e u sed . 32 g esi g n Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d I 7a ) q. i f \ 4ei,a st r uct ur al engineer , is t alking t o Lew is, a pr oj ect m anager , about t h e f l o o r sp eci f i cat i o n f o r a m an u f act u r i n g p l an t t h at i s cu r r en t l y at d esi g n st age. List en t o t he conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 5 4 5 W h at h as t h e cl i en t r eq u est edw i t h r eg ar d t o t h e f l o o r sl ab ? W h at ar e f r ee m o v em en tf l o o r s an d d ef i n ed m o v em en tf l o o r s? W h at i ssu e d o es t h e en g i n eerd i scu ssr eg ar d i n gq u al i t y ? W h a t o p t i o n i s d i sc u sse di n v o l v i n gg r i n d i n g ? W h at can b e d o n e t o t h e r ei n f o r cem en t o p er m i t g r i n d i n g ? Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g t ab l e u si n g t h e w o r d s i n t h e t ex t i n Ex er ci se 6 b an d au d i o scr i p t 4 . 3 o n p ag e 8 9 . 1 2 3 4 5 Nam eof dim ension Whaf st he- ? Whaí s11] w g iá| h ? What 's t he- ? What 's 11gt hickr r ess? What 's t he- ? Lar gedim ension I s it - ? I s it - ? Sm at [dim en sion I s 11high I s it - ? I s it [ ow ? 7 I s i1 a\ eep 7 I s it sh or t ? I s it n an ow ? I s it t hin? I s it sh allow ? Mei has done a r evised dr aw ing f or t he f loor slab. Read t he ext r act f r om her em ai l ab o u t t h e n ew d esi g n an d co m p l et e t h e m essag e u si n g t h e co r r ect f o r m of t he w or ds in Exer cise 7b. To: Lew is Rosas Su biectBev : ised f loor slab d r aw in g P| easef ind at t acheda r eviseddr aw ingÍ ort he Í | oors| ab,now r econf igur edÍ ordef inedm ovem ent . w iáe ( as specif iedby t he c| ient ) | n or der t o accom m odat eguidedvehicI es1 08Om m ( 1) W e p r o p o Se a s t a n d a r d ( 2 ) - o f 1 2 8 0 m m f o r e a c h s u p e r f | a t | a n e . A t 1 4 . 5 m , t h e ( 3 ) - o f t h e| o n g est | an eo n t h en et w o r k i sw i t h i n t h em ax i m u m sl ab r u n t h at can b ecast in a singleconcr et epour ,t hus avoidingconst r uct ionj oint son st r aightr uns. On cur ved sect ions,a st an d ar d8 . 5 m t u r n i n gr ad i u si s u sed ,as p er t h e g u i d edv eh i cl em an u f act u r err' seco m m en d at i o n s. | n or der t o a| | owf or t he event ua| itof y f ut ur egr inding,w e have | ocat edt he t op | ayeroÍ r einÍ or cem ent has not , how ever ,been 1Om mdeeper below t he slab sur f ace.This addit ional( 4)added t o t he over allslab ( 5) , w hich r em ains275m m . The r einf or cingbar s also r em ain - m any of w hich need in I 2m m diam et er As . a r esult ,t he levelsof w all- m ount edpr ocess inst allat ions pr ecise ( 6) above f inishedf loor level ar e unaf f ect ed. t o be f ixed at a - 8 W h i ch t w o w o r d s i n t h e em ai l r el at e t o ci r cl es? W h at asp ect s o f a ci r cl e d o t h ey d escr i b e? W Th e m an u f act u r i n g p l an t i n Ex er ci se 7 w i l l be built f r om a st eel f r am e. The ver t ical el em en t s o f t h e f r am e w i l l b e Un i v er sal Co l u m n s ( UCs) . Lo o k at t h e sect i o n o f a UC. l n p ai r s, d escr i b e t h e d i f f er en t d i m en si o n s t hat def ine a UC pr of ile by explaining w hat t he let t er s on t he sect ion r ef er t o. f langes TI Un i t 4 En g i n e e r i n g d e si g n 33 Descr ib in gd esig np h asesan d p r oced u r es - ! n pair s, discussw hat is m eant by a design pr ocess.ln engineer ing,w hat ar e t he st ages in t he developm entof designs? 9 10 a The f ollow ingext r act sf r om em ails r elat e t o a pr oj ect t o build an indoor ski com plex in Aust r alia, using ar t if icial snow .The m essagesw er e cir culat edby an engineert o m em ber sof t he design t eam , and t o a specialist cont r act or . Read t h e em ailsan d , in p air s,an sw ert h e f ollow in gq u est ion s.Not e t h at t h e em ails ar e not in t he cor r ect or der . I Wh at ar e all t h e em ailsab ou t ? 2 Wh at d if f er entty p esof d ocu m en t ar s e m en t ion ed ? We now have a f ullset of w or kingdr aw ingsf or . t he m ain ski lif t( at t ached)These incor por at e som e am endm ent sr equest edby t he client , w hich have now been appr oved.Har d t o t he r e| evant copies have been Í or uvar ded cont r act or s'pr em ises,f or f abr icat ion. . It I i ; .. P| easef ind at t acheda f u| |set oÍ pr e| im inar y II dr aw ings,as subm it t edt o t he clientf or appr ova|/ com m ent s.These ar e Í orinf or m at ion , only at t his st age. o At t ached ar e a f ew r ough sket chesset t ing out t he over alllayoutof t he ski com plex.At t his point ,t hese ar e init ialideas based on t he client 'ssuggest ionsand t he appr oxim at e dim ensionsspecif iedin t he design br ief .I look f or w ar dt o any f eedback by t he end oÍ t his w eek. b || l| I at t ach a sum m ar yof our m eet ingw it h t he client last Tuesday.lt out linesideas expr essed OVt he client 'sm ar ket ingt eam , and descr ibes w hat an exper ienceat t he ski com plex should be like,f r om a visit or 'spoint oÍ view .We'| |be Soing t hr ought hese not es at t he pr olectkickoÍ Ím eet ingnext Thur sday,t o c| ar if yt he design br ieÍ so , p| easeÍ or m ulat any e quer iesbeÍ or e t hen. " Please not e t hat dw g 18A is cur r ent lybeing r evised,t o r esolvepr oblem sencount er ed dur ingassem blyof t he ski lif t .BevisionB w ill be cir culat ednext w eek. Unt ilt he am ended dr aw ingis issued, pleaset r eatdw g 18A as super seded.lf you r equir especif icdet ails ur gent ly,please cont act m e, and I w ill ar r ange Í ora suit ab| esket ch t o be issued' II Pu t t h e em ai l s i n t h e co r r ect seq u en ce. l_2_3_4_5 C Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g d ef i n i t i o n s u si n g t h e t y p es o f d r aw i n g i n t h e b o x . designbrief pret iminary drawing sket ch workingdrawing l A- i sar o u g h d r aw i n g o f i n i t i a| i d eas, a| so u sed w h en p r o d u ct i o n p r o b l em s r eq u i r een g i n eer st o am en d d esi g n d et ai l san d i ssu e t h em t o t h e w o r k f o r cei m m ed i at el y . 2 A - i s a w r i t t e n Su m m a r y i n t e n d e d t o s p e c i f y d e s i g n o b j e c t i v e s . 3 A- i san ap p r o v ed d r aw i n g u sed f o r m an u f act u r i n g o r i n st a| | at i o n Th er e i s o f t en a n eed t o r ev i set h ese d r aw i n g st o r eso l v ep r o d u ct i o np r o b l em s. I n t h i s case, am en d ed v er si o n sar e i ssu ed t o su p er ced et h e p r ev i o u so n es. 4 A- i sad et ai | ed d r aw i n g t h at co | | eag u esan d co n su | t an t sar e i n v i t ed t o ap p r o v e i f t h ey accep t t h em , o r co m m en t o n i f t h ey w i sh t o r eq u est an y ch an g es. 34 g esi g n Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d I d Find synonym s f or t he f ollow ing w or ds in t he def init ions in Exer cise I Oc. 1 accept I aQ?vo\ le 2 am en dl3 appr oxim at el4 cir culat el- e 5 6 7 8 give f eedback | r e Pl a c e / u Pd a t e l st at el so lv el- I n pair s, suggest w hat needs t o be done next in each of t he f ollow ing sit uat ions. 1 Th ey ' v ef o u n d a p r o b l em w i t h d r aw i n g 6 3 o n si t e. Th e d et ai l w e' v esp eci f i ed d o esn ' t w o r k . 2 I ' v ed o n e a p r el i m i n ar yd esi g n f o r t h e d u ct l ay o u t ,b u t t h e cl i en t h asn ' t seen it yet . 3 I ' v eg o t a f eel i n gt h e d r aw i n gt h ey h av e o n si t e i sn ' t t h e l at est o n e. 4 W e' v ej u st r ev i sedd r aw i n g 1 4 . Th e ch an g esar e g o i n g t o af f ect t h r ee 5 Ll dif f er ent cont r act or s. Th i s i s t h e cl i en t ' sw r i t t en d esi g n b r i ef . Ho w sh al l w e k i ck o f f t h e d esi g n w ork? a Leo is t he ski com plex pr oiect m anager . Wit h design w or k about t o begin, he is m eet ing senior engineer s f r om t he design t eam s t o discuss design coor dinat ion. ln pair s, exp| ain t he it em s on t he m eet ing agenda and suggest w hat kinds of issue m ight be discussed. Aust r alian Ski com plex - Design Coor dinat ion Meet ing Agendj Tuesday 8t h May ConÍ er encer oom 9. 30am - í 1. 00am To: RN, LG, SB, CW, Sf t b ) t l List en t o t hr ee ext r act s f r om t he m eet ing and m at ch each ext r act ( l- 3) t o an agenda it em ( a- c) . lt em l_ c d Design int er f ace( m echanical. et ect r ical) b Design and inÍ or m at ionÍ | owpr ocedur e ( st r uct ur al'm echanical, elect r ical) c I nt er - t eamcom m unicat ion Í or m a|and inf or m a| 3_ } l'l List en again and m ake not es about t he pr oblem . discussed in t he m eet ing. ln pair s, discuss som e possible solut ions t o t he pr oblem s. } s. s List en t o Leo sum m ar ising t he solut ions t hat have been agr eed in t he m eet ing. What has been decided r egar ding t he f ollow ing Point s? 2 3 Th e d eci si o nt h at t h e sen i o r en g i n eeri n each t eam m u st m ak e, r eg ar d i n g d r aw i n g s Th e ci r cu l at i o np r o ced u r et h at w i l l b e u sed f o r each d r aw i n g Th e r o l e o f t h e M& E co o r d i n at o ri n r el at i o nt o t h e sen i o r en g i n eer san d t h e 4 p r o j ect m an ag er Th e ar r an g em en tt h at w i l l m ak e i n f o r m alco m m u n i cat i o neasi er I e 2_ a ln pair s, discuss how t he design pr ocedur es discussed in t he m eet ing w ill w or k in t he f ollow ing sit uat ions. I 2 3 l ssu i n gt h e f i r st d r af t o f a sp eci al i sedh y d r au l i ch o se d r aw i n gf o r t h e sk i l i f t Desi g n i n gan el ect r i calsu p p l y sy st em f o r so m e w at er - co o l i n geq u i p m en t Rev i si n gt h e co n n ect i o nd et ai l s b et w eenso m e sk i - l i f tm ach i n er yan d i t s co n cr et ef o u n d at i o n d esi g n Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n g 35 Resot v in gd esig np r ob lem s f I n pair s, discuss pr oblem s t hat can ar ise w hen dif f er ent dr aw ings t hat m ake up a design ar e not pr oper ly coor dinat ed. 72 13 d The f ollow ing r ecor ds ar e f r om t he indoor ski com plex pr oj ect . They show cor r espondence bet w een t he design t eam and const r uct ion t eam . Read t hr ough t he t ext s quickly and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 5 4 W h at i s t h e g en er al su b j ect o f t h e co r r esp o n d en ce? What is m eant by quer g and inst r uct ion? So m e q u er i es r ef er t o ear l i er co n v er sat i o n s.Su g g est w h y t h ese h av e b een f o l l o w edu p i n w r i t i n g . What is m eant by dw g and dim s? coNTRAcToR,s QUERYNo.8ó7 ENGI NEER'SI NSTRUCTI ON Follow ingour t elephoneconver sot iont odoy,w e not e t hot t her e is o discr eponcybet w eendw gs ZóE o n d 7 8 E, w h i ch i n d i co t eco n Í | i ct i ndgi m en si o n fso r t h ew i d t h o f t h e r o o f o p en i n g .Pl eo secl o r i f yw h i ch d i m en si o ni s co r r ect . W e co n f i r mt h e co r r ectd i m en si o ni s o n d w g 7 óE. Pl eo sed i sr eg o r dt h e d i m so n d w g Z8 E. coNTRACToR,sQUERYNo. 8ó8 ENGI NEER'SI NSTRUCTI ON As d i scu ssedt h i sm o r n i n go n si t e,w e co n f i r mt h er e is o closh bet w eent he pr oposed coble hoy ( dw g E5 ó} o n d o i r < o n d i t i o n i ndgu ci w o r k( n o w i n st o | | ed o s p e r d w g M l I 8 ) i n t h ec e i l i n gv o i d o t Gr i d D l 4 . Pl eo seo d v i seo n o n o l t er n o t i v co e b l e r o u t e. Pleosew or k t o ot t ochedsket chS33. coNTRAcToR's QUERYNo.8ó9 ENGI NEER'SI NSTRUCTI ON Revisionof dw g E5ó t o f o| | ow . A n o t eo n d w g 1 1 A sp eci f i esb l o ck b o l t so t t h e Pleosepr ovide f ur t herdet oi| soÍ t he HSFG bo| t syou b o se o f t h e sk i l i f tco b l e su p p o r t Th . i sco n t r o d i ct tsh e o r e p r o p o si n g . sp eci f i co t i o nw, h i ch st o t est h o to l l i o i n t st o co m p r i se Hi g h St r en g t hFr i ct i o nGr i p b o l t s.W e p r o p o seu si n g HSFG f i x i n g so t t h i sl o co t i o n . CONTRACTOR'S QUERYNo. 870 ENGI NEER'SI NSTRUCTI ON Fu r t h ert o Qu er y 8 ó9 , t h e p r o p o sedHSFG b o | t so r e Ap p r o v ed . o s p er t h o sesp eci f i edf o r o l l o t h erb o l t edi o i n t so n t h e sk i l i f t su p p o r t s.Ou r i n t en t i o ni s t o u se o si n g l e b o l t sp ec t o f o ci l i t o t eo ssem b l y . Read t he cor r espondence in det ail. Wr it e t he quer y num ber s in Exer cise 1 3a next t o t he descr ipt ions ( l - 5) . You w ill need t o r ef er t o som e quer ies m o r e t h an o n ce. 36 l 2 3 8é ,8 An i n st a| | at i o n t h at w o n ' t f i t , aS co m p o n en t sar e i n each o t h er ' s w ay A r esp o n sef r o m t h e en g i n eerask i n g f o r m o r e i n f o r m at i o n Ou er i es t h at su g g est a so l u t i o n ,w h i ch w i l l r eq u i r et h e en g i n eer ' sap p r o v al 4 Req u est st o t h e en g i n eert o i n st r u ctt h e co n t r act o ro r m ak e so m et h i n gcl ear . 5 Sep ar at e d o cu m en t sr ef er r i n gt o d et ai l st h at d o n ' t co r r esp o n dw i t h each o t h er Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d g esi g n T { C Com plet e t he f ollow ing pair s of sent ences using t he ver bs in t he box. advise I 2 3 4 5 4 a ct arifo ct ash propose request . Th e co m p o n en t sar e i n each o t h er ' sw ay . : Th e co m p o n en t sPl ease ask f o r m o r e i n f o r m at i o n .: Pl ease m o r e i n f o r m at i o n . a so l u t i o n ? Can I su g g est a so l u t i o nt o t h e p r o b l em ? : Can | Pl ease i n st r u ctt h e su p p l i er t o sen d t h e p ar t s t o t h i s ad d r ess. : Pl ease t h e su p p l i e r . an y An y co n f l i ct i n gd et ai l s m u st b e q u er i ed . : Yo u m u st co n f l i ct i n gd et ai l s. I n pair s, look at t he f ollow ing plan and sect ions f r om a dr aw ing on t he ski com plex pr oj ect , show ing st eelw or k det ails on par t of a ski lif t . Exam ine how t he r ect angular plat e is bolt ed t o t he T pr of ile below it . Can you f ind t he discr epancy bet w een t he det ails, and t he clash pr event ing t he connect ion f r om being assem bled? ooo oo ooo Sect ion A- A Sect i o n B- B Ch en , a t ech n i ci an , i s ex p l ai n i n g t h e p r o b l em i n Ex er ci se 1 4 at o Ro n , an engineer . Com plet e t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in t he box. alt ernat ive as per ct arifo clash confirm cont radict s dj t c'€ e 'afiey propose Chen: There3 o ( 1) áiscvePart rc/ bet ween t hese det ai3 t hat gou might be st raight awag. On t he plan of t his plat e, it oble t o ( 2) shows eight bolt s. But on sect ion A, here, t here are no bolt s shown in t he m i d d l e , So t h e r e w o u l d o n l y b e si x , w h i c h o b v i o u sl a ( 3 ) - t h e plan. But as Aou can see, t his plat e's going t o be bolt ed t o a T profile. So we couldn't put a row of bolt s down t he middle, because t heA'd ( 4) wit h t he flange running along t he middle of t he T. So I 'd j ust going for t wo rows of bolt s. The ( 6) ( 5) would be t o redesign t he T sect ion, which would obviouslg be a bigger j ob. Ron: Yes. Let 's go for t wo rows of bolt s, ( 7) - Chen: OK fine. Will gou send an email t o ( 8) - t he sect ions. t hat ? ) o. g t ist en t o t he conver sat ion and check your answ er s t o Exer cise l4b. How does t he explanat ion com par e w it h your descr ipt ion of t he pr oblem ? Wr it e an em ail f r om Ron t o Chen, conf ir m ing t he r evision agr eed in t he discussion above. Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n g d esi g n 37 rt! tI a Descr ib intgy p esof t ech n icalp r ob lem I 1 I n pair s, discuss t he t echnical challenges of endur ance car r aces like t he Le Mans 24 Hour s spor t s car r ace. 2a ) S. t Sanino, an engineer w it h a spor t s car r acing t eam , is giving a t alk t o som e of his t eam 's sponsor s at a t est session. List en t o t he t alk and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. 1 W h at say i n g em p h asi sest h e i m p o r t an ceo f r el i ab i l i t y ? 2 W h at ex p r essi o nr ef er st o t h i n g s t h at can cau se f ai l u r es? 3 W h at ex p r essi o nd escr i b esd am ag e cau sed b y n o r m al u se? ) s. t l n t h e t al k , Sab i n o n am es f i v e en g i n eer i n g en em i es. Co m p l et e t h e f ollow ing list . List en again and check your answ er s. : h i g h t em p er at u r es I h: l o ad s f r o m ex p an d i n gg ases o r l i q u i d s 2 p3 v - : co n t i n u o u sh i g h - f r eq u en cy m o v em en t o r sh ak i n g : su d d en i m p act s 4 s: dam age t o sur f aces caused by f r ict ion 5 aln pair s, suggest w hich engineer ing enem ies in Exer cise 2b can be t he m ost pr oblem at ic f or each of t he f ollow ing car par t s. I 2 3 3a 4 5 6 su sp en si o n b r ak es t y r es 7 ö J w rngs coolin gsy st em n u t san d b olt s ) s. z t ist en t o Sabino t alking about som e t echnical pr oblem s t he t eam have had at t he t est and m ar k t he f ollow ing st at em ent s Tr ue ( T) or False ( F) . I 2 3 4 5 6 38 ch assi s en g i n e g ear b o x an d cl u t ch So m e l i q u i d w as l o st f r o m a p i p e. A car l o st al l i t s co o l an t w i t h t h e en g i n e st i l l r u n n i n g . A car ' s en g i n e st o p p ed o n t h e ci r cu i t . So m e t y r es w er e d am ag ed . A w h eel n u t f el l o f f a car o n t h e ci r cu i t . A car ' s su sp en si o nw as b r o k en . Unit 5 Br eakingpoint : I b Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he t alk using t he w or Cs in t he box. bend blochng cnck j am snap 1 2 3 4 ... gou don't wdnt ongt hing t he airflow t o t he radiat ors. . . . t heg had a w heel nut , it w ouldn't t ur n. t he suspension or . . . he didn't hit t he bar r ier s and it complet elg. . . . it didn't t he t ub - t he chassis. C Com plet e m or e ext r act s f r om t he t alk using t he cor r ect f or m of a ver b in box 1 and a w or d in box 2. 7 blow ct og cut leak run wear rvo'r* 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 t oose up out loose ... a y1u1 wovbe) \ on a radiat or pipe, which result ed in coolant liauid of coolant . . . . he sw it ched of f bef or e t he sAst em had . . . t he engine on one of t he cor ner s. wit h dirt . ... t he openings in t he side pods alwags The t Ares weren't close t o . . . t he r adiat or pr oblem didn't cause t he engine t o - d ) s. z t i st en ag ai n an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s t o Ex er ci ses 3 b an d 3 c. e Read t h e f o l l o w i n g co m m en t s m ad e b y r ace t eam t ech n i ci an s. Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e co r r ect f o r m o f w o r d s i n Ex er ci ses 3 b an d 3 c. I Th er e' ssm o k e an d f l am es p o u r i n g o u t o f t h e en g i n e.; 1 ' 5 b l o w \ q P 2 Th er e' sa p o o l o f o i l u n d er t h e car . So m et h i n g ' s . 3 Th i s cy l i n d er h ead b o l t w o n ' t l o o sen . l t ' s 4 Th eai r f i | t er ' sf u | | o f d i r t . | t ' sco m p | et e| y - . 5 Th i s w i n g su p p o r t ' sb een m o v i n g ab o u t . Th e b o l t s h av e 6 So m et h i n g ' sst o p p i n gt h e o i l f l o w Th e p i p e m i g h t b e 7 Ar e y o u su r e t h at p u sh r o d ' sst r ai g h t ?l t l o o k s as i f i t ' s . 8 We' | | n eed t o ch an g et h eseb r ak ep ad s. Th ey ' r en ear | y - . 9 Th er e' sh ar d l y an y f u el l ef t i n t h e car . I n an o t h er l ap , w e' l l Read t h e t ech n i cal f act s ab o u t t h e l t al i an m o t o r r aci n g ci r cu i t , Mo n za, and sum m ar ise how t he t r ack is dif f er ent f r om m ost ot her s. l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e t ech n i cal p r o b l em s t h at r aci n g car s co u l d have at Monza as a r esult of t he f act or s descr ibed in t he t ext . Parabolica t St arVFinish Thecircuitis characterised Thismeans thecars'engines bylongslraights andchicanes. per cent age m ostot her | ot tÍ | or a higher t han cir cuit s. ar eatÍ u|t hr eover75%oft he| ap, heavier-than-average Thetrackrequires braking overa givenlap,asthecarsrepeatedly í ast esl Í or dece| erat atteheendofsom e oft hew or ld's st r aight st heslowchicanes. iscr ucial f orf astlaps. Thechicanes ker bs. Riding overt hese har d ar elinedbyr ugged Thism eans low eÍ dow nÍ or ce' The| ong st r aight r equir s sm e a|w| ings Í orm inim um dr ag. gr iponcor nerand r esult ing y bum ps. in low er s under br aking, andlessst abilitover Themainhigh-speed 2 andfurabolica areall rightturns. corners Lesmol, Lesmo Par tof s lhecir cuit byt r ees, w hich m eans leaves canbeblow n ar esunounded ontothetrack. ? Ch ican e Ret t ifilio l" lr Lesmo2 a rl .' , - 1 { f} Chicane Della Roggia Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 39 Assessin g an din t er p r et í nf gau t t s r 5 á | n pair s, discuss a t echnical pr oblem you've exper ienced w it h a device, equipm ent or vehicle. Descr ibe t he f ault , and how you t r ied t o solve t he p r o b l em . Re a d t h e t r a i n i n g n o t e s f o r t e l e p h o n e h e l p l i n e st af f w or kin g f or a m an u f act u r er of m in in g p l a n t . l n p a i r s, d i scu ss w h a t e a ch p o i n t m e a n s. ?'ob / em-so / ving check/ is t / 6a User s observattons.' - nature oí fau/ t - circumstances of fau/ t - externa/ foctors 2 Process of e/ imination 3 / dentií v the í ai/ ure 4 Determine action and urqency ) S, l f Ur Ro o n ey , an en g i n eer at a q u ar r y f i r m , i s t al k i n g t o Al , a h el p l i n e co n su l t an t , ab o u t a t ech n i cal p r o b l em w i t h a d i esel en g i n e. Li st en t o t h e conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 4 5 6 W h at d o es t h e w ar n i n g m essag esay ? W h at ex t er n al f act o r i s d i scu ssedas a p o ssi b l ecau se? W h y i s t h i s p o ssi b l ecau se el i m i n at ed ? l n w h at ci r cu m st an cesd o es t h e f au l t o ccu r ? W h at d o es t h e co n su l t an ti d en t i f yas t h e m o st l i k el y cau se? W h at act i o n i s r eq u i r ed ,an d h o w u r g en t i s i t ? Mat ch t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x t o t h ei r sy n o n y m s i n t h e sen t en ces ( l - 7 ) . defect defect ive fut faut t y int ermit t ent t y maj or minor propert y syst emat icalt y lat qlt I Ther e's a pr oblem . 2 3 4 5 6 7 Per h ap ssom et h in in g t h ef u elin j ect ion sy st emis w r on g .lt ' sa ser iou sp r ob lem . lt ' sa slig h t p r ob lem-. ls it w or k in gcor r ect ly ? Th e p r ob lemon lyoccu r sf r om t im e t o t im e. Th e p r ob lemd oesn ' toccu rev er yt im e.- I- I C Al m ade t he f ollow ing not es about t hr ee engine pr oblem s. Mat ch t he f ault s ( l - 3 ) t o t h e p ossib lecau ses( a- c) . I vrorKs, somo't imes doesn'i. Siart ormot oraomet imos ongineis í 1ear sold. 2 Diet r ibut ion boltf ailed.t ngineblevrbe| . t r eplr acYó recent ly almostnew 7 Nswengine. Runsf qr 2o m ina,ihcniem p.gaugoalw als goesint ored,and enginecult out ( safe\override) 40 Un it 5 Br eak inpgoin t pr oblem . a holing a1s't em Fan?ulat erpump? b O\ ect rica\ conlaclproblom l-ooseconncction? c Manufact uring dcÍ Ycil lncorrYclfit t ing?Noi wear I d I n pair s, descr ibet he pr oblem sin Exer cise6c using t he f ollow ingphr ases. a f u u t t ypar t a su ddenpr oblem a syst em at icpr oblem an in st allat ión pr gblem an in t er m it t en tpr oblem cau sedby w ear an d t ear I f s / I t w as . . . I t 's / I t w as pr obably. . . Pe r h a p si f s / i t w a s . . . T h i si s / w a sa . . . e Com plet e t he f ollow ing t able using t he phr ases in t he box f r om t he conver sat ion. I doubtifs it can,tbe it couldbe it mightbe it : mt st áe it soundslike iÍ s 1 I í s cert ain| .y 7 it t ^ l'^ stbe 2 I í s probab| /.y3 I t sp o ssi b Ly / -/ not / 4 I fs probabl.y 5 I í s cert ainlynot / f ) S, l Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion using phr ases in Exer cise 2e. List en again and check your answ er s. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a a pr obt em w it h. . . - Obvioust g, it mqsf be some sort of defect in t he fuel iniect ion sAst em. So a soft ware problem. . . . m agbe a def ect ive sensor . Presumablg, angt hing t oo serious. wat er, t hen, if t he fuel went in direct lg from a deliverg. a fault g fuel pre-heat er. I n pair s, analyse t he pr oblem descr ibed below . Under line t he w or ds in t he box t hat descr ibe it . maj or minor sudden syst emat ic int ermit t ent The pr oblem Th ed r iv erof a d u m pt r u ck ,w h ichop er at esin a q u ar r y h as n ot icedt h at t h e t r uck'sdieselengineis slight lydow non pow er .The pr oblemhas becom e pr ogr essively w or seover sever alw eeks.Apar t f r om t he pow erloss,t he g sist en t ly en g in eis p er f or m in con w,it h n o m isf ir in gan d n o ov er h eat in gTh . e degr eeof pow erloss r em ainsconst antt hr oughouta givenper iodof use, f r om st ar t ingt he enginet o t ur ningit of f . No incr easein f uel consum pt ion h as b eenn ot ed . Read t h e n ot esan d assesst h e p ossib le causes of t he pr oblem in Exer cise7a using t he w or ds in Exer cises6d and 6e. ?ossiblecdf f ies0f t he enginePr obler n . w dt erin t hef uel supply ' a lubricat ionProblen ' a cloggedfuel filt er , a blockagein t he exhduit ll; t em o d cornPres,i\ nle^ Kfr1m t he pist on qlinders Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 47 I Descr ib Í nt h g e cau sesof f au lt s 8 Look at t he f ollow ing st r at egies f or pr event ing and dealing w it h t echnical pr oblem s in aviat ion. ln pair s, discussw hat is m eant by t he f ollow ing t er m s and how t hey ar e used by engineer sand pilot s. I 2 9 a ch eck l i st s st an d ar d p r o ced u r es 3 4 b ack - u pi n st al l at i o n s p l a n n e dm a i n t e n a n c e Read t h e ar t icleon t h e r ig h t an d answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. I How d id t h e p r ob lemst ar t ? 2 Wh at w er et h e in it ial,u n seen con seq u en ces? 3 Wh at w er et h e su b seq u en t con seou en ces? b Com plet e t he sequence of event s t hat f ollow ed t he f u el l eak o n t h e Ai r b u s A3 3 0 u sin gt h e ext r act s ( a- d) . Ül: ] B r r r e f light dat a r ecor der r egist er edan abnor m al incr ease in f uel consum pt ion.At t his st age. how eve[ t his slight anom aly w as insuf f icientt o cause w ar ning light st o com e on t o alef t t he cr ew t o anv im m inent danger . ilS: ll n w ar ning m essage cam e up. aler t ingt he cr ew t o an í m ba| ancebeNveent he am o u n t o f f u el i n each w i n g t ank. I nit ially. t he pr oblemw as t hought t o be an inst r um ent m alf unct ion.But f ur t heranalysis bv t he crew revealed t hat t he a b 42 I " We have a problem" Thet ruest oryof AirTnnsat Ft ight236. t T,h. chain of event s began during rout ine maint enance I w ork on an Air Transat Airbus A330. An incorrect hydraulic pipe w as fit t ed t o t he right -hand engine. The component w as oversized, leaving inadequat e clearance w it h an adiacent fuel line. Subsequent ly, t he t w o pipes rubbed t oget her, causing t he fuel line t o w ear progressively. The problem w ent undet ect ed, unt il t he night of August 24,2001, at 35,000 feet above t he At lant ic. ! ( rit h Flight 236 en rout e from Toront o t o Lisbon, carrying 30ó people, t he fuel line rupt ured, result ing in a maj or leak. Less ú an t w o hours lat er, t he aircraft w as complet ely out of fuel, gliding silent ly t hrough t he night sky . . . am ount of f uel r em ainingin t he r ight t ank w as signif icant ly below t he planned quant it y. 05: t l5 , qsa pr ecaut ion.t he cr ew decided t o divef t t o t he near est air por t- t he Laj esm ilit ar yair base in t he Ázor es. ÜE: dE r r uc 2 FAI Lappear eo, and t he lef t engine cut out . Having com plet elyr un out of f uel, and w it h bot h engines now dow n, t he Air busA330 w as g l i d i n g .d escen d i n gat 2. 000 f eet oer m inut e. An alar m sounded, a r ed m ast erw ar ning lit up and t he m essageENG I FAI Lcam e up on t he scr een.Secondslat et t he r ight engine f lam edout due t o insuf f icientf uel. Dur ing a r out ineinst r um entcheck, t he cr ew not iceda dispr opor t ionat e am ount of oil had been used by each engine. Oil pr essur eand t em per at ur er eadingsf or each engine w er e also ir r egularbut , t he levelsw er e f ound t o be w it hin acceot ableoar am et er s. Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 116: ll ÜE: lE, w it r r t he air por t in si g h t ,t h e l an d i n gg ear w as low er ed m anually.The pilot t hen per f or m eda ser iesof spect acuí ar z| 9za9 m anoeuvr es t o slow t he plane dow n as m uch as possible.The air cr af t t ouched dow n on t he r unw ay at 37 0 km / h - exceedingt he st andar dappr oachspeed by over 100 km / h. The pilot applied em er gencybr aking. causingsever alt yr est o blow out and cat ch f ir e.But t he plane st opped safely.well before t he end of t he r unw ay. As t he air cr af tw as now pow er lessand pot ent ially uncont r ollable,an em er gencyr am air t ur bine w as deployedaut om at icallyt o gener at eback- up elect r icalpow er f or t he f ly- by- w ir cont e r olsand inst r um ent s.How evel w it h t he m ain hydr aulics shut dow n. t he f lapsand spoiler sused t o slow t he plane bef or eand af t er landing w er e inoper able. The co- pilotcalculat edt he plane could r em ain air bor nef or 15- 20 m inut es.and t hat l- aj esair base w as an est im at ed20 m inut esaw ay. The cr ew decided t o t akeact ion t o cor r ectt he valve t o t r ansf er anom aly,opening a cr oss- f eed f uel f r om t he lef t t ank t o t he r iqht t ank. T C Make opposit es of t he f ollow ing w or ds using t he pr ef ixes in t he box. ab- I 2 3 4 5 6 d dis- im - in- ( xa) cor r ect u n d er sized ad eq u at e det ect ed n or m al su f f icien t ir- irrcow ecf mat - over- un- pr opor t ionat e I r eg u lar 9 b alan ce l 0 f u n ct ion l l op er ab le 7 Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds in Exer cise 9c. Som et im es m or e t han one w or d is possible. l Th et em p er at u r eg au g eW asf au | t y . Th at ' sw h y i t w asg i v i n g r ead i n g s. 2 Th e sh af t w as t h i n n er t h an i t sh o u l d h av e b een , so i t s st r en g t hw as 3 The pow erout putf r om t he m ot orvar ies.We don't under st andw hy it 's 4 Th e b o l t ' s . l t ' s t o o b i g t o f i t i n t o t h e h o l e. 5 Th em ach i n e' sn o t w o r k i n g asi t sh o u | d . Th er e' sso m ek i n d o f - . o 8 0 Th e b r ak i n g f o r ce o n b o t h f r o n t w h eel ssh o u l d b e t h e sam e. Th er e sh o u l d n ' t b e an_. Th ef au l t W as- . No n eo f t h em ai n t en an cet ech n i ci an sh ad n o t i ced it . Th e co n t r o l p an el i sn ' t w o r k i n g ,so y o u can ' t co n t r o l t h e m ach i n e.l t ' s t o t al l y a ) S. l Ju lia, an air cr af tser v icet ech n icianis , p h on in gAlan , a colleag u e,ab ou t pr oblem plane. a w it h t he t yr es on a List en t o t he conver sat ionand m ar k t he st at em ent sTr ue O) or False ( F) . I 2 3 4 Th et y r ep r essu r es on t h e b lockb ein gd iscu ssed ar e OK. Th er eis t oo lit t leair in sid esom eof t h e t y r es. The t yr e pr essur esar e t he sam eacr osst he air cr af t . The degr eeof w ear acr ossall t he t yr esis t he sam e. Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using w or ds in Exer cise 9c t o m ake t r ue sent ences about t he conver sat ion. I Th et y r ep r essu r es on t h e b lockb ein gd iscu ssed ar e - . 2 Th er eis air p r essu r ein sid esom eof t h e t y r es. 3 Th et y r ep r essu r es on t h at b lockar e t o t he r est of t he air cr af t . The w ear r at e is acr ossall t he t vr es. ln pair s, discusst he possible causesof insuf f icientt yr e pr essur e in gener al,and t he specif icpr oblem Julia descr ibesin Exer cise 10a, and say w hy each gener al cause you discussedis likely or unlikely in t his case. I Discu ssin gr ep air san d m ain t en an ce tta I n pair s, discuss t he dif f er ence bet w een r epair s and m aint enance and declde w het her t he f ollow ing w or ds r elat e t o r epair s, m aint enance or bot h. broken ct ogged defect ive faut t y b 72a worn ! n p ai r s, co m p ar e car m ai n t en an ce w i t h ai r cr af t m ai n t en an ce. W h i ch aspect s ar e quit e sim ilar and w hich ar e ver y dif f er ent ? Mat ch t h e co n t en t sect i o n s ( l - 1 0 ) o f an ai r cr af t ser v i ce m an u al t o t h e descr ipt ions ( a- j ) . Cont ent s I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 b Open in gan d dism an t lin gaccesspan els Toppin gu p, dr ain in gan d r eplacin g coolan t san d lu br ican t s Replacin gf ilt er s Saf ely isolat in gelect r icalcom pon en t s Saf ely discon n ect in gan d r econ n ect in g elect rical component s Mech an icalcon n ect ion st o be ch eckeÜ t igh t en edat each ser vice Part s suscept iblet o w ear/ damage,t o be exam in edat each ser vice Sen sit ivedevicest o be adiu st edat each ser vice I nformat ionon non-serviceablepart s/ sealedu n it s T a b l eo f co m p o n e n lti f e sp a n s Mat ch t h e v er b s ( l - l O) 1 adj u st 2 dr ain 3 discon n ect 4 dismant le 5 exam in e 6 replace 7 r econ n ect 8 service 9 t ight en 10 t op up 44 Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t nrl LEJ ! ! ! ! ! a b c d e g ! ! ! ! h i j Sw i t ch i n go f f t h e p o w er su p p l y Mak i n g su r e cer t ai n p ar t s h av en ' tw o r k ed l o o se Ch an g i n gp ar t s t h at can b eco m e cl o g g ed Ad d i n g a n d c h a n g i n gf l u i d s Eq u i p m en tt h at n eed s t o b e set u p p r eci sel y maintenanee Tak i n gp ar t s o f f an d r ef i t t i n gt h em w i t h o u t d an g er Co m p o n en t st h at can ' t b e r ep ai r edo n si t e Det ai l so f h o w l o n g p ar t s ar e d esi g n edt o l ast Mak i n g su r e p ar t s ar e st i l l i n g o o d co n d i t i o n f r o m Ex er ci se l 2 a t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- j ) . car r yout plannedm aint enance par t changean ot dor dam aged c checkcarefut t y d em pt ya t iquid e add moreft uidt o fit t a t ank t o t he recommended level f set up car ef ully by m akingsm a[ changes [ com ponent s Í 1 t akeapar tassem bt ed h appt yt he correctt orque,for exampt teo loosebot t s i est ablish a connect ion again j removeor isolat efroma circuitor net work a b 13a ) s. s n ser v i ce t ech n i ci an i s ex am i n i n g so m e m ach i n er y an d t al k i n g t o a co l l eag u e. W h at d o es h e say ab o u t each p o i n t o n t h e m ai n t en an ce ch eck l i st ? l4aí ntervance ClwcL| tst 1 2 3 t+ 5 Caalp.nt t awL Caalp"wt canlí tí an Caa| n,wt fi,Ltcrcanlí tí an BLal,owenr/ da,rrr,qe BLala aLr,gnruwt ) s. S t i st en ag ai n . Do y o u t h i n k t h e t ech n i ci an s ar e w o r k i n g o n an ai r cr af t o r o n an i n d u st r i al m ach i n e? c 74a l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at m ai n t en an ce n eed s t o b e car r i ed o u t o n t h e m ach i n er y i n Ex er ci se | 3 a, d escr i b i n g t h e o p er at i o n s st ep b y st ep . Yo u w o r k f o r I PS, a p r o d u cer o f i n d u st r i al p ack ag i n g m ach i n er y .As a m em b er o f t h e g l o b al ser v i ce t eam y o u r r o l e i s t o t r av el ab r o ad d eal i n g w i t h ser i o u s t ech n i cal p r o b l em s at y o u r cl i en t s' p l an t s. Read t h e f o l l o w i n g em ai l f r o m a p l an t i n Hel si n k i an d su m m ar i se t h e p r o b l em . To Ch r is McLean Su bj eclFor k lif td am aoe t o lPSl5 Helsin k i Fo| | ow ing our phone conver sat iont his m or ningI conf ir mt hat a Í or k| ift rt uck has hit o u r l PSl 5 u n i t .Th e i m p acth as m ad e a l ar g eh o l ei n t h e m ai np an elo n t h e si d e oÍ t he m achine.our t echnicianw ho is t r ainedt o car r y out r out ineadj ust m ent s on t he m achinehas m ade an ext er nalvlsualinspect ion.He has advised m e t hat t he m echanism sf or adj ust ingt he pr ecisealignm entof t he cut t ingblades have b een d am ag ed .Li q u i dl u b r i canits al so l eak i n go u t f r o m u n d ert h e m ach i n ean d a cr acklingsound can be hear d insidet he unit w hen it is sw it chedon - pr esum ably esu| t ingÍ r ome| ect r ica|dam age. due t o ear 1hing/ shor t - cir cuit ring by your ser vicet eam ' I conÍ ir mm y r equestf or int er vent ion l n p ai r s, d escr i b e t h e seq u en ce o f st ep s y o u ' l l n eed t o t ak e t o car r y o u t r ep ai r s w h en y o u ar r i v e i n Fi n l an d , u si n g t h e n o t es t o h el p y o u . lPs ls Helsih Li e i\ t ev\ arl e ol/ 75 Th i n k b ack t o so m e r ep ai r s o r m ai n t en an ce y o u d i d , o r h ad d o n e f o r y o u , i n t h e p ast , f o r ex am p l e o n a car , b i k e o r d o m est i c ap p l i an ce. I n p ai r s, ex p l ai n w h at ser v i ci n g o r r ep ai r s w er e r eq u i r ed , an d t h e m ai n st ep s i n v o l v ed i n car r y i n g t h em o u t . ) t ot uat ge garrfs r elec| ricarl € srapgly: our / o€ r lt abvicai\ t : i\ ,/ oqt r ext evrrarl gart rels e at ligruaert oP craft it g bla/ res e t est e \ ew Pavfs Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 45 UNI T 6 Discussing t echnicat requirement s Suggest ing ideasandsolut ions Assessingfeasibit it y Descr ibing im pr ovem ent s and redesigns a a a E ,90 -t Di scu ssi n g t ech n i calr eg u i r em en t s What is needs analgsis? ln pair s, discuss w hy t he f ollow ing f act or s ar e i m p o r t an t i n n eed s an al y si s, g i v i n g ex am p l es o f p r o d u ct s an d i n st al l at i o n s. budget capacit y dim ensions t ayout looks r egut at ions t im esca[ e 2a per f or m ance ) O. t Cl au ai a, an en g i n eel i s ask i n g Kev i n an d Dav e, t h e m an ag er s o f a f u n p ar k , ab o u t t h ei r r eq u i r em en t s f o r a p r o p o sed sp ace m o d u l e si m u l at o r cal l ed Mar s Lander . List en t o t he conver sat ion and not e t he t hr ee m ain ar eas Cl au d i a ask s ab o u t . ) t f How do Ct audia and Kevin f ocus on specif ic subiect s? Com plet e t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in t he box. List en ag ai n an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s. concer nedr egar d r egar dingr egar ds t er m s 1 2 3 4 5 t o t h e cap aci t A, . . . ... w it h ... in o f t h e n u m b er o f p eo p l e . . . . . . as f ar as size is . . . An d o s t h e g r ap h i cs . . . . . .t h e sc h e d u l e. . . W r i t e q u est i o n s u si n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o m p t s an d t h e p h r ases i n Ex er ci se 2 b . 46 T I dim ensions: w hat / over all size / m odule? \ , it h vqgot v) 'f o f he / , ir ^ , r er r sior r s, what | is t he overat ll size o| | he wroáqle7 2 3 4 5 6 m at er ials: w hat I bodyw or k I m ade of ? sc h e d u l e w : h e n / w o r k sf a r t ? p o w er :w h at / m ax i i r u m o u t p u t I n eed I b e? h eat r esi st an ce:w h at so r t / t em p er at u r e/ p ai n t / n eed / w i t h st an d ? t o l er an ce:w h at l ev el/ p r eci si o n/ y o u w an t u s / w o r k t o ? Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t I I a ) O. Z Claudia goes on t o ask about t he physical ef f ect s t he sim ulat or needs t o pr oduce. List en t o t he conver sat ion and m ake not es on t he f ollow ing point s. I 2 3 Po ssi b l ev ar i at i o ni n si m u l at o r m o v em en t Ext ent of physical ef f ect s r equir ed Best w ay t o assess physical ef f ect s ) O. Z t ist en again and expt ain w hat is m eant by t he w or ds and phr ases in bold. 1 2 3 4 5 ... t o what ext ent do gou wont t he experience t o be phgsical? The degree t o which it moves can be varied ... ... t fb obviouslg difficult t o quant ifg somet hing like t his ... The onlg wag t o det ermine what 's right is t o act uallg sit in a simulat or ... ... gou con ossess t he possibilit ies. Follow ing t he m eet ing, Claudia w r it es an em ail t o updat e Rod, an engineer ing colleague. Read t he ext r act and choose a w or d or phr ase f r om Exer cise 3b t hat m eans t he sam e as t he w or ds in bold. Som et im es m or e t h an o n e an sw er i s p o ssi b l e. To: Rod Nelson Su biectMars : Lander I nor dert o ( ] ) Í . ndout about t he sim u| at or 's w e | ookedat t he dynam iccapabilit ies, t ypesoÍ ef f ectt he sim u| at or shou| dpr oduce'and ( 2)t he am ount t hesephysica| t passenger s'SpeciÍ ical|t y' issuesw er ediscussed: ef f ect sshou| dbe Í e| by heÍ ol| ow ing - ( 3)How sever ely shouldt he m odulegener at evibr at ion, t o sim ulat eenginet hr ust ? - How m uch buf f et ing Thatis, ( 4)how sever ely t he m odule shouldbe sim ulat ed? gener at esj olt ing,due t o supposedat m ospher ic t ur bulence. - ( 5)How m uch w illpassenger sbe exposedt o const antlinearGJor ce, t o sim ulat e I , r SSeSS 2_ 3 4 deceler at ion? it w as decidedt hat | nor dert o ( 6)w or k out t he m agnit udeoÍ t heabovepar am et er s, t he pr ot ot ype w illbe equippedw it hvar iablecont r ols.Thisw illenablet heclientt o ( 7)eva| uat edif f er ent| eve| oÍ s sever it yt hr ought r ia| sinsidet he sim u| at or ' -a-t 4 You ar e consult ing engineer s pr epar lng t o w or k w it h a space agency t o design an unm anned landing m odule. The m odule, w hich w ill car r y scient if ic equipm ent , is int ended t o det ach f r om a space ship or bit ing Mar s and land on t he planet . At t his st age, t his is all you know about t he pr oj ect . I n pair s, pr epar e a list of t he m ain quest ions you w ill need t o ask at t he needs analysis m eet ing using t he f ollow ing ideas. . o o o t y p e o f sci en t i f i ceq u i p m en t si ze/ w ei g h ot f eq u i p m en t so l i d i t y / f r ag i l i toyf eq u i p m en t su r f aceco n d i t i o n sat l an d i n g si t e Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 47 Su g g est in gid easan d solu t ion s I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions about cr eat ive t hinking. ) o o o o 6 a W h at ar e t h e m o st ef f ect i v ew ay s o f co m i n g u p w i t h i d eas an d f i n d i n g i n g en i o u sso l u t i o n st o t ech n i calp r o b l em s? W h at d o y o u t h i n k o f b r ai n st o r m i n g- g en er at i n gl o t s o f i d eas r an d o m l y in a group session, wit hout analysis init iat t y, t hen subiect ing each idea t o an al y si san d cr i t i ci smas a seco n d p h ase? W h at d o y o u t h i n k o f ev al u at i n gi d eas p r o g r essi v el y- co n t i n u al l ysu b j ect i n g t h em t o an al y si san d cr i t i ci sm ? W h en cr eat i v et h i n k i n g i s r eq u i r edt o so l v e p r o b l em s,w h at ar e t h e p r o s an d co n s o f w o r k i n g i n d i v i d u al l y i,n sm al l g r o u p s,o r i n l ar g e g r o u p s? Read t he new spaper ar t ict e and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 4 Ho w i s t h e st at u e b ei n g m ad e, an d w h at i s i t b ei n g m ad e f r o m ? W h at i s Ri ck Gi l l i am ' sr o l e? W h at w i l l t h e st at u e b e p l aced o n i n i t s f i n al p o si t i o n i n f r o n t o f t h e m u se u m ? W h at t ech n i calp r o b l em d i d t h ey h av e t o so l v e? T t Th " n ew st at u e o u t si d e t h e I Museum of Nat ur al Hist or y has been a m am m ot h pr oj ect , lit er ally. The soon- t o- becom plet ed sculpt ur e por t r ays a lif e'sized w oolly m am m ot h, car ved f r om a sing| e block oÍ sandst one. I nit ially, one aspect of t he pr oj ect had engineer s baí f led. Rick Gilliam , t he engineer over seeing t he logist ics, adm it t ed t hat he and his colleagues had f r ied t heir br ains t r ying t o f igur e out how t he 36- t onne m onst er could be low er ed ont o t he st one plint h t hat w ill suppor t it . 'We knew t hat w e could put slings under t he base of t he st at ue, and pick it up w it h a cr ane, ' he explained, and t hat t r anspor t ing it f r om t he st onem ason's var d on a low Joader w ouldn't be a pr oblem . 