Archaeological photography and image-based modelling
Geert J Verhoeven2017
This is a presentation that was given at Ghent University during the research seminar "Between digital photography and virtual reality in archaeology". It covers the spectral and spatial dimensions of photographs and how these dimensions can be used in archaeological research.
Related papers
From Photography to 3D Models and Beyond: Visualizations in Archaeology - preview
From Photography to 3D Models and Beyond: Visualizations in Archaeology, 2023
In my book, I explore the history of visual technology and archaeology and outline how the introduction of interactive 3D computer modelling to the discipline parallels very closely the earlier integration of photography into archaeological fieldwork. The incredible potential of interactive 3D computer graphics to provide new insight into cultural change, ancient settlement development, building function, and behavior make virtual heritage a must-use approach, but one that has not been fully grasped. My research brings together for the first time several key aspects of the history of archaeology--how and where photographs became an indispensable part of excavations; when and for what purposes virtual reality began a similar journey into the field team’s arsenal of documentation, publication, and visualization tools; how the common trajectory of both technologies provides clues for why virtual reality has not yet become as commonplace as photography for archaeological research, teaching, and data dissemination; and how new methods and technologies are poised to revolutionize our understanding of the past. Contact me directly (dsanders@learningsites.com) for a 20% discount form !
From 2D to 3D: a photogrammetric revolution in archaeology?
2012
This thesis investigates the possibilities of modern digital photogrammetry as a methodologyfor topographical field documentation in archaeology. The methodology is compared to whathas become the main tool for topographical documentation in Norwegian rescue archaeology,the total station. Using self-developed methods for evaluating the data I have been able todetermine the quality of each methodology in terms of resolution and time spent recording.This evaluation shows that digital photogrammetry is by far the better choice for recordingtopographical data at an archaeological excavation. I have also shown some possibleapplications for this kind of data in both visualizing and analyzing the data.
Archaeology in Three Dimensions - Computer-Based Methods in Archaeological Research
The Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies, 2014
The reconstruction of the archaeological landscape through virtual reality applications: a discussion about methodology.
The virtual reconstruction of the archaeological landscape is a very complex process including in a virtual ecosystem many kinds of data, activities, according to a multidisciplinary approach. This system of relations, interactions and behaviors assumes perceptive, cultural, psychological and relevance. The virtual environment and archaeological structures, as they are today, can be reconstructed through different techniques and data sources, integrated in a coherent methodology of elaboration and communication: cartographic data, remote sensing, photo-interpretation, topographic survey, laser scanner data, photogrammetry, photomodelling, computer vision and so on. Each technique is selected according to the kind of structures and information we need and is intimately connected to the typology and the particularities of the entities to examine.
The Applications of Photogrammetry and 3-D Visualisation During Archaeological Fieldwork
Archaeological documentations methods are evolving at an increasing speed in our digital era. Around the turn of the century, photogrammetry provided one of the most substantial step forward in excavation recording techniques. In the last 15 years, numerous project utilised the new technology from a wide range of cultural disciplines, however, to-day there are still no clear guidelines on its implementation into the framework of an archaeological excavation and the potentials of the gathered data has been only partially tapped. This thesis will aim to provide a new voice in this discussion through the case studies of Metsamor, Armenia and Saruq al-Hadid, UAE.
