PDR
for Herbal
Medicines"
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1
Contents
Foreword
iv
Alphabetical Index
i-i
Lists all scientific, common, and brand names found in the herbal monographs.
Therapeutic Category Index
1-45
Groups herbs by therapeutic or medicinal category. Listings are alphabetical by category and accepted
common name. Herbs deemed effective by Commission E are flagged for quick recognition.
Indications Index
1-81
Lists herbs by their primary indications. Entries are alphabetical by indication and accepted common
name. Herbs deemed effective by Commission E are specially flagged.
Homeopathic Indications Index
1-131
Catalogs herbal applications in homeopathy. Entries are alphabetical by indication and scientific name.
Asian Indications Index
1-141
Groups herbs by their therapeutic uses in Chinese and Indian medicine.
Listings are alphabetical by indication and accepted common name.
Side Effects Index
1-161
Groups herbs by the adverse reactions with which they have been associated.
Listings are alphabetical by reaction and accepted common name.
Drug/Herb Interactions Guide
1-179
Lists problem combinations alphabetically by the name of the drug and the name of the interacting herb,
and provides a brief description of each combination's potential effect.
Safety Guide
1-191
Lists herbs that must be avoided while pregnant or nursing, and herbs that should be used only under
professional supervision. Includes all scientific, common, and brand names.
Manufacturers Index
1-203
Provides contact information for each supplier whose products appear in the monographs.
Herb Identification Guide
G-l
Permits rapid, positive identification of unknown botanicals.
Includes nearly 400 full-color photos.
Product Identification Guide
G-27
Present photos of a representative group of popular commercial formulations.
Herbal Monographs
1
Profiles of 700 medicinal herbs, including trade names, description, actions, indications, contraindications,
precautions, adverse effects, overdosage, dosage, and literature citations.
Organized alphabetically by accepted common name, and cross-referenced by scientific name.
Glossary
849
A key to the specialized botanical nomenclature and other unfamiliar terminology employed in the herbal monographs.
Poison Control Centers
855
IV
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Foreword
With 150,000 copies of its first edition in print, PDR
for Herbal Medicines has almost instantly become one
of the nation's leading pharmacological references.
The reasons for its phenomenal reception are evident.
Hundreds of herbal remedies now fill the shelves in
virtually every supermarket and pharmacy, and the
popularity of self-medication with "natural" supplements continues to rise, making the benefits—and
risks—of these preparations an ever more compelling
concern.
Now, to better address the host of questions that still
surround most herbal remedies. Physicians' Desk
Reference® is proud to present this completely revised
and updated second edition of PDR for Herbal
Medicines. Significantly enhanced and expanded, this
new edition extends both the range and depth of the
original volume. Among the many improvements
you'll find:
• Broader Coverage: With some 100 new entries,
the book now covers a total of 700 botanicals, including a wide selection of popular Chinese herbs.
• More Research Data: Hundreds of entries have
been augmented with additional information on safety
and efficacy.
• Additional Adverse Effects: The entries include
new information on drug/herb interactions. The Side
Effects and Interactions indices have been enriched
and expanded
• Available Formulations: Whenever applicable,
the herbal monographs now list the names and suppliers of popular commercial preparations.
• New Indices: The index section has been enhanced
with four additional indices:
— Homeopathic Indications Index
— Asian Indications Index
— Safety Guide
— Manufacturers Index
• Better Organization: In this edition, remedies
appear under their more familiar common name,
instead of their botanical designation. All monographs
are cross-referenced by scientific name.
One important aspect of the first edition does, however, remain constant. Because it is still extremely hard
to come by reliable information on the swarm of
unregulated "dietary supplements" in today's marketplace, this new edition continues to provide you with
the closest available analog to FDA-approved label-
ing—the findings of the German Regulatory
Authority's herbal watchdog agency, commonly called
"Commission E." This agency has conducted an
intensive assessment of the peer-reviewed literature on
some 300 common botanicals, weighing the quality of
the clinical evidence and identifying the uses for
which the herb can reasonably be considered effective.
Its conclusions represent the best expert consensus on
medicinal herbs currently available.
For the herbs not considered by Commission E, PDR
for Herbal Medicines provides the results of an
exhaustive literature review conducted by the respected PhytoPharm U.S. Institute of Phytopharmaceuticals
under the direction of noted botanist, Dr. Joerg
Gruenwald. These additional monographs, now some
400 in number, provide a detailed introduction to an
array of exotic botanicals that you'll be hard pressed
to find in any other source.
To make the information in the monographs as useful
and accessible as possible, PDR® has echoed the structure of standard U.S. product labeling. Each monograph contains up to ten standard sections, covering
considerations ranging from description to dosage.
Here's a closer look at what you will find:
• Title: Each monograph begins with the herb's
generally accepted common name, followed by its
scientific name. In addition, all monographs are crossreferenced by their botanical designation.
• Trade Names: Listed here are common commercial preparations of the herb.
• Description: This section provides a detailed
botanical overview of the herb, including information
on its medicinal parts; flower and fruit; leaves, stem,
and root; unique characteristics, habitat, production,
related plants, and additional common names and synonyms.
• Actions and Pharmacology: Here you'll find data
on the active compounds or heterogeneous mixtures
found in the plant, followed by a summary of the
herb's clinical effects. If various parts of the plant
possess different pharmacological activity, the parts
are discussed individually, here and throughout the
remainder of the monograph.
FOREWORD
• Indications and Usage: Information on the uses
of the herb is listed under five categories, as applicable:
— Approved by Commission E
— Unproven Uses
— Chinese Medicine
— Indian Medicine
— Homeopathic
Approved uses are presented in list fashion. Other
uses are described with provisos as necessary regarding route and form of administration.
• Contraindications: Although most natural remedies can be used under all medical circumstances, a
few pharmacologically potent herbs must be avoided
in the presence of certain medical conditions. If any
such contraindications exist, they are summarized
here.
• Precautions and Adverse Reactions: Found in
this section are any cautions or special considerations
regarding safe use of the herb, including any restrictions on use in pregnancy or childhood. Although
most herbal remedies are notably free of known side
effects, any reported in the available literature are
noted here.
• Overdosage: As we all know, "natural" is not synonymous with "benign," and an overdose of many
"healing" herbs can have serious—even fatal—consequences. Whenever adverse effects of overdose have
been found in the literature, they are reported here,
along with the appropriate medical interventions to be
undertaken when an overdose occurs.
• Dosage: Listed here are common modes of administration, forms and strengths of available commercial
preparations, methods for preparing the natural herb,
and representative dosage recommendations drawn
from the literature. Note, however, that dosage recommendations can be used only as a general guide. The
potency of individual preparations and extracts is subject to substantial variation, so the manufacturer's
directions should be consulted whenever available.
• Literature: This section provides you with a
unique bibliography of the technical literature.
Because German researchers have been particularly
active in the herbal arena, you will find an unusual
number of German-language citations. However,
work in the English literature is included as well.
V
To assist you in quickly locating the information you
require, the monographs have been indexed by name,
therapeutic category, general indications, homeopathic
indications, Asian indications, and side effects. To aid
you in evaluating potential risk, a drug/herb interaction guide and a safety guide are also included. An
index of manufacturers completes the set. Here's an
overview of what each index provides: .
• Alphabetical Index: This index includes all scientific, common, and brand names found in the herbal
monographs, together with appropriate page numbers.
• Therapeutic Category Index: This index lists the
monographs and their page numbers, alphabetically by
accepted common name, under appropriate therapeutic
category headings. Herbs deemed effective by
Commission E are flagged with a (•) symbol at their
left. To facilitate comparison with prescription and
nonprescription drugs, PDR's standard therapeutic categories are used throughout.
• Indications Index: This index lists herbs and their
page numbers, alphabetically by accepted common
name, under their various indications. Herbs deemed
effective for the indication by Commission E are
flagged with a (•) symbol at their left. To help you
quickly identify conventional alternatives, the indication headings match those found in PDR's Indications
Index, which appears in the PDR Companion Guide™
and the PDR Electronic Library ™ CD-ROM.
• Homeopathic Indications Index: Included in this
index are only the uses found in homeopathy. Herbs,
which homeopaths typically prescribe by scientific
name, are listed here in the same manner, followed by
their accepted common name in parentheses. As in
the main indications index, headings are chosen to
match those in the PDR Companion Guide.
• Asian Indications Index: Entries in this index are
limited to uses found in Chinese and Indian medicine.
(Chinese entries are signified with a "C;" Indian
entries with an "I.") Herbs are listed by accepted common name. Once again, indication headings employ
the nomenclature used in the PDR Companion Guide.
• Side Effects Index: In this index, you'll find a list
of all herbs associated with a given adverse reaction.
Herbs are listed alphabetically by accepted common
name, with the scientific name and page number
VI
appended. Nomenclature employed in the side effect
headings matches that used in PDR's Side Effects
Index, another feature of the PDR Companion Guide
and the PDR Electronic Library CD-ROM.
• Drug/Herb Interactions Guide: In this convenient
reference, each potential interaction is listed under
both the name of the drug and the name of the interacting herb. A brief description of the interaction's effect
follows each item.
• Safety Guide: This section lists botanicals in three
precautionary categories:
— Not for use during pregnancy
— Not for use while nursing
— For use only under supervision
Here, the scientific, common, and brand names of all
herbs in each category are listed alphabetically, together with the appropriate page number for further information.
• Manufacturers Index: This index provides you
with contact information for each supplier whose products appear in the herbal monographs. The names of
the products, together with the page number of the
monograph in which they appear, are included in each
manufacturer's entry.
Following the indices, just as in PDR itself, you'll find
an extensive full-color identification section. The first
part of the section—the Herb Identification Guide—
encompasses nearly 400 of the most widely used
herbs. The second part—the Product Identification
Guide—includes photos of some of the more popular
commercial formulations. Together, these guides provide you with a truly unique reference unmatched in
any other printed resource. We've also included a
brief glossary of the unfamiliar terms found in the
monographs.
PDR for Herbal Medicines is the product of one of the
most thorough and inclusive examinations of the
herbal literature ever undertaken. Nevertheless, it's
important to remember that it merely summarizes and
synthesizes key data from the underlying research
reports, and of necessity includes neither every published report nor every recorded fact.
As in all scientific investigation, conclusions regarding
the effectiveness of the herbs discussed in this compendium are based on the preponderance of current
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
evidence and cannot be considered firm or final. The
publisher does not warrant that any herb will unfailingly and uniformly exhibit the properties ascribed to
it by Germany's Commission E or any other scientific
authority.
In the United States, herbal products are marketed
under the provisions of the Dietary Supplement and
Health Education Act of 1994, which prohibits their
sale for the diagnosis, treatment, cure, or prevention of
any disease. Enumeration of specific commercial
preparations within an herbal monograph should not
be construed as a claim or warranty of their efficacy
for any purpose, by either the manufacturer or the publisher. Furthermore, it should be understood that, just
as omission of a product does not signify rejection,
inclusion of a product does not imply endorsement,
and that the publisher is not advocating the use of any
product or substance described herein.
Please remember, too, that dosing of herbal preparations is highly dependent on a variety of factors, such
as cultivation and harvesting conditions, the specific
parts of the plant to be processed, the extraction methods employed, and the dosage form chosen by the
manufacturer. Since there are no official standards
governing the production of herbal medicines in the
United States, and the potency and the purity of herbal
products are subject to substantial variation, dosage
ranges set forth in the herbal monographs must be
employed only as general guidelines.
In addition, the publisher does not guarantee that
every possible hazard, adverse effect, contraindication,
precaution, or consequence of overdose is included in
the summaries presented here. The publisher has performed no independent verification of the data reported herein, and expressly disclaims responsibility for
any error, whether inherent in the underlying literature
or resulting from erroneous translation, transcription,
or typography.
When patients approach you—as they surely will—for
advice on the latest herbal "discovery" to hit the nightly news, we hope that PDR for Herbal Medicines will
provide you with all the facts you need to offer sound,
rational guidance firmly grounded in fact. Certainly
such counseling is the aim of every dedicated health
care professional. And at PDR, we fully share that
goal.
1-1
Alphabetical Index
Listed here are all scientific, common, and brand names to be found in the herbal monographs.
Generally accepted common names that serve as monograph titles appear in bold type. Scientific
names are shown in italic type. Brand names are followed by the supplier's name in parentheses.
If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant or product in the
Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph.
A
Aaron's Rod
(Sempervivum tectorum) . .0-14, 411
Aaron's Rod
(Solidago canadensis)
145
Aaron's Rod
(Solidago virgaurea)
0-11, 289
Aaron's Rod
(Verbascum densiflorum) .0-18, 832
Abelmoschus moschatus
833
Abelmosk
833
Abies alba
802
Abrus precatorius
43s
ABSCESS ROOT
(Polemonium reptans)
Absinthe
Abyssinian Tea
0-3, 3
0-2*, 829
447
Acorus calamus
Acrid Crowfoot
Acrid Lettuce
Actaea spicata
Activated Ginkgo Tablets
(Aim for Herbs)
Activin Capsules
(Advanced Nutritional)
Adam's Apple
Adam's Flannel
G-7, 138
133
433
so
342
362
G-16, 476
G-18, 532
filamentosa)
Adder's Eyes
Adder's Mouth
Adder's Root
Adderwort
Adiantum capillus-veneris
4
0-22, 668
180
46
o-s, 82
491
ADONIS
ACACIA
(Acacia arabica)
3
Acacia
Acacia arabica
Acacia Bark
Acacia catechu
Acacia Senegal
Acalypha indica
Acer rubrum
Achillea millefolium
Achillea ptarmica
Achweed
Aconite
Aconite Bean
Aconitum napellus
378
3
3
183
378
419
0-21, 838
G-26, 833
700
0-13, 36i
0-18,321
376
G-18, 321
G-3, 8
AGAR
(Gelidium amansii)
9
Agar-Agar
9
Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic
Hi-Po Formula Capsules
(Wakunaga)
327
Agrimonia eupatoria
G-3, 10
AGRIMONY
ADAM'S NEEDLE
(Yucca
AGA
(Amanita muscaria)
(Adonis vernalis)
Adonis vernalis
0-3, 3
c-3, 3
ADRUE
(Cyperus articulatus)
c-3, 6
Adulsa
G-17, 492
Aegle marmelos
88
Aegopodium podagraria ... .0-13, 36i
Aesculus hippocastanum ... G-14, 403
Aethusa cynapium
0-12, 316
Aframomum melegueta
G-13, 362
African Pepper
0-8, ies
AFRICAN POTATO
(Hypoxis rooperi)
7
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Agropyron repens
G-23, 771
Agrostemma githago
222
Ague Grass
11
Ague Tree
G-21, 662
Ague-Root
11
Agueweed
o-6, 113
Ailanthus altissima
770
Ailanto
770
Airelle
G-3, 7s
Ajuga chamaepitys
G-13, 373
Ajuga reptans
G-6, 12s
Akebia
189
Akebia quinata
189
Alant (Inula britannica)
119
Alant (Inula helenium)
G-10,266
Alcanna
: G-14, 391
Alcea rosea
G-14, 398
Alchemilla vulgaris
G-13, 436
Alchornea floribunda .
424
Alcohol Free Black Walnut
Green Hulls Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
134
1-2 / A L C O H O L FREE C H A S T E T R E E BERRY LIQUID
Alcohol Free Chaste Tree
Berry Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
176
Alcohol Free Dandelion Root
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .245
Alcohol Free Ginger Root
Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
339
Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 359
Alcohol Free Horsetail Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
409
Alcohol Free Kava Kava
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .443
Alcohol Free Milk Thistle
Seed Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
516
Alcohol Free Mullein Leaves
Liquid (Nature's Answer)
532
Alcohol Free Nettles Leaf
Liquid (Nature's Answer)
729
Alcohol Free Passionflower
Liquid (Nature's Answer)
573
Alcohol Free Red Raspberry
Leaf Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
630
Alcohol Free Sage Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
655
Alcohol Free White Willow
Bark Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
807
Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .833
Alcohol Free Yellowdock
Root Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
835
Alder Buckthorn
c-12, 317
Alder Dogwood
G-12, 317
Alehoof
.372
Alerce
660
Aletris farinosa
11
Alexandrian Senna
G-22, 684
ALFALFA
(Medicago sativa)
Alfalfa Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Alfalfa Concentrate Tablets
(Freeda)
Alfalfa Fortified Tablets
(Mason Vitamins)
G-3, 12
12
12
12
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Alfalfa Herbs Tablets
(Nature Made)
12
Alfalfa Leaf Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs)
12
Alfalfa Liquid
(McZand, Nature's Answer) .. .12
Alfalfa Natural Tablets
(Nature's Bounty)
12
Alfalfa Tablets (Apothecary,
Basic Vitamins, Major,
Mason Vitamins,
National Vitamin,
Nature's Resource,
Rexall Consumer)
12
Alfalfa Whole Juice
Concentrate Liquid
(Futurebiotics)
12
Alfamin Tablets (Key Co.)
12
ALISMA
(Alisma plantagoaquatica)
ALKANET
G-3, 13
Alkanet Root
G-3, 13
Alkanna tinctoria
G-3, 13
Ail-Heal
{Valeriana officinalis) . . . .G-25, 783
All-Heal (Viscum album) . . .0-11, 291
Allium cepa
G-19, 557
Allium sativum
G-12, 327
Allium schoenoprasum
G-8, 188
Allium ursinum
66
Allseed Nine-Joints
G-IS, 448
Allspice
590
ALMOND
(Prunus dulcis)
Alnus glutinosa
ALPINE CRANBERRY
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20
ALPINE RAGWORT
(Senecio nemorensis)
Alpine Strawberry
Alpinia officinarum
Alstonia Bark
Alstonia constricta
21
G-23, 735
467
305
305
G-3, 13
Alisma plantago-aquatica . . . . G-3, 13
(Alkanna tinctoria)
Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000
Capsules (Mason Vitamins) . . . . 16
Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
16
Aloe Vera Super-Strength
Liquid
(Pharmaceutical Labs)
16
Aloe-Root
11
Aloysia triphylla
463
15
G-S, 89
ALOE
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, ie
Aloe 99 Gel (Lee)
ie
Aloe barbadensis
G-3, ie
Aloe capensis
G-3, ie
Aloe ferox
ie
Aloe vera
G-3, 16
Aloe Vera Capsules (ADH,
Herbal Harvest, National
Vitamin, Nature's Bounty,
Nature's Way)
ie
ALTERIS
(Aletris farinosa)
11
Alterra Extended-Release
Tablets (Upsher-Smith)
Althaea officinalis
Althea
Althea Rose
Alumsroot
Alvita Astragalus Root
Tea Bags (Alvita Tea)
Amanita muscaria
Amantilla
719
505
505
G-14, 398
233
54
G-3, 8
G-25, 783
AMARANTH
(Amaranthus
hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
Amaranthus
hypochondriacus
G-3, 22
AMARGO
(Quassia amara) . .. .r
Amber
Ambretta
Ambrette Seed
Ambroise
'
G-3, 23
G-23, 719
533
533
G-26, 826
AMERICAN ADDER'S TONGUE
(Erythronium americanum)
. . . .24
AMERICAN BITTERSWEET
(Celastrus scandens)
24
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1-4/ASS'S FOOT
ASS'S Foot
Asthma Weed
Astragali
G-9, 209
G-ief 479
54
ASTRAGALUS
(Astragalus species)
54
AVOCADO
Ayahuasca
Ayegreen
Ayron
Azedarach
57
833
G-14, 411
G-14, 411
G-18, 539
Bahama Cascarilla
Bahia Powder
Bai-Zi-Ren
'. .3
G-17, 503
G-23, 725
58
ise
352
seo
BALLOON-FLOWER
(Platycodon grandiflorum)
Balsam Fir
Balsam of Peru
Balsam of Tolu
Balsam Styracis
Balsam Tree
Balsam-Weed
G-4, 59
714
G-24, 764
G-24, 764
G-23, 734
G-24, 764
436
BAMBOO
(Arundinaria japonica)
Banana
Banana Tree
Band Man's Plaything
. . . . G-4, 60
597
597
G-26, 833
BANEBERRY
(Actaea spicata)
Banisteriopsis caapi
Bantu Tulip
Baptisia tinctoria
Barbary
60
833
7
G-26, 812
487
BARBERRY
(Berberis vulgaris)
Barber's Brush
Bardana
G-4, 61
G-24, 757
G-7, 128
BARLEY
(Hordeum distichon)
Barley Grain Capsules
(ADH)
Barosma betulina
Barweed
Basam
Basics Stinging Nettles
Capsules (Natrol)
(Ocimum basilicum)
BAEL
(Aegle marmelos)
(Chelone glabra)
G-4, 63
63
691
193
G-22, 672
729
Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) .G-22, 705
Bayberry (Myrica gale) . . . .G-24, 745
Bayberry Bark Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
705
Bayberry Bark Liquid Fluid
Extract (Nature's Answer) . . . .705
Bayberry Root Capsules
(Nature's Way)
705
Bean Herb
G-23, 739
BEAN POD
(Phaseolus vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Bean Trifoil
Bearberry
Bearbind
Beard Moss
Bearded Darnel
Bear's Foot
(Alchemilla vulgaris)
Bear's Foot
(Helleborus viridis)
452
G-25, 779
G-13, 367
778
G-24, 756
G-15, 456
368
BEAR'S GARLIC
(Allium ursinum)
Bear's Grape
Bear's Paw Root
Bear's Weed
Bearsgrape
Beaver Poison
Beaver Tree
Beccabunga
Bedstraw
Bee Balm
Bee Nettle
Beechdrops
Beeflower
Beefsteak Plant
Bees' Nest
66
G-20, 602
G-17, 493
84i
G-25, 779
G-13, 386
490
G-6, 121
193
562
G-25, soe
109
G-25, 792
583
G-25, 809
BEET
(Beta vulgaris)
G-4, 67
BASIL
B
Babul Bark .