'The pr oblem is placing it on t he f lat plint h t hat suppor t s it . How do you pr event t he cr ane's slings f r om get t ing t r apped bet w een t he base and t he plint h, so t hat 48 Un i t 6 Tech n i cat d ev et o p m en t t hey can be w it hdr aw n? We couldn't t hink of an easy w ay t o do it . ' The cr eat ive answ er event uat ly cam e, not f r om t he engineer s, but f r om t he st onem asons, w ho had af f ect ionat ely been nicknam ed t he 'cavem en'. b Ri ck i s t al k i n g t o Gab r i el l a, an en g i n eer i n g co l l eag u e, ab o u t t h e p r o b l em o f p l aci n g t h e st at u e. Bef o r e y o u l i st en , ex p l ai n w h at i s m ean t b y t h e f o l l o w i n g t er m s an d t r y t o g u ess w h at t h e t h r ee p o ssi b l e so l u t i o n s ar e. bar drit t frict ion a grab( on t he endof a cranej ib) horizont al lift ing eyes resin vert icat C ) O. g Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d su m m ar i se t h e i d eas. Ho w d o t h ei r i d eas com par e w it h your s? Why is each suggest ion r ej ect ed? d Com plet e t he f ollow ing suggest ions f r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in t he box. about at t ernat ively anot her cout d couldn't don't not \ ot 1 Whg 2 Well, 3 We 4 Or, 5 What 6 I suppose of t he crane j ib. 7 Whg g come up wit h a wag of hooking ont o t he side of t he st at ue? w e dr ill int o it , hor izont allg . . . ? fill all t he holes, couldn't we? , we could mal: e sure t he holes were out of sight . drilling int o t he t op, vert icallg? opt ion w ould be t o use som e sor t of gr ab, on t he end w e ask t hem ? Yo u ar e en g i n eer s w o r k i n g o n t h e m am m o t h st at u e p r o j ect , w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g t ech n i cal r eq u i r em en t s. l n p ai r s, d i scu ss p o ssi b l e so l u t i o n s t o t h e p r o b l em o f p l aci n g t h e st at u e o n t h e p l i n t h u si n g t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x . Al t e r n a t i v e l y An o t h e ro p t i o nw o u l db e . . . Co u l d n ' w t e ... W h a ta b o u t . . .? W h yd o n ' tw e . . . ? W h yn o t . . . ? l , o , W e co u l d . . . mhs! vemat ih iht ,rc| . a ces No holes, s| o| s ov gvoTves w.ot ybe cut ih | he s| at | qe. fl| l o€ i| s sh'€ qt láevsiáe l,q,rY le€ t o* | he { lar| t he be belweeh st ar| ue,s barse au/ t he + lat NT sP,rcevS h| | ev J[ av| a16eo€ | he glirr| h. Í he t wo sh'Paces mus| be le{ t i\ áivec| co\ t ,rc| wit h earch olhev. e w u.rillimet ves, Í Áe st art qe u,rl^ s|lrot be srabj ec| eá | o shocks. Sra/ áe\ ) ,vols, evelt oQ ar € at ve oht o* | he qqes+ io\ giverr | he * vargilit y oP t he sch| Pt qY€ art it s covhevs at \ á especiat lly / e) t geS, which cort \ be ) ,ov,t age) , eat Sily. A'ly accessovy eqrriguaerr|u,rat ybe raseá, wit hit t t he liprit s o€ t ech'ricarl possibi| it 7 at rrá rearsot lrrble cost Th e st o n em aso n s su g g est ed a so l u t i o n t o t h e st at u e p r o b l em . Read t h ei r i d ea o n p ag e 9 9 an d co m p ar e i t w i t h y o u r so l u t i o n . W h at ex t er n al f act o r s co u l d cau se so m e p r o b l em s w i t h t h ei r i d ea? Ho w co u l d t h ese b e so l v ed ? Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev et o p m en t 49 Assessingf easibit it y 8 a I n pair s, dscuss w hat is m eant by f easibilit g. b Look at t he f low char t and, in pair s, discuss how budget s and schedules af f ect t he t echnical f easibilit y of design, developm ent and m anuf act ur ing so l u t i o n s. Si ze o f b u d g e t A b i g g er / sm al l erb u d g et o f t en m ean s . . . Le n g t ho f sc h e d u l e A l o n g er / sh o r t ersch ed u l eo f t en m ean s . . . 9a Tech n í cal f easi b i t i t y . . . m o r e/ l essso p h i st i cat ed / i n n o v at i vdeesi g n . . . . h i g h er / l o w erq u al i t y / r el i abl iit y / ef t i ci en cy . ) s.l vit t oa an engineerf r om a Ger m an com p an yt h at m ak esan d in st allsin d u st r ial gant r y cr anes, is phoning Raiesh, t he const r uct ionm anager of a m anuf act ur ing p lan t cu r r en t lyb ein g b u ilt n ear New Delh i, lndia. They ar e discussingt he gant r y cr ane due t o be inst alled at t he plant . List en t o t he conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. w alls? I Wh y ar e h olesn eed edin t h e con cr et e 2 What are core drilled holes and what are preformedholes? l n t h i s co n t ex t ,w h at i s m ean t b y p l ag ? W h at i m p act w i l l t h e l ack o f p l ay ar o u n d t h e b o l t s h av e ( o n t h e co n st r u ct i o n ) ? Ap ar t f r o m t ech n i calq u est i o n s,w h at t w o i ssu esw i l l d et er m i n et h e m o st 3 4 5 f easi b l ew ay o f f o r m i n gt h e h o l es? ln pair s, com par e cor e dr illing and pr ef or m ing w it h r egar d t o t he f ollow ing f easibilit y issues. Which t echnique is m ost suit able f or t he sit uat ion in Exer cise 9a? ü: fr cost precision ümescat e ) O. S Vif t or and Raj esh ar e assessing t he m ost suit able m et hod of f or m ing t he holes in t he w alls. List en t o t he conver sat ion and com par e t heir answ er s w it h your s. ) o. l t ist en again and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I What ar e t he advant ages of using pr ef or m ed holes in t er m s of cost and 2 3 4 5 6 50 t i m escal e? W h at ' s t h e m ai n d i sad v an t ag eo f co r e d r i l l i n gt h e h o l es? What t oler ance can easily be achieved w it h pr ef or m ed holes? What t oler ance is r equir ed f or t he holes on t his pr oj ect ? What 's t he r isk of using pr ef or m ed holes? What key f easibilit y issue does Raj esh ident if y? Unit 6 Í echnicaldevet opm ent I e Com plet e t he f ollow ing expr essions f r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in t he box and indicat e t he degr ee of f easibilit y each expr ession descr ibes. borderline dcad forever t eg painst aking peanut s perfect l.yst ret ching.t at t way @-e @l AeaA 1 it ,t lbe 2g5g 2 it ' t t cost 3 it 'llbequ it ea- j ob 4 it 's- f easible it it 's achievable, but it 's do it t her e's no can Aou it 's 8 if 's o - or der 9 i t ' l l t ak e 10 it 'll cost an ar m and a 5 6 -l f Ú tr ! tr ! D ! ! tr ! tr ! !! tr !l !! !! ! ! ! trtr ! !! ! How f easible do you t hing t he f ollow ing suggest ions ar e? Label t t r em @ or @ accor ding t o t he key in Exer cise 9e. f easib le b u t ch allen g in g o o com p let et y u n f easib le @ p er f ect ly f easib le Q 1 Th e m ach i n ep ar t s ar e t r i ck y t o p ai n t w i t h b r u sh es,o r t o sp r ay .W h y d o n ' t w e dip t hem in paint ? 2 Th e st eel b ar i s l OOm m i n d i am et er .Co u l d n ' t i t b e cu t b y h an d , u si n g a h ack saw ? 3 Silver 'sa good conduct or .Why don't w e use it f or w ir ing, inst ead of copper ? 4 I n st eado f p u t t i n gl ead b al l ast i n t h e h el i u m b al l o o n b ask et ,w h y d o n ' t w e u se 5 6 g 10 w at er cont ainer s? They'veused t he w r ong t ype of f uel in t he engine. I 'd suggest st r ipping t he w h o l e t h i n g d o w n an d cl ean i n gi t b y h an d . Th ey p r o d u ce6 , 0 0 0 u n i t s p er d ay an d n o r m al l yd o a q u al i t ych eck o n l 0 l oo f t h em . Co u l d n ' tt h ey ch eck ev er y si n g l ep r o d u ct ? ln pair s, give an appr opr iat e r esponse t o t he suggest ions in Exer cise 9f using t he expr essions in Exer cise 9e. I n pair s, discuss t he f easibilit y of t he f ollow ing solut ions t o t he pr oblem of f or m ing accur at ely posit ioned holes t hr ough t he plant w alls in New Delhi. St udent A, you ar e Vikt or ; St udent B, you ar e Raj esh. Discuss t echnical issues, cost and t im escale, and r ank t he solut ions in or der of f easibilit y. I 2 3 4 l s a d i am o n d d r i l l r eal l y n eed ed t o g o t h r o u g h r ei n f o r cedco n cr et e?Su r el y y o u can d r i l l i n t o co n cr et ew i t h an o r d i n ar v h am m er - act i o nd r i l l ? W o u l d n ' t t h at r ed u cet h e co st ? Co u l d n ' t t h ey m ak e t h e p r ef o r m edh o l es w i d er t h an r eq u i r ed ,so t h er e' sex t r a t o l er an ce?Th en , o n ce t h e b o l t s ar e f i x ed , t h e sp ace ar o u n d t h em co u l d b e f i l l ed w i t h cem en t . W h y n o t d r i l l t h e h o l es i n t h e st eel b eam s o n si t e, i n st ead o f p r e- d r i l l i n g t h em ? Th en t h ey co u l d b e p o si t i o n edt o su i t t h e l o cat i o no f t h e p r ef o r m ed h o l es i n t h e w al l . Th at w ay , i t w o u l d n ' t m at t er i f t h e h o l es i n t h e w al l s w er e sl i g h t l yo u t o f p o si t i o n . I n st eado f b o l t i n g t h r o u g h t h e co n cr et e,w h at ab o u t ad d i n g ex t r a st eel co l u m n st h at r u n d o w n t h e w al l s? Th e b eam s co u l d t h en b e su p p o r t ed o n t h ese, an d n o h o l es w o u l d b e r eq u i r edt h r o u g h t h e co n cr et e. Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 51 Descr ib in gim p r ov em en tan s d r ed esig n s Look at t he slide f r om an engineer s't r ainingcour se, Tot alTechnical lm pr ovem enÚ.| n pair s, suggest exam plesof t echnica|im pr ovem ent st o illust r at e each one. Ar e t her e ot her point s t hat could be added t o t he list ? t2 it Look at t he slide f r om a design m eet ingat a com put er pr int er m anuf act ur er .ln pair s, suggestw ayst hat t he f ollow ingpr int er f act or s m ight be im pr ovedin som e of t he ar eas on t he list . cables/ connect ions case ink/ t oner cart ridges papeÍ poweÍ soft ware Pccolble oneoe Í or improvemonÜ I Aesthetics 2 User interfoce 3 Reliobilit y 4 Gonsum obles 5 Out pur quolit y ond speed ó MoinÍ enonce 7 Monuf oct uring I Environmentql impocr 'LO. O f t 4" . t " , a m anager at t he pr int er m anuf act ur er , is br ief ing t he design t eam on key requirement s for t he redesign of a print er. List en t o t he st art of t he m eet ing. Which t w o ar eas on t he slide in Exer cise l2a ar e discussed? ) O. O t ist en again and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 4 Sh o u l d t h e l ay o u t an d co m p o n en t so f t h e n ew p r i n t er d i f f er m u ch f r o m t h e ex i st i n gd esi g n ? W h y ( n o t ) ? Ho w m an y t i m es h as t h e ex i st i n g m o d el b een i m p r o v edi n t h e p ast ? W h at co n si d er at i o ni s b eh i n d t h e d eci si o no n h o w d i f f er en tt h e n ew so f t w ar e sh o u l d b e ? To w hat ext ent should t he new sof t w ar e syst em dif f er f r om t he exist ing one? Look at t he f ollow ing ver bs f r om t he discussion and f ind t hr ee exam ples w her e r e- m eans again. Mat ch t he ot her t hr ee ver bs t o t he def init ions in t he box. improveoverall improvet he det ails st ay ( t hesame) I 2 52 r ed esi g n áesiqrr arqarirr r ei n v en t Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 3 4 r ef in e r ev am p 5 r et h in k 6 r em ain ) O. O Com plet e t he f ollow ing expr essions f r om t he discussion using t he w or ds in t he box. List en and check your answ er s. Achil.t es back dnwingboard ground heel improvement leap quantum rcinvant room scntch up whct veirrve\ f wheel 1 the 2 designing t he whole t hing from t he for 4 t he 5 6 1 t o t he m ake a designing t he sgst em from Mat ch t h e ex p r essi o n s ( l - 5 ) i n Ex er ci se l 2 e t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- 0 . a b c d e f w ast e t i m e r e- cr eat i n gso m et h i n gt h at h as al r ead y b een cr eat ed t h e b i g g est w eak n ess st ar t ag ai n b ecau set h e f i r st p l an f ai l ed m ak e h u g e p r o g r essId esi g n f r o m t h e b eg i n n i n g p o t en t i alf o r d o i n g a b et t er j o b - I Rew r it e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he cor r ect f or m of t he expr essions i n Ex er ci se l 2 e. .3a 1 Un f o r t u n at el yw , e h ad t o scr ap t h e co n cep t an d st ar t ag ai n . We hará | o qo barclr | o | he zt varwir,rq boav) .. 2 Th i s p r o b l em i s t h e p r o d u ct ' sm o st ser i o u ssh o r t co m i n g . 3 Th er e' sn o p o i n t r ed esi g n i n gw h at al r ead y w o r k s p er f ect l yw el l . 4 l t ' s a t o t al l y n ew d esi g n - w e st ar t ed f r o m t h e v er y b eg i n n i n g . 5 Th e n ew d esi g n i s so m u ch b et t er - i t ' s a t r an sf o r m at i o n 6 I t h i n k t h er e' sd ef i n i t el ya p o ssi b i l i t yt o d o b et t er i n t h i s ar ea. I ! n pair s, discuss how com put er point ing devices have im pr oved since t he f ir st m ouse w as invent ed. Use t he language f r om t his sect ion and t he w or ds in t he box. bat t bu t t on s f ir st m ech an icalm ou se opt ical m ou se opt ical sen sor s r ef in edm ech an icalm ou se sen sit ivesu r f u ce t ou ch pad w h eel w ir et ess You have been asked by a com put er har dw ar e m anuf act ur er t o t hink of som e f unct ional im pr ovem ent s and t echnical solut ions f or point ing devices. l n p ai r s, d i scu ss y o u r i d eas. í QrEffi Pr esent your ideas in Exer cise I 3b t o anot her pair . Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 53 UNI T 7 Describingheat t hand safet y pr ecaut ions Em phasising t he im por t ance of pr ecaut ions Discussing r egulat ions and st andards Workingwit h writ t en inst r uct ions and not ices Descr i b i nhgeal t han dsaf et y n p r ecau t i o n s tl So m e en g i n eer i n g o r i n d u st r i al act i v i t i es ar e esp eci al l y d an g er o u s. l n p ai r s, t h i n k o f m o r e ex am p l es t o ad d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g l i st . o e 2a M a n u f a c t u r i n gp r o c e sse su si n gd a n g e r o u sc h e m i c a l s Ca st i n ga n d w e l d i n gi n v o l v i n gh i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at i s m ean t b y t h e i t em s o n t h e Heal t h an d Saf et y m eet ing agenda. b ) l , t Ro san a, t h e assi st an t m an ag er at a Do r i an Fo o d Pr o cessi n g p l an t , i s ch ai r i n g t he w eekly Healt h and Saf et y m eet ing. List en t o f our ext r act s f r o m t h e m eet i n g an d m at ch each ext r act ( a- d) t o an ag en d a i t em ( l - 7 ) . a_ c_ Dor ian Food Pr ocessin g Healt h & Saf et y Meet ing Agenda W ed n esd ay l ó Ap r i l , Co n f er en ce Ro o m , 2 . 0 0 p m - 4 . 0 C To: Ch ai r : I 2 3 4 5 ó 7 RM, MA, DB, SM, BP, LJ Ro san a Mar t i n ez Hazar d o u ssu b st an ces& Per so n al Pr o t ect i v eEq u i p m en t Har m f u l g ases/ f u m es6 asp h y x i at i o n h azar d s Fi r e / Ex p l o si o n h a za r d s Mach i n er y : g u ar d san d saf et y d ev i ces Accessw ay s, g u ar d r ai l san d em er g en cy ex i t s El ect r i caI i n st al l at i o n s No i se h azar d s ) l . t Li st en ag ai n an d m at ch t h e w o r d s f r o m t h e m eet i n g ( l - 8 ) t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- h ) . 54 L 1 con f in edspaces a bu r n st h e skin 2 C0, det ect or b con t act ( w it h a dan ger ) 3 exposu r e c sou r cesof ign it ion 4 ir r it an t d sm all ar easw it h ou t ven t it at ion 5 t oxic e m easu r escar bondioxide 6 corrosive f poison ou s 7 f lam m able g causesskin t o react 8 naked flames/ sparks h cat chesfire easily Un i t 7 Pr o ced u r es an d p r ecau t i o n s Which f our t ypes of PPE show n in t he phot os ar e m ent ionedat t he meet ing? I n pair s, discusst he hazar dsin t he f ollow ingsit uat ionsand t he pr ecaut ions t hat should be t aken. I 2 3 4 3a Wor k in gin sid ea con t ain erw it h lim it edair cir cu lat ion Clean in gm et alu sin gacidt h at can b u r nt h e sk inan d w h ichg iv esof f f u m es Usinga gr indert o cut t hr ougha st eel plat e Ap p ly in gp ain tt h at can cau sep ain f u rl ash eson t h e h an d s St ephanie,Dor ian'ssenior saf et y of f icer ,is at t endinga m eet ingon st andar d pr ocedur ef or som e engineer ingw or k t hat w ill be car r ied out at sever alof Dor ian'splant s ar ound t he w or ld. Bef or e t he m eet ingshe m ade not es. Read her not es and answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. I 2 3 4 5 What is meant by hazard analgsis? What is anot herw ayt o saysaf e sAstem of work? What t ype of w or k is goingt o be car r iedout , and w her e? What is m eantby accesst o silos? What ar e t he specif ichazar ds r elat ingt o conf inedspacesin t h issit u at ion ? Hazardanafusts & safesptenoft^ rorL. } peratÍ sn: t4aí nten'a,we, tagraí nsí hs í nva| ,ví ltg ng(ufthary-ar,etgb'w) weaí kcat isnlI nterí nn a( enptgsí ks(apprar 3n dí nrwt er r,| 5n daep), at bat t ans b . ' G- , U f[ aí nsa| etgí ssws:ilcussta sihsforr.,orters & quí pwnt' Can!í wd, spoa hnzards b ) l: St ephanieis discussingsom e of t he hazar dsw it h Ben, one of Dor ian's engineering managers. List en t o t he conversat ion and not e t he hazards t hat t hey m ent ion. I Access hazar ds: 2 Conf inedspacehazar ds: C ) lf List en again and answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. I What saf et ypr ecaut ions ar e discussed? 2 Whichpr ecaut ionm ight m akeone of t he hazar dsw or se,and how ? I n pair s, discusssuit able healt h and saf et y pr ecaut ionsand PPE f or t he following operat ions on an exist ing st eel pet rol st orage t ank at a pr ocessingplant . St udent A, you ar e a saf et y of f icer ; St udent B, you ar e an engineer ingm anager .Use t he phr ases in t he box. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise again. a o a An op en in gn eed st o b e cu t t h r ou g ht h e w all. A n ewst eelou t letp ip em u stt h enb e w eld edon t ot h e op en in g . The exist ingpaint m ust t hen be r em ovedf r om t he ext er nalsur f aceof t he t an k ,b y sh ot - b last in g . The t ank m ust t hen be r epaint ed. Them aindanger / hazar isd. Anot herdanger / hazar isd. . . Ther e's a r iskof . . . - ing They'thave L t o t akecaret hat ... havet o be ( very)caret ul... They'l.t To be safe,t hey't l.needt o ... Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions 55 Em p h asisintgh e im p or t an ce of p r ecau t ion s a Dor ian Food Pr ocessingis cur r ent lyst andar disingsaf et y pr ocedur esat it s plant s ar ound t he w or ld. Read t he f ollow ingext r act f r om t he cont ent s page of t he com pany'snew saf et y docum ent at ionand answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I Wh at is m ean tb y LVan d HV elect r icalm ain t en an ce op er at ion s? m ig h tb e car r iedou t in a f act or y ? 2 Wh at k in d sof elect r icalm ain t en an ce LV &HV ELECTRI CAL MAI NTENANCE OPEMTI ONS Part I I dent ifying and designat ing Rest rict ed Areas ( sw it chboar ds, t r ansÍ or m erst at ions, ar eas w it h exposed conduct ors) Par t 2 Aut hor ising m aint enance - The r ole of t he Elect r ical Super visor - Pr ocedur es f or issuing Per m it s t o Wor k Par t 3 I solat ing and ener gisingcir cuit s - Lock-Out Procedure - Temporary Warning Not ices on swit chboards ) l.l t ist en t o St ephanieexplainingt he saf et y pr ocedur est o Lin, t he plant m anager in Beij ing.What is m eant by t he f ollow ingphr ases? I 2 3 4 r est r ict edar eas a p er m itt o w or k t h e elect r icalsu p er v isor t he lock- outpr ocedur e ) l.l Com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ionby under lining t he phr ases t hat give t he st r ongest em phasis.List en t o t he conver sat ion again and check your answ er s. 1 Rest rict edareas are places wherea serious danger is present .So it 's essent ial t hat t hese should be kept locked at oll t imes / all t he t ime. 2 Under no circumst ancesshould angone / Nobodg should under ang circumst ancesbe able t o access t hem ... 3 ... it 'simport ant t hat permit s are issued each t ime / everg single t ime som eoneent er s... 4 And it 'scrucial t hot t here'sj ust one / j ust a single keg t o eoch rest rict ed area. 5 Then,whilet heg'reworking,it 's vit al / it t sadvisable t hat t heg keep t he keg o n t h e m. . . ll, lli Which of t he f ollow ingphr asesgive m or e em phasist han r t 3 im por t ant , and w hich give less? it ' scr u cial 3 it 's pr ef er able 2 it ' sessen t ial 4 it 'svit al I 56 I Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions I Rew r it et he f ollow ingpr ecaut ionsusing t he phr ases in t he box t o add em phasis. atatFtirrrcseverysingte ií s crucial ií s essential ií s ütat undernocircumst ances Th ef ir e ex it sh ou ldalw ay sb e k ep tclear . Í he s'e exi| shorrla\be kept clearr at | arllt rt .les. 2 lt ' sim p or t antto t est t h at t h e cir cu itis isolat ed . I 3 Yo u sh o u l d r eset t h e al ar m r o u t i n el yw h en y o u st ar t t h e sy st em . 4 l t ' s a g o o d i d ea t o ch eck t h at t h e cab l e i s n o t d am ag ed . leat er ialsin I t ' sr ecom m en d ed t h at y ou sh ou ldon lyst or en on - f lam m abm t h iszon e. 6 No b o d y sh o u l d en t er t h e r est r i ct edar ea w i t h o u t p er m i ssi o n . 7 s e t ig h t . , ak esu r eall t h e con n ect ionar Bef or ep r essu r isintgh e sy st em m I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing basic pr ecaut ions f or w or king on elect r ical cir cuit s. Dur ing w or k: Bef or e st ar t ing: o l so l at e ci r cu i t at sw i t ch b o ar d o Ti g h t en co n n ect i o n sf u l l y o Do n ' t d am ag e i n su l at i o n o Test ci r cu i t - n o cu r r en t 6 d To f inish: o Ch eck n o l o o se w i r es o Test ci r cu i t Read t he f ollow ing ext r act f r om an elect r icit y com pany new slet t er . What pr ocedur e does t he ar t icle descr ibe? pow er A helicopt erhover sbet w eent he t ow er ingpylonsof an ext r a- high- volt age , an dt w o l i n e l i n e. I n a cr ad l e,su sp en d edsev er alm et r esb el o w t h e ai r cr af tst t h r ead edh o t su i t s.Ju sta f ew f eetaw ay m en , sh r o u d edi n h o o d ed ,st ai n l ess- st eel i s a l i v e el ect r i ccab l e,f i zzi n gw i t h 4 0 0 , 0 0 0v o l t s.On e o f t h e m en , h o l d i n ga sh o r tm et alw an d , r each eso u t t o w ar d st h e cab l e.Po ck er si zedl i g h t n i n gb o l t s ar c t h r o u g ht h e ai r .Th er et n o d i scer n i b l eel ect r i csh o ck ,, i u sta sl i g h tt i n g l i n g sen sat i o nA. l ead i s t h en cl i p p edt o t h e l i v e cab l e t o m ai n t ai nan el ect r i cal . e l i n e m en ar e n o w o n , an d co n n ect i o nw i t h t h e cr ad l ean d h el i co p t erTh w o r k o n t h e l i v e p o w er l i n e can b eg i n . m ai n t en an ce I n pair s, discuss t he m ain pr ecaut ions you t hink should be t aken dur ing live line m aint enance w or k by helicopt er w it h r egar d t o t he f ollow ing hazar ds. I 2 3 Co l l i si o n san d sn ag g i n g( g et t i n gcau g h t / t r ap p ed ) Hazar ds f r om elect r ocut ion and heat Mech an i calf ai l u r e( h el i co p t eran d eq u i p m en t ) ) l. l f r isaof , an elect r ical engineer , is descr ibing live line m aint enance by helicopt er f or a TV docum ent ar y. What pr ecaut ions does he descr ibe f or each of t he t hr ee t ypes of hazar d in Exer cise 6c? ln pair s, t hink of an oper at ion you ar e f am iliar w it h t hat r equir es saf et y pr ecaut ions. St udent A, you ar e a saf et y of f icer ; explain t he pr ecaut ions t o a new em ployee. St udent B, you ar e a new em ployee. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise again. Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand tl ll Discussingr egulat ions and st andar ds ll 8 ln pairs, discuss what is meant by regulat ions and st andards, Í or example safet g regulat ions and design st andards. Give some examples of or ganisat ionsand depar t m ent sin your count r y and lnt er nat ionalbodies t hat pr oduce t hese kinds of r ules. 9a Of f shor e oil plat f or m sar e cover ed by ext ensivesaf et y r egulat ionsand design st andar ds. ln pair s, discusst he m ain hazar dst hat oil plat f or m w or ker s f ace and suggest som e saf et y pr ecaut ionst hat need t o be t aken. ) 7.5 lsobel, a Healt h and Saf et y specialist ,is speakingt o new lyr ecr uit ed oil plat f or m t echnicianson a t r aining cour se.List en t o t he int r oduct iont o her t alk and answ er t he f ollow ingquest lons. I Wh at k in d sof r eg u lat ion w ill t h e cou r sed ealw it h ? 2 Wh at ex am p lesd oest h e t r ain erg iv e? 3 Wh at im p or t an pt oin tis em p h asised ? Com plet et he f ollow ingext r act f r om lsobel'st alk by under liningt he cor r ect w or ds. Thefocus of t he course will be on Aour personal ( 1) legislat ion / obligat ions in t erms of looking aft er Aour own safet g, and t he safet g of ot hers.That meons we'll be focusingon specificsafet g regulat ions.For inst ance,we'llbe looking at personal prot ect iveequipmentt hat 's ( 2) compulsorg/ prohibit ed. Or act ivit ies t hat are ( 3) compulsorg/ prohibit ed in cert ain oreos, such as smoking. The maj orit gof t he obligat ionswe'll deal wit h are legal ( 4) requirement s/ permit s. I n ot her words,t heg're( 5)permit t ed / st ipulat ed bg law as part of healt h and safet g ( 6) legislat ion / obligat ion. lf gou ( 7) cont ravene/ complg wit h t hese kinds of regulat ions,it 'snot t he same as t urningup for work lat e, or merelg breachingAour cont ract of emplogmentin some wag. I f someonefails t o ( 8) cont ravene/ complg wit h healt h and safet g regs, t heg'rebreaking t he law. I t 'sas simple as t hot . I h sure Aou'reall aware of t hat , but it is an import ant point t o emphasise. It tr Com plet et he f ollow inggr oups of synonym susing t he w or ds in bold in Exer cise9c. l i| | ega|/ banned/ f or bidden7 pvohbi| eá 2 3 4 5 6 7 58 I allow ed/ au t h or ised Iadher et o / conf or mt o / st at ed I b r eak( t h elaw )/ b r each( r eg u lat ionIs) law s/ r eg u lat ionIs- / leg al- / obligat or yI - Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions ( r eg u lat ion s) p er son al I ) a Read t he ext r act f r om a guide t o saf et y in t he of f shor e oil indust r y. Com plet e t he t ext using t he w or ds you w r ot e in Exer cise 9d. Th e h el i co p t erf l i g h t st h at f er r yp er so n n elt o an d f r o m t h e p l at f o r mar e su b j ectt o specif ic saf et y ( r ) legislar t ior r. The pr ocedur esand st andar dst hat ar e ( z) b y t h i s r eg u l at i o n sr el at e,p r i n ci p al l yt,o t h e f o l l o w i n gar eas: o Hel i co p t ersea cr ashev acu at i o nt r ai n i n g .Co u r sesar e G) p e r so n n e l o f o r al l Desi g nan d saf e o p er at i o no f o i l p l at f o r mh el i d eck s o Sp e c i a l i se dp i l o tt r a i n í n g . Fo r N o r t hSe a o i l p l a t f o r m tsh a t f a l l w i t h i nUK ( + )- , o p er at i o nm s u st o f Br i t i shHeal t han d Saf et y t h e l eg al ( 6 )G) r eg u l at i o n s,an d Ci v i lAv i at i o nAu t h o r i t yr u l es.Th ey m u st al so sat i sf yt h e l ai d d o w n b y t h e UK Heal t han d Saf et y ad d i t i o n alsp eci f i c( ) Ex ecu t i v ean d t h e Of f sh o r eI n d u st r yAd v i so r yCo m m i t t ee,Hel i co p t erLi ai so n Gr o u p ( OI AC- HLG) . b Read t h e f o l l o w i n g n o t es o n t h e d esi g n r eq u i r em en t s f o r h el i d eck s o n oil plat f or m s. ln pair s, discuss t he possible r easons f or t hese design st andar ds. ' I T;:H s } :yí ."* ffi oPlarvges| helicogter ;;::l.r:* 7 f,q7voach/ tal.eolP vohtes: ar{ iarcerrt stvqclqves he| iáecL - ho t,ill stvhctqves below level oP j Pevir,retev gvofec-Fiorr (fo pveve\ f peysohhel fvoua * arllirrg): harta\ raril | hart car't be loweveá ov hovieorrt arlrt el - \ o $xeA hart ávai| s 4 Eqrei7u.rerrt| o co7e with bará wearthe' larrráirrg lights arrrá arrrchor goirrts / poov y!foi| i1': geviuaetev .) I m agine you ar e t r aining new engineer s in your w or kplace ( or a w or kplace you know ) . ln pair s, explain t he m ain r equir em ent s of som e r egulat ions or st andar ds t hat ar e r elevant t o your indust r y using t he f ollow ing point s. . o o o k ey l eg al r eq u i r em en t s t h e k i n d s o f o p er at i o nt h at m u st co m p l y w i t h r eg u l at i o n s pr act ices/ pr ocedur est hat ar e per m it t ed pr act ices/ pr ocedur est hat ar e pr ohibit ed Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions 59 Wor kingw it h w r Í t t eninst r uct ionsand not ices I 12 Th i n k o f si t u at i o n s w h er e w r i t t en n o t i ces an d i n st r u ct i o n s ar e u sed i n i n d u st r y . I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. 1 W h at d i f f er en tk i n d s o f i n f o r m at i o nd o t h ey co m m u n i cat e? 2 W h at ar e t h e ch ar act er i st i cso f ef f ect i v en o t i cesan d i n st r u ct i o n s? 13a Th e f o l l o w i n g w ar n i n g n o t i ces ar e f r o m a g u i l l o t i n e f o r sh eet m et al an d a p r eci si o n w ei g h i n g d ev i ce i n a m an u f act u r i n g p l an t . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h et h er each n o t i ce w ar n s o f a p r o b l em t h at co u l d i n j u r e w o r k er s, d am ag e t h e m ach i n e. o r b o t h . / 5\ I MPORTANT CAUTI ON DANGER a b g u illot in e Na ar* r-* rt i* " b| " p ar t s in sid e. op en in g p an €| in v aI id at esg u aÍ an t ee. El€ ctüut| on dskt ln ercnt of firc usa co2 Üt| ngubhaB onlt| . Do not u$ watal b blade bef or e cleaning WARNI NG o c Taka orc whcn | lf t lng m ach| n€ . Hmk crane to rcd llÍ t| ng GyCr on| y. Moist u r e- sen sit ive device. St or e in a d r y p l a ce . e Lo o k at t h e f i r st w o r d i n each si g n an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. 1 W h i ch w o r d i s o n l y u sed t o w ar n o f a r i sk o f i n j u r yt o p eo p l e? 2 W h i c h w o r d i s o n l v u sed t o w ar n o f a r i sk o f d am ag e t o eq u i p m en t ? t4 d Th e f o l l o w i n g ex t r act s ar e f r o m t h e i n st r u ct i o n m an u al s o f t h r ee o f t h e m ach i n es i n Ex er ci se | 3 a. I n p ai r s, an sw er t h e q u est i o n s ( l - 6 ) . b I n t h e even t of a f ir e w at er ext in gu ish er s sh ou ld n ot be u sed on t h is m ach in e as it con t ain s elect r ical cir cu it s, an d can t h er ef or e cau se elect r ocu t ion . On ly a car bon dioxide ext in gu ish er sh ou ld be u sed. I 2 W h y i s i t u n saf et o p u t w at er o n t h e m ach i n e? W h at t y p e o f f i r e ex t i n g u i sh eri s r eco m m en d ed ? Car e sh ou ld b e t ak en w h en clean in g b elow t h e g u illot in e b lad e as t h er e is a d an g er t h at t h e b lad e m ay d escen d . Bef or e clean in g , t h e con t r ol lev er sh ou ld alw ay s b e set in t h e Blad e Lock ed p osit ion . Pr ot ect iv e g lov es sh ou ld b e w o r n d u r i n g c l e a n i n g a s t h e su m p b e l o w t h e b lad e m ay con t ain sh ar p m et al of f - cu t s. 60 an d p r ecau t i o n s Un i t 7 Pr o ced u r es I Wh en lif t in g t h is m ach in e, it is essen t ial I' t h at on ly t h e t w o lif t in g eyes m ar ked in r ed sh ou ld be u sed. No ot h er par t s of t h e f r am e ar e load- bear in g an d m u st n ot , t h er ef or e, be u sed as an ch or poin t s. W h at i s t h e p u r p o se o f t h e i t em s m ar k ed in r ed on t h e m ach in e? W h a t c o u l d h a p p e ni f t h e m a c h i n ew a s l i f t ed b y o t h er p ar t s o f t h e f r am e? Wh y is it im p or t an t o lockt h e g u illot in e blade? W h at o t h er d an g er i s t h er e, an d w h at o r e c a u t i o nsh o u l db e t a k e n a s a r e su l t ? b ) l.O Pet r us, an engineerf r om a m achinem anuf act ur er is , giving inst r uct ionsabout t he m achinesin Exer cise l4a t o a client . As you list en, f ollow t he w r it t en t ext s ( a- c) and ident if y as m any dif f er encesas you can bet w eent he spoken inst r uct ionsand t he w r it t en inst r uct ions.Use t he f ollow ingideas. 1 g r am m at icald if f er en ces 2 use of cont r act ions in w or dsused 3 dif f er ences a Read t he f ollow ingspoken explanat ionsof t he oper at ing pr ecaut ionsf or an indust r ial blow er .Rephr aset hem as w r it t en inst r uct ions,m aking changes based on t he differences bet ween spoken and writ t en language st yle you ident if ied in Exer cise l4b. you shou| dkeept he in| etgr i| | e You shouldn'tp| aceobj ect sin Í r ontoÍ t heair in| etAnd . f r ee Í r omobst r uct ions, and c| eanit r egu| ar | |y.Ít her e'sdam aget o t he in| etgr i| | e, st op t he b| ow er im m ediat ely. For eignbodiesent er ingt he duct can causeser ioushar m ,becauset he unit ed t sr evolvingat speed,so it 'shighlysuscept iblet o dam age. cont ainspr ecision- engineerpar obiecfs shorela\hot be plot ce) , irr Qvorrt o* t he ariv irrlet BeÍ oreyou st artt he b| ower'it 's import antt o ensuret hat t he e} t erna|Vent sat t he end oÍ t he air - int ake y endt he adj ust inghand| e. duct ar e open.Whenyou open t hevent s,Í u| |ext Thenw henyou closet hem ,t ur nt he handleand allowit t o r et ur nundert hef or ceof t he , r esult spr ing.Don'tpusht he handle,becauset hatcan st r aint he spr ingm echanismand in dam age. Ee€ o ve st arvt ihq | he b| oweÍ ,,.. Think of som e saf et y or oper at ing pr ecaut ionsyou ar e f am iliar w it h f or a m achineor pr ocessyou know .Wr it e one or t w o par agr aphsof inst r uct ions, explainingt he m ain pr ecaut ionst hat should be t aken. ! n pair s, explain t he saf et y or oper at ing pr ecaut ionsf or t he m achlneor pr ocess using your inst r uct ionsas a guide. Unit 7 Pr ocedur es and pr ecaut ions 61 lI Descr ib in au g t om at ed sy st em s ln pair s, discusst he dif f er encebet w eenan aut om at edand a m anual syst em . What do you t hink a Building Managem ent Syst em ( BMS) does in int elligent buildings?Suggest som e oper at ionst hat can be m onit or edand cont r olled aut om at icallyby t he BMS in lar ge buildingssuch as of f ices. 2a ) s.t Roland, a m echanicaland elect r icalser vices( MeE) engineer ,is t alking t o Saskia, an ar chit ect ,about t he design of a new building.List en t o t he conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. Wh at is a k eych ar act er ist of ic t h e clien tcom p an y ? How w ill t h isch ar act er ist af ic f ectt h e b u ild in gd esig n ? What do you t hink is m eantby pr esencedet ect or s? Wh at d oesRolan dsay ab ou td esig nop t ion san d h owd oesh e d escr ib eop t ion on e? I 2 3 4 ) sz Rolana gives som e exam plesof sensor sand cont r ols.List en t o t he next par t of t he conver sat ionand t ick t he point s he m ent ions. I con t r ollin tgh e elect r iclig h t in gin sid et h e b u ild in g 2 3 4 co n t r o l l i n gt h e am o u n t o f so l ar r ad i at i o nen t er i n gt h e b u i l d i n g co n t r o l l i n gt h e ai r f l o w i n g i n an d o u t t h r o u g h t h e w i n d o w so f t h e b u i l d i n g co n t r o l l i n gt h e f l o w o f w ar m an d co o l ai r ar o u n d t h e i n t er i o ro f t h e b u i l d i n g Mat ch t he w or ds in t he box t o t he synonym s ( l - 5) . detect dettctor pick up reading regutate set off trigger I 2 3 4 5 62 sensor/ áet ec| ov m e a su r e m e In-t cont r ol( adj ust I) sen se/ I act ivat e | - | Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ot ! ! ! ! Com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ionby under liningt he correct words. 1 Not j ust t he usual sAst emst hat act ivat e/ det ectt he light s ... 2 We could use presencedet ect orst o pick up/ cont rolot her sgst ems... 3 ... a presencedet ect or set s off/ sensest hot evergone'sleft a meet ingroom -.. 4 ... a t emperat uresensor picks up a posit ive det ect or/ reading... 5 ... t he sensor det ect s/ regulat essunlight ,and senses/ t rigges t he blinds ... 6 ... t hosesensor sset of f / sensea cir culat ionsAst em... -l ... we'd use presencedet ect orsand heat sensorst o det ed/ regulat e as mang sAst emsas possible? I n pair s, descr ibe t he f ollow ingaut om at edsyst em susing t he w or ds in Exer cise2d. I 2 3 4 la sensor pr esencedet ect or sm okedet ect or t her m ost at pr essur eplat e par am et er m ovem ent sm oke r oom t em per at ur e w eightof a per son syst em lig h t s f ir e alar m elect r icconvect orheat er in t r u d eralar m ) g. l RolanA and Saskia go on t o discuss an alt er nat ive cont r ol syst em in t he building. List en t o t he conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 W h at assu m p t i o ni s t h e i d ea b ased o n ? What design appr oach m ight be t aken w it h r egar d t o cont r ols? W h at i s t h e ad v an t ag eo f t h i s ap p r o ach ? You ar e in t he Mör E design t eam f or t he new bui| ding pr oj ect and have r eceived t he f ollow ing em ail f r om t he pr oj ect engineer asking f or your input . Read t he em ail and, in pair s, discuss w hat t he engineer w ant s you t o do. a To: LaurenHarvey Subj ectPresence : det ect ors of using pr esencedet ect or sf or cont r ollingt he Could you look int o t he pr act icalit ies | ight sin differentpaft s of t he building?We'| l probab| yhave a mixt ureoÍ det ect orcont r olledsyst em sand m anualsw it ches.The quest ionis, w hich Wpe of cont r oldo we want t o have in each locat ion? ( Please see my list below.)A crit ical issue will be set t ing t he swit ch-off delay in differentlocat ions, i.e. how long t he light s remain on aft er t he last movement is det ect ed. On my last prolect , we had a lot of complaint s f r om t he c| ientabout t he | ight sgoing of Í w hi| epeop| ew er e st i| |in r oom s. So can you t hink about dif f er entt im er delaysf or dif f er entlocat ionsin t he building? Main locat ions:open- planof f ices,individualof f ices,m eet ingr oom s, cor r idor s, st ore rooms T,, I Pr epar e not es f or a shor t t alk t o br ief t he pr oiect engineerusing your ideas f r om Exer cise3b. St udent A, you ar e an Mör E engineer .Br ief t he pr oj ect engineeron your ideas. St udent B, you ar e t he pr oj ect engineer .List en t o t he br ief ing and ask quest ionsabout specif icdet ails. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise again. Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ol 63 e am et er s Ref er r ingt o m easur abtpar l n p ai r s, t h i n k o f m o n i t o r i n g an d co n t r o l sy st em s t h at ar e w i d el y u sed ar o u n d t h e h o m e. Di scu ss h o w t h e f o l l o w i n g p ar am et er s ar e m easu r ed an d / o r co n t r o l l ed i n t h ese co m m o n d o m est i c ap p l i an ces. Par am et er s:t em p er at u r e p r essu r e t i m e act i o n s/ m o v em en t Ap p l i an ces: b o i l er s h eat i n gsy st em s r ef r i g er at o r s w ash i n g m ach i n es 5a Mat ch t h e sen so r o r m easu r i n g sy st em ( l - 5 ) t o t h e i n d u st r i al ap p l i cat i o n s ( a- e) . 1 2 3 4 5 b 6a pr essurm e easur em ent a t em per at urmeeasur em ent b c f lowm easur em ent d levelm easur em ent processrecorders e measuringt he [ eve[ of heat generat edby an exot hermicreact ion m on it or in gt h e n u m berof can s m ovin galon g a con veyorbelt m on it or in gt h e am ou n tof et h an olcon t ain edin a st or aget an k checking t he force exert ed by st eam inside a vessel I n p ai r s, t h i n k o f o t h er u ses f o r t h e k i n d s o f sen so r an d m easu r i n g eq u i p m en t i n Ex er ci se 5 a. ) s. l Jo ch em an d Kat er i n a, t w o p r o cess en g i n eer s at a ch em i cal s p l an t , ar e d i scu ssi n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g an d co n t r o l sy st em s t h at w i l l b e n eed ed f o r a n ew pr oduct ion line. List en t o t hr ee ext r act s f r om t heir discussion and answ er t he f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. Ex t r act I a b Ex t r act 2 c d e Ex t r act 3 f g h b W h at p r o b l em i s d i scu ssed ? W h at m ech an i calsaf et y p r ecau t i o ni s p r o p o sed ? W h at i ssu e i s d i scu ssed ? W h at t h r ee p ar am et er sr el at ed t o co n su m p t i o nar e i m p o r t an t ? To cal cu l at et h e p ar am et er s,w h at d o es co n su m p t i o nn eed t o b e c o n t i n u o u sl ym e a su r e da g a i n st ? W h at i ssu e i s d i scu ssed ? W h i ch t w o m easu r em en t sn eed t o b e t ak en ? W h a t o p t i m u mv a l u e n e e d st o b e d e t e r m i n e d ? Mat ch t h e w o r d s ( I - I O) f r o m t h e d i scu ssi o n t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- j ) . 1 input a 2 ou t pu t b t he best / t he most effect ive/ efficient h ow of t en som et h in gh appen s 3 opt im um c u sed t h e am ou n tof su pplies, f f u el 4 different iat d t h e t ot al qu an t it yso f u r 5 con su m pt ion e a specif iedper iod 6 cu m u lat ive f a valu e of t en expr essedw it h per ,f or exam pleu n it s per h ou r 7 rat e g t h e exit valu e,f or exam pleat t h e en d of a pr ocess 8 cycle h t he ent ry vat ue, for exampt eat t he st art of a process 9 frequency i j t he gap bet w eent w o values 10 t im esca[ e 64 monit oring t he speed of w at er t rave[ t ingat ong a suppt y pipe at t t h e st epsin a pr ocess,f r om st ar t t o f in ish Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l The f ollow ing specif icat ion w as w r it t en f ollow ing t he conver sat ion. Com plet e t he t ext using t he w or ds in Exer cise 5b. Vessel Bl: Sensor and Measur ing Syst em Requir em ent s Two pressure sensors: one locat ed inside t he vessel, and a second sit uat ed on t he pipe running downst ream, t o enable any pressure ( l) ái$Pevet | iarl t o be det ect ed. . Dat a will be recorded as a A flow met er t o monit or gas ( 2) ( 3) figure ( t ot al usage) , and as flow ( 4) , in flow against t he lit res per second. Not e: Soft ware will be configured t o log ( 5 ) - o f a sy st e m c l o c k , i n o r d e r t o p i n p o i n t p e a k f l o w p e r i o d s occurring bet ween t he st art and finish ofa given react ion ( 6) -, and t o assess t he ( 7) wit h which t hey occur. Two t emperat uresensors: one at t he ent ry point of t he vessel, t o measure ( 8 ) - t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d a se c o n d a t t h e o u t l e t p o i n t t o m o n i t o r ( 9 ) - t em p er at u r e. No t e; Pr eci ser eg u l at i o n o f t h een t r y t em per at ur ew ill be key t o obt aining ( 10) r eact ion performance. 7a You and your par t ner ar e pr ocess engineer s w or king w it h Jochem and Kat er ina at t he chem ical plant . You need t o assess t he sensor s and m easur ing equipm ent r equir ed f or t he st eam pr oduct ion f acilit y. ln pair s, discuss t he r equir em ent s using t he inf or m at ion in t he diagr am . Make not es o f y o u r i d eas. St eamou t ( lit r es/ sec) oC bar V V Wat er Lev. oC Wat erin ( lit r es/ sec) oc Gasb u r n er or Pr o p a n ei n ( lit r es/ sec) b I n pair s, discussw hat par am et er scan be det er m inedf or t he inst allat ionof a heat ing cycle using your ideas f r om Exer cise7a. You should assum e t hat all t he m easur em ent sw ill be r ecor ded against a t im escale. Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l 65 Di scu ssi n gr ead i n g san d t r en d s o tl ai r| s, l Ín |IpJd acf ,oor rsst h d il scu ss tf h n e tf act n at cau se m a| ai nnss el ecf c|t tyyco n su m p rt i| oonnt o v ar y . ect r |i ci Í s'u b ) g . S Hel en , an el ect r i cal en g i n eer at a p o w er st at i o n , i s g i v i n g a t al k t o a gr oup of visit ing invest or s. List en t o t he t alk and not e t he f ive f act or s t hat i n f l u en ce el ect r i ci t y co n su m p t i o n . I 3_ z 4 5 C Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he t alk using t he cor r ect f or m of t he w or ds in t he box. decr easef at l incr ease r ise Dur ing per iods of ver g cold or ver g hot w eot her ,dem and ir t cvear ses T h e - i n d e m a n d i so b v i o u sl u d u e t o m i l I i o n so f e l e c t r i c r a d i a t o r s co m i n g o n . . . . . . a keg f act or w hich or dem and, is w het her or n o t i t ' s l i g h t o r d ar k . . . . . . on cold, dar k, w int er evenings, t he in dem and is signif icant . . . Cenerollg, demand during t he week, when fact ories and offices ar e oper at ional . . . So dem and - at t he w eekend. There can be a sudden when people rush t o swit ch ket t les on, or heat up snocks in microwaves, and t hen a sudden short lg aft erwards. 1 2 3 4 ll 5 6 ) S. O Li st en t o t h e n ex t p ar t o f Hel en ' s t al k an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. 1 W h y d o es t h e co m p an y o f t en h av e si g n i f i can tsp ar e g en er at i n gcap aci t y ? 