3D Images as a Source for Analysis and Interpretation of Data Obtained During Archaeological Research
2019
The will to protect cultural heritage has become an impulse to construct three-dimensional visualizations. Thanks to a computer program and properly manipulated 3D models, scientists can test out their research hypotheses, basing on mutual relations between the models. 3D modeling is a priceless tool when it comes to reconstructing archaeological structures and artefacts as well as analyzing and interpreting the past. It allows creating spatial objects that can be processed in various ways. Digital reconstruction technique is targeted at a vast group of recipients, especially those who are not interested in information about the past presented in a descriptive (verbal) form. Such way of communication requires specific knowledge, including specialist terms, as well as imagination, especially so-called historical imagination. 3D visualization is yet a new narration form in archaeology and complements descriptions. In our society, in which cognitive process an image begins to play a dominant role, popularization of the past with the use of digital reconstruction is particularly important. It is the visuality that determines the way we experience and analyze historical knowledge. An image in the form of a reconstruction is complete, comprehensively narrated, which means there is no room for a deeper interpretation. It is the scholar who defines the vision of a reconstructed structure. That is why an author must keep a critical distance towards their analysis when creating a visual message that provides information on cultural heritage. In order to cover the requirement of reliability when constructing a model, it is advised to follow the standards included in the London Charter. The significance of 3D visualization as a method of presenting research hypotheses will be discussed basing on the examples of digital reconstructions of two settlements from the Early Iron Age, discovered in Lower Silesia in SouthWest Poland.
IMAGING AS A FIRST STEP FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE AND ARCHAEOLOGY ANALYSES
Archeologia e Calcolatori 32.2, 2021, 219-226, 2021
The ubiquitous diffusion of modern smartphones has brought, as a collateral effect, the ready availability of relatively good imaging systems that can be used in any circumstance, and in particular in field research, exploiting the intrinsic portability of the smartphone. Although the quality of the images acquired with a smartphone cannot be compared with the ones of a medium-quality professional camera, in many occasion even a smartphone camera can be useful for non-trivial applications, as the 3D-reconstruction of art and archaeological objects, and even the modelling of large architectonic or archaeological structures.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PHOTOGRAPHY & IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
GEERT VERHOEVEN
WHO
AM I
GEERT VERHOEVEN
archaeologist (Ghent University)
PhD aerial archaeology
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERESTS
(digital) methodology
scientific photography
remote sensing
image-based modelling
image fusion
data visualisation
GOALS
THEORY → REFLECTION
UNDERSTANDING
EXAMPLES
CONSIDERATION
STRUCTURE
PHOTOGRAPHY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
PHOTOGRAPHY
3D MODELLING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
PHOTOGRAPHY
3D MODELLING
EXAMPLES
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
3D MODELLING
T h e o r y → r e fl e c ti o n
EXAMPLES
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
PHOTOGRAPHY
STRUCTURE
Theory without practice is empty.
Practice without theory is blind.
John Dewey (1859-1952), philosopher
3D MODELLING
T h e o r y → r e fl e c ti o n
EXAMPLES
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
PHOTOGRAPHY
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
SPATIAL D S
SPECTRAL D S
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
NEWTONIAN PHYSICS
↓
4D UNIVERSE
CONVENIENCE
3D = observable spatial dimensions
time = 4th dimension
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
“event” = location (x, y, z) + time (t)
dimensional order
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
NEWTONIAN PHYSICS
↓
4D UNIVERSE
CONVENIENCE
3D = observable spatial dimensions
time = 4th dimension
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
“event” = location (x, y, z) + time (t)
dimensional order
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
NEWTONIAN PHYSICS
↓
4D UNIVERSE
CONVENIENCE
3D = observable spatial dimensions
time = 4th dimension
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
“event” = location (x, y, z) + time (t)
dimensional order
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
3 DIRECTIONS
mutually perpendicular
left- vs right-handed
X, Y, or Z up
axes
X, Y and Z
latitude, longitude and altitude
up, sideways and in or out
standard
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
RAW DATA
SURFACES
VOLUMES
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
RAW DATA
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SURFACES
VOLUMES
Mount Rushmore by CyArk
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
RAW DATA
SURFACES
VOLUMES
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
RAW DATA
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SURFACES
VOLUMES
Viking – Einar by Johannes Helgeson
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
RAW DATA
SURFACES
VOLUMES
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL DS
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
3D → SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
≠ coordinates needed
< 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
MORE SPATIAL DIMENSIONS
string theories
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
0D = point
1D = line
2D = plane
OTHER DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