Backache Root
Badiana
G-S, 98
G-16, 46i
714
BALMONY
Astragalus Capsules
(Natrol, Solaray)
54
Astragalus gummifer
767
Astragalus Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
54
Astragalus Root Capsules
(Nature's Way)
54
Astragalus Root Liquid
(McZand)
54
Astragalus species
54
Astragalus Vegicaps (Solgar) . . . .54
Athyrium
filix-femina
G-15, 454
Atractylodes japonica
430
Atractylodes lancea
706
Atropa belladonna
G-4, 69
August Flower
379
Australian Febrifuge
305
Australian Fever Bush
305
Australian Pepper Tree
139
Australian Quinine
305
Autumn Crocus
G-9, 206
Ava
G-15, 443
Ava Pepper
G-15, 443
Avena sativa
G-IS, 551
Avens Root
G-4, 71
Averrhoa carambola
148
(Persea americana)
Ballota nigra
Balm
Balm of Gilead Fir
58
Basil Thyme
Bastard Cinnamon
Bastard Jasmine
Bastard Saffron
Batchelor's Buttons
(Centaurea cyanus)
Batchelor's Buttons
(Ranunculus acris)
Bay
Bay Laurel
Bay Tree
G-4, 64
138
182
487
652
G-9, 225
133
G-15, 459
G-15, 459
G-15, 459
Beg Kei
Beggar's Blanket
Beggar's Buttons
Beggarweed
(Cuscuta epithymum)
Beggarweed
(Polygonum aviculare)
Beggary
54
G-IS, 532
G-7, 128
G-10, 254
. . G-15, 448
G-12, 322
BEHEN
(Moringa oleifera)
Bei Qi
Bel
67
54
58
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
ASS EAR/I-3
American Cotton Plant
228
American Ginseng
346
American Ginseng Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
346
American Ginseng Root
Capsules (Frontier,
Nature's Herbs)
346
American Greek Valerian . . . . c-3, 3
(Veratrum viride)
25
American Ipecacuanha
421
AMERICAN IVY
G-3, 26
AMERICAN LIVERLEAF
(Hepatica nobilis)
American Nightshade
ANGOSTURA
(Galipea officinalis)
26
G-20, 602
(Asimina triloba)
American Saffron
American Sloe
American Spinach
American Valerian
27
652
G-5, 96
G-20, 602
541
AMERICAN WHITE POND LILY
(Nymphaea odorata)
G-3, 28
American Woodbine
G-3, 26
American Wormgrass
594
American Wormseed
G-26, 828
American Wormwood Grass ....831
Ammi Visnaga
G-5, SI
AMMONIAC GUM
(Dorema ammoniacum)
29
Amomum aromaticum
540
Anacardium occidentale . . . . G-7, 157
Anacyclus Pyrethrum
577
Anagallis arvensis
.G-22, 668
Anamirta cocculus
312
Ananas comosus
593
Anchusa
G-3, 13
Andira araroba
352
Aniseed Stars
Annual Wormwood Grass
Antelaea azadirachta
Antennaria dioica
Anthoxanthum odoratum . . .
Anthyllis vulneraria
Aphanes arvensis
Apium graveolens
Apocynum cannabinum
G-3, 35
G-23, 725
83i
G-18, 539
G-8, 162
G-24, 749
G-9, 214
570
G-8, 172
418
(Anemarrhena
asphodeloides)
(Malus domestica)
Aquilegia vulgaris
G-9, 211
Arabian Coffee
G-9, 202
Arabian Tea
447
Arabica Coffee
G-9, 202
Arachis
575
Arachis hypogaea
575
Aralia racemosa
G-23, 711
Araroba
352
Arartree
660
Arberry
G-25, 779
Arborvitae
G-24, 759
Archangel
G-25, 806
Arctium lappa
G-7, 128
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi . . . G-25, 779
Areca catechu
G-4, 38
Anemarrhena asphodeloides
31
Anemone nemorosa
824
Anethum graveolens
G-IO, 252
ANGELICA
(Angelica archangelica) . . . G-3, 32
(Chenopodium vulvaria)
Arrow Poison
Arrow Wood
43
450
G-12, 317
(Areca catechu)
G-4, 38
ARENARIA RUBRA
(Spergularia rubra)
39
Arisaema atrorubens
Aristolochia clematitis
426
G-S, SO
Armoracia rusticana
Armstrong
.39
G-14, 408
G-15, 448
ARNICA
(Arnica montana)
Arnica Flowers
Arnica montana
(Maranta arundinacea)
Arruda Brava
Arruda Do Mato
Arryan
Arsesmart
Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia cina
Artemisia dracunculus
Artemisia vulgaris
Arthritica
41
41
41
43
G-IS, 425
G-IS, 425
178
699
G-26, 829
827
G-12, 320
G-i8, 530
231
ARTICHOKE
G-4, 44
ARUM
(Arum maculatum)
46
Arum maculatum
Arundinaria japonica
Arusa
46
G-4, eo
G-17, 492
ASA FOETIDA
(Ferula foetida)
.47
48
Asarabacca
ASARUM
(Asarum europaeum)
.48
Asarum europaeum . . .
Asclepias incarnata . . .
Asclepias tuberosa . . .
48
G-23, 743
G-20, 598
ASH
. G-4, 50
(Fraxinus excelsior)
ARECA NUT
(Terminalia arjuna)
31
ARRACH
(Cynara scolymus)
G-4, 37
ARJUN TREE
ANEMARRHENA
.41
ARROWROOT
APPLE TREE
AMERICAN PAWPAW
Arnica Root
34
ANISE
(Pimpinella anisum)
AMERICAN HELLEBORE
(Parthenocissus
quinquefolia)
Angelica archangelica
G-3, 32
Angelica Root Liquid Fluid
Extract (Nature's Answer)
32
Angel's Wort
G-3, 32
Ash {Picrasma excelsa) .
Ash {Sorbus domestica) .
Ash (Sorbus torminalis) .
Ashweed
.622
.704
814
G-13, 36i
ASIATIC DOGWOOD
(Cornus officinalis)
51
Asimina triloba
.27
ASPARAGUS
(Asparagus officinalis) . . . . G-4, 52
Asparagus officinalis
Aspidium
Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco
Ass Ear
G-4, 52
: . . . G-17, 493
G-9,
623
212
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
BLACK H A W / 1 - 5
BELLADONNA
(Atropa belladonna)
Belladonna Scopola
Bellis perennis
Ben Nut Tree
Bengal Quince
Beniseed
Benjamin Tree
G-4, 69
671
G-26, 8H
67
58
688
73
BENNET'S ROOT
(Geum
urbanum)
BIRCH
(Betula species)
(Styrax benzoin)
73
Berberis vulgaris
Berberry
Bergamot
Bergenia crassifolia
Besom
Beta vulgaris
Betel
G-4, 6i
G-4, 61
562
268
G-22, 672
G-4, 67
G-4, 74
BETEL NUT
(Piper betle)
G-4, 74
Betel Nut
G-4, 38
BETH ROOT
(Trillium erectum)
Betonica officinalis
Betony
Bettie Grass
Betula species
Bhang
Bidens tripartita
Bigarade Orange
G-4, 74
G-26, 825
G-26, 825
11
G-S, 78
G-17,500
G-7, 131
G-3, 86
BILBERRY
myrtillus)
Bilberry Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Cardinal, Major,
Mason Vitamins,
Naturalife, Nature's
Bounty, Perrigo, Rexall
Consumer, Sundown,
Zenith Goldline)
Bilberry Extract Capsules
(ADH, Futurebiotics,
Humco, Nature's Way)
Bilberry Herb Capsules
(Natrol)
Bilberry Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
Bilberry Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
G-5, 7 5
Bird Bread
Bird Pepper
Birdlime
Bird's Eye Maple
Bird's Foot
Bird's Neat
Birds' Nest
Bird's Tongue
(Fraxinus excelsior)
Bird's Tongue
(Polygonum aviculare)
Birdweed
Birthroot
G-5, 78
215
G-a, 165
G-11, 291
G-21, 635
G-11, 304
G-25, 809
G-25, 809
G-4, 50
. . .G-15, 448
G-IS, 448
G-4, 74
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, SO
Biscuits
Bishop's Elder
G-8, 192
G-13, 361
(Ammi Visnaga)
Bishopsweed
Bishopswort
(Aegopodium podagraria)
Bishopswort
(Betonica officinalis)
Bissy Nut
G-5, 81
G-13, 36i
75
75
G-26, 825
205
G-S, 82
BITTER CANDYTUFT
Bitter Clover
Bitter Cucumber
75 I Bitter Damson
75
G-S, 83
Bitter Ash (Picrasma excelsa) .. 622
Bitter Ash (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23
Bitter Bark
G-7, 153
(Iberis amara)
85
BITTER ORANGE
G-5, 86
Bitter Redberry
Bitter Root
Bitter Wood
Bitterbloom
Bitterroot
Bittersweet
G-IO, 256
836
G-3, 23
G-8, 174
418
G-S, 88
BITTERSWEET NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum dulcamara)
G-S, 88
Bitterwood
Bitterwort
Bizzom
622
836
G-22, 672
BLACK ALDER
(Alnus glutinosa)
G-S, 89
G-12, 317
BLACK BRYONY
(Tamus communis)
G-S, 90
BLACK CATNIP
91
Black Cherry
Black Choke
sio
810
BLACK COHOSH
G-13, 361
BITTER APPLE
(Citrullus colocynthis)
(Polygala amara)
(Phyllanthus amarus)
BISHOP'S WEED
BISTORT
75
BITTER MILKWORT
Black Alder
BIRTHWORT
(Persicaria bistorta)
Bitter Fennel
G - H , 302
Bitter Grass
11
Bitter Herb
(Centaurium erythraea) . . . G - 8 , 174
Bitter Herb
(Chelone glabra)
G-4, 59
(Citrus aurantium)
G-4, 71
BENZOIN
(Vaccinium
Bilberry Tablets
(Yerba Prima)
75
Bio-EFA Black Currant
Capsules
(Health from the Sun)
94
Bioflax Capsules (Bio-Tech) . . . . 313
BioGinkgo Extra Strength
Tablets (Pharmanex)
G-29, 342
BioGinkgo Tablets
(Pharmanex)
342
84
G-8, 174
G-S, 83
695
(Cimicifitga racemosa)
. . . . G-S, 92
Black Cohosh Capsules
(Frontier, Herbal Harvest,
Natrol, Nature's Way,
Rexall Consumer)
Black Cohosh Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
92
92
BLACK CURRANT
(Ribes nigrum)
G-S, 94
Black Currant Capsules
(Health from the Sun)
94
Black Currant Oil Capsules
(Neurovites)
94
Black Elder
G - I I , 287
BLACK HAW
(Viburnum prunifolium) . . . G-S, 96
1-6/BLACK HELLEBORE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
BLACK HELLEBORE
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
BLACK HOREHOUND
(Ballota nigra)
G-5, 98
BLACK MULBERRY
(Morus nigra)
99
BLACK MUSTARD
(Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
Black Myrobalan
772
BLACK NIGHTSHADE
(Solanum nigrum)
Blanket-Leaf
Blatterdock
Blazing Star
(Aletris farinosa)
Blazing Star
(Veratrum luteum)
Bleaberry
Bleeding Heart
(Cypripedium calceolus)
Bleeding Heart
(Dicentra cucullaria)
Blessed Herb
G-18, 532
G-19, 585
11
301
G-5, 75
541
775
G-4, 71
BOG BEAN
BLESSED THISTLE
(Cnicus
Black Poplar
G-6, 103
G-20, 607
BLACK ROOT
(Leptandra virginica)
104
Black Root
G-9, 212
Black Sampson
26i
Black Snake Root
G-5, 92
Black Tea
G-13, 369
Black Walnut
134
Black Walnut Hulls Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs,
Nature's Way)
134
Black Walnut Liquid
(McZand)
134
Black Wattle
3
Black Whortles
G-5, 75
Black Willow
G-25, 807
Black-Berried Alder
G - H , 287
BLACKBERRY
(Rubus fruticosus)
Blackcurrant Seed Oil
Capsules (Natrol)
Blackeye Root
Black-Root
Black-Tang
Blackthorn .
Blackwort
Bladder Fucus
Bladderpod
G-6, 104
94
G-S, 90
. . .11
106
G-22,697
G-9, 212
ioe
G-16, 479
BLADDERWORT
(Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
BLADDERWRACK
(Fucus vesiculosus)
109
G - H , 283
G-14, 395
G-5, 88
G-22, 678
G-18, 521
G-5, 75
109
G-9, 225
G-9, 225
G-9, 225
46
G-6, 101
BLACK PEPPER
(Piper nigrum)
Blue Ginseng
Blue Gum
Blue Mallow
Blue Nightshade
Blue Pimpernel
Blue Rocket
Blueberry
Blueberry Root
Bluebonnet
Bluebottle
Bluebow
Bobbins
106
Bladderwrack Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
106
Blanket Herb
G-18, 532
benedictus)
G-6, 107
(Menyanthes trifoliata) . . .G-6, 110
BOG BILBERRY
Blessed Thistle Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs,
Nature's Way)
107
Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol
Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
107
Blind Nettle
G-25, soe
Blindweed
G-22, 690
Blisterweed
133
Blood Elder
259
Blood Hilder
259
Blood Plantago
612
Blood Vine
G-26, 818
Boldu
Boldus
Bolivian Coca
BLOODROOT
BONESET
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloodroot
Bloodwood
BloodwOlt
Blooming Sally (Epilobium
angustifolium)
Blooming Sally
(Lythrum salicaria)
Blowball
Blue Balm
Blue Bells
Blue Cap
Blue Centaury
BLUE COHOSH
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
Blue Cohosh Liquid
(McZand)
Blue Cohosh Root Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Blue Curls
Blue Flag
108
G-8, 192
480
G-26, 833
G-26, 818
G-20, 620
G-9, 245
562
G-3, 3
G-9, 225
G-9, 225
109
109
109
G-22, 681
G-19, 56i
(Vaccinium uliginosum)
..G-6,
111
Bog Myrtle
yMenyanthes trifoliata) . . . G - 6 , 110
Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) . G-24, 745
Bog Rhubarb
G-19, 585
Bogshorns
G-19, 585
BOLDO
(Peumus boldus)
(Eupatorium perfoliatum)
Boneset
Boor Tree
G-6, 112
G-6, 112
G-6, 112
197
G-6, 113
G-9, 212
G-II, 287
BORAGE
(Borago officinalis)
Borage Oil Capsules
(ADH, Sundown)
Borago officinalis
Boswellia carteri
Bottle-Brush
Bouncing Bess
Bouncing Bet
Bountry
Bovisand Soldier
Bovista
Bowman's Root
(Gillenia trifoliata)
Bowman's Root
(Leptandra virginica)
Box Thorn
Box Tree
Boxberry
G-e, 114
114
G-e, 114
319
G-14, 409
G-2i, 639
G-22, 701
G-11, 287
G-21, 639
* . .sis
421
104
487
G-10, 256
820
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
CALAMINT/I-7
BOXWOOD
(Buxus sempervirens) . . . .G-6, 116
BoXWOod
Brake Root
Bramble
Branching Phytolacca
Brandy Mint
Brassica napus
Brassica nigra
Brassica oleracea
Brassica rapa
Brazil Powder
Brazilian Cocoa
G-10, 256
G-IS, 454
G-6, 104
G-20, 602
G-19, sso
G-19, 554
G-5, 100
G-7, 134
816
352
376
BRAZILIAN PEPPER TREE
(Schinus terebinthifolius)
Brazilian Peppertree
Breeam
117
139
G-22, 672
BREWER'S YEAST
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Brideweed
Bridewort
Brier Hip
Brier Rose
. . .118
840
G-17, 511
G-10, 254
G-10, 254
BRITISH ELECAMPANE
(Inula britannica)
British Myrrh .
British Tobacco
Broad-Leafed-Laurel
Broad-Leaved-Garlic
Brook Bean
G-24, 743
. G-9, 209
120
G-18, 528
66
G-6, 110
BROOKLIME
(Veronica beccabunga) . . . G-6, 121
Broom
G-22, 672
BROOM CORN
(Sorghum vulgare)
Broomtops
Browme
...'
BROWN KELP
(Macrocystis pyrifera)
G-22, 672
494
G-24, 757
G-25, 800
632
691
G-6, 110
G-14, 403
G-11, 278
231
BUCKTHORN
(Rhamnus catharticus)
Buckthorn Bark
. . . G-6, 123
G-12, 317
BUCKWHEAT
(Fagopyrum esculentum)
G-6, 124
BudwOOd
G-10, 256
Buffalo Herb
G-3, 12
Bugbane (Actaea spicata)
60
Bugbane
(Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . G-5, 92
Bugbane (Veratrum viride)
25
BUGLE
(Ajuga reptans)
G-6, 125
BUGLEWEED
119
BROAD BEAN
(Vicia faba)
Brum
Brunfelsia hopeana
Brushes and Combs
Bryonia alba
Bryonia cretica
Buchu
Buck Bean
Buckeye
Buckhorn
Buckles
121
G-22, 672
G-22, 672
122
Brownwort
G-22, 68i
Bruisewort
(Bellis perennis)
G-26, 811
Bruisewort
(Saponaria officinalis) . . . G-22, 701
Bruisewort
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
(Lycopus virginicus)
Bugloss
Bugula
Bugwort
G-6, 126
G-6, 114
G-6, 125
G-5, 92
BULBOUS BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
Bullock's Eye
Bull's Eyes
Bullsfoot
Bupleurum Chinese
Burage
128
G-14, 411
G-17, 503
G-9, 209
187
G-6, 114
BURDOCK
Burrage
Burren Myrtle
Burrwort
Bush Tree
G-6, 114
G-5, 75
133
G-6, 116
BUTCHER'S BROOM
(Ruscus aculeatus)
Butcher's Broom Capsules
(ADH)
132
Butcher's Broom Root
Capsules (Frontier, Nature's
Herbs, Nature's Way)
132
Butter and Eggs
840
Butter Daisy
563
Butter Rose
231
Butter Winter
595
Butterbur
(Petasites hybridus)
G-19, 585
Butterbur
(Tussilago farfara)
G-9, 209
BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus acris)
Butter-Dock
Buttered Haycocks
Butterfly Dock
Butterfly Weed
(Juglans cinerea)
Buttons
G-24, 754
Buxus sempervirens
G-6, l i e
C
CABBAGE
(Brassica oleracea)
CAJUPUT
Burning Bush
G-7, 130
G-25, 791
(Bidens tripartita)
Burr Seed
(Melaleuca leucadendra)
. . . . . . . G-7, 131
G-7, 128
G-7, 134
644
134
G-8, 199
253
G-9, 202
339
. G-7, 136
CALABAR BEAN
(Physostigma yenenosum)
BURR MARIGOLD
134
G-17, 503
38i
BURNING BUSH
(Dictamnus albus)
G-19, 585
840
G-19, 585
G-20, 598
Button Snakeroot
Buttonhole
Burdock Root Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . . 128
Burdock Root Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
128
Burnet Saxifrage
G-19, 591
G-7, 128
133
BUTTERNUT
Cabbage Rose
Cabbage Tablets (Freeda)
Cacao
Caesalpinia bonducella
Caffea
Caffeine-Free Ginger Root
Tea Bags (Alvita Tea)
(Arctium lappa)
G-7, 132
137
CALAMINT
(Calamintha nepeta)
138
I-8/CALAMINTHA NEPETA
Calamintha
nepeta
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
138
CALAMUS
(Acorus calamus)
G-7, 138
Calcutta Lucerne
376
Calendula
G-17, 497
Calendula Gel (Boiron)
497
Calendula Lotion (Boiron)
497
Calendula officinalis
G-17, 497
Calendula Ointment (Boiron) . . 497
Calico Bush
G-18, 528
Califlora Calendula Gel
(Boericke & Tafel)
497
California Buckthorn
G-7, 153
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE
(Schinus molle)
....
139
CALIFORNIA POPPY
(Eschscholtzia
californica) . . .
