Image Based Modeling

Visual inspection by a human operator has been mostly used up till now to detect cracks in sewer pipes. In this paper, we address the problem of automated detection of such cracks. We propose a model which detects crack fractures that may occur in weak areas of a network of pipes. The model also predicts the level of dangerousness of the detected cracks among five crack levels. We evaluate our results by comparing them with those obtained by using the Canny algorithm. The accuracy percentage of this model exceeds 90% and outperforms other approaches.

Mathematical Modelling has a long history in developmental biology. Advances in experimental techniques and computational algorithms now permit the development of increasingly more realistic models of organogenesis. In particular, 3D geometries of developing organs have recently become available. In this paper, we show how to use image-based data for simulations of organogenesis in COMSOL Multiphysics. As an example, we use limb bud development, a classical model system in mouse developmental biology. We discuss how embryonic geometries with several subdomains can be read into COMSOL using the Matlab LiveLink, and how these can be used to simulate models on growing embryonic domains. The ALE method is used to solve signaling models even on strongly deforming domains.

: A tree is modeled using a set of input photographs. We show some examples of input and resulting 3D tree models. If image information is not available, e.g. the foliage is missing, the user is able to sketch it (right). The models approximate the input images while forming botanically plausible branching structures.

In this paper we developed an approach to 3D modeling of complex architecture such as medieval castles using multiple types of data. The method creates independent models from each type then assembles and integrates them to form one complete model of the site. The advantage of this technique is the flexibility it provides to handle complex and difficult-to-access sites where a single technique is largely inadequate. Two main research issues had to be addressed: (1) since image-based modeling will be required in most parts, the level of automation must be increased without compromising accuracy and robustness, (2) the seamless and accurate integration of models created independently from different sets of data of different accuracy and levels of detail. We provide new contributions to each of these areas and apply them to modeling the Stenico castle in the Trentino province, Italy.

We present a method of recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs taken with conventional imaging equipment. In our method, multiple photographs of the scene are taken with different amounts of exposure. Our algorithm uses these differently exposed photographs to recover the response function of the imaging process, up to factor of scale, using the assumption of reciprocity. With the known response function, the algorithm can fuse the multiple photographs into a single, high dynamic range radiance map whose pixel values are proportional to the true radiance values in the scene. We demonstrate our method on images acquired with both photochemical and digital imaging processes. We discuss how this work is applicable in many areas of computer graphics involving digitized photographs, including image-based modeling, image compositing, and image processing. Lastly, we demonstrate a few applications of having high dynamic range radiance maps, such as synthesizing realistic motion blur and simulating the response of the human visual system.

U današnje vrijeme, moderna tehnologija se često mijenja i brzo napreduje. Korištenje 3D modela u arheologiji, mnogi smatraju  kao nešto što nam je tehnologija omogućila tek unazad nekoliko godina, no njihova primjena u arheologiji postoji od 80-ih godina 20. st.
Razvoj računala i računalne grafike, promijenio je izgled 3D modela, ali i omogućio njihovu širu primjenu u arheologiji. Tako danas u arheologiji možemo razlikovati dvije vrste 3D modela; 3D digitalizaciju i 3D rekonstrukciju.
3D digitalizacija, koja se provodi uz pomoć laserskih skenera i modeliranja temeljenog na fotografijama, stvara digitalne replike nalaza ili nalazišta, koje pomažu u izradi arheološke dokumentacije.
S druge strane 3D rekonstrukcije najčešće se koriste za prezentaciju arheoloških nalazišta, njegovih dijelova ili nalaza.
Uz navedene primjere, 3D modeli u arheologiji mogu se koristiti na mnogo drugih načina koji imaju svoje prednosti u usporedbi sa starijim arheološkim metodama, no uz njihovu primjenu, vežu se i neki nedostatci.  

A new method called TIP (Tour Into the Picture) is presented for easily making animations from one 2D picture or photograph of a scene. In TIP, animation is created from the viewpoint of a camera which can be three-dimensionally "walked or flownthrough" the 2D picture or photograph. To make such animation, conventional computer vision techniques cannot be applied in the 3D modeling process for the scene, using only a single 2D image. Instead a spidery mesh is employed in our method to obtain a simple scene model from the 2D image of the scene using a graphical user interface. Animation is thus easily generated without the need of multiple 2D images.