2 W h at i d eal si t u at i o nd o es Hel en d escr i b e? 3 W h y i s t h i s i d eal si t u at i o nd i f f i cu l tt o ach i ev e? Mat ch t h e w o r d s ( | - 8 ) f r o m t h e t al k t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- h ) . lt 1 ll 2 con t in u ou s f l. u ct u at ion s a m axim u mpow err equ ir em enat t a given t im e am ou n tbet w eenan u pperan d low er lim it . w it h ou t in t er r u pt ion 3 \ peaksan d t r ou gh s \ b 4 peak dem an d d h igh poin t s an d low poin t s on a gr aph cu r ve 5 range e regular and repet it ive 6 band of fl.uct uat ion f moment aryrises fot t ow edby a fut t 7 bLips g ch an ges,m ovem en t sin gen er al 8 con t in u al h zon e of u p- an d- dow nm ovem en t Look at t he gr aph show ing elect r icit y dem and f l u ct u at i o n s o v er a w eek i n t h e UK. Fi n d p ar t s o r pat t er ns on t he gr aph descr ibed by t he w or ds in Ex er ci se 8 e an d an al y se t h e f l u ct u at i o n s. Ho w d o t h ey co m p ar e w i t h Hel en ' s ex p l an at i o n ? : = o D a y o f t h e w e e k { No v e m b e r ) Daily p eak d em an d 8p m 66 Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l 9 it Read t he docum ent on ener gy saving aim ed at indust r ial plant and f acilit y m anager s. Com plet e t he t ext using t he w or ds in Exer cise 8e. D y n o m i cd e m o n dco n t r o sy l st e mco s n b e f i t t e dt o e l e ct r i cool p p l i o n ce st h o to p e r o t e o n d u l yc y c l e s i, e . o p p l i o n c etsh o ts t o r tu p , r u nf o r o t i m e ,s h u td o w n o g o i n ,o n d t h e n r e m o i no n st o n d b yf o r o w h i l eb e f o r er e p e o t i n gt h e so m ecy cl e .H e o t i n go n d r e f r i g e r o t i o n u n t t so r e co m m o ne x o m p l e so f p o w e r - h u n g reyq u i p m e ni th q t o p e r o t eo n t h i sst o r t - r u n - st o p w o i tb o si s. D y n o m i csy st e m es x p l o i t h ef o ctt h o td u t ycy cl eo p p l i o n ce sd o n o t r e q u i r e ( l ) co t i f i h q o h sp o w e r .T h ep u r p o seo f t h e sy st e m iss t o h e l p sm o o t hp o w e r d e m o n df o r t h e b e n e f i ot f e l e ct r i cu t i l i t i e s. T o o ch i e v et h i s,t h e yd e l o y t h e st o r t - uopf t h eo p p l i o n ce s t h ey co n t r o l d u r i n g p er i o d so f ( 2 ) - ' Ho w ev er , o n | y m i n o r o d i u st m en t so r e m o d et o t i m i n go s, g e n e r o l l yt,h eo p p l i o n ce sco n ce r n e dco n o n l y b e h e l do n si o n d b yf o r sh o r tp e r i o d so s i h e y n e e d t o r u n o n o ( 3 )b o si s.Bu t t h i sst i l lb e n e f i t es l e ct r i c u t i | i t i eso si t h e| p st o o v o i d p r o b l em o t i c, m o m en t o r y ( 4 ) - o n t h ed em o n d cu r v e. D y n o m i cco n t r o l w s o r k b y d e t e ct i n g sl i g h t( 5 ) i n t h ef r e q u e n cyo f i h e m o i n s A Cs u p p | y . A | t h o u g h t h i s v o r i e s o n | y w i t h i n o V e r y n o r r o w ( ó) - , s m o | | d r o p s i n f r e q u e n cyi n d í co t teh o tp o w e r st o t i o nt u r b i n e o s r e w o r k i n gcI o set o f u | |co p o ci t yT. h e d y n o m i cco n t r o sy l si e mco n t h e r e f o r he o l d t h eo p p l i o n ceo n st o n d b yf o r o sh o r tt i m eu n t i r m o i n sf r e q u e n ciyn c r e o s eosg o i n . b Read t he t ext again and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 4 5 10a What is m eant by dut g cgcle? W h at p r o b l em i s d y n am i cco n t r o l d esi g n edt o av o i d ? W h at sen so r i n p u t d o d y n am i cco n t r o l sr el y o n t o al l o w t h em t o f u n ct i o n ? W h at d o es t h e sen so r i n p u t i n ( 3 ) i n d i cat ew i t h r eg ar d t o p o w er st at i o n s? To w h at ex t en t d o d y n am i csy st em sm o d i f y d u t y cy cl es? Read t he ext r act f r om t he t alk and, in pair s, discuss t he f oilow ing quest ions. ... elect rical charge is ext remelg difficult t o st ore in large amount s, Aou con't j ust charge up huge bat t eries. So we use an innovat ive t echnique t o st ore up power pot ent ial during off-peak periods. I 2 W h y d o y o u t h i n k t h i s i s su ch a m aj o r i ssu e f o r p o w er st at i o n s? Can y o u su g g estw h at i n n o v at i v et ech n i q u ei s u sed t o so l v e t h e p r o b l em ? ) g, l Helen goes on t o descr ibe t he solut ion t o t he pr oblem . List en t o t he t alk and m ake not es on pum ped st or age. Pr epar e a shor t t alk on t he oper at ion of a pum ped st or age hydr oelect r ic pow er st at ion f or visit or s t o t he pow er gener at ion com pany. Use your not es f r om Exer cise lOb and t he w or ds in t he box. St udent A, you ar e an elect r ical engineer ; St udent B, you ar e a visit or on a t our of t he plant . ln pair s, give your t alk and ask and answ er quest ions. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise ag ai n . gr aüt y h igh level. low [ eve[ m ou n t ain pu m ps r eser voir t u r bin es Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l 67 tI Giving appr oxim at ef i gur es I 17 a Read t he em ail ext r act and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. W h o d o y o u t h i n k se n t t h e e m a i l ?W h a t i s t h e i r r o l e w i t h i nt h e c o m p a n y ? W h at t y p e o f r ev i ew i s t h e co m p an y g o i n g t o u n d er t ak e? W h at i s t h e o b i ect i v eo f t h e r ev i ew ? I 2 3 To: Gerry Klein Subj ect :I nt ernal review Dear colleagues, As you know , w e ar e pr epar ingt o under t akea com pr ehensiveint er na|r eviewoÍ t he com pany'S your engineer ing or ganisat lonand f acilit ies.A key ar ea of t his r evieww ill be t o assess how ef f icient ly exper t iseis being ut i| ised.I w ou| dem phasiset hat t he aim oÍ t his assessm entis not t o quest ionyour pr of essionalcom pet ence.On t he cont r ar y,I and t he com pany'snew shar eholder sr ecogniset he high degr eeoÍ t echnica|exper t isew it hint he or ganisat ion.our int ent ionis t o w or k t ow ar dsopt im isingt his valuabler esour ceby ident if yingt he dem andson your t im e t hat ar e lar gelyunpr oduct ive( such as adm inist r at ive t asks) in or der t o allow your skillst o be used m or e pr oduct ively. b I I The f ollow ing ext r act is f r om a quest ionnair e used in t he r eview w hich w as sent t o st af f in t he com pany's design depar t m ent . Read t he quest ionnair e an d m at ch each q u est i o n ( l - 3 ) t o p o i n t s ( a- c) . Appr oxim at ely w hat per cent age oÍ your t im e do you spend on t he t ypes of t ask b e| o w ? Fo r each q u est i o n , t h e su m o f v a| u es g i v en f o r A + B sh o u l d eq u al í o o % . 1 A B 'y" D o i n g t e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t u se m y e n g i n e e r i n gsk i l l s e x t e n si v e l y D o i n g m o d e r a t e l y t e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t a l e ss q u a l i f i e dc o l l e a g u e c o u l d d o - % 2 A B D o i n g [ e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . d e si g n r n g ,p r o b l e m - so l v i n g-] D o i n g t a sk s t h a t d o n o t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . a d m i n i st r a t i o n )- " / " 3 A B D o i n g t a sk s t h a t a r e p u r e l y t e c h n i c a l - % D o i n q t a sk s t h a t r e l a t e t o t e c h n i c a l o r q a n i za t i o na n d d e c i si o n - m a k i n q- % Th e ex t en t o f t ech n i calr o l e v er su s m an ag em en tr o l e Th e d eg r ee o f co m m er ci alex p l o i t at i o no f t ech n i calsk i l l s Th e d eg r ee o f ap p l i cat i o no f ex p er t i sean d ex p er i en ce a b c C ) g, S Eleanor and Ger r y t w o design engineer s, ar e t alking about t he quest ionnair e. List en and w r it e appr oxim at e values, t o t he near est l0o/ o, f or Ger r y's answ er s t o t he quest ions. d Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds or phr ases in t he box. Som et im es m or e t han one answ er is possible. t at t parFq$í € offt he t op of my head rought y somewhere in t he regionof I 2 3 4 5 6 68 I nowhere near pret t ymuch They asked f or a baillpar vk'qr t ^ " ' f or set t ing up t he new syst em ' I ' v eg o t t h e f i g u r esi n m y co m p u t er ,b u t I co u l d n ' t t el l y o u Th e w o r k i s f i n i sh ed ,t h er e' sj u st t h e t i d y i n g u p t o d o . t h e est i m at eat E2 m o v er b u d g et . Th e act u al co st o f t h e st ad i u m w as | t h i n k i t ' l l t ak e t w o w eek s t o co m p l et et h e r ep o r t . T h e d e v e l o p m e nw t i l l c o st $ 10m. Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l % I I n pair s, ask and answ er t he quest ionsf r om t he quest ionnair ein Exer cise I I b using t he phr ases in Exer cise I I d. Not e dow n your par t ner 'sansw er s. 1, 2 a I A- o / o B- o / o 2 A- o / o B- o / o 3 A- o / o B- o / o ) a.g Rs par t of t he com pany'sint er nat r eview ,an assessm entis being m ade of t he har dw ar eand sof t w ar et hat m ake up t he f ir m 's Com put er Aided Design ( CAD) syst em . Dan, a design engineer ,is t alking t o Beat r ice,his m anager , about t he st at e of t he syst em .List en and m ar k t he f ollow ingst at em ent sTiue CI ) or False ( F) . I Most of t h e scr een sar e t oo sm all. 2 En g in eersp s en da lot of t im ew or k in gon scr een . 3 Lar genum ber sof dr aw ingsar e pr int edat t heir of f ice. Find w or ds and phr ases in audioscr ipt 8.9 on page 93 t o m at ch t he f ollow ing d ef in it ion s( l - 5 ) . I 2 3 4 5 ap p r ox im at ely / m u chm or et h an/ at least/ m ost/ ( t w o t hir ds) alm ost zer o / Com plet e t he f ollow ing r eplies t o expr ess t he f igur es in appr oxim at e t er m s u si n g t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci ses | 1 d an d l 2 b . So m et i m es m o r e t h an o n e an sw er is possible. A goü, ( at | east 5 year s) l How o| d is t his equipm ent ? f ive year s o| d. p er cen t ag e 2 W h at o f t h e PCs n eed ch an g i n g ?al l o f t h em . ( 9 5 o / o ) 3 Ho w m an y o f t h e co m p u t er sar e u p t o sp ec? al l o f t h em . ( 1 Oo / o ) 4 How m any of t he st af f use t he CAD syst em ? half of t hem . ( 55o/ o) 5 H o w m u c h w o u | d t h e n e w p r i n t e r sc o st ?- $ 2 ' 0 0 0 . ( $ 3 ' l 2 0 ) 6 H o w m u c h d o e sa n a d a p t e r | i k e t h i sc o st ?- ( $ z; 7 How long w ould a f ull syst em t ake t o inst all? 5 days. ( 4- 6 days) ( 95o/ o) 8 Can m o st o f o u r cl i en t sr ead t h ese f i l es? Yes, o f t h em . 13 You ar e set t ing up a sm all com pany of consult ing engineer s em ploying seven m em ber s of st af f - f ive engineer s and t w o assist ant s. You need t o r ent an of f ice, equip it w it h a com put er net w or k w it h CAD syst em and adm in sof t w ar e, and buy ot her basic of f ice equipm ent . ! n pair s, discuss som e ballpar k f igur es r elat ing t o t he f ollow ing quest ions. o o . . W h at co m p u t er eq u i p m en tw i l l b e r eq u i r edan d h o w m u ch w i l l i t co st t o b u y ? W h at o t h er i t em s o f f u r n i t u r e/ eq u i p m enwt i l l b e n eed ed ,an d h o w m u ch w i l l t his cost ? Ho w m u ch f l o o r sp ace w i l l b e r eq u i r edi n t h e o p en - p l ano f f i ce? Ho w l o n g w i l l i t t ak e t o set u p t h e o f f i ce- i n st al lt h e f u r n i t u r ean d eq u i p m en t ? Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ol 69 - Exp lain in g t est san dexp er im en t s I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing t est s and exper im ent s and t heir m ain advant ages and disadvant ages. co m p u t er m o d el s an d si m u l at i o n s 2 r ed u ced - scal et est i n g I 2 a 3 f u l l - scal et est i n g ln pair s, suggest how t he f ollow ingdevelopm entt ools could be used f or aer odynam ict est ing. o o Com p u t at ion al Flu idDy n am ics( CFD) a w in dt u n n eleq u ip p edw it ha r ollin gr oad o f ield t est ing ) S.t Rn int er nat ionalt eam of r esear cher sar e collabor at ingon t he design of an exper im ent alener gy- ef f icientvehicle.They ar e discussingt he t ools availablef or developingt he vehicle'saer odynam icdesign. List en t o t he conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. I 2 3 4 5 Wh at op t ion sar e av ailab lef or w in dt u n n elt est in gin t er m sof scale? Wh yar e r ollin gr oad su sef u in l w in dt u n n elsw h ent est in gv eh icles? Wh at issu ew ill d et er m in ew h et h eror n ot a r ollin gr oadis n ecessar y ? Wh at p oin t is m ad eab ou tt h e r eliab ilit of y CFD an d w in dt u n n eld at a? What pr oblemis m ent ionedw it h r egar dt o out doort est ing? ) g.t t ist en again and com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds and phr ases in t he box. Theacidtest back-to-back testing in thefietd mock-up triatrun tried-and-testedvalidate vfttnt 70 1 2 3 4 ... t he t est swouldobviouslgDe virt t ^ al , based on a comput ermodel. ... go int o a wind t unnel,wit h a scale model, or a full-size t he dat a. ... t f's not j ust about dat a got hering.Youalso have t o The onlg comes whengou t rA out a full-scaleprot ot Apein real out side,wit h condit ions.We need t o make sure t hat evergt hingis a full-scale 5 ... wit h changeable weat her, it 's not easA t o do - Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice out I Mat ch t he w or ds and phr ases in Exer cise 2c t o t he def init ions ( a- h) . a a 3 D m o d el si m u l at i n gsh ap e an d si ze, b u t w i t h o u t i n t er n alco m p o n en t s uaoclc-t ep b p r ov ent o b e r eliab let h r ou g hr eal u se/ t r ials c ou t d oor s.in a r ealsit u at ion n ot p h y sical d d escr ib es som et h in g sim u lat edb y sof t w ar e, e a cr u cialt r ialt o p r ov ew h et h eror n ot som et h in w g or k sf t r ialst o com p ar et w o d if f er ensolu in t h e sam econ d it ion s t t ion s, g p r o v e t h e o r e t i ca | co n ce p t sb y t e st i n g t h e m i n r e a | i t y h a pr act icalt est of som et hingnew or unknow nt o discoverit s ef f ect iveness Com plet e t he aer odynam ic design developm ent plan of t he ener gy- ef f icient vehicle using st ages ( a- e) . a b c d e Test m odel in w ind t unnel t o validat e dat a f r om scale t est s Car r y o u t b ack - t o - b ackt est s i n w i n d t u n n el w i t h m o ck - u p s Bu i l d f u l l - si zew o r k i n g p r o t o t y p e Sel ect b est d esi g n , b ased o n d at a f r o m w i n d t u n n el t est s Nar r o w d o w n d esi g n o p t i o n st o t h r ee, b ased o n co m p u t er d at a Aer odynam ic design developm ent plan I Ex p er im enut sin gCFD sof t w ar e 2 3 Pr o d u ce r ed u ced - scal em o ck - u p so f d esi g n san d t est i n w i n d t u n n el 4 5 Bu ildf ir stf u ll- scale m ock - u p 6 1 Pr o d u ce t w o r ev i sedd esi g n st o i m p r o v eo n f u l l - scal em o ck - u p I 9 Select best design, based on dat a f r om t est s l0 il Car r you t f ieldt est sw it ht r ial r u n sou t sid e 3 You ar e m em ber sof a t echnologicalr esear cht eam sim ilar t o t he one in Exer cise2b. You have been asked t o design a t est pr ogr am m ef or an exper im ent alsyst em f or air - dr oppingcar go. Read t he br ief and, in pair s, discusst he t ypes of t est r equir ed and t heir sequence. Design br ief Th e syst em allow s r elat ivelyf r agilecar go t o be air - dr oppedf r om plan es in t o r em ot e locat ion s on t h e gr ou n d. lt com pr ises a par ach u t e,at t ach ed t o a cylin dr icalcon t ain er t w o m et r es lon g w it h a diam et er of 1. 5 m et r es. Th e con t ain er is su r r ou n ded by a def or m able pr ot ect ive st r u ct u r e. The aims of t est ing are t o develop t he designs of: a) t he parachut e b) t h e pr ot ect ive st r u ct u r e, in or der t o m in im iset h e im pact t o car t o in side t h e con t ain er . Th e n u m ber of t est s m u st be m axim ised w it h in a lim it ed bu dget .As t est s involving real drops from aircraft are cost ly, t hese must be kept t o a m inim um . Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice 77 Exchanging view son pr edict ions and t heor ies I 4 a t n pair s, answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions. I Wh at k in d sof car g ois som et im esdr oppedf r om aircraft ,and why? 2 What ar e t he advant ages an d d isad v an t ag es of air - d r op s? Read t he f ollow ing pr edict ions of how a cont ainer air - dr opped w it h par achut es m ight behave w hile f alling, and on hit t ing t he gr ound. Com plet e t he pr edict ions by under lining t he w or ds you t hink ar e cor r ect . I 2 3 4 Th e l o n g er t h e co n t ai n eri s i n t h e ai r , t h e m o r e i t s h o r i zo n t alsp eed w i l l decr ease/ incr ease. Co m p ar ed w i t h a l o w - al t i t u d ed r o p , t h e v er t i calsp eed o f a h i g h - al t i t u d ed r o p w i l l b e l o w er / h i g h er . I n t er m s o f d am ag e t o t h e co n t ai n er ,a h i g h v er t i cal / h o r i zo n t ali m p act sp eed i s p o t en t i al l yw o r se. A v er y l o w - al t i t u d ed r o p w i l l m o st l i k el y cau se t h e co n t ai n ert o sl i d e/ r o l l al o n g t h e g r o u n d . ) g: Ar naud and Jenna, t w o engineer s, ar e t alking at t he st ar t of an air dr op r esear ch pr oj ect . Which pr edict ions in Exer cise 4b do t hey agr ee on, and w hich do t hey disagr ee on? How do t heir ideas com par e w it h your s? 5a Rephr ase t he w or ds in br acket s t o com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion. l So ' - ( i n t h e o r y ) ' t h e h o r i zo n t a l sp e e d w i l l k e e p d e c r e a si n g . . . ( assum e)t he dr op alt it ude's ver g low , . . . 2 So, ( sure) o low vert ical speed is t he crit ical fact or. 3 ... ( presume) , if t he groundspeed's quit e high, t here's a 4 Because, danger t he cont ainer will roll ... ( ar gue) ,r olling is t he w or st pr oblem , . . . 5 So, Rephr ase t he w or ds in bold in t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds in Exer cise 5a. I 2 3 4 5 72 I su p p o se t h er e' l lal w ay sb e a cer t ai n am o u n t o f g r o u n d sp eed . l f w e assu m e t h e co n t ai n erw i l l r o l l , w e' l l n eed t o p r o t ect i t acco r d i n g l y . Acco r d l n g t o t h e h y p o t h esi s, g r o u n d sp eedw i l l al m o st al w ay sb e p o si t i v e. Yo u co u l d say t h at i t ' s i n ev i t ab l et h e co n t ai n erw i l l r o l l an d b o u n ce al o n g . I ' m co n v i n ced t h at h i g h v er t i calsp eed i s l ess p r o b l em at i ct h an h i g h g r o u n d sp eed . Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice I I n pair s, decide w het her t he f ollow ing w or ds and phr ases ar e used t o agr ee or disagr ee. can you t hink of ot her phr ases f or agr eeing and disagr eeing? No t n ecessar i l y Ab so l u t el y I ' m n o t co n v i n ced I ' m n o t so su r e c Of cour se Tr ue Look at t he diagr am and, in pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions. d Dr opalt it ude Air cr af tspeedand d'ir ect ion Win dsp eedan dd ir ect ion sp eedof con t aj n er Ver t ' icaI {{- I 2 3 4 5 6 a of con t ain er Air sp eed o f co n t ai n er Gr o u n d sp eed W h at i s t h e d i f f er en ceb et w eenai r sp eed an d g r o u n d sp eed ?Ho w d o w i n d sp eed an d w i n d d i r ect i o nr esu l t i n a d i f f er en ceb et w eenan ai r cr af t ' s ai r sp eed an d i t s g r o u n d sPeed ? l f an ai r cr af t ' sg r o u n d sp eedan d ai r sp eed ar e t h e sam e, w h at m u st t h e w i n d sp eed b e? I n t h eo r y ,an ai r cr af tcan f l y w i t h a g r o u n d sp eedo f zer o i n cer t ai n ex t r em e co n d i t i o n s.w h at w o u l d t h ese co n d i t i o n sb e, w i t h r eg ar d t o w i n d sp eed an d t he air cr af t 'sdir ect ion r elat ive t o t he w ind? To m i n i m i set h e h o r i zo n t alg r o u n d sp eedo f an ai r - d r o p p edco n t ai n ero n l an d i n g ,w h at sh o u l d t h e ai r cr af t ' sd i r ect i o nb e, r el at i v et o t h e w i n d ? l f sev er alai r - d r o p sar e car r i ed o u t f r o m t h e sam e al t i t u d ew i t h d i f f er en t w i n d sp eed s,h o w w i l l h i g h er w i n d sp eed s af f ect t h e g r o u n d sp eedo f t h e co n t ai n ero n l an d i n g ? t n pair s, discuss w hich of t he f ollow ing opt ions you t hink is pr ef er able and why. I a l o w - l ev eld r o p w i t h l o w v er t i calsp eed an d h i g h h o r i zo n t alsp eed 2 a h i g h - l ev eld r o p w i t h h i g h v er t i calsp eed an d l o w h o r i zo n t alsp eed I n pair s, discuss how t he design of t he cont ainer used f or dr opping car go w ould be dif f er ent f or each of t he t w o opt ions in Exer cise 6a. For each sit uat ion, consider how t he cont ainer could be built t o cushion t he t ype of im pact . I n par t icular , t hink about t he shape of t he cont ainer and t he pr ot ect ive st r uct ur e ar ound it . Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d Pr act i ce 73 Com p ar in gr esu lt sw it h ex p ect at ion s 7a ln pair s, discuss t he dif f er ence bet w een expect at ions and r esult s. Cive an exam ple r elat ing t o r esear ch and developm ent ( R& D) in en g i n eer i n g . Man f r ed Hau g , an aer o n au t i cal en g i n eer , i s d escr i b i n g h i s ear l y r ocket exper im ent s. Read t he descr ipt ion and explain w hat is m ean t b y t h e ex p r essi o n s i n b o l d . Relging on t rial and error isn't olwags t he best wag t o improve t echnologg, but I found it was an effect ive waA t o develop roclset s. Especiallg as rocket science was unfamiliar t errit org for me. I was on a st eep learning cule, hence t he numerous explosions. Read m or e of t he descr ipt ion. What kinds of r ocket did t hey build and how do you t hink t hey w or ked? I should sag t hat t his had not hing t o do wit h NASA, and happened a long wag from Cape Canaveral. lt was j ust me and a few friends on a windswept foot ball field near Homburg. But t he plast ic bot t le wat er rocket s we built and launched went t hrough an impressive R&.D progromme, bearing in mind we were onlg 12 gears old! !l 8a ) g. S t ist en t o an int er view w it h Manf r ed about building and launching w at er r ocket s and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. I 2 3 4 Ho w f u l l w er e t h e b o t t l es? W h at co i n ci d en cew as h el p f u l ? How pow er f ul w as t he r ocket ? W h at p r o b l em o ccu r r ed ? Read t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he int er view . What is m eant by t he w or ds in bold? 1 ... we expect ed it would shoot up reasonablg fast . 2 ... we didn't ant icipat e j ust how powerful it would be. 3 lt totallg exceeded our expectations. lt 9a I n pair s, discuss t w o or t hr ee solut ions t o t he pr oblem exper ienced w it h t he r ocket , based on basic m at er ials and sim ple assem bly t echniques. For each pot ent ial solut ion, explain how you w ould expect t he r ocket t o per f or m and w hy, descr ibing pot ent ial pr oblem s f or each solut ion. ) g. q Vanf r ed goes on t o descr ibe how he and his f r iends solved t he p r o b l em . Li st en t o t h e d escr i p t i o n an d su m m ar i se t h e so l u t i o n , ex p l ai n i n g w hy it w as ef f ect ive. How does t he solut ion com par e w it h your ideas in Exer cise 9a? ) g. q Ust en again and com plet e t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he descr ipt ion. I 2 74 ( as expect ed) ( ext r em elyw ell) lt didn't go exact lg lt w or ked Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d p r act i ce t 0a t n pair s, discuss possiblew ays of m akingt he w at er r ocket m or e pow er f ult o allow it t o at t ain higher alt it udes.The basis of t he design should be t he sa m e a n d y o u m a y o n | y u se b a si cm a t e r i a l s. Fo r e a ch so l u t i o n , e x p l a i n t h e f ollow ingpoint s. o Why you w ouldexpectt he r ockett o be m or eef f ect ive . Any pot ent ialPr oblem s t he ) g.S t ist en t o Manf r ed descr ibinghow t he r ocket w as developedand t heir and m ade im pr ovem ent s t he on not es Make t est s. r esult s of f ur t her your f r om ideas w it h com par e solut ions t he do How consequences. Exer cise lOa? Read t he f ollow ingphr asest hat Manf r ed uses. com plet e t he def init ionsby under liningt he cor r ect w or ds. : w hat happenedin t heor y/ pr cllCe 1 as it t ur nedout : w hat happenedin t heor y/ pr act ice hoppened act uallg w hat 2 : it w asless/ m or et han w e t hought pr essur e t he under est im at ed w e 3 : it was less/ more t han we t hought 4 we overest imat edt he st rengt h : t hey'readequat e/ inadequat e 5 plast icbot t lesore hardlg up t o t heiob : it w asa t heor et ical/ pr act icallesson 6 I lear nedt he har d w ag. ln pair s, discusst he f ollow ingquest ions. of b u ild in gt h in g sw h eny ou w er ey ou n g er o Did y ou h av ean y ex p er ien ces e ? h at d id y ou u n d er est lm ator w h ichd id n ' tt u r n ou t as y ou ' dex p ect ed w What lessonsdid you lear nt he har d w ay? over est im at e? in h elp in g w er em ost b en ef icial o w h en y ou w er ey ou n g erw, h atex p er ien ces y ou lear n ? p r in cip les d id y ou t o im p r ov ey ou rt ech n icalsk ills?w h at t ech n ical 1t Am at eur r ocket scient ist shave pr oducedw at er r ocket s capable of r eaching alt it udes of sever al hundr ed m et r es in com pet it ions.I n pair s, t hink of init ial ideas f or a suit able design w hich com pliesw it h t he f ollow ingcom pet it ionr ules' Wat er Rocket GomPet it ion {f Rocket s m ust be assem bled ent ir elyf r om con su m er Pr od u ct sPu r ch asedf r om super m ar ket s or DI Y st or es. For saf et y r eason s, n o g lass or m et alliccom p on en t s ar e per m it t ed. {f Flocket sw ill be pr essur ised, and anchor ed d u r in g p r essu r isat ionu sin g a com p r essor an d lau n ch p ad p r ov id edb y t h e or g an iser s Jf Release of t he r ocket w ill be t r igger ed by com pet it or s, f r om a dist ance, by r ope' at t he m om ent deem ed appr opr iat e by t he com pet it or ,based on a r eading on t he pr essur e gauge of t he com Pnessor . Unit 9 Theor yand Pr act ice 75 Discu ssin gcau sesan d ef f ect s I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en ce b et w een cau se an d ef f ect i n each o f t h e f o l l o w i n g si t u at i o n s. 1 2 3 t 3a a v eh i cl et y r e o v er h eat i n g a n e l e c t r i c acl i r c u i to v e r l o a d i n g a sh i p ' sh u l l c o r r o d i n g Read t h e t i t l e o f t h e ar t i cl e i n Ex er ci se I 3 b an d ex p l ai n w h at y o u t h i n k i t m ean s. b Read t h e ar t i cl e an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. I 2 3 W h at ar e ch i ck encan n o n sd esi g n edt o d o ? W h y w as a ch i ck encan n o n u sed f o r a t r ai n t est ? W h at w er e t h e ef f ect so f t h e t est ? CHI GKEICAlI { l{ ol{GOOFMAKESTECHEGGHEADS I OOKLI KETURKEYS j et \ f , / n en n ew ai r cr af t ar e d ev el o p ed , Y Y en g i n es an d co ck p i t w i n d sh i el d s ar e t est ed t o si m u l at e b i r d st r i k es ( m i d - ai r co l l i si o n s w i t h b i r d s) , w h i ch can r esu l t i n dam age. The t est s ar e car r ied out using special com pr essed- air cannons t hat f ir e d ead ch i ck en s. On o n e o ccasi o n su ch a gun w as lent , by an aer onaut ical com pany, t o so m e en g i n eer s d ev el o p i n g a n ew t r ai n . Bir d st r ikes w er e a pot ent ial danger , ow ing t o t he t r ain's high speed. Having r eceived i n st r u ct i o n s i n h o w t o u se t h e can n o n , t he t r ain designer s bought an oven- r eady ch i ck en f r o m a l o cal su p er m ar k et , an d subsequent ly f ir ed it at t heir pr ot ot ype. l, |Í The ef f ect s w er e devast at ing. As a r esult of t h e i m p act , a h o l e w as sm ash ed , n o t j u st t h r o u g h t h e w i n d sh i el d , b u t al so t h r o u g h t h e b ack o f t h e d r i v er ' s co m p ar t m en t . I t w as har d t o believe a chicken had caused so m u ch d est r u ct i o n . Co n seq u en t l y ,t h e engineer s cont act ed t heir aer onaut ical co l l eag u es t o en q u i r e i f t h e p r o b l em m i g h t b e d u e t o an i ssu e w i t h t h e g u n , so m e so r t o f f ault t hat could have caused it t o exceed it s nor m al f ir ing pow er . No m alf unct ions w er e f ound. How ever , it w as lat er discover ed t hat t he unexpect ed dam age had occur r ed b ecau se o f a t em p er at u r e i ssu e. Th e t ex t i n Ex er ci se I 3 b i s an u r b an l eg en d ( o r u r b an m y t h ) - a co m m o n l y t o l d st o r y t h at i s sai d t o b e t r u e, b u t w h i ch i s n o t . Can y o u g u ess w h at t em per at ur e issue caused t he unexpect ed ef f ect s? lt d Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e w o r d s an d p h r ases i n t h e b o x . becauseof ( x2) caused consequent lyduet o owingt o rt sut t in resultof I Bi r d st r i k es 6 2 n v esq l t i \ d am ag e t o ai r cr af t . 2 Bi r d st r i k e sW e r e a p o t e n t i a | p r o b | e m f o r t h e t r a i n , - l Ii t s sp eed . 5 Du r i n g t h e t est , t h e t r ai n w as sev er el yd am ag ed as a t h e i m p act . 4 Th e d am ag e o ccu r r ed a p r o b l em r el at i n gt o t em p er at u r e. 5Theim pact of t hechicken- it t oent er t het r ain. 6 Th een g i n eer st h o u g h t t h eg u n w asf au | t y , so - t h ey ca| | ed t h ei r c o l l e a g u e s. 76 I Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d p r act i ce e Read t h e f o l l o w i n g en g i n eer i n g u r b an l eg en d s an d co m p l et e t h e descr ipt ions of causes and ef f ect s using t he cor r ect f or m of t he w or ds an d p h r ases i n Ex er ci se I 3 d . So m et i m es m o r e t h an o n e w o r d o r p h r ase i s p o ssi b l e. 1 Ap p ar en t l y ,t h e b i g g est ch al l en g ei n sp ace ex p l o r at i o nw as d ev el o p i n ga p en f o r ast r o n au t st o u se i n o r b i t as o r d i n ar y b al l p o i n t p en s d o n ' t w o r k i n sp ace, becat use oP / Ar l. elo / ow \ t \ glo t he f act t hat t her e's no gr avit y. So t h i s p r o b l em ,t h er e w er e t eam s o f r esear ch er sw o r k i n g f o r y ear s,t r y i n g t o f i n d a so l u t i o n .Ev en t u al l yso , m eo n e cam e u p w i t h t h e i d ea o f u si n ga p e n c i l . 2 3 14a W h en t h ey d esi g n edt h e f o u n d at i o n so f t h e l i b r ar y o n t h e u n i v er si t ycam p u s, t h ey f o r g o t t o al l o w f o r t h e w ei g h t o f t h e b o o k s o n t h e sh el v es,w h i ch t h e b u i l d i n gt o st ar t si n k i n g .So , h al f o f t h e f l o o r s h av e h ad t o b e l ef t em p t y ,w i t h o u t b o o k s, t o k eep t h e w ei g h t d o w n . Di d y o u h ear ab o u t t h at Ol y m p i c- si zedsw i m m i n gp o o l t h at w as b u i l t ? Th ey g o t t h e l en g t h w r o n g , t h e t i l es. Th ey f o r g o t t o t ak e i n t o acco u n t t h e t h i ck n ess,w h i ch t h e p o o l m easu r i n ga f ew m i | | i m e t r e s t o o Sh o r t . So - , i t c a n ' t b e u s e d f o r s w i m m i n g co m o et i t i o n s. On e p o p u l ar t o p i c f o r u r b an l eg en d s i s t h e su g g est i o n t h at t h e m o o n l an d i n g s d i d n ' t r eal l y t ak e p l ace an d w er e f i l m ed o n Ear t h . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. . o o . I n p h o t o s t ak en o f ast r o n au t so n t h e m o o n , w h y ar e n o st ar s v i si b l e i n t h e sk y ? I n f i l m f o o t ag e,w h y i s t h e f l ag p l an t ed o n t h e su r f aceo f t h e m o o n seen m o v i n gsl i g h t l y ? W h y d o p h o t o s o f ast r o n au t s'f o o t p r i n t sap p ear t o b e o n a w et su r f acean d n o t i n d r y d u st ? W h y i s n o b l a st c r a t e rc a u se db y e n g i n et h r u st d u r i n gt h e l a n d i n gv i si b l e b e l o wt h e m o d u l e ? ) g . S Car o l i n e an d Ren at o , t w o co l l eag u es at an en g i n eer i n g f i r m , ar e t al k i n g ab o u t t h e m o o n l an d i n g s d u r i n g a co f f ee b r eak . Li st en t o t h e conver sat ion and com par e w hat t hey say w it h your i d eas f r o m Ex er ci se 1 4 a. C l n p ai r s, d i scu ss an y u r b an legends you have hear d r el at i n g t o en g i n eer i n g and t echnology. Use t he f o l l o w i n g i d eas t o h el p y o u . o . o o unbelievabld e e si g nf a u l t s b i zar r e i n ci d en t s i n v o l v i n gcar s r u m o u r sa b o u t a m a zi n g ex p er im en t al t echn o l o g y b a d w o r k m a n sh i pb y = p l u m b e rasn d b u i l d e r s, e l e ct r i ci a n s 'G'; ; -.= jf-= * "::H Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice .i. UNI T 10 E per f or m ance Discussing and suit abit it y Describingphysicalforces Discussingrelat iveperformance Descr ibing capabilit ies and lim it at ions a o a Di scu ssi n gp er f o r m an ce an d su í t ab i l i t y I 1a l n p ai r s, an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s ab o u t w i n d t u r b i n es. 1 W h a t f u n c t i o nd o w i n d t u r b i n e sp e r f o r m ? 2 W h a t a r e t h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e sa n d d i sa d v a n t a g eos f w i n d t u r b i n e s? 3 W h at t y p es o f l o cat i o n ar e m o st su i t ab l ef o r w i n d f ar m s? b l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f u n ct i o n s an d t ech n i cal ch ar act er i st i cs o f t h e f o l l o w i n g w i n d t u r b i n e co m p o n en t s. bt ades 2a qen er at or ) t O. t Vi t e, Lo r et a an d Han i f , en g i n eer s at a w i n d t u r b i n e co n st r u ct o r , ar e d i scu ssi n g p er f o r m an ce an d su i t ab i l i t y i ssu es r el at i n g t o o f f sh o r e w i n d t u r b i n es. Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. I 2 3 4 5 6 b C 78 t ow er W h i c h w l n d t u r b i n ec o m p o n e n td o t h e e n g i n e e r sd i sc u ss? W h a t i s t h e b i g p r o b l e mw i t h o f f sh o r ei n st a l l a t i o n s? W h i c h t w o t y p e so f c o n st r u c t i o nm a t e r i a la r e b e i n gc o m p a r e d ? W h y ar e co ast al d ef en cesm en t i o n ed ? W h a t p o i n t d o e s H a n i f m a k e a b o u t r e g u l a rm a i n t e n a n c e ? W h at co m p ar i so nn eed s t o b e m ad e w i t h r eg ar d t o l i f esp an ? Mat ch t h e w o r d s ( l - 6 ) f r o m t h e d i scu ssi o n t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- 0 . 1 appr opr iat e/ su it abt e a t h e r igh t sot u t ionf or a par t icu larsit u at ion 2 con sist en t / r et iable b good en ou ghf or t h e in t en dedf u n ct ion 3 cost -effect ive/ economical c per f or m sa f u n ct ion w e[ . 4 effect ive d w or ksqu ickt yan d w ell 5 efficient e makest he most of resources,isn't w ast eful 6 sufficient / adequat e f doesn 'tbr eakdow n ,at w aysper f or m sin t h e sam ew ay Make t he f ollow ing w or ds negat ive by adding t he pr ef ixes in- or un- . l adequ at e 2 3 4 5 ap p r o p r i at e co n si st en t econ om ical ef f ect ive i\ 4áeqr ^ at ! e Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s 6 7 8 9 ef licient r eliable su f f i ci en t su i t a b l e d 3a ) t O.t t ist en again. What issues do Mike, Lor et a and Hanif agr ee and disagr eeon? The f ollow inginf or m at ionis f r om t he w eb sit e of Sigm a Pow er ,a f ir m t hat advisescor por at e and gover nm entclient s on w ind ener S/ pr oiect s. Com plet et he t ext using t he w or ds in Exer cise2c. E E E The f act t hat w ind t ur binesconsum eno f uel and w ast e ver y lit t leener gyis clear lya f undam ent al ar e t hey? Key f igur es advant age.But j ust f iev7 e$$cr er r t Clear ly,w ind t ur binesneed t o be locat edon r elat ivelyw indy sit esin or der t o f unct ion.Fr om a ? m et eo r o l o g i caI st an d p o i n tw, h at k i n d so í g eo g r ap h i cal I o cat i o nar e t h e m o st Tur binesar e gener allyplacedat t he t ops of t all t ow er s,w her e w ind speedsar e highel t hus . W h at o t h er p o si t i o n i n g f act o r s i n f l u en cep er f o r m an ce? m ak i n gt h em m o r e E W i n d t u r b i n esr ar e| y Í u n ct i o n co n t i n u o u s| y , d u et o t h ef act t h at w i n d sp eed sar e- ' Ho w si g n i f i canits t h e i m p acto f v ar i ab l e w eat h er co n d i t i o n so n p o w er g en er at i n gcap aci t y ? E f o r i t t o b e r el i edu p o n Th e g en er at i n gcap aci t yo f w i n d t u r b i n esi s g en er al l y g en er at i n g l yr o v i d e? p er cen t ag e w i n d t u r b i n esr eal i st i cal p cap aci t y can o f t o t al W h at 100% . I Tr ansm it t ing elect r icit yover long dist ancesis inher ent ly , due t o pow er lossf r om p o w er l i n es.Fi n do u t m o r eab o u t t h e ad v an t ag eso f g en er at i n g o v er h eado r u n d er g r o u n d p o w er l o cal l y . I So m e e a r | y w i n d t u r b i n e sW e r e - , su f f e r i n 9 b r e a k d o w n sc a u se d b y i n a x i a | st r essesst em m ingf r om higherw ind loadson t he upper blade. How evel t his pr oblem has been o v er co m eo n m o d er nu n i t s.Lear nm o r eab o u t t h e t ech n i ca| ev o l u t i o n o f w i n d t u r b í n es at { You ar e engineer sat Sigm a Pow er .The m ar ket ingm anager has asked you t o pr ovide som e t echnicalansw er sf or t he f r equent lyasked quest ions sect ion of t he com pany'sw ebsit e.The FAO sect ion is aim ed pr im ar ily at pot ent ial client sw ho ar e t hinking of inst allingw ind t ur bines at t heir sit es - f act or ies,of f ice com plexes,hospit als,and univer sit ycam puses.ln pair s, discusst he f ollow ingquest ionsand w r it e t he answ er sf or t he w ebsit e using t he inf or m at ionin t he f act f ile and your ow n know ledge. Wh at ' st h e b ig ad v an t agof e h av in ga w in dt u r b in eat m y sit e? , iv ent h at w eat h ercon d it ionar s e as a sou r ceof p ow er g How d ep en d ab le ar ew in d t u r b in es ch an g eab le? r elat iv teo n at u r alf act or ssu chas f or w in dt u r b in es, Wh at k in d sof sit ear e m ostsu it ab le h ills,t h e coast ,an d h eig h tab ov esealev el? locat ionf or m y w ind t ur bine,r elat ivet o localf eat ur eson t he What 'st he m ost appr opr iat e sit e,su chas t r eesan d b u ild in g s? -''!lrF Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es 79 I Descr ibingphysicalf or ces 4 a Read t he f oilow ingar t icr e.w hat is a sor ar t ow er and how does it use t he f or ces of expansionand pr essur e? j 9L\ j J 7bt u., cr u u e b rcrrrcltc energy? .Í { ) I y! ; ls Th en eedt o d ev el o pr en ew ab l en e er g yi s w i d el yseenas a f u t u r i st i tcech n o l o g i cal ch al l en g e. I n r eal i t yso , m eo f t h e m ost ef f ect ivew aysof har nessinghor sepow erf r om nat ur e ar e basedon concept st hat haveexist edf or donkey'syear s. Th ew i n dt u r b i n ei s an o b v i o u sex am p l e.An o t h er- l ess w el l k n o w n ,b u t co n cei v ed al m o sta cen t u r yag o- i s t h e so l art o w ero r so l arch i m n eyAn . d i f t h e Au st r al i an co m p an y En v i r o Mi ssi oco n m p l et es an am b i t i o u sso l art o w erp r o j ect i n t h e New So u t hW al esd eser t t, h e t ech n o l o g co y uld cap t u r en o t j u st t h e su n ! r ay sb u t t h e p u b l i c' si m ag i n at i o n w o r l d w i d e. Th ef i r mi s p l an n i n gt o co n st r u cta t o w era h i g h .l f b u i l t ,i t w i t lb e t h e w o r l d ' s co l o ssal o n ek i l o m et r e t al l estst r u ct u r eb y a h u g em ar g i n . Howit works A l ar g eg l assen cl o su r ei s b u i l t ,w i t ha ch i m n eyat i t s cen t r e. Th esu n h eat st h e en cl o su r e, cau si n gex p an si o no f t h e ai r i n si d e.At t h e t o p o f t h e ch i m n eyt,h e l o w ert em p er at u ran e d l o w erp r essu r ed u et o t h e h i g h eral t i t u d ecr eat ea p r essu r e dif f er ent ialknow nas st ackef f ect .This causesair t o f low u p t h e ch i m n eyEl . ect r i ci tiys g en er at ed b y t u r b i n esat t h e b o t t o mo f t h e ch i m n eyw, h i char ed r i v enb y t h e f l o wo f ai r . Th eb i g g ert h e ar eao f g l assan d t h et al l ert h e ch i m n eyt,h e g r eat ert h e ai r f l o wan d t h e h i g h ert h e g en er at i n cap g aci t y . b W h at p h y si cal f o r ces w o u l d act o n a so l ar t o w er I k m h i g h ? c ) t o . z su , a st r u ct u r ar en g i n eer sp eci al i si n g r n t h e d esi g n o f v er y t ai l st r uct ur es, is giving a t alk t o a gr oup of engineer ing st udent s. List en t o t he t al k . W h i ch o f t h e f o r ces i n t h e b o x d o esn ' t sh e m en t i o n ? ! 9n! ing cent rifugalforce compressioncont ract ion expansion frict ion pÍ essureshear t ension t orsion/ t orque Label t he diagr am s using t he f or ces in Exer cise 4c. lEr '. - J- - l cor4PYessro\ 6t l8 ; - EI 80 ,[ É Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es '( D) '# Tir a'Tq ---T44-- 'o11l ) t O. Z Co m p t et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces f r o m t h e t al k u si n g t h e f o r ces i n Ex er ci se 4 c. Li st en ag ai n an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s. 1 So t hot downward force meons t he st ruct ure is in cou^ pyessio\. especiallU neor t he bot t om . 2 . . . a hor izont al load, exer t ed bg air - against one side of t he st ruct ure. 3 Becouse t he st ruct ure is fixed at ground level, and free ot t he t op, t hat generot es forces. 4 . . . w hen elem ent s bend, gou have opposing f or ces: at one side, at t he ot her. 5 ... t he wind effect ivelg t ries t o slide t he st ruct ure along t he ground, and t he foundat ions below t he qround resist t hat . The result of t hat / s f o r ce . . . 6 . . . t he foundot ions need t o relu on wit h t he qround t o resist t he pull- out f or ce, . . . 1 The act ion of t he wind can also generat e . You get a t wist ing f o r ce . . . 8 When concr et e absor bs heot f r om t he sun, Aou get ; as soon as t he sun goes in, t her e's Yo u an d y o u r p ar t n er sp eci al i se i n d esi g n i n g st r u ct u r es f o r el ect r i cal t r an sm i ssi o n g r i d s. Yo u ar e cu r r en t l y w o r k i n g o n a cab l e su p p o r t co n cep t f or pow er lines near w ind f ar m s exposed t o sever e w eat her . You have com e u p w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g d esi g n . ! n p ai r s, h o l d a sh o r t m eet i n g t o ev al u at e y o u r design concept . Explain t he f or ces act ing on t he st r uct ur e. Severe w eat her cable support concept b eam w in d d ir ect ion1 p ivot in g in su lat or s \ :: _____ co l u m n1 1 .\ ____ _ co l u m n2 - v z w i n d d ir ect ion2 - -R - - -\- cables l eg 3 leg 11 t , leg v. \ \ J lpg4 con cn et e f o u n d at i o n s Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s 81 Discu ssin gr elat iv ep er f or m an ce I 5a I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e ad v an t ag es an d d i sad v an t ag es o f ai r an d h i g h sp eed r ai l t r av el . Fo cu s o n t r i p s o f b et w een 5 0 0 k m an d I , 5 0 0 k m , t h e j o u r n ey l en g t h o v er w h i ch p l an es an d t r ai n s o f t en co m p et e f o r t h e sam e passenger s. Read t h e ex t r act f r o m an ar t i cl e ab o u t t r an sp o r t i n a p o p u l ar sci en ce an d t ech n o l o g y m ag azi n e an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s. I 2 3 W h at f act o r ssh o u l d b e co n si d er edi n t h e co m p ar at i v ean al y si sd escr i b ed ? W h at i s t h e p u r p o se o f t h e co m p ar at i v ean al y si s? W h at su g g est i o ni s m ad e ab o u t Eu r o p e? convenience, ef f iciency, and Qpeed, f our f act or s Jenür onm ent al- f r iendliness: wit h which t o assess t he relat ive effect iveness of different long-dist ance, mass-t ransport solut ions f or passenger s. Technology: t he key crit erion in det ermining what t ransport solut ions ar e available. And dist ance: t he m ain consider at ion w hen cat egor ising r out es. Blend t hese variables t oget her in varying quant it ies, and you have a model for calculat ing t he opt imum way of moving people. On a European scale, whichever way you mix t he various crit eria, t he most advant ageous way oÍ get t ing people around t he heart of t he cont inent seem s t o be on high- speed, elect r ic t r ains. Find w or ds in t he t ext in Exer cise 5b t o m at ch t o t he f ollow ing def init ions. W h i ch o n e o f t h e w o r d s h as a p l u r al f o r m ? 6a 1 st an d ar d b y w h i ch y o u j u d g e so m et h i n g 2 f act o r si t u at i o nw h i ch i n f l u en cest h e r esu l t o f so m et h i n g 3 n u m b e r ,a m o u n t o r si t u a t i o nw h i c hc a n c h a n g e What do you know about Fr ance's high- speed t r ain, t he TGV? What is it s nor m al oper at ing speed? What is t he appr oxim at e lengt h of t he t r ain? Read t he f act s about t he w or ld speed r ecor d set by t he TGV. Com par e t he w or ld r ecor d j our ney w it h a nor m al TGV j our ney, u si n g y o u r an sw er s i n Ex er ci se 5 a. Wor ld Sp eed Recor df or an I n - Ser v ice Passen g erTr ain Dat e loi" t i" n Tr ain Recor d 82 I Ap r i l 3 , 2 0 0 7 on Fiance:Par ist o St r asbour gline t r ack sl i g h t l Ym o d i f r ed St ándár dTGV Wit h f ew er coaches 574. 