Calluna
vulgaris
. G-7, 140
G-13, 383
Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis procera
Caltha palustris
Calumba
Calves' Snout
Calystegia sepium
Camboge
Camellia sinensis
Cammock
Camolea
141
338
141
0-17, 503
208
840
G-13, 367
0-12, 325
G-13, 369
G-23, 713
G-17,515
CAMPHOR TREE
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
0-7, 143
Cana Fistula
Canada Balsam
Canada Pitch
Canada Root
Canada Tea
0-13, 354
714
G-19, 594
G-20,598
820
(Erigeron canadensis) . . . . 0-7, 144
CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD
canadensis)
Canadian Hemp
Canadian Poplar
Canarium species
Cancer-Root
Canchalagua
CANELLA
Canella Alba
Canella winterana
(Costus speciosa)
(Chondrus crispus)
152
147
147
Carragennan
Carrahan
Carrot
Carthamus tinctorius
Cartkins Willow
Carum carvi
152
152
G-25, 809
652
G-25, 807
G-7, 148
146
Cang-Zhu
Cankerroot
Cankerwort
(Senecio jacobaea)
Cankerwort
(Taraxacum officinale)
Cannabis
Cannabis sativa
Canton Cassia
Capdockin
706
358
CASCARA SAGRADA
G-20, 629
. . . G-9, 245
G-17, 500
G-17, 500
182
G-19, 585
CAPE ALOE
16
G-26, 819
378
G-25, 783
. . . G-22, 690
G-8, ies
6-8, 165
CARAMBOLA
(Averrhoa carambola)
148
CARAWAY
145
418
G-20, 607
184
0-20, 602
G-8, 174
(Rhamnus purshiana)
. . . . G-7, 153
Cascara Sagrada Bark
Capsules (Frontier)
Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild
Stimulant Laxative
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .
Cascara Sagrada Capsules
(Herbal Harvest, Humco,
Nature's Way)
Cascara Sagrada Natural
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
153
153
153
153
CASCARILLA
(Croton eluteria)
Case-Weed
156
0-22, 690
CASHEW
(Anacardium occidentale) . 0-7, 157
CASSIA
(Carum carvi)
G-7, 148
Card Thistle
G-24, 757
(Elettaria cardamomum) . . G-7, 149
Cardin
Carex arenaria
Carica papaya
Carlina acaulis
o-e, 107
336
G-19, 565
151
CARLINE THISTLE
(Carlina acaulis)
CAROB
(Ceratonia siliqua)
G-22, 681
147
CANE-REED
Cape Gooseberry
Cape Gum
Capon's Tail
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Capsicum
Capsicum annuum
Carpenter's Weed
(Prunella vulgaris)
CARRAGEEN
(Canella winterana)
CARDAMOM
CANADIAN FLEABANE
(Solidago
G-22, 705
G-18, 532
(Aloe ferox)
CALOTROPIS
(Calotropis procera)
Candleberry
Candlewick Plant
151
(Cassia angustifolia)
Cassia
Cassia angustifolia
Cassia Aromaticum
Cassia Bark
Cassia fistula
Cassia Lignea
Cassia senna
Castanea sativa
Castor Bean
G-7, 151
Carpenter's Herb
(Ajuga reptans)
G-6, 125
Carpenter's Herb
(Prunella vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Carpenter's Square
G-11, 311
Carpenter's Weed
(Achillea millefolium) . . . G-26, 833
182
684
182
182
0-13, 354
182
G-22, 684
708
G-7, I S S
CASTOR OIL PLANT
(Ricinus communis)
..
684
Catalonia Jasmine
Catarrh Root
Catchfly
Catchweed
o-7, i s s
0-15,432
467
418
193
CATECHU
(Acacia catechu)
Catha edulis
163
447
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Catmint
Catnep
CHICKWEED/I-9
G-8, 164
0-8, 164
CATNIP
(Nepeta cataria)
G-8, 164
Catnip Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
164
Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid
Extract (Nature's Answer)
164
Catnip Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
164
Catnip Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
164
Catrup
G-8, 164
(Urticaria fomentosa)
160
Cat's Claw Bark Capsules
(Naturalife)
Cat's Claw Bark Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Cat's Claw Caplets
(Nature's Resource)
Cat's Claw Capsules (ADH,
Bergen Brunswig, Humco,
Irwin, Mason Vitamins,
McZand, National Vitamin,
Nature's Bounty, Nature's
Herbs, Nature's Way,
Rexall Consumer)
Cat's Claw Inner Bark
Capsules (Frontier)
Cat's Claw Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Catswort
Caulophyllum thalictroides
ieo
ieo
ieo
ieo
. . ieo
ieo
G-8, 162
41©
372
372
G - 8 , 164
109
CAYENNE
(Capsicum annuum)
Cayenne 30,000 Heat Units
Capsules (Frontier)
Cayenne Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Herbal Harvest,
Mason Vitamins,
McKesson, McZand,
Nature's Bounty, Nature's
Resource, Perrigo)
(Cedrus libani)
169
Cedrus libani . . .
169
CELANDINE
Celastrus scandens
G-8, 169
24
CELERY
CAT'S FOOT
Cat's Nettle
Catsfoot
Cat's-Paw
CEDAR
(Chelidonium majus)
CAT'S CLAW
(Antennaria dioica)
Cayenne Herbal Capsules
(Apothecary)
165
Cayenne Pepper Capsules
(Humco, Major)
165
Cayenne Peppers Capsules
(ADH)
165
Cayenne Power Herb
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. .. 165
Ceanothus americanus
541
G-8, 16S
165
165
(Apium graveolens)
G-8, 172
Celery Liquid Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
172
Celery Seed Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
172
Celery Seed Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
172
Celery-Leaved Crowfoot . . G-20, 601
Cemphire
G-7, 143
Centaurea
G-9, 22s
Centaurea cyanus
G-9, 225
Centaurium erythraea
G-8, 174
CENTAURY
(Centaurium erythraea) .. 0-8, 174
Centaury Gentian
Centella asiatica
Centinode
Centory
G-8, 174
G-13, 359
o-«, 448
G - 8 , 174
Centranthus ruber
G-21, 639
Centrum Echinacea Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 26i
Centrum Garlic Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 327
Centrum Ginkgo Biloba
Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 342
Centrum Ginseng Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 346
Centrum Saw Palmetto
Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 664
Centrum St. John's Wort
Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 719
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
423
Ceratonia siliqua
G-7, 151
Certified Organic Nettle Leaf
Capsules (Frontier)
729
Certified Organic Red
Raspberry Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
630
Cetraria
,
415
Cetraria islandica
415
Ceylon Cinnamom
G-S, 190
Chai Hu
187
Chamaemelum nobile
G-10, 270
Chamomile
G-12, 331
Chamomile Flowers Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .331
Chamomile Liquid (McZand) . . . 331
Chamomilla
G-12, 331
Chantal Aloe Vera Cream
(National Vitamin)
ie
Chard
G-4, 67
Charity
G-15, 427
CHASTE TREE
(Vitex agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Chasteberry Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
176
CHAULMOOGRA
(Hydnocarpus species)
Cheat
Chebulic Myrobalan
Checkerberry
Cheese Rennet
Cheese Renning
Cheeseflower
Cheiranthus cheiri
177
G-24, 756
772
820
o-is, 455
G-15, 455
G-i4, 395
G-25, 792
CHEKEN
(Eugenia chequen)
178
Chelidonium majus
G-8, 169
Chelone
G-4, 59
Chelone glabra
G-4, 59
Chenopodium ambrosioides .0-26, 828
Chenopodium vulvaria
43
Cheque Tree
704
CHERRY LAUREL
(Prunus laurocerasus) . . . . G-8, 179
Cherry-Bay
Chestnut
Chicken Toe
G-8, 179
708
220
CHICKWEED
(Stellaria media)
^
180
I-10/CHICKWEED CAPSULES
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Chickweed Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Chickweed Herb Capsules
(Frontier)
Chickweed Herb Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
iso
iso
-iso
CHICORY
(Cichorium intybus)
G-8, 181
Chilli Pepper
Chimaphila umbellata
Chimney-Sweeps
Chin Cups
China Orange
China Root
{Alpinia ojficinarum)
China Root
(Dioscorea villosa)
Chinese Arborvitae
Chinese Bell-Flower
Chinese Cabbage
G-8, 165
595
G-11, 278
238
G-24, 747
467
G-26, 817
560
58
816
(Cinnamomum aromaticum) . . . 182
Chinese Ginger .
Chinese Ginseng
Chinese Green Tea Tea Bags
(Alvita Tea)
Chinese Matrimony Vine
Chinese Mock-Barberry
467
346
369
486
669
CHINESE MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus japonicus)
183
CHINESE OLIVE
(Canarium species)
184
Chinese Red Panax Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
Chinese Red Panax Ginseng
Capsules (Nature Made)
Chinese Red Panax Ginseng
Tablets (Nature Made)
346
346
346
CHINESE RHUBARB
Chinese Sumach
Chinese Tea
G-12, 321
187
187
CHIRETTA
(Swertia
chirata)
Chittem Bark
Chive
187
G-7, 153
G-8, 188
CHIVES
(Allium schoenoprasum) . . G-8, 188
Chocolate Root
Chocolate Tree
G-25, 794
G-8, 199
CHOCOLATE VINE
CHINESE CINNAMON
(Rheum palmatum)
Chionanthus virginicus
Chirata
Chirayta
G-8, 185
770
G-13, 369
(Akebia quinata)
189
Choke Cherry
810
Chondrodendron tomentosum . . . 566
Chondrus
152
Chondrus crispus
152
Chongras
G-20, 602
Chop Nut
137
Christe Herbe
G-5, 97
Christmas Rose
G-5, 97
Christmas-Berry Tree
117
Christ's Ladder
G-8, 174
Christ's Spear
269
Christ's Thorn
G-14, 397
Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium
621
Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum
563
Chrysatobine
352
Church Broom
G-24, 757
Church Steeples
G-3, 10
Churastaff
840
Cichorium intybus
G-8, 181
Cicuta virosa
G-11, 297
Cimicifuga
G-5, 92
Cimicifuga racemosa
G-5, 92
Cinchona
G-20, 626
Cinchona pubescens
G-20, 626
Cineraria Maritima
25a
Cinnamomum aromaticum
182
Cinnamomum camphora . . . . G-7, 143
Cinnamomum verum
G-8, 190
CHINESE THOROUGHWAX
(Bupleurum Chinese)
Chinese Tian Shan Garlic
Tablets (Nature's Herbs)
Chinese Wolfberry
Chinwood
Chionanthus
187
CINNAMON
(Cinnamomum
327
486
G-26, 84i
G-12, 321
verum)
G-8, 190
Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
190
Cinnamon Sedge
G-7, 138
Cinnamon Wood
G-21, 662
CINQUEFOIL
(Potentilla erecta)
Cinquefoil
{Potentilla anserind)
Cinquefoil
(Potentilla reptans)
Citronella
Citrullus colocynthis
Citrus aurantifolia
Citrus aurantium
Citrus Dulcis
Citrus limon
Citrus sinensis
City Avens
G-8, 192
G-20, 610
G-11, 289
G-16, 465
G-5, 83
G-16, 476
G-5, 86
G-24, 747
460
G-24, 747
G-4, 71
Cive Garlic
G-8, 188
QveS
G-8, 188
Civet
G-8, 188
Cladonia pyxidata
Clu\>iceps purpurea
238
280
CLEAVERS
(Galium aparine)
193
Cleavers, Alcohol-Free Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Cleaverwort
193
193
CLEMATIS
(Clematis recta)
G-8, 194
Clematis recta
G-8, 194
Clematis vitalba
G-25, 769
Clivers
193
Clot-Bur (Arctium lappa) . .. G-7, 128
Clot-Bur
(Verbascum densiflorum)
G-i8, 532
CLOVE
(Syzygium aromaticum) . .. G-8, 195
Clove Garlic
Clove Pepper
Clown's Lungwort
Clown's Mustard
G-12, 327
590
G-18, 532
84
CLUB MOSS
(Lycopodium clavatum)
Clusterbean
Cnicus benedictus
Coachweed
Coakum
r
. 196
376
G-6, 107
i
. . 193
G-20, 602
COCA
(Erythroxylum coca)
Cocaine
Cocash Weed
Cocculus Indicus
197
197
354
312
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Cochlearia officinalis
Cochlospermum gossypium
COTTON TREE/1-11
0-22, 679
229
COCILLANA TREE
(Guraea rusbyi)
Cockle
Cockle Buttons
Cocklebur
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
Cocklebur {Arctium lappa)
Cockoo Flower
Cockspur Rye
Cockup Hat
Cocky Baby
COCOA
(Theobroma
cacao)
198
222
G-7, 128
G-3, 10
. G-7, 128
657
280
729
46
G-8, 199
COCONUT PALM
(Cocos nucifera)
G-9, 201
Cocos nucifera
CoCOWOlt
Coffea arabica
G-9, 201
G-22, 690
G-9, 202
Cokan
G-7, 144
COLUMBINE
(Aquilegia vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Colza
Combretum
Combretum micranthum
G-19, 554
559
559
48
G-9, 202
G-20, 602
COLA
(Cola acuminata)
205
Cola acuminata
Cola Nut
Cola Seeds
205
205
205
COLCHICUM
(Colchicum autumnale) . . . G-9, 206
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
Commiphora molmol
Common Agrimony
Common Alder
Common Ash
Common Bean
G-IS, 534
G-3, 10
G-5, 89
G-4, 50
G-4, 65
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
. . . . G-9, 214
Larch
G-IS, 457
Matrimony Vine
487
Polypody
G-15, 454
Sandspurry
39
Shrubby Everlasting . . . 417
Silver Fir
802
COMMON STONECROP
(Sedum acre)
215
Compass Plant
Compass Weed
Compass-Weed
G-21, 645
G-21, 646
G-21, 645
(Marsdenia condurango)
Coneflower . .,
COLOMBO
(Jateorhiza
COPAIBA BALSAM
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
COLT'S FOOT
(Tussilago farfara)
Copaifera langsdorffi
Copaiva
G-9, 209 I
Coriandrum sativum
(Agrostemma githago)
Corn Horsetail
G-9, 221
218
r-t G-13, 386
G-9, 212
84i
222
G-14, 409
CORN POPPY
(Papaver rhoeas)
Corn Rose
223
223
CORN SILK
(Zea mays)
Cornel
Cornelian Tree
224
G-10, 256
G-10, 256
CORNFLOWER
(Centaurea cyanus)
CORYDALIS
Corydalis
Corydalis cava
Corynanthe pachyceras
Cossoo
G-9, 225
G-10, 256
51
G-23, 741
226
775
226
412
450
COSTUS
218
G-ie, 475
G-ie, 475
G-16, 475
COOLWORT
(Tiarella cordifolia)
220
(Coriandrum sativum) . . . . G-9, 221
26i
108
CONTRAYERVA
(Dorstenia contrayerva)
. . . . 220
CORIANDER
(Corydalis cava)
...
Conium maculatum
Consound
Consumptive's Weed
Convallaria
Convallaria majalis
Convall-Lily
odontorhiza)
Corallorhiza odontorhiza
216
CONGOROSA
(Maytenus ilicifolia)
(Corallorhiza
Cornus florida
Cornus officinalis
Corona Solis
CONDURANGO
Coon Root
208
G-23, 734
223
358
358
358
358
G-26, 819
CORN COCKLE
COMMON KIDNEY VETCH
Colchicum autumnale
G-9, 206
Cole
G-19, 554
Colewort
(Brassica oleracea)
G-7, 134
Colewort (Geum urbanum) . .G-4, 71
Colic Root
(Alpinia officinarum)
467
Colic Root.
(Dioscorea villosa)
G-26, 817
Colic Root
(Liatris spicata)
G-17, 503
Colic-Root
11
Collinsonia canadensis
G-23, 733
Colocynth Pulp
G-5, 83
palmata)
Copalm
Copperose
Coptide
CoptlS
Coptis Groenlandica
Coptis trifolia
Coqueret
CORAL ROOT
COMFREY
(Anthyllis vulneraria)
COFFEE
(Coffea arabica)
Coltsfoot
Coltstail .
G-9, 219
220
220
(Saussurea costus)
Costus speciosa
227
146
COTTON
(Gossypium hirsutum)
Cotton Dawes
228
236
Cotton R o ot
G-16, 468
Cotton Seed
Cotton Shell
228
229
COTTON TREE
(Cochlospermum
gossypium)
229
1-12/COTTON W E E D
Cotton Weed
Couch Grass
Coughroot
Coughweed
Coughwort
Couhage
Cow Cabbage
Cow Grass
Cowbane
Cowberry
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
236
G-25, 771
G-4, 74
354
G-9, 209
230
G-3, 28
G-15, 44a
G-11, 297
G-3, 20
(Piper cubeba)
235
Cuca
Cuckoo Bread
Cuckoo Buds
Cuckoo Pint
Cuckowes Meat
Cucurbita pepo
Cuddy's Lungs
197
827
128
46
827
G-20, 618
G-18, 532
CUDWEED
COWHAGE
(Mucuna pruriens)
Cowitch
COWSLIP
(Primula
CUBEB
230
230
veris)
Cowslip
Crab's Eyes
Cramp Bark
Crampweed
231
G-17, 503
435
G-5, 96
G-20, 610
Cudweed
Cullay
Culveris Root
Culverwort
(Cuminum
(Geranium
CROTON SEEDS
(Croton tiglium)
Croton tiglium
Crow Corn .
Crow Soap
Crowberry
Crowfoot
(Anemone nemorosa)
Crowfoot
(Geranium maculatum)
Crowfoot
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
Crown Flower
Crude Chrysarobin
G-10, 271
220
220
G-IS, 448
G-3, 26
372
G-17, 520
G-17, 520
215
658
231
658
G-21, 653
G-e, 113
ise
234
234
11
G-22, 701
G-20, 602
.824
233
128
338
352
236
G-8, 162
G-20, 624
104
G-9, 211
cyminum)
Cuminum cyminum
(Silphium
Crataegus laevigata
Crawley
Crawley Root
Crawlgrass
Creeper
Creeping Charlies
Creeping Jenny
Creeping Joan
Creeping Tom
Crest Marine
Crewel
Crithum maritimum
Crocus sativus
Crosswort
Croton eluteria
CYPRESS
(Cupressus sempervirens) . G-9, 241
46
CYPRESS SPURGE
(Euphorbia cyparissias)
. . G-9, 242
Cypripedium calceolus
Cytisus laburnum
Cytisus scoparius
541
452
G-22, 672
CUMIN
CUP PLANT
233
240
625
G-ie, 465
335
G-4, 44
410
G-3, 6
Cypress Powder
(Gnaphalium uliginosum)
CRANESBILL
maculatum)
Cyclamen europaeum
Cydonia oblongata
Cymbopogon citratus
Cynanchum vincetoxicum
Cynara scolymus
Cynoglossum officinale
Cyperus articulatus
. . .
G-9, 2 3 7
Daemonorops draco
257
DAFFODIL
perfoliatum)
G-9, 238
(Cladonia pyxidata) . .
. . . . 238
CUPMOSS
Cup-Puppy
223
Cupressus sempervirens . . . . G-9, 241
Curcu Caps Capsules
(Health from the Sun)
132
(Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243
Dage of Jerusalem
Daggers
Da-Huang
Daisy
Dalmatian^Insect Flowers
Dalmatian Pellitory
G-16, 485
G-19, 56i
G-8, 185
G-24, 754
621
621
DAMIANA
CURCUMA
(Curcuma xanthorrhizia)
. G-9, 239
Curcuma domestica
Curcuma xanthorrhizia
Curcuma zedoaria
Curdwort
Cure All
Cure-Ail
Curled Dock
Curled Mint
Cursed Crowfoot
Cuscuta epithymum
Cusparia Bark
Custard Apple
Cutch (Acacia catechu)
Cutch (Agropyron repens) .