Image stabilisation (IS) is a family of approaches whose aim is to reduce motion blur in still images and shaking effect in video frames. A variety of techniques are currently implemented in cameras and camcorders: some involve hardware solutions, other are software approaches. In general, IS for still photography entails hardware in-camera or in-lens solutions. Video stabilisation, on the other hand, can be accomplished with software algorithms, either in real-time within the camera or in post-processing. Whereas IS aids photography and video making, its influence on the photogrammetric 3D modelling process has not been investigated. This article addresses this aspect. To this purpose, several laboratory and real-world tests were carried out, whose results showed that IS must be disabled when accuracy matters in photogrammetric projects. Details are provided in the manuscript.

J. Reinhard, 3D-Dokumentation mit Drohne. In: M. Sauter (Hrsg.), Surenenpass. Archäologie und Geschichte in Attinghausen. Archäologische Prospektion - Archaeological Survey 1 (Hochwald 2016), 172-183.

For the 3D models see https://sketchfab.com/archaeobotics/collections/attinghausen-geissruggen-ur-schweiz.

Computer Vision Photogrammetry allows users to simply upload a series of overlapping pictures of a scene into dedicated software in order to automatically generate an accurate three-dimensional model of that scene. In this master thesis I explore the potential of this innovative new technology for underwater archaeological site recording.

In the introductory chapter I first discuss the importance of archaeological site recording, as well as the importance of exploring new and perhaps better ways of documenting our heritage. I then stress that for a new recording method to see widespread use within the field of maritime archaeology, it must offer distinct advantages over traditional manual recording methods, but it must also be accessible, both in terms of costs and in terms of the technical expertise required to use the method. I believe Computer Vision Photogrammetry could meet these requirements, and as such I think the method is worth investigating further.

In the second chapter I then provide readers with the necessary background information in order to understand what photogrammetry actually is, how it works, and how it has evolved from the 19th century to the present day. Special focus is put on the new generation of Computer Vision Photogrammetry techniques, and on explaining what sets these techniques apart from photogrammetry approaches used in the past.

Next, in the third chapter I have a closer look at past uses of photogrammetry in underwater archaeology. Photogrammetry has been used for underwater archaeological site recording for several decades now, in some cases as early as the 1960s. Nevertheless, the method has never broken through as a mainstream recording method within our discipline. My literature review demonstrates that while photogrammetry had significant advantages over traditional manual recording methods, in the past the method was too technical, too expensive and too unreliable for most archaeological projects.

For the remainder of my dissertation the challenge is therefore to assess whether modern Computer Vision Photogrammetry can successfully overcome these past obstacles. In order to draw some well-founded conclusions, I want to use Computer Vision Photogrammetry software to process a number of archaeological case studies. As a first step, in the fourth chapter I therefore attempt to make an informed decision on which specific photogrammetry software to use to process these case studies. After testing various software packages, and after assessing the relevant scientific literature, my software of choice is Agisoft PhotoScan. 

In the next chapter PhotoScan is then used to process data from three archaeological shipwreck sites. The intention is to really test the reliability and flexibility of modern photogrammetry and as such, rather than using ‘perfect’ picture sequences, my case studies focus on the use of particularly challenging or unconventional input data. In the first case study a shipwreck is modelled from ‘casual’ video footage that was not originally captured for photogrammetry purposes. In the second case study a three-dimensional model is created using ‘legacy data’; archived pictures originally taken more than 20 years ago. In the final case study a shipwreck is modelled using images captured in a low-visibility environment. In each case study the site is first briefly introduced, the main challenges of the specific dataset are then outlined, next the processing procedure is discussed and finally the results are presented.

In the sixth chapter I then discuss the results of these case studies as a whole, and attempt to draw some conclusions regarding the overall impact of new developments in photogrammetry on our discipline over time.