OTHER DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
X
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
Y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPATIAL & SPECTRAL
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
ARCHAEOLOGICAL USE
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPATIAL & SPECTRAL
IMAGE = SPATIALLY 2D
ARCHAEOLOGICAL USE
pixel = (x, y)
VARIABLE = DIMENSION
photograph = 3D
multi-spectral = [4, 10]D
hyper-spectral = [11, 999]D
ultra-spectral = [1000, 10 000]D
ARCHAEOLOGICAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL DIMENSIONS
SPECTRAL USE
SPATIAL USE
ISSUES
SPECTRAL USE
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING BEYOND LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SENSING BEYOND LIGHT
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Documentation / fun / communication
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Mapping
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inventorying and analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inventorying and analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inventorying and analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inventorying and analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
after Dorrell, 1994, Plate 74 & 76
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
after Coremans, 1938, Figs. 13a and b
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
after Dorrell, 1994, Plate 74 & 75
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
Inspecting / documentation / analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPECTRAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
SPATIAL USE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ISSUES
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
same signal from # conditions
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
camera assumes object reflectance
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
same signal from # conditions
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
camera assumes object reflectance
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
same signal from # conditions
STANDARD SCENE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STANDARD SCENE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STANDARD SCENE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
camera guestimates light source
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
same signal from # conditions
GENERAL IMAGING PRINCIPLE
camera guestimates light source
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
same signal from # conditions
WHITE BALANCE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INCORRECT COLOUR
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INCORRECT COLOUR
Luther–Ives condition
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INCORRECT COLOUR
Luther–Ives condition
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IDEAL MAPPING CAMERA
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IDEAL MAPPING CAMERA
3D
2D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IDEAL MAPPING CAMERA
3D
perspective projection
2D
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IDEAL MAPPING CAMERA
3D
2D
geometrically distortionless
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
perspective projection
REAL CAMERA
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
projection rays ≠ straight lines
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CAMERA CALIBRATION
REAL CAMERA
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
projection rays ≠ straight lines
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CAMERA CALIBRATION
REAL CAMERA
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
projection rays ≠ straight lines
Image points NOT at expected location
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CAMERA CALIBRATION
REAL CAMERA
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
projection rays ≠ straight lines
Image points NOT at expected location
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CAMERA CALIBRATION
REAL CAMERA
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
projection rays ≠ straight lines
Image points NOT at expected location
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CAMERA CALIBRATION
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
CAMERA AXIS TILT
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
CAMERA AXIS TILT
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
CAMERA AXIS TILT
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
CAMERA AXIS TILT
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
Image points NOT at correct location
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
Image points NOT at correct location
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
ORTHORECTIFICATION
CAMERA AXIS TILT
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
CAMERA AXIS TILT
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
Image points NOT at correct location
Image points at expected location
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
CAMERA AXIS TILT
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
Image-based modelling
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
CAMERA AXIS TILT
TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
Image-based modelling
OTHER DEFORMATIONS
IMAGE-BASED 3D
S F M + MVS
FIT FOR PURPOSE
IMAGE-BASED 3D
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
material
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
material
illumination
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
material
illumination
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
material
illumination
image
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
material
illumination
image
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
geometry
material
illumination
image
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
viewpoint