Cutweed
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Cyani
Cyani-Flowers
775
G-9, 239
G-26, 846
G-15, 455
G-25, 794
G-ie, 46i
835
G-23, 709
G-20, eoi
G-10, 254
34
27
163
G-25, 771
106
376
G-9, 225
G-9, 225
CYCLAMEN
(Cyclamen
D
G-9, 2 3 7
europaeum)
240
(Turnera diffusa)
244
Damiana Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
Damiana Leaf Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
Damiana Leaves Capsules
(ADH, Nature's Herbs)
244
244
244
DANDELION
(Taraxacum officinale)
. . . G-9, 245
Dandelion Capsules
(Nature's Way)
245
Dandelion Liquid (McZand) . . . . 245
Dandelion Root Capsules
(ADH, Frontier, Herbal
Harvest, Nature's Bounty) . . . .245
Danewort
259
Dan-Shen
636
Daphne
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Daphne (Laurus nobilis) . . .G-IS, 459
Daphne mezereum
G-17, 515
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Darkmous
Darri
DUN DAISY / I - 1 3
716
121
DATE PALM
(Phoenix dactylifera)
G-IO, 246
Datura
G-IS, 436
Datura stramonium
G-IS, 436
Daucus carota
G-25, 809
Da-Zao
439
Dead Men's Bells
G-IO, 248
Dead Men's Fingers
79s
Dead Nettle
G-25, 806
Dead Tongue
795
Deadly Nightshade
G-4, 69
Deaf Nettle
G-25, 806
Deer Balls
618
Deerberry
820
Delicate Bess
G-21, 639
Delphinium consolida
G-15, 458
Delphinium staphisagria
726
Demerara Pinkroot
831
Deodorized Garlic Tablets
(Nature's Bounty)
327
Dergmuse
716
Desert Herb
G-16, 488
Devil Tree
305
Devil's Apple
G-15, 436
Devil's Bit {Aletris farinosa) . . . .11
Devil's Bit
(Alstonia constricta)
305
Devil's Bit
(Scabiosa succisa)
G-20, 612
Devil's Bite
{Liatris spicata)
G-17, 503
Devil's Bite
{Veratrum viride)
25
Devil's Bones
G-26, 817
Devil's Cherries
G-4, 69
DEVIL'S CLAW
(Harpagophytum
procumbens)
Devil's Head
Devil's Herb
Devil's Nettle
Devil's Plaything
Devil's Ribbon
Devil's Root
Devil's Trumpet
Devil's Turnip
{Bryonia alba)
Devil's Turnip
{Bryonia cretica)
Devil's Vine
Dew Plant
Dewberry
Dicentra cucullaria
Dictamnus albus
Didin
Didthin
840
G-4, 69
G-26, 833
G-26, 833
840
G-19, 588
G-15, 436
G-25, 800
632
G-13, 367
740
G-6, 104
775
G-7, 130
G-18, 534
G-18, 534
DIGITALIS
{Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
DIGITALIS LANATA
(Digitalis lanata)
Digitalis lanata
Digitalis purpurea
Di-Gu-Pi
Di-Huang
250
250
G-10, 248
486
640
DILL
(Anethum graveolens) . . . .G-10, 252
Dilly
Dionaea muscipula
Dioscorea villosa
Dipsacus silvestris
Diptam
Dipteryx odorata
Dita Bark
Dittany
Divale
G-IO, 252
786
G-26, 817
G-24, 757
G-7, 130
767
305
G-7, 130
G-4, 69
DIVI-DIVI
247
Devil's Claw Capsules
(ADH)
247
Devil's Claw Root Tuber
Capsules (Frontier)
247
Devil's Claw Secondary Root
Capsules (Nature's Herbs,
Nature's Way)
247
Devil's Dung
47
Devil's Eye
G-14, 389
Devil's Fuge
G-11, 291
Devil's Guts
G-IO, 254
(Caesalpinia bonducella)
253
DODDER
(Cuscuta epithymum)
Dodder of Thyme
Dog Cloves
Dog Parsley
Dog Poison
G-IO, 254
G-10, 254
G-22, 701
G-12, 316
G-12, 316
DOG ROSE
(Rosa canina)
G-10, 254
Dog Rowan Tree
Dog Standard
G-S, 96
G-20, 629
Dog Wood
Dogbane
Dog-Berry
Dog-Bur
Doggies
Dog-Grass
Dog's Arrach
Dog's Finger
Dog's Tongue
Dog's Tooth Violet
Dog-Tree
G-12, 317
418
G-10, 254
410
840
G-25, 771
43
G-IO, 248
410
24
G-10, 256
DOGWOOD
(Cornus florida)
G-10, 256
DogWOOd
428
Dogwood Bark
G-7, 153
Dolloff
G-17, 511
Donnhove
G-9, 209
Doorweed
.,
G-15, 448
Dorema ammoniacum
29
Dorstenia contrayerva
218
Dr. Masquelier's Authentic
OPC's Tablets (Naturalife) . . . .362
Draconis Resina
257
Dracontium
696
Dracorubin
257
Dragon Flower
G-19, 561
Dragon Root
46
Dragon-Bushes
840
DRAGON'S BLOOD
(Daemonorops draco)
257
Dragon's Blood
Dragonwort
Drake
Drimys winteri
Dropberry
Dropsy Plant
Drosera ramentacea
Drumstick Tree
Drunken Sailor
Dryas octopetala
Dryopteris
filix-mas
Duck's Foot
G-14, 393
G-5, 82
G-24, 756
820
G-22, 703
G-ie, 461
740
67
G-21, 639
526
G-17, 493
G-17, 510
DUCKWEED
(Lemna minor)
G-IO, 258
Dudgeon
Duffle
Dulcamara
Dumb Nettle
Dumpling Cactus
Dun Daisy
G-6, l i e
G-IS, 532
G-S, 88
G-25, soe
G-19, 588
563
I - 1 4 / D U R F A GRASS
Durfa Grass
Durri
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-25, 771
121
DUSTY MILLER
(Senecio bicolor)
Dutch Myrtle
Dutch Rushes
Dutchman's Breeches
Dwale
Dwarf Bay
Dwarf Carline
258
G-24, 745
G-i4, 409
775
G-4, 69
c-17, 515
151
DWARF ELDER
(Sambucus ebulus)
Dwarf Flax
Dwarf-Pine
Dwayberry
Dyeberry
259
526
c-22, 674
G-4, 69
G-5, 75
Dyer's Bugloss
Dyer's Greenwood
Dyer's Madder
Dyer's Saffron
Dyer's Weed
Dyer's Whin
Dysentery Bark
Dysentery Weed
Eagle Vine
Early Fumitory
Earth Gall
Earth Smoke
Earthbank
East India Catarrh Root
East India Root
East Indian Almond
Easter Rower
Easter Giant
Easter Mangiant
Echinacea
G-10, 260
0-3, 13
G-10, 260
G-ie, 490
652
G-10, 260
G-10, 260
695
236
216
226
25
G-12,322
G-8, 192
467
467
G-7, 157
572
o-s, 82
G-5, 82
261
(Echinacea pallida)
Echinacea pallida . . .
(Echinacea angustifolia)
261
Echinacea angustifolia
Echinacea Angustifolia Herb
Capsules (Frontier)
261
26i
ELM BARK
261
261
261
261
G-10, 261
Echinacea purpurea
G-10, 26i
Echinacea purpurea Root
Capsules (Frontier)
26i
Echinacea Root Capsules
(Key Co., Major)
261
Echinacea Root Herbal
Capsules (Apothecary)
261
Echinacea Standardized
Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
26i
Eggs and Bacon
840
Eggs and Collops
840
Eglantine Gall
G-10, 254
Egyptian Alcee
533
Egyptian Privet
G-14, 391
Egyptian Thorn
378
Elder
G-II, 287
Elder Flowers Capsules
(Frontier)
287
Elderberry Flowers & Berries
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .287
Elderberry Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
287
ELECAMPANE
Elemi
G-10, 266
184
ELEPHANT-EARS
(Bergenia crassifolia)
Elettaria cardamomum
Eleuthero Ginseng Root
Capsules (Frontier)
(Ulmus minor)
6-10, 269
EltTOOt
Elytrigig Repens
Emetic Herb
Emetic Weed
Enchanter's Plant
Enebro
G-13, 361
G-25, 771
G-16, 479
o-ie, 479
G-25, 788
G-15, 440
ENGLISH ADDER'S TONGUE
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
(Inula helenium)
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA
Eleutherococcus senticosus
693
Elfdock
G-10, 266
ElfwOrt
O-10, 266
Ellanwood
0-11, 287
Ellhorn
G-II, 287
ECHINACEA PALLIDA
(Echinacea purpurea)
DYER'S BROOM
(Genista tinctoria)
Echinacea Capsules (ADH,
Bergen Brunswig, Cardinal,
Celestial Seasonings,
Contract Pharmacal, Herbal
Harvest, Humco, Irwin,
Mason Vitamins,
McKesson, National
Vitamin, Nature Made,
Nature's Bounty, Perrigo,
Rexall Consumer, Rexall
Managed Care, Sundown,
Zenith Goldline)
Echinacea Liquid (McZand,
Pharmaceutical Labs)
268
G-7, 149
346
(Ophioglossum vulgatum)
269
ENGLISH CHAMOMILE
(Chamaemelum nobile) . . .0-10, 270
English Cowslip
231
English Greek Valerian . .. G-15, 427
ENGLISH HAWTHORN
(Crataegus laevigata) . . . .0-10, 271
ENGLISH HORSEMINT
(Mentha longifolia)
0-10, 275
ENGLISH IVY
(Hedera helix)
0-10, 275
ENGLISH LAVENDER
(Lavandula angustifolia) . G-10, 277
English Mandrake
(Bryonia alba)
English Mandrake
(Bryonia cretica)
English Masterwort
English Oak
G-25, soo
632
0-13, 36i
0-18, 549
ENGLISH PLANTAIN
(Plantago lanceolata) . .. .0-11, 278
English Sarsaparilla
G-8, 192
English Watercress
384
Ephedra
o-ie, 488
Ephedra sinica
o-ie, 488
Ephedrine
o-ie, 488
Epigae repens
768
Epilobium angustifolium ... .0-26, 818
Epright Sumach
600
Equisetum arvense
0-14, 409
ERGOT
(Claviceps purpurea)
Eriffe
Erigeron canadensis
280
193
0-7, 144
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Eringo
Eriodictyon
Eriodictyon californicum
Eryngium campestre
FEVERFEW/1-15
G-11, 282
84i
841
G - H , 282
ERYNGO
(Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
Eryngo-Leaved Liverwort
415
Erysimum
384
Erysimum diffusum
365
Erythronium
24
Erythronium americanum
24
Erythroxylum coca
197
Eschscholtzia californica . . . G-7, 140
Estragon
G-12, 320
Eternal Flower
417
EUCALYPTUS
(Eucalyptus
globulus)
Eucalyptus globulus . . .
Eugenia chequen
Eugenia unifloria
Euonymus
atropurpurea
Eupatorium
cannabinum
Eupatorium
perfoliatum
Euphorbia cyparissias
.
Euphorbia resinifera
Euphrasia
Euphrasia officinalis
European Angelica
European Ash
European Aspen
European Avens
European Barberry
European Bitter Polygala
European Cranberry
G-11, 283
G-11, 283
178
742
G-25, 791
G-13, 388
G-6, 113
. G-9, 242
716
300
300
G-3, 32
G-4, 50
0-20, 607
G-4, 71
G-4, ei
88
o-s, 96
EUROPEAN ELDER
(Sambucus nigra)
o-ii, 287
EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER GRASS
(Potentilla reptans)
G-11, 289
European Vervain
G-25, 788
EUROPEAN WATER HEMLOCK
(Cicuta
virosa)
G-11, 297
European Wild Pansy
382
EuroQuality Juniper Berries
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .440
EuroQuality Red Clover
Blossoms Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
633
EVENING PRIMROSE
(Oenothera biennis)
officinalis)
300
Eyebright
(Centaurium erythraea) . . . G-8,
Eyebright (Lobelia inflata) .G-i6,
Eyebright Capsules (Herbal
Harvest, Major, Nature's
Bounty, Nature's Herbs,
Nature's Resource)
Eyebright Herb Capsules
(Frontier)
174
479
300
300
EUROPEAN GOLDEN ROD
(Solidago virgaurea)
European Larch
G-11,289
o-is, 457
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE
(Viscum album)
..
G-11, 291
EUROPEAN PEONY
(Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
EUROPEAN SANICLE
(Sanicula
europaea)
European Senega Snakeroot
296
.85
Fagopyrum esculentum
Fairy Bells
Fairy Caps
(Digitalis purpurea)
Fairy Caps (Primula veris)
Fairy Fingers
Fairy Flax
Fairy Gloves
Fairy Thimbles
Fairy-Wand
Saffron
Bittersweet
Box
Cinnamon
Coltsfoot
Grapes
Hellebore
Jacob's Ladder
Jasmin
Pepper
652
24
G-IO, 256
182
48
G-3, 26
G-3, 5
G-3, 3
838
139
FALSE SCHISANDRA
G-11, 298
Evening Primrose Capsules
(Major)
298
Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules (ADH, Bergen
Brunswig, Mason Vitamins,
National Vitamin, Natrol,
Nature's Bounty)
298
Evergreen Snakeroot
85
Everlasting
236
Everlasting Friendship
193
Eve's CupS
G-20, 596
Ewe Daisy
G-8, 192
Ex-Lax Maximum Strength
(Novartis Consumer)
684
Eye Balm
G-13, 355
Eye Root
G-13, 355
EYEBRIGHT
(Euphrasia
Fake
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
False
o-6, 124
827
0-10, 248
231
G-IO, 248
526
G-IO, 248
G-IO, 248
301
(Kadsura japonica)
301
FALSE UNICORN ROOT
(Veratrum luteum)
301
Featherfew
Featherfoil
Felon Herb
Felonwood
Felonwort
Feltwort
Fenkel
0-11, 3oe
G-11, 3oe
G-IS, 530
G-5, 88
G-5, 88
G-IS, 532
G-11, 302
FENNEL
(Foeniculum vulgare)
. . . G-11, 302
Fennel Seed Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Fennel Seed Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
302
302
FENUGREEK
(Trigonella
graecum)
foenum-
Fenugreek Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Fenugreek Seed Capsules
(Frontier)
Fern
Ferula
Ferula foetida
Ferula gummosa
Ferula sumbul
Fetid Nightshade
FEVER BARK
(Alstonia constricta)
Fever
Fever
Fever
Fever
Plant
Root
Tree
Twig
G-11, 304
304
304
0-17, 493
0-23, 738
47
323
G-23, 738
G-14, 389
305
0-11, 298
220
0-11, 283
G-5, 88
FEVERFEW
(Tanacetum parthenium) . G-11, 306
1-16 /FEVERFEW CAPSULES
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Feverfew Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Mason Vitamins,
McZand, Nature's Bounty,
Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . . . 306
Feverfew Extract Capsules
(Herbal Harvest, Humco)
306
Feverfew Leaf Capsules
(Naturalife)
306
Feverfew Traditional Herb
Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
306
Fevergrass
G-16, 465
Feverwort
(Centaurium erythraea) . . . G-8, 174
Feverwort
(Eupatorium perfoliatum)
G-6, 113
Ficus carica
G-11, 310
Field Balm
G-8, 164
Field Horsetail
G-14, 409
Field Lady's Mantle
570
Field Mustard
816
Field Pumpkin
G-20, 618
G-11, 310
Fieldhove
G-9, 209
FIGS
(Ficus carica)
G-11, 310
FIGWORT
(Scrophularia nodosa) . . . G-11, 311
Figwort
Filipendula ulmaria
Filwort
Finger Flower
Fir Tree
Fireweed
(Linum
usitatissimum)
466
G-17, sn
G-8, 174
G-IO, 248
714
G-26, SIS
G-20, 598
Fly Agaric
G-3, 8
Fly-Catcher
G-20, 596
Fly-Trap
(Apocynum cannabinum)
418
Fly-Trap
(Sarracenia purpurea) . . . G-20, 596
Foal's-Foot
G-9, 209
Foalswort
G-9, 209
Foam Flower
G-9, 219
Foeniculum vulgare
G-11, 302
Folks' Glove
G-IO, 248
Food of the Gods
47
312
Fish Mint
Fish Poison Tree
Five Fingers .
Five Leaves
Five-Finger Blossom
Five-Finger Fern
Five-Fingered Root
Five-Leaflet
Flag Lily
Flaggon
Flake Manna
Flannelflower
Flapperdock
G-23, 709
428
G-11, 289
G-3, 26
G-11, 289
491
, 795
189
G-19, 56i
G-19, 56i
G-17, 496
G-IS, 532
G-19, 585
Fool's-Cicely
arvensis)
Foxglove
G-10, 248
G-7, 128
FRANGULA
Fraxinella
G-12, 317
G-12, 317
. G-12, 320
G-IS, 521
46
FRINGETREE
(Chionanthus virginicus) . .G-12, 321
Frogsfoot
Frogwort
Frost Plant
Frostweed
128
128
G-12, 321
G-12, 321
FROSTWORT
(Helianthemum
canadense)
G-12, 321
FUCUS
Fucus vesiculosus
Fuller's Herb
Fumaria officinalis
106
106
G-22, 701
G-12, 322
FUMITORY
(Fumaria officinalis)
Fumus
Furze
Fusanum
Fusoria
G-12, 322
G-12, 322
G-IO, 260
G-25, 791
G-25, 791
G
(Ferula gummosa)
G-12, 316
G-23, 735
FRANKINCENSE
(Boswellia carteri)
Friar's Cap
Friar's Cowl
GALBANUM
Fragaria vesca
Frangula Bark
(Artemisia dracunculus)
G-12, 316
FOX'S C l o t e
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-4, 50
G-17, 496
G-13, 353
FRENCH TARRAGON
G-12, 316
FORGET-ME-NOT
(Myosotis
Fraxinus excelsior
Fraxinus ornus
French Lilac
Gadrose
Gaglee
Gagroot
Galanga
Galangal
Galanthus nivalis
FOOL'S PARSLEY
(Aethusa cynapium)
FISH BERRY
(Anamirta cocculus)
G-12, 313
Flax Weed
G-21, 650
Flaxseed
G-12, 313
Flaxseed Oil Capsules
(Advanced Nutritional, Rx
Vitamins)
313
Flaxweed
840
Flea Wort
(Erigeron canadensis) . . . . G-7, 144
Flea Wort (Plantago afra) . G-20, 616
Fleaseed
G-20, 616
Flesh and Blood
G-8, 192
Fliggers
G-19, 561
Florentine Orris
G-19, 561
Florida Holly
117
Flower Velure
G-9, 209
Flowering Ash
G-17, 496
Flowering Sally
G-20, 620
Flowering Wintergreen
85
Fluellin
840
Fluffweed
G-IS, 532
Flux Root
FIELD SCABIOUS
(Knautia arvensis)
FLAX
Galega officinalis
Galeopsis segetum
Galipea officinalis
Galium aparine
Galium odoratum
Galium verum
Gallinaccia Oak
Gallwort
G-25, 791
46
G-ie, 479
467
467
700
323
G-13, 353
G-13, 389
34
193
G-24, 751
G-15, 455
550
840
GAMBIR
319
G-7, 130
(Uncaria species)
Gambodia
324
G-12, 325
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT TABLETS / I - 1 7
GAMBOGE
(Garcinia hanburyi) . . . . G-12, 3 2 5
Ganja
G-17, 5 0 0
Garbato Tambor Hausca
160
G-12, 3 2 5
Garcinia hanburyi
Garden Angelica
. . G-3, 3 2
Garden Artichoke
. G-4, 4 4
GARDEN CRESS
(Lepidium sativum)
Garden Mint
Garden Nightshade
Garden Violet
Garden-Poppy
Gargaut
Garl-Action Tablets
(Action Labs)
G-12, 3 2 6
G-23, 7 0 9
G-6, 101
G-24, 7 5 0
G-20, 6 0 9
467
. . 327
GARLIC
(Allium sativum)
G-12, 3 2 7
Garlic Capsules (Bio-Tech,
Cardinal, Frontier, Key
Co., Major, Mason
Vitamins, National
Vitamin)
. . . . 327
Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets
(Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . . 3 2 7
Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules
327
(Republic)
Garlic Oil Capsules
(Advanced Nutritional,
Apothecary, Basic
Vitamins, Bergen
Brunswig, Family
Pharmacy, Health Products,
Mason Vitamins, Medicine
Shoppe, Nature Made,
Nature's Bounty, Perrigo) . . . . 3 2 7
Garlic Oil Natural Capsules
(Cardinal, Rexall
327
Consumer)
Garlic Power Tablets
. . .327
(Nature's Herbs)
Garlic Sage
ci-26, 8 2 6
Garlic Tablets (ADH,
American Pharmaceutical,
Apothecary, Basic
Vitamins, Bergen
Brunswig, Celestial
Seasonings, Contract
Pharmacal, Family
Pharmacy, Freeda, Mason
Vitamins, Medicine
Shoppe, National Vitamin ,
Naturalife, Nature's
Bounty, Perrigo, Republic ,
327
Zenith Goldline)
Garlicin Tablets
.327
(Nature's Way)
Garlic-X Tablets
(Mason Vitamins)
327
Garlin Tablets (Major) . . . .
.327
Garlique Enteric Coated
Tablets (Sunsource)
.327
Garlique Tablets (Sunsource ) .. . 3 2 7
G-7 130
Gas Plant
Gatten
G-25 i 791
Gatter
G-25 , 791
.820
Gaultheria procumbens
Gay-Feather
G-17 , 5 0 3
Gelidium amansii
. .9
Gelsemin
.838
838
Gelsemium sempervirens
Genista tinctoria
G-10 , 2 6 0
Gentian
.836
.836
Gentian Root
.836
Gentiana lutea
Geranium
.233
Geranium maculatum
233
G-14 3 9 3
Geranium robertianum . . . .
GERMAN CHAMOMILE
(Matricaria recutita) . . . .