I conclude that compared to traditional manual recording methods, Computer Vision Photogrammetry is capable of significantly reducing underwater recording times while simultaneously producing more accurate, more detailed and more objective three-dimensional results. Furthermore, compared to past photogrammetry approaches, today Computer Vision Photogrammetry is more affordable, easier to use, more time-efficient and more reliable. Thanks to the confluence of a) reduced costs and b) increased performance, I believe a ‘tipping point’ has finally been reached. For most underwater archaeological projects the cost of using photogrammetry will now actually be lower than the cost of using manual recording methods. Considering the fact that photogrammetry also produces better results than manual recording methods, we have every reason to believe that Computer Vision Photogrammetry will play an increasingly prominent role in the field of underwater archaeology in the years to come.

In various disciplines, particularly those that utilise techniques developed in the geosciences, the display, analysis and interpretation of three-dimensional (3D) data is very important. This is also the case in archaeology. Irrespective of a site- or landscape-centred point of focus, archaeology deals with very complex surfaces and always examines traces of past human presence in three geometrical dimensions. Visualising these detailed geometric environments is not that much of an issue anymore; however, interactively interpreting and mapping them is still problematic. Despite the steady increase in technologies to create 3D models, there is still a serious lack of tools that allow for easy interaction with these models in a metrical and coordinate system-aware environment. As a result, most—if not all—interpretation workflows will first downscale 3D data to two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) or 2D data sets, thus effectively discarding up to one geometrical dimension. To enable or enhance the perception of topographic characteristics in these geometrically compromised datasets, various visualisation techniques have been developed to artificially restore and enhance the data that was initially discarded. While these techniques work very well to enhance the remaining pertinent features present in such data sets, data downscaling can nevertheless irrevocably eliminate significant amounts of important archaeological information. Therefore, this paper outlines a new processing and interpretation pipeline for complex archaeological 3D surfaces that do not rely on downscaling of data, while also discussing several 3D-related concepts and issues along the way. More specifically, this article focusses on the generation of intelligently decimated, two-manifold triangular meshes and the subsequent geo-referenced 3D interpretative mapping of these surfaces. Furthermore, all applications can be considered low- and even no-cost, making this a readily implemented processing and interpretation workflow. Additionally, all software packages are easy to learn and flexible enough for implementation in any existing mixed software pipeline.

Automatic attendance system is one of the significant issues of today's research. Among other methods, human face recognition is highly used technique for attendance automation. Many systems have been proposed in literature using face recognition. Most of the systems are using fixed camera and desktop computers. We propose a system using mobile phones where an image is captured of group of peoples and face detection is done automatically. While considering computational and storage power of mobile devices, extracted local binary features for detected faces are then transferred to server machine using firebase database. Matching is done on server side, if face recognized than attendance is marked and feedback is sent back to client side. Experiments show effectiveness of proposed techniques with 95% correct recognition rate.

A new method called TIP (Tour Into the Picture) is presented for easily making animations from one 2D picture or photograph of a scene. In TIP, animation is created from the viewpoint of a camera which can be three-dimensionally "walked or flownthrough" the 2D picture or photograph. To make such animation, conventional computer vision techniques cannot be applied in the 3D modeling process for the scene, using only a single 2D image. Instead a spidery mesh is employed in our method to obtain a simple scene model from the 2D image of the scene using a graphical user interface. Animation is thus easily generated without the need of multiple 2D images.

Computer Vision Photogrammetry allows archaeologists to accurately record underwater sites in three dimensions using simple two dimensional picture or video sequences, automatically processed in dedicated software. In this article, I share my experience in working with one such software package, namely PhotoScan, to record a Dutch shipwreck site. In order to demonstrate the method’s reliability and flexibility, the site in question is reconstructed from simple GoPro footage, captured in low-visibility conditions. Based on the results of this case study, Computer Vision Photogrammetry compares very favourably to manual recording methods both in recording efficiency, and in the quality of the final results. In a final section, the significance of Computer Vision Photogrammetry is then assessed from a historical perspective, by placing the current research in the wider context of about half a century of successful use of Analytical and later Digital photogrammetry in the field of underwater archaeology. I conclude that while photogrammetry has been used in our discipline for several decades now, for various reasons the method was only ever used by a relatively small percentage of projects. This is likely to change in the near future since, compared to the ‘traditional’ photogrammetry approaches employed in the past, today Computer Vision Photogrammetry is easier to use, more reliable and more affordable than ever before, while at the same time producing more accurate and more detailed three-dimensional results.