8km / h Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es C ) f O. l An d r ej , a co n su l t i n g en g i n eer sp eci al i si n g i n r ai l t ech n o l o g y , i s t al k i n g about t he TGV w or ld speed r ecor d. List en t o t he t alk and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. Ov er al l , h o w h eav i l ym o d i f i edw as t h e t r ai n ? How long w as t he r ecor d- br eakingTCV? W h y w as so m e o f t h e b o d y w o r k m o d i f i ed ? W h y w as t h e d i am et er o f t h e w h eel sch an g ed ? I 2 3 4 d ) f o. l List en again and com plet e t he f ollow ing t able about t he m odif ied TGV using t he f igur es in t he box. + 680/ o + 79olo - t5olo - 509o Technical crit eria + 80o/ o Modified TGV: % difference from st andard model Maxim u mspeed Tr ain len gt h ( w it h coach es) Aer odyn am icdr ag Diam et erof w h eels Mot or pow erou t pu t g Com plet e t h e f ollow in g sen t en ces f r om t h e t alk by u n der lin in g t h e cor r ect w or ds. 1 The record speed exceeded t he st andard operat ing speed bg a t ing/ hllt p margin. 2 The t rain was modified t o a ceft ain/ considerable ext ent ... 3 ... t he modified t rain was significant lg/ slight lg short er, ... 4 ... changes were made t o t he bodgworlt , t o moke it slight lg/ much more aer o d g n am i c. . . 5 The wheels on t he modified t rain were marginallg/ subst ant iallg bigger ... 6 ... t he power of t he elect ric mot ors wos marginallg/ subst ant iallg higher t hon t he st andar d unit s . . . -I ... st andard high-speed t rains con be made t o go fost er bg a slight / considerable amount . f Rew r it e t he f ollow ing sent ences t o descr ibe t he m odif icat ions t hat w er e m ade t o t he TGV f or t he r ecor d at t em pt . Use t he phr ases in Exer cise 6e t o r eplace t he w or ds in bold. I 2 3 4 5 7 Th e su p p l y v o l t ag ei n t h e cat en ar ycab l es h ad t o b e i n cr easedf r o m 2 5 , 0 0 0 t o 3 l . OOO v o l t s. To l i m i t o sci l l at i o n ,t h e t en si o n o f t h e cat en ar ycab l es h ad t o b e i n cr easedb y 60o/ o. On so m e cu r v es,t h e cam b er o f t h e t r ack h ad t o b e i n cr easedb y a f ew cen t i m et r es. Th e 5 7 4 . 8 k m / h r eco r d b eat t h e p r ev i o u sr eco r d ,set i n 1 9 9 0 , b y 5 9 . 5 k m / h . l n p er f ect co n d i t i o n st h e TGV co u l d p r o b ab l y h av e g o n e f ast er b y 5 t o l 0 km/ h. I n pair s, choose a pr oduct or t ype of t echnology you know w ell and com par e it s per f or m ance and qualit y w it h an ear lier m odel, descr ibing t he ext ent of t he dif f er ences. Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es 83 I Descr ib in gcap ab ilit iesan d lim it at ion s 8a Look at t he phot os and r ead t he ext r act s Í r om The St or g of John Paul St app, by Nick T. Spar k, and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions. W h en an d w h er e d o y o u t h i n k i t t o o k p l ace? W h at d o y o u t h i n k t h e ai m o f t h e t est w as? W h at d o y o u t h i n k Jo h n St ap p ' sp r o f essi o nw as? W h at eq u i p m en t d o y o u t h i n k w as u sed ? W h a t d o y o u t h i n k h a p p e n e di n t h e e x p e r i m e n t ? I 2 3 4 5 t he sled'sm ovie cam er as'and Wit h f ive secondst o go St appact ivat ed r ocket sdet onat edw it h a nine p; ; ; ; ; ; J t o. t t . ,t ot t ' ioiii w i" a't and blast ingSt appdow n t he t r ack' t er r if icr oar .sendingot 'iit ut t ' of f ir e ' ' ' sonic w ind hit t he w at er br ake. The r ear of t he sr ed t or e aw ay. The f r onr co n t i n u ed ' h ar d r y sl o w i n g at al r u n t ' i t h J; ; . seco n d w ar er b r ak e. Th en , spr ay exploded f r om t he back oÍ Sonic w in| i. it st opped like it had hit a concr et e w all. ) t O. l List en t o an ext r act f r om a docum ent ar y about t he exper im ent and check your answ er s t o Exer cise 8a. Com plet e t he f ollow ing dat a on t he Sonr c Wind t est using t he f igur es in t he box. r.2 3 I 2 3 4 5 20 46 101s Max so eed : km/ h Accel er at i o nf r o m 0 t o m ax sp eed : Acceler at ion f or ce: Cs Decel er at i o nt i m e: seco n d s Decel er at i o nf o r ce: Cs seco n d s t ist en t o t he next par t of t he docum ent ar y and check your answ er s t o ) t O. S Exer cise 8c. Com plet e t he f ollow ing gr oups of synonym s using t he w or ds in t he box. ablet o capableof copewit h exceed incapabt eof int endedfor srliet t e.d{ o surpass unablet o wit hst and 1 2 3 4 5 6 84 I exposed t o ( a force) / s'^ biect e/ t o r esist ( a f or ceJ| |g o b ey o n d ( a l i m i t ) I Isu i t ab l ef o r ( a u se) I c a nI - l c a n ' tl - l - - Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es I Complet e t he following sent ences about Sonrc Wind using t he correct form of t he w or ds in Exer cise8e. I The bolt sf ixingt he cam er at o t he sled had t o coPe w it h high shearf or ces. gener at ingenor m oust hr ust . 2 The sled'sr ocket sw er epools st op t he sled r apidly. 3 The at t he end of t he t r ackw er ehigh levelsof f r ict ion. 4 The skidson t he sled had t o sever alt onnesof air pr essur e. 5 At f ull speed,John St appw asand r esistt he shockof deceler at ion, 6 The r ear of t he sled w asbroke off. sur vivingf or cesof 17 Gs and above. 7 Doct or st houghtpeoplew er et h e I 7 G lim it b y a h u g em ar g in . 8 Joh n St ap p- 9a You are a consult ant engineer and your firm have received an email from an ent r epr eneurw it h an am bit iousplan. Read t he f ollow ingem ail ext r act and not e t he key inf or m at ion. ! n pair s, discusst he key inf or m at ionin Exer cise9a and consider t he f ollow ingpoint s. o t he levelof G f or ce o a saf elengt hf or t he t r ack o t h e f easib ilit of y u sin gw h eelg o t h e su it ab ilit of y t h e b r ak in g syst em ssuggest ed ) t o.o Jasm ine and Andr ew , consult ingengineer s,ar e discussingt he issues in Exer cise9b. List en and com par e w hat t hey say w it h your ideas from Exercise 9b. ! n pair s, discusst he point s r aised in t heir conver sat ionand m ake not es sum m ar isingyour t hought sin pr epar at ionf or a m eet ingw it h t he ent r epr eneur . Pr epar e a shor t pr esent at ion f or t he ent r epr eneurusing your not es f r om Exer cise9d. St udent A, you ar e t he consult ant engineer .Give t he pr esent at ion. St udent B, you ar e t he ent r epr eneur .List en and ask quest ionsabout specif icdet ails. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise again. I To;JasmineMurray Subiect : The proposal is t o build a rocket sled ride on a desert sit e in West ern Aust r alia.The r idew ill be aim edat w ealt hyt our ist s,and w illallow t hem t o exper iencesuper sonicspeeds.We envisagecar r yingt w o passenger sat a t im e,seat edbehindt he pilot .The idea is inspir ed w hich I 'm sur e you'r ef am iliarw it h. by t he Sonic Wind exper im ent s, However,it goes wit hout saying t hat safet y will be t he number one priorit y,which means t hat e) dremesof accelerat ionand decelerat ion m ust be avoided.For inst ance,a w at er br ake,liket he one used in t he Sonic Wind t est s, is clear lyout of t he quest ion. The sit e is lar geenought o accom m odat ea t r ack up t o 16 km long,t houghI r eckon 1Okm w ould be adequat e.Accor dingt o m y rough ca| cu| at ions,t hat wou| d be sufÍ icientt o al| ow progressive acceler at ionup t o and t hr ought he sound bar r iert o about 350 m / s, t o a st andst illw it houtexceeding2 G and pr ogr essivedeceler at ion ( 20 m/ s,) ,while st ill leavingt hree t o four kilomet resof t rack as a safet y margin.However,I 'm not an engineer,so would appreciat e your pr of essional opinionon t hat . I assum et he m ost suit ab| evehic| e ln t er m soÍ basic t echno| ogy, w ould be a r ail- m ount ed sled, w it h st eelskids t hat gr ip t he t r ack, aboveand below t he r ails,t o pr eventder ailing,and avoid pr oblem s w it haer odynam iclif t .I assum ew heelsw ouldn'tbe f easiblegivent he speeds involved,t houghI 'm not 100% sur e about t hat ,Per hapsyou can advise.Pr opulsionw ould be pr ovidedby a r ocketor air cr af t . j et . I alreadyhave a consult antsourcing a suit ableengine, however,so t hat angleis beinglookedint o. As f ar as your inputis concer ned,t he m ain ar eaw her e I need your exper t iseis on t he br akingsyst em .As I said, violentbr akingis out of t he quest ion.As I see it , suit ablygent leopt ionsincludesyst em st hat app| yfrict iont o t he rai| s,aerodynamicÍ | aps,parachut es,or reversed enginet hr ust .But , again,I 'm not an engineerso , I look f or w ar dt o discussingyour t hought son t hese issues. -":ar Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es 85 This glossary cont ainsuseful t echnicalw ords from t he t exB and audioscript sw hich are not coveredspecificallyin t he exercises. b ear in g mechanismcont ainingballs or rollers placed around a componentw hich spins, e.g. a shaft , t o reduce frict ion belt ( drivebelt ) , closed band placed around t w o or more w heels( pulleys) allow ingone w heel t o drive t he ot her( s) cab le rope made of many w ires, usually met al com p on en t individual part of an assembly/ mechanism elect romagnet ic ed magnet icfie| d haí uses an e| ect rica| | generat y foundat ion base support inga building or st ruct ure,usually made of concret e gears w heelsw it h cogs ( t eet h)w hich mesh t oget her t o t ransfer drive from one w heel t o t he ot her w heret he w heelsare side by side inert ia t he resist anceof an obt ect t o accelerat ionor decelerat iondue t o it s mass lu b r ican t | iquidor viscous so| id ( e.g.oil) used t o reducefrict ion bet w eenmovingpart s w hose surÍ acesare t ouching ( elect ric)mot or device w hich t ransformselect ricalenergy int o rot ary mot ion p ile foundat ioncomprisinga vert ical column of concret ein t he ground propeller device w it h spinning blades used t o push boat s or aircraft t hrough w at er or air reinforcement net w orksoffibres or bars placed inside a mat erial t o st rengt henit , e.g. st eel reinforcementin concret e remot e cont rol siyst emused t o cont rol a device or vehiclefrom a dist ance,usuallyvia a w irelessconnect ion sheave alt ernat ivet erm for pulley ( seebert above) solar pow er energy from sunlight convert edint o elect ricalenergy st rengt h-t o-w eight rat io t oughnessof a mat eria| ( abi| it yt o resist breaking)re| at ivet o it s densit y ( densit y = masí vo| ume) st ruct uralengineer engineerspecialisingin t he design of st ruct ures,e.g. bridges w in d load force exert ed on a st ruct ureby t he w ind w ireless signal t ransmissionw it hout a physicalconnect ionby w ire, e.g. by radio w avesor infraredw aves aggrega[ e solid part iclesor lumps of mat erial used in a mixt ure,e.g. sand and gravel in concret e aut omot ive relat ed t o vehicle design and manulact uring b lad e cut t ing device,oft en met al w it h a sharp or t oot hed edge cement lime-basedpow der mixed w it h w at er t o make concret e chassis base of a vehiclet o w hich all main component sare fixed composit e ( mat erial) combined mat erials;consist sof a bulk mat erial ( calleda mat rix) reinforcedw it h fibres or bars, e.g. glassreinforcedplast ic [ plast icmat rix w it h glass fibres) conduct or mat erial t hat conducB ( carrieslelect ricit yor heat - in engineering,usually refierst o an elect rical conduct or elect rolysis passing an elect ricalcurrent t hrough a liquid or solid in order t o separat echemicalcompounds exhaust syst em for evacuat ingsmoke or gases, e.g. from an engine galvanized coated with zinc - us€ d to protect steel from corrosion (rustingl in su lat ion prot ect ivelayer t o preventor reduceconduct ionof heat or elect ricit y ironmongery collect ivet erm for small met al it ems commonlyused in buildings,e.g. door handles,hinges,screw s,nails kinet ic energy energy in t he form of movement ,e.g. a spinningw heel melt dow n change a solid subst anceint o a liquid by heat ing it membrane t hin layer of mat erial,oft en act ing as a barrier, e.g. t o preventw at er passing punct ure hole causing a leak of air or liquid, e.g. in a t yre rust common name br iron oxide - producedw hen iron corrodesas a result of exposuret o air and w at er scrap used/ recoveredmat erial int endedfor recycling;oft en referst o met al 108 Glossar yof t echnicatt er m s acet y l en e g as com m on lym ix edw it h ox y g enin w eld in g( ox y - acet y len e) b al l ast d en sem at er ialu sedt o ad d w eig h t ,e. g .as a cou n t er - b alan ce or t o r esist lif t cab l e t i e plast ic st rap used t o fix severalcables t oget her side by side, or t o fix cables t o a support ingst ruct ure cast i n g p ou r in gm olt enm at er ialin t o a m ou ld ear t n elect r icalcon n ect ionb et w eena cir cu itan d t h e g r ou n d live in a m ain select r icalcir cu it ,t h e w ir et h r ou g hw h ichcu r r en tf low sin t o an ap p lian ce- also m ean sa cir cu it t f low in g ) is en er g ised( cu r r en is m ach in in g collect iv et er m f or p r ocessesin v olv in gcu t t in g ,d r illin g ,et c. m illin gm ach in e m ach in eWit hcu t t in gw h ee| su sedt o cu t aw ayt h e su r f aceof m et á|in t h in | ay er s n eu t r al in a m ain select r icalcir cu it ,t h e w ir et h ou g hw h ichcu r r en tf low sou t of an ap p lian ce b lack b olt in con st r u ct ionan , or d in ar yb olt cab let r ay lon g m et alp lat eon w h ichcab lesar e laid - d esig n edt o su p p or tlar g en u m b er sof cab les co lu m n vert ical support in a st ruct ure const ruct ionj oint ioint beMeen t w o sect ionsof concret et hat w ere poured at differentt imes ( w hereconcret est ruct uresare poured in severalst ages) d u ct large sect ion pipe, w it h a circular or square profile,for carrying air; or a prot ect ivecover for cables or hoses f ab r i cat i o n making/ assembling, oft en used t o describe met alw ork f ixings collect ivet erm ficr bolt s, screw s,rivet sand clips high st rengt hfrict ion er ip [ HSFG)b olt bolt w hich holds plat es t oget her by frict ion ( grippingt hem t ight ly t oget her)rat her t han by shear force M&E abbreviat ionfor mechonicaland elect rical - in const ruct ion,referst o elect ricalinst allat ions,w at er p ip es,air - con d it ion in et g , c. pour lconcret e) Dlace/ castconcret e slab large flat area of concret e,for a floor or roof 'f u$if f iÉ É cl ear an ce dist ancebet w eencomponent sdesignedt o fit t oget her closely cl u t ch frict ion mechanismallow ingengine mot ion t o be t ransferredt o w heelsprogressively co o l an t l i q u i d i n a co o l i n g sy st em or ag r esist an cet o m ov em en t h r ou g ha g as or liq u id ,e. g .w h ena p lan em ov est h r ou g ht h e air elect ricalcont act point w here t w o elect ricalconduct orsare connect ed engine oft en referst o an int ernal combust ionengine- i.e. one w hich burns pet rol or diesel f an sp in n in gd ev icew it h b lad esu sedt o g en er at ea f low of air f ilt er m at er ialw it h sm all h oleslocat edin a f low of g as or liq u id ;u sed t o b locksolid p ar t icles,e. g .t o p r ev en t t h em f r om d am ag in ga sen sit iv em ech an ismsu ch as a p u m p f| aps moveab| epane| son aircraft WingsWhichincrease| ift t o assist | ow .speedf| ight ' e.g. during t ake.ofíand lan d in g fly-by-w ire aircraft cont rolsw hich operat e moveabledevices( e.9.flaps) elect ronically,rat her t han mechanically fuel iniect ion syst em for inj ect ingfuel vapour int o t he pist on cylinder of an engine e t emperat uregau€ deviceWhichshow sa t emperat urereading g ear b ox casecon t áin in gsh af t sw it h g ear s'u su al| yw it h a g ear sh if tm ech an isma| , | ow in g ear st o b e m ov edt o change bet w eendifferentgear rat ios h y d r au lics h ig h - p r essu roil e cir cu it su sedt o p u sh p ist on scalledh y d r au licr am s isolat e sep ar at ean elect r icalcom p on en or t p ar t of a cir cu itf r om t h e r est of t h e cir cu it- e. g .b y op en in ga sw it ch - t o prevent elect ricit yfrom flow ingt hrough it lan d in gg ear w h eelsof an air cr af t loosecon n ect ion elect r icalcon n ect iont h at is n ot f u llyt ig h t ,of t encau sin gt h e cir cu itt o b e b r ok en ,p r ev en t in gcu r r en t from flow ing m isf ir e w h enan en g in eis n ot r u n n in gsm oot h lyd u e t o a f u el or ig n it ionp r ob lem n on - ser v iceab le ( part ) p ar t t h at can n otb e r ep air edb y m ain t en an ce t ech n ician s, on ly b y t h e m an u f act u r er prst on mechanismw hich t ransferslinear mot ion ( backw ardand forw ard movement )t o rot ary mot ion ( t urning m ov em en t )u, su allyp u sh edb y ex p an d in gg as Glossar yof t echnicalt er m s 109 r ad iat or h eat - ex ch an gdeev icet h at d issip at esh eat in t o t h e air , u su allyf r om a h ot liq u id( e. 9.coolan t )t h at is p u m p edt h r ou g hit sp oiler s m ov eab lep an elson air cr af tw in g sw h ichin cr eased r ag an d r ed u celif t i u sedt o slow air cr af tw h en d escen d in gan d on lan d in g st art er mot or e| ect r icm ot or in an en g in eu sed t o t u r n t h e en €in e in or d er t o st ar t it r u n n in g su sp en sion m ov eab lecon n ect ionb et w eena v eh icle' sch assisan d it s w h eels,con sist in gof sp r in g san d d am p er s t anK con t ain erf or st or in gllq u id t h r ot t le acceler at orcon t r olon an en g in e t urbine t r an sf or m sa f low of f lu id ( liq u idor g as) in t o r ot ar ym ov em en te. , g .a w in d t u r b in e VAI VC m ech an ismf or op en in g / closin g / r est r ictt in h egf low of g as or liq u idalon ga p ip e Un i t 6 b eam lon g ,n ar r owh or lzon t alcom p on en tin a st r u ct u r e co r e d r i l l h ole- sawf or d r illin gt h r ou g ht h ick m at er ials cr a n e m ach in ef or lif t in gh eav yob j ect s,ab le t o r eachsig n if icanht eig h t san d d ist an ces;in clu d esm ob ilecr an es ( w h ichw h eel) t, ow ercr an es( w h ichar e su p p or t edb y a f ix ed t ow er )an d g an t r ycr an es( w h ichr u n alon g b eam s) dynam ic r elat edt o m ov em en te. , g .a d y n am icload [ : a load g en er at edb y a m ov in gob j ect ) C-f orce f o r c e o fa c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t iIo Ci n : se q u i v a l e n t t o t h e f o r c e oafc c e l e r a t i o n e x e r t e d b y g r a v i t y j ib m ov eab lear m of a cr an e l i f t i n g ey e r in g f ix ed t o a h eav yob j ectallow in ga h ook ( e. 9.of a cr an e)t o b e at t ach edt o en ab lelif t in g l o w - l o ad er t r u ck w it h a low f lat t r ailer ,u sed f or t r an sp or t in glar g eh eav yv eh icles,esp eciallycon st r u ct ionp lan t sl i n g s f lat st r ap sw h ichcan b e at t ach edt o cr an eh ook san d p lacedu n d erob j ect sin or d er t o lif t t h em t h r u st p u sh in €f or ce,e. g .g en er at edb y ex p an d in gg asesex it in ga r ock et Unit 7 air in let p oin t w h er eair en t er sa d ev iceor p r ocess- t h e op p osit eis air ou t let ar c elect r icalcu r r en tt r av ellln ga sh or t d ist an cet h r ou g ht h e air t o f low b et w eent w o con d u ct or s Dlow er p u m p - lik em ech an ismw h ichg en er at esair f low cir cu itb r eak er elect r icald ev icew h ichin st an t lyb r eak sa cir cu it( sw it ch es of f t h e p ow ersu p p ly )as a saf et ym easu r eif a v ar iat ionin cu r r en tis d et ect ed ex t in g u ish er ( f ir eex t in g u ish er ) d ev iceu sedf or p u t t in gou t f ir es;u su allya m et alcon t ain erw it h a h oseor n ozzlecon t ain in gw at er ,CO, , p ow d eror f oam g u ar d r ail saf et yr ail d esig n edt o p r ev en tp eop lef allin gf r om h ig h p laces m et alcon t ain erw h ichcon t ain scom p r essedg as, of t enin liq u ef iedf or m h an dr ail ( asg u ar d r ail,ab ov e) load - b ear in g d escr ib esa p ar t of a st r u ct u r eor assem b lyt h at is d esig n edt o r esisUt r an sm fitor ce m oist u r e- sen sit lv e can b e d am ag edb y w at er off-cut s w ast ep ieceslef t ov er af t er cu t t in g sh ot - b last in g f ir in gsm all m et alb allsp r op elledb y com p r essedair as an ab r asiv eclean in gp r ocess st l o lar g econ t ain erf or st or in gb u I k€ran u | ar m at er ialssu chas g r ain st r ain ch an €e in size/ sh ap e of a com p on en t( e' g 'st r et ch in gd) u e t o f or ce sw it ch b oar d con t r olp an elcon t ain in gsev er alsw it ch esf or all t h e in d iv id u alcir cu it sof an elect r icalin st allat ion sw it ch g ear collect iv et er m f or sw it ch in geq u ip m en t t r an sf or m er elect r icald ev icef or m od if y in gcu r r en tan d v olt ag e- a st ep - u pt r an sf or m erin cr easesv olt ag ean d r ed u ces cu r r en t ,a st ep - d ow nt r an sf or m erd ecr easesv olt ag ean d in cr easescu r r en t Unit 8 AC Alt er n at in gCu r r en t au t om at ion au t om at iccon t r olof a sy st em ,d ev iceor p r ocess CAD d r aw in g s Com p u t erAid ed Desig n- com p u t ersof t w ar ef or p r od u cin gen g in eer in g con v €y or b eI t m ov in gb elt w h icht r an sp or t sob j ect sh or izon t allyof i t enu sed in m an u f act u r inpgr ocessesan d w ar en ou ses d ow n st r eam f u r t h erd ow nt h e d ir ect ionof f low ( e. g .in a r iv er ) ;u sed in en g in eer in g t o d escr ib ein d u st r lalp r ocesses an d t h e f low of liq u id / airin p ip e/ d u ctn et w or k s( op p osit e= u p st r eam ) elect r icu t ilit y com p an yw h ichg en er at eselect r icit yat p ow erst at ion s 110 Gl o ssar yo f t ech n i caIt er m s I elect r icalch ar g e st ored elect ricit y( pot ent ialelect ricalenergy) ex ot h er m icr eact ion chemicalreact ionw hich producesheat ( opposit e - endot hermicreact ion,w hich absorbs heat ) f low m ov em en of t a su b st an ce,u su allya liq u idor g as ( e. 9.alon ga p ip e) g izm o slang t erm for a t echnicaldevice,usuallyelect ronic- suggest st he device is complex hydroelect ricpow er elect ricit ygenerat edusing w at er pressure( hydrost at icpressure) m ain select r icit y d om est icelect r icit ysu p p lysy st em m an u al cont rolledby a person - t he opposit e is aut omat lc refrigerat ion processof coolingt o t emperat uresbelow at mospherict emperat ure reservoir p ow er m an - m ad elak ef or st or in gw at er ,u su allyf or d r in k in gw at eror h y d r oelect r ic st andby ( on st andby) w hen a device is ready t o operat e immediat ely,e.g. a TV t hat is ready t o sw it ch on w hen it receivesa remot econt rol signal vessel closed t ank w hich can hold a pressuregreat er t han t he at mosphericpressureout side it aer od y n am ics st udy of airflow e.g. over movingvehiclesand aircraft aer on au t ical relat ed t o t he design and const ruct ionof aircraft cent re of gravit y t heoret icalpoint on t he cross-sect ionof an obj ect from w hich t he obiect s mass is t ransmit t edvert ically dow nw ardsdue t o gravit y com p r essor device for pressurisinggas ( usuallyair) inside a vessel or net w orkof pipes/ hoses d at a g at h er in € collect ingand recordingt he result sof t est s for lat er analysis d ef or m ab le can ch an g esh ap e d ep loy release/ ej ecvopen, e.g. w hen skydiverspull t he cord oft heir parachut e,t he parachut eis deployed d est r u ct ib le can be / is designedt o be broken/ dest royed DI Yst ore Do lt Yourselfst ore - hardw are/ home improvement sst ore selling building mat erialsand t ools t o con su m er s pressuregauge devicew hich show sa pressurereading,e.g. in bar or psi [ poundsper square inch) t u r b u len ce dist urbed airflow - i.e. air not flow ingsmoot hlyaround an obiect v acu u m volumecont ainingno gas, e.g. space w in d sh ield glass at front of a vehicleor aircraft w hich t he driver or pilot looks t hrough, also called a w indscreenin Br it ishEn g lish ;Sffilffi bodyw ork t he ext ernal skin of a vehicle;usuallyconsist sof severalpanels cam b er angle t hat is inclinedfrom horizont al,usuallyat 90 degreest o t he direct ion of t ravel, e.g. t he camber of a road ( t heslope of t he road across it s w idt h) cat enary dow nw ardcurved line of a cable w hen suspendedbet w eent w o support s coast al defences large w alls, blocks, et c., const ruct edt o prot ect t he coast from sea/ oceanerosion corrode degradeas a result ofa chemicalreact ion,e.g. iron t urning t o iron oxide ( rust )w hen exposed t o w at er an d air cor r osr on result of mat erial corroding( seeabove) d er ail come off t he rails, e.g. t rains can be derailed det onat e t rigger an explosion fail-safe cannot fail / go w rong - oft en used t o describesafet y syst ems horsepow er hist oric unit of pow er,has been replaced by Wbt t s but st ill used t o describe pow er out put from engines in axial not in a st raight line opposing forces forcesact ing in opposit e direct ions oscillat ion wave pattern reverset hrust t hrust direct ed in t he opposit edirect iont o t hat w hich a vehicle/ aircraftis t ravellingin, int ended t o slow t he vehicle/ aircraft rpm revolut ionsper minut e,used t o measuret he speed of rot ary mot ion sled vehiclet hat slides along ( i.e.does not havew heels) ,e.g. a sled designedt o t ravel over snow st ress t he force( s)exert edon an oblect , e.g. t ensilest ress in a cable t hat is being pulled in opposit e direct ions superst ruct ure t he part of a st ruct uret hat is above ground level - t he opposit e is t he subst ruct ure Gt ossar yof t echnicalt er m s 111 I 1.1 Pau la: Ob v iou slyn av ig at ionis t h e p r im ar y ap p licat ionof m ost GPS d ev ices. José :Su r e. Paula: Then you'vegot associat edapplicat ions, uses t hat are relat ed t o navigat ing,such as t racking syst emsyou can use for monit oring d eliv er yv eh iclesan d f in d in gst olencar s,t h at k in d of t h in g . José :Mm . Paula: And t hen t here are more creat ive feat ures.A good example w ould be on a boat CPS, y ou g et d r if t alar m s.So if t h e an ch orst ar t s t o drag and t he boat st art s moving,t here'sa set t ing on t he cPs t hat allow s it t o det ect t he m ov em en tan , d an alar m sou n d st o w ar n y ou , an d p r ev en t st h e b oat f r om d r if t in gu n n ot iced . José : I see. Pau la: Or an ot h erex am p leon b oat sy st em sis man overboard but t ons.So if you're sailing along an d som eon ef allsin t o t h e sea, y ou h it a b u t t on , w h ichlog st h e p osit ionan d en su r est h at y ou don't lose t rack of w here you w ere,w hich t hen en ab lesy ou t o t u r n r ou n dan d com e b ack t o t h e sam e p oin t an d f in d t h e p eBon . José :Rig h t . Pau la: So, t h esear e t h e k in d sof ap p licat ion s w e w ant t o develop, more specialised,and more creat ive. José : So, effect ive| y'you're not t a| kingabout Wh at y ou ' r er eallylook in g t ech n icalin n ov at ion s. for is innovat ivew ays of act ually using t he t echnology. Paula: Precisely.Because t hese days, from t he en d - u ser sp oin t of v iew ,accu r acyis n o lon g er t h e m ain sellin gp oin t .Most d ev icesar e accu r at e en ou g h .Th e k ey is t o m ak et h em m or e u sef u l.So in t er m sof d ev elop m en t ,h at ' st h e k in d of . . . - 1.2 Jam es: Th e en g in eer in gch allen g eof con n ect in g a sat ellit et o ear t h u sin ga cab le is, ob v iou sly , significant .I n order t o support it s ow n w eight , an d b e secu r elyat t ach edat each en d , t h e cab le w ou ldr eq u ir ea p h en om en alst r en g t h - t o- w eig h t r at io.Car b on n an ot u b em at er ialsm ig h t ,on e day, be up t o t he iob. And l'll t alk about t hose in d et ail lat er on . How cou ldv eh iclesb e r aisedin t o sp ace,u p t h e cab le?Well, u sin ga self - con t ain ed en er g ysou r cew ou ldb e p r ob lem at ic,d u e t o t h e w eight of fuel or bat t eries required t o pow er t he vehicle.There are t w o possible w ays round t his problem: t ransmit t ingelect ricit yw irelessly,or u sin gsolar p ow er .Th e f ir st t ech n iq u eis on ly in t he early st ages of research.The second w ould allow t h e v eh iclet o ascen don ly v er y slow ly , t h ou g ht h is w ou ld n ' tn ecessar ilyb e a p r ob lem , as t he car could be cont rolled remot ely,allow ing it t o t r an sp or tp ay load sas an u n m an n edv eh icle. I 1.3 James: The oft hore base st at ion w ould be support ed by a float ing st ruct ure,w hich could be at t ached t o t he seabed by anchors.Payloads could be carried from t he shore t o t he st at ion b y sh ip b ef or eb ein glif t edin t o or b it .Th e m ain advant ageof a float ing mobile st at ion, rat her t h an a f ix ed b ase on lan d ,w ou ldb e t o h elp r ed u cet h e r isk of a collisionb et w eent h e cab le an d on e of t h e m an ylu m p sof sp aced eb r is, 86 I Audí oscript su ch as r ed u n d an tsat ellit es,t h at lit t eror b it al sp ace.Based on car ef u lm on it or in gof d eb r is movement s,in t he case of an alert t he st at ion's an ch or scou ld b e r aisedan d t h e st at ioncou ldb e moved,driven by propellers,t o a new locat ion out of harm'sw ay. - 1.4 I St efan: So, as you can see from t his crosssect ion ,w e' v ecom e u p w it h a com p let elyu n iq u e p r of ile.lt ' s ex clu siv et o t h is com p an yan d u n lik e an y t h in gelseon t h e m ar k et . St efan: One of t he key advant agesof t his new f or m is t h at it d r am at icallyr ed u cesv ib r at ion , w hich w as alw aysa problem before.Obviously, m ach in eslik e t h esecan n ev erb e en t ir elyf r ee f r om v ib r at ionb u t t h e n ew d esig nr u n sex t r em ely smoot hly. 3 St efan: Anot her advant ageof t he new profile is t hat it 's considerablylight er,due t o t he reduced area of t he overall sect ion.So comparedw it h our p r ev iou sr an g e,it s h ig h lyef f icien tesp , eciallyin ap p licat ion tsh at r eq u ir econ t in u alst ar t in gan d st op p in g w , h er elow in er t iais im p or t an t . L St efan: We're st ill conduct inglong-t erm reliabilit yt est s, but t rials so far suggest t he d esig nis ex cep t ion ally d u r ab le,p r im ar ilyas a result of t he low vibrat ion levels.We exoect it t o b e sig n if ican t ly m or e r eliab let h an r iv al u n it s t h at ar e on t h e m ar k et ,w h ichis ob v iou slyan im p or t an tsellin gp oin t . I 1.5 Richard: lf you're t alking t o non-specialist s,and y ou st ar t u sin gj ar g on ,t h en t o y ou r au d ien ce, it ' siu st g oin gt o sou n dlik e n on sen se.Th at ' s on e or ob lem .An ot h err elat esn ot so m u cht o language,but t o t he complexit yof t he t echnology you're t alking about . Even if you use everyday | an g u ag e, t h e en g in eer in €con cep tit se| fm ig h t st ill b e d if f icu ltt o ex p lain .An d t h at can m ak et h e su b iectv er y h eav yg oin g ,an d q u it ed u ll,w h ich is obviously not w hat you w ant . How ever,I t hink it 's import ant not t o oversimplifyt hings.There's n ot h in gw or set h an b ein gsp ok ent o as if y ou ' r ea ch ild .You d on ' t w an t t o sou n dp at r on isin g . I 1.6 Richard: lt 's obviously best t o use everyday lan g u ag eas f ar as p ossib le.Bu t I d on ' t t h in k t h at m ean sav oid in €j ar g onalt og et h erl. f in d t h e b est , to ap p r oach ,so as n ot t o sou n dp at r on isin gis u se a cer t ainam ou n tof t ech n icallan g u ag e,an d t hen immediat e| yaft erw ardsgive st rai€ h t foMard ex p lan at ion of s w h at it m ean su sin gev er y d ay w or d s.Wh en it com est o ex p lain in gt r ick y t ech n icalcon cep t s,a g ood t ech n iq u eis t o m ak e comparisonsbet w eent he t echnicalpoint you're t rying t o illust rat eand t hingsfrom everydaylife t h at p eop lear e f am iliarw it h ,t o h elpt h em p ain t a p ict u r ein t h eir m in d s.An d t h en t o h elp lig h t en t h in g su p , an d st op t h in g sf r om sou n d in gd u ll, I t h in k it ' sg ood t o u se a b it of h u m ou ras w ell,an d maybe a few amusinganecdot es. - 7.7 Richard: As you can see, w e've st art ed w ork on t h e su b st r u ct u r e, in ot h er w or d st h e p ar t of t h e st r u ct u r et h at s b elowg r ou n dlev el.Th e f ou n d at ion ar s e con cr et ep iles.Basicallya, p ile is a colu m ng oin gd ow n in t o t h e g r ou n d .An d w e're using w hat w e call bored in sit u concret e, in ot h er w or d s,w e b or e,or d r ill,a h ole in t h e g r ou n d ,an d con cr et e' p s ou r edin in sit u ,w h ich m ean sit ' sact u allyp ou r edon t h e con st r u ct ion sit e, in it s final posit ion.An alt ernat iveis t o use w hat w e refer t o as ore-castdriven oiles. Precast referst o t he fact t hat t he oiles are made at a fact oryaw ay from t he sit e, before being d eliv er edTh . ey ' r et h en d r iv enin t o t h e g r ou n d . Th ey ' r eh am m er edin w it h a p ile d r iv erw h ich , p u t sim p ly ,is iu st lik e a g ian t h am m er An . d t h ey d on ' t iu st d r iv e in p iles,t h ey d r iv eev er y on e m ad w it h t h e con st an tb oom - b oom - b oom all d ay lon g .So, t h an k f u llyf or ou r ear s,w e' r en ot u sin gt h at t ech n iq u e.I n st eadw , e' r eb or in gt h e j u st p iles.Th e p ile au g er ov er t h er e is ef f ect iv ely lik e a g ian t d r ill.As it d r illsin t o t h e g r ou n d ,w e p u m p a sp ecialliq u idcalledb en t on it ein t o t h e h ole.Essen t iallyit, ' sa k in d of clay su sp en siona, sort of mud. And t hat orevent st he w alls of t he h olef r om collap sin gin w ar d s.So w h ent h e h ole' s f in ish ed ,it ' sf u ll of b en t on it e.lt look sj u st lik e a b ig m u d d yp u d d leon t h e g r ou n d .Ob v iou slyit , 's not a good idea t o st ep in one, like a colleague of m in eon ced id . an d t h en h ad t o d r iv e h om ein h is u n d er p an t sf or a ch an g eof clot h es.So, on ce t h e h ole' sb een b or edan d f illedw it h b en t on it e. t hey low er in some st eel reinforcement And . t hen concret e'spumped in. And becauset he concret e is d en sert h an t h e b en t on it e,it d isp lacesit . So, in simple t erms, if you pict urea glass full of w at er an d im ag in ep ou r in gcon cr et ein t o t h e g lass,t h e w at er w ould overflow and you'd end up w it h a glass full of concret e.So, t hat 's piling. lf anyone h as an y q u est ion s,b y t h e w ay ,j u st . . . I 2.1 lrina: The only w ay t o assess t he environment al impact of a given mat erial properly is t o carry out an environment alaudit and analyset he t ot al im p actof t h at m at er ialon t h e en v ir on m en t . I emphasiset ot al impact becauseit 's all t oo easy t o j udge mat erialsand product son single aspect s of t heir ecologicalimpact . As an ex am p le,if w e com p ar et r ad it ion alan d en er g y sav in glig h t b u lb sit ' st em p t in gt o say en er g y saving ones are bet t er becauset hey consume less energy.I n fact , t hat 's only part of t he pict ure. That 'sj ust t he in-use phase.You also need t o consider t he pre-use phase - in ot her w ords,t he en v ir on m en t al im p actof m in in gt h e m at er ials used t o make t he bulbs, of t ransport ingt hose mat erialst o t he fact ory,of manufact uringt hem et cet era.Then t here'st he post -use phase. How easy is it t o recyclespent bulbs? And w hen you st art t o consider a| | of t hese fact oí s,suddenly t he comoarison bet w eenclassic bulbs and t heir energy-savingequivalent sbecomesmuch less clear-cut .Some of t he mat erialsused in energy-savinglight s are problemat icfrom an en v ir on m en t al st an d Doin tb. ot h in t er m sof acq u ir in gt h em an d r ecy clin gt h em .So t h e p oin t is, it 's essent ialt o look at t he w hole pict ure.And d oin gt h at can b e q u it ea com p lext ask , as w e' ll see lat er on . I a 2.2 Sop h ia: OK, so st eelb od y w or kv er su salu m in iu m bodyw ork. Fet e: Wh at ab ou t p r e- u se,t h en ? Sop h ia: Well,I t h in k it t ak esa lot of en er g y t o p r od u cealu m in iu m com , p ar edw it h st eel, b ecau sealu m in iu m ' m s ad e b y elect r oly sis. Pet e: Yeah. So st eel'sbet t er, presumably. Sop h ia: I t h in k so, y eah .Bu t , h an gon a m in u t e, w it h alu m in iu m it , d ep en d sh ow m u chis d er iv ed from ore, and how much is recoveredfrom r ecy cledm at er ial.As f ar as I k n ow r ecy clin g alu m in iu mt ak eslessen er g y So . I ' m n ot r eally su r e. Pet e: Presumably,it 'll be mixed, w on't it ? For a g iv enb at ch ,t h er e' llb e so m u chn ew m at er ial, an d so m u ch r ecy cledm at er ial. Sop h ia: Pr ob ab ly y, eah .OK, so t h at n eed st o b e r esear ch edt,h en . Pet e: ls car bodyw ork galvanisedw hen it 's made from st eel? Sop h ia: Um . . . g ood q u est ion .I ' m n ot su r e. Pet e: lf it is, if it has t o be coat ed w it h zinc, t hen t hat w ould t ake ext ra mat erial and ext ra energy. So t h at ' san im p or t an tcon sid er at ion . Sop h ia: Mm , t r u e.OK, so t h at ' san ot h er q u est iont o n ot e. Pet e: Th en t h er e' st h e en er g ycon su m edw h en t h ey ' r et r an sp or t in gb u lk m et alt o t h e car p lan t . Sop h ia: Pr esu m ab lyalu m in iu mt ak eslessen er g y t o t r an sp or t ,b ein glig h t er . Pet e: I 'd say so, yeah. Sop h ia: OK. Wh at ab ou t m an u f act u r in g ? Pet e: Well,alu m in iu mw ou ldb e lig h t ert o h an d le, w ou ld n ' tit ? lt p r ob ab lyt ak eslessen er g yt o cu t , as w ell. Sop h ia:Yeah .Not su r e w h et h erit t ak esless energy t o w eld, compared w it h st eel. . ot h ert h in g t o ch eckou t . Pet e: Cood q u est ion An Sop h ia: Mm , w h at ab ou t in - u se,t h en ?| assu m e alu m in iu m ' sb et t er b ecau seit ' slig h t er so , y ou con su m elessf u el. Pet e: Yeah .An d it sh ou ldlast lon g er ,as w ell. Sop h ia: Mm , is t h at an en v ir on m en t al con sid er at iont ,h ou g h ? Pet e: Well,y eah ,b ecau seif t h in g slast lon g er , t hey need t o be manufact uredless oft en. So you use ressenergy. Sop h ia: Tr u e.Bu t t h en , is t h e lif esp anof a car d et er m in edb y t h e lif eof it s b od y w or k ? Pet e: Ah. Cood point . Sop h ia: lt ' s u su allyd et er m in edb y t h e ch assis,or t h e en g in e,isn ' t it ? Pet e: ls it ? Sop h ia: Mm , an ot h eron e t o b e r esear ch ed . Pet e: OK, w hat about post -use,t hen? - 2.3 Mar g it : So, in t er m sof t h e m ain com p on en t s, t he conduct or,at t he cent re,is copper or alu m in iu m d, ep en d in gon t h e m od el.Th at ' s e su lat ionan d t h en coat edw it h p oly et h y lenin su r r ou n d edb y st eelw ir e,w h ichp r ov id est h e . t h e st eelob v iou sly ar m ou r edp r ot ect ionAs needs t o be prot ect edfrom moist ure,t here'sa p last icw at er p r oofm em b r an ear ou n dt h at .Th en , t h e w h olet h in g ' ssu r r ou n d edb y an ou t erj ack et w h ich ,ag ain ,is in p last ic- b ased m at er ial. J 2.4 Tob y :Th at ' scer t ain lya scar y look in gcollect ion of t ools. Est h er ;Yes,som eof t h em d o look q u it e m en acin gd, on ' t t h ey ? Tob y : ls t h at t it an iu m ?Th e d r ill h an d le? Est h er : Um . . . y es. Tob y : I ' m an en g in eert,h at ' sw h y l, u m . . . Est her: Oh, I see. Yes,t it anium'sgreat . lt 's ex p en siv e,ob v iou slyb, u t v er y lig h t .Th at ' s t he big advant age.ldeally,you w ant it t o be light w eight ,t o give you bet t er cont rol. Toby: Nn. Est her: These are t he most impressivet hings, t h ou g h ,t h e b u r s on t h e en d .Th e lat eston es can rot at e at over half a million revs oer minut e. Tob y :Nn . Est her: They'recoat ed w it h t ungst encarbide, w h ichI t h in k is on e of t h e h ar d estm at er ialsin ex ist en ce,isn ' t it ? Alon g w it h d iam on d .Th at ' s also u sed . Tob y :Nn . Est h er :Th e k ey r eq u ir em enis t ab r asion resist ance,of course.Obviously,t hey need t o be v er y d u r ab le.An d y ou d on ' t w an t t h em sn ap p in g , eit her.The last t hing you w ant is a brit t le m at er ial.Ap p ar en t lyt,h at w as t h e t r ou b let h ey h ad in t h e p ast , m ak in gt h e b u r t ou g hen ou g hso it d id n ' t b r eak .I t h in k p ar t of t h e p r ob lemw as h eat ,as w ell.Dr illin gin t o a t oot hat h ig h sp eed , y ou ob v iou slyg et a lot of h eat b u ild - u pYou . n eed a g ood d eg r eeof t h er m alst ab ilit y . Tob y : Nn . Est h er :See w h at I m ean ?You can act u allysm ell b u r n in g .An d t h at ' saf t er a f ew secon d s.lm ag in e t h e h eat b u ild - u paf t er sev er alm in u t es. Tob y : Nn . J 2.5 Tom : Sp eak in gas an en g in eerLou , isa,m y v iew is t h at all t h e m at er ialsw e u se sh ou ldb e g en u in ely su it ab lef or m ak in gw at ch es,an d n ot j u st ch osen as m ar k et in gg im m ick s.We' r eof t eng u ilt y ,in m y v iew of u sin gex ot ic- sou n d inm g at er ialst h at ar e n ot p ar t icu lar lysu it ab lef r om a t ech n ical st an d p oin t . Lou isa:Yeah ,I k n oww h at y ou m ean . Tom: A good examplew as t hat debat e w e had on w h et h ert o u se su b m ar in e- g r adst e eel in som e m od els,t o g iv et h e im p r essiont h at t h ey ' r e ex cep t ion ally r esist an t o w at er .OK, su b m ar in e st eel' sg ood at w it h st an d in tgh e p r essu r eof b ein ga m ile b en eat ht h e sea. Bu t it ' s h eav y .lf it 's not coat ed, it s corrosion resist anceis not t hat g ood ,at least com p ar edw it h ot h er m et alslik e t it an iu m .lt ' s also f air lyp oor in t er m sof look s, in my view .Wat er resist anceisn't a quest ion of m et alq u alit y ,it ' sab ou t t h e q u alit yof t h e j oin t s and seals you use. So, as a w at ch mat erial, f or m e, it ' s n ot at all su it ab le.Tr em en d ou sly m ar k et ab le.I ' m su r e,b u t . . . Lou isa: Hm . No, I t ak e y ou r p oin t .Bu t I t h in k it ' s fair t o say t hat w e've never chosen a mat erialfor m ar k et in gr eason st h at ' sin su f t icien t ly d u r ab leor n ot ad eq u at elyb u ilt in an y w ay . Tom : Oh , n o. No, if an y t h in g it , ' sb een t h e reverse.Wb'veused mat erialst hat are over t he t op , so t h ey can b e d escr ib edw it h su p er lat iv es in advert ising. Lou isa: Hm . ld eally ,w e sh ou ldb e u sin gst u f f t hat 's good for w at chesand good for market ing as w ell. Tom : Su r e.Bu t t h at ' seasiersaid t h an d on e. I m ean ,a lot of t h e m at er ialst h at ar e id eal f or t he j ob, in t erms of scrat ch-resist ance, shockresist anceand all t he rest of it , are eit her pret t y or d in ar y or , t h eir com p osit ion ar s e r elat iv ely com p lex ,an d t h ey ' v eg ot com p licat edn am es w h ichm ean st h ey ' r en ot all t h at g ood f or m ar k et in gTh . at ' st h e p r ob lem . Lou isa:Su r e.Bu t t h e ot h er p r ob lemis, consumersare not t echnicalexpert s, and t hey m ak ech oicesb ased on t h eir im p r ession s, r at h er t h an b asedon f act s.Th at s a h ar d com m er cial f act ,as h ar d as su b m ar in est eel. Tom : No, I accep tt h at . Lou isa: So w h at sh ou ldou r ap p r oachb e? lt ' s ob v iou slyn ot an easyq u est ion. . . I 2 3 4 5 6 - 2.6 n ot p ar t icu lar lysu it ab le ex cep t ion ally r esist an t n ot at all su it ab le t r em en d ou sly m ar k et ab le relat ivelycomplex n ot all t h at g ood 3.1 Jan : Wh en y ou look at t h e v ar iou st y p esof p lu g s an d sock et sin d if f er en cou t n t r ies,m ost d esig n s have a basic layout t hat 's exist ed for decades, p in s in t er m sof t h e w ay t h e ar e laid ou t , an d t he profile of t he pins. And as a manufact urer, p osit ion t he of ou r com p an yh as alw ay sb een , basically,t o accept t hat w e're st uck w it h several st andard configurat ions,and t o effect ivelysay t o cu st om er s,w e p r od u ceall t h e m ain f or m at s - t ake w hicheverone you w ant . How eve( as I ' m su r e y ou k n ow m an ycou n t r iesu se p lu g s and socket sof more t han one format . And t his lead st o a com p ar at iv esit u at ion w , it h som e con f ig u r at ionbsecom in gm or e p op u lar ,an d p r og r essiv ely ot h er s b ein gab an d on ed Th . is is p ar t icu lar lyt r u e in cou n t r iesu n d er g oin gr ap id econ om icex p an sion An . d b ecau seof t h is p r ocess of select ion,w e're finding t hat big cust omersare in cr easin g ly ask in gu s w h ichof t h e st an d ar dp lu g and socket format s in current use w e recommend as a manufact urer.Which are t he best from a t ech n icalst an d p oin t ?Up u n t il n ow w e h av en ' t h ad a st an d ar d isedcom p an yp olicyt o allow u s t o respond t o t hat quest ion properly.But t his p r oj ectaim s t o f or m u lat ea com p an yp olicyt h at allow s us t o say t hese are t he configurat ionsw e r ecom m en dan , d t h esear e t h e t ech n icalr eason s w h y w e r ecom m en dt h em . -3.2 I Er in : On t h is on e, t h er ear e cir cu larp in s f or liv e an d n eu t r al.Th er e' sn o ear t h p in . Th is is q u it ea com m onf or m at in Eu r op ean d Ru ssia.lt ' s also q u it ew id elyu sed in I n d ia. Er in : Her e,y ou ' v eg ot cir cu larslot sf or liv ean d neut ral.And t he eart h slot 's got a flat base w it h on e sid e r ou n d edov er t o f or m a sem i- cir cle. Th is t ype'sonly used in a few places. 