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
many constraints
high accuracy and reliability
mapping & monitoring
separate interior & exterior orientation
little constraints
automation
robotics and inspection
interior & exterior orientation combined
Structure from Motion
camera model often simple
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COMPUTER VISION
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
many constraints
high accuracy and reliability
mapping & monitoring
separate interior & exterior orientation
little constraints
automation
robotics and inspection
interior & exterior orientation combined
Structure from Motion
camera model often simple
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COMPUTER VISION
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
many constraints
high accuracy and reliability
mapping & monitoring
separate interior & exterior orientation
little constraints
automation
robotics and inspection
interior & exterior orientation combined
Structure from Motion
camera model often simple
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COMPUTER VISION
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
many constraints
high accuracy and reliability
mapping & monitoring
separate interior & exterior orientation
↕
USE EACH OTHER
little constraints
automation
robotics and inspection
interior & exterior orientation combined
Structure from Motion
camera model often simple
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COMPUTER VISION
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
many constraints
high accuracy and reliability
mapping & monitoring
separate interior & exterior orientation
↕
USE EACH OTHER
little constraints
automation
robotics and inspection
interior & exterior orientation combined
Structure from Motion
camera model often simple
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
COMPUTER VISION
SFM + MVS
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
COLLINEARITY CONDITION
RELATION
image ↔ object
2D ↔ 3D
COLLINEAR
2 EQUATIONS
one for x
one for y
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
object point
↕
optical centre
↕
pixel
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
2 CAMERA ORIENTATIONS
EXTERIOR ORIENTATION
spatial position
angular orientation
6 parameters
principal distance
principal point
optical distortions
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
INTERIOR ORIENTATION
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TRACE THE RAY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
BOTH SIMULTANEOUSLY
BOTH SIMULTANEOUSLY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE FROM MOTION
HOW S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
WHY S F M
STRUCTURE AND MOTION
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
LOCAL COORDINATE FRAME
STRUCTURE
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
LOCAL COORDINATE FRAME
UNKNOWN SCALE FACTOR
STRUCTURE
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
LOCAL COORDINATE FRAME
UNKNOWN SCALE FACTOR
STRUCTURE
DRIFT IN ORIENTATIONS
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
LOCAL COORDINATE FRAME
UNKNOWN SCALE FACTOR
STRUCTURE
DRIFT IN ORIENTATIONS
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE
LOCAL COORDINATE FRAME
UNKNOWN SCALE FACTOR
STRUCTURE
DRIFT IN ORIENTATIONS
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ACCURATE GROUND CONTROL
S F M DIFFERENCES
Remondino et al. 2012
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
MULTI-VIEW STEREO
Remondino et al. 2014
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
FIT FOR PURPOSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
≠ DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGIES
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
TO BE SEXY OR TO BE ACCURATE
≠ DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGIES
SHOW OFF
DOCUMENT
INVENTORY
3D MODEL OR MAP
NO DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSE
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
IMAGE SCALE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE SCALE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE SCALE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE SCALE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE SCALE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IMAGE SCALE
MAP / ORTHOPHOTO
plotting error = 0.2 mm to 0.1 mm
eye resolves 0.09 mm @ 30 cm
0.1 mm for hard- and softcopy
1 MAP UNIT / xx OBJECT units
3D SURFACE DETAILS
2-3 pixels to resolve a line
1 cm surface details → GSD ≤ 5 mm
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1 / 100 → 1 cm GSD
1 / 1 → 0.1 mm GSD
CAMERA STATIONS
80 % - 90 % OVERLAP
COVER SCENE EXHAUSTIVELY
GUIDELINES?
CIPA 3x3 rules
“One panorama each step”
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
≥ 3 images
overviews
details
panoramas
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
VERTICAL + HORIZONTAL
camera auto-rotation off!
PERPENDICULAR + CONVERGENT
PREFERABLY
SHARP
not blurry
depth of field
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
no zooming
no refocusing (tape)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
VERTICAL + HORIZONTAL
camera auto-rotation off!
PERPENDICULAR + CONVERGENT
PREFERABLY
SHARP
not blurry
depth of field
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
no zooming
no refocusing (tape)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
VERTICAL + HORIZONTAL
camera auto-rotation off!
PERPENDICULAR + CONVERGENT
PREFERABLY
SHARP
not blurry
depth of field
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
no zooming
no refocusing (tape)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
VERTICAL + HORIZONTAL
camera auto-rotation off!
PERPENDICULAR + CONVERGENT
PREFERABLY
SHARP
not blurry
depth of field
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
no zooming
no refocusing (tape)
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
f/2.8
VERTICAL + HORIZONTAL
camera auto-rotation off!