Nowadays, travel has become a popular activity for people to relax their body and mind. Taking photos is then often an inevitable and frequent event during one's trip for recording the enjoyable experience. To help people to relive the wonderful travel experience they had recorded in photos, this paper presents a system, Photo Navigator, for enhancing the photo browsing experience by creating a new browsing style with a realistic feel to users as being into the scenes and taking a trip back in time to revisit the place. The proposed system is characterized by two main features. First, it better reveals the spatial relations among photos and offers a strong sense of space by taking users to fly into the scenes. Second, it is fully automatic and makes plausible for novice users to utilize the 3D technologies that are traditionally complex to manipulate. The proposed system is compared with two other photo browsing tools, ACDSee's photo slideshow and Microsoft's PhotoStory. User studies show that people would comparatively favor the browsing style we offer and appreciate the ease to create such a style.

Die Großen Sloopsteene sind eines der schönsten und besterhaltenen Großsteingräber Westfalens. Die Anlage entspricht in ihrem Aufbau den sogenannten Ganggräbern und gehört damit zur Trichterbecherkultur, die von 3500 bis 2800 v. Chr. in Nordwestdeutschland verbreitet war. Mit der Vorstellung aktueller Forschungsergebnisse zu diesem überregional bekannten Grab begründet die Autorin Kerstin Schierhold die neue Reihe "Megalithgräber in Westfalen".

This article presents a novel method for acquiring high-quality solid models of complex 3D shapes from multiple calibrated photographs. After the purely geometric constraints associated with the silhouettes found in each image have been used to construct a coarse surface approximation in the form of a visual hull, photoconsistency constraints are enforced in three consecutive steps: (1) the rims where the surface grazes the visual hull are first identified through dynamic programming; (2) with the rims now fixed, the visual hull is carved using graph cuts to globally optimize the photoconsistency of the surface and recover its main features; (3) an iterative (local) refinement step is finally used to recover fine surface details. The proposed approach has been implemented, and experiments with seven real data sets are presented, along with qualitative and quantitative comparisons with several state-of-the-art image-based-modeling algorithms.

A satellite sensor image based model suggested by Price was investigated for the estimation of Leaf Area Index (LAI) using data acquired by Linear Imaging Self Scanner-III (LISS-III) onboard Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1C (IRS-1C) over two wheat growing sites in India (Karnal and Delhi) for crop seasons 1996-97 and 1997-98, respectively. Besides red and near-infrared (NIR) measurements over vegetation canopy, the model only requires a priori crop speci c attentuation constants. These constants were computed for wheat using published and eld ground re ectance measurements. Application of the model over 36 elds on which ground estimates of LAI were available, indicated a RMSE of 1.28 and 1.07 for the Karnal and Delhi sites, respectively.