G-12 331
GERMAN IPECAC
(Cynanchum vincetoxicum)
335
GERMAN SARSAPARILLA
(Carex arenaria)
336
GERMANDER
(Teucrium chamaedrys)
Geum
Geum rivale
Geum urbanum
Gharghar
Giant Kelp
G-12, 337
G-4 , 71
G-25, 7 9 4
G-4 , 71
660
122
GIANT MILKWEED
(Calotropis gigantea)
Giant Swallow Root
Gillenia
Gillenia trifoliata
338
338
421
421
Gill-Go-over-the-Ground
Gill-to-by-the-Hedge
Gillyflower
Gin-Action Tablets
(Action Labs)
Ginepro
Gingelly
372
372
G-25, 792
346
G-15, 440
688
GINGER
(Zingiber officinale)
G-12, 339
Ginger Capsules (Mason
Vitamins, Sundown)
339
Ginger Kid Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
339
Ginger Liquid (McZand)
339
Ginger Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
339
Ginger Root Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig, Frontier,
Herbal Harvest, Mason
Vitamins, Nature's Bounty,
Nature's Resource, Nature's
Way, Perrigo, Rexall
Consumer)
339
Ginger Root Oil (Aura Cacia) . . 339
Ginkai Tablets (Lichtwer) . G-29, 342
GinkAlert Tablets
(Mason Vitamins)
342
GINKGO
(Ginkgo biloba)
G-12, 342
Ginkgo biloba
G-12, 342
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
(ADH, Bergen Brunswig,
Cardinal, Celestial
Seasonings, Major, Mason
Vitamins, Naturalife,
Nature's Resource, Rexall
Consumer, Rexall Managed
Care, Sundown, Zenith
Goldline) .. *
342
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
(Natrol)
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Capsules (Humco, Mason
Vitamins, National
Vitamin, Neurovites)
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Tablets (Herbal Harvest,
Nature's Bounty)
342
342
342
1 - 1 8 / G I N K G O BILOBA LIQUID
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Ginkgo Biloba Liquid
(Pharmaceutical Labs)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Plus Capsules
(Apothecary)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Premium
Extract Capsules
(Futurebiotics)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Premium
Extract Tablets
(Futurebiotics)
342
Ginkgo Biloba Standardized
Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
c-30, 342
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets
(Major, Natrol, Nature
Made, Reese)
342
Ginkgo Capsules (McZand)
342
Ginkgo Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
Ginkgo Liquid (McZand)
342
342
Ginseng Chinese Liquid
(McZand)
346
Ginseng Complex Capsules
(Herbal Harvest, Nature's
Bounty, Rexall Consumer) . . . . 3 4 6
Ginseng Complex Korean
Capsules (Mason Vitamins) . . . 346
Ginseng Concentrate Capsules
(McKesson)
346
Ginseng Energy Capsules
(Celestial Seasonings)
346
Ginseng Korean Capsules
(Advanced Nutritional,
Health Products, Major,
Mason Vitamins, National
Vitamin, Nature's Bounty,
Zenith Goldline)
346
Ginseng Korean Standardized
Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
346
Ginseng Up Capsules
(Nature's Bounty)
Ginseng Vitamin Capsules
(Family Pharmacy)
Giroflier
Gladdon
Gladyne
Glechoma hederacea
Globe Amaranth
Globe Artichoke
Globe Crowfoot
(Trollius europaeus)
Globe Ranunculus
Globe Trollius
Gloves of Our Lady
Glycine soja
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Gnaphalium uliginosum
(Andira araroba)
342
Ginseng Liquid
(Pharmaceutical Labs)
Goat's Arrach
Goat's Leaf
346
Ginkgo-Go Tablets
(Wakunaga)
Goat's Pod
342
Ginkgold Tablets
(Nature's Way)
Ginseng Manchurian Capsules
(Nature's Bounty)
346
342
Ginseng Natural Tablets
(Bergen Brunswig)
346
Ginseng Power Max 4X
Capsules (Action Labs)
346
Ginseng Power Max 4X
Liquid (Action Labs)
346
Ginseng Root Korean White
Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig)
346
346
Ginseng Root Siberian
Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Nature's
Resource)
346
346
Ginseng Root Tablets
(Rexall Consumer)
346
Ginkgo Tablets (Mericon)
342
Ginkoba Tablets
(Pharmaton)
Ginsai Capsules (Lichtwer)
G-29, 342
346
Ginsana Capsules
(Pharmaton)
G-29, 346
Ginsana Chewable Tablets
(Pharmaton)
G-29, 346
GINSENG
(Panax ginseng)
Ginseng American Capsules
(ADH)
Ginseng American Liquid
(McZand)
Ginseng Capsules (American
Pharmacal, Basic Vitamins,
Bergen Brunswig, Contract
Pharmacal, Major,
McKesson, Naturalife,
Perrigo)
Ginseng Chinese Capsules
(ADH)
. 346
G-12, 351
G-12, 351
G-12, 351
G-IO, 248
G-22, 707
G-ie, 469
236
GOA POWDER
346
(Irwin)
346
G-25, 792
G-7, 138
G-19, 56i
372
133
G-4, 44
G-12, 351
GLOBE FLOWER
Ginseng Korean Tablets
(Mason Vitamins)
Ginkgo Smart Capsules
346
352
43
399
G-8, 165
GOAT'S RUE
(Galega officinalis)
G-13, 353
Goatweed
(Aegopodium podagrarid) .G-13, 361
Goatweed
(Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719
God's-Hair
38i
Gold Chain
215
Gold Cup
133
Goldbloom
G-17, 497
Goldcup
128
Golden Chain
452
Golden Daisy
563
Golden Groundsel
354
Golden Moss
215
GOLDEN RAGWORT
Ginseng Siberian Capsules
(Apothecary, Cardinal,
Major, Mason Vitamins,
Rexall Consumer) ..
346
346
Ginseng Siberian Liquid
(McZand)
346
346
Ginseng Siberian Tablets
(Nature's Bounty)
346
(Senecio aureus)
354
Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea)
G-11, 289
Golden Rod
(Verbascum densiflorum)
G-18, 532
Golden Seal Capsules
(National Vitamin)
355
Golden Seal Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
355
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
GROUND LILY / I - 1 9
Golden Seal Root Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig, Herbal
Harvest, Major, McKesson,
Nature's Bounty, Nature's
Herbs, Nature's Way,
Zenith Goldline)
Golden Senecio
355
354
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
(Cassia fistula)
G-13, 354
GOLDENSEAL
(Hydrastis canadensis)
. G-13, 355
Goldenseal
563
Goldenseal Capsules
(ADH, Mason Vitamins)
355
Goldenseal Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
355
Goldenseal Liquid (McZand) . . 355
Goldenseal Plus Capsules
(Key Co.)
355
Goldenseal Root Alcohol
Free Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
355
Goldenseal Root Capsules
(Apothecary, Frontier,
Humco, Mason Vitamins,
Nature Made, Nature's
Resource, Perrigo, Rexall
Consumer, Sundown)
355
Goldilocks
417
Golds
G-17, 497
GOLDTHREAD
(Coptis trifolia)
358
Goldy Star
G-4, 71
Goonteh
435
Goose Grass
193
Goose Tansy
G-20, 610
Goosebill
193
Goosefoot
43
Goosegrass (Galium aparine) .. .193
Goosegrass
(Potentilla anserina)
G-20, 610
Goosewort
G-20, 610
Go-Qi-Zi
487
Gosling Weed
193
Gossypium herbaceum
G-16, 468
Gossypium hirsutum
228
GOTU KOLA
(Centella asiatica)
G-13, 359
Gotu Kola Capsules (ADH,
Bergen Brunswig, Frontier,
Major, Mason Vitamins,
Nature's Resource, Rexall
Consumer, Sundown,
Zenith Goldline)
359
Gotu Kola Herb Capsules
(McKesson)
359
Gotu Kola Herb Liquid
(Nature's Way)
359
Gotu Kola Liquid (McZand) . . . . 359
Gout Herb
G-13, 36i
Goutberry
G-6, 104
(Aegopodium podagraria) .G-13, 361
GoUtWOlt
G-13, 361
Grain
Grains of Paradise
G-18, 551
G-8, 165
(Aframomum melegueta) . G-13, 362
G-19^73
GRAPE
G-13, 3 6 2
Grape Seed Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig)
362
Grape Seed Extract Capsules
(Major, Rexall Consumer,
Sundown)
362
Grapeholly
G-18, 527
Grapeseed Extract Capsules
(Nature's Bounty)
362
Grapple Plant
247
Grass
G-17, 500
Grass Myrtle
G-7, 138
Gratiola
G-i3, 385
Gratiola officinalis
G-13, 385
Gravel Plant
768
Gray Beard Tree
G-12, 321
Gray Nicker
253
GRAY WALLFLOWER
(Erysimum diffusum)
365
GREAT BURNET
(Sanguisorba officinalis) . G-13, 366
Great Burr
Great Morel
Great Ox-Eye
Great Raifort
Greater Ammi
Grecian Laurel
Greek Hay Seed
Greek Nuts
G-7, 128
G-4, 69
563
G-14, 408
G-5, SI
G-13, 367
G-15, 459
G-11, 304
15
GREEK SAGE
(Salvia triloba)
Green
Green
Green
Green
Bean
Broom
Endive
Ginger
367
G-4, 65
G-10, 260
453
G-26, 829
GREEN HELLEBORE
Green Mint
Green Ozier
Green Sauce
368
G-23, 709
G-IO, 256
827
GREEN TEA
(Camellia sinensis)
GRAINS-OF-PARADISE
(Vitis vinifera)
(Calystegia sepium)
(Helleborus viridis)
GOUTWEED
Granadilla
GREATER BINDWEED
G-13, 369
Green Tea Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig, Natrol) ....369
Green Tea Extract Capsules
(Celestial Seasonings)
369
Green Tea Leaf, Alcohol
Free Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
369
Green Tea Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
369
Green Tea Power, CaffeineFree Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
369
Green Tea Tablets
(Futurebiotics)
369
Greenweed
G-IO, 260
Grenadier
G-20, 605
Grindelia
379
Grindelia species
379
Grip Grass
193
Groats
G-18, 551
Ground Apple
G-10, 270
Ground Berry
820
Ground Elder
G-13, 361
Ground Furze
G-23, 713
Ground Glutton
374
Ground Holly
595
GROUND IVY
(Glechoma hederacea)
Ground Laurel
Ground Lemon
Ground Lily
372
768
G-17, 510
G-4, 74
1 - 2 0 / G R O U N D PINE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
GROUND PINE
(Ajuga chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
Ground Raspberry
Ground Thistle
Groundbread
Groundnuts
G-13, 355
151
240
575
Gum Plant
G-9, 212
Gum Senegal
378
Gum Tree
{Eucalyptus globulus) . . . .G-11, 283
Gum Tree
{Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734
Gummigutta
G-12, 325
GROUNDSEL
(Senecio vulgaris)
374
Grundy Swallow
{Senecio aureus)
Grundy Swallow
{Senecio vulgaris)
G-Sana Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
354
374
346
GUAIAC
(Guaiacum officinale)
375
Guaiacum
Guaiacum officinale
375
375
GUAR GUM
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
. . . . 376
Guar Gum Powder (Freeda)
376
GUARANA
(Paullinia
cupana)
376
Guarana Bread
376
Guarana Capsules
(Mason Vitamins, Natrol)
376
Guarana Seed Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
376
Guarana Tablets (Apothecary,
National Vitamin,
Sundown)
376
Guelder Rose
G-5, 96
Guggal Gum
G-18, 534
Guggal Resin
G-IS, 534
Guggul Resin Capsules
(Frontier)
534
Guinea Corn
121
Guinea Grains
G-13, 362
Guinea Rush
G-3, 6
Guinea Sorrel
G-14, 394
Gum Acacia
378
GUM ARABIC
(Acabia Senegal)
Gum
Gum
Gum
Gum
Gum
Gum
Asafoetida
Bush
Camphor
Dragon
Euphorbium
Ivy
378
47
84i
G-7, 143
767
7ie
G-IO, 275
GUMWEED
(Grindelia species)
379
Gunga
Guraea rusbyi
Guru Nut
Gutta Cambodia
Gutta Gamba
Gypsy Flower
Gypsywort
435
198
205
G-12, 325
G-12, 325
410
G-6, 126
H
H. Lignum
Hackmatack
Haematoxyion campechianum
Hagenia abyssinica
Hag's Taper
Hair of Venus
Hairy Mint
Hallelujah
Hallfoot
Hamamelis
Hamamelis virginiana
Hamburg Parsley
Handflower
Happy Major
Hardback
Hardhack
Hardhay
Hardock
Hareburr
Hare's Beard
480
G-24, 759
. . . 480
450
G-18, 532
491
G-26, 813
827
G-9, 209
G-26, 821
G-26, 821
G-19, 567
G-25, 792
G-7, 128
G-23, 733
G-23, 733
G-23, 719
G-7, 128
G-7, 128
G-18, 532
HARONGA
(Haronga
madagascariensis)
Haronga madagascariensis
Harpagophytum procumbens
Hart's Tree
Hart's Truffle
Hartshorn
380
380
. . . . 247
G-24, 744
618
G-6, 123
HARTSTONGUE
(Scolopendrium vulgare)
Haw
Hawthorn
38i
271
G-IO, 271
G-IO,
Hawthorn Berries Capsules
(Nature's Resource,
Nature's Way)
271
Hawthorn Berries Liquid
(Nature's Way)
271
Hawthorn Berry Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
271
Hawthorn Capsules (McZand) . . . 271
Hawthorn Extract Capsules
(Humco)
271
Hawthorn Flowers Leaves &
Berries Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
271
Hawthorn Liquid (McZand)
271
Hawthorn Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
271
Hawthorn Tablets (Naturalife) . . . 271
Hawthorne Berries Capsules
(Frontier, Herbal Harvest,
Nature's Bounty, Sundown) . . .271
Hawthorne Capsules (ADH) . . . 271
Hay Flowers
G-24, 744
Haymaids
372
Hayriffe
193
Hayruff
193
Hazel Nut
G-26, 821
Hazelwort
48
Headache
223
Headsman
G-11, 278
Headwark
223
Heal-All
{Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733
Heal-All
{Prunella vulgaris)
G-22, 68i
Heal-All
{Scrophularia nodosa) . . . G-11, 311
Healing Herb
G-9, 212
Heart of the Earth
G-22, 681
HeartCare Hawthorn Extract
Tablets (Nature's Way)
271
HEARTSEASE
(Viola tricolor)
382
HEATHER
(Calluna vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hedera helix
Hedge Convolvulus
Hedge Fumitory
Hedge Lily
G-IO, 275
G-13, 367
G-12, 322
G-13, 367
HEDGE MUSTARD
(Sisymbrium officinale)
Hedge-Burs
384
193
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDE X
HORSE CHESTNUT POWER C A P S U L E S / I - 2 1
Hedgeheriff
193
(Geranium robertianum) . G-14, 393
HEDGE-HYSSOP
(Gratiola officinalis)
G-13, 385
Hedgemaids
372
Hedge-Taper
G-IS, 532
Helianthemum canadense . . G-12, 321
Helianthus annuus
G-23, 741
Helichrysum arenarium
417
Heliotrope
G-2S, 783
Helleborus niger
G-5, 97
Helleborus viridis
368
Hellweed
G-IO, 254
Helmet Flower
G-22, 678
Helonias Root
301
HEMLOCK
(Conium maculatum)
Hemlock Bark
Hemlock Gum
Hemlock Spruce
G-13, 386
G-19, 594
G-19, 594
714
HEMP AGRIMONY
(Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
HEMPNETTLE
(Galeopsis segetum)
Hen Bell
G-13, 389
G-14, 389
HENBANE
(Hyoscyamus niger)
Hendibeh
G-14, 389
G-8, ISI
HENNA
(Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Henne
G-14, 391
Hens and Chickens
G-14, 411
Hep Tree
G-10, 254
Hepatica nobilis
26
Heracleum sphondylium . . . G-14, 396
Herb Bennet
(Conium maculatum)
G-13, 386
Herb Bennet
(Geum urbanum)
G-4, 71
Herb Christopher
eo
Herb Gerard
G-13, 36i
Herb Louisa
463
Herb Margaret
563
Herb of the Cross
G-25, 788
HERB PARIS
(Paris quadrifolia)
Herb Peterpaigle
HERB ROBERT
G-14, 392
231
Herb Trinity
26
Herb Twopence
G-17, 520
Herbal Eyebright Capsules
(Nature's Way)
300
Herbal Sure Aloe Vera
Softgels (Nature's Bounty)
16
Herbal Sure Chinese Red
Ginseng Capsules
(Nature's Bounty)
346
Herbal Sure Extracts
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) .-. . .75
Herbal Sure Feverfew
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . . 306
Herbal Sure Ginger Root
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .339
Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .355
Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .346
Herbal Sure Maximum
Strength Ginkgo Biloba
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .342
Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .664
Herbal Sure Valerian Root
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .783
Herb-of-Grace
(Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
Herb-of-Grace
(Verbena officinalis)
G-25, 788
Herbygrass
G-21, 648
Hercules Woundwort
G-22, 68i
Herniaria glabra
G-21, eso
Herniary
G-21, eso
HIBISCUS
(Hibiscus sabdariffa)
Hibiscus sabdariffa
High Alicin Garlic Tablets
(Futurebiotics)
High Balm
High Cranberry
G-14, 394
G-14, 394
327
562
G-S, 96
HIGH MALLOW
(Malva sylvestris)
High Potency Garlic Oil
Capsules (Nature Made)
Highwaythorn
Hillberry
Hind Heal
Hindheal
G-14, 395
Hind's Tongue
381
Hini
104
Hip
G-10, 254
Hip Fruit
G-10, 254
Hippophae rhamnoides . . . . .G-22, 680
Hock-Heal
G-22, 68i
Hog Apple
G-17, 510
Hogbean
G-14, 389
Hogseed
G-10, 254
HOGWEED
(Heracleum sphondylium)
Hogweed
Holigold
Holligold
.G-14, 396
G-15, 448
G-17, 497
G-17, 497
HOLLY
(Ilex aquifolium)
Holly Bay
Holly Thistle
G-14, 397
490
G-6, 107
HOLLYHOCK
(Alcea rosea)
G-14, 398
Holly-Leaved Berberis
G-IS, 527
Holm
G-14, 397
Holme Chase
G-14, 397
Holy Herb
84i
Holy Rope
G-13, 388
Holy Tree
(Antelaea azadirachta) . . G-18, 539
Holy Tree (Ilex aquifolium) G-14, 397
Honey Plant
G-16, 461
Honeybloom
418
HONEYSUCKLE
(Lonicera caprifolium)
Hoodwort
Hop Fruit
399
G-22, 678
G-10, 254
HOPS
(Humulus lupulus)
Hordeum distichon
G-14, 400
G-4, 63
HOREHOUND
(Marrubium vulgare)
Horehound
Hornseed
Horse Blobs
HORSE CHESTNUT
>
G-14, 401
G-S, 98
. . . 280
G-17, 503
327
(Aesculus
G-6, 123
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
820
G-26, 826
Horse Chestnut Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .403
G-24, 754 I
1-22/HORSE CHESTNUT STANDARDIZED CAPSULES
Horse Chestnut Standardized
Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
403
Horse Daisy
563
Horse Gowan
563
Horse Tongue
381
Horse Willow
G-14, 409
Horsebane
(Oenanthe aquatica)
G-25, 796
Horsebane
(Oenanthe crocata)
795
Horse-Elder
G-IO, 266
Horse-Fly Weed
G-26, 812
Horse-Foot
G-9, 209
Horseheal
G-10, 266
Horsehoof
G-9, 209
HORSEMINT
(Monarda
punctata)
407
HORSERADISH
(Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
G-14, 409
Horsetail Grass
G-14, 409
Horsetail Grass Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Way)
409
Horsetail Liquid (McZand)
409
Horsetail Rush
G-14, 409
Horseweed
(Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733
Horseweed
(Erigeron canadensis) . . . . G-7, 144
Houndsbane
410
G-14, 401
HOUSELEEK
(Sempervivum tectorum) . G-14, 411
Huang-Qi
Huckleberry
Hulm
Hulver Bush
Hulver Tree
Hummingbird Tree
Humulus lupulus
Hundred-Leaved Rose
Hungarian Pepper
Huntsman's Cup
Hurtleberry
Hurts
Hurtsickle
Husked Nut
54
HWEMA BARK
(Corynanthe
pachyceras)
Hydnocarpus
Hydnocarpus species
. . .54
G-S, 75
G-14, 397
G-i4, 397
G-14, 397
G-4, 59
G-14, 400
644
G-8, 165
G-20, 596
G-5, 75
G-S, 75
G-9, 225
708
412
177
177
HYDRANGEA
(Hydrangea arborescens)
G-14, 413
Hydrangea arborescens . . . G-14, 413
Hydrastis canadensis
G-13, 355
Hydrocotyle
G-13, 359
Hyoscyamus niger
G-14, 389
Hypericalm Capsules
(Enzymatic Therapy)
719
Hypericum perforatum
G-23, 719
Hypericum Perforatum (auro
cultum) 1/24 Injection
(Weleda)
719
Hypoxis rooperi
7
HYSSOP
. . . G-15, 414
Hyssop Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Hyssopus officinalis
Iberis amara
Ice Vine
Iceland Lichen
414
G-15, 414
84
566
415
ICELAND MOSS
(Cetraria islandica)
HOUND'S TONGUE
(Cynoglossum officinale)
Hwanggi
(Hyssopus officinalis)
HORSETAIL
(Equisetum arvense)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
415
IGNATIUS BEANS
(Strychnos ignatii)
Ilex aquifolium
Ilex paraguariensis
Illicium verum
Imlee
. . . 416
G-14, 397
G-17, 508
G-23, 725
753
IMMORTELLE
(Helichrysum arenarium)
Impatiens biflora
India Root
India Senna
Indian Apple
Indian Arrowroot
Indian Balm
Indian Balmony
Indian Bark
Indian Chocolate
Indian Corn
417
436
467
G-22, 684
G-17,510
G-25, 791
G-4, 74
187
490
G-25, 794
224
Indian Cress
(Nasturtium officinale)
798
Indian Cress
(Tropaeolum majus)
G-18, 537
Indian Dye
G-13, 355
Indian Gentian
187
Indian Gum (Acacia arabica)
3
Indian Gum
(Silphium perfoliatum) . . . G-9, 238
Indian Hemp
G-17, 500
Indian Hippo
421
Indian Horseradish
67
Indian Laburnum
G-13, 354
Indian Liquorice
435
Indian Nard
433
INDIAN NETTLE
(Acalypha indica)
419
Indian Paint
(Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355
Indian Paint
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
108
Indian Pennywort
G-13, 359
INDIAN PHYSIC
(Gillenia trifoliata)
421
Indian Pink
594
Indian Plant
(Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355
Indian Plant
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
108
Indian Plantago
612
Indian Poke
25
Indian Root
G-23, 711
Indian Sage
G-e, 113
Indian Shamrock
G-4, 74
Indian Spikenard
433
INDIAN SQUILL
(Urginea indica)
Indian Tobacco
421
G-16, 479
INDIAN-HEMP
(Apocynum cannabinum)
Indian-Hemp
Inkberry
Intoxicating Pepper
Inula britannica
Inula helenium
418
418
G-20, 602
G-15, 443 <
119
G-10, 266
IPECAC
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
Ipecacuanha
Ipecacuanha Rio
423
423
423
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Ipomoea
Ipomoea hederacea
Ipomoea orizabensis
Ipomoea purga
KEIRI /I-23
514
523
514
G-15, 427
IPORURU
(Alchornea floribunda)
IriS
Iris species
Irish Moss
Irish Tops
Ispaghula
Italian Fitch
Italian Jasmine
Italian Limetta
Itchweed
Ivy
Ivy-Leafed Cyclamen
424
G-19, 561
G-19, 561
152
G-22, 672
612
G-13, 353
G-15, 432
G-16, 476
25
G-3, 26
240
JABORANDI
^,
(Pilocarpus
microphyllus)
JAPANESE ATRACTYLODES
(Atractylodes japonic a)
Japanese Belladonna
Japanese Bell-Flower
Japanese Isinglass
JUNIPER
430
67i
58
9
JAPANESE MINT
(Mentha arvensis
piperascens)
431
JASMINE
(Jasminum officinale) . . . G-15, 432
Jasminum officinale
G-15, 432
JATAMANSI
(Nardostachys jatamansi)
Jateorhiza palmata
Jaundice Berry
Jaundice Root
Java Pepper
Java Plum
433
208
G-4, 61
G-13, 355
235
429
(Juniperus communis) . . . G-15, 440
Juniper Berry
Juniper Berry Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Juniper Berry Oil
(Aura Cacia)
Juniperus communis
Juniperus sabina
Juno's Tears
Jupiter's Bean
Jupiter's Beard
Jupiter's Eye
Jupiter's Nut
Justicia adhatoda
G-15, 440
440
440
G-15, 440
G-21, 663
G-25, 788
G-14, 389
G-14, 411
G-14, 411
708
G-17, 492
K
Kadsura Fruit
Kadsura japonica
Kalmia latifolia
301
301
G-IS, 528
JAVA TEA
G-15, 425
(Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
KAMALA
(Mallotus philippinensis)
442
JEQUIRITY
Jach-of-the-Buttery
215
JACK-1N-THE-PULPIT
(Arisaema atrorubens)
Jack-Jump-About
426
G-13, 361
JACOB'S LADDER
(Polemonium caeruleum)
Jacob's Ladder
Jacob's Staff
Jacob's Sword
G-15, 427
G-ie, 475
G-18, 532
G-19, 561
JALAP
(Ipomoea purga)
G-15, 427
Jalap {Ipomoea orizabensis)
....514
Jalap
{Phytolacca americana) . .G-20, 602
JAMAICA DOGWOOD
m*
(Piscidia piscipula)
428
Jamaica Mignonette
Jamaica Pepper
Jamaica Sorrel
G-14, 391
590
G-14, 394
JAMBOLAN
(Syzygium cumini)
Jambul
Jamestown Weed
Jamguarandi
Jamum
429
429
G-15, 436
G-IS, 425
429
(Abrus precatorius)
. .