3 Er in : Th is on e h as r ect an g u larb lad esf or liv e, n eu t r alan d ear t h ,in t r ian g u larcon f ig u r at ion . Th is is t h e st an d ar din t h e UK an d lr elan d ,an d a few ot her places, Malaysia and Singapore,for inst znce. Audioscr ipt 87 TL Er in : Th is p lu g h as g ot cir cu larp in sf or liv ean d n eu t r al,an d it h as a cy lin d r icalslot t o r eceiv e t h e ear t h p in . lt s q u it ecom m onin con t in en t al Europe,and in part s of Africa. ir in : n s y ou can see,t h er ear e cir cu larp in sf or liv e,n eu t r alan d ear t h ,an d t h e p in s ar e ar r an g ed in lin earcon f ig u r at ionTh . is is n ot a v er y com m on lyu sed f or m at . o Er in : Th is is t h e st an d ar din Nor t h Am er ica,an d ou it ecom m onin Cen t r alan d Sou t hAm er ica. Used in Jap an ,as w ell.Th er ear e f lat b lad esf or liv e an d n eu t r al,an d a r ou n d p in f or ear t h ,an d t h ey ' r elaid ou t in t r ian g u larcon f ig u r at ionSo, . an ex t r em elyw id elyu sed f or m at . I 3.3 rect angle r ect an g u lar t r ian g le t r ian g u lar cy lin d er cy lin d r ical line Ii n ear r I 3.4 Er in : I n t h is con f ig u r at iont ,h er e' sa cir cu larslot at t h e t op . lt ' sob v iou slya b lin d h ole,it d oesn ' t go right t hrough.And t hat 's designed t o receive t h e ear t h p in , w h ichis m ou n t edon t h e f aceof t h e sock et .Th en t h er ear e t w o p last icr id g es, on e on eit h ersid e of t h e p lu g casin g ,an d t h ey slot int o correspondinggroovesat each side of t he socket . I n addit ion. t he cent re of t he socket is recessed.So rat her t han being flush w it h t he front of t he socket , on t he same face, t h e cir cu larar ea t h at r eceiv est h e p lu g is set b ack f r om t h e su r r ou n d in gcasin g ,in a r ecess ab ou t I 5m m d eep .Th e liv ean d n eu t r alsock et s ar e also eq u ip p edw it h cov er s,j u st in sid et h e op en in g .Th esecov er son ly op en w h en p r essu r e is ap p liedt o b ot h b y t h e t w o p in s of t h e p lu g sim u lt an eou slySo . w e n eed t o look at t h e ad v an t ag esof t h is con f ig u r at ion. . . I 3.5 An d y : I n t h is f or m att h e p lu g slot s in t o t h e r ecess in t h e sock et .Th at allow sit t o f it in r eallyt ig h t ly , com p ar edw it h ot h er d esig n s.P| u s,t h eser id €e s an d g r oov eson t h e sid esin cr easet h e am ou n tof frict ion.That helps it t o resist pullout forceseven more, so it w on't fall out of t he socket . Kar in : Yeah ,b u t at t h e en d of t h e d ay ,h ow secu r elyd o y ou w an t it t o b e r et ain ed ?lf it ' s h eld in t oo h ar d ,t h at m ak esit d if f icu ltt o p u ll ou t . Andy: That 's t rue. Kar in : Plu s, it cou ld b e d an g er ou s.lf y ou ' r e v acu u m in gen t h u siast ically t o lou d m u sic,let ' s say, and you pull t he cord, you act ually w ant t he p lu g t o p u ll ou t , d on ' t y ou ? Ot h er w isey ou m ig h t r ip t h e cab le h alf w ay ou t of t h e p lu g ,or t h e ap p lian ce. An d y : So, r eally ,w e n eed t o com p ar et h e p u llou t r esist an ceof all t h e f or m at s. Kar in : An d d et er m in ew h at t h e id eal r esist an ce is. An d y : Yeah .OK. Er m , w h at else can w e say ab ou t t h is on e? 88 I Karin: Well I guess anot her advant ageis, given t h at t h e p lu g ' sin a r ecess,if it g et s p u lledou t j u st a f r act ion ,an d t h e p in s ar e st ill liv e,n ot h in g can p h y sicallyt ou cht h em . Andy: So you t hink t hat 's more effect ivet han h av in gin su lat or sr ou n dt h e t op s of t h e p in s? Kar in : I ' d say so, y eah . An d y : Th ison e' salso g ot cov er sin sid et h e liv e an d n eu t r alslot s. Kar in : Th at s a st an d ar df eat u r eon m or eor less ev er yf or m at ,t h ou g h ,isn ' t it ? An d y : Yeah .Bu t I t h in k it ' ssom et h in gw e sh ou ld look at . I m ean ,it ' sob v iou slya g ood t h in g . An y t h in gt h at st op sch ild r enf r om st ick in gt h in g s in is ob v iou slya g ood id ea.Th e on ly p r ob lem w it h t his syst em is, if t he mechanism'st oo sen sit iv e,it m ak esit d if f icu ltt o in ser tt h e p lu g , som et im es.An d t h at m ak esit easyt o d am ag e. Karin: When people t ry t o force it . An d y : Ex a c t l y . . . Audioscr ipt 3.6 Ev an : Most of w h at w e d o is sh eet m et al w orking.We don't do foundryw ork - you know , cast in gan d t h at t y p e of t h in g .Th at ' sob v iou sly a d if f er en d t iscip lin e.Bu t ap ar t f r om t h at , w e' r e eq u ip p edt o d o m ost t h in g st o d o w it h m et al b ash in g . Mr Bar r et t : Th at ' st h e t ech n icalt er m f or it , is it ? Ev an : I ' m n ot su r e w h at t h e t ech n icald ef in it ion of m et alb ash in gw ou ldb e. A collect iv et er m f or h am m er in gg, r in d in gan d g en er allym ak in ga lot of n oise,p r ob ab ly . Mr Bar r et t : lt ' sact u allyn ot t h at n oisyin h er e, is it ? Ev an : No, it ' s n ot t oo b ad . We h ad a sp ecialist f ir m com e in a w h ileag o t o m easu r en oise levelsat each machine- you know for healt h and safet y regulat ions.A lot of w hat w e do isn't all t h at n oisy .Th in g slik e d r illin gan d m illin g m ach in esar e n ot t oo b ad , r elat iv elysp eak in g . An y t h in gin v olv in gab r asiv est en d st o b e n oisy , t h in g slik e g r in d er s,ev enif t h ey ' r eon ly h an d t ools. And t hat big press over t here makesa loud b an g w h ent h ey ' r esh ear in gst eel.lt cer t ain ly sav esa lot of t im e,t h ou g h ,com p ar edw it h f lam e cu t t in g ,or saw in gw it h a g r in d erb lad e. Mr Bar r et t : So, it ' sa g u illot in e? Evan: That 'sw hat w e use it for most ly,yes. Mr Bar r et t : Th e sam e ap p liest o g u illot in in g , presumably. Evan: lt does, yes. IL Mr Barret t : lt 's amazing t o t hink t hat a w at erj et can cu t t h r ou g hst eel.You cou ld im ag in ew at er cu t t in gt im b eror r elat iv elysof t m at er ial,b u t . . . Evan: No, it 's ideal for met als.Act ually,lt 's not .iustw at er t hat 's used. They somet imesadd an abrasive pow der t o t he w at er t o increaset he cut t ing pow er. Mr Bar r et t : Oh . I d id n ' t k n owt h at . Evan: The w at er'sobviously concent rat edint o a v er y f in ej et . Dep en d in gon h ow it ' s set u p , it can t ak e ou t lesst h an a t en t hof a m illim et r e. som et im es. Mr Barret t : Really? I 3.8 Pedro: So, basically,our obiect iveis t o get key su p p lier sm or eact iv elyin v olv edin t h e d esig n p r ocess.So r at h ert h an u s g oin gt o a su p p lier an d say in g ,w e w an t a sp ecif ict y p e of b olt or scr ewor r iv et f or con n ect in gt h esecom p on en t s, can you give us a price? We w ant t o be able t o say ,w e n eed a w ay of j oin in gt h is p ar t t o t h is part , w hat 'st he best w ay of fixing t hem t o each ot h er ? Alicia: OK. Pedro: So it might be t hat you say, w ell, act ually, in st eadof b olt in gt h is on t o t h e m ach in e,w h at ab ou t u sin ga w eld ?Or in st eadof r iv et in gt h ese, h ow ab ou t b on d in gt h em w it h ad h esiv e,or f ix in € t h em on w it h som e k in d of clip , or w h at ev er , w hat ever'st he most cost -effect ivesolut ion. Alicia: Rig h t .Bu t , ob v iou slyw , e' r ea su p p lier of m ech an icalf ix in g s,so w e can on ly p r ov id ea m ech an icalsolu t ion .So if y ou ask u s t o d esig n som eioin t s,w h ichis ob v iou slyq u it ean in v olv ed . iob ,an d t h en ,af t er all t h at , a r iv alf ir m com es alon gan d say s,w ell w e su g g estw eld in git all t og et h eror , g lu in git t og et h erf or h alf t h e p r ice, u m , it w ou ldm ean a lot of w or k f or n o r et u r n .l' m not saying it 's a bad idea. lt 's j ust t hat w e w ould have t o be carefulw e coveredour cost s. Ped r o: I ap p r eciat et h at . Bu t t h e f lip sid e is, w e w an t t o w or k w it h f ew ersu p p lier st h an w e h av e in t h e p ast .So, ov er all,t h at p r ob lemw ou ldb e offuetby t he great er volume of w ork you'd get . Alicia: Hm m . -3.7 r Evan: So w e use high-pressurew at erj et cut t ing q u it ea lot . Th e g ood t h in gab ou t it is y ou d on ' t need t o do any finishingaft erw ards.The edges are virt ually perfect .So t hey are especiallygood w hen you have int ricat eshapes. Mr Bar r et t : Wh ichw ou ldb e d if t icu ltt o f in ish ot herw ise. Evan: That 's right . Len n y :So a t y p icalclu st ercon sist sof som ew h er e in t h e r eg ionof a h u n d r edb alloon s.Th at ' su sin g or d in ar y - size w eat h erb alloon s.Wit h ab ou t t w en t yp eop leh elp in git t ak esan h ou r or so t o in f lat et h em all. Ev a: An h ou r or m or ew it h t w en t yp eop le? Len n y :Yeah .lt ' s p r et t yt im e- con su m in g . Mr Barret t : Saw blades are obviously useless Wh eny ou ' r ecu t t in €cu r v edsh ap es. Ev an :Th at ' sr ig h t .An d w h eny ou ' r eu sin gan y sor t of ab r asiv et ech n iq u ef or cu t t in gm et al, it in ev it ab | €ye t s h ot .An d t h at can a| t ert h e p r op er t iesof t h e m et alar ou n dt h e cu t , w h ichcan b e a or ob lemin som esit u at ion s. 3 Evan: The ot her problem w it h abrasivecut t ing is it exert s shear forcesnear t he cut . So saw ing is n ot t h e b est solu t ionif y ou w an t t o av oidalt er in g t h e m at er ial. 3.9 Ev a: An d is each b alloont ied on in d iv id u ally ? Lenny: That 'st he w ay it 's oft en done, yeah. Eva: And is t he rope j ust fast enedaround t he b o t t o m o, r . . . ? Len n y :Well,som e p eop leu se p last iccab let ies. Or you can use t ape. Ev a: So it ' sa b ig . iob ,t h en , p u t t in gev er y t h in g t oget her.The harnessis suspendedfrom a h u n d r edor so r op es,t h en .Well,h ow is it fast ened? Lenny: Well, you can put nylon st raps beneat h t he ropes. So you have severalropes t ied t o a single st rap, t hen each st rap is fast enedt o t he h ar n ess. Eva: I see. So it 's like a kind of t ree st ruct ure. Lenny: That 's right . And you have different len g t h s,so t h e b alloon sar en ' tall at t h e sam e lev el,so t h ey f it ab ov ean d b elowon e an ot h erin a r ou n d - sh aoed clu st er . Eva: I see. So you inflat e t he balloons,keep t ying t hem t o t he harness,via t he st raps, and keep d oin gt h at u n t ily ou t ak e of f . Lenny: Basically,yeah. The pilot 's roped t o san d b ag son t h e g r ou n d .So t h e b alloon sar e ad d ed p r og r essiv ely u n t ilt h er e' sa m ar g in al am ou n tof lif t .Th en t h e an ch orr op esar e r eleased an , d u p y ou g o, n icean d g en t ly . Ev a: An d h ow d o y ou con t r oly ou r alt it u d e?You car r y b allast ,p r esu m ab ly . Lenny: Yes. Wat er,usually.Those big w at er bags w it h t ap s on , id eally ,so it ' seasyt o d r ain ou t . Eva: And how do you come back dow n t o eart h? Len n y :Well,t h at ' sact u allya r easonf or h av in g t h e b alloon st ied on in d iv id u allyYou . can r elease t h em ,on e b y on e,w h ichallow sy ou t o r ed u cet h e am ou n tof lif t in cr em en t ally . Ev a: I see. Becau seI w as t h in k in g ,su r elyit w ou ld b e easiert o iu st h av eall t h e b alloon scon t ain ed w it h ina b ig n et , t o m ak eit f ast ert o assem b le. You k n ow ,r at h ert h an sp en d in gag est y in gev er y . t t h en if y ou sin g leb alloonon in d iv id u allyBu d id t h at , y ou w ou ld n ' tb e ab le t o r eleaset h em , w ou ldy ou ? Lenny: No. That 'st rue. Ev a: You cou ld b u r st t h em ,som eh owI su p p ose. Len n y :Yeah .I m ean ,t h er ear e ob v iou slyv ar iou s w ay sof d oin g it . . . - 4.1 Joe: I h av ea q u est ionab ou t t h e p an elson St air case3. You k n owt h oseg lassp an elsar ou n d t h e op en in g ,t h r ou g hDeckC? Lin d a: Um , y es. I k n oww h er ey ou m ean ,y eah . Joe: Well,I ' v eb een look in gf or a cr oss- sect ion t h r ou g ht h e d eck , at t h e st air op en in g .Bu t I can ' t f in d on e an y w h er e. Lin d a: lsn ' t t h er ea n ot e on t h e g en er al arrangementdraw ing,w it h a referencet o a sect ionon an ot h erd r aw in g ? Joe: I cou ld n ' tf in d on e. Lin d a: I ' v eg ot t h e d eck p lan sou t , som ew h er e on h er e.Wh at ' st h is?Air con d it ion in gsch em at ic, t h at ' sn o g ood .Ah h er ew e ar e. Deck p lan . Um , n o, y ou ' r er ig h t .Th er e' sn o sect ionm en t ion ed . Joe: I m ean .in act u alf act .w h at I n eed is an elev at ionsh , ow in gall t h e p an elsf r om t h e f r on t . on t h e m ain I t h ou g h tt h at m ig h t b e r ef er en ced sect ion t hrough t he st airs. Lin d a: Th er eis a f u ll set of d r aw in g sf or all t h e , it h d et ailssh ow in gex p lod ed in t er n alp an ellin gw v iew sof all t h e f ix in gd et ails,an d sect ion s t h r ou g ht h e p an elj oin t s.Do y ou h av et h ose? Joe: Not as f ar as I k n ow . Lin d a: An d t h er e' sa w r it t ensoecif icat ion f or t h e p an els,as p ar t of t h e m ain sp ec.Th at m ig h t specify t he sizes. Joe: Th osear e ob v iou slyw h at I n eed ,t h en . I w ant t o see how many t here are, and w hat size t hey are. Have t hose draw ingsbeen issued? - 4.2 Pav el:So h ow w id e is t h is p an elat t h e t op ? Joe: Good ou est ion Th . er e' sn o d im en sion . Pavel: ls t his draw ingt o scale? lt 's one t o five. Hav ey ou g ot a scaler u le?Let ' sm easu r eit . lt look st o b e ab ou t t h r eeh u n d r edm il. Joe: Th e g old enr u le is, y ou sh ou ld n ' tscaleof f d r aw in g s,t h ou g h ,sh ou ldy ou ? Pav el:Well . . . Joe: lt 's not so bad if it 's act ual size. on a fullscaled r aw in g b , u t I ' d r at h ern ot w it h t h is.Let ' s q u er yit . l' ll g iv et h em an ot h ercall in t h e of f ice. a 4. 3 Mei: Basicallyt,h e clien t h as said t h ey w an t a su oer f latf in ishov er t h e en t ir ef loor ar ea. That makes it a free movementfloor, w here v eh iclescan r u n an y w h er eon it . Bu t on t h e manufact uringprocessdraw ings,it show s preciselyspecifiedrout es for t hese aut omat ed v eh icles.So, t ech n icallyit, sh ou ldb e a d ef in ed movementfloor, w here you can j ust have a few n ar r owlan esf or t h e v eh icles,w h ichar e su p er f lat , an d t h en t h e r est of t h e slab is j u st laid t o n or m alt oler an ces. t h e ex t r a Lew is:Rig h t .So y ou ' r eq u est ion in g cost of doing everyt hingsuperflat ? Mei: Th at ' st h e m ain t h in g ,y eah .Th e ot h er . g et t h e b est f in ishon t h ese t h in g is q u alit y To superflat floors, it 's bet t er t o lay narrow w idt hs of slab in f air lylon g len g t h s.So, id eally y, ou w an t lan es,r at h ert h an b ig , w id e ar eas. Lew is: OK. But maybe t hey w ant everyw heret o b e su p er f latso t h ey can ch an g et h e lay ou tof t h e p r od u ct ionlin e in t h e f u t u r e. Mei: Possib lyBu . t ev enif t h ey w an t t o d o t h at , t h e su r f acecan alw ay sb e m od if iedat a lat erd at e. lt ' sa t h ick slab ,so t h er e' sn ot h in g t o st op t h em g r in d in ga lay erof f t h e t op . I n fact , w e could increaset he dept h of t he st eel r ein f or cem enslig t h t lyw h enw e p ou r t h e slab , so t here'ssome ext ra t hicknessof concret eover it . so, if t h ey d id Wan tt o €rin d a t h in | ay erof f a sect ionin f u t u r e,t h ey w ou ld n ' th av ep r ob lem s w it h shallow cover. Lew is:Rig h t .Well let ' slook in t o an alt er n at iv e desi€ n for a defined movementf| oor. I 4.4 I Leo: I 'vew orked on proj ect sin t he past w here ev er ysin g lew or k in gd r aw in gis cir cu lat ed t o ev er yt eam - st r u ct u r al,m ech an icalan d elect r ical- an d lt . iu stg et scom p let elyou t of con t r ol.So w e w an t t o av oidt h at sit u at ion . En g in eer l: Su r e.Bu t af t er say in gt h at , if som eon eh as t o an aly seev er ysin g ler ev isiont o d et er m in eex act lyw h icht eam n eed sit , t h en t h at t ak esa lot of t im e as w ell. Leo: Not if t h er e' sa p r op erp r oced u r ein p lace. As lon g as w e m ak esu r et h er e' s. . . Leo: Th is p r oj ectst r ik eson e as p r et t ycom p lex , in t er m sof t h e am ou n tof in t eg r at ionan d ov er lap bet w eent he differentdesign packages. En g in eer l: Yeah . Leo: Par t icu lar lyb et w eenm ech an icalan d elect ricalt eams so w e have t o coordinat et hat . An d it ' sob v iou slya sp ecialistj ob . lt ' s b ey on dm y . in ex p er t iseas t h e ov er allp r oj ectm an ag er So, or d er t o m ak esu r e t h at w e . . . 5 Leo: Th in k in gab ou t h ow t h e sep ar at ed esig n g r ou p sWor kt o€e t h er , I d on ' t Wan tt o r e| yt oo m u chon sch ed u ledm eet in g s.We d on ' t w an t q u est ion san d p r ob lem sp ilin gu p , w ait in gt o b e r esolv edat a m eet in gin a w eek ' st im e,or w h en ev erYou . all n eed t o b e t alk in gt o on e an ot h eron an on g oin gb asis. En g in eer2: I ag r eew it h w h at y ou ' r esay in g . Th á t r ou b | eis, Wh eny ou ' r et r y in gt o sor t oú t problemsWit hdet ails on draw inls and t hat kind An d g iv en of t h in g ,y ou n eedt o m eet f ace- t ó. f ace. t h at w ó a| |Wor kin sep ar at eof f ices,it ' s, y ou k n ow w e can p h on eeach ot h er ,b u t . . . En g in eer l: Yeah ,y ou st ill n eed m eet in g s. En g in eer2: Esp eciallyas t h er e' sso m u ch int egrat ionbet w eent he differentpackages,t he p oin t w e w er et alk in gab ou t b ef or e. Leo: Well,t h er eis a solu t iont o t h e p r ob lem . - 4.5 Leo: So, t o su m u p . As r eg ar d sd esig n in f or m at ionf low ,all p r elim in ar yd r aw in g sar e g oin gt o b e sh ow nt o t h e sen ioren g in eerin ch ar g eof each d esig nt eam .Th e sen ioren g in eer s t h en say w h et h eror n ot t h eir t eam sn eed t o r eceiv ecop iesof lat er r ev ision s.lf t h ey d on ' t , t h ey w on ' t r eceiv ean y f u r t h err ev ision s.lf t h ey d o, t h ey ' llb e issu edw it h ev er ysu b seq u en t r ev isionan d , lat er ,r ev lsion sof w or k in gd r aw in g s. To coor d in at et h e in t er f aceb et w eenm ech an ical an d elect r icald esig n ,I ' m g oin gt o ap p oin ta m ech an icalan d elect r icalcoor d in at orr esp on sib le f or liaisin gb et w eent h e sen ioren g in eer sin t h e t eam s,r ep or t in gt o m e. We' r elocat in gall t h r ee d esig nt eam sin a sin g le,op en - p lanof f iceso Wh enan y on e' s€o t a q u est ionor a p r ob lem ,t h ey can t alk t o t he appropriat e person face-t o-face. We st ill h av esch ed u ledm eet in g st o d iscu ss f or m alissu es,b u t t h e em p h asisw ill b e on on g oin g ,in f or m ald ialog u eb et w eent h e t eam s. - 4.6 Ch en : Th er e' sa d iscr ep an cyb et w eent h ese d et ailst h at y ou m ig h t b e ab le t o clar if yst r aig h t aw ay .On t h e p lan of t h is p lat e,it sh ow seig h t b olt s.Bu t on sect ionA. h er e.t h er ear e n o b olt s sh ow nin t h e m id d le.So t h er ew ou ldon ly b e six , w h ichob v iou slycon t r ad ict st h e p lan . Bu t as y ou can see,t h is p lat e' sg oin g t o b e b olt edt o a T profile. So w e couldn't put a row of bolt s dow n t h e m id d le,b ecau set h ey ' dclashw it h t h e f lan g e r u n n in galon g t h e m id d leof t h e T. So I ' d p r op ose j u st g oin gf or t w o r ow sof b olt s.Th e alt er n at iv e w ou ldb e t o r ed esig nt h e T sect ion ,w h ichw ou ld ob v iou slyb e a b ig g er . iob . Ron: Yes. Let 'sgo for t w o row sof bolt s, as per t h e sect ion s. Ch en : OK, f in e.Will y ou sen d an em ail t o con f ir m t h at ? I 5.1 Sab in o: A r ace is n ot j u st a t est of sp eed ,b u t . er e' san old t h e u lt im at et est of r eliab ilit yTh sayin1,t o finish first , first Uou must finish, and it ' sesp eciallyt r u e in en d u r an cer acin g .You ' r e n ot j u st com p et in gag ain str iv alt eam s,y ou ' r e also f ig h t in gw h at y ou cou ld call en g in eer in g en em ies,w h ichcan cau sep ar t sof t h e car t o f ail,t h in g slik e h eat , p r essu r e,v ib r at ion ,sh ock s, ab r asion- t h er e' scon t in u alst r esson alm ostall all t h e n u t s an d b olt son t h e t h e com p on en t s, car .Th e ch assis,en g in e,g ear b oxan d clu t ch , su sp en sionb, r ak es,t y r es,w in g s,coolin gsy st em - t h ey all h av et o cop e w it h p h en om en allev elsof w ear an d t ear . J 5.2 Sab in o; Ju st t o g iv ey ou som e ex am p lesof t h e t y p esof t ech n icalp r ob lem sw e' v eh ad so f ar at t h is t est .on on e of t h e car s' a n u t Wor k ed| oose on a r ad iat orp ip e,w h ich r esu lt edin coolan t liq u idleak in gou t . Th at cau sedt h e en g in et o st ar t ov er h eat in gFor . t u n at elyt ,h e d r iv ersaw t h e w ar n in glig h t com e on , an d h e sw it ch edof f b ef or et h e sy st emh ad r u n ou t of coolan t .Th en on t h e ot h er car w e h ad a f u el f eed p r ob lem ; t h e en g in ecu t ou t on on e of t h e cor n er s.Th at caused t h€ driver t o spin off. We Werefort unat e' h e d id n ' t h it an y t h in g Bu . t Wh ent h e car g oesof f t h e cir cu it .t h e op en in g sin t h e sid e p od sa| w ay s Audí oscr ipt 89 clog u p w it h d ir t . So t h ose h ad t o b e clean ed ou t . Ob v iou slyy, ou d on ' t w an t an y t h in gb lock in g t he airflow t o t he radiat ors.And t hen becauseof t he spin, t he rubber w as flat spot t ed. The t yres w er en ' tcloset o w ear in gou t , b u t t h ey st ill h ad t o be changed,becauseof t he flat spot s. And t h en w h ilet h ey w er e p u t t in gt h e w h eelsb ack on af t er t h at , t h ey h ad a w h eeln u t j am , it w ou ld n ' t t u r n .An d t h at ' sact u allyh ow p r ob lem st en d t o h ap p en ,v er y of t en .You g et a k in d of ch ainof event s,w hen you feel t hat everyt hing'sgoing ag ain sty ou . Hav in gsaid t h at , y ou cou ldalso say w e w ere lucky. Fort unat ely,t he radiat or problem d id n ' t cau set h e en g in et o b low u p . An d af t er t h e sp in , lu ck ilyh e d id n ' t h it t h e b ar r ieB an d b en d t h e su sp en sionor sn ap it com p let elyAn . d ev en m or ef or t u n at elyit, d id n ' t cr ackt h e t u b - t h e ch assis. I 5.3 Al: So w hat does t he w arning messagesay? Mr Rooney: When you st art t he engine,it says ch eckin j ect ion . Al: Rig h t . Mr Rooney: Obviously,it must be some sort of d ef ectin t h e f u el in iect ionsy st em .Th e t h in g is, t h ou g h ,it on ly h ap p en sin t er m it t en t ly . Somet imes,you st art it and t here's no message at all. So it m ig h t b e a sof t ! r y arper ob lem ,I d on ' t know .Or maybe it could be a defect ivesensor. Al: ls t h e en g in ew or k in gp r op er ly ? Mr Rooney: lt seems t o be fine, yeah. Al: lt d oesn ' tap p ear t o b e m isf ir in gor d ow n on pow er? Mr Roon ey : No, w e h av en ' tn ot icedan y t h in g . Pr esu m ab lyit, can ' t b e an y t h in gt oo ser iou s.We t hought it w as possibly w at er in t he fuel syst em b ecau seit ' san ou t d ooru n it . Bu t in t h at case,I assu m et h er e' db e m aj or p r ob lem sw it h it . Al: Has it been refuelledrecent lv? Mr Rooney: Not t hat recent ly. Al: An d w as it r ef u elledw it h d ieselst or edin y ou r ow n t an k ,or d ir ect lyf r om a d eliv er yt an k er ? Mr Roon ey : Fr om a t an k ert r u ck . Al: I doubt it 's w at er.t hen. if t he fuel w ent in direct ly from a delivery.You said t he w arning d oesn ' td isp laysy st em at ically ? Mr Roon ey : No. Al: ln w h at sor t of cir cu m st an ces d oes it com e up? Mr Roon ey :Well,w h eny ou st ar t it u p f or t h e f ir st t im e each d ay ,it com esu p . Bu t t h en if y ou st op it , and st art it again a short t ime aft er, t here's no message.lt 's w hen it 's been off for a lon g t im e t h at y ou g et t h e w ar n in g . Al: oK. So it 's cert ainly a quest ion of t emperat ure.lt only comes up w hen it 's st art ed from cold? Mr Roon ey : Um , y eah .Ex act ly . Al: Hm , it sou n d slik e it ' sa f au lt yf u el p r e- h eat er . I t ' sp r ob ab lyj u st on e of t h e p r e- h eat erp lu g s t h at ' sg on e.lt ' son ly a m in or f au lt . Mr Rooney: Oh, right . So it doesn't need urgent at t en t ion ? Al: No. lt can b e r ep lacedat t h e n ex t ser v ice. Keep an ey e on it , t h ou g h .lf an y ot h er p r ob lem s st art t o show up give us a call and w e'll send someoneover. a 5.4 Alan : Hello. Ju lia: HelloAlan , it ' sJu lia. I ' v eiu st st ar t eda lan d in gg ear ch eckan d f ou n da b it of a p r ob lem w it h some t yres. All t he pressureson one of t he w in g b lock sar e w ell d ow n . Alan : On t h e sam e b lock ? Ju lia: Yeah .On all t h e ot h er b lock st h ey ' r e cor r ect .So it seem sod d t h at t h is on e g r ou pof t yres, on one corner of t he aircraft ,are all low . And t he st ranget hing is, t hey'redow n by exact ly t he same amount on every t yre on t he block. Alan : I see.You ' r er ig h t ,t h at is u n u su al. Julia: The w ear rat e'sconsist entacrosst he w h oleair cr af t t, h ou g h .Th er e' sn ot h in gu n u su al ab ou t t h e w ear oat t er n . Alan: Are you sure t he pressuregauge is w orking properly? Ju lia: Um , w ell,t o b e h on esty ou can t ell j u st b y look in gat t h e t y r est h at t h ey ' r ed ow n . Alan: Right . Let me come out and havea look. I s. s Pau l: OK, let ' sh av ea look at t h e coolan t ,f ir st . Th e lev el' sOK. Er ic: lt ' s f u ll of r esid u e,t h ou g h ,b y t h e look of it . Pau l: lt look sa b it b lack ,d oesn ' tit ? Tim et o ch an g eit , I t h in k . Er ic: OK. Wh at ' st h e f ilt er lik e? Pau l: Um . . . it look sr eason ab let o m e. Er ic: ls it d u e t o b e ch an g ed ? Paul: lt is if w e follow t he service programmet o t h e let t er .Th e t r ou b leis, if y ou d o t h at , y ou en d u p w ast in gp ar t sh alf of t h e t im e. Eric: We can t ake it out and give it a bit of a clean .lt ' ll b e alr ig h t . Pau l: OK. Blad es,n ex t .Hm , t h ey look m or eor less OK t o me. There are no signs of damage. Er ic: Yeah .No n eedt o ch an g et h ose.Th ey ' ll h av em ov eda b it sin cet h ey w er elast ch eck ed , t h ou g h .Th e alig n m en w t ill n eedt o b e look edat . Pau l: Su r e. Eric: Apart from t hat , it 's not looking t oo bad. I 6.1 Claudia: So w it h regard t o t he capacit y,in t erms of t h e n u m b erof p eop leit act u allyn eed st o carry,w hat sort of figure are you looking at ? Kev in :Um , 36 is w h at w e' r eaim in gf or . Dave: lf you t hink w e can add a few seat s w it h ou tm ak in gcom p r om ises, t h en b y all m ean s, let ' slook at it . Kevin: I t hink 36 is going t o be at t he t op end as far as size is concerned. Claudia: And as regardst he graphics,is t he video sequencefinalised?Will it be exact ly as it is on t h is DVD? Kev in :Un lessy ou h av ean y p r ob lem sg en er at in g t he physicaleffect st hat go w it h it , t hen, yeah, as far as w e're concerned,t hat 's it . . can st ar t look in gat Clau d ia: Rig h t ,ex cellen tWe t hat st raight aw ay t hen, and get t hings moving. Um, so regardingt he schedule,t hen, w hat sort of t im escaled o y ou h av ein m in d ,f or t h e w h ole proj ect ? f 6.2 Claudia: I n t erms of t he physicaleffect s,t o w hat ext ent do you w ant t he experiencet o be physical?The degree t o w hich it movescan be v ar iedq u it econ sid er ab ly . 90 I Audioscr ipt Kev in :Well,I m ean ,w e w an t it t o b e p h y sical, t h at ' sw h y w e' r eh av in ga d y n am icsim u lat or Bu . t w e ob v iou slyd on ' t w an t it t o b e so ex t r em et h at p eop lear e closin gt h eir ey esan d n ot w at ch in g t he amazing graphicsw e'vegot . Claudia: Sure. I mean, it 's obviously dift icult t o q u an t if ysom et h in glik e t h is,in t h eor y sit t in g in a m eet in gr oom .Th e on ly w ay t o d et er m in e w h at ' sr ig h t is t o act u allysit in a sim u lat oran d experienceit yourself,in pract ice. Dave: Of course. Claudia: So w hat I 'd suggest is, aft er t he meet ing w e can st rap you int o one of our machines,and you can assesst he possibilit ies. Kevin: Sounds int erest ing! I 6.3 Rick : lt ob v iou slyh as t o b e lif t edw it h a cr an e. Gabriella: Yes, but do t he slings necessarilyhave t o pass under t he base? Why not come up w it h a w ay of hooking ont o t he side of t he st at ue? Rick: How ? Gab r iella:Well,cou ld n ' tw e d r ill in t o it , h or izon t allyan , d in ser tb ar s in t o t h e h oles?Th en h ook on t o t h e b ar s. Rick : Peop lew ou ldsee t h e h olesaf t er w ar d s, t h ou g h . Cab r iella: We cou ldf ill all t h e h oles,cou ld n ' tw e? Surely t hey could use some sort of filler t hat 's t h e sam e colou ras t h e st on e. Rick They'd never hide t he holes complet ely, t h ou g h .lt w ou ldst ill leav em ar k s,w ou ld n ' tit ? | d on ' t t h in k t h at w ou ldb e acceot ab le. Gab r iella:Or , alt er n at iv elyw, e cou ld m ak esu r e t h e h o| esw er eou t of sig h t .Wh at ab ou t d r i| | in € int o t he t op, vert ically?lf t he holes w ere right on t h e t op , t h ey ' db e lessv isib le.Th en t h e b ar s cou ld b e set in , w it h lif t in gey eson t h e en d . Rick: Hmm. The t rouble is. if t he bars w ere set in w it h resin, t hey'd never come out . They'd have t o b e cu t of f ,w ou ld n ' t h ey ?An d t h is m am m ot h ' s ly in gd ow n ,so t h e t op w ill p r ob ab lyb e seen ,t o an ex t en t . Gabriella: True. Rick : To b e h on est ,I d on ' t t h in k w e can en v isag e d r illin gin t o it . I su p p osean ot h erop t ionw ou ld be t o use some sort of grab, on t he end of t he cranej ib. You know ,like t he ones t hey use for offloadinglorries. So, t he st at ue w ould be held b y f r ict ion .Bu t I can ' t im ag in et h er eb ein g an y t h in gcap ab leof lif t in g36 t on n es.Esp ecially n ot som et h in gt h at w id e. Gab r iella: Hm , n o. Hav ey ou sp ok ent o t h e m ason sab ou t t h is? Rick : Not y et , n o. Gabriella: Why don't w e ask t hem? J 6.4 Vikt or: So all t he st eel beams show n on t his d r aw in gar e g oin gt o b e f ix ed t o t h e w alls,b olt ed t hrought he concret e. Raiesh: Right . ViKor: So t o bolt t hrough,obviouslyw e need h olesin t h e w alls.We can cor e d r ill t h em ,w it h a d iam on dd r ill,w h ichw ou ldob v iou slyb e d on e af t ert h e w allsh av eb een cast . Um , w e' dd r ill t hem ourselves,as part of our cont ract package. Alt ernat ively,t he holes can be preformedby p u t t in gp last ict u b esin t o t h e con cr et ew h en t hey cast t he w alls, in w hich case t he cont ract or resoonsiblefor t he concret est ruct urew ould do r h e j ob . Raj esh: OK. Vik t or : Now t h e or ob lemis, t h eseb olt sw on ' t h av em u ch p lay . Raj esh : How d o y ou m ean ? Vik t or : Well,t h ey ' v eg ot t o f it q u it et ig h t lyin t h e h oles,so t h ey w on ' tb e ab le t o m ov em u ch .Th er e w on ' t b e m u chsp acear ou n dt h em ,t o ad j u st t h eir oosit ion . Raj esh :I see. Vik t or : So t h at m ean st h e h olesh av eg ot t o b e p osit ion edv er y p r eciselylf. t h ey ' r eslig h t lyou t of p osit ionon t h e w all,t h ey w on ' tm at chu p w it h t h e h olest h at h av eb een p r e- d r illedt h r ou g ht h e st eel beams, at our fact ory. Raiesh : Su r e. Vik t or : Th at ' st h e m ain t ech n icalissu e,in t er m s of d ecid in gh ow w e f or m t h eseh oles.Ob v iou sly , t h e t ech n icalsid e' sn ot t h e on ly con sid er at ion . Th er e' salso t h e q u est ionof t im escales- g iv en t h at t h er ear e a lot of t h eseh olest o d o. An d , ob v iou slyt,h e q u est ionof cost ,as w ell. I 6.5 Vik t or : I n t er m sof cost , p r ef or m in gis ob v iou sly a lot ch eap er b , ecau seall y ou n eed ar e p last ic t u b es,w h ichar e ch eapt o b u y ,an d q u ickt o p u t in . lf w e d o it t h at w ay ,it ' ll b e d ead easy ,an d it ' ll cost p ean u t s.Wh er eascor e d r illin gw ill b e slow j ob . Bu t . . . it ' ll b e q u it ea p ain st ak in g Raj esh :Bu t cor e d r illin g ' sm or eaccu r at e,clear ly . Vik t or : A lot m or eaccu r at e.I m ean .som et im es. y ou can g et aw ayw it h p r ef or m in glf. y ou n eedt o g et w it h int w en t ym il, t h en it ' sp er f ect lyf easib le. Tenm il is - it ' sach iev ab le, b u t it ' sst r et ch in git . An y t h in glesst h an t en m il, an d t h er e' sn o w ay y ou can d o it . Raiesh :An d w h at sor t of t oler an cear e y ou look in gf or ? Vik t or : Ab ou t t en m il. Raj esh :So it ' s b or d er lin e,t h en . Vik t or : lt ' sa t all or d er .Th e saf e b et w ou ldb e g oin gf or cor e d r illin g . Raj esh :Th e p r ob lemis g oin gt o b e t h e sch ed u le, t h ou g h . Vik t or : Ex act ly .I m ean ,t o d iam on dd r ill t h e n u m b erof h olesw e' r et alk in gab ou t w ill t ak e, u m. . . Raj esh: lt 'll t ake foreverand a day, w on't it ? Wh er easif t h ey ' r ep r ef or m edt,h ey ' db e r ead yas soon as t h e w allsar e cast . Vik t or : Bu t if h alf of t h em ar e in t h e w r on gp lace, it ' ll cost an ar m an d a leg t o p u t t h em r ig h t . Becau seif t h ey ' r ew r on g ,it ' s n ot j u st a q u est ion of d r illin gn ew on es in t h e r ig h t p lace.lf t h ey ' r e slig h t lyou t of p osit ion ,t h ey h av et o b e f illed in , f ir st ,w it h cem en t ,t o av oid h av in gt w o h oles ov er lap p in gso . p u t t in gt h em r ig h t is easiersaid t h an d on e. Raj esh: Sure. So as I see it , t he key issue here, in t er m sof f easib ilit yis , t h e t oler an ce.lf t h e h oles can be bigger,and t here'smore play for t he b olt s.w e w on ' t h av et h is or ob lem . f 6.6 Mart a: So, t o be clear about how far w e can go w it h t h is r ed esig nw , e' r en ot aim in gt o r ein v en t t h e w h eel,in t er m sof t h e m ain com p on en t san d how t hey fit t oget her.The reasonsfor t hat are first ly,from a hardw arepoint of view ,t he exist ing design has proved t o be effect ive.And secondly, w e d on ' t h av et h e r esou r cesat t h is ooin t in t im e t o m ak ef u n d am en t al ch an g est o t h e p r od u ct ion orocess. En g in eer l: So t h e ov er allin t er n allay ou tn eed s t o r em aint h e sam e? Ben : Not if t h ey u se t h e sm aller - sized b ot t les. St ep h an ie:We' lln eed t o sp ecif yt h e b ot t lesize in t h e or oced u r e.t h en . Ben : Yeah .Th ey ' llh av et o t ak e car e t h at t h e b ot t lesd on ' t f all on t o som eon e,as w ell.Th at n o on e' sst an d in gin t h e b ot t omof t h e silo, w h ile t h ey low ert h em d ow n . St ep h an ie:Tr u e.Th at ' san ot h erp oin t t o m en t ion .OK, so accessisn ' t r eallya p r ob lem , t h en .Th e m ain d an g eris t h e f act t h at it ' sa con f in edsp ace.Esp eciallyg iv ent h at t h ey ' r e w eld in g w , it h an ox y - acet y lenteor ch b u r n in g , w h ichw ill p r od u cea f air am ou n tof COr . Ben : So t h ey ' lln eed a CO, d et ect or . St ep h an ie:I m ean ,t o b e saf e,t h ey ' lln eedt o t est t h e air b ef or et h ey g o d ow n ,an y w ay Bu . t we sh ou ldp r ob ab lysp ecif yt h at t h ey n eed t o k eep t h e d et ect orw it h t h em w h ilet h ey ' r ew or k in g , an d k eep it sw it ch edon . 7.7 Ben : Yeah .An ot h erh azar dis t h er e' llb e m et al f u m esg iv enof f as t h ey ' r eact u allyw eld in g w , h ich Rosan a: Nex t w eekt h ey ' r ed u e t o st ar t is a d if f er en p t r ob lemt o t h e CO, issu e. w or k on t h e g r ain silosin Zon e 4. m ain t en an ce St ep h an ie:Su r e.So r eally ,t h ey ' lln eed a We need t o make sure t hat everyone'saw are t hat v en t ilat ionsy st emd ow n t h er e,som e k in d of air all t h osesilosar e classedas con f in edsp aces. ext ract or. I n ot h er w or d s,n o on e sh ou ldg o in sid et h em Ben : Pr ob ab ly y, eah .An d t h er e' st h e p r ob lem w it h ou tf ir st d oin gan air t est .An d w e n eedt o of d u st , as w ell.Th ey ' llh av et o b e v er y car ef u l k eep a ch eckon d u st lev els,as w ell. ab ou t t h at . lf t h ey ' r ew eld in gan d t h er e' sg r ain Marc: We'vegot a CO, det ect or here, haven't d u st in t h e air , t h er e' sg oin gt o b e an ex p losion w e? h azar d . St ep h an ie:Yeah .Wou lda v en t ilat orclear t h e b d u st ,or m ak e it w or se?| su p p oseif t h er e' sa lot Rosan a: lf y ou w alk p ast t h at m ach in ew h ileit ' s ly in gar ou n d ,it ' d k eep b low in git u p in t o t h e air , r u n n in g an , d y ou ' r et r y in gt o t alk t o som eon e, w ou ld n ' tit ? y ou h av et o sh ou t t o b e h ear d .An d as a r u le of t h u m b ,t h at m ean sit sh ou ldb e an ear p r ot ect ion Ben : Mm . I ' m n ot su r e. ar ea. J 7.3 Marc: Yeah, but t he regs different iat ebet w een St ep h an ie:Rest r ict edar easar e p lacesw h er ea b r ief ex p osu r e,w h eny ou ' r ew alk in gp ast ser iou sd an g eris p r esen t .So it ' s essen t ialt h at som et h in gan , d con t in u ou sex p osu r e,d on ' t t h ey ? t h esesh ou ldb e k ep t lock edat all t im es.Un d er c n o cir cu m st an ces sh ou ldan y on eb e ab le t o Mar c: So is it h ar m f u lif it sp lash eson y ou r sk in ? accesst h em ,u n lesst h ey h av ea p er m itt o w or k , in ot h er w or d s,a w r it t enf or m g iv in gp er m ission Rosan a: Accor d in gt o t h e n ot iceit ' san ir r it an t , t o w ork in t he rest rict edarea. an d it ' st ox ic. Lin : An d p er m it st o w or k ,an d t h e k ey st o Marc: But it 's not corrosive? r est r ict edar eas,can on ly b e issu edb y t h e Rosan a: Not as f ar as I ' m aw ar e. elect r icalsu oew isor ? Marc: So you don't need glovesand eye St ep h an ie:Th at ' sr ig h t .So t h at on e in d iv id u al p r ot ect ionan d m ask san d all t h e r est of it ? lf y ou is r esp on sib lef or elect r icalsaf et yf or t h e w h ole g et an y on y ou r sk in ,y ou . iu stw ash it of f . p lan t .On ly t h at p er sonis au t h or isedt o issu e Rosan a: Hm , I ' m n ot su r e ab ou t t h at . oermit s t o w ork. o Lin : Pr esu m ab lyit, ' s im p or t an tt h at p er m it s Rosan a: We n eed t o en ou ir ew h et h eror n ot ar e issu edev er ysin g let im e som eon een t er sa t h is m ain t en an ce in v olv esw eld in g Th . er ear e r est r ict edar ea - each t im e t h ey d o a n ewj ob , f or k lif t r u ck sg oin gt h r ou g ht h at ar ea car r y in g t h ey n eed a n ew p er m it . f lam m ab leliq u id s.lf t h er ear e g oin gt o b e an y . ey sh ou ld n ' tb e issu edf or St ep h an ie:Ex act ly Th naked flamesor sparks, w e'll need t o put a an y lon g ert h an a f u ll sh if t . p r op erp r oced u r ein p lace. Lin : OK. Mar c: Rig h t .l' ll g et in t ou chw it h t h eir p eop le, St ep h an ie:An d it ' s cr u cialt h at t h er e' sj u st a t h en . sin g lek ey t o each r est r ict edar ea.Th e w h ole Mar t a: Yes.We' r elook in gf or an ev olu t ion , r at h ert h an d esig n in gt h e w h olet h in gf r om t h e g r ou n du p . Pr esu m ab lyt,h er eis r oom f or im p r ov em en t ? En g in eer2: Well,t h is m od elh as b een r ev am p ed on ce b ef or e.of cou r se.Bu t . n o d ou b t w e can r ef in eit a b it m or e. Mart a: How ever,given t hat soft w areredesign isn ' t an assem b lyissu ean d h as b een t h e Ach illes h eelof t h e ex lst in gm od el,it w ou ldm ak esen se t o r et h in kt h at w h olesy st em . En g in eer l: So f or sof t w ar e,b ack t o t h e d r aw in g b oar d ,t h en ? Mart a: Well, er, w hat everw e do, w e need t o m ak ea q u an t u mleap .Wh et h ert h at m ean s d esig n in gt h e sy st emf r om scr at ch ,I d on ' t k n ow . We n eed t o m ak et h e w h olet h in g m u chsim p ler t o use. - 7.? St ep h an ie:So in t er m sof access,t h eor et ically , t h er e' sa r isk of som eon ef allin g ,as t h ey clim b u p a silo,or d ow n in t o on e. Bu t t h er e' salw ay s an ex t er n alst air casew it h a g u ar d r ail,lead in g t o t h e t op , an d t h er ear e p er m an en tlad d er s, w it h prot ect ivehoops around t hem, fixed t o t h e in sid es,lead in gd ow nt o t h e b ot t om .So w or k er ssh ou ldb e ab le t o accesst h esesilos f air lysaf ely Th . e b ig p r ob lemw ill b e g et t in gt h e w eld in geq u ip m en tt,h e g as b ot t les,d ow n in t o t he bot t om. Ben: They can be low ereddow n by rope. St ephanie: Won't t hey be t oo heavy? id ea of h av in ga lock - ou tsy st emis t o en su r e at t h at on ly on e p er sonh as accesst o sw it ch g ear an y g iv ent im e.So w h at ev erh ap p en s,som eon e can n otsw it chon a cir cu itat a sw it ch b oar w d h ile som eb od yelse is w or k in gon it som ew h er else e in t h e p lan t . Lin : Mm , if w e im ag in ea t ech n iciann eed st o, let ' ssay t h ey ' r eg oin gt o ch an g ea m ot oron on e of t h e lin es,t h ey g et a p er m itt o w or k ,an d obt ain t he key t o t he sw it chboardfrom t he elect ricalsupervisor.Then t hey t ake t he key, unlock t he door t o t he sw it chboard,sw it choff t he circuit -breakerfor t he mot or.t o isolat e it . t h en lock t h e d oor ag ain . Audioscr ipt 9t St ep h an ie:Th at ' sr ig h t .Th en ,w h ilet h ey ' r e w or k in g ,it ' sv it al t h at t h ey k eept h e k ey on t h em con t in u ou sly . J 7.4 Kr iszt of : Th e m ain h azar d ,w h en m an oeu v r in g a h elicop t ercloset o p ow erlin es,is t h e r isk of a collisionw it h t h e lin e.So b ef or ecom m en cin g w ork, it 's essent ial for t he crew t o have det ailed in f or m at ionab ou t w eat h ercon d it ion s,esp ecially w in d d ir ect ionan d sp eed .Op er at in gin v er y w in d yw eat h eris ob v iou slyou t of t h e q u est ion . Th e p ilot sin v olv edin liv e lin e w or k ar e h ig h ly t r ain edan d ex p er ien cedan d t h eir ex p er t iseis ar g u ab lyt h e cr u cialf act orin en su r in gsaf et y . An ot h erh azar dis sn ag g in g as , at cer t aint im es t h e p lat f or mw ill m om en t ar ilyb e at t ach edt o , in gt h e t h e p ow erlin e an d t o t h e h elicop t erleav t h at air cr af tt et h er ed .lt ' s essen t ial,t h er ef or e, t h e cab le is eq u ip p edw it h a t en sionr elease m ech an ismso , t h at if t h e h elicop t erp u llsaw ay su d d en lyf or an y r eason ,t h e cab le can b r eak free. To orevent elect rocut ionand burns from ar cin gcu r r en t s,t h e cr ew on t h e p lat f or mw ear t h r ead s h ot su it s.Th eseh av est ain less- st eel w h ichch an n elt h e elect r icit yar ou n dt h e t ech n ician 'bs od y ,allow in gt h e 400, 000 v olt su p p lyt o f low b et lv eent h e p ow erlin e an d t h e p lat f or m Th . e su it salso h av ea f ir ep r ooflin in g ,t o provide prot ect ionfrom heat . And eye prot ect ion is w or n ,as a p r ot ect ionag ain stf lash esf r om elect r icar cs.Ag ain , t r ain in gis on e of t h e k ey . a p r ecau t ion f act or sin en su r in gsaf et y As ag ain stm ech an icalf ailu r e,t h e su sp en sioncab le, p lat f or man d all associat edeq u ip m en tar e in sp ect edb ef or eeach op er at ion , sy st em at ically t o ch eckf or d am ag e.An d t h e h elicop t eris On e m ain t ain edin lin e w it h av iat ionr eg u lat ion s. ad d it ion alp r ecau t ionis t ak en r eg ar d in gt h e e af t ar e h elicop t er 'en s g in es:on ly t w in - en g incr u sedf or liv e lin e w or k , so t h at if an en g in ef ails, t h e p ilot can st ill lan d saf ely . 3 Pet r u s: You sh ou ldt ak e car ew h eny ou ' r e clean in gb elowt h e g u illot in eb lad e,b ecau se t h er e' sa d an g ert h at t h e b lad ecou ldcom e d ow n .Bef or ey ou clean it , y ou sh ou ldalw ay sset t he cont rol lever in t he Blade Locked posit ion. An d y ou sh ou ldw ear p r ot ect iv eg lov esw h ile y ou ' r eclean in glt , b ecau set h e su m p b elowt h e b lad ecan con t ainsh ar Dm et alof f - cu t s. r 8.1 Rolan d : We k n owt h e clien tis a v er y g r een or ien t at edcom p an yv, er y b ig on all t h in g s en v ir on m en t al. Sask ia: Ab solu t ely . Rolan d : so en er €y sav in gob v iou s| yn eed st o b e in t h e d esig n .Clear ly , an im p or t an tcon sid er at ion it ' sa b ig su b j ect ,an d som et h in gw e n eedt o look in t o in d ep t h .Bu t on e sp ecif icasp ectof it w h er e I t h in kw e can m ak ea r eal d if f er en ceis w it h t h e Bu ild in gMan ag em en tSy st em- sp ecif icallyw, it h t he w ay w e use presencedet ect ors.And I 'vehad a cou p leof id east h at I ' d ap p r eciat ey ou r v iew s on. Sask ia: Su r e. Rolan d : I t h in k w e sh ou ldp u t t w o t ot ally d if f er en d t esig nop t ion st o t h e clien t .Op t ion on e is t o h av ea b u ild in gw it h m ax im u mau t om at ion . So w it h t h e m ax im u mau t om at ionop t ion . . . - 8.2 Rolan d : . . . w it h t h e m ax im u mau t om at ion op t ion ,w e p u t p r esen ced et ect or sall ov er t h e p lace,an d lin k t h em t o as m an ysy st em sas p ossib le.Not j u st t h e u su alsy st em st h at act iv at e t h e lig h t sw h en p eop lew alk in t o r oom san d t u r n t h em of f w h ent h ey leav e.We cou ld u se p r esen ce det ect orst o cont rol ot her syst ems,as w ell, like t h e b lin d son t h e w in d ow s.So, if it ' st h e m id d le of su m m er ,an d a p r esen ced et ect orsen sest h at everyone'sleft a meet ingroom, a t emperat ure sen sorp ick su p a p osit iv er ead in gf r om su n lig h t act iv at e J7 . 