Il lavoro proposto vuole ottimizzare una metodologia di documentazione dell’architettura che, a partire dalle fotografie panoramiche, si misura di volta in volta con gli strumenti e le tecnologie a disposizione per proporre una soluzione integrata, speditiva e low-cost di Virtual Architecture.
La tecnica sviluppata nasce in un contesto di ricerca più ampio che da anni studia la possibilità di usare le immagini panoramiche sferiche per il rilievo metrico dell’architettura (Fangi, 2007-2012). I dati a disposizione (panoramiche orientate), l’affidabilità raggiunta e metodi di Image-based Modeling (d’Annibale, 2009-2011) sono alla base della proposta di una tipo di ricostruzione 3D integrata ed estremamente flessibile: dal rilievo professionale del patrimonio culturale alla sua comunicazione nei musei virtuali.
La soluzione proposta si sviluppa tramite l’integrazione e implementazione di diverse tecniche (Fotogrammetria Sferica, Structure From Motion, Image-based Modeling) e si pone l’obiettivo di raggiungere alti livelli di precisione metrica del rilievo e resa fotorealistica dei modelli ricostruiti. L’intera procedura risulta essere accessibile grazie alla scelta di utilizzare strumenti low-cost e adattabile allo scopo finale.
Diversi sono i livelli di documentazione possibili all’interno dell’unico processo proposto: dalla navigazione virtuale di panorami sferici a complessi sistemi di simulazione e ricostruzione virtuale.
Tools VR permettono l’integrazione delle tecnologie e lo sviluppo di nuove soluzioni per la navigazione virtuale.
Affinate tecniche di Image-based Modeling permettono la costruzione di modelli con texture fotorealistiche ad alta risoluzione.
L’alta risoluzione delle fotografie panoramiche, lo sviluppo di tools per la creazione di affidabili algoritmi di orientamento dei panorami e restituzione fotogrammetrica garantiscono precisioni centimetriche e texture ad alta risoluzione.
Tecniche automatizzate sono oggetto di indagine, successiva implementazione ed integrazione tramite tool ad hoc che sfruttano tutte le potenzialità delle fotografie panoramiche.
Il workflow di lavoro permette diversi tipi di output che vanno dalla fedele restituzione di punti tramite fotogrammetria sferica a dense nuvole di punti ottenuti da restituzione automatizzata. I dati opportunamente trattati ed integrati possono fornire diversi livelli di analisi e ricostruzione virtuale che uniscono la precisione della fotogrammetria alla resa foto realistica delle superfici modellate.
E’ stata infine testata una nuova soluzione di navigazione virtuale che all’interno dello stesso ambiente propone la possibilità di interagire contemporaneamente con i panorami sferici ad alta risoluzione orientati nello spazio e con il modello 3D ricostruito.

This research deals with an efficient and low cost methodology to obtain a metric and photorealstic survey of
a complex architecture.
Photomodeling is an already tested interactive approach to produce a detailed and quick 3D model
reconstruction.
Photomodeling goes along with the creation of a rough surface over which oriented images can be backprojected
in real time. Lastly the model can be enhanced checking the coincidence between the surface and
the projected texture.
The challenge of this research is to combine the advantages of two technologies already set up and used in
many projects: spherical photogrammetry (Fangi, 2007,2008,2009,2010) and structure for motion
(Photosynth web service and Bundler + CMVS2 + PMVS2).
The input images are taken from the same points of view to form the set of panoramic photos paying
attention to use well-suited projections: equirectangular for spherical photogrammetry and rectilinear for
Photosynth web service.
The performance of the spherical photogrammetry is already known in terms of its metric accuracy and
acquisition quickness but time is required in the restitution step because of the manual homologous point
recognition from different panoramas.
In Photosynth instead the restitution is quick and automated: the provided point clouds are useful
benchmarks to start with the model reconstruction even if lacking in details and scale.
The proposed workflow needs of ad-hoc tools to capture high resolution rectilinear panoramic images and
visualize Photosynth point clouds and orientation camera parameters. All of them are developed in VVVV
programming environment.
3DStudio Max environment is then chosen because of its performance in terms of interactive modeling, UV
mapping parameters handling and real time visualization of projected texture on the model surface.
Experimental results show how is possible to obtain a 3D photorealistic model using the scale of the
spherical photogrammetry restitution to orient web provided point clouds.
Moreover the proposed research highlights how is possible to speed up the model reconstruction without
losing metric and photometric accuracy. In the same time, using the same panorama dataset, it picks out a
useful chance to compare the orientations coming from the two mentioned technologies (Spherical
Photogrammetry and Structure for Motion).