Jersey Tea
Jesuit's Bark
Jesuit's Tea (Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
Jesuit's Tea
(Ilex paraguariensis)
435
541
G-20, 626
G-26, 828
biflora)
Jew's Myrtle
Jew's-Harp Plant
Jie-Geng
436
G-7, 132
G-4, 74
58
JIMSON WEED
(Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
Johnny-Jump-Up
382
Jointed-Podded Charlock . . G-26, 814
JOJOBA
(Simmondsia chine sis) . . . G-15, 438
Jordan Almond
Juarandi
Juglans cinerea
Juglans regia
15
G-15, 425
134
G-25, 793
JUJUBE
(Zyzyphus jujube)
Jungle Weed
439
559
442
442
443
KAVA KAVA
(Piper methysticum)
G-17, 508
JEWEL WEED
(Impatiens
Kamcela
Kameela
Kava Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
G-15, 443
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Celestial
Seasonings, Humco, Mason
Vitamins, McZand,
Nature's Resource, Rexall
Consumer, Rexall Managed
Care, Sundown)
443
Kava Kava Extract Liquid
(Rainbow Light)
443
Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . .. 443
Kava Kava Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
443
Kava Kava Premium Extract
Capsules (Futurebiotics)
443
Kava Kava Root Capsules
(Frontier, Major, Naturalife,
Nature's Herbs, Nature's
Way)
443
Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443
Kawa
G-15, 443
Kecksies
G-13, 386
Keiri
G-25, 792
1-24 /KELP
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
KELP
KOMBE SEED
(Laminaria hyperborea)
446
Kelp Tablets (Major, Mason
Vitamins, National Vitamin) . 1 2 2
Kelpware
106
Kelp-Ware
106
Kernelwort
G-11, 311
KeX
G-13, 386
Key Flower
231
Key of Heaven
231
Kharbagehindi
589
KHAT
(Catha edulis)
Khella
Khella Fruits
Kid Chamomile Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Kidney Bean
Kidney Vetch
Kidney
wort
Kif
Kingcups
Kings and Queens
King's Clover
King's Crown
King's Cup
King's Cure
King's Cureall
(Chimaphila umbellata)
King's Cureall
{Oenothera biennis)
Kinnikinnick
Kira Tablets (Lichtwer)
Kiwach
Klamath Weed
Knautia arvensis
Knee Holly
Kneeholm
Knight's Spur
Knitback
Knitborie
Knob Grass
Knob Root
Knobweed
Knotgrass
Knotty Brake
447
G-5, SI
G-5, SI
331
G-4, 65
G-9, 214
26
G-17, 500
G-17, 503
46
G-24, 744
G-S, 96
128
595
Kola Tree
Kombe
450
Konsyl Easy Mix (Konsyl)
612
Konsyl for Kids (Konsyl)
612
Konsyl Powder Sugar Free
(Konsyl)
612
Kooso
450
Korean Ginseng
346
Korean Ginseng Capsules
(Herbal Harvest)
346
Korean Ginseng Extract
Capsules (Humco)
346
Korean Ginseng Root
Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .346
Korean White Ginseng
Capsules (Humco)
346
Kosso
450
KOUSSO
(Hagenia abyssinica)
450
Krameria Root
64i
Krameria triandra
641
Kwai Garlic Tablets
(Lichtwer)
G-29, 327
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract
Tablets (Wakunaga)
G-30, 327
Lady's Purse
Lady's Seals
Lady's Slipper
Ladysmock
Lamb Mint
(Mentha piperita)
Lamb Mint
(Mentha spicata)
Lambkill
Lamb's Quarters
Lamb's Toes
Lamb's Tongue
Laminaria
Laminaria hyperborea
Lamium album
Lancea
Land Whin
Langwort
Lappa
G-22, 690
G-22, 703
541
46
G-19, 580
G-23, 709
G-IS, 528
G-4, 74
G-9, 214
24
446
446
G-25, 806
706
G-23, 713
G-19, 585
G-7, 128
LARCH
(Larix decidua)
G-15, 457
Large Fennel
G-11, 302
Large-Leaved Germander . . G-26, 826
Larix decidua
G-15, 457
Lark Heel
G-IS, 458
Lark's Claw
G-15, 458
Lark's Toe
G-15, 458
LARKSPUR
595
(Delphinium consolida) . . G-15, 458
LABRADOR TEA
(Ledum latifolium)
G-11, 298
G-25, 779
G-29, 719
230
G-23, 719
G-11, 310
G-7, 132
G-7, 132
G-IS, 458
G-9, 212
G-9, 212
G-23, 733
G-23, 733
G-23, 733
G-15,448
G-17, 493
.. G-15, 448
205
736
451
LABURNUM
(Cytisus laburnum) . . . .
Lactuca virosa
453
Ladder-to-Heaven
Ladies Fingers
Ladies' Glove
Ladies Seal
Lady Bleeding
G-ie, 475
G-9, 214
G-IO, 248
G-25, 800
G-3, 22
LADY FERN
Lady of the Meadow
. . G-15, 454
G-17, 511
LADY'S BEDSTRAW
G-15, 455
LADY'S MANTLE
(Alchemilla vulgaris)
Lady's Nightcap
840
G-22, 701
LAUREL
. . . . . . 453
(Lactuca virosa)
(Athyrium filix-femina)
Larkspur Lion's Mouth
Latherwort
452
LACTUCARIUM
(Galium verum)
KNOTWEED
(Polygonum aviculare)
(Strophanthus hispidus)
G-15, 456
G-13, 367
(Laurus nobilis)
Laurel
Laurel Camphor
Laurus nobilis
Lavandula angustifolia
Lavender
G-15, 459
G-IS, 528
G-7, 143
G-15, 459
G-IO, 277
G-IO, 277
LAVENDER COTTON
(Santolina
chamaecyparissias)
Lavose
Lawsonia inermis
Leather Bergenia
Ledum latifolium
Lemna minor
G-ie, 460
G-ie, 482
G-14, 391
268
451
G-IO, 258
LEMON
(Citrus limon)
460
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
LYNAE GINSE-COOL CHEWABLE TABLETS /1-25
LEMON BALM
(Melissa officinalis)
G-16, 461
LEMON VERBENA
(Aloysia triphylla)
463
Lemon Walnut
134
LEMONGRASS
(Cymbopogon citratus)
. .
Lemon-Scented Verbena
.G-16,
465
463
LEMON-WOOD
(Schisandra sphenanthera)
Lemonwood
Lent Lily
Lentisk
Leontopodium
Leonurus cardiaca
Leonurus japonicus
Leopard's Bane
Leopard's Foot
Lepidium sativum
Leptandra virginica
. . . . 464
669
243
G-17, sos
G-15, 456
G-18, 524
183
41
G-17, 503
G-12, 326
104
LESSER CELANDINE
(Ranunculus ficaria)
Lesser Dodder
466
G-10, 254
LESSER GALANGAL
(Alpinia officinarum)
Lesser Hemlock
Lettuce Opium
Levant
467
G-12, 316
453
827
LEVANT COTTON
(Gossypium herbaceum)
. G-ie, 468
Levant Nut
Levant Salep
Levisticum officinale
Liatris spicata
Lichwort
312
657
G-ie, 482
G-17, 503
578
LICORICE
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-ie, 469
Licorice Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
469
Licorice Liquid (McZand)
469
Licorice Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
469
Licorice Root Capsules
(Frontier, Major, Nature's
Bounty, Nature's Way,
Sundown)
469
Life Everlasting
G-8, 162
Life of Man
G-23, 711
Life Root (Senecio aureus)
Life Root
{Senecio nemorensis)
Lignum Vitae
Lilium candidum
Lilium martagon
Lily Constancy
354
21
375
804
506
G-16, 475
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
(Convallaria
majalis)
LIME
(Citrus aurantifolia)
Lime
Limette
Limon
Linaria vulgaris
480
Lolium temulentum
Long Purples
Long-Bladder Kelp
Lonicera caprifolium
G-24, 756
G-20, 620
122
399
LOOSESTRIFE
G-16, 475
(Lysimachia vulgaris)
. . . .G-16, 481
G-16, 476
Loosestrife
Lophophora williamsii
Lords and Ladies
G-20, 620
G-19, 588
46
G-16, 477
G-16, 476
460
840
LOTUS
(Nelumbo nucifera)
G-16, 481
Lousewort
726
LOVAGE
LINDEN
(Tilia
LOGWOOD
(Haematoxylon
campechianum)
species)
G-16, 477
Ling
G-13, 383
Linn Flowers
G-16, 477
Linseed
G-12, 313
Lint Bells
G-12, 313
Linum catharticum
526
Linum usitatissimum
G-12, 313
Linum-20 Capsules (Key Co.) .. 313
Lion's Ear
G-18, 524
Lion's Foot
G-IS, 456
Lion's Mouth
G-10, 248
Lion's Tail
G-18, 524
Lion's Tooth
G-9, 245
Liquid Amber
G-23, 734
Liquidambar orientalis
G-23, 734
Liriodendron tulipifera
774
Lithospermum erytrorhizon
619
Little Dragon
G-12, 320
Little Pollom
ss
Liveforever
G-14, 411
Liver Lily
G-19, sei
Liverleaf
26
Liverweed
26
Liverwort
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Liverwort (Hepatica nobilis)
26
Lizzy-Run-up-the-Hedge
372
Lobaria pulmonaria
484
LOBELIA
(Lobelia inflata)
Lobelia inflata
Locust Bean
Locust Pods
G-16, 479
G-16, 479
G-7, 151
G-7, 151
(Levisticum officinale) . . . .G-16, 482
Love Apple
Love in Winter
Love Leaves
Love-Lies-Bleeding
Lovely Bleeding
Love-Man
Low Balm
Lucerne
G-24, 766
595
G-7, 128
G-3, 22
G-3, 22
193
562
G-3, 12
LUFFA
(Luffa aegyptica)
Luff
a
G-16, 483
aegyptica
G-16, 483
LUNGMOSS
(Lobaria pulmonaria)
484
LUNGWORT
(Pulmonaria officinalis)
Lungwort
Lupinus luteus
Lurk-in-the-Ditch
Lustwort
Lycium barbarum
.
.G-16,
485
484
839
579
740
487
LYCIUM BARK
(Lycium chinense)
486
LYCIUM BERRIES
(Lycium barbarum)
487
Lycium chinense
486
Lycoperdon species
618
Lycopersicon esculentum . . G-24, 766
Lycopodium clavatum
196
Lycopus virginicus
G-6, 126
Lynae Ginse-Cool Chewable
Tablets (Boscogen)
346
1-26/LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lysimachia nummularia . . . G-17, 520
Lysimachia vulgaris
G-16, 481
Lythrum
G-20, 620
Lythrum salicaria
G-20, 620
M
Mace
Mackerel Mint
Macochihua
Macrocystis pyrifera
Mad-Apple
G-18, 545
G-23, 709
424
122
G-15, 436
tinctorum)
G-16, 4 9 0
Madder Whole Root Liquid
(Herb Pharm)
490
Mad-Dog Weed (Alisma
plantago-aquatica)
G-3, 13
Mad-Dog Weed
{Scutellaria lateriflora) . . G-22, 678
Madonna Lily
804
Madweed
G-22, 678
MAGNOLIA
(Magnolia
glauca)
Magnolia glauca
Mahonia aquifolium
490
490
G-18, 527
MA-HUANG
494
Manchurian Ginseng Capsules
(Nature's Bounty)
346
Manchurian Ginseng Tablets
(Nature's Bounty)
346
Mandragora
G-17, 495
Mandragora officinarum . . G-17, 495
G-ie, 488
Maiden Fern
491
MAIDENHAIR
(Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
Maidenhair-Tree
Maid's Hair
Maize
491
G-12, 342
G-IS, 455
224
(Mandragora
officinarum)
(Justicia adhatoda)
G-17, 492
Malan
424
MALE FERN
filix-mas)
Male Shield Fern
Mallaguetta Pepper
Mallards
Mallotus philippinensis
Mallow
Malus domestica
Malva Flowers
Malva sylvestris
Mamaeire
.. . .G-17, 493
G-17, 493
G-13, 362
505
442
G - 1 4 , 395
G-4, 37
G-14, 398
G-14, 39s
G-19, 565
G-17, 497
G-17, 497
G-17, 497
594
G-24, 751
MASTERWORT
(Peucedanum ostruthium)
Masterwort
507
G-14, 396
MASTIC TREE
G-17, 495
G-17, 510
MANNA
(Fraxinus ornus)
G-17, 496
Manna Ash
Mapato
Maranta
Maranta arundinacea
Marcory
Marginal Fern
Marguerite
Marian Thistle
G-17, 496
641
43
43
729
G-17, 493
563
G-17, 516
MARIGOLD
(Calendula officinalis)
Marigold of Peru
. . G-17, 497
G-23, 741
(Cannabis sativa)
Marrubium
Marrubium vulgare
Marsdenia condurango
G-17, 500
G-14, 401
G-14, 401
216
MARSH BLAZING STAR
(Liatris spicata)
Marsh Clover
(Caltha palustris)
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Marsh
Mint
Penny
Stachys
Tea
G-17, 503
G-e, 110
G-17, 503
G-26, 813
G-13, 359
832
451
MARSHMALLOW
(Althaea officinalis)
G-17, 508
MATE
(Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
MATICO
(Piper elongatum)
509
Matricaria recutita
Matto Grosso
Maudlin Daisy
Maudlinwort
Mauls
Mawseed
G-12, 331
423
563
563
G-14, 395
G-20, 609
May
G-10, 271
May Bells
May Lily
May Rose
G-16, 475
G-16, 475
G-5, 96
MAYAPPLE
Mayflower
Maypop
Maytenus ilicifolia
Meadow Anemone
Meadow Cabbage
Meadow Lily
Meadow Queen
Meadow Routs
Meadow Runagates
Meadow Saffran
Meadow Saffron
Meadowbloom
{Ranunculus acris)
Meadowbloom
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
. G-17, 510
231
G-19, 573
218
572
696
804
G-17,511
G-17, 503
G-17,520
G-9, 206
G-9, 206
133
128
MEADOWSWEET
505
Marshmallow Root Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .505
Marshmallow Root Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
505
MARTAGON
(Lilium martagon)
(Pistacia lentiscus)
(Podophyllum peltatum)
MARSH MARIGOLD
MALABAR NUT
Mary Bud
Mary Gowles
Marybud
Maryland Pink
Master of the Wood
MANDRAKE
MARIJUANA
(Ephedra sinica)
(Dryopteris
(Brunfelsia hopeana)
Mandrake
MADDER
(Rubia
MANACA
506
(Filipendula ulmaria)
. . . .G-17, 511
Meadow-Wort
G-17, 511
Meadsweet
G-17, 511
Mealberry
G-25, 779
Medicago sativa
G-3, 12
Mega Primrose Oil Capsules
(Twinlab)
298
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
MOUNTAIN TOBACCO / I - 2 7
Mehndi
Melaleuca alternifolia
Melaleuca leucadendra
Melaleucea viridiflora
Melampode
Melegueta Pepper
Melilot
Melilotus officinalis
Melissa
Melissa Lemon Balm Herb
Capsules (Nature's Way)
Melissa officinalis
Melon Tree
Membranous Milk Vetch
Mendee
Mengkudu
Mentha aquatica
Mentha arvensis piperascens
Mentha longifolia
Mentha piperita
Mentha pulegium
Mentha spicata
Menyanthes trifoliata . . . . .