5 com in gt h r ou g ht h e g lass,t h e elect r on ics com ed ow n t h e b lin d s,w h ichau t om at ically lsob el: Th e f ocu sof t h e cou r sew ill b e on y ou r an d b lack ou t t h e r oom .Th at w ou ldlim it h eat p er son alob lig at ion sin t er m sof look in gaf t er ab sor Dt ionan d r ed u cet h e load on t h e air your ow n safet y,and t he safet y of ot hers. That con d it ion in gsav , in gen er g y . m ean sw e' ll b e f ocu sin gon sp ecif icsaf et y For in st an ce,w e' ll b e look in gat Sask ia: OK. r eg u lat ion s. p er son alp r ot ect iv eeq u ip m en t h at ' scom p u lsor y . Rolan d : Or in w in t er ,if t h e b lin d sh ad b een Or act iv it iest h at ar e p r oh ib it edin cer t ainar eas, p u lledd ow n in t h e m eet in gr oom t h e ev en in g y t h e ob lig at ion s su ch as sm ok in g .Th e m a. ior it of b ef or e,t h e n ex t m or n in g t, h e sen sord et ect s ln ot h er w e' lld eal w it h ar e leg al r eq u ir em en t s. su n lig h t an , d t r ig g er st h e b lin d st o r aisean d let p ar t of w or d s,t h ey ' r est ip u lat edb y law as in as m u chsu n lig h tas p ossib le,con t r ib u t in gt o y ou con t r av en e h ealt han d saf et yleg islat ionlf. . d t h er ecou ld b e t em p er at u r e t h e h eat in g An it ' s n ot t h e sam e as t h esek in d sof r eg u lat ion s, m easu r em en ttso d et er m in ew h ichr oom sar e t h e b r each in g t u r n in gu p f or w or k lat e,or m er ely War m estan , d t h osesen sor sset oÍ Ía cir cu lat ion y ou r con t r actof em p loy m en in t som ew ay .lf sy st emt o d ist r ib u t et h e w ar m air t h r ou g ht h e som eon ef ailst o com p lyw it h h ealt han d saf et y , in t o r oom sat t h e b u ild in g ,in t o t h e cor r id or or r eg s,t h ey ' r eb r eak in gt h e law .lt ' s as sim p leas , w h er ev er . ot h er sid e of t h e b u ild in g or y ou ' r e it is an all aw ar eof t h at , b u t t h at . I ' m su r e Sask ia: So, w e' d u se p r esen ced et ect or san d im p or t an tp oin t t o em p h asise. h eat sen sor st o r eg u lat eas m an ysy st em sas oossib le? Rolan d :Yes.Well,t h at ' sw h at w e' d h av ew it h t h e m ax im u mau t om at ionop t ion . Pet r u s: lf t h er e' sa f ir e,y ou sh ou ld n ' tu se w at er ex t in g u ish eron s t h is m ach in e,b ecau se it con t ain select r icalcir cu it s,an d it can cau se Rolan d :Th e secon dop t ion is t h is.lt ' s a v er y elect r ocu t ionYou . sh ou ldon ly u se a car b on , I assu m e con sciou scom p an yso en v ir on m en t ally d iox id eex t in g u ish er . t hat green at t it ude is shared by all t he st aff. lf ?7 . 6 r Pet r u s: Wh en y ou lif t t h is m ach in e,it ' sessen t ial t h at y ou sh ou ldon ly u se t h e t w o lif t in gey es m ar k edin r ed . No ot h er p ar t sof t h e f r am ear e load - b ear in gso , y ou m u st n ' tu se t h em as an ch or ooln t s. 92 i! Audioscr ipt 8.3 t hat 's t he case, w hy is t here a need t o aut omat e ev er y t h in gin t h e b u ild in gw h en m ost t h in g scan b e op er at edm an u ally ?Wh y d oesn ' tt h e b ossj u st cir cu lat ean em ail r em in d in gp eop let o sw it cht h e lig h t sof f w h ent h ey g o ou t an d t ell t h em t o low er , t h e b lin d sw h ent h ey leav ea r oom in su m m er so it h elp st h e air - con d it ion in g| ?m ean ,y ou ' dsav e elect r icit yb, ecau sey ou w ou ld n ' tn eedt o con t r ol , d t h e m on eyy ou all t h e sy st em sau t om at icallyan m an u alcon t r ols sav edb y b u y in gold - f ash ion ed cou ld b e sp en t on in st eadof h i- t echelect r on ics p lan t in gt r eesor som et h in gI. m ean ,it sou n d s si m p l eb, u t . . . Sask ia: Mm . . . it ' sa v er y in t er est in gid ea.We h av et o b ear in m in d .of cou r se.t h at t h e clien t ' sa m an u f act u r er of h i- t echelect r on icg izm os.I ' m n ot su r e h ow t h ey ' df eelab ou t . . . F 8.4 Joch em :Th e ob v iou sd an g erh er e is t h at y ou cou ldg et a b u ild - u pin sid et h e v esselif t h er e' sa b lock ag ef u r t h eralon gt h e p ip e. Kat erina: So t he vessel needs a safet y valve? Joch em :Yes,an d m ay b esom e sor t of w ar n in g sy st em ,as w ell.lt cou ld b e som et h in gt h at ' s t rlggered by a different ialmeasurement .So if t h er e' sa h i€h r ead in gin t h e t an k ,an d a | ow er on e f u r t h eralon g ,y ou ' d k n owt h er ew as a b lock ag esom ew h er e. Kat erina: We'll need a syst em for monit oringgas con su m ot ion . Joch em ; Wh at ,a m et eron t h e su p p lyp ip e? Kat er in a: Well,y es,t h at w ou ldm easu r e cu m u lat iv econ su m p t ionBu . t w e also n eed t o m on it ort h e act u alr at e of con su m p t ionat d if f er en p t oin t sin t im e d u r in gt h e r eact ion cycle.And if w e havet hose t w o paramet ers,w e can t h en d et er m in et h e f r eq u en cyof p eak sin con su m p t ionw, h ichis t h e t h ir d p ar am et erw e n eeo. Joch em : So t h at ' sa sof t w ar eissu e,t h en .As lon g as t h e cu m u lat iv ev alu e' sb ein g r ecor d ed against t he t imescale,w e can plot t he rat e of c o n su m p u o n . . . 3 Kat erina: The react iont hat t akes place is going t o b e ex ot h er m ic.Bu t t h e am ou n tof h eat w ill p ar t lyd ep en don h ow h ot t h e g as is w h en it en t er st h e v essel. Joch em :Yes.b ecau set h at in p u t h eat can b e ad j u st ed . Kat er in a: Ex act ly So . w e' lln eed a sen sorn ex t t o t h e v alv et o m easu r et h e in p u t v alu e,as g as com esin , an d t h en an ot h ert o g iv e u s an ou t p u t v alu e.Th en ,w e can w or k ou t t h e op t im u min p u t t em p er at u r ef or t h e g as. r 8.s Helen : On e of t h e b ig g esth ead ach esin p ow erg en er at ionis t h e f act t h at elect r icit y . in or d er con su m p t ionf lu ct u at escon sid er ab lySo t o m ain t aina con t in u ou ssu p p lyw e h av et o m ak e con t in u alch eck s,an d ad j u stt h e p ow erload w e g en er at e.To h elp u s p lan t h osead . iu st m en t w s,e s d em an d ,so t h at w e can f or ecastf lu ct u at ion in an t icip at ep eak san d t r ou g h s.We b ase t h ese f or ecast son a n u m b erof d if f er en ft act or s.On e of t h em ,on e of t h e m ost im p or t an ton es,is Du r in gp er iod sof v er y cold or v er y t em p er at u r e. Th e in cr easein h ot w eat h er d, em an din cr eases. d em an dis ob v iou slyd u e t o m illion sof elect r ic r ad iat or scom in gon w h enit ' scold , an d air con d it ion in gu n it sw or k in gh ar d w h en it ' s h ot . Anot her fact or,a key fact or w hich increasesor d ecr easesd em an d ,is w h et h eror n ot it ' s lig h t or d ar k in t h e m or n in gan d ev en in g- ob v iou sly . t h ose ar e t h at d ict at eslig h t in gcon su m p t ionSo t h e t w o m aln season alf act or s.Th eyg en er allyg o h an d - in - h anso d on cold ,d ar k , w in t erev en in g s, I t h e r ise in d em an dis sig n if ican tcom , p ar edw it h w ar m ,lig h t ,su m m erev en in g s.We also t ak e in t o accou n tw h at d ay of t h e w eek it is, p ar t icu lar ly w h et h erit ' sa w eek d ayor t h e w eek en d . Cen er allyd, em an dr isesd u r in gt h e w eek ,w h en f act or iesan d oÍ f ices ar e op er at ion al,an d t h en d ecr easesw h ena lot of t h em closeat t h e en d of t h e w eek .So d em an df allsat t h e w eek en d . Th osear e v ar iat ion st h at t ak e olacew it h ina g iv enw eek .Du r in gan y g iv end ay ,t h er ear e f act or ssu ch as m ealt im es,w h enelect r icov en s ar e sw it ch edon - ob v iou slyt,h at cau sesa j u m p in con su m p t ionEv . encom m er cialb r eak sd u r in g p op u larTV sh ow scan cau seb lip sin d em an d . Th er ecan b e a su d d enr ise w h enp eop ler u sh t o sw it chk et t leson , or h eat u p sn ack sin m icr ow av es, an d t h en a su d d enf all sh or t ly aft erw ards. I 8.6 Helen : Becau seelect r icit ycon su m p t ion f | u ct u at es acr ossa sig n if icanrt an €e , in or d er t o cop ew it h p eak d em an dou r m ax im u mcap acit yis eq u iv alent o t h e t op of t h at b an d of f lu ct u at ion . Th at m ean st h at d u r in gof f - p eakp er iod s,w e h av esig n if icansp t ar eg en er at in gcap acit y Now . , in an id ealw or ld ,it w ou ldb e g ood t o u se t h at spare capacit y t o generat epow er and st ore it f or u se d u r in gp eak t im es.Un f or t u n at elyas , y ou p r ob ab lyk n oWelect r icalch ar g eis ex t r em ely d if f icu ltt o st or ein lar g eam ou n t s- y ou can ' t j u st ch ar g eu p h u g eb at t er ies.So w e u se an in n ov at iv e t ech n iq u et o st or eu p p ow erp ot en t ial d u r in gof f - p eakp er iod s. - 8.7 Helen : Th e con cep tof p u m p edst or ag eis r elat iv elysim p le.Du r in gof f - p eakp er iod sw h en main pow er st at ions have got spare capacit y, some of t he ext ra pow er t hey produce is used b y p u m p edst or ag est at ion st o p u m p w at erf r om a low level reservoir up t o a high-levelreservoir, w h er et h e w at er ' sst or ed .lt ' st h en h eld t h er e u n t ilt h er e' sa p eak in d em an dat som e p oin t t h e n ex t d ay .At t h at p oin t ,t h e w at er ' sr eleased an , d it f low sd ow n t h e p ip es,d r iv in gt u r b in esat t h e b ot t omw h ichg en er at eelect r icit yOb . v iou slyt, h e st at ioncan on ly r u n f or a f air lysh or t p er iod ,b u t it ' ssu f f icientto cov ert h e p eak in d em an d .Th en , as soon as t h er e' sa d ip in d em an d ,t h e w at er can b e p u m p edb ack u p an d h eld r ead yf or u se ag ain .So t h e ef f ectis t o sm oot hou t f lu ct u at ion s in t h e ou t p u tof t h e m ain p ow erst at ion s.Som e of t h e m ain st at ion s'sp ar ecap acit yis u sed w h en t h er ew ou ldb e a t r ou g hin t h e d em an dcu r v e,at n ig h t .Th e p eak d ay t im eg en er at in gcap acit yof t h osem ain st at lon scan also b e low erb ecau se t h e p u m p edst or ag est at ion sar e t h er et o b ack t h em u p w h ent h er ear e b lip sin t h e d em an d curve. I 8.8 Ger r y : Ou est ion n air es lik e t h is d r iv e m e m ad . I m ean .look at t h is f ir st ou est ion Wh . at p er cen t ag e of m y t im e d o I sp en dd oin g t ech n ical t ask st h at u se m y sk illsex t en siv ely ? How ar e y ou su p p osedt o p u t a n u m b erag ain stt h at ? Elean or :You on ly n eed t o g iv ea b allp ar kf ig u r e. Gerry: I know but even so. lt 's difficultt o say, off t h e t op of m y h ead . Elean or : lt ' seasierif y ou com p ar eit w it h t h e secon doot ion . Ger r y : Doin gt ask st h at a lessq u alif iedcolleag u e cou ldd o. Well,let ' ssay r ou g h lyh alf an d h alf . Elean or :Ar e y ou su r e?Ar en ' t y ou t h e least q u alif iedp er sonin t h is d ep ar t m en t ? Gerry: Do you know ,I knew you w ere going t o say t h at . Nu m b ert w o - t ech n icalt ask st h at ad d v alu ean d t ask st h at d on ' t ad d v alu e,su ch as ad m in .Ad d v alu e?Wh at ' st h at su p p osedt o . . . Elean or :Well,d o y ou n ot d o som ead m in ?Or d o y ou sp en dall of y ou r t im e d oin g p r od u ct iv e t h in g s? Ger r y : Well,n o. Now h er en ear all of it . Eleanor: Right . So is it fift y-fift y? Ger r y : Um w ell,n o. I sp en dm or e t im e p r ob lem solv in gt h an I d o on ad m in .Th an k f u llyLet . 's say som ew h er ein t h e r eg ionof t w o t h ir d s.So, ab ou t a t h ir d on ad m in .Th r ee- t ask st h at ar e p u r elyt ech n icalv er su st ask st h at r elat et o t ech n icalor g an isat ionWell, . m ost of w h at I d o is or g an isat ionisn , ' t it ? | sp en dp r et t ym u chall m y t im e on t h at . Elean or :Or in y ou r case,d isor g an isat ion . Ger r y : Nice on e.Wh at f ig u r ed id y ou p u t d ow n f or ad d ed v alu e,b y t h e w ay ?Was it a n eg at iv e num ber ? r 8.9 Beat rice: At t his st age, I 'm not asking you t o give m e a d et ailedb r eak d ow nof all t h e lT eq u ip m en t w e' r eg oin gt o n eed .lt w ou ldj u st b e u sef u lt o h av ea r ou g hid ea of w h at ' sm ost u r g en t . Dan : Su r e.Well,on e of t h e b ig g estp r ob lem s is t h e scr een sat t h e CAD st at ion s.A lot of t h osen eed r ep lacin gw it h b ig g eron es.Rou g h ly sp eak in g I, ' d say w ellov er h alf of t h em ar e t oo sm all.A g ood t w o t h ir d sof t h em ,act u allySo, . w e' r et alk in gab ou t I 5 t o I 8 scr een s,som et h in g lik e t h at . Beat r ice:OK. How u r g en tis t h at ? Dan : Well,I m eant h ey all w or k ,t h ey all f u n ct ion p r op er lyTh . e t r ou b leis, t h e en g in eer ssp en dt h e v ast m aj or it yof t h eir t im e w or k in gw it h t h ese scr een s.An d b ecau set h e d et ailon t h em is so sm all,it ' s p r et t yh ar d w or k on t h e ey es,t o t h e p oin t t h at it af f ect sp r od u ct iv it so y ... Beat r ice:OK. An d w h at ab ou t t h e b ig p r in t erin h er e?I ' v eh ear dit ' sa b it of a d in osau r . Dan : Well,it is, b u t it w or k sp er f ect lyw ell,an d w e p r in t n ex t t o n ot h in gw it h it , an y w ay Most . of t h e d r aw in g sar e p r in t edat t h e f act or y . Beat r ice:Oh . r 9.1 Ton y :Wit h t h e aer od y n am ics t h er ear e t h r ee d ev eloom enttoolsav ailab let o u s.Th e f ir st is Flu id Dy n am ics. CFD sof t w ar e Com p u t at ion al Wit h t h at , t h e t est sw ou ldob v iou slyb e v ir t u al, b asedon a com p u t erm od el.Th e secon dop t ion is t o g o in t o a w in d t u n n el,w it h a scalem od el,or a f u ll- sizem ock - u p I. n eit h ercase,w e' d p r ob ab ly n eedt o u se a t u n n elw it h a r ollin gr oad . Lisa: Wou ldt h at b e n ecessar y ? Ton y :Well,t h e t h in g is, t h e w h eelsg en er at ea lot of t u r b u len cew h ent h ey ' r esp in n in g So . to sim u lat et h at , y ou n eed a r ollin gr oad . Lisa: Yes, I know ,but if w e go for a bodyw ork d esig nw h er et h e w h eelsar e m ost lyen closed , w h ichis lik ely w , ou ldt h at b e an issu e? Ton y :Possib lyn ot . lt d ep en d sh ow f u llyen closed t h ey ar e. Lisa: OK. l' m j u st r aisin gt h e q u est ion . Ton y :Su r e.lt ' s som et h in gw e can look at . Th e t h ir d op t ion ,t h en , is f ield t est in g ,act u ally r u n n in gt h e p r ot ot y p eou t sid eon a r u n w ay , or som ew h er e. So w e can u se t h eset oolsin isolat ionor as a com b in at ionTh . e q u est ionis, h ow can w e g at h eras m u chd at a as p ossib lew it h t h e lim it edb u d g etw e h av e? Gu y : Well,w e n eed t o b ear in m in d t h at t h e p r ob lemw it h aer o is t h at it ' s n ot j u st ab ou t d at a g at h er in gYou . also h av et o v alid at et h e d at a. CFD an d w in d t u n n elsar e n ot a h u n d r edoer cen t r eliab le.Th e acid t est on ly com esw h en y ou t r y ou t a f u ll- scalep r ot ot y p ein r eal con d it ion s.We n eedt o m ak esu r e t h at ev er y t h in gis t r ied - an d t est edou t sid e,w it h a f u ll- scalet r ial r u n . Lisa: Yeah ,b u t let ' sn ot f or g etw e' r ed esig n in ga car t h at d oesa h u n d r edk ilom et r esan h ou r ,it ' s n ot a su p er son icair cr af t Th ! e aer o' sn ot g oin gt o b e t h at cr it ical. Ton y : Plu s,w it h ch an g eab lew eat h er it , ' s n ot easy t o d o b ack - t o- b ack t est in gou t in t h e f ield . Gu y : No, of cou r sen ot . I ' m. iu stsay in gw e n eed t o b e car ef u l. . . - 9.2 Ar n au d : So, t h eor et icallyt ,h e h or izon t alsp eed w ill k eepd ecr easin gu n t ilt h e con t ain erh it st h e g r ou n d .Th e h ig h ert h e d r op alt it u d e,t h e low er t h e h or izon t alsoeedat t ou ch d ow n . Jen n a: Su r e. Ar n au d : Bu t , ob v iou slyt,h e h ig h ert h e alt it u d e, t h e h ig h ert h e v er t icalsp eed ,u p t o a cer t ain p or n t . Jen n a: Ab solu t elySo, . assu m in gt h e d r op alt it u d e' sv er y low t h e v er t icalsp eedw on ' t b e all t h at h ig hon im p act . Ar n au d : Tr u e. Jen n a: An d in t er m sof p r ot ect in gt h e car g o, su r elya low v er t icalsp eed is t h e cr it icalf act or . Ar n au d : I ' m n ot so su r e it ' st h e cr it icalf act or . I ' d say t h e h or izon t alsp eed ' sm or e p r ob lem at ic. Becau se,p r esu m ab lyif, t h e g r ou n d sp eed 'qsu it e h ig h ,t h er e' sa d an g ert h e con t ain erw ill r oll ov er an d b ou n cealon g w h en it t ou ch esd ow n .I n f act ,if y ou ' r ed r op p in gf r om low alt it u d e,t h at ' s p r ob ab lyin ev it ab le. So if t h e con t ain err olledan d b ou n cedf or 50 m et r es,or w h at ev ert,h en y ou ' d h av et o h av esom e k in d of d est r u ct ib leex t er n al en v elop et o p r ot ectit f r om t h e m u lt ip leim p act s. Wh ichw ou ldb e v er y ex p en siv e.So, ar g u ab ly , r ollin gis t h e w or st p r ob lem ,w or set h an a h ig h v er t icalim p actsp eed . Jen n a: Hm , y ou t h in k so? Ar n au d : So y ou d on ' t t h in k r ollin g ' sa b ad t h in g ? Jen n a: I ' m n ot con v in cedt h e con t ain erw ou ld act u allyr oll. Ar n au d : No? Jen n a: Not n ecessar ilyTh . e m ilit ar yd r op t an k s ou t of f ly in gair cr af tat low lev el,t ied t o sp ecial p lat f or m s,an d t h eyj u st slid ealon g t h e g r ou n d . An d t h e sy st em st h at e. iectt h in g sou t of t h e b ack sof p lan esar e in cr ed ib lyp ow er f u l.So b ecau se,ob v iou slyt,h ey f ir e t h e con t ain erin t h e op p osit ed ir ect iont o t h e p lan e,t h at r ed u cest h e g r ou n d sp eedPlu . s,t h ey u se a p ar ach u t et h at d ep loy sh or izon t allyw, h ichalso h elp st o slow it oow n. Ar n au d : Of cou r se. Jen n a: So, b ased on w h at t h ey d o w it h t an k s,I t h in k w e can saf elyassu m et h at w e can st op a con t ain erf r om r ollin g . Ar n au d : Bu t a t an k ' sg ot m assiv ew eig h t ,an d . h a sm aller ,lig h t er a low cen t r eof g r av it y Wit con t ain ert,h er e' sn o w ay of k n ow in gh ow it w ou ld b eh av e,n ot w it h ou tact u allyt est in git . An d ev en if y ou t est edit t en t im es,it w ou ldp r ob ab ly b eh av ed lf f er en t lyeach t im e, it w ou ldb e v er y u n p r ed ict ab | e. Wh er easif y ou d r op f r om a h i€h er alt it u d e,OK, t h e v er t icalsp eed is h ig h er ,b u t w it h a low erg r ou n d sp eedit, w ou ldb eh av em or e Audioscr ipt 93 p r ed ict ab lyAn . d t h at w ou ldm ak e it easiert o d esig na cu sh ion in gsy st emb ecau sey ou ' db e d ealin gw it h a sin g le,p r ed ict ab leim p act . Jen n a: Yes,b u t su r ely a , h eav yv er t icallan d in g is a h u g ep r ob lem .Th e f or ceof it w ou ldb e f ar gr eat er . . . r 9.3 Man f r ed : Th e f ir st t im e w e lau n ch edon e of g ot a p last ic t h eset h in g s,er , w e b asically . iu st w ash in g - u pliq u idb ot t le,f illed it ab ou t h alf f u ll of w at er ,t h en p u m p edit u p w it h an or d in ar y f oot p u m p . I n t er v iew er So : it w asj u st or d in ar yh ou seh old st uff? Man f r ed : Oh , y eah ,n ot h in gt oo t ech n ical. An d , act u allyt, h er ew as a b it of a coin cid en ce, b ecau set h e op en in €in t h e b ot t | eWasj u st slig h t lyb ig g ert h an t h e f it t in gat t h e en d of t h e p u m p ,so t h er ew as q u it e a g ood seal. So w e p u m p edit u p - on e of u s h eld t h e b ot t lew h ile som eon eelsew or k edt h e p u m p .An d w e r eleased it , an d it w en t u p , lit er ally lik , e a r ock et .I m ean , w e ex p ect edit w ou ldsh oot u p r eason ab ly f ast , b u t w e d id n ' t an t icip at ej u st h ow p ow er f u l it w ou ldb e. lt j u st w en t Moosl, an d t ot ally ex ceed edou r ex p ect at ion s. So y ou can im ag in e 'l w e w er eab solu t ely u s, a g r ou pof 2- y ear - old s, ecst at ic.An d h av in gsaid t h at , t h er ew as on e p r ob lem .On ce all t h e w at er h ad com e ou t , w h ich h ap p en edv ir t u allyin a sp lit - secon dt ,h e b ot t le - b ecau seit w as v er y lig h t - st ar t edt u m b lin g ov er in t h e air . I nt erview er: So it w ouldn't fly st raight ? Man f r ed : Th at ' sr ig h t .Bu t w e q u ick lycam e u p w it h a solu t iont o t h at p r ob lem . a 9.4 Man f r ed : Wh at w e d id w as t o g et a p last iccu p , a st r on gon e n ot a d lsp osab lecu p , an d p u sh ed it on t o t h e en d of t h e b ot t le,at t h e t op , t o f or m a n ose.lt d id n ' t g o ex act lyaccor d in gt o p lan ,at f ir st . lt st ab ilisedit a b it , b u t it st ill w asn ' tf ly in g st r aig h t .So w e t r ied p u t t in gw at er in t h e b eak e( t o act as b allast ,an d t h at w or k eda t r eat .Wit h t h e ex t r a in er t ia.an d t h e f act t h at it w as f r on t h eav y ,it w en t lik e an ar r ow .So, so, y es,w e sor t edt h at p r ob lemou t . Th en t h e n ex t g oal w as t o increaset he pow er,t o t ry and reach a higher alt it u d e. I 9.5 Man f r ed : On e of t h e t h in g sw e d id w as t o ex oer im en tw it h t h e am ou n t of w at er in sid et h e b ot t le.I t h in k ,in it iallyw , e ex p ect edt h at t h e l w ou ld m or ew at er w e p u t in , t h e m or e p ow er f uit b e. Bu t as it t u r n edou t , it w as t h e op p osit e. Wh at act u allyh ap p en edw as, if y ou ov er f illed it , t h er ew asn ' ten ou g hp r essu r et o ex p el all t h e w at er .We r ed u cedt h e am ou n tof w at ert o ab ou t a q u ar t eror a t h ir d f u | | som , et h in €| ik et h at , an d w e also p u t som et ap e ar ou n dt h e en d of t h e p u m p ,t o g et a b et t er seal w it h t h e b ot t le.Th at w as r eallyef f ect iv e. I t h in k w e u n d er est im at ed . d , cer t ain ly , t h e p r essu r ew e w er eg en er at in gAn w e w ere overest imat ingt he st rengt h of t he bot t le. Because it got t o t he point w here w e w ere f ir in gt h eser ock et su p t o, I d on ' t k n ow ,m ay b e som et h in glik e 20 m et r esh ig h ,som et h in glik e t h at , so y ou can im ag in et h e sor t of p r essu r e in v olv edAn . d p last icb ot t lesar e h ar d lyu p t o t he j ob of high-pressurerocket ry obviously.So, in ev it ab lyt,h e b ot t leev en t u allyb lew u p w h ile I w as h old in git . I w as r ollin gar ou n don t h e g r ou n dw it h sor e h an d s,w h ileev er y on eelse w as r ollin gab ou t lau g h in g So . I lear n edt h e h ar d w ay . 94 t I Audioscr ipt I 9.6 Car olin e:So h ow cr ed ib leis t h is h oax t h eor y , t h en ?I w at ch eda d ocu m en t ar yab ou t it a w h ile ag o. Ren at o:Well,som eof t h e q u est ion sar e q u it e in t er est in gb, u t f r om w h at I ' v er ead ,t h ey can all b e ex p lain ed scien , t if icallyYou . k n ow ,lik et h e f act t h at t h e st ar sar en ' tv isib lein t h e sk y on t h e p h ot os.Ap p ar en t lyit, ' sj u st d u e t o su n lig h ton t he surfaceof t he moon. lt w as t oo bright t o see t h em ,t h at ' sall. Car olin e:lsn ' t t h e f lag su p p osed lyw av in gin t h e w ln d ,in on e of t h e sh ot s? Ren at o:Th at ' sr ig h t ,y eah .Th eysay it ' sb ecau se of t h e p ole sh ak in gaf t er it ' d b een st u ck in . Th er e' sob v iou slyn o air , so as a r esu lt ,it k ep t m ov in gf or ag es,d u e t o t h e f act t h at t h er ew as n o f r ict iont o slow it d ow n . Caroline: I see. Ren at o: An ot h ert h in g t h at ' sb een ex p lain edis t h e f oot p r in t son t h e su r f ace.Peop leh ad said t h e g r ou n dlook edw et ,so it cou ld n ' th av eb een on t h e m oon .Bu t , ap p ar en t lyt,h at ' st h e w ay t h at t y p e of d u st b eh av esin a v acu u m .lt st ick s t og et h er lik , em ud. Car olin e:Wasn ' tt h er esom eot h er t h eor yt o d o w it h d u st w h ent h e m od u lelan d ed ,t h at t h er e sh ou ldh av eb een m or e d u st ,or som et h in g ? Ren at o: Well,d u r in gt h e lan d in g ,t h er ew as su p p osed lya lot of d u st f ly in gu p , y ou k n ow , cau sedb y t h e b last f r om t h e en g in es.Bu t w h en t h e m od u le' sact u allyseen on t h e su r f ace,t h er e' s n o cr at erv isib leb elowit . So t h e t h eor yis t h at , if it h ad r eallylan d edt h er e,it w ou ldh av elef t a cr at er .Bu t t h e ar g u m en tag ain stt h at is t h at it h ad alr ead yslow edd ow n su b st an t ially by t h e t im e it r each edt h e su r f ace,an d it w as on ly gent ly, gravit y. low descending becauseof t he Car olin e:So t h er ew ason ly a b it of su r f aced u st b low nu o? Renat o: That 's right . I 10.1 Mik e: Ob v iou slya, t u b u larst eelt ow eron ly g iv esy ou su f f icienst t r u ct u r alst r en g t hif y ou give it adequat eprot ect ionfrom corrosion - fl,e b ig p r ob lemw it h of f t h or ein st allat ion s. So, t ech n icallyy,ou cou ldsay st eelis in ap p r op r iat e in t h at en v ir on m en t . Lor et a: Th ey m ak esh ip sou t of it . Mik e: I k n ow ,Lor et a,b u t on ly b ecau set h er e' s no cost -effect ivealt ernat ive.But w e're not t alking ab ou t sh ip s,w e' r et alk in gab ou t f ix ed st r u ct u r es. Th e p oin t is, I t h in k w e sh ou ldlook m or e ser iou slyat alt er n at iv es t o all- st eelsu p p or t s.An d t h e ob v iou salt er n at iv eis r ein f or cedcon cr et e. Lor et a: We' v ealr ead ylook edin t o it , t h ou g h ,an d it w asn't cost -effect ive. Mik e: Not in t h e sh or t t er m . Bu t w e d id n ' t r eally look in t o it p r op er lyov er t h e lon g t er m . , e, Lor et a: Bu t y ou m ad et h e p oin t y ou r self Mik t h at st eel' scom p let elyin ef f ect iv if e it ' scor r od ed . An d on e of t h e m ain con st it u en t of s r ein f or ced con cr et eis st eel. Mik e: lt ' s p r ot ect edt, h ou g h ,isn ' t it ? lt ' s em b ed d edin sid econ cr et e.Th at ' sa m u chm or e effect iveprot ect iont han paint . Lor et a: Not n ecessar ilylf. w e' r et alk in gab ou t t h e lon g t er m ,as y ou say ,w h at h ap p en st o con cr et e w hen it 's exposed t o t he sea for a few years? lt er od es.Wh ichm ean st h e st eelev en t u allyg et s exposed. You look at concret ecoast al defences. How of t end o y ou see t h e con cr et eall cr u m b lin g aw ay ,an d all t h e st eelex p osed ? Mik e: Th at ' sd u e t o in con sist enqt u alit y ,t h ou g h . You on ly g et t h at p r ob lemif t h er e' sin su f f icien t cover.As long as t here'sappropriat e cover at d esig nlev el,an d t h e con st r u ct ionq u alit y ' s con sist en tt,h en t h er esh ou ld n ' tb e a p r ob lem . Lor et a: lsn ' t in ad eq u at ecov er m or eof a p r ob lem in a slen d erst r u ct u r e,t h ou g h ?You ' dp r ob ab ly h av elesscov er ,com p ar edw it h t h e b ig lu m p sof concret et hey use for coast al defences. Mik e: Not if . . . Han if : Ju st a secon d . Mik e: Yes,Han iP Han if : Let ' sj u st t h in k ab ou t w h at w e' r et r y in g t o r esolv e,h er e.Th e k ey issu eis, w h at ' st h e m ost su it ab lelon g - t er msolu t ion ?An d in b ot h cases,w e' r esay in gst eel is n ecessar yeit , h erin an all- st eelt u b u larst r u ct u r eor in t h e f or m of r ein f or cem enint sid econ cr et e.Bu t ob v iou sly ex oosedst eelis u n su it ab leb ecau seof t h e p r ob lemof cor r osion So . t h e q u est ionis, w h at ' s t h e m ost r eliab lew ay of p r ot ect in gst eel,ov er t h e lon g t er m ?An d w e h av et o b ear in m in d t h at ' j u st b ecau sesom et h in gr eq u ir esr e€u I ar m ain t en an ce, su ch as p ain t in g t, h at d oesn ' t n ecessar ilym ean it ' s u n r eliab le. As lon g as t h e m ain t en an ce is con sist en tTh . e k ey q u est ion is, w h at ' st h e m ost econ om icalap p r oach ?So paint ing a st eel st ruct ureevery couple of years is u n econ om ical on ly if t h e cost of p ain t in gis m or e ex p en siv et h an t h e ad d it ion alcost of u sin g con cr et eat t h e t im e of con st r u ct ion . Mik e: So, t o d et er m in et h e m ost ef f icien t solu t ion w , e n eed t o assesst h e lif esp anof a r ein f or cedcon cr et est r u ct u r e.lf w e k n owt h at , w e can d et er m in eh ow m an yt im est h e eq u iv alen t st eelst r u ct u r ew ou ldn eed t o b e r ep ain t edov er t h at sam e oer iod .an d w h at t h e cost of t h at w ou ldb e. Han if : Yeah . Mik e: Bu t t h is is r eallyt h e p oin t I ' m m ak in g , Han if .We can ' t cat eg or ically say t h at r ein f or ced con cr et eis in ef f icienut n lessw e look in t o it in d et ail. Hanif: Of coursenot . Look, let me makea su g g est ion ... I 10.2 Su : Wit h v er y t all st r u ct u r es,on e of t h e m ain load sy ou n eed t o t ak e in t o con sid er at ion , clear ly is , t h e m assof t h e st r u ct u r e,it s w eig h t . Due t o gravit y,t hat mass exert s a dow nw ard load ,w h ichh as t o b e t r an sm it t edt o t h e g r ou n d . So t hat dow nw ardforce means t he st ruct ure is in com p r essionesp , eciallyn ear t h e b ot t om . Obviously,t he closer you are t o t he bot t om, t h e m or ecom or essiv feor cet h e st r u ct u r eis su b j ect edt o. Bu t w it h t all st r u ct u r es,d ow n w ar d load com p r essin g t h e st r u ct u r alelem en t sis on ly p ar t of t h e p r ob lem .An ot h erm aj orf or ce act in gon t h e st r u ct u r eis w in d load ,w h ichis a h or izon t alload ,ex er t edb y air p r essu r eag ain st on e sid e of t h e st r u ct u r e.Becau set h e st r u ct u r e is f ix ed at g r ou n dlev el,an d f r ee at t h e t op , t h at g en er at esb en d in gf or ces.An d w h enelem en t s b en d ,y ou h av eop p osin gf or ces:com p r ession at on e sid e,t en sionat t h e ot h er .An d at g r ou n d lev el,t h e w in d ef f ect iv ely t r iest o slid et h e st r u ct u r ealon gt h e g r ou n d ,an d t h e f ou n d at ion s b elowt h e g r ou n dr esistt h at .Th e r esu ltof t h at is sh earf or ceb et w eent h e su b st Í u ct u ran e d t he Th e w in d g en er at est en sileload s su p er st r u ct u r e. on t h e f ou n d at ion of s t all st r u ct u r esas w ell, as t h e b en d in gact iont r iest o p u ll t h em ou t of t h e g r ou n don on e sid e,a b it lik ea t r ee b ein g s eed u p r oot edb y t h e w in d .So t h e f ou n d at ion n t o r ely on f r ict ionw it h t h e g r ou n dt o r esistt h e p u ll- ou tf or ce,iu st as t r ee r oot sd o. Th e act ion of t h e w in d can also g en er at et or sion .You g et a t w ist in gf or cesom et im es,w h ent h e air p r essu r e is com p ar at iv ely h ig h erag ain ston e cor n erof a b u ild in g ,alt h ou g ht h at ' slessof a p r ob lemw it h ch im n ey sb ecau seof t h eir cir cu larp r of ile.Wit h v er y lar g em assesof con cr et e,y ou also h av e t o t h in k ab ou t t h e f or cesg en er at edb y t h er m al movement .When concret eabsorbs heat from t h e su n ,y ou g et ex p an sion as ; soon as t h e su n g oes in , t h er e' scon t r act ionTh t . at m ov em en can b e sig n if icanov t er a lar g ear ea,esp eciallyas t h e su n g en er allyh eat son e sid e of a st r u ct u r em u ch m or e t h an t h e ot h er .So t h er ear e all k in d sof differentforcesact ing on a t all st ruct ure. I 10.3 I 10.5 Narrat or: That day, St app w as sub.iect edt o . en ex t r em esof f or ceb ey on dt h e im ag in at ionWh t he sled's rocket sfired, he shot from zero t o over 1, 000 k ilom et r esp er h ou r in j u st t h r eesecon d s, su b . iect inhgim t o 20 Gs. w h en t h e sled h it t h e p ool of w at erin t h e b r ak in gzon e,it w as lik e h it t in ga b r ickw all.St ap p slow edf r om t h e sp eed of a b u llett o a com p let est op in lit t lem or et h an a sin g lesecon d .I n cr ed ib lyJoh , n St ap p su r v iv ed t h e r id e,alt h ou g hso m u chb lood h ad r u sh edin t o h is ey est h at h e w as u n ab let o see f or som et im e aft erw ards.Beforet he t est . doct ors had believed t h at h u m anb ein g sw er ein cap ab leof su r v iv in g f or cesg r eat ert h an I 7 Cs. Wh en t h e sled h it t h e w at er ,St ap p h ad p u lleda cr u sh in g46 Cs. Andrej : The record speed exceededt he st andard I 10.6 op er at in gsp eed b y a h u g em ar g in .lt w as 80o/ o Jasm in e: I t h in k w h at h e' ssu g g est in gin t er m s f ast erat it s p eak .So y ou w ou ldim ag in et h at f or cesis of acceler at ion an d d eceler at ion t he TCV used for t he record run w as heavily r eason ab le. modified. I n fact , t hat w asn't really t he case. An d r ew : Yeah .2 C sou n d sab ou t r ig h t .An y t h in g Th e t r ain w as m od if iedt o a cer t ainex t en tb u t , lesst h an t h at , an d t h e t r ack len g t h ' sg oin g j u st an w it h a f ew ex cep t ion s,it w as essen t ially t o exceed t he size of t he sit e. And if you st art or d in ar yTCV.As y ou can see f r om t h is slid e,on e g et t in gcloset o 3 c, or b ey on dt h at , t h en t h at ' s of t he biggest differencesw as t hat t he modified p r ob ab lyg oin gt o b e a b it t oo m u chf or t h e t r ain w as sig n if ican t ly sh or t er ,in or d er t o m ak e averagepassenger. it lig h t er Th . er ew as a 500/ 0 r ed u ct ionin len g t h , Jasm in e: I ' d say so. His calcu lat ionfsor t h e d ow n t o 100 m et r es.com oar edw it h a 200t ot al dist ancefor accelerat ionand decelerat ion m et r est an d ar dlen g t h .Th e coach esb ein gp u lled seem ab ou t r ig h t .Th e p r ob lemI h av eis w it h w ere perfect lyst andard t he only differences t h e len g t hof t h e t r ack .I t h in k h is t en - k ilom et r e w er et h at som e of t h e seat sh ad b een r em ov ed f ig u r eis OK f or an id ealw or ldscen ar io,b u t it t o m ak ew ay f or all of t h e m on it or in geq u ip m en t doesn't leave much margin for error. t h at w as car r iedon b oar d .An d som ech an g es w er em ad e t o t h e b od y w or k t, o m ak eit slig h t ly Andrew : No. Becauseat full speed, you're going m or eaer od y n am ic, w h ichm ean tt h e d r ag t o be covering,w hat , a kilomet reevery t hree coefficientw as reduced by I 5olo.The w heelson secon d s.So if t h er e' ssom e k in d of or ob lem . t h e m od if iedt r ain Wer em ar g in allyb i€€e r t h an y ou ' r eg oin gt o b e eat in gu p t h e k ilom et r esat a t he st andard size. The diamet er w as increasedby pret t y fright eningrat e. | 9olo,in order t o reducet he speed of revolut ion, Jasm in e: You can say t h at ag ain .I t h in k h e' ll t o lim it f r ict ionan d cen t r if u g al f or ce.An d t h e neé devery ki| omet reof t rack | engt hhe can p ow erof t h e elect r icm ot or sw as su b st an t ially g et on t h at sit e.Plu s som esor t of em er g en cy higher t han t he st andard unit s boost ed by st op p in €f aciI it yat t h e en d of t h e | in e,j u st in 680ó' Bu t n on eof t h e ch an g esWasf u n d am en t a| . case. So m y p oin t is, st an d ar dh ig h - sp eed t r ain scan b e Andrew : Definit ely,yeah. m ad et o g o f ast erb y a con sid er ab le am ou n t . Jasm in e:Th en I d on ' t k n oww h at y ou t h in k ab ou t u sin gw h eels,in st eadof sk id s. 10.4 I ' 50s, An d r ew : Well,t ech n icallyit, ' sf easib let o b u ild Nar r at or : I n t h e lat e I 940s an d ear ly t he w h eelscap ab leof sp in n in gat t h at sor t of sp eed , Unit ed St at es Air Force carried out a seriesof becauseit 's been done on land soeed record experiment st o explore how much physicalst ress car s.Th e on ly p r ob lemis, if y ou g et a w h eel t h e h u m anb od y cou ldw it h st an dA. k ey aim f ailu r eat t h e k in d of sp eed sw e' r et alk in gab ou t , w as t o t est how much C-forcepilot s w ere able t h e con seq u en ces ar e g oin gt o b e u n t h in k ab le. t o cop ew it h an d see w h at w ou ldh ap p enif t h ey Jasm in e: Yeah .I h av en ' tcalcu lat edex act lyw h at exceededt heir limit s. Led by Air Force doct or cent rifugalforcest hey'd havet o cope w it h, but John Paul St app, a number of spect aculart est s f or w h eelsof ab ou t 500 m il d iam et er at , f u ll w er ecar r iedou t at Ed w ar d sAir For ceBase in Calif or n ia,a locat ionsu it ab lef or t h e ex p er im en t s sp eed ,I w or k edou t t h ey ' db e sp in n in gat ov er 1 3 , 0 0 0r o m . t h an k st o it s 600- m et r er ail t r ack ,sp ecially designed for high-speedrocket t est s. A rocket An d r ew : Yeah ,t h at ' sa lot . Plu s,of cou r se,sk id s sled ,cap ab leof r each in gsp eed sap p r oach in g sh ou ldg iv e b et t erf r ict ion alr esist an ceu n d er t h e sou n db ar r ier ,w as m ou n t edon t h e t r ack .On b r ak in g . t op of t h esled , n am edSon icWin d ,r esear ch er s Jasm in e: Possib ly . f ix ed a seat , in t en d edf or an ab n or m allyb r av e Andrew : Maybe not ? volunt eer.Refusingt o give t he dangerousj ob t o Jasm in e: Well,t h e f r ict ionf r om w h eelb ear in g s a m em b erof h is t eam ,t h e m an in t h e h ot seat sp in n in gat t h at sor t of sp eed m ig h t b e h ig h er . w as John St app himself.Over several runs, St app An d t h e sk id sw ou ld n ' tb e in oer m an en con t t act w as subj ect edt o progressivelygreat er ext remes w it h t h e r ails,d on ' t f or g et .Bu t , an y w ay I, t h in k of force. Each t ime, he resist ed. Event ually,t he sk id sar e t h e on ly saf eop t ion . t im e cam et o t ak e t h e u lt im at er isk ,t o su r p ass Andrew : I 'd go for skids. Definit ely. w hat many doct ors believedt o be a deadly level Jasm in e:An d t h en f or t h e b r ak es,I t h in k t h e of G- f or ce.An d so on Decem b erlot h I 954, f ir st p oin t is t h at , f or t h e in it iald eceler at ion , St app Wasst rapped ont o soí ,ic Wind Í ort he ev enw it h ou tap p ly in gan y b r ak es,t h e m ot h erof all r id es. aer od y n am ic r esist an ceis g oin gt o b e h u g e.I n fact , t hat alone might even exceed 2 C, for a sh or t t im e. An d r ew : Possib lylt . ' d d ep en dh ow m u chd r ag t h er ew as,w h ichob v iou slyd ep en d son t h e b od y w or kd esig n ,d oesn ' tit ? Jasm in e: Yeah . An d r ew : I d on ' t lik e t h e id ea of a f r ict ionsy st em , ag ain stt h e r ails.lt w ou ldh av et o w it h st an da t r em en d ou sam ou n tof h eat . Jasm in e: Yeah .I t h in k t h at ' sa n on - st ar t erat, t h esek in d sof sp eed s.Aer od y n am icb r ak in g h as g ot t o b e t h e b est op t ion .Possib lyy, ou cou ldd ep loyf lap sin it iallyat , t op sp eed ,t h en m ay b er eleasea p ar ach u t eas a secon dst ag e. May b e d ep loyt h e p ar ach u t eat , I d on ' t k n ow , w hat sort of speeds do dragst ersreach?They u se p ar ach u t es,d on ' t t h ey ?w h at d o t h ey d o? 400 Ks? An d r ew : A b it m or e,I t h in k .450, som et h in glik e t h at . Th er e' salso t h e op t ionof r ev er seen g in e t h r u st ,lik e t h ey u se on air cr af t . Jasm in e: I n t h at case,t h ou g h ,y ou ' dst ill n eed an ot h ersy st em ,in case y ou g et an en g in ef ailu r e. Bu t it ' s a p ossib ilit yI. t h in k t h e b ot t omlin e is t h at it n eed sa com b in at ionof sv st em st o m ak eit ab solu t elyf ail- saf e. Audioscr ipt 95 The propulsion syst em Will t h e w eig h tof t h e cab leallowt h e b aset o b e m ov edb y it s ow n p r op eller sor w ill a m or e pow erfulsyst em for propulsionand cont rol be r eq u ir ed ?For ex am p le,an ex t er n alp ow ersou r ce. Un it 1 I 2a I n av ig at ion ( monit oring)delivery vehicles ) st o| encars 3 ( findin€ 4 drift 5 man overboard 6 innovat iveuses of b I 2 uses use 3a 2d 3b 3 user's;useful 4f 5a b Suggested answers Anchor syst em I t w ill b e oossib let o an ch ort h e b ase m or e secu r elyin sh alloww at er ,n ear t h e coast .A oer m an en an t ch orst r u ct u r ecou ldb e b u ilt on t h e ocean b ed , in sh alloww at er .Th e b ase st at ion cou ldt h en b e f ix ed secu r elyt o it w it h cab les.lf severalanchor st ruct uresare built at different locat ion salon gt h e coast ,t h e b ase st at ioncan be moved bet w eent hem. Propulsion syst em Tugs( pow erfulboat s used for pulling ships) could be used as an ext ernal oow er source. How ever,t he base st at ion could be driven by it s ow n propellers.The large,pow erfulengines needed t o propel it w ould be heavy,but t hat isn't necessarilya disadvant age,as ext ra mass, and t hereforeext ra inert ia, w ould help t o make t he base more st able. 6e 4a allow s prevent s I 3 en su r es;en ab les b I allow s/ en ab les en su r es prevent s 3 c '| allow / en ab le allow / en ab le en su r e allow / en ab le prevent 3 4 5 10 6a 6b on page8 Seet extin Exer cise c 2i 8d 3a 9f 4b 5C 6h 7c 11a I t 'sa flat belt for lift ing elevat oB w hich is used inst ead of a cable. Compared w it h cables, t he Cen2 syst em has a number of advant ages. 7a 3 4 6 7 A t echnicaladvant ageis a t ype of t echnology t h at is su p er iorin som ew ay - f or ex am p le, more efficient ,more pow erfulor more reliable - compared w it h a relat ed t ype of t echnology - for example,a compet ingproduct [ onesold by an ot h ercom p an y -) or com p ar edw it h an ear lier model of t he same product . support at t ached raised pow er ascen q t ransport b 2e 3b r ed u ces 6 con v en t ion al 7 r ed u ce I en n an ce c Th e n ot esar e m issin gar t icles( a/ an t, h e) an d som e au x iliar yv er b s [ e. 9.b e) . 3 4 5 8a See au d ioscr ip t1. 3 on p ag e 86 72a b I 2 3 4 5 4t 5c 6a c By a float ing st ruct ure To at t ach t he base t o t he seabed Sh ip sw ou ldcar r y t h em Cot lision sb et w eent h e cab lean d sp ace d eb r is Th e an ch or sw ou ldb e r aisedan d t h e st at ion w ou ldb e m ov ed . 9a Suggest ed answ er The anchoring syst em Th e w in d load son t h e cab lew ill b e h u g e.Wh at ar e t h e im p licat ion fsor t h e an ch or in Csy st em ? Th e b ase w ill n eed t o b e m ov edcon t in u allyan d somet imesurgent ly.w hat t emporary syst em cou ld b e u sed t o h old t h e b ase in p osit ion ? Sh ou ldt h e b ase b e in sh alloww at er n ear t h e coast , or in deep w at er furt her ofEhore? The ch oicew ill h av ean im p acton t h e d esig nof t h e an ch orsy st em . I 2 3 b lc C 2 3 4 5 d I 2 J con v en t ion al su p er ior elim in at es c Rich ar dsu g g est su sin gev er y d aylan g u ag e t o av oidex p lan at ion sn ot b ein gu n d er st ood ; u sin gsom ej ar g onan d t h en ex p lain in git u sin g ev er y d aylan g u ag et o av oidsou n d in gp at r on isin g ; ex p lain in gd if f icu ltcon cep t sb y com p ar in g t echnicalpoint s w it h t hings in everydaylife t o illu st r at et h em ;an d u sin gsom e h u m ou r t o av oidsou n d in gd u ll. 15b 2 A colu m ng oin gd ow n in t o t h e g r ou n d 3 To d r ill 4 Con cr et eDou r edon t h e con st r u ct ionsit e in it s f in al oosit ion 5 Made at a fact ory,aw ay from t he sit e 6 To h am m erin 7 Lik e a g ian t h am m er Lik e a g ian t d r ill I 9 A k in d of claysu sp en sion/ a sor t of m u d d I 2 3 4 p u t sim p ly ;in ot h er w or d s;b asically effect ively;essent ially;basically w hat w e call: w hat w e refer t o as if y ou im ag in e;if y ou p ict u r e 16 Suggest ed answ ers ; dTh er ear e t w o t y p esof p ile f ou n d at ionen b ear in gp ilesan d f r ict ionp iles.Essen t ially , en d - b ear in gp ilesar e u sed w h eny ou h av esof t g r ou n dw h ichis on t op of h ar d €rou n d or r ock . Basicallyt,h e p ilesg o t h r ou g ht h e sof t g r ou n d an d sit on t h e h ar d g r ou n db elow .lt ' s a b it lik e building over w at er.The soft ground is like w at er, , d t h e h ar d w h ichcan ' t su p p or tan y t h in gan g r ou n db elowit is lik e t h e seab ed .Pu t sim p ly , t h e p ilesar e lik e st ilt s.Fr ict ionp ilesar e d if f er en t . Th ey ' r eu sedw h ent h er e' sn o h ar d g r ou n d .I n sim p let er m s,t h e sid esof t h e p ile g r ip t h e sof t g r ou n dar ou n dt h em .lf y ou p ict u r ea n ail in a p ieceof w ood ,it ' st h e sam e t h in g .Th e n ail is g r ip p edb y t h e w ood ar ou n dit . Som et im est h e b ot t om sof f r ict ionp i| esar e m ad eWid er .