The influence of wall motion on the hemodynamic characteristics of the human femoral bifurcation and its effects on the development of peripheral artery disease has not been previously investigated. This study aimed in investigating the hemodynamics of a compliant patientspecific femoral artery bifurcation model by a fluid structure interaction (FSI) scheme. The complex physiological geometry of the femoral artery bifurcation was reproduced from sequentially obtained transverse CT scan images. Velocity waveforms derived from phase contrast MR images were extracted and mapped to define boundary conditions. Equations governing blood flow and wall motion were solved using an FSI framework that utilizes commercial codes: FLUENT for computational fluid dynamics and ANSYS for computational structural dynamics. The results showed that wall compliance decreased flow velocities at the relatively high curvature geometries including common and superficial femoral artery (SFA), and it created strong recirculation in the profunda femoris artery close to the bifurcation. In the SFA region near the apex, time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) differences up to 25% between compliant and rigid models were observed. The compliant model also exhibited lower TAWSS and oscillatory shear at the superior section of the common femoral artery close to the bifurcation. The presence of wall motion, however, created minor differences in the general flow-field characteristics. We conclude that wall motion does not have significant influence on the global fluid dynamic characteristics of the femoral artery bifurcation. Longer arterial segments need to be simulated to see the effect of wall motion on tortuousity which was previously cited as an important factor in the development of atherosclerosis at the femoral artery.

The article deals with the use of an integrated GIS- and image-based modelling approach to
archaeological field documentation, developed for the Borderlands: ARISE project. The project,
established in 2014, examines social boundaries and interactions from the early Neolithic to the Early
Iron Age period in the north-east Banat region of modern Serbia. Archaeological excavations at the site
of Gradište near Idjoš are at the core of the project, aimed at providing insight into the development
of social identities and the manner of coexistence and interactions between different communities of
various periods. Due to limited funds, the process of field documentation has been almost completely
digitized, enabling fast but very precise documenting of features and finds recovered from the field:
increasing the possibilities for post ex analysis, publication and presentation.

This paper proposes an image-based modeling of clouds where realistic clouds are created from satellite images using metaballs. The intention of the paper is for applications to space flight simulators, the visualization of the weather information, and the simulation of surveys of the earth. In the proposed method, the density distribution inside the clouds is defined by a set of metaballs. Parameters of metaballs, such as center positions, radii, and density values, are automatically determined so that a synthesized image of clouds modeled by using metaballs is similar to the original satellite image. We also propose an animation method for clouds generated by a sequence of satellite images taken at some interval. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated by several examples of clouds generated from satellite images of typhoons passing through Japan.

Image-based modeling of tumor growth combines methods from cancer simulation and medical imaging. In this context, we present a novel approach to adapt a healthy brain atlas to MR images of tumor patients. In order to establish correspondence between a healthy atlas and a pathologic patient image, tumor growth modeling in combination with registration algorithms is employed. In a first step, the tumor is grown in the atlas based on a new multi-scale, multi-physics model including growth simulation from the cellular level up to the biomechanical level, accounting for cell proliferation and tissue deformations. Large-scale deformations are handled with an Eulerian approach for finite element computations, which can operate directly on the image voxel mesh. Subsequently, dense correspondence between the modified atlas and patient image is established using nonrigid registration. The method offers opportunities in atlasbased segmentation of tumor-bearing brain images as well as for improved patient-specific simulation and prognosis of tumor progression.

This thesis aims to use an approach based upon image-based 3D modeling in a comparative
analysis of maquetas and ceremonial structures from the Late Moche Period in the
Jequetepeque Valley, Peru, and determine if this approach is constructive in such an analyses.
During this work, one particular case will be used, comparing one maqueta from San José de
Moro to one ceremonial structure of San Ildefonso (Jequetepeque Valley, Peru). This case
study will allow me to determine if image-based 3D modeling is a constructive method in a
comparative analysis and to interpret the significance of the maquetas.