Mercurialis annua
G-i4, 391
757
G-7, 136
542
G-5, 97
G-13, 362
G-24, 744
G-24, 744
G-16, 461
461
G-16, 461
G-19, 565
54
G-14, 391
G-18, 544
G-26, 813
. . . . 431
G-10, 275
G-19, 580
579
G-23, 709
G-6, 110
G-17, 513
MERCURY HERB
(Mercurialis annua)
G-17, 513
Mescal Buttons
Metamucil
(Procter & Gamble)
Mexican Jalap
G-19, 588
G-30, 612
514
MEXICAN SCAMMONY ROOT
(Ipomoea orizabensis)
514
Mexican Tea
G-26, 828
Mexican Wild Yam Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
817
Mexican Wild Yam Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . .. .817
Mexico Seed
G-7, I S S
MEZEREON
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Middle Comfrey
Middle Confound
Midsummer Daisy
Mignonette Tree
Milfoil
Milk Ipecac
(Apocynum cannabinum)
Milk Ipecac
(Trillium erectum)
G-6, 125
G-e, 125
G - I I , 306
G-14, 391
G-26, 833
418
G-4, 74
MILK THISTLE
(Silybum marianum)
G-17, 516
Milk Thistle Capsules
(Major, Mason Vitamins,
McZand, Naturalife,
Nature's Bounty, Perrigo) . . . . 5ie
Milk Thistle Complex
Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
G-30, 516
Milk Thistle Extract Capsules
(Humco)
516
Milk Thistle Extract Liquid
(Rainbow Light)
sie
Milk Thistle Liquid
(McZand)
sie
Milk Thistle Phytosome
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .516
Milk Thistle Plus Tablets
(Rainbow Light)
sie
Milk Thistle Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs, Nature's
Resource)
sie
Milk Thistle SuperComplex
Tablets (Rainbow Light)
5ie
Milk Willow-Herb
G-20, 620
Milkweed
418
Milkwort
683
Mill Mountain
(Calamintha nepetd)
138
Mill Mountain
(Linum catharticum)
526
Mistletoe
G-11, 291
Mitrewort
G-9, 219
Moccasin Flower
541
Monarda didyma
562
Monarda Lutea
407
Monarda punctata
407
MONEYWORT
(Lysimachia nummularia)
G-17, 520
Moonflower
Moor Grass
Morinda citrifolia
Moringa oleifera
G-6, 110
G-20, 610
G-18, 544
67
MORNING GLORY
(Ipomoea hederacea)
523
Mortification Root
Morus nigra
Mosquito Plant
Mother of Rye
Mother of Thyme
Mother's Heart
505
99
579
280
G-26, S I S
G-22, 690
MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus cardiaca)
G-18, 524
MOUNTAIN ASH BERRY
(Sorbus aucuparia)
G-18, 525
MOUNTAIN AVENS
(Dryas octopetala)
526
Mountain Balm
(Calamintha nepetd)
Mountain Balm
(Eriodictyon californicum)
Mountain Balm
(Monarda didyma)
Mountain Box
Mountain Cranberry
Mountain Damson
Mountain Everlasting
138
. . . . 84i
562
G-25, 779
G-25, 779
695
G-8, 162
MOUNTAIN FLAX
(Linum catharticum)
Mountain Flax
526
683
MOUNTAIN GRAPE
(Mahonia aquifolium)
Mountain Grape
Mountain Ivy
. . . .G-18, 527
G-4, ei
G-18, 528
MOUNTAIN LAUREL
Monkey Flower
(Cypripedium calceolus)
Monkey Flower
(Linaria vulgaris)
Monkey Nuts
541
840
575
MONKSHOOD
(Aconitum napellus)
Mood Support Capsules
(Natrol)
Moon Daisy
Moon Flower
Moon Penny
G-i8, 521
719
563
563
563
(Kalmia latifolia)
Mountain Mint
(Calamintha nepetd)
Mountain Mint
(Monarda didyma)
Mountain Mint
(Origanum vulgare)
Mountain Pink
Mountain Radish
Mountain Strawberry
Mountain Tea
Mountain Tobacco
G-18, 528
138
562
G-19, 559
768
G-14, 408
G-23, 735
820
41
1-28 /MOUNTAIN-SWEET
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Mountain-Sweet
541
MOUSE EAR
(Pilosella officinarum)
529
Mouse Ear
Mousebane
Mousetail
236
G-IS, 521
215
Mouth Root
358
Mouth-Smart
Movana Tablets
(Pharmaton)
Mu Tong
Mucuna pruriens
Mudar Bark
Mudar Yercum
Muguet
G-6, 121
G-30, 719
189
230
141
141
G-16, 475
MUGWORT
(Artemisia vulgaris)
G-i8, 530
Mugwort
G-12, 320
534
G-24, 743
MYRTLE
(Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Myrtle Flag
Myrtle Flower
Myrtle Sedge
Myrtus Chekan
Myrtus communis
Mystyldene
G-7, 138
G-19, 561
G-7, 13s
178
G-18, 536
G - H , 291
olacoides)
531
MULLEIN
(Verbascum densiflorum)
Mullein Leaf Liquid
(Frontier)
Mullein Leaves Liquid
(Nature's Way)
Musa paradisiaca
.G-IS, 532
532
532
597
Musk Root
G-23, 738
MUSKMALLOW
(Abelmoschus moschatus)
533
Muskseed
533
Musquash Root
G-13, 386
Mustard
G-25, sos
Mutton Chops
193
Mu-Xiang
227
Mygrafew Tablets
(Nature's Way)
306
Myosotis arvensis
G-12, 316
Myrica
G-22, 705
Myrica cerifera
G-22, 705
Myrica gale
G-24, 745
Myristica fragrans . . . . . . . . G-IS, 545
Myrobalan
772
Myroxylon balsamum
G-24, 764
MYRRH
(Commiphora molmol)
Myrrh Commiphora Oil
(Aura Cacia)
. . .G-IS, 534
534
Nettle Leaf Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .729
Nettle Liquid (McZand)
729
Nettle Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
729
New Energy Capsules
(Advanced Nutritional)
313
NEW JERSEY TEA
(Ceanothus americanus)
Niando
541
424
NIAULI
(Melaleucea viridiflora)
N
Naked Ladies
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
Nard
Nardostachys jatamansi
Narrow-Leaved Echinacea
G-9, 206
243
433
433
433
(Tropaeolum
Nichol Seeds
Nicotiana tabacum
Niggerhead
Night Willow-Herb
542
253
G-24, 762
261
G-11, 298
NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS
(Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543
NASTURTIUM
MUIRA-PUAMA
(Ptychopetalwn
Myrrh Gum Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Myrrhis odorata
majus)
G-18, 537
Nasturtium
officinale
Natural Ginkgo Biloba
Tablets (Nature's Bounty)
Natural Honey & Calendula
Moisturizer for Extra Dry
Skin (Kiss My Face)
Nature's Root Nighttime
Tablets (Nature's Way)
Naughty Man's Cherries . . .
Navy Bean
Neckweed
798
. . . .342
497
783
G-4, 69
G-4, 65
G-6, 121
NEEM
(Antelaea azadirachta)
Nightshade
(Datura stramonium)
Nightshade
(Solanum dulcamara)
Nightshade
(Trillium erectum)
Nikkar Nuts
Nim
Nine Hooks
Ninety-Knot
Noah's Ark
Noble Laurel
G-15, 436
G-5, 88
G-4, 74
253
G-IS, 539
G-15, 456
G-15, 448
541
G-15, 459
NONI
. . .G-IS, 539
Neem Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Nelumbo nucifera
Nepeta cataria
Nerium oleander
Neroli
NERVE ROOT
(Cypripedium calceolus)
Netchweed
Nettle
Nettle Capsules (McZand)
Nettle Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
G-IS, 544
NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH
539
G-16, 481
NEPALESE CARDAMOM
(Amomum aromaticum)
(Morinda citrifolia)
540
G-S, 164
G-19, 555
G-5, 86
541
43
G-23, 729
729
729
(Zanthoxylum americanum)
Norway Pine
Norway Spruce
Nose Bleed
. . . 545
714
714
G-26, 833
NUTMEG
(Myristica fragrans)
G-IS, 545
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
92
NuVeg Eyebright Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
300
NuVeg Feverfew Leaf
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 3 0 6
NuVeg Ginkgo Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 342
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
PALI-MARA / I - 2 9
NuVeg Red Clover
Combination Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
633
NuVeg Valerian Root
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 783
. G-18, 547
Nymphaea odorata
G-3, 28
OAK
(Quercus robur)
G-18, 549
Oak Fern
G-IS, 454
OAK GALL
(Quercus infectoria)
550
Oak Lungs
Oat Bran Chewable Tablets
(National Vitamin)
Oat Bran Tablets (Major,
Mason Vitamins, Nature's
Bounty)
Oatmeal
484
551
551
G - 1 8 , 551
OATS
(Avena sativa)
G-IS, 531
Oatstraw Capsules (McZand) . . . 5 5 1
Oatstraw Liquid (McZand)
551
Ocimum basilicum
G-4, 64
Oderwort
G-S, 82
Odorless Garlic Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
327
Oenanthe aquatica
G-25, 796
Oenanthe crocata
795
Oenothera biennis
0-11, 298
Ofbit
G-20, 612
Oil Nut
134
Oil of Evening Primrose
Capsules (Health Products) . . . 298
Oil Plant
G-7, 158
OILSEED RAPE
(Brassica napus)
G-19, 554
Oilseed Turnip
sie
Okra
533
Old Maids' Pink
G-22, 701
Old Man's Beard
(Chionanthus virginicus) . G-12, 321
Old Man's Beard
(Usnea species)
778
Old Man's Night Cap
G-13, 367
Old Man's Pepper
G-26, 833
G-23, 711
G-19, 556
OLEANDER
(Nerium oleander)
Olibanum
NUX VOMICA
(Strychnos nux vomica)
Old Man's Root
Olea europaea
G-19, 555
319
OLIVE
(Olea europaea)
G-19, 556
Olive Leaf Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
556
Olivier
G-19, 556
One Berry
G-14, 392
One-A-Day Cholesterol
Health Tablets (Bayer) . . G-29, 327
One-A-Day Cold Season
Tablets (Bayer)
G-29, 261
One-A-Day Garlic Capsules
(Bayer)
G-29, 327
One-A-Day Memory &
Concentration Tablets
(Bayer)
G-29, 342
One-A-Day Menopause
Health Tablets (Bayer) . . . G-29, 92
One-A-Day Prostate Health
Capsules (Bayer)
G-29, 664
One-A-Day Tension & Mood
Tablets (Bayer)
G-29, 719
ONION
(Allium cepa)
Ononis spinosa
Onopordum acanthium
Ophioglossum vulgatum
G-19, 557
G-23, 713
G-22, 678
269
OPIUM ANTIDOTE
(Combretum micranthum)
559
Opium Poppy
G-20, 609
Opobalsam
G-24, 764
Opossum Tree
G-23, 734
Oraches
43
Orange (Citrus aurantium) . . . G-5, 86
Orange (Citrus sinensis) . . . G-24, 747
Orange Milkweed
G-20, 598
Orange Root
G-13, 355
Orange Swallow-Wort
G-20, 598
Orchid
657
Orchis species
657
Ordeal Bean
137
OREGANO
(Origanum vulgare)
Oregon Barberry
G-19, 559
G-IS, 527
Oregon Grape
(Berberis vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Oregon Grape
(Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-18, 527
Oregon Grape Liquid
(Herb Pharm)
527
Oregon Grape Root Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
527
ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE
(Thuja orientalis)
Oriental Ginseng
Oriental Sesame
Origano
Origanum majorana
Origanum vulgare
Original Primrose for
Women Capsules
(Naturalife)
560
346
688
G-19, 559
G-24, 746
G-19, 559
298
ORRIS
(Iris species)
G-19, 56i
Orthosiphon spicatus
Oryza sativa
Osier
Osterick
434
G-21, 643
G-IO, 256
G-S, 82
OSWEGO TEA
(Monarda didyma)
562
Our Lady's Flannel
Our Lady's Keys
Our Lady's Mint
Our Lady's Tears
Owler
Oxadoddy
Oxalis acetosella
Ox-Eye
G-18, 532
231
G-23, 709
G-IS, 475
G-5, 89
104
827
G-3, 5
OX-EYE DAISY
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
P
P. Vulgaris
\ . . G-19,585
Pacific Kelp Tablets (Freeda) . . . 122
Paddock-Pipes
G-14, 409
Paeonia officinalis . . . . . . . . G-11, 295
PAGODA TREE
(Sophora japonica)
Pale Coneflower
Pale Gentian
Pale Mara
Pali-Mara
564
261
836
305
305
1-30 /PALMA CHRISTI
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Palma Christi
G-7, 158
Palmers Aloe Vera Formula
Cream (E.T. Browne)
16
Palsy Root
G-17, 503
Palsywort
231
Panama Bark
G-20, 624
Panax ginseng
346
Panax Ginseng Capsules
(Celestial Seasonings)
346
Papaver rhoeas
223
Papaver somniferum
G-20, 609
PapaW
G-19, 565
G-19, 565
Papaya Chewable Tablets
(Health Products, Marlex) . . . . 565
Papaya Coated Tablets
(Marlex)
565
Papaya Digestive Enzyme
Tablet (Apothecary)
565
Papaya Enzyme Double
Strength Tablet
(Rexall Consumer)
565
Papaya Enzyme Tablet
(National Vitamin, Rexall
Consumer)
565
Papaya Enzyme with Papain
Tablet (Mason Vitamins)
565
Papaya Tablets
(Freeda, Major, Rugby)
565
Paperbark Tree
G-7, 136
Papoose Root
109
Paprika
G-8, ies
Paraguay Tea
G-17,508
Paraguaya
160
PAREIRA
(Chondrodendron
tomentosum)
566
Parietaria officinalis
Paris quadrifolia
Pariswort
578
G-14, 392
G-4, 74
PARSLEY
(Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
Parsley Breakstone
Parsley Fern
Parsley Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Parsley Leaf Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
570
G-24, 754
567
Pellote
567
570
PARSLEY PIERT
(Aphanes arvensis)
570
PARSNIP
(Pastinaca sativa)
Parson and Clerk
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Partridge Berry
G-19, 571
46
G-3, 26
820
PASQUE FLOWER
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
PAPAYA
(Carica papaya)
Parsley Leaf Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Parsley Piercestone
Pasque Flower
Passe Flower
Passerina
Passiflora incarnata
824
572
180
G-19, 573
PASSION FLOWER
(Passiflora incarnata) . . . .G-19, 573
Passion Flower Capsules
(Frontier)
Passion Vine
Password
Pastinaca sativa
Patchouly
Patience Dock
Pattens and Clogs
Paucon
Paullinia
Paullinia cupana
Pausinystalia yohimbe
Pauson
Pea Tree
Peachwood
Peagles
573
G-19, 573
231
G-19, 571
G-19, 575
G-19, 575
G-5, 82
840
108
376
376
843
108
452
480
231
PEANUT
(Arachis hypogaea)
575
PEAR
(Pyrus communis)
Pearl Barley
Pedlar's Basket
Peggie
577
G-4, 63
840
231
PELLITORY
(Anacyclus Pyrethrum)
Pellitory of Spain
577
577
PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL
567
(Parietaria officinalis)
(Mentha pulegium)
578
579
Pennywort
840
Peony
0-11, 295
Pepper Bark (Drimys winteri) . . . 820
Pepper Bark
(Piper nigrum)
G-6, 103
Pepper-and-Salt
G-22, 690
PEPPERMINT
Perdiem Fiber Therapy
(Novartis Consumer)
Perdiem Overnight Relief
(Novartis Consumer)
Pereira Brava
G-19, 580
G-29, 612
G-29, 684
566
PERILLA
(Perilla fructescens)
PATCHOULI
(Pogostemon cablin)
PENNYROYAL
(Mentha piperita)
572
G-19, 588
Perilla fructescens
583
583
PERIWINKLE
(Vinca minor)
Persea americana
Persely
Persian Berries
Persicaria bistorta
Persicaria hydropiper
Personata
Peru-Apple
Peruvian Balsam
Peruvian Bark
Peruvian Coca
Peruvian Mastix Tree
Peruvian Pepper Tree
584
57
G-19, 567
G-12, 317
G-s, 82
699
G-7, 128
G-IS, 436
G-24, 764
G-20, 626
197
139
139
PETASITES
(Petasites hybridus)
Petasites hybridus
Peter's Cress
Petersylinge
Petroselinum crispum
Pettigree
Petty Morel
Petty Morell
Petty Mugget
Petty Mulleins
Petty Whin
Peucedanum ostruthium
Peumus boldus
Pewterwort
G-19, 585
G-19, 585
ess
G-19, 567
G-19, 567
G-7, 132
G-6, 101
G-23, 711
G-IS, 455
231
G-23, 713
507
G-6, 112
G-14, 409
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
POOLROOT/I-31
PIMPINELLA
PEYOTE
(Lophophora williamsii)
Phaseolus vulgaris
Pheasant's Eye
Philanthropium
Philanthropos
Philtron
Phoenix dactylifera
Phragmites communis
Phyllanthus amarus
Physalis alkekengi
. .G-19, 588
G-4, 65
G-3, 5
G-7, 128
G-3, 10
G-25, 809
G-IO, 246
639
91
G-26, 819
Physic R c o t
104
Physostigma venenosum
Phyto Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Phytolacca americana
Phytolacca Berry
Phytolacca Root
p
icea species
i'ickaway Anise
3
ick-Pocket
°icrasma excelsa
137
kurroa)
469
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
714
790
G-22, 690
622
589
°icrorhiza kurroa
589
'ierce-Stone
658
'igeon Berry
G-20, 602
'igeon's Grass
G-25, 788
'igeonweed
G-25, 788
'ig-Rush
G-15, 448
'igweed
(Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361
'igweed
(Polygonum aviculare) . . G-15, 448
igwood
G-25, 791
ilewort (Amaranthus
hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
ilewort
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
ilewort (Ranunculus ficaria) . .. 466
iliolerial .
579
ilocarpus microphyllus . . . G-15, 425
ilosella officinarum
529
ilot Plant
G-9, 238
[lot Weed
G-21, 646
menta
590
Imenta racemosa
590
MENTO
(Pimenta
mpernell
Pimpinella anisum
Pimpinella major
Pin Heads
Pinang
Pine Oils
G-19, 591
G-3, 35
G-19, 591
G-12, 331
G-4, 38
G-22, 674
PINEAPPLE
(Ananas
comosus)
593
Piney
Pink Peppercorns . .
G-11, 295
117
PINK ROOT
(Spigelia marilandica)
MCRORHIZA
(Picrorhiza
(Pimpinella major)
Pink Root
Pinto Bean
594
831
G-4, 65
PINUS BARK
(Tsuga canadensis)
Pinus species
Piper
Piper betle
Piper cubeba
Piper elongatum
Piper methysticum
Piper nigrum
Pipperidge
G-19, 594
G-22, 674
G-6, 103
G-4, 74
235
509
G-15, 443
G-6, 103
G-4, 6i
PIPSISSEWA
(Chimaphila umbellata)
Piscidia piscipula
Pistacia lentiscus
595
428
G-17, 508
PITCHER PLANT
(Sarracenia purpurea) . . . G-20, 596
Pix Liquida
Plantago afra
Plantago lanceolata
Plantago ovata
G-22, 674
G-20, ei e
G-11, 278
612
PLANTAIN
(Musa paradisiaca)
597
590
231
G-20, 602
375
G-17, 510
G-15, 432
G-19, 575
494
G-12, 321
G-4, 69
G-19, 56i
POISON IVY
(Rhus toxicodendron)
600
Poison Lettuce
Poison Nut
Poison Oak
Poison Parsley
Poison Root
Poison Snakeweed
Poison Tobacco
Poison Vine
Poisonberry
453
G-18, 547
600
G-13, 386
G-13, 386
G-13, 386
G-14, 389
600
G-6, 101
POISONOUS BUTTERCUP
(Ranunculus sceleratus)
. G-20, 601
Poisonous Gum-Thistle
716
POKE
(Phytolacca americana)
. G-20, 602
Poke Berry
Poke Root
Pokeweed
Polar Plant
(Rosmarinus officinalis) .
Polar Plant
(Silphium laciniatum) . . .
Polar Plant
(Silphium perfoliatum)
...
Polecatweed
Polemonium caeruleum . . .
Polemonium reptans
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-21, 645
G-21, 646
G-9, 238
696
G-15, 427
G-3, 3
POLEY
(Teucrium polium)
603
Plantain (Plantago afra) . . . G-20, eie
Plantain
(Plantago lanceolata) . . . G-11, 278
Platycladus Orientalis
560
Platycodon grandiflorum
58
Polygala amara
85
Polygala senega
683
Polygonatum multiflorum . . G-22, 703
Polygonum aviculare
G-IS, 448
PLEURISY ROOT
POMEGRANATE
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
PLUMBAGO
racemosa)
Plumrocks
Pocan
Pockwood
Podophyllum peltatum
Poet's Jasmine
Pogostemon cablin
Pohl
Poison Ash
Poison Black Cherry
Poison Flag
(Plumbago
(Punica granatum)
G-20, 605
PONTIAN RHODODENDRON
zeylanica)
G-19,591 I Plumbago zeylanica
. . .
599
599
(Rhododendron ponticum)
PoolrOOt
. . . . 606
296
1-32 /POOR MAN'S PARMACETTIE
Poor Man's Parmacettie . . . G-22, 690
Poor Man's Treacle
G-12, 327
Poor Man's Weatherglass . G-22, 668
POPLAR
(Populus species)
....