PERPENDICULAR + CONVERGENT
no zooming
no refocusing (tape)
SHARP
not blurry
depth of field
f/16
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
PREFERABLY
VARIATION
≠ SCALES
landscape to small artefact
POSSIBILITIES
recording & mapping
information extraction
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ISSUES
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
1940s
1950s
1970s
1990s
LANDSCAPE CHANGE
quantify
impact on archaeology
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ARCHIVED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
Copyright Christopher Sevara
SICILY
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SCANNER
Copyright Christopher Sevara
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SCANNER
Copyright Christopher Sevara
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SCANNER
Copyright Christopher Sevara
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SCANNER
Copyright Christopher Sevara
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SCANNER
Copyright Christopher Sevara
SICILY
Copyright Christopher Sevara
HISTORIC LANDSCAPES
ARCHIVED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
LANDSCAPE CHANGE
quantify
impact on archaeology
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
1940s
1950s
1970s
1990s
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
AERIAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION
ADRIATIC ITALY
AERIAL IMAGERY
ORTHOPHOTOS
SPATIAL + SPECTRAL
IMPROVED MAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
CANOPY HEIGHT MODEL
STEPHANSDOM
VISIBLE + NEAR-INFRARED
IMAGE PROCESSING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TWO ORTHOPHOTOS
STEPHANSDOM
VISIBLE + NEAR-INFRARED
IMAGE PROCESSING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
TWO ORTHOPHOTOS
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
OSTRICH EGG HALVES
11.1 cm / 134 g
blue engravings
DETAILS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
many clues
LENOX GLOBE (AD 1506)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
carrack
sailor
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
OSTRICH EGG HALVES
11.1 cm / 134 g
blue engravings
DETAILS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
many clues
LENOX GLOBE (AD 1506)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
carrack
sailor
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
OSTRICH EGG HALVES
11.1 cm / 134 g
blue engravings
DETAILS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
many clues
LENOX GLOBE (AD 1506)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
carrack
sailor
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
OSTRICH EGG HALVES
11.1 cm / 134 g
blue engravings
DETAILS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
many clues
LENOX GLOBE (AD 1506)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
carrack
sailor
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
OSTRICH EGG HALVES
11.1 cm / 134 g
blue engravings
DETAILS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
many clues
LENOX GLOBE (AD 1506)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
carrack
sailor
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
OSTRICH EGG HALVES
11.1 cm / 134 g
blue engravings
DETAILS
LEONARDO DA VINCI
many clues
LENOX GLOBE (AD 1506)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
carrack
sailor
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
TRICKY IMAGING
# EVALUATIONS
43 μm RMSE
0.14 pixel NORM. RMS RE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
# SFM RUNS
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
TRICKY IMAGING
# EVALUATIONS
43 μm RMSE
0.14 pixel NORM. RMS RE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
# SFM RUNS
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
TRICKY IMAGING
# EVALUATIONS
43 μm RMSE
0.14 pixel NORM. RMS RE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
# SFM RUNS
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
TRICKY IMAGING
# EVALUATIONS
43 μm RMSE
0.14 pixel NORM. RMS RE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
# SFM RUNS
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
TRICKY IMAGING
# EVALUATIONS
43 μm RMSE
0.14 pixel NORM. RMS RE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
# SFM RUNS
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
80 photographs / rotation
5 full rotations (# heights)
portrait + landscape orientation
3 rulers (# lengths)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
IMAGE-BASED MODELLING
TRICKY IMAGING
# EVALUATIONS
43 μm RMSE
0.14 pixel NORM. RMS RE
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
# SFM RUNS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
CORNUCOPIA
CENTRAL AFRICA
MISPELLINGS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
CORNUCOPIA
CENTRAL AFRICA
MISPELLINGS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
GLOBE UNWRAPPING
CORNUCOPIA
CENTRAL AFRICA
MISPELLINGS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
Petra theatre by CyArk
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
digital & analogue derivatives
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
(digital) preservation?
Surface deviation analysis (Notre Dame in Old Montreal) by BuildIT
SAFEKEEPING
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
Štuhec 2014
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
Štuhec 2014
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
Dell'Unto et al. 2017
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
NEW DATA CREATION
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
Dell'Unto et al. 2017
digital & analogue derivatives
IBM APPLICATIONS
SAFEKEEPING
(digital) preservation?