A convenient new photogrammetric technique, the spherical photogrammetry, particularly suitable for architecture and archaeology
metric recording, has been set up and already used in many projects (Fangi, 2007,2008,2009,2010). From a unique point of view,
photographs are taken 360° around to form a panorama. This panoramas is suitable for measurements. The advantages in comparison
with traditional pin-hole photogrammetry are many: the rapidness of the survey, the low-cost of the system, the disadvantages
consisting in the fact that the only suitable points for plotting are those easily identifiable in the different panoramas, because of the
lack of stereoscopy. We tried to solve the problem.
The strategy to bypass the scarcity of suitable points for plotting a faithful model of the object, followed the steps:
- the editing of the rough model by means of the backprojection of the oriented panoramas (photomodeling);
- the web service given by Epoch Arc3D and Mesh Lab to get the points clouds;
- the web service of the Photosynth service by Microsoft;
- the web service of PMVS2 by Furukawa.
The presented study case is taken from Nabatean architecture in Petra, the triclinium and obelisk tombs. During a tour in 2008 in
Petra a series of panoramas had been taken of so-called triclinium and obelisks tombs -Bab-es-Siq-. The panoramas have been
successfully oriented and then the restitution begun. But the points suitable to be plotted were really very few, because the eroded
and rough surface not permitted the identification of the homologous points in the different panoramas.
So overcoming this limitation was essentially carried out in two ways, say the Photomodeling and creating clouds of points via
network services. With Photomodeling we proceeded in the following manner: on the trail of a few lines plotted, a model, though
crude and provisional, has been created in CAD environment. Then over this model, the oriented panoramas have been backprojected.
This allowed us to edit, add, and correct the model up to the best coincidence with the projection of the panorama, which
after all is the principle of photogrammetry. With this procedure the plotting of Ad Deir, (the Monastery) was performed. We
experimented also different ways.
There are online services; you send pictures to a site and it returns the point cloud. We sent the images taken for the panorama
formation. We tried Epoch Arc3d but the quality of the results were not satisfying, due probably to the scarcity of images, not
properly suitable for Arc3d. In fact the images should be as many as possible and taken from many different points of view.
So after Epoch Arc3d we tried Photosynth, by Microsoft. It is designed as a browser of images, objects and architecture. Player of 3D
models reconstructed from photographs at an arbitrary scale and designed by Richard Szeliski, father of the mosaics of images,
panoramic photography and interactive QuickTime movies. Sent the photos, we took back the cloud of points.
The service gave back point cloud of 74085 points of the tombs of the triclinium and obelisks. What is seen in the computer screen is
nothing but the cloud points overlapped to the images in arbitrary scale and orientation. So the points must be converted in
coordinates. There are procedures for capturing the point packets and convert coordinates of points.
It was finally tried the points service PMVS2 (Patch Based Multiview Stereo Version 2) by Fukawa.
The amount of points reached then 453304, many more then Photosynth, almost allowing the faithful reconstruction of the
architecture, comparable to laser scanning. We needed to use software for bundle adjustment, the Bundler, to obtain the parameters
of the used cameras.
To achieve this, however, one must configure the computer with the Linux operating system, following a fairly laborious process of
installing programs and special libraries. The points are not yet the surface, although the view with Mesh Lab makes works very well.
With another software package, Geomagic, we moved from point cloud to the model. Finally over the model the oriented panoramas
have been back projected as texture. So the combination of different techniques made possible to create a very faithful model of
difficult objects to be plotted.

Atmospheric correction is an important preprocessing step required in many remote sensing applications. The authors are engaged in the project 'Human Dimensions of Amazonia: Forest Regeneration and Landscape Structure' in NASA/INPE's Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) programme. This project requires use of corrected Landsat TM data since research foci integrate ground-based data and TM to: (1) measure and model biomass; (2) classify multiple stages of secondary succession; (3) model land cover/land use changes; and (4) derive spectral signatures consistent across diVerent study areas. The 30+ scenes of TM data are historic and lack detailed atmospheric data needed by physically-based atmospheric correction models such as 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum). Imagebased DOS models are based on image measurements and explored in this article for application to LBA study areas. Two methods using theoretical spectral radiance and image acquisition date respectively were used to convert TM DN values to at-satellite radiance. Three image-based models were employed using each method to convert at-satellite radiance to surface re ectance. Analyses of these six diVerent image-based models were conducted. The Improved Imagebased DOS was the best technique for correcting atmospheric eVects in this LBA research with results similar to those obtained from physically-based approaches. Nomenclature l wavelength Gain l radiometric gain Bias l radiometric bias DN l Landsat TM digital number L lsensor apparent at-satellite radiance L lmax maximal spectral radiance at L lrange equal to 255 L lmin minimal spectral radiance at L lrange equal to 0 L lrange range of rescaled radiance, 255 for Landsat 5 TM data G l calibration gain coeYcient DSL l calibration oVset coeYcient