| m a€in e a leg w it h a foot at t he bot t om, it 's t he same p r in cip le. I en h an ced reduced el i m i n at ed 2b 4 5 3a d r am at ically 6 7 en t ir ely I ex t r em ely con sid er ab ly con v en t ion al su p er ior 4d h ig h ly ex cep t ion ally sig n if ican t ly en t ir ely t; ot ally con sid er ab lyd; r am at ically ex cep t ion allyh;ig h ly 14a I Th at y ou sh ou ld n ' tu sej ar g onor it w ill sou n d lik e n on sen sean d t h at t ech n icalcon cep t scan b e d if f icu ltt o ex p lain ,ev enu sin gev er y d ay lan g u ag e. 2 Ex p lan at ion tsh at ar e b or in g . 5 Sp eak in gt o an ad u lt as if y ou ' r et alk in gt o a ch ild . Unit 2 2a 2 Class 3 Cop p er 4 Al u m i n i u m b 2a 'I e c 2 3 4 5 3b 8C w it h from from w it h 5 6 7 4f Tim b er Ru b b er Plast ic 5d 6h 6of 7ot 8 from 3b Th e m ain p oin t t h at lr in a m ak esis t h at it ' s imoort ant t o consider t he t ot al environment al im p actof a p r od u ct ,in clu d in gp r od u cin git ( p r ean d r ecy clin git ( p ost - u se) . u se) ,u sin git ( in - u se) g ht Sh e g iv est h e ex am p leof an en er g y - sav inlig bulb. I 96 I t Answer key I C Sooh iaan d Pet e' sid eas: Pr e- u se:alu m in iu mp r od u ct ion[ ex t r act ion f r om , or e an d r ecy clin g )coat in gst eel ( g alv an isin g ) , t r an sp or t in gan d h an d lin gb u lk m at er ial,cu t t in g an d w eld in g I n - u se:w eig h t( im p acton f u el con su m p t ion ) , lif esp an( f r eq u en cy of m an u f act u r in g ) d Suggest ed answ ers Elect r icalw ir esin v eh icles For pre-use,as far as I know it t akes more en er g yt o p r od u cealu m in iu mt h an t o p r od u ce copper,if it 's derived from ore. How ever,it t akes less en er g yt o t r an sp or talu m in iu m b, ecau seit ' s lig h t er . For in - u se,I ' m su r e alu m in iu mis b et t er b ecau se it ' slig h t er ,so t h e v eh iclew ou ldcon su m eless f u el. For p ost - u se,b ot h alu m in iu man d cop p ercan b e r ecy cled |' ' d say it t ak es| essen er €y t o h an d | e an d t r an sp or talu m in iu m b, ecau seit ' slig h t er . Ex t er n alw allsin h ou ses For pre-use,it t akes a lot of energyt o produce b r ick sb ecau set h ey h av et o b e f ir ed in a k iln . Th ey ' r ealso h eav yt o t r an sp or t Sof . t w oodis lig h t ert o t r an sp or t ,an d I ' d say it p r ob ab lyt ak es lessen er g yt o saw it an d h an d leit , com p ar ed w it h m ak in gb r ick s.Du r in gcon st r u ct ionb, u ild in g w it h bricks uses more energy,as sand and cem en th av et o b e t r an sp or t edan d m ix edt o make mort ar. For in - u se.w ood is a b et t er in su lat ort h an b r ick w h ichis an ad v an t ag e,as t h e h ou sesh ou ldt ak e less energy t o heat . I n t heory,soft w oodcould last as lon g as b r ick s,if it ' sp r op er lym ain t ain ed . Bu t in or act ice.t h at w ill of t enn ot b e t h e case. So, con st r u ct ionen er g ycou ldsom et im esb e h ig h erf or sof t w oodas , h ou sesn eedt o b e r eb u ilt m or eof t en . For post -use,it 's possible t o recoverbot h bricks and soft w oodfor re-use,but neit her is very easy t o recycle. 4 Suggest ed answ ers I Br ak esar e d esig n edt o slow d ow nv eh icles or m ov in gp ar t s.Of t en t h ey w or k t h r ou g h f r ict ion ,b y ap p | y in €p r essu r et o p ad sWh ich ar e p r essedag ain stt h e sid esof a d isc,t h e in sid eof a d r u m ,or d ir ect lyag ain sta w h eel r im . Alt er n at iv esin clu d esy st em st h at u se elect r om ag n et ficor ce,sy st em st h at ex p loit t h e b r ak in gef f ect sof en g in esor f ly w h eels ( v iaclu t ch esan d g ear b ox es)aer , od y n am ic b r ak in gsy st em s( f orex am p lesp oiler son aircraft , parachut eson dragst ers) ,and reverset hrust erson j et engines.Brake discs ar e of t en m ad eof f er r ou sm et als( ir on - b ased - f or ex am p lest eel) ,or som et im escer am ic m at er ials. 2 Ex am p lesof m at er ialsu sed t o m ak e p ad s in clu d e:com oou n d sof ad v an cedm at er ials ( car s)f,er r ou sm et als( t r ain s)r,u b b er ( b icy cles)cer , am ics( p er f or m an ce car s) . 5a Creen referst o ecologicalissues. Red referst o heat ( red hot meansvery hot ) . Also, a hot t opic is a cu r r en tim p or t an tt op ic. b I 2 3 Becau set h ey u se f r ict ion ,w h ichw ast es en er g yas h eat They recoverheat and use it t o pow er t he car. Th e ab ilit yt o g en er at eh ig h lev elsof f r ict ion , and t o resist t he effect sof frict ion and con seou en h t eat 4 Heat f r om t h e en g in eb ein gab sor b edb y t h e ch assis,w h ichcan d am ag esen sit iv ep ar t s su ch as elect r on iccom p on en t san d p last ic part s c 29 5b 4f 5d 6a 6c I c 2b 3d 4a 5e 7e e I 2 b;c d;e 4 5 e a; b; c d 8c 2 ab r asionr esist an ce 3 t h er m alst ab ilit y 4 du r able lig h t w eig h t 9a lc b 1 2 3 5b 4a 5d I 3 t yres d r iv eb elt s brake pads 4 5 b u llet - r esist an t ar m ou r sealin gg ask et s b I i€h t w eig h t ab r asionr esist an ce 2a q 6 10a I At t h e d en t ist ' s 2 Th e t ool is a d en t ald r ill. 3 Tit an iu mcan b e u sed f or t h e h an d le,an d t u n g st en - car b idan e d d iam on df or t h e b u r . c lb t4a I Wat chm at er ialsar e som et im esch osenf or m ar k et in gr eason s,n ot t ech n icalr eason s. 2 Th eycon sid er edu sin gsu b m ar in e- g r adst e eel in som e m od elsev ent h ou g hw at er r esist an ce act u allyd ep en d son t h e j oin t san d seals,n ot t h e m et alu sed . g at er ialsar e 3 Man y g ood w at ch - m ak inm eit h eror d in ar y or com p lex ,an d so ar e n ot v er y m ar k et ab le. 4 Con su m er sar e n ot t ech n icalex p er t s,an d m ak ech oicesb asedon t h eir im or ession s. r at h ert h an on f act u alin f or m at ion . b 2e c Suggest ed answ ers I n t y r es,p u n ct u r ean d t ear r esist an ceh elp t o st op p u n ct u r esan d b low ou t san d ab r asion r esist an ceh elp st h e t y r e t o last lon g er .I n d r iv e b elt s,h ig helast icit yallow sb elt st o f it t ig h t ly an d ab r asionr esist an ceh elost h em r esistt h e f r ict ioncau sedb y t h e b elt t u r n in g .I n b r ak e p ad s, ab r asionr esist an ceh elp st h e p ad st o last lon g er an d t h er m alst ab ilit yh elp st h em r esistt h e h eat g en er at edd u r in gb r ak in g .Kev lar @ h elp sm ak e b u llet - r esist anart m ou r ,w h ichis g en er allyh eav y , m or e lig h t w eig h tw, h ichis b et t erf or t h e v eh icle' s performance.Kevlaromakes sealing gasket s d u r ab lean d it s t h er m alst ab ilit yallow st h em t o r eslsth eat - f or ex am p le,in en g in ecy lin d er h ead s- an d it s ch em icalst ab ilit ym ean sg ask et s ar e n ot af f ect edb y en g in ef lu id ssu ch as f u el, lu b r icat in goil an d coolan tliq u id s. l 2 13a I corrosion resist ance 2 w at er resist ance 3 scrat ch resist ance 4 shock resist ance 3e 5 4 4c d u r ab le t h er m alst ab ilit y 5d t2 Suggest ed answ ers I Ex am p lesof sit u at ion su sed in ad v er t isin g in clu d em ot or r acin g ,w at ersp or t ssu ch as su r f in gan d d iv in g ,an d av iat ion . 2 Th e in t en d edm essag eis t h at w at ch esar e accu r at ean d ar e r esist an t . 3 Hig h erq u alit yw at ch esk eepg ood t im e; ar e r esist an t o w at eran d sh ock s;an d ar e m ad ef r om m or eex p en siv e,b et t er - look in g m at er lals. 4 Descr ib in gsom et h in gas w at er - r esist an t su g g est sit can r esistw at er u p t o a cer t ain lim it ,f or ex am p let o a cer t aind ep t h or p r essu r e.Descr ib ln gsom et h in gas w at er p r oofsu g g est sit g iv esu n lim it ed orot ect ionfrom w at er. 7 8 T T FFFF- it n eed sa p r ot ect iv ecoat in g . h e say sit ' sf air lyp oor in t er m sof look s. no - for t he reasonsgiven above. in ad eq u at em at er ialsh av en ev erb een ch osenf or m ar k et in gr eason s. T F - com p licat edn am esar e n ot g ood f or m ar k et in g . c 2 3 4 5 6 except ionallyresist ant n ot at all su it ab le t reoct dously market able I elat ivelycomplex n ot all t h at g ood d I 2 3 4 5 ex t r em elyex , cep t ion allyt r, em en d ou sly q u lt e,f air ly ,p r et t y ,r elat iv ely n ot v er y ,n ot p ar t icu lar lyn, ot ( all)t h at n ot en ou g h ,in su f f icien t lyn,ot ad eq u at ely d ef in it elyn ot , n ot at all 15 Suggest ed answ ers St eel is r elat iv elyh eav yan d v er y t ou g h .lt is pret t y scrat ch-resist antand shock-resist ant . Mild st eel is n ot v er y cor r osion - r esist an bu tt st ain lessst eel h as g ood cor r osionr esist an ce an d is t h er ef or esu it ab lef or w at ch es.Class is q u it e h eav yan d is w at er - r esist anan t d cor r osion r esist an t Or . d in ar yg lassis v er y b r it t lean d h as f air lyp oor sh ock r esist an cean d scr at ch r esist an ce, alt h ou g hit is st ill su it ab lef or w at ch es, g lassis m or e d u r ab le.Alu m in iu mis Tou g h en ed r elat iv elylig h t w eig han t d is f air lyt ou g h .lt h as good corrosion resist ance.lt is t hereforesuit able f or w at ch es.Tit an iu mis ex cep t ion ally lig h t w eig h t an d t ou g han d h as ex cellen tab r asionr esist an ce. I t is also ex t r em elycor r osion - r esist an ant d is t h er ef or ean ex cellen tw at chm at er ial.Gold is ex t r em elyh eav yan d p r et t yt ou g h ,alt h ou g h sof t erg r ad esof g old h av eq u it e p oor sh ock r esist an cean d scr at chr esist an ce. Gold h as ex cellen cor t r osionr esist an ce. lt is su it ab lef or more exoensive.decorat ivew at ches. I Un i t 3 2a Th e aim of t h e p r oj ectis t o f or m u lat ea p olicyt h at w ill st at ew h ichp lu g an d sock et con f gi u r at ion st h eir com p an yr ecom m en d s, an d ex p laint h e t ech n icalr eason sw h y t h ey ar e r ecom m en d ed . Answ erkey 97 b I he profile of t he pins means t he shape of t he in d iv id u alp in s,f or ex am p lea r ect an g u larcr osssect ionor a clr cu larcr oss- sect ion . means a uniform A st andard configuroú lon ar r an g em en tf,or ex am p lein a g iv encou n t r yall p lu g sh av ea st an d ar dlay ou t- t h ey all ex act ly t h e sam e. c a6 b4 cl d5 e2 r3 d 2 5 4 r ou n d ed r ect an g u lar cy lin d r ical 5 6 lin ear t r ian g u lar e rcct angle; rect iangular;t riangle; t riangular; lylinder; cylildrical; line; ! ! ear 3a Pict u r eb b 2 5 ridges; grooves;recessed;flush w it h; set back oins 4a '| 2 Ad v an t ag es:Th e p lu g r esist sp u llou tf or ces. Not h in gcan t ou cht h e p in s if t h e p lu g is p ar t iallyp u lledou t . Disad v an t ag es; lt ' s d if f icu ltt o p u ll ou t . Ad v an t ag es:Ch ild r encan ' t st ickt h in g sin t h e socket . Disad v an t ag es: lf t h e m ech an ismis t oo sen sit iv e,it can b e d if f icu ltt o in ser tt h e p lu g . 5 See au d ioscr ip t3. 6 on p ag e88 6a I T F - cast in gis a d if f er en td iscip lin e 3 F - it ' sa slan gt er m F - w or k in v olv in gab r asiv esis n oisier 5 T 6 T b I 2 3 Saw in g Sh ear in g Dr illin g 4 5 Millin g Flam e- cu t t in g c 2 3 4 g u illot in e 5 kerf 6 t oot hed blade ab r asiv ew h eel hole-saw 7a secondar| operafions: addit ional machining, su ch as p olish in g net -shapedport s: part s w it h accurat elycut edges; oft en int ricat e shapes heat -affect edzone: t he area modified by high t emperat ures( result ingfrom t he heat of cut t ing) mechonical st resses:physicalforcessuch as sh ear f or cesw h ensaw in gor g u illot in in gm et al narrow kerf: narrow t hicknessof mat erial removedduring cut t ing;especiallyeasy t o do w it h w at erj et cut t inc t ight lAnest ed: w hen severalcomponent sare cut from t he same piece of mat erial t he component s , ak in gb et t er u se can b e p lacedcloset og et h er m of t h e m at er ial. b I 2 3 4 net -shapedpart s heat -affect edzone mechanicalst resses narrow kerf 98 Answ erkey 4 c I 3 especiallygood w hen u selessw h en n ot t h e b est solu t ion ideal for I Suggest ed answ ers Dr illin gw it h a b it is g ood f or cu t t in gb lin d h oles. Dr illin gw it h a h ole- sawis id ealf or cu t t in g t im b er . Flame-cut t ingis perfect for cut t ing met als.lt 's uselessfor cut t ing ceramics. Crinding is perfect for cut t ing w ide kert s.lt 's t ot allyu n su it ab leif y ou d on ' t w an t a h eat affect edzone. Cu illot in in gis esp eciallyg ood f or cu t t in gt h in m at er ials.lt ' s n ot p ar t icu lar lysu it ab lef or cu t t in g t h ick m at er ials. Milling is especiallygood for cut t ing met als.lt 's t ot allyu n su it ab lef or cu t t in gt im b er . Pu n ch in gis su it ab lef or cu t t in gt h r ou g hh oles.lt ' s uselessfor cut t ing blind holes. h t edges. | t 'snot saw ing is idea| for cut t ing st rai€ so good if you need t o cut curved edges. j et you need curved Wat er cut t ing is ideal if edges. lt 's not so good for cut t ing very t hick m at er ials. 9 See au d ioscr ip 3. t 8 on p ag e88 10a I To in v olv et h eir su p p lier sm or eact iv elyin d esig n 2 Doin ga lot of w or k f or n o r et u r nan d covenng cost s 3 They w ant t o w ork w it h few er suppliers,so t here w ould be more w ork. b I 2 Mech an icalf ix in g s:scr ew ,r iv et ,clip f ix in g s:w eld ,ad h esiv e Non - m ech an ical c 4 5 I 2 3 w eld b olt ad h esiv e d I 2 3 . ioin in gf;ix in g b olt in g ;r iv et in g b on d in g ;w eld in g g ; lu in g screw rivet on 2 each ot her 3 t oget her 4 5 ont o/ t o to c I 3 b a2 c a b c d Main advant age:They can be removedeasily. Th eycan w or k loose. Main d isad v an t ag e: I t can't be removedeasily. t ig h t en ed . Fix in g scan b e in ad eq u at ely Ad h esiv escan b e u sedon im p r op er ly preparedsurfaces.Welds can be flaw ed. tza Suggest ed answ ers I I n early aircraft ,t imber framesw erej oined t oget herw it h adhesive/ glued t oget her,or screw s/ screw edt oget her. b od y p an elsar e j oin ed 2 I nj et air cr af t alloy , t oget her w it h rivet s/ rivet ed t oget her. 3 I n aircraft cabins, t he seat s are fixed t o t he floor w it h bolt s / bolt ed t o t he floor. b3 c4 d I Th e b alloon sclim b edf ast ert h an ex p ect ed , t hen ent ered cont rolledairspaceadj acent t o an air p or t . A r op et an €|ed Wit ha p ow er| in e,t h en Mr Walt ersw as arrest ed. , st erb alloon in g , Th e m od er neq u iv alen tclu is n ot a m ain st r eamsp or t ,b u t is b ecom in g more popurar. Weat h er A €a r d en ch air ,h e| iu m - f i| | ed b alloon san d r op es ! 4a a over b b elow ;b en eat h ;u n d er n eat h c alon g sid eiad j acen t o; b esid e d ar ou n d e ou t sid e f in sid e;w it h in b I ab ov e 2 ar ou n d 5in c 2 3 4 insert ed sit uat ed su sp en d ed 4 5 w it h in b en eat h 5 6 7 locat ed proj ect ing p osit ion ed d locat ed ;sit u at ed 15a See au d ioscr ip 3. t 9 on p ag e88 b '| 2 4 5 6 b I 13a See ar t i cl e o n p ag e 2 8 3 1la I t oget her 2 each ot h er 3on 4 t o/ ont o I n ai r cr af t co ck p i t s, t h e w i n d sh i el d i s b o n d ed t o t he f uselage w it h adhesive / glued t o t he f uselage. lt ' s p r et t yt im e- con su m intgo assem b le. Cable t ies are fast enedaround t he bot t oms of t h e b alloon s,t o f ix t h em t o t h e r op es. The balloons are at t achedt o ropes of differentlengt hs,w hich are at t ached in groups t o st raps, like t he branchesof a t ree. Wat eris car r iedin b ag s,as b allast .Tap son t he bags are used t o releasew at er. Th e b alloon scan b e r eleasedon e b y on e. Th e b alloon scan ' t b e r eleasedon e b y on e. c Suggested answers Th e h eliu mcou ld b e con t ain edw it h ina sm aller n u m b erof lar g erb alloon s.Th e b alloon scou ld be made of st ronger mat erial t han w eat her b alloon s,an d cou ldb e p er m an en t lyf ast en edt o t h e r op esor st r ap s.Th isw ou ldm ak et h e b alloon clust er fast er t o put t oget her and inflat e.Tw oor t h r eeof t h e b alloon scou ld h av ev alv es,allow in g h eliu mt o b e r eleasedd u r in gt h e f lig h t .Th is w ou ldalso allowt h e b alloon st o b e d ef lat edaf t er t h e f lig h t ,so t h at t h ey cou ld b e r eu sed . I Un it 4 1 For t h e d esig nof a lar g ecr u isesh ip , sev er al h u n d r edd r aw in g sw ou ldn eed t o b e p r od u ced . Th esew ou ldin clu d eg en er alar r an g em en t d r aw in g s,su ch as p lan sof t h e ov er alllay ou tof each d eck ,elev at ion sof t h e sid esof t h e sh ip , and cross-sect ionst hrough t he ship at different point s. Not es on t hese general arrangement draw ingsw ould t hen refer t o more det ailed d r aw in g sof assem b lyd et ails.As w ell as b ein g I g en er alar r an g em en t d iv id edin t o sm all- scale d r aw in g san d lar g er - scale d et ails,t h e d r aw in g s w ould also be organised int o different sp ecialisat ion s, su ch as st r u ct u r e,elect r ical p ow ercir cu it s,lig h t in gcir cu it s,w at ersu p p ly ,air con d it ion in glif , t s,f ir e sp r in k lersy st em s,en g in e in st allat ion s, et c. 2a I Part of a st aircase( St aircase3, Deck C) 2 Th e n u m b erof p an els,an d t h eir size b 2 3 4 5 6 7 elev at ion ex p lod edv iew cross-sect ion sch em at ic n ot e sp ecif icat ion c g en er alar r an g em en tp: lan ,elev at ion d et ail:ex p lod edv ieWcr oss- sect ion d I 2 3 4 elev at ion cr oss- sect ion 5 plan sch em at ic ex p lod edv iew 3a Th e scaleis t h e r at io b et w eent h e sizeof it em s sh ow non a d r aw in g ,an d t h eir act u alsize ( in r ealit y )A . scaler u le h as sev er alscales,allow in g d im en sion st o b e m easu r edon a d r aw in g t, o d et er m in et h e act u alsize. b I 2 c I 2 J Th e w id t hof t h e p an elat t h e t op . Th at y ou sh ou ld n ' tscaleof f d r aw in g s. I t ' sm en t ion edb ecau sePav elsu g g est s m easu r in gt h e d im en sionon t h e d r aw in g s w it h a scaler u le t o f in d ou t t h e act u al d im en sion s. ls t his drow ing t o sco/ e? : Do t he d im en sion scor r esp on dw it h a scale? I t 's one t o five' = Í he dimensionson t he d r aw in gar e I / 5 of t h eir r eal size. . . . g ou sh ou ld n ' t scoleof fd r ow in g s. . . = You sh ou ld n ' tm easu r ed im en sion son a d r aw in g u sin ga scaler u le an d t ak e t h em t o b e ex act . ... it 's oct uol size, on a full-scaledraw ing ... : Th e d im en sion son t h e d r aw in gar e t h e same as t heir real size. 4 Ty p esof d r aw in gr eq u ir ed a : p lan sh ow in g t h e p er im et erof t h e h an d r ail( p ossib lescale I : I 00) ; an elev at ionof a sh or t len g t hof t h e h an d r ail( p ossib lescale 1: I 0) ; a sect ionof t h e h an d r ail( p ossib lescale I : | 0) ; d et ailssh ow in g key connect ions,such as t hose bet w eenhandrail p ost san d d eck ,an d t op r ail an d p ost s( p ossib le scale- act u alsize) .Sp ecif icat iont :y p e of st eel, t ypes of w elded j oint , t ypes of bolt , t ype and , h er m at er ialssu ch as colou rof p ain u coat in got p last icsu r r ou n dt o t op r ail 6a Th e w or d sm ean h ow ex act som et h in gis, f or ex am p leh ow closelyt h e sizesof m an u f act u r ed it em sm at cht h eir d esig n edsize. b I 2 3 A suoerFlatfloor has a much flat t er surface. I t ' sf in ish edm or e p r eciselyt h an an or d in ar y concret efloor. Or d in ar yslab scan b e f lat t o + / - 5m m . Su oer f latslab scan b e f lat t o w it h in I m m . Slig h t v ar iat ion sin f loor lev elcan cau se f or k lif t st o t ilt , cau sin gt h e f or k st o h it r ack s or d r op it em s. c Toleranceis t he accept abledifferencebet w een id eald esig n edsizean d act u alsize.I n m ach in in g an d assem b lyp r ocesses,it is im p ossib let o ach iev een t ir elyp r ecisesizes.A d eg r eeof t oleranceis alw aysrequired. d I 2 3 4 w it h in p l u s;m i n u s t ig h t ou t sid e e I 2 3 4 ou t sid et oler an ce + / - 0.5mm w it h int oler an ce t ig h t t oler an ce f Dif f er en ce in m ean in g Plu : s or m in u s I m m m ean st h e size m ay v ar y b y a m ax im u mof I ' id eal' m m eit h ersid e of t h e d im en sionAs . an ex am Dle.if t h e d iam et erof a st eel b ar is sp e c i f i e a d s 1 0 0 m m + / - | m m ,t h e d i a m e t e r m ay b e a m ax im u mof l0l m m at it s w id est p oin t an d 99 m m at it s n ar r ow estp oin t .Sin ce t h e t ot alv ar iat ioncan b e I m m eit h ersid e of t h e '100 m m ' i d e a l ' ( b e t w e e9n9 m m a n d l 0 l m m ) , t h e m ax im u mt ot alv ar iat ionb et w eent h e w id est an d n ar r ow estp oin t sis 2 m m . How ev ern, o p oin t m u st b e f u r t h ert h an I m m eit h ersid e of t h e ' id eal' size. Wit h in I m m d escr ib eson ly t h e t ot al v ar iat ionin size.Th is m ean st h e size m ay v ar y b y a m ax im u m of I m m ab ov et h e id eald im en sion( aslon g as ) it m ay n o p oin t is b elowt h e id eald im en sionor v ar y b y a m ax im u mof I m m b elowt h e id eal d im en sion( aslon g as n o p oin t is ab ov et h e id eal a m in im u md iam et erof d im en sion )Th . er ef or e, 1 0 0 a n d a m a x i m u mo f l 0 l w o u l db e w i t h i nI m m ,a s w o u l da m i n i m u mo f 9 9 a n d a m a x i m u m o f 1 0 0 ,a n d a m i n i m u mo f 9 9 . 5 a n d a m a x i m u m of 100.5. Ex am p lesof u ses:lt is u su alt o sp ecif y+ / t oler an cesw h er ea sp ecif icid ealsize is cr it ical, f or ex am p let h e sizeof a h olef or a b olt . ln t h is case, if t he ho| eis t oo narrow Í t oofar be| owt he id ealsize)t h e b olt w ill n ot f it in t o it . lf t h e h ole is t oo w id e ( t oof ar ab ov et h e id eal size) ,t h e b olt ' Wit h in 'is of t enu sed w ill n ot f it t ig h t lyen ou g h . w hen specifyingt olerancesfor concret efloor su r f aces.I n t h is case,t h e im p or t an tissu eis t h e t ot al am ou n tof v ar iat ionb et w eent h e h ig h est and low est ooint s on t he surfaceof t he floor ( w h ichd et er m in esh ow sm oot ht h e f loor is) . 7a I A su p er f latf in ishf or t h e en t ir ef loor 2 Free movementfloors are superflat everyw here.On defined movementfloors, on ly sp ecif iclan esar e su p er f lat . 3 Lon g ,n ar r owlan esallow a h ig h er - q u alit y f in isht o b e ach iev ed . 4 This can be done at a lat er st age t o make ot h er p ar t sof t h e f loor su p er f lat . 5 lt can b e p osit ion edd eep erin t h e con cr et e. b I lon g 2 w id e 3 h eig h t w idt h l en g t h dept h 9 A d esig np r ocessis t h e d ev elop m enof t a d esig n . A t y p icald esig nst ar t sw it h a d esig nb r ief ,w h ich st at est h e d esig nob iect iv es.I n it ialid easar e t h en p u t t og et h eras r ou g hsk et ch es.Th esear e t h en d ev elop edin t o p r elim in ar yd r aw in g s,w h ich are more det ailed and are oft en draw n t o scale. Th e p r elim in ar yd r aw in g sar e t h en d ev elop ed , in cor p or at in g com m en t sf r om d if f er en tm em b er s of t h e d esig nt eam ,con su lt an t san d t h e clien t . On ce t h e d esig nh as b een su f t icien t ly d ev elop ed , . esear e t h en w or k in gd r aw in g sar e p r od u ced Th u sed f or m an u f act u r in g / assem b ly / con st r u ct ion . Fr eq u en t lyw, or k in gd r aw in g sar e r ev ised ( ch an g edd) u r in gt h is lat t er p h ase,in or d er t o r esolv et ech n icalp r ob lem sen cou n t er edd u r in g m an u f act u r in g / assem b ly / con st r u ct ion . 10a I d esig nin f or m at ion[ at d if f er en tst ag esof t h e design process) 2 sket ches,design brief, revised/ amended d r aw in g ,su p er sed edd r aw in g ,p r elim in ar y d r aw in g ,w or k in gd r aw in g ,su m m ar y / n ot es b I b C I 4 5 5 2d sket ch 2 d esig nb r ief d 2 3 4 5 revise r ou g h issu e com m en ton 3c 4a 5e 3 4 w orking draw ing p r elim in ar yd r aw in g 6 7 8 su p er sed e sp ecif y resolve e Suggest ed answ ers I Th e d r aw in gn eed st o b e am en d ed / r ev ised . 2 Th e d esig nn eed st o b e sen t t o t h e clien tf or com m en t san d ap p r ov al. Th e sit e en g in eern eed st o b e con t act edt o ch eckw h ichr ev isionof t h e d r aw in gt h ey nave. 4 The t hree differentcont ract orsneed t o be issu edw it h t h e r ev ision . E Rou g hsk et ch esn eed t o b e d on e f ir st an d t h e clien tt o com m en ton t h em . 11b I b d '| 2a 3c t h ick d ep t h Th e sen ioren g in eerw ill d ecid ew h et h eror n ot t h e t eam n eed sf u r t h err ev ision sof a d r aw in g . t h ick n ess h eig h t l f t h e d r aw i n g i s n eed ed , t h e t eam w i l l receive copies of all f urt her revisions. lf not , n o f u r t h er r ev i si o n s w i l l b e i ssu ed t o t h e l eam . S/ h e w i l l l i ai se b eBv een t h e m ech an i cal an d elect rical t eam s, and w ill report t o t he proiect c J 8 The capit alT referst o t he t hicknessof t he flanges. The small t referst o t he t hicknessof t he w eb. The capit alW referst o t he w idt h oft he flanges.The sm allw r ef er st o h alft h e w id t hof t h e colu m nf r om t he cent reof t he w eb t o t he edgesof t he flanges. The small r referst o t he radiusoft he curve at t he j oint bet w eent he w eb and t he flanges.The capit al D referst o t he t ot al dept h of t he column,from t he t op of one flanget o t he bot t om of t he opposit e flange.The small d referst o t he dept h of t he w eb, measuredbet lveent he ends of t he curvesat t he j oin t s,at t h e p oin tw h er et h e cu r v esar e f lu shw it h t he face of t he w eb. d d iam et er t: h e m ax im u mw id t hof a cir cle radius: t he dist ancefrom t he cent re of a circle t o it s circumference( halft he diamet er) m an ag er . Al l t h r ee d esi g n t eam s w i l l b e l o cat ed i n a si n g l e o p en - p l an o f f i ce. Answ erkey 99 e Suggest ed answ ers I Fir st ,t h e p r elim in ar yd r aw in gw ill b e cir cu lat edt o all t h e sen ioren g in eer s.Th e en g in eer sw ill d ecid ew h et h eror n ot t h e d r aw in gis r eq u ir edb y t h eir t eam . lf n ot , t h ey w ill say it isn ' t r eq u ir edan d af t er t h at , n o m or e r ev ision sof t h e d r aw in gw ill b e issu ed t o t h em . lf t h e d r aw in gis r eq u ir ed t, h ey ' ll say it ' s n eed ed .Th ey m ig h t com m en ton t h e d r aw in gan d r eq u estam en d m en t sor ap p r ov e it . Th eyw ill also r eceiv eall f u r t h err ev ision s of t h e d r aw in g ,in clu d in gw or k in gd r aw in g s. 2 Th e m ech an icalan d elect r icalt eam sw ill b e ab le t o w or k on t h e p r elim in ar yd esig n t og et h ereasily ,t h an k st o t h e op en - p lan of f ice.As t h e d r aw in g sar e d ev elop edt h ey ' ll b e ab le t o d iscu ssam en d m en t sin t h e sam e w ay. 3 Th e m ech an icalan d st r u ct u r alt eam sw ill b e ab le t o w or k t og et h ert o solv et h e p r ob lemin t h e op en - p lanof f icean d r ev isedd r aw in g sw ill . esew ill t h en b e ap p r ov ed b e p r od u ced Th b y b ot h t h e m ech an icalan d st r u ct u r al t eam s.Rev isedd r aw in g sw ill b e issu edan d cir cu lat edt o all t h osew h o n eed t h em . 12 ) f or m at ionis sh ow n Of t en con f lict in g( d if f er en tin on d if f er en td r aw in €s . on on e d r aw in g ,t h e d im en sion sof a com p on en tm ay n ot cor r esp on d w it h t h osesh ow non a r elat edd r aw in g .Clash es ar e an ot h ercom m onp r ob lem- d if f er en t d r aw in g sm ay sh ow d if f er en com t p on en t sin t h e sam e p osit ionw it h inan assem b ly m , ean in gt h e assem b I yWi| |n ot f it t og et h eras d esi€n ed . Key d im en sion san d assem b lyd et ailsm ay also b e m issin gf r om t h e set of d r aw in g s,leav in gt h e p r od u ct ionw it h in ad eq u at ein f or m at ion . 13a I Desig np r ob lem san d solu t ion s . in st r u ct ionis an 2 A q u er y is a q u est ion An ex p lan at ionof w h at t o d o / of f icialp er m ission t o d o som et h in €. 3 Wr it t enf ollow - u pis im p or t an tin or d er t o k eep a r ecor df or con t r act u al/ f in an cial p u r p oses. b 2 869 5 869; 870 4 5 867; 868 867; 868; 869 4 5 ad v ise clar if y c I 2 3 clash r eq u est propose 14a See au d ioscr ip t4. 6 on p ag e 89 b 2 3 4 5 c| ar iÚ con t r ad ict s clash propose 6 7 I alt er n at iv e as p er con f ir m d Suggest ed answ ers As d iscu ssedt od ay ,I con f ir mt h at t h e con n ect ion b et w eent h e p lat ean d T sect ionon t h e sk i lif t sh ou ldh av esix b olt s,n ot eig h t as sh ow non t h e d et ail.Th e t w o b olt s sh ow non t h e d et ailw h ich w ou ldclashw it h t h e f lan g eof t h e T sect ionar e n ot r eou ir ed . 100 I Answ erkey I t Un i t 5 See au d ioscr ip t5. I on p ag e89 2a I To f in ishf ir st ,f ir st y ou m u st f in ish 2 En g in eer in g en em ies 3 Wear an d t ear 6a 1 Ch eckin j ect ion 2 Wat er in t he fuel syst em 3 Becau set h e f u elw as p u t in d ir ect lyf r om a d eliv er yt an k er Wh en t h e en g in eis st ar t edf r om cold A f au lt yf u el p r e- h eat erp lu g Th e p lu g can b e ch an g edat t h e n ex t ser v ice. I t ' sn ot an u r g en tp r ob lem . 4 5 6 b I 2 5 h eat pressure v ib r at lon 4 5 sh ock s ab r asion c Suggest ed answ ers '| shocks 2 h eat 3 ab r asion 4 sh ock s 5 ab r asion 6 ab r asion 7 sh ock s pressure ( causedby heat ) I 9 v ib r at ion 3a I 3 4 6 T F - t h e d r iv ersw lt ch edt h e en g in eof f T T F - t h e w h eeln u t w ou ld n ' t u r n F - t h e d r iv erd id n ' t b en d t h e su sp en sion b I 2 b lock in g jam 3 b en d ;sn ap cr acK C I 2 3 leak in gou t r u no u t cu t ou t 4 5 6 clog u p w ear in gou t b low u p d See au d ioscr ip t5. 2 on p ag e89 e 2 3 4 5 leak in gou t j am m ed clog g edu p w orked loose 6 7 I 9 b lock ed( u p ) b en t w or n ou t run out 4 Mon za h as lon g st r aig h t san d sev er alch ican es. Th is m ean scar s ar e at f u ll- t h r ot t le f or lon g er , an d n eed t o d o a lot of h eav yb r ak in g .Pr ob lem s: En g in escan ov er h eatan d b low u p ; b r ak es can ov er h eat r; id in gt h e k er b scan cau set h e su sp en siont o cr ack ,b en d or sn ap ;t h e r ig h t h an d cor n er scau set h e t y r eson t h e lef t of t h e car t o w ear ou t f ast ert h an t h oseon t h e r ig h t sid e:an d leav escan b lock u p t h e r ad iat or s. 5b User ' sob seNat ion s= w h at t h e p er sonu sin gt h e m ach in eh as n ot iced Nat u r eof f au lt - t y p e of p r ob lem Cir cu m st an ces of f au lt = in w h at t y p e of sit u at iont h e f au lt h ap p en ed / h ap p en s Ex t er n alf act or s- t h in g sf r om ou t sid e,f or ex am p let h e w eat h eror som et h in gh it t in gt h e m ach in e Pr ocessof elim in at ion- t h in k in gof p ossib le p r ob lem san d d ecid in gw h ichar e n ot p ossib lein or d er t o r ed u cet h e n u m b erof oossib ilit ies ld en t if yt h e f au lt - f in d t h e f au lt/ d ecid ew h at t h e f au lt is Det er m in eact ionan d u r g en cy= d ecid ew h at t o d o ab ou t t h e p r ob leman d d ecid eh ow q u ick lyit n eed st o b e d on e b I 2 3 4 defect defect ive;fault y m aj or minor c I b 2c 5 6 7 p r op en y in t er m it t en t ly sy st em at ically 5a d Suggest ed answ ers '| Th is is an in t er m it t enpt r ob lem .lt ' s p r ob ab ly cau sedb y w ear an d t ear . 2 Th isw as a su d d enp r ob lem .lt ' s p r ob ab lya f au lt yp ar t , or an in st allat ionp r ob lem . 3 Th is is a sy st em at icp r ob lem .lt ' s p r ob ab lya f au lt yp ar t ,or an in st allat ionp r ob lem . e 2 3 4 5 lt sou n d slik e it ' s lt cou ldb e / lt m ig h t b e | d ou b t it ' s lt can ' t b e f 2 5 4 it m ig h t b e it m ig h t b e it can ' t b e 5 6 | d ou b t it ' s lt sou n d slik e it ' s 7a m in or ;sy st em at ic b Suggest ed answ ers I t can ' t b e w at er in t h e f u el su p p ly .g h is w ou ld cau sem isf ir in g . ) I t cou ldb e a clog g edf u el f ilt er .f lh e en g in eis p er f or m in gcon sist en t lyb,u t is d ow non p ow er . ) I d ou b t it ' sa com p r essionleak . [ f h is w ou ld p r ob ab lyr esu ltin in cr easedf u el con su m p t ion , an d w ou ldp r ob ab lycau sem or e m aj or p r ob lem s. ) I t can ' t b e a lu b r icat ionp r ob lem .f lh is w ou ld cau seov er h eat in g . ) I d ou b t it ' sa b lock ag ein t h e ex h au stsy st em . f l' h isw ou ldcau sem or e m aj or p r ob lem s. ) 8 ch eck list s= list sof t h in g st o b e ch eck ed st an d ar dp r oced u r es= sp ecif ic,p lan n edw ay sof d ealin gw it h sit u at ion san d p r ob lem s b ack - u pin st allat ion s= secon d ar y / ad d it ion al eq u ip m en t h at w ill w or k if m ain eq u ip m en ft ails p lan n edm ain t en an ce- r ep lacin gp ar t sat p lan n edt im esev enif t h ey ar e n ot w or n ou t 9a I An in cor r ect( ov er sizedh)y d r au licp ip e w as f it t edt o t h e r ig h t - h an den g in e. 2 Th e p ip e r u b b edag ain sta f u el lin e. 3 Th e f u el lin e r u p t u r ed ,r esu lt in gin a m aj or leak . b 0 4 : 5 8b 06: 27 c c 2 5 4 5 6 0 5 : 3 6d oversized 7 in ad eq u at e 8 undet ect ed 9 l0 ab n or m al in su f f icien t I I 0 6 : 1 3a d isp r op or t ion at e ir r eg u lar im b alan ce m alf u n ct ion in op er ab le d I 3 4 5 6 7 I 13a '| in cor r ecVab n or m al in ad eq u at e/ in su f f icien t ir r eg u lar oversized m alf u n ct ion im b alan ce u n d et ect ed in op er ab le 2 3 4 5 b Th ey ' r ew or k in gon an in d u st r ialm ach in eas t h eir d ecisionn ot t o ch an g et h e f ilt er w ou ldb e in air cr af tm ain t en an ce. u n accep t ab le 10a - t he t yre pressuresare w ell dow n IF 2T 3 F _ on | yon e €rou p of t y r esis | ow 4r b I 4 Th e lev elis OK. Th e coolan tis f u ll of r esid u e/ b lack . lt look sr eason ab le. OK, t h er ear e n o sig n sof d am ag e. Th isw ill n eed t o b e look edat . ab n or m al/ in cor r ect in su f t icien Vin ad eq u at e d isp r op or t ion at e proport ionat e c ln g en er al,in su f f icientty r e p r essu r escou ldb e cau sedb y : p r essu r elossov er t im e ( allt y r es lose air pressure progressivelyover a period of sev er alm on t h s)d u e t o in ad eq u at em ain t en an ce; a slow p u n ct u r elair leak in gslow lyf r om a sm all h ole in t h e t y r e) ;air leak in gf r om a v alv ed u e t o a p r ob lemw it h t h e v alv e,f or ex am p led ir t in t h e ; f au lt y v alv ep r ev en t in git f r om closin gp r op er ly a pressuregauge on t he compressorused t o inflat e t h e t y r es,g iv ln gan in cor r ectp r essu r er ead in g . Wit h t h is sp ecif icp r ob lem ,p er h ap st h er ew as a f au lt w it h t h e com p r essoru sed t o in f lat et h at block of t yres - a differentcompressort o t he on e u sed t o in f lat et h e ot h er b lock s- an d t h is g av et h e m ain t en an ce t ech n icianan in cor r ect p r essu r er ead in gw h enin f lat in gt h at b lock of t y r es.lt ' s u n lik elyt h at a t ech n icalp r ob lemw it h t h e t y r es,su ch as slow p u n ct u r esor leak in g v alv es,w ou ldoccu r on sev er alt y r esat t h e sam e t im e an d cau seex act lyt h e sam e lossin p r essu r e acr ossall t h e t v r es. 11a Suggest ed answ ers Rep air sar e d on e t o cor r ectt ech n icalp r ob lem s aft er breakdow nshave occurred Main t en an ceis d on e t o p r ev en t ech n ical p r ob lem sf r om occu r r in g . b r ok en = r ep ait f or ex am p lea b olt t h at h as b r ok en clog g ed = r ep air ,f or ex am p lea f ilt ert h at is com p let elyclog g edan d h as cau seda t ech n ical p r ob lem ,or m ain t en an ce it is slig h t lyclog g ed and is ready t o be replaced = defect ive repair,for example a part t hat w as in cor r ect lym an u f act u r ed an d d id n ot w or k f au lt y = 1sp 3; .f or ex am p lea sen sort h at is g iv in gin cor r ectm easu r em en t s w or n = m ain t en an ce, f or ex am p lew or n t y r es n eed t o b e r eolaced b Suggest ed answ ers Sim ilar it ies:p ar t san d f lu id sar e r ep lacedon p r og r am m e,p ar t sar e a p lan n edm ain t en an ce ch eck edv isu allyf or w ear an d d am ag e,an d t h at t h ey ar e t ig h t lyf ix ed ,cor r ect lyalig n ed / b alan ced , et c. Mai n d i f f er en ce: st an d ar d s i n av i at i o n ar e m o r e rigorous t Za 2d 7j 3c 8e 4a th 5C l0i 6b b 2d 7i 3j 8a 4c th 5c l0e 6b c Dr aint h e coolan t .Rem ov et h e f ilt er ,ex am in eit an d cleanit . Pu t t h e f ilt er b ack in . Rep lacet h e coolan t .Ad j u stt h e b lad esan d t ig h t ent h em . 6 t4a 3a A f o r k l i f tt r u c kh i t a m a c h i n eu n i t l PSl 5 a n d I m ad ea h ole in t h e m ain oan el.Th e t ech n ician 2 at t h e f act or ylook edat t h e m ach in e[ h ed id n ot op en it u p or look in sid e)an d r ep or t edt h at t h e 3 b lad ealig n m en tm ech an ismw as d am ag edan d t h at liq u idlu b r ican tw as leak in gf r om t h e u n it . Th er ew as also an elect r icalcr ack lin gsou n d b cau sedb y ear t h in g / sh or t - cir cu it in g ) I [ p r esu m ab ly w h ent h e m ach in ew as sw it ch edon . 2 b lsolat et h e elect r icalsu p p ly .Dism an t let h e ex t er n aloan els.Dr aint h e lu b r ican t Ch . eckf or in t er n ald am ag e.Rem ov ed am ag edp ar t san d r ep lacet h em .Ad d lu b r ican t Ad . j u stt h e b lad es. Pu t on t h e ex t er n aloan els.Recon n ectt h e t h e m ach in e. elect r icalsu p p ly Test . I Un it 6 1 Need san aly sis( alsocalledr eq u ir em en t an aly sis/ g ap an aly sis)is f in d in gou t w h at t h e r eq u ir em en tar s e f or a n ew p r oj ectb y look in g at all t h e f act or st h at ar e in v olv edan d h ow t h ey w ill in t er act . Bu d g et = h ow m u chm on eyis av ailab le,f or ex am p | et h e b u d g etf or d esig n in gb, u i| d in €an d t est ing a prot ot ypefor a new high-speedt rain Cap acit y- h ow m u chsom et h in gn eed st o produceor carry,for example how much pow er an elect r icalcir cu itm u st b e ab le t o car r y Dim en sion s= size.f or ex am olet h e d iam et erof t h e w h eelsof a m ou n t ainb ik e Lay ou t = t h e ov er allsh ap eof som et h in gan d t h e p osit ion sof d if f er en p t ar t sr elat iv et o on e an ot h er f, or ex am p let h e lay ou tof t h e m ain com p on en t sof a car en g in e. Look s = w h at som et h in glook slik e f r om an aest h et icp oin t of v iew f or ex am p let h e look of a car in t erms of t he shape of it s bodyw ork Performance= similar t o capacit y,for example how much pow er a generat orneedst o produce Reg u lat ion s: law san d st an d ar d st h at a d esig n m u st com p lyw it h ,f or ex am p lesaf et yr eg u lat ion s an d q u alit yst an d ar d s Tim escale= h ow m u cht im e is av ailab le,f or ex am p let h e sch ed u lef or b u ild in ga n ew air p or t 2a I cap acit y 2 g r ap h ics 3 t im escale b I 2 3 4 5 as regards r eg ar d in g c I regard t er m s con cer n ed I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e d im en sion s, w h at is t h e ov er allsizeof t h e m od u le? I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e m at er ials,w h at is t he bodyw ork made or., I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e sch ed u le,w h en w ill t h e w or k st ar t ? I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / , h at w ill Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e p ow er w t h e m ax im u mou t p u t n eed t o b e? I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e h eat r esist an ce, w h at sor t of t em p er at u r ew ill t h e p ain t n eed t o w it h st an d ? I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e t oler an ce,w h at level of precisiondo you w ant us t o w ork t o? Can b e v ar iedcon sid er ab ly Ph y sicalb u t n ot so ex t r em et h at p eop led on ' t w at chg r ap h ics Best t o t ry out effect sin pract ice as it 's difficult t o do in t heory 5 4 5 h ow m u ch t h e am ou n t calcu lat e/ g ivaeq u an t it y j u d g e/ d ecid e measure/ t est c 2 3 4 5 6 7 t h e d eg r eet o w h ich To w h at ex t en t t o w h at ex t en t/ t h e d eg r eet o w h ich To w h at ex t en t q u an t ií y / d et er m in e assess 6a I I t ' sb ein gcar v edf r om a b lock of san d st on e. He's overseeingt he logist icsof t he proj ect . On a st on ep lin t h How t o st op t h e slin g sf r om g et t in g t r ap p edb en eat ht h e st at u e,so t h ey can b e w it h d r aw naf , t er t h e st at u eh as b een low er ed on t o t h e p lin t hb y cr an e b d r i l l= cu t a h o l e horlzont al = level b ar = a lon g p ieceof m et alw it h a cir cu lar sect ion v er t ical = at 90 d eg r eest o t h e g r ou n d lif t in gey es - m et al r in g st h at h ook scan b e f ix ed t o f or lif t in g resin = a t ype of st rong adhesive a g r ab = m ech an icaliaw st h at g r ip ob j ect st o lif t t h em frict ion = resist ancet o sliding w hen t w o surfaces are pressed t oget her c Dr ill in t o t h e sid esof t h e st at u ean d in ser t h or izon t alb ar s,w h ichcou ld b e u sed f or lif t in g . Dr ill in t o t h e t oo of t h e st at u ean d in ser t v er t icalb ar s w it h lif t in gey es,set in t o t h e st on ew it h r esin . Use a g r ab on t h e en d of t h e cr an ej ib , t o lif t t he st at ue by frict ion. I & 2 are rej ect edbecause holes can't be d r illedin t o t h e st at u e[ ev enif t h ey w er ef illed aft erw ards,t hey w ould be seen) . 3 is rej ect edbecauset he st at ue is t oo heavy an d w id e. I d 3 cou ld n ' t cou ld alt er n at iv ely 5 6 7 ab ou t an ot h er d on ' t Answ er key 101 7b The st onemasons' suggest ion Use b lock sof ice.Th e b lock sw ou ldact as t emporary spacers bet w eent he st at ue and t he p lin t h ,t o allow t h e slin g st o b e w it h d r aw nan , d Wou | dt h en m elt ,a| | ow in t€h e st at u et o sit d ow n on t h e p lin t h . Pot en t ialp r ob lem l: Ou t d oort em p er at u r es b e| owf r eezin €Wou ldp r ev en t h e ice f r om m elt in g .Solu t ion :I n t h is case,b low t or ch esor salt cou ld b e u sed t o m elt it . Pot en t ialp r ob lem2: Ver y h ot w eat h erw ou ld . cau set h e ice t o m elt q u ick ly Solu t ion :To com p en sat ef or t h is, lar g erb lock sof ice cou ld sim p lyb e u sed . 8a Feasibilit a means t he possláilit a of doing somet hing. 9a I For t h e b olt st h at w ill b e u sed t o f ix t h e b eam st o t h e w all 2 Cor e d r illed h olesar e f or m edaf t er t h e con cr et ew allsh av eb een cast , u sin ga d iam on dd r ill. Pr ef or m edh olesar e f or m edb y p u t t in gp last ict u b es in t o t h e w allsw h ilet h e con cr et eis b ein g p ou r ed . 3 Sp acear ou n dt h e b olt s,in t h e h oles,t o allow t heir posit ion t o be ad.iust ed 4 Posit ion in gt h e h olesp r eciselyor t h ey w on ' t m at chw it h t h e b eam s 5 Tim e an d cost b See au d ioscr ip t6. 5 on p ag e 9l d I Th e p last ict u b esar e ch eapt o b u y an d q u ick t o p u t in . lt 's slow . Wit h in20m m Wt hin lom m Th at t h ey ' r en ot p osit ion edaccu r at ely Th e t oler an ce 2 3 4 5 6 e 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 '10 e '| p e a n u t sO p ain st ak in gO p er f ect ly O st r et ch in gO w ayo b or d er lin eO t allO forever6 l e g6 o 20 t2a Suggest ed answ ers cables/ connect ions: lmprovet he user int erfaceby m ak in gcab leseasiert o con n ectan d d iscon n ect ; r ed u ceen v ir on m en t al im p actb y m ak in gcab les on ly f r om r ecy clab lem at er ials. case: lmproveaest het icsby offeringa range of colou r s;m ak e m an u f act u r ineasier g b y m ak in g t h e case f r om a sm allern u m b erof com p on en t s. inldt onercart ridges: lmprovet he user int erface b y m ak in gcar t r id g eseasiert o r em ov ean d - m ak ecar t r id g esb ig g er r ep lace;con su m ab les so t h ey last lon g eran d n eedt o b e r ep lacedless oft en. p ap e! : lm p r ov er eliab ilit yb y r ef in in gm ech an ism s t o help prevent paper blockages;improveout put speed by making t he paper flow fast er. pow e-r:Reduceenvironment alimpact by having w h enn ot in t h e p r in t ersw it chof f au t om at ically use. soft w are:lmprovet he user int erfaceby making t he soft w areeasier t o use. c I 30 4@ so 66 10 I 11 Suggest ed answ ers Bet t erq u alit ym at er ials,f or ex am p lem ak in ga t ool from st ainlessst eel inst ead of mild st eel t o or ev en tcor r ost on . Low eru n it cost ,f or ex am p leu sin ga sin g le- p iece com p on en tin st eadof on e t h at n eed st o b e assembledfrom severalDart s.t o make it fast er t o oroduce. Mak e lif eeasierf or u ser ,f or ex am p led esig n in g a sim p lercon t r olp an elt h at ' sq u ick eran d easier t o use, or maint enance-free component ssuch as bearingst hat don't need lubricat ingregularly. Ex am p lesof ot h er p oin t st h at cou ldb e ad d ed : make product sfunct ion more effect ively,make t h em saf er ,m ak et h em last lon g er ,m ak et h em more robust ( st ronger) . b I t em s2 an d 7 su€ g est ed answ ers I A h am m er - act ion d r ill w ou ldn ot b e su it ab le for reinforcedconcret e,as t here's no w ay it cou ldd r ill t h r ou g ht h e st eel r ein f or cin g b ar s. Also, t h e d iam et erof t h e h olesw ou ldb e t oo g r eat t o d r ill u sin gan or d in ar yd r ill b it . Th is is d ef in it elyn ot a f easib lesolu t ion . 