MONITORING
restauration
quantification
reverse excavating
structural analysis
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
ANALYSIS / NEW INSIGHTS
Castellazzi et al. 2015
digital & analogue derivatives
Gonizzi Barsanti & Guidi 2017
NEW DATA CREATION
CRITICAL TOOL VS FLASH IN THE PAN
ACCESSIBLE IBM SOFTWARE
SUB-PAR UNDERSTANDING
basic photography principles
photogrammetric computer vision basics
aimless
aesthetics
uncritical
archaeological knowledge gaining
“NEW” TECHNOLOGY
cf. GIS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
APPLICATION
CRITICAL TOOL VS FLASH IN THE PAN
ACCESSIBLE IBM SOFTWARE
SUB-PAR UNDERSTANDING
basic photography principles
photogrammetric computer vision basics
aimless
aesthetics
uncritical
archaeological knowledge gaining
“NEW” TECHNOLOGY
cf. GIS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
APPLICATION
CRITICAL TOOL VS FLASH IN THE PAN
ACCESSIBLE IBM SOFTWARE
SUB-PAR UNDERSTANDING
basic photography principles
photogrammetric computer vision basics
aimless
aesthetics
uncritical
archaeological knowledge gaining
“NEW” TECHNOLOGY
cf. GIS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
APPLICATION
CRITICAL TOOL VS FLASH IN THE PAN
ACCESSIBLE IBM SOFTWARE
SUB-PAR UNDERSTANDING
basic photography principles
photogrammetric computer vision basics
aimless
aesthetics
uncritical
archaeological knowledge gaining
“NEW” TECHNOLOGY
cf. GIS
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
APPLICATION
CONTACT
ACADEMIC - PROFESSIONAL
E-COMMUNICATION
Geert.Verhoeven@archpro.lbg.ac.at
Geert.Verhoeven@UGent.be
PUBLICATIONS
https://lbi.academia.edu/GeertVerhoeven
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Geert_Verhoeven
https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=Snm_1_EAAAAJ
REFERENCES (3D)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
REFERENCES (PHOTOGRAPHY)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
REFERENCES (IMAGE-BASED MODELLING)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
REFERENCES (DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGY)
© Copyright 2017 Geert Verhoeven, all rights reserved
Related papers
Navantia’s Shipyard 4.0 model overview
Ciencia y tecnología de buques, 2018
Geophysical Survey of the Naval Air Technical Training Center (NATTC), Norman, OK
Oklahoma Archeological Survey Research Series 19, 2024
Abstract.&.TOC
Pots, Pans, and People: Material culture and Nature in Mesoamerican Ceramics
Its importance to and use by hotel managers
The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 1999
Modes de gestion et efficience des opérateurs dans le secteur des transports urbains de personnes
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics, 2005
Don Ángel González Palencia: 1889-1949.Apuntes biográficos. (Necrología)
Anaquel de estudios árabes, 1998
Site preservation along an active meandering and avulsing river: The Red River, Arkansas
Geoarchaeology, 1998
Adaption Of Construction Management Modelling System Through The Use Of Internet Of Things (IoT)
European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 2021
Estabilidad dimensional del alginato hidrocolor 5 a 5 días
Revista mexicana de medicina forense y ciencias de la salud, 2019
Hypertensive target organ damage predicts incident diabetes mellitus
European Heart Journal, 2013
Related topics
ArchaeologyPhotographyCultural HeritageDigital PhotographyDigital ArchaeologyDigital Photogrammetry applied t...Structure from MotionScience for Conservation and Res...Scientific photographyUltraviolet photographyCamera CalibrationDigital PhotogrammetryDigital CamerasImage Based ModelingNear-infrared photographyOrthorectificationDense Stereo Matching3D Modeling (Archaeology)CollinearityMulti-spectral Imaging