The surface of most heritage objects holds important clues about their creation. To answer specific research questions about a 16 thcentury mural painting located in the Bischofstor of Vienna's St. Stephen's Cathedral, the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the entire painted surface was digitised in minuscule detail using thousands of overlapping photographs. Although this article provides image acquisition and processing specifics, it aims to assess which image-based modelling workflow can achieve the most detailed, noise-free, two-and-a-half dimensional (2.5D) raster surface of this mural painting. Other than their full 3D counterparts and in contrast to the focus of most academic research, 2.5D raster surfaces are ideally suited for visualising and analysing sizeable, detailed surfaces. They are, therefore, still the preferred surface encoding of many heritage projects that want to leverage digital surface approximations to further heritage insights (and not just use them as mere eyecatchers). In the end, only a combination of different 2.5D rasters was able to accurately represent the variable surface of this mural painting with the right amount of spatial detail.

Motivated by the need for an informative, unbiased and quantitative perceptual method for the development and evaluation of a talking head we are developing, we propose a new test based on the "McGurk Effect". Our approach helps to identify strengths and weaknesses in underlying talking head algorithms, and uses this insight to guide further development. The test also evaluates the realism of talking head behavior in comparison to real speaker footage, painting an overall picture of a talking head's performance. By distracting a participant's attention away from the true nature of the test, we also obtain an unbiased view on talking head performance -since the participant's prior concerning what is synthetic animation and what is real footage is not encouraged to develop.

Multi-image panoramas are normally used extensively for virtual tours and documentation of Cultural Heritage for their easiness and
completeness. Moreover they have metric capabilities enabling the 3d evaluation of an object provided at least two panoramas
(Fangi, 2007, 2008). The procedure already very well tested, is highly efficient and fast, although neither the orientation phase nor
the plotting phase are still automatized. The photogrammetric technique is used for the survey and the three-dimensional
representation of architecture; it has the same accuracy of the monoscopic multi-image low-cost systems. The advantages to use such
technique turn out to be numerous: first of all the great simplification of the photogrammetric problem: every single panorama
replaces many photogrammetric takings representing a complete documentation of the object, then the high speed of execution and
the easiness to plot by non-expert technicians. The main limit of this approach consists on the contrary in the difficult identification
of the corresponding points, which is easy in case of sharp points and corners, while it is difficult or impossible - because of the lack
of stereoscopy- in case of rough and uneven surfaces, such as rocks, or rough blocks, like in archaeology, or curved walls.
To try to solve this problem the proposed procedure has been tested, consisting in the interactive 3d editing of the model obtained
from the plotted original wire-frame, (this last limited to the suitable points only), by means of the projection of the oriented
panoramas in 3d max® environment, which is possible because the orientation of any panorama is known, say the 3 coordinates of
the projection centre, and the 3 rotation angles. The Cad allows to edit the model points and surfaces, until they fit on the image
projection. The study case is the Ad-Deir temple in Petra, Jordan, where some stones of tender consistency are eroded and have
completely irregular shape. The vector plotting was limited to few points, the only easily identifiable. From the wire-frame a surface
model has been set up. This model has been edited, completed by the back projection of the three panoramas used for the plotting.
The image projection was also applied as texture to the surfaces, leading to a satisfactory result.

Visual inspection by a human operator has been mostly used up till now to detect cracks in sewer pipes. In this paper, we address the problem of automated detection of such cracks. We propose a model which detects crack fractures that may occur in weak areas of a network of pipes. The model also predicts the level of dangerousness of the detected cracks among five crack levels. We evaluate our results by comparing them with those obtained by using the Canny algorithm. The accuracy percentage of this model exceeds 90% and outperforms other approaches.