2 Th is cou ld b e a f easib lesolu t ion .How ev er , d ep en d in gon t h e d esig nof t h e en d sof t h e beams, it might be difficult t o get accesst o t he holes aft er t he beams w ere fit t ed. lt 'll be j ob , as t h e b eam sm ig h t q u it e a p ain st ak in g cov ert h e h oles,m ak in git im p ossib let o g et cem en tin t o t h em . 5 Th is isn ' t r eallyf easib le,as t h e p osit ion sof t h e h o| esm ig h t b e in u n su it áb | ep osit ion s on t he beams, for example very close t o t he ed g esof p lat es.Th isw ou ldn ot b e accep t ab le in t er m sof st r u ct u r alst r en g t h Also, . d r illin g h olest h r ou g hst eel b eam son sit e w ou ld 102 4 b e v er y p ain st ak in gan d t im e con su m in g com p ar edw it h p r e- d r illin tgh em d u r in g m an u f act u r in g . Th issh ou ldb e f easib lef r om a st r u ct u r al p oin t of v iew ,b u t it ' ll cost an ar m an d a leg d u e t o t h e n eedf or ad d it ion alst eelcolu m n s. For t h at r eason ,it is n ot a f easib lesolu t ion . Answ erkey 4 No. The exist ing design has proved t o be effect ive.The companydoesn't havet he resourcest o make fundament alchangest o t he product ionprocess. On ce The soft w arehas been a maior w eaknessof t h e ex ist in gm od el. - it n eed st o b e sim p lert o u se Sig n if ican t ly d 2 3 4 5 6 in v en tag ain im p r ov et h e d et ails im p r ov eov er all t h i n ka g a i n st ay ( t hesame) e 2 3 4 5 6 7 g r ou n du p r oom ;im p r ov em en t Ach illesh eel b ack ;d r aw in gb oar d q u an t u mleap scrat ch 2 3 f b4 g 1 J 4 5 6 Th is is t h e or od u ct ' sAch illesh eel. Th er e' sn o p oin t r ein v en t in g t h e w h eel. We st art ed from t he ground up w it h t his new d esig n . Th e n ew d esig nis a q u an t u mleap . I t h in k t h er e' sr oom f or im p r ov em en t . 13a Th e f ir st m ech an icalm ou sew as im p r ov edb y r ef in in git s sh ap e:b y ad d in gan ad d it ion al b u t t onan d a w h eelt o t h e t op an d b y r ev am p in g t h e w h eelm ech an ismu n d ert h e m ou se.Th e m ech an ismw as r ed esig n edt o u se a b all in st ead of w h eels,alt h ou g ha w h eelm ech an ismw as st ill u sed in sid et h e m ou se;as t h e b all r olled , it cau sedt h e w h eelst o t u r n . For t h e op t ical m ou se,t h e d esig n er scom p let elyr et h ou g h t h e u n d er sid eof t h e m ou se.ln st eadof u sin ga b all, t hey used opt ical sensors.They also redesigned t he connect ionbet w eent he mouse and t he com p u t erm , ak in git w ir elessin st eadof h av in ga w ir e.For t h e t ou ch p ad t, h e d esig n er sw en t b ack t o t he draw ing board and invent eda new syst em u sin €a sen sit iv esu r f ace. I Un it 7 1 Wor k in gw it h m ach in est h at h av ecu t t in gw h eels an d b lad es;w or k at a h ig h lev elw h er et h er e' sa r isk of f allin g ;w or k in ex cav at ion an s d t u n n els w h er et h er eis a r isk of collap seor d an g er ou s gases; lift ing heavy obj ect sw it h cranes w here t here is a risk of falling obj ect s; processest hat use high-pressurevesselsand hoses/ pipesw here ; or k in gw it h h ig h t h er e is a r isk of ex p losion w v olt ag eelect r icalcir cu it sw h er et h er eis a r isk of elect r ocu t ionp;r ocessest h at u se f lam m ab le liq u id san d g asesw h er et h er eis a r isk of f ir e or ex olosion . 2a Suggested answers I h azar d ou ssu b st an ces: d an g er ou sm at er ials, for example acid, asbest os;PPE: prot ect ive clot h in gan d accessor ies, f or ex am p le prot ect ivegloves,safet y glasses 2 h ar m f u l;d an g er ou st o h ealt h ,f or ex am p le ch em icalst h at cau sesk in r ash es;f u m es: vapour or smoke,for examplefrom liq u idch em icalst h at ev ap or at eat r oom t em p er at u r e; asoh y x iat ionh azar d s: danger of suffocat ion,for example due t o con cen t r at ionof s car b ond iox id e/ lack of oxygen 3 fire/ exolosionhazards:subst ancest hat could b u r n or ex p lod eif ex p osedt o n ak edf lam es or sp ar k s,f or ex am p lep et r oleu mp r od u ct s, b u t an e/ p r op angeas, alcoh o 4 g u ar d s;p r ot ect iv esh ield sar ou n dd an g er ou s m ach in ep ar t s,f or ex am p let h e g u ar d sov er t h e t op s of cir cu larsaw b lad es 5 g u ar d r ails:r ailsat w aist lev elt o p r ev en t p eop lef r om f allin g ,f or ex am p lealon gt h e edgesof high-levelw alkw aysand plat forms; emersencyexit s: doors t o allow rapid escape/ evacuat ion,for example fire exit s 6 elect r icalin st allat ion s: sit u at ion sin v olv in g cont act w it h exoosed elect ricalconduct ors su ch as elect r icalm ain t en an ce or w or k op er at ion sc| oset o h i€h - v oI t a€e cab I es 7 n oiseh azar d s:lou d n oiset h at can d am ag e h ear in g f, or ex am p lelou d m ach in es b c5 d6 e2: 7 f3 b7 cl d3 c 2e 7h 5b 8c 4C 5f 6a d , ask ear p r ot ect iong, lov es,ey e p r ot ect ionm e sug€ e st ed answ ers 1 This is a confined space.You need t o t est t he air using a CO2 det ect or. You n eedt o 2 Th is is a cor r osiv esu b st an ce. , d a m ask w ear g lov esan d ey e p r ot ect ionan for orot ect ion from t he fumes. 3 Th is m ak essDar k san d is a n oiseh azar d .You need t o w ear eye prot ect ion,ear prot ect ion an d g lov es. You n eedt o w ear 4 Th is is a h ar m f u lsu b st an ce. g lov es,an d if t h er e' sa r isk of sp lash in gey , e or ot ect ion . 3a Suggest ed answ ers of t h e d an g er s I An an aly sis/ p r ed ict ion in v olv edin a w or k in gop er at ion 2 A saf ew or k in gp r oced u r e/ m et h od w or k ,w h ichin clu d es 3 Som e m ain t en an ce w eld in g ,is g oin gt o b e car r iedou t in t h e b ot t om sof som e lar g eg r ainsilos( silo = st orage t ank for solid subst ances/ pow ders) 4 Cet t in gin sid et h e silos 5 See au d ioscr ip t7. 2 on p ag e9l b I 2 5a e d h ig h I Main t en an cew or k on low - v olt agan v olt ag eelect r icaleq u ip m en t r icalp ar t s, t 2 Ch an g in gf au lt yor w or n - ou elect su ch as m ot or s;r ep air in gloosecon n ect sor d am ag edw ir es b Suggest ed answ ers I A p lacew h er ea ser iou sd an g eris p r esen t 2 A w r it t enf or m g iv in gp er m issiont o w or k in a rest rict edarea 5 Th e p er sonr esp on sib lef or elect r icalsaf et y f or t h e w h olep lan t ,an d t h e on ly p er son au t h or isedt o issu eoer m it st o w or k 4 Th e p r oced u r eof h av in ga sin g lek ey t o en su r in gon ly on e p er sonh as sw it ch b oar d s, accesst o sw it ch g earat an y g iv ent im e c I 2 3 4 5 at all t im es sh ou ldan v on e Un d er n o cir cu m st an ces ev er ysin g let im e j u st a sin g le it ' sv it al d I 2 m or e m or e Risk of som eon ef allin g ;r isk of g as b ot t les f allin gon som eon e COr ; f u m esf r om m et al;d u st ( ex p losion h azar d ) e 2 Access hazards:ext erna|st áircaseand int ernal ladder for safe accessfor w orkers, low erb ot t lesin t o silo w it h a r ooe an d m ak e su r e n o w or k er sar e u n d er n eat hin silo. Confined space hazards:use a CO, det ect or, use an air ext ract or. An air ex t r act orcou ld b low d u st in t o t h e air an d m ak et h e p r ob lemw or se. 4 c I sh ou ld t w o m et r esab ov et h e g r ou n d ,scaf f old in g b e or ov id edw it h h an d r ails.as t h er eis a r isk of f allin g( w or k er ssh ou ldn ot st an don lad d er sw h ile w or k in g )Also, . all w or k er ssh ou ldw ear h ar d h at s. 4 One of t he main dangers is from pet rol fumes in sid et h e t an k ,as t h er e' sa r isk of ex p losion d u e t o sp ar k san d f lam es.Th e w or k er sw ill h av e t o be carefult hat t here's no oet rol inside t he t an k .Th e p et r olw ill h av et o b e d r ain edan d t h e in sid ew ill n eed t o b e w ash edou t w it h w at eran d d et er g en tTh . e op en in gcan t h en b e f lam e- cu t t h r ou g ht h e st eelw all of t h e t an k u sin gan ox y acet y len et or ch .PPE r eq u ir edf or t h isj ob is ey e prot ect ion( a w elding mask) ,glovesand heavy overallst o prot ect t he w orker from molt en met al. Alt er n at iv elyt ,h e cu t t in gcan b e d on ew it h an an g le- g r in d erTo . b e saf e,t h e w or k eru sin gt h e , g r in d erw ill n eed t o w ear ey e p r ot ect ionear prot ect ion,glovesand overalls.When w elding t h e n ew p ip e,t h e w eld erw ill n eedt o w ear ey e p r ot ect ion( a w eld in gm ask ) ,g lov esan d ov er alls. lf ar c w eld in gis u sed an d t h er ear e ot h er p eop le w or k in gn ear b yor p assin gb y , scr een ssh ou ld be placed around t he w elder t o prot ect ot her peoples' eyes from flashes.When shot -blast ing, t h e m ain d an g er sar e t o t h e ey es,an d f r om n oise an d d u st . Scr een ssh ou ldb e p lacedar ou n dt h e area and w orkersshould w ear eye prot ect ion, ear prot ect ion,dust masks, glovesand overalls. Before paint ing, it 's import ant t o read t he safet y document at ionprovidedw it h t he paint , as PPE m ay b e r eq u ir ed- f or ex am p le,g lov es, eye prot ect ionand possibly masks t o prot ect w orkersfrom hazardousfumes. During all t he op er at ion s,if an y w or k is car r iedou t m or et h an 3 5 6 7 3 4 less m or e t oalt est t h e cir cu itis lt ' s cr u cial/ essen t ial/ v it isolat ed . Th e alar m sh ou ldb e r esetev er ysin g let im e you st art t he syst em. t o check t hat t he lt 's crucial/ essent ial/ vit al cab leis n ot d am ag ecl. t halat y ou sh ou ldon ly lt ' s cr u cial/ essen t ial/ v it m at er ialsin t h is zon e. st or en on - f lam m ab le sh ou ldan y on een t er Un d er n o cir cu m st an ces t h e r est r ict edar eaw it h ou toer m ission . Before pressurisingt he syst em,every single con n ect ionm u st b e t ig h t . 6c Suggest ed answ ers I lt ' sessen t ialt h at t h e cr ewob t ain in f or m at ion on w eat h ercon d it ion s.lt ' s cr u cialt h at p ilot s ar e h ig h lyt r ain edan d ex p er ien cedlt. ' sv it al t h at a t en sionr eleasem ech an ismis in p lace. sh ou ldooer at iv es 2 Un d er n o cir cu m st an ces w or k on t h e lin e w it h ou tw ear in gh ot su it s an d ey e p r ot ect ionlt. ' s v it alt h at t h e cr ew ar e h ig h lyt r ain ed . 5 Th e cab lesan d p lat f or mm u st b e ch eck ed ev er ysin g let im e t h ey ar e u sed .lt ' sv it alt h at s e u sed an d t h ese t w in - en g in h e elicop t er ar m u st b e m ain t ain edt o t h e h ig h estst an d ar d at all t im es. Th e en g in eer sw ear h ot su it st h at ch an n el t h e elect r icit yan d h av ea f ir ep r ooflin in gt o p r ot ectag ain sth eat . on | y t w in - en €in eh elicop t er sar e u sed an d t h ey ar e f u lly m ain t ain edt o av iat ion r eg u lat ion s. 2 3 8 . Reg u lat ion ar s e law s;t h ey ar e com p u lsor yFor ex am p le,if com p an iesb r each( b r eak )saf et y r eg u lat ion s, t h ey can b e f in ed ( g iv enf in an cial p en alt ies)an d , in ser iou scases,m an ag er sw h o ar e r esp on sib lef or b r each esof r eg u lat ion scan b e €iv en p r isonsen t en ces.St an d ar d s,su ch as q u alit yan d d esig nst an d ar d s,ar e som et im es com p u lsor yf,or ex am p let h e d esig nan d manufact ureof mot orcyclehelmet sor car t yres. Som et im es,h ow ev ert,h ey ar e op t ion al,f or ex am p leI SO q u alit yassu r an ce. 9a Suggest ed answ ers - n o sm ok in g ,t h e p r ov lsion Risk of f ir e/ ex p losion g u ip m en tan d t r ain in g .Dan g erof of f ir e- f ig h t ineq p eop lef allin gf r om t all st r u ct u r esan d I n t ow at er - h an d r ailsr eq u ir edt o g iv eed g e p r ot ect ionan d lif e. iack et ns eed t o b e w or n in cer t ainsit u at ion s. Risk of sk in ir r it at ion sf r om p et r oleu mp r od u ct s - g lov esan d ov er allsr eq u ir ed .Risk of air cr ash es as h elicop t er slan d an d t ak e of f f r om p lat f or m s - sp ecialt r ain in gr eq u ir edf or p ilot san d sp ecial precaut ionsneeded for safe operat ion of h elid eck s. b I 2 3 c 7d I Collision sw it h t h e lin e ar e a h azar d ,so it ' sessen t ialt o h av ed et ailedw eat h er in f or m at ionesp , eciallyw in d d ir ect ionan d soeed .lt ' s essen t ialt h at t h e cab le h as a t ension releasesyst em in case of snagging. 6 7 8 leg islat ion cont ravene com p lyw it h 5 com p u r sor y p r oh ib it ed r eq u ir em en t s st ip u lat ed d 2 3 4 5 6 7 p er m it t ed com p lyw it h st ip u lat ed cont ravene ob lig at ion s leg islat ionr;eq u ir em en t s; com p u r sor y 3 10a 2 st ip u lat ed 3 com p u lsor y 4 leg islat ion 5 6 7 com p lyw it h r eq u ir em en t s ob lig at ion s b I 2 3 Í Beforest art ing w ork, it 's vit al t o isolat e t he . en ,cir cu it ssh ou ld cir cu itat t h e sw it ch b oar dTh be syst emat icallyt est ed t o be I 00o/ osure t hat t h er e' sn o cu r r en t .Du r in gw or k ,it ' sessen t ial t o t ig h t encon n ect ion fsu lly .An d it ' scr u cialt o en su r et h at n o in su lat ionis d am ag ed .To f in ish , all t h e w ir essh ou ldb e ch eck ed- u n d er n o sh ou ldt h er eb e an y loosew ir es. cir cu m st an ces t est ed . Th ent h e cir cu itsh ou ldb e sy st em at ically Specificsafet y regulat ions Com p u lsor yp er son alp r ot ect iv eeq u ip m en t ; p r oh ib it edact iv it ies,su ch as sm ok in g Th at t h e ob lig at ion sar e leg al r eq u ir em en t s 4 t o give t he ground crew access t o all part s of t h e h elicop t er t o av oidr isk of collision sd u r in gt ak eof f / lan din g t o av oidr isk of collision sd u r in gt ak eof f / lan din g t o t ie dow n parked helicopt ers t2 I 2 Saf et yw ar n in g s,op er at in gp r ecau t ion fsor in st r u ct ion on s m ach in esan d m ain t en an ce m ach in es Effect ivenot icesand inst ruct ionsare as sh or t as p ossib le,u se clear lan g u ag e,an d em p h asiseim p or t an tp oin t s,f or ex am p le d an g er s. 13a Cou ld d o b ot h Cou ldd am ag et h e m ach in e Cou ld in j u r ew or k er s c o Cou ldd am ag et h e m ach in e e Cou ldd o b ot h h Answ er key 103 b I 2 d an g er im p or t an t 14a I Becau seit con t ain select r icaleou iDm enan t d cou ldcau seelect r ocu t ion 2 A car b ond iox id eex t in g u ish ercar ; b on d iox id eg as d oes n ot con d u ctelect r icit y 3 Th eyar e f or lif t in gt h e m ach in e. 4 Th e m ach in ecou ld b e d am ag edb y t h e lif t in g f or ce,an d if lif t edf r om an ch orp oin t st h at ar e n ot secu r e,cou ldob v iou slyb e d r op p edf r om a h eig h tas a r esu lt . 5 Becau seit cou ld d escen d ,an d in j u r et h e p er sonclean in gt h e m ach in e 6 Th er em ay b e sh ar p m et alof f - cu t sb elowt h e b lad ew h ichcou ldcu t t h e p er sonclean in g t h e m ach in e.S/ h en eed st o w ear slov es. b I 2 5 sp: act ive ( Youshould do it ) w r: passive ( lt should be done) sp: cont ract ions( shouldn't ,it 's) Wr: Word pairs Writ t enin Í u| (| shouldnot , it is) lf ( sp ) : in t h eev en t of ( w r ) ; b ecau se( sp=) os ( w r) ;so ( sp) : t herefore( w r) ;can/ could [ sp) = moU [ w r] 15a Suggest ed answ ers Objects should not be placed in front of the air inlet. The inlet grille should be kept free from obstructions. and should be cleoned regularlg. ln the event of damage to the inlet grille, the blower must be stopped immediatelA. Serious harm mag be caused bA foreign bodies ent ering t he duct , os t he unit cont oinsprecisionengineeredpart s revolvingat speed, and is therefore highlA susceptible to damoge. Before starting the blower, it is important to ensure t hat t he ext ernol vent sat t he end of the air-intake duct ore open. When opening the vents, the adjusting handle should be fullg extended. When closing the vents, the handle should be turned and allowed to return under the force of the spring. The handle should not be pushed, as this mag strain the spring mechanism, and therefore result in damage. I 2a I lt ' sa v er y g r een / en v ir on m en t ally or ien t at ed com p an y . 2 En er g ysav in gw ill b e an im p or t an t con sid er at ion in t h e d esig n . 3 Sen sor st h at d et ectt h e p r esen ceof p eop le 4 He w an t st o p r esen tt w o d if f er en d t esig n op t ion st o t h e clien t .He d escr ib esop t ionon e as a building w it h maximum aut omat ion. b 1,/ 2,/ r ead in g r eg u lat e 3x 4 5 4,/ d et ect ;p ick u p set off; t rigger Answ erkey 5 6 7 d et ect s;t r ig g er s set off r eg u lat e 3a I Th at t h e g r eenat t it u d eis sh ar edb y all t h e st aff, so t hey w ould t ake care t o sw it choff lig h t set c. an d so t h er e is n o n eed t o con t r ol ev er y t h in gau t om at ically 2 ln st eadof au t om at in gev er y t h in gt ,h ey w ou ld h av eold - f ash ion ed m an u alcon t r ols. 5 Th e ad v an t ag eof op er at in gt h e lig h t s,et c. m an u allyis t h at t h er e' sn o n eedt o su p p lyall t h e au t om at edcon t r olsw it h elect r icit yTh . e m on eysav edb y n ot h av in gt o b u y all t h e h i- t echg ad g et scou ld b e sp en ton p lan t in g t r ees,f or ex am p le. 4 Suggest ed answ ers A t h er m ost atm easu r esan d con t r olst h e w at ert em oer at u r ein a b oiler .an d t h er eis also som et im esa p r essu r esen sorf or saf et y . A t h er m ost atm easu r esan d con t r olsr oom t em p er at u r ein a h eat in gsy st em .A r ef r ig er at or also h as a t h er m ost att o m on it oran d con t r ol t h e t em p er at u r ean d a lig h tt h at is act iv at ed b y t h e d oor op en in g .Wash in gm ach in esh av e t h er m ost at st o con t r olt h e t em p er at u r eof t h e w at er in sid et h e m ach in e.Th e t im e of t h e w ash cy cleis also con t r olledTh . e act ionof t h e d r u m is lin k edt o a saf et yd ev icet h at p r ev en t st h e d oor f r o mb e i n go p e n e dW h i | teh e d r u m i s sp i n n i n €' 5a 1e b I 2 3 4 5 2b 3a 4d 5c p r essu r em easu r em en tf ,or ex am p le m on it or in gt h e p r essu r eof air in sid ea com or essedair h ose t em p er at u r em easu r em en tf ,or ex am p le m easu r in gt h e t em p er at u r eof w at er in a b oiler f low f or ex am p lem on it or in gt h e am ou n tof f u e lf l o w i n ga l o n ga f u e lp i p ei n a n e n g i n e lev elm easu r em en tf ,or ex am p lem on it or in g t h e lev elof f u el in a f u el t an f . p r ocessr ecor d er s,f or ex am p lem on it or in g ) em sin a p r od u ct ion t h e r ej ect ed( b r ok en it process 6a a A b lock ag ein a p ip e cau sin ga b u ild - u pof Dr essu r e b A saf et yv alv ean d a w ar n in gsy st em t r ig g er edb y a p r essu r ed if f er en t ial c A sy st emf or m on it or in gg as con su m p t ion d Cu m u lat iv econ su m p t iont.h e r at e of t oin t sin t im e,an d con su m p t ionat d if f er en p t h e f r eq u en cyof p eak sin con su m p t ion e A t im escale f An ex ot h er m icr eact ion g Th e t em p er at u r eof g as at t h e in p u t p oin t , an d at t h e ou t ou t ooin t h Th e op t im u min p u t t em p er at u r e f or t h e g as b 2C tf 104 c con t r ol sen ses r ead in g e Suggest ed answ ers '| Pr esen ced et ect or soick u o m ov em en an t d can act iv at elig h t sw it ch es. 2 Sm ok ed et ect or ssen sesm ok ean d t r ig g er f ir e alar m s. 3 Th er m ost at can s r eg u lat er oom t em p er at u r e b y con t r ollin gelect r iccon v ect orh eat er s. 4 Pr essu r ep lat escan d et ectt h e w eig h tof a p er sonan d set of f in t r u d eralar m s. Un it 8 7 An au t om at edsy st emcan f u n ct ion au t on om ou slyw, it h ou th u m ancon t r ol.A m an u al sy st emr eq u ir esh u m ancon t r ol.A Bu ild in g Man ag em en tSy st emis a cen t r alisedcom p u t er sy st emt h at m on it or san d con t r olsa Wid er an €e of f u n ct ion sin a lar g eb u ild in g ,su ch as t h e lig h t s, h eat in g air , - con d it ion in g sm , ok ed et ect or s,f ir e alar m s,lif t san d secu r it ysy st em s. c 2 3 d 2 3 4 3a 8j 4t 9b 5c l0 e 6d 3 4 5 o con su m p t ion 7 cu m u lat iv e 8 r at e 9 t i m e sc a l e l 0 cy cle f r eq u en cy input ou t p u t opt imum 7a Suggest ed answ ers We n eeda m et er / sen sor t o m easu r e:t h e r at e of f low of w at erat t h e in p u t p oin t ;t h e w at er t em p er at u r eat t h e in p u t p oin t ;t h e r at e of f low of g as at t h e in p u t p oin t ;t h e t em p er at u r eof t h e g as b u r n er ;t h e w at ert em p er at u r ein sid e t h e v essel;t h e lev elof w at er in sid et h e v essel; t h e st eam p r essu r ein sid et h e v essel;t h e st eam t em p er at u r ein sid et h e v essel;t h e st eam t em p er at u r eat t h e ou t p u t p oin t ;t h e st eam p r essu r eat t h e ou t p u t p oin t ;an d r at e of f low of st eam at t h e ou t p u t p oin t . b Suggest ed answ ers Th e cu m u lat iv econ su m p t ionof w at eran d g as; t h e cu m u lat iv eou t p u tof st eam ;t h e p eak r at es of con su m p t ionf or w at eran d g as; p eak st eam ou t p u t ;t h e f r eq u en cyof g as u se / f ir in gof t h e b u r n er ;t h e d if f er en t ial b et w eenw at er in p u t t em p er at u r ean d w at ert em p er at u r ein sld et h e v essel;t h e d if f er en t ial b et w eenst eam p r essu r e in sid et h e v esselan d in t h e ou t p u t p ip e;t h e d if f er en t ial b et w eenst eam t em p er at u r ein sld e t h e v esselan d in t h e ou t p u t p ip e. 8a See au d ioscr ip 8. t 5 on p ag e92 b 1 2 3 4 5 t em p er at u r e lig h t lev els d ay of t h e w eek m ealt im es com m er cialb r eak son TV c I 2 3 4 5 6 in cr ease in cr eases;d ecr eases r ise r ises f alls r ise;f all d I 2 3 Becau sem ax im u mcap acit yis eq u iv alen t t o p eak d em an d ,t h er eis sig n if icansp t ar e cap acit yd u r in gof f - p eakp er iod s. Bein gab le t o g en er at ep ow erd u r in gof f - p eak p er iod san d st or eit f or p eak p er iod s Becau seelect r icalch ar g eis ex t r em ely d if f icu ltt o st or ein lar g eam ou n t s. e z É I Í 3d 8e 4a 5b 6h Í Suggest ed answ er Th er eis a b an d of f lu ct u at ionb et w een ap p r ox im at ely 2, 700 an d 5, 000 Meg aw at t s. Peak d em an doccu r seach d ay at ab ou t 8. 00 p m , w h ent h er e is a v er y b r ief b lip .Th e g r ap h sh ow sa t r ou g heach n ig h t ,w h end em an df alls sig n if ican t lyAt. t h e w eek en d t, h e r an g eof f lu ct u at ionis sm allert h an it is d u r in gt h e w eek . Flu ct u at ionin s d em an dar e con t in u al- t h er ear e n o ooin t sw h er ed em an dr em ain sat t h e sam e , lev elcon t in u ou sly f or a lon g p er iodof t im e. 9a 2 p eak d em an d 5 con t in u al 4 bllps 5 6 f lu ct u at ion s r an g e b I Operat ing on a st art -run-st op-w ait basis Mom en t ar yb lip s in d em an d Frequencyof t he AC ( alt ernat ingcurrent ) su p p ly A slig h td r op in f r eq u en cyin d icat est h at pow er st at ions are w orking at full capacit y. St ar t - u pof ap p lian cesis d elay edslig h t lyb y h old in gt h e ap p lian ceon st an d b y 3 10a I Dem an df or elect r icit yf lu ct u at es, an d p ow erst at ion sn eed t o b e ab le t o cop ew it h p eak d em an d( at t h e t op of t h e r an g eof f lu ct u at ion )Th . e p r ob lemis t h at t h e p eak on ly last sf or a v er y b r ief p er iodeachd ay , m ean in gt h at p ow erst at ion sh av ea lot of g en er at in gcap acit yw h ich ,m ost of t h e t im e, is n ot u sed .Th er ef or e, elect r iccom p an iest r y t o sm oot hd em an d- u sin gsp ar ecap acit y d u r in gd em an dt r ou g h s[ at n ig h t )t o st or eu p en er g y w , h ich is t h en u sedt h e n ex t d ay w h en d em an dp eak s. 11a I A sen ior m an ag er 2 A r ev iewof t h e com p an y ' or s g an isat ion an d f acilit ies 3 Op t im isin gef t icien cy / t h e u se of en g in eer s' sk ills b I c 2b 3a c '| 2 3 d 2 3 5 6 A: 50o/ o B: 50o/ o A : 7 O o / o B: 3 O o / o A: l 0 o / o B: 9 0 o / o 3 2a Com p u t at ion al Flu id Dy n am ics( CFD)is com p u t er sof t w ar eu sedt o assistin aer od y n am ic d esig n .lt m od elst h e f low of air ov er su r f aces,su ch as car b od y w or kor t h e f u selag ean d w in g sof air cr af t . Vir t u alt est in gw it h CFD sof t w ar eis t y p ically d on e in t h e ear lyst ag esof t h e d esig np r ocess. Wn d t u n n elseq u ip p edw it h r ollin gr oad sallow r ed u ced - scale m od elsof v eh iclesor f u ll- size v eh iclest o b e t est ed .Air is b low nt h r ou g ht h e t unnel by pow erfulfans t o creat e airflow sof d if f er en vt elocit iesw h ichsim u lat et h e v eh icle t ravellingat differentspeeds.The airflow over t h e su r f acesof t h e v eh icleis h ig h lig h t edw it h st r eam sof sm ok e,so t h at it can b e an aly sed . A r o| | in €r oad is ef f ect iv e|ay con v ey orb e| t w h ichm ov esb en eat ht h e st at ion ar yv eh icle at t h e sam esp eedas t h e air f low m , ak in gt h e w h eelst u r n .Th is allow sen g in eer st o an aly se t h e ef f ect sof t h e sp in n in gw h eelson t h e air f low . Field t est in gr ef er st o t est in gin r eal con d it ion s. For aer od y n am ic t est in gof a v eh icle,t h is m ig h t in v olv ed r iv in gt h e v eh icleat d if f er en sp t eed son a cir cu itor r u n w ay . b I 2 3 of f t he t op of m y head p r et t y m u ch n o w n er e n ear r o u g h l y / so m ew h er e i n t h e r eg i o n o f r o u g h l y / so m ew h er e i n t h e r eg i o n o f 12a IT 2T 3 F - t hey print very few copies 4 5 c 2 3 5 4 5 r ou g h ly w ell ov er a good t h e v ast m aior it y n ex t t o n ot h in g c 3 4 c 6 7 I I Pret t y much Now h er en ear Rou g h ly/ som ew h er ein t h e r eg ionof Well over Nex t t o n ot h in g Rou g h | y/ som ew h er ein t h e r eg ionoÍ t he vast maj orit y Un it 9 1 Suggest ed answ ers I Usin gsof t w ar et o sim u lat er eal- lif esit u at ion s. Th e m ain ad v an t ag eof t h is t ech n iq u eis t h at t est ing is oft en fast er and easier t o undert ake com p ar edw it h r eal- lif et est in g .Var iab les can also b e ch an g edeasily .Th e m ain d isad v an t ag e is t h e low erd eg r eeof r ealism . 2 Test in g sm allm od elsof d esig n s.Th e m ain ad v an t ag eof t h is ap p r oachis t h at m od els ar e q u ick eran d ch eap ert o b u ild t h an f u ll- Usin ga scalem od elor a f u ll- sizem ock - u p To sim u lat et h e t u r b u len cecau sedb y w h eels w h ent h ey ' r esp in n in g Wh et h eror n ot t h e w h eelsar e m ost ly enclosedby t he bodyw ork Th eyar e n ot a h u n d r edp er cen tr eliab le;t h e d at a n eed st o b e v alid at edb y f u ll- scalet est s in r eal con d it ion s. Ch an g eab lew eat h erm ak esit d if f icu ltt o d o back-t o-backt est ing 5 m ocK- u p v alid at e acid t est ;t r ied - an d - t est ed t r;ial r u n b ack - t o- b ack t est in g ;in t h e f ield d b c d e f g h t ried-and-t est ed in t h e f ield v ir t u al t h e acid t est b ack - t o- b ack t est in g v alid at e t r ial r u n b I sized prot ot ypes.The main disadvant age is t h at t h eir b eh av iou d r u r in gt est scan n ot perfect lysimulat et hat of a fulFsize prot ot ype. Th e m ain ad v an t ag eof t h is ap p r oachis t h at t est sar e t ot allyr ealist ic.Th e m ain disadvant ageis t hat full-scaleprot ot ypescan b e ex p en siv et o b u ild an d t est . e 2e 4d 6a 8b loc 3 Fir st ,t est in gof t h e p ar ach u t ecou ld b e d on e u sin ga w eieh tt o sim u lat et h e m assof t h e con t ain erTh . e Wei€h t sh ou | db e so| idan d u n b r eak ab le, f or ex am p lea b lock of st eel,t o allow several parachut esyst emst o be t est ed b ack - t o- b ack w it h ou td est r oy in gt h e con t ain er each t im e.For t est s,t h e w eig h tan d p ar ach u t e could be dropped from a raised plat form at t ach edt o a cr an e.I n it iallyt,h e aim of t h ese t est sw ill b e t o d ev elopa p ar ach u t esy st emt h at w ill slow t h e con t ain er ' fsall as m u chas oossib le t o m in im iset h e v er t icallan d in gsp eed .On ce t h e p ar ach u t esy st emh as b een d ev elop edan , d t h e v er t icallan d in gsp eedh as b een d et er m in ed , t est scan t h en b e car r iedou t on t h e con t ain er an d d ef or m ab lest r u ct u r eb y sim u lat in gt h is k n ow nlan d in gsp eed .I n it iallyt h er ew ill b e n o n eed t o u se t h e p ar ach u t e.as t h e con t ain ercan be allow ed t o freefallfrom t he crane - t he droD h eig h tb ein gset so t h at t h e v er t icallan d in g sp eed is t h e sam e as t h at r each edw it h a p ar ach u t e.ln it ially r, ed u ced - scale, f or ex am p le h alf - size, m ock - u p scou ld b e t est ed .Th en f u llscalet est scan b e car r iedou t . Th e con t ain er d esig ncan t h en b e t est edw it h t h e p ar ach u t e b y d r op p in git f r om t h e cr an e.Th isw ill h elp t o sim u lat et h e ef f ect sof t h e w in d b low in gt h e p ar ach u t ean d con t ain ert,h u s g en er at in ga h or izon t al[ asw ell as v er t ical)lan d in gsp eed . Fin ally f, or t h e acid t est , r eal lif et r ial r u n scan b e car r iedou t u sin €an air cr af tt o Va| id at et h e t est s. 4a Suggest ed answ ers I Hu m an it ar ianaid , f or ex am p lef ood an d m ed icin e,an d m ilit ar yeq u ip m en tar e of t en air d r op p edas , t h ey f r eq u en t lyn eed t o b e d eliv er edt o r em ot elocat ion sw it h lim it ed t r an sp or tlin k s. 2 Th e m ain ad v an t ag eis t h at p lan esd o n ot need t o land and t ake off again t o drop of f car g o,sav in gt im e an d f u el.Th e m ain disadvant ageis t he difficult yof prot ect ing cargo from impact damage. b I d ecr ease- As lon g as t h e con t ain err em ain s in t h e air , it s air sp eed( it ssp eed r elat iv et o t h e m ov in gair in t h e at m osp h er e)w ill k eep d ecr easin gu n t il it h as an air sp eedof zer o - u n t il it is t r av ellin gat t h e sam e sp eedan d in t h e sam e d ir ect ionas t h e w in d .Th er ef or e, if t h er e is a cer t ainam ou n tof w in d ,t h e con t ain erw ill h av ea d eg r eeof g r ou n d sp eed ( h or izon t al , sp eed r elat iv et o t h e g r ou n d ) as it m ov esw it h t h e w in d . lf t h e air cr af tis f ly in g in t o t h e w in d ( in t h e op p osit ed ir ect iont o t h e Win d )Wh enit d r op s t h e con t áin er an , d if t h e con t ain err em ain sin t h e air lon g en ou g h ,t h e con t ain erw ill slow d ow n u n t il it m om en t ar ily has a groundspeedof zero. How ever,if it r em ain sin t h e air b ey on dt h is p oin t ,it s g r ou n d sp eedw ill t h en b eg int o in cr ease ag ain in t h e op p osit ed ir ect iont o t h e air cr af t , as it is b low nb ack w ar d sb y t h e w in d . 2 h ig h er- Th e con t ain er ' vs er t icalsp eedw ill k eep in cr easin gu n t il,if it r em ain sin t h e air long enough, it reachest erminal velocit | - t h e p oin t at w h ichaer od y n am ic d r ag [ air resist ance)prevent sit from t ravellingany fast er. 3 an d 4 Th is w ill d ep en don t h e sh ap eof t h e con t ain eran d t h e d ist r ib u t ionof w eig h t w i t h i ni t . c They agree on t he first t w o point s ( horizont al sp eedd ecr easesan d v er t icalsp eed in cr eases) . Th eyd isag r eeon t h e last t w o p oin t s( w h ich im p actis w or se,an d w h at w ill h ap p enon t h e g r ou n dw it h a v er y low - alt it u d d e r op ) . 5a I t h eor et ically 4 2 assu m in g 5 3 su r ely p r esu m ab ly ar g u ab ly b I 2 3 Ar g u ab ly Su r ely Pr esu m ab ly 4 Assu m in g 5 Th eor et ically Answ er key 105 c Agree: Sure; Absolut ely; True;Of course Ot her phrases; I t ot ally/ complet elyagree Disag r ee:I ' m n ot so su r e . . . ; I ' m n ot con v in ced ; Not n ecessar ily Ot h er p h r ases:I ' m n ot su r e I ag r ee;I d isag r ee; I t ot allyd isag r ee d Suggest ed answ ers I An air cr af t sg r ou n d sp eedis it s sp eed r elat iv e t o t he ground. lt s airspeed is t he speed it p assest h r ou g ht h e air . Becau seof t h e w in d , t h e air is u su allym ov in g .Th er ef or e,if an air cr af tis f ly in gin t o t h e w in d , it s air sp eed w ill b e h ig h ert h an it s g r ou n d sp eedlf. it h as t h e w in d b eh in dit , it s air soeedw ill b e low er t h an it s g r ou n d sp eed . 2 Zero 3 The aircraft w ould need t o fly int o t he w in d ,an d t h e w in d soeedw ou ldn eed t o b e v er y h ig h ,h ig h ert h an t h e m in im u msp eed requiredfor t he aircraft t o fly. 4 lt sh ou ldf ly in t o t h e w in d so t h at t h e w in d h elp st h e con t ain ert o slow d ow n . 5 Pr ov id edt h e air cr af tf lies in t o t h e w in d , h ig h erw in d sp eedw ill r esu ltin t h e con t ain er h av in ga low erg r ou n d sp eedon lan d in g . How ever,above a cert ain w ind speed, t he con t ain erw ill r eachzer o g r ou n d sp eedt,h en st art t o t ravel in t he opposit e direct ion. Bey on dt h is p oin t ,ev enh ig h erw in d sp eed s w ill r esu ltin a h ig h erg r ou n d sp eedin t h e op p osit ed ir ect ion . 6b Suggest ed answ ers I Th e con t ain ercou ld b e f lat w it h a low cen t r e of g r av it yso t h at it s| id esalon € t h e g r ou n d , or p er h ap ssp h er icalw it h a d ef or m ab le prot ect ivest ruct urew hich allow s it t o roll alon g t h e g r ou n d . 2 Th e con t ain ercou ld b e t all, f or ex am p lea cylinder shape,w it h a deformableprot ect ive st ruct ureat it s base t o absorb t he vert ical im p act . 7a Ex p ect at ion ar s e w h at y ou p r ed ict ,f or ex am p le h ow y ou t h in k a v eh iclep r ot ot y p ew ill b eh av e w h en it ' st est ed in a w in d t u n n el.Resu lt sar e w h at act u allyh ap p en s,f or ex am p leh ow t h e p r ot ot y p eact u allyb eh av esin t h e w in d t u n n el, based on t he complet ed t est . b Trialand error meanst est ing ideas t o see w hat h ap p en s.Th e ex p r essionim p liest h at t h e t est in g processis not very scient ific,and is simply based on guessw ork. Unfamiliar t errit orUmeans an unknow nsubiect , an ar ea w h er esom eon elack sex oer ien ce. On o st eep learning curve means learning r ap id | yof , t enas a r esu | tof b ein € p u t in an u n f am iliarsit u at ionw it h ou tt h e n ecessar v k n ow led g eor ex p er ien ce. c See au d ioscr ip t9. 3 on p ag es93 an d 94 8a I Half f u ll. 2 Th e op en in gin t h e b ot t lew asj u st slig h t ly bigger t han t he fit t ing at t he end of t he pump, so t here w as quit e a good seal. 3 Ouit e pow erful,more pow erfult han expect ed 4 Th e b ot t let u m b ledov er in t h e air - it w ou ld n ' tf ly st r aig h t . 106 I Answer key b I 3 I t h ou g h Up r ed ict ed didn't expect / predict it w as m u chb et t ert h an w e h ad h ooed 9a See au d ioscr ip 9. t 4 on p ag e94 b Th eyp u t a p last icb eak er ,w it h w at er in sid eit , ont o t he t op of t he bot t le w hich made it front h eav van d in cr easedit s in er t ia. c I accor d in gt o p lan 2 a t reat 10b Seeau dioscr ipt 9. 5 on page94 C 3 pract rce more t ess 5 6 in ad eq u at e pract ical 72 Suggest ed answ eE I Possible causes:t he t yre is inadequat ely in f lat edor p u n ct u r ed Possible effect s:t he t yre could blow out ( explode)/ t he t yre w ill w ear rapidly / become d am ag ed . 2 Possib lecau ses:a su r g ein t h e p ow ersu p p ly , t oo m u ch p ow erb ein gd em an d ed a, sh or t cir cu it Possib leef f ect a : cir cu itb r eak erb ein g t riggered,overheat ingand damage t o con d u ct or san d com p on en t s 3 Posslb lecau se:t h er eis in ad eq u at ep ain t cover t o prot ect t he hull Possible effect :t he hull w ill degrade rapidly / cou ldf ail 13a A m ist ak ew it h a ch ick eng u n h as m ad eclev er , t ech n icalp eop lelook lik e f ools. b I 3 To fire dead chickensin order t o t est aircraft en g in esan d w in d sh leld fsor t h eir r esist an ce t o bird st rikes Becau seit w as a h ig h - sp eed t r ain an d b ir d st r lk esw er ea p ot en t iald an g er Th e ch ick enb r ok et h r ou g hb ot h t h e w in d sh ieldan d t h e b ack of t h e d r iv er ' s com oar t m en t . c They used a frozen chicken. d 2 3 4 5 6 e .| 2 3 becauseof; due t o; ow ing t o result of becauseof caused con seq u en t ly becauseof / due t o / ow in€t o cau sed ;con seq u en t ly becauseof / due t o / ow ing t o: result edin; consequent ly 14a See au d ioscr ip 9. t 6 on p ag e 94 Un it 1 0 1a Suggest ed answ ers I Th eyu se t h e k in et icen er g y m , ov em en of t t he w ind, t o generat eelect ricit y. 2 Advant age:They use a renew able,nonp ollu t in gen er g ysou r cet h at is r ead ily av ailab le. Disadvant ages:The w ind is not const ant ,so w in d t u r b in escan n otf u n ct ionall t h e t im e. Th eyalso h av ea m aior v isu alim p actd u e t o t heir height and size, and are relat ivelynoisy. 3 Locat ion sex p osedt o t h e w in d ,su ch as h ig h ground, flat areas and coast al areas b Suggest ed answ ers Th e b lad est u r n d u e t o t h e air f low g en er at ed b y t h e w in d .To f u n ct ion t, h ey n eed t o h av e a sp eciallyd esig n edaer od y n am icp r of ile. They must also be st iff, t o avoid flexing and con seq u en t ly h it t in gt h e t ow er ,an d r elat iv ely lig h t t o allow t h em t o t u r n easily . The t ow er must be rigid, t o resist t he bending force generat edby t he pressureof t he w ind. lt must also have a relat ivelynarrow profile,t o m in im iset h e aer od y n am icef f ectit h as on t h e b lad es.Wh en a b lad eis in t h e low p osit ion , aligned w it h t he t ow er,t he pressureof t he w ind on t h e b lad e is r ed u ced r, ed u cin gef f ect iv en ess, an d cau sin gt or sionin t h e t u r b in ed u e t o p r essu r eon t h e h ig h eran d low er d if f er en t ial b lad es. Th e t u r b in eg en er at eselect r icit yf r om t h e act ion of spinning.To funct ion effect ively,it needst o m in im isef r ict ion .lt m u st also r esistt h e sev er e w eat h erw h ichis com m onin t h e ar easw h er e w in d t u r b in esar e locat ed . 2a I 2 3 4 5 6 The t ow er Corrosion due t o t he presenceof salt w at er St eel and reinforcedconcret e Because in reinforced-concretcoast e al defences,t he st eel reinforcementis oft en ex p osed ,d u e t o er osion ,an d r u st sas a r esu lt Th at j u st b ecau sean in st allat ionr eq u ir es r eg u larm ain t en an ce, t h at d oesn ' tn ecessar ily m ean it ' su n r eliab le A comoarisonof t he differencebet w eent he const ruct ioncost of a reinforcedconcret e t ow er and t he cost of repaint inga st eel t ow er over t he period of a concret et ow er'slifespan b lb 6d c 2 4 5 2e 3c in ap p r op r iat e6 in con sist en t 7 u n econ om ical8 ineffect ive 9 4a 5f in ef f icien t u n r eliab le in su f f icien t u n su it ab le d See au d ioscr ip t10.I on page 94 3a 2 3 4 su it ab le 5 effect ive 6 in con sist en t 7 in ef f icien t in su f f icien Uin ad eq u at e u n r eliab le I b Suggest ed answ ers l Win d t u r b in esar e ex t r em e| yeí f icien tTh . ey use a free, renew ablesource of energy. Th ey ' r ealso ex t r em elyr eliab le,r eq u ir in gv er y lit t le m ain t en an ce. Clear ly w , in d t u r b in esn eedw in d t o f u n ct ionef f ect iv ely b u t w in d con d it ion sar e in con sist en tFor . t h is r eason ,a w in d t u r b in e is a su p p lem en t ar sou y r ceof en er g y lt . w ill st ill be necessaryt o havea permanentsupply of elect ricit y.How ever,in suit able locat ions, w ind t urbines can w ork effect ivelyfor a significant percent ageof t ime. Th e m ost su it ab lesit esar e ex p osed locat ions.Sit es locat ed on t he t oos of hills. on t h e w in d w ar dslop esof h ills,n ear t h e coast ,or on f lat , op en lan d ar e t h e m ost su it ab le. To w ork effect ively,w ind t urbines should be locat ed aw ay from feat urest hat can ob st r u ctt h e w in d ,su ch as b u ild in g sor t r ees. Obst ruct ionscan have a negat iveeffect if t h ey ar e locat edin f r on t of t h e t u r b in e,an d also if t h ey ar e r elat iv elycloseb eh in dit . t han out -of-t ow nairoort s. Planes also t end t o be delayed more oft en t han t rains, due t o air t raft ic congest ionat airport s. Large aircraft cannot t ake of f an d lan d im m ed iat elyaf t eron e an ot h erd u e t o t he need for separat iondist ancesfor safet y, an d t o allow air t u r b u len cet im e t o clear alon g t he runw ayaft er each t akeoff and landing.Also, ch eck in gin f or f lig h t st ak eslon g ert h an b oar d in g t rains. For t hese reasons,overalliourney t imes on h ig h - sp eed t r ain scan b e as sh or t as, or short er t han t hose on olanes over dist ancesof 500 km t o I ,500 km. b I 2 3 c I 2 3 ef f iclen cyan d Sp eed ,con v en ien ce, en v ir on m en t al- f r ien d lin ess To find t he best w ay of t ransport ingpeople Th at h ig h - sp eed elect r ict r ain sar e t h e m ost efficientsolut ion cr it er ion fact or v ar iab le 4b 10. 2on page94 Seeau dioscr ipt 6a Most TCVSreach 300 km/ h. New er models run at 320 k m / hon cer t aint r ack s.Most t r ain sar e ap p r ox im at ely200 m et r eslon g . c Shedoesn'tment ioncent rifugal force. b See au d ioscr ip tlO. 3 on p ag e94 d c I 3 4 5 6 b é n d in g t orsion/ t orque ex p an sion pressure t en sion e 2 3 4 5 6 7 I oressure b en d in g com p r essiont:en sion sh ear frict ion t orsion ( t orque) ex p an sion con ; t r act ion 7 I 9 l0 sh ear frict ion cont ract ion cent rifugalforce f Suggest ed answ ers Wh en t h er eis n o w in d ,t h e colu m n san d leg s are all sub.iect edt o compression.The legs are also subj ect edt o bendingforces.The beam is subj ect edt o a vert ical bendingforce.The in su lat or sar e in t en sion .Th e f ou n d at ion ar s e in comoression.There are also shear forces bet w eent he legs and t he foundat ions. Wh en t h e w in d is b low in gf r om d ir ect ionl, t h e beam is subj ect edt o a horizont albendingforce from t he w ind. Bot h columnsare also subiect ed t o b en d in g .Leg s I an d 2 ar e in t en sionas a r esu ltof t h e w in d . Leg s3 an d 4 ar e in com p r essr on . Wh en t h e w in d is b low in gf r om d ir ect ion2, bot h columnsand legs are subj ect edt o bending b y t h e w in d . Leg s 1 an d 3 an d colu m n I ar e p r im ar ilyin t en sionas a r esu ltof t h e w in d .Leg s 2 an d 4, an d colu m n2 ar e in com p r ession . 5a Suggest ed answ ers Planes t ravel much fast er t han high-speedt rains. The fast est high-speedt rains can t ravel at j ust over 300 km/ h. Commercialaircraft flying at an alt it ude of around 30,000 feet can t ravel w it h a groundspeedof around 800 km/ h.Therefore, on board t rips are t ypically fast er on planes. How ever,rail net w orksgenerallylink cit y cent res, w hich are oft en more convenientdest inat ions 2 3 4 d 2 3 4 5 f 2 3 4 5 caoab le ab le w it hst and subj ect edt o 6 7 8 u n ab le in cap ab le exceeded 9a Key informat ion and quest ions The supersonicrocket sled ride for t ourist s is t o be locat ed t he Aust ralian desert . lt is t o carry a pilot and t w o passengers.lt must avoid ext remes of C force under accelerat ionand decelerat ion ( m ax 2 G) . Max t r ack len g t h l6 k m . ls it f easib le t o h av ej u st l0 k m of t r ack ?ls t h at en ou g h safet y margin? ls t he sled t o have st eel skids or w h eels?Pr op u lsionw ill b e b y r ock etor j et en g in e ( b ein €| ook edin t o b y som eon ee| se) .Br ak in g syst em - not a w at er brake, as t here is t oo much C force; possibly a frict ion syst em ( againstrails) , an aer od y n am icsy st em( f lap sor p ar ach u t es) , r ev er seen g in et h r u st sy st emor a com b in at ion of t hese. lt w as modified t o a cert ain ext ent but , w it h a few except ions,w as essent iallyan ordinary TCV 100 m et r es To m ak eit slig h t lym or eaer od y n am ic To r ed u cet h e sp eedof r ev olu t iont,o lim it f r ict ionan d cen t r if u g alf or ce - 50o/ o - 15o/ o + lgoh + 680/ o e 3 4 cer t ain 5 sig n if ican t ly 6 slig h t lym or e 7 m ar g in ally su b st an t ially con sid er ab le Í su€ g est ed answ ers I Th e su p p lyv olt ag ein t h e cat en ar ycab lesh ad t o be increasedby a considerableamount . 2 To lim it oscillat iont,h e t en sionof t h e cat enarycables w as subst ant iallyincreased. 3 The camber of t he t rack w as increased m ar g in allyon som ecu r v es. 4 The previousrecord w as beat en by a huge m ar g in . 5 I n perfect condit ions,t he TCV could probably havegone slight lyfast er. 8a See au d ioscr ip t10. 4 on p ag e95 c 1 1 . 0 r5 23 320 4 1.2 546 e 2 3 4 5 5 cope w it h; w it hst and exceed:suroass int endedfor able t o; capableof in cap ab leof ; u n ab let o Answer key to7 CavrnRrDGE UNTYERSI TY PRESS w w w . cam br idge. or g r sBN 978- 0- 5?1- 7 1518- 8