G-20, 607
POPPYSEED
(Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Populus species
Portland Arrowroot
G-20, 607
46
Pot
G-17, 500
Pot Barley
G-4, 63
POTENTILLA
(Potentilla
anserina)
G-20, 610
Potentilla anserina
G-20, 610
Potentilla erecta
G-8, 192
Potentilla reptans
G-11, 289
Poverty Weed
563
Power Herb Korean Ginseng
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346
Prairie Dock
G-9, 238
Prairie Grub
790
Prayer Beads
435
Premium Blend Korean
Ginseng Capsules
(Futurebiotics)
346
Premium Blend Saw Palmetto
Capsules (Futurebiotics)
664
Premium Cayenne Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
165
Premium Fenugreek Seed
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .304
Premium Feverfew Leaf
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. . .306
PREMORSE
(Scabiosa succisa)
Premorse Scaboius
Pretty Betsy
Prick Madam
Prickly Ash
Prickly Ash AutumnHarvested Liquid
(Health from the Sun)
Prickly Box t
Prickly Lettuce
Prickwood
Prideweed
Priest's Crown
Primrose
Primrose Oil Capsules
(Green Turtle Bay)
G-20, 612
G-20, 612
G-21, 639
215
545
545
487
453
G-25, 791
G-7, 144
G-9, 245
231
298
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Primula veris
Prince's Feather
Prince's Feathers
Prince's Pine
Proactive Saw Palmetto
Capsules (Nature's Way)
Promensil Tablets
(Novogen)
Prunella vulgaris
Prunus dulcis
Prunus laurocerasus
Prunus serotina
Prunus spinosa
Psyllion
Psyllios
231
G-3, 22
G-20, 610
595
664
G-29, 633
G-22, 681
15
G-8, 179
810
G-22, 697
G-20, 616
G-20, 616
PSYLLIUM
(Plantago ovata)
612
Psyllium Husk Bulk-Forming
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Psyllium Husk Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Psyllium Husks Capsules
(Yerba Prima)
PURPLE GROMWELL
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE
(Lythrum salicaria)
Purple Medic
Purple Medick
Purple Medicle
Purple Mulberry
Purple Side-Saddle Flower
Purple Turk's Cap Lily
Purple Willow-Herb
Purshiana Bark
Pussywillow
Putcha-Pat
Pyrethre
612
612
(Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium)
621
Pyrethrum
Pyrola rotundifolia
Pyrus communis
577
647
577
Q
G-20, 616
PUFF BALL
Pukeweed
Pulegium
Pulmonaria officinalis
Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla pratensis
Pumilio Pine
618
G-16, 479
579
G-16, 485
572
572
G-22, 674
PUMPKIN
(Cucurbita pepo)
Punica granatum
Purging Cassia
Purging Flax
Purple Clover
Purple Coneflower
G-3, 12
G-3, 12
G-3, 12
99
G-20, 596
soe
G-20, 620
G-7, 153
G-25, 807
G-19, 575
577
612
Psyllium Seed Bulk-Forming
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Way)
612
Ptelea trifoliata
790
Pterocarpus santalinus
635
Ptychopetalum olacoides
531
Public House Plant
48
Pudding Grass
579
Pudding Pipe Tree
G-13, 354
(Lycoperdon species)
G-20, 620
PYRETHRUM
PSYLLIUM SEED
(Plantago afra)
619
G-20, 618
G-20, 605
G-13, 354
526
G-21, 633
26i
Quack Grass
G-25, 771
Quaker
46
Quaker Bonnet
G-22, 678
Quaker Button's
G-18, 547
Quaking Aspen
G-20, 607
Quanterra Emotional Balance
(Warner-Lambert)
G-30, 719
Quanterra Mental Sharpness
Tablets
(Warner-Lambert)
G-30, 342
Quanterra Prostate
(Warner-Lambert)
G-30, 664
Quanterra Sleep
(Warner-Lambert)
G-30, 461
Quanterra Stomach Comfort
(Warner-Lambert)
G-30, 339
QUASSIA
(Picrasma excelsa)
Quassia
Quassia amara
Quassia Wood
622
G-3, 23
G-3, 23
G-3, 23
QUEBRACHO
(Aspidosperma
bianco)
Queen Ann's-Lace
quebracho623
G-25, 809
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM /1-33
Queen of the Meadow
Queen's Delight
Quercus infectoria
Quercus Marina
Quercus robur
Quickgrass
Quick-in-the-Hand
Quillai
G-17, 511
729
550
106
G-18, 549
G-25, 771
436
G-20, 624
QUILLAJA
G-26, 812
G-S, 92
683
G-4, 74
24
G-S, 92
RAUWOLFIA
(Quillaja saponaria)
G-20, 624
Quillaja Bark
Quillaja saponaria
G-20, 624
G-20, 624
QUINCE
(Cydonia oblongata)
.
625
(Rauwolfia serpentina)
Rauwolfia serpentina
Ray-Grass
Red Bay
Red Bilberry
631
63i
G-24, 756
490
G-3, 20
RED BRYONY
QUININE
(Cinchona
Rattlebush
Rattleroot
Rattlesnake Root
(Polygala senega)
Rattlesnake Root
(Trillium erectum)
Rattlesnake Violet
Rattleweed
pubescens)
Quinsy Berries
Quitch Grass
G-20, 626
G-5, 94
G-25, 771
(Bryonia cretica)
Red Chickweed
840
.G-17, 510
RADISH
(Raphanus sativus)
Rag Paper
Ragged Cup
Ragweed
G-20, 628
G-IS, 532
G-9, 238
G-20, 629
RAGWORT
(Senecio jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Ragwort
354
Rainbow Weed
G-20, 620
Ramp
46
Ramsons
66
Ramsted
840
Ramsthorn
G-6, 123
Ranunculus acris
133
Ranunculus bulbosus
128
Ranunculus
ficaria
466
Ranunculus sceleratus
G-20, eoi
Rape
G-19, 554
Rape Seed
G-19, 554
Raphanus raphanistrum . . . G-26, 814
Raphanus sativus
G-20, 628
RASPBERRY
(Rubus idaeus)
G-21, 630
Rati
Rattle Pouches
Rattle Snake Weed
435
G-22, 690
261
G-22, 668
RED CLOVER
(Trifolium pratense)
Rabbits
Raccoon Berry
632
G-21, 633
Red Raspberry Leaves
Glycerine Extract Liquid
(Nature's Way)
Red Raspberry Liquid
(McZand)
Red Robin
Red Root
(Ceanothus americanus)
Red Root
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
Red Rot
(Pterocarpus santalinus)
Reed
REED HERB
Red Elder
. G-S, 96
Red Elm
697
Red Ginseng
636
Red Gum
(Eucalyptus globulus) . .. .G-11, 283
Red Gum
(Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734
Red Legs
G-S, 82
RED MAPLE
(Acer rubrum)
Red Morocco
Red Pepper
Red Pimpernel
Red Poppy
Red Raspberry
Red Raspberry Leaves
Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Way)
G-21, 635
G-3, 5
G-8, ie s
G-22, 668
223
G-21, eso
630
541
108
740
635
Red Sanderswood
635
Red Saunders
635
Red Sedge
336
Red Sorrel
G-14, 394
Red Thyme Oil (Aura Cacia) . . .76i
Red Weed
G-20, 602
Red Wine Extract Capsules
(Sundown)
362
Redberry Leaves
G-25, 779
Red-Ink Plant
G-20, 602
RED CURRANT
G-21, 634
630
G-15, 448
RED SANDALWOOD
Red Clover Blossom
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .633
Red Clover Herb Capsules
(Frontier)
633
Red Clover Herbal Capsules
(Apothecary)
633
Red Clover Liquid (McZand) . .. 633
Red Cockscomb
G-3, 22
Red Cole
G-14, 408
Red Couchgrass
336
(Ribes rubrum)
630
RED-ROOTED SAGE
(Salvia miltiorrhiza)
Red-Rooted Salvia
636
636
RED-SPUR VALERIAN
(Centranthus ruber)
(Phragmites communis)
G-21, 639
639
639
REHMANNIA
(Rehmannia glutinosa)
Rehmannia glutinosa
Remifemin Tablets
(PhytoPharmica)
Reseda
Rest-Harrow
Rhamnus catharticus
Rhamnus frangula
Rhamnus purshiana
Rhatania
640
640
G-30, 92
G-14, 391
G-23, 713
G-6, 123
G-12, 317
G-7, 153
64i
RHATANY
(Krameria triandra)
Rheum palmatum
Rheumatism Root
Rheumatism Weed
Rhododendron ferrugineum
Rhododendron ponticum
641
G-8, 185
G-26, SI 7
595
eso
eoe
1-34/RHUBARB
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Rhubarb
Rhus aromatica
Rhus toxicodendron
Ribes nigrum
Ribes rubrum
Ribgrass
Ribwort
G-8, ISS
748
600
G-S, 94
G-21, 634
G-11, 278
G-11, 278
RICE
(Oryza
sativa)
G-21, 643
Richleaf
G-23, 733
Richweed
(Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92
Richweed
(Collinsonia canadensis) . G-23, 733
Ricinus communis
G-7, 158
Ringworm Powder
352
Ripplegrass
G-11, 278
Robbia
G-16, 490
Robin-Run-in-the-Grass
193
Robin-Run-in-the-Hedge
372
Rock Brake
G-IS, 454
Rock Fern
491
Rock of Polypody
G-15, 454
Rock Parsley
G-19, 567
Rock-Rose
G-12, 321
Rockwrack
106
Roman Chamomile
G-IO, 270
Roman Laurel
G-IS, 459
Roman Pellitory
577
Rosa canina
G-10, 254
Rosa centifolia
644
ROSE
(Rosa
SAFFLOWER
645
G-11, 311
379
ROSINWEED
(Silphium
G-21, 646
G-9, 238
G-21, 645
442
ROUND-LEAFED WINTERGREEN
rotundifolia)
Round-Leaved Hepatica
Rowan Tree
Royal Brittany Evening
Primrose Oil Capsules
(Nature's Bounty)
Royal Jasmine
Rubia tinctorum
Rubus fruticosus
Rubus idaeus
Rubywood
Rudbeckia
Ruddes
....
647
26
G-18, 525
298
G-15, 432
G-16, 490
G-6, 104
G-21, 630
635
26i
G-17, 497
RUE
(Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
Rum Cherry
Rumex acetosa
Rumex aquaticus
Rumex crispus
Run-by-the-Ground
Running Jenny
810
705
795
835
579
G-17, 520
652
SAFFRON
(Crocus sativus)
Sagackhomi
laciniatum)
Rosinweed
Rosmarinus officinalis
Rottlera Tinctoria
(Pyrola
(Carthamus tinctorius)
G-21, 653
G-25, 779
SAGE
(Salvia officinalis)
G-21, 655
Sage of Bethlehem
Sagrada Bark
Sahlep
G-23, 709
G-7, 153
657
SALEP
(Orchis species)
Salicaire
Salicin Willow
Salix species
Sallow Thorn
SaloOp
Salsify
Salt-Rheum Weed
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Salvia officinalis
Salvia triloba
Sambucus ebulus
Sambucus nigra
657
G-20, 620
G-25, 807
G-25, 807
G-22, 680
657
G-9, 212
G-4, 59
636
G-21, 655
367
259
G-11, 287
SAMPHIRE
(Crithum maritimum)
Sampier
Sampson Root
Sand Plantain
Sand Sedge
658
658
261
612
336
SANDALWOOD
centifolia)
644
Rose Apple
Rose Bay Willow Herb . . .
Rose Elder
Rose Hip
Rose Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
Rose Laurel.
(Nerium oleander)
Rose Mallow
Rose Pink
Rose Willow
Rose-a-Rubie
Rosebay
Rose-Colored Silkweed . . .
Roselle
429
G-26, 818
G-5, 96
G-IO, 254
G-IS, 528
G-19, 555
G-14, 398
G-8, 174
G-IO, 256
G-3, 5
eso
G-23, 743
G-14, 394
ROSEMARY
(Rosmarinus officinalis)
Rosemary Leaf Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Rosenoble
Rosin Weed
. .G-21, 645
RUPTUREWORT
(Santalum album)
(Herniaria glabra)
G-21, eso
Ruscus aculeatus
Russian Belladonna
G-7, 132
671
RUST-RED RHODODENDRON
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
Ruta graveolens
Rutland Beauty
G-21, 648
G-i3, 367
Sabal
Sabline Rouge
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sacred Bark
Sacred Herb
Sacred Mushroom
G-21, 664
39
118
G-7, 153
841
G-19, 588
659
SANDARAC
(Tetraclinis articulata)
eeo
Sandarac Gum Tree
660
Sandberry
G-25, 779
Sanderswood
659
Sandwort
39
Sanguinaria
108
Sanguinaria canadensis
108
Sanguinary
(Achillea millefolium) . . . .G-26, 833
Sanguinary
(Capsella bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Sanguis Draconis
257
Sanguisorba officinalis . . . . G-13, 366
Sanicle
296
Sanicula europaea
296
Santalum album
659
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
S E N O K O T G R A N U L ES / 1 - 3 5
Santolina
chamaecyparissias
Santonica
Saponaria officinalis
Sappan
Sardian Nut
Sarracenia purpurea
G-i6, 460
827
G-22, 701
635
708
G-20, 596
SARSAPARILLA
(Smilax species)
G-21, 661
Sarsaparilla Capsules (ADH) . . . . 66i
Sarsaparilla Root Capsules
(Apothecary, Frontier)
66i
SASSAFRAS
(Sassafras albidum)
Sassafras albidum
Sassafrax
Satan's Apple
Satin Flower
Satureja hortensis
Satyrion
Saussurea Costus
Saussurea costus
Savin
G-21, 662
G-21, 662
G-21, 662
G-17, 495
iso
G-23, 739
657
227
227
G-21, 663
SAVIN TOPS
(Juniperus sabina)
Savine
Savory
G-21, 663
G-21, 663
G-23, 739
repens)
SCARLET PIMPERNEL
(Anagallis arvensis)
Schinus molle
Schinus terebinthifolius
G-22, 668
139
117
SCHISANDRA
(Schisandra chinensis)
669
Schisandra chinensis
Schisandra sphenanthera
Schloss Tea
669
464
505
Scilla
G-23, 717
Scoke
Scolopendrium vulgare
Scoparium
Scopola
G-20, 602
38i
G-22, 672
67i
G-21, 6 6 4
Saw Palmetto Berries
Capsules (Frontier,
Futurebiotics, Nature's
Herbs, Nature's Way)
Saw Palmetto Berries Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Saw Palmetto Capsules
(ADH, Bergen Brunswig,
Cardinal, Celestial
Seasonings, Herbal Harvest,
Major, Mason Vitamins,
McZand, National Vitamin,
Natrol, Naturalife, Nature's
Bounty, Nature's Resource,
PD-Rx, Rexall Consumer,
Zenith Goldline)
Saw Palmetto Extract
Capsules (Humco)
Saw Palmetto Liquid
(McZand)
(Scopolia carniolica)
Scopolia carniolica
Scotch Barley
67i
671
G-4, 63
SCOTCH BROOM
664
664
(Cytisus scoparius)
Scotch Fir
G-22, 672
G-22, 674
SCOTCH PINE
(Pinus species)
Scotch Quelch
G-22, 674
G-25, 771
SCOTCH THISTLE
664
664
(Onopordum acanthium) . G-22, 678
Scouring Rush
G-14, 409
Scratweed
193
Scrofula Plant
G - H , 311
Scrophularia nodosa
G-11, 311
Scrubby Grass
G-22, 679
Scubby Trefoil
790
SCULLCAP
664
SCURVY GRASS
(Cochlearia officinalis) . . .G-22, 679
Scutellaria lateriflora
(Scutellaria lateriflora) . . G-22, 678
G-22, 678
SEA BUCKTHORN
(Hippophae rhamnoides)
Sea Fennel
Sea Holly
Sea Holme
Sea Hulver
Sea Kelp
Sea Parsley
Sea Sedge
Sea Wormwood
Sealroot
Sealwort
Seawrack
Sedum acre
Segg
Selenicereus grandiflorus
.G-22, 680
658
G - H , 282
G - I I , 282
G - I I , 282
122
G-16, 482
336
827
G-22, 703
G-22, 703
106
215
G-19, 561
543
SELF-HEAL
(Prunella vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Self-Heal
Sempervivum tectorum
296
G-14, 411
SENBURI
(Swertia japonica)
Seneca
682
683
SENECA SNAKEROOT
(Polygala senega)
SCOPOLIA
SAW PALMETTO
(Serenoa
Saw Palmetto Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .664
Saw Palmetto Standardized
Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
G-30, 664
Saxifrage
G-19, 591
Saxifrax
G-21, 662
Scabiosa succisa
G-20, 612
Scabish
G - H , 298
Scabwort
G-10, 266
Scaldweed
G-10, 254
Scaly Dragon's Claw
220
Scarlet Berry
G-S, 88
Scarlet Monarda
562
Senecio
Senecio
Senecio
Senecio
Senecio
Senega
683
aureus
bicolor
jacobaea
nemorensis
vulgaris
354
258
G-20, 629
21
374
683
Senega Snakeroot
Seneka
683
683
Sengreen
G-14, 411
Senior Ginkgo Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 342
SENNA
(Cassia senna)
Senna Extract Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Senna Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
Senokot Childrens' Syrup
(Purdue Frederick)
Senokot Granules
(Purdue Frederick)
G-22, 684
684
684
G-30, 684
G-30, 684
1-36 /SENOKOT TABLETS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Senokot Tablets
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) . . 684
Senokot Xtra
(Purdue Frederick)
684
Septfoil
G-8, 192
Serenoa repens
G-21, 664
Serpentaria
G-17, 520
Serpent's Tongue
(Erythronium americanum)
24
Serpent's Tongue
(Ophioglossum vulgatum)
269
Serpyllum
G-26, 815
Service Tree
704
SESAME
(Sesamum orientale)
Sesamum orientale
Setewale
SetWall
Seven Barks
Shamrock
Shan-Zhu-Yu
Shave Grass
Shavetail Grass
Sheep Laurel
Sheep Sorrel, Whole
Flowering Plant Liquid
(Herb Pharm)
Sheep-Lice
SheggS
Shellflower
Shepherd's Barometer
Shepherd's Club
Shepherd's Heart
Shepherd's Knapperty
Shepherd's Knot
Shepherd's Needle
688
688
G-25, 783
G-25, 783
G-14, 413
827
51
G-14, 409
G-14, 409
G-18, 528
705
410
G-19, 561
G-4, 59
G-22, 668
G-18, 532
G-22, 690
G-S, 192
G-8, 192
G-24, 743
SHEPHERD'S PURSE
(Capsella bursa-pastoris)
Shepherd's
Shepherd's
Shepherd's
Shepherd's
Scrip
Sprout
Staff
Thyme
.G-22, 690
G-22, 690
G-22, 690
G-18, 532
G-26, 815
SHORT BUCHU
(Barosma
betulina)
691
tonkinesis)
692
SIBERIAN GINSENG
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
SIMARUBA
(Simaruba
amara)
Simaruba amara
Simmondsia
chines
Simpler's Joy
Simson
Sinapis alba
Singer's Plant
Sisymbrium officinale
Sium sisarum
Skewerwood
693
695
is
695
G-15, 438
G-25, 788
374
G-25, sos
384
384
G-22, 696
G-25, 791
SKIRRET
(Sium
sisarum)
Skoke
Skullcap Herb Capsules
(Frontier)
G-22, 6 9 6
G-20, 602
678
SKUNK CABBAGE
(Symplocarpus foetidus)
SIAM BENZOIN
(Styrax
Siberian Ginseng Capsules
(Nature's Way) . . ..
346
Siberian Ginseng Power Herb
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346
Siberian Ginseng Root
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346
Siberian Ginseng Tablets
(Herbal Harvest)
346
Siberian Tea
268
Sicklewort (Ajuga reptans) . G-6, 125
Sicklewort
(Prunella vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Side-Saddle Plant
G-20, 596
Silky Cornel
G-10, 256
Silphium laciniatum
G-21, 646
Silphium perfoliatum
G-9, 238
Silver Bells
G-5, 96
Silver Leaf
729
Silverweed
(Impatiens biflora)
436
Silverweed
(Potentilla anserina)
G-20, 610
Silverweed Herb
526
Silybum marianum
G-17, 516
Silymarin Capsules (Twinlab) . . . 516
Silymarin Milk Thistle
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . 516
Skunkweed
Slave Wood
Slipper Root
Slipperweed
SLIPPERY ELM
(Ulmus rubra)
697
Slippery Elm Bark Capsules
(Frontier)
697
Slippery Root
G-9, 212
SLOE
(Prunus spinosa)
G-22, 697
Slough-Heal
Small Hemlock
Smallage
Smallpox Plant
Smallwort
G-22, 681
G-12, 316
G-8, 172
G-20, 596
466
SMARTWEED
(Persicaria hydropiper)
699
Smell Fox
Smilax species
Smooth Lawsonia
Smooth Strophanthus
Smut Rye
Snake Leaf
Snake Lily
Snake Root
Snakebite
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
Snakebite (Trillium erectum)
Snakehead
Snakeroot
Snakeweed
Snap Bean
Snapdragon
Snapping Hazel
824
G-21, 661
G-14, 391
736
280
24
G-19, 56i
683
108
.G-4, 74
G-4, 59
48
G-5, 82
G-4, 65
840
G-26, 821
SNEEZEWORT
(Achillea ptarmica)
Snow Rose
Snowball Tree
700
eso
G-S, 96
SNOWDROP
(Galanthus nivalis)
Snowdrop Tree
Snowflower
Soap Bark
Soap Root
Soap Tree
Soapwood
700
G-12, 321
G-12, 321
G-20, 624
G-22, 701
G-20, 624
G-22, 701
SOAPWORT
696
696
695
: . 541
436
(Saponaria officinalis)
Solanum dulcamara
Solanum nigrum
Soldiers
Soldier's Herb
. . .G-22, 701
G-5, 88
G-6, 101
G-20, 620
G-11, 278
A L P H A B E T I C A L INDEX
Soldier's Woundwort
Solidago canadensis
Solidago virgaurea
ST. J O H N ' S WORT PREFERRE D C A P S U L E S / 1 - 3 7
G-26, 833
145
0-11, 289
SOLOMON'S SEAL
(Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Solsequia
Somali Tea
Sophora japonica
G-17, 503
447
564
Sorb Apple
Sorbus aucuparia
Sorbus domestica
Sorbus torminalis
Sorghum
Sorghum vulgare
704
G-18, 525
G-18, 525
704
814
121
121
SORREL
(Rumex acetosa)
705
Sour Trefoil
South Indian Squill
827
421
SOUTHERN BAYBERRY
(Myrica cerifera)
G-22, 705
SOUTHERN TSANGSHU
(Atractylodes lancea)
Southernwood Root
Sow Berry
Sowbread
706
isi
G-4, 6i
240
SOYBEAN
(Glycine soja)
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Bugloss
Camomile
Chestnut
Saffron
G-22, 707
G-3, 13
577
G-14, 403
G-21, 653
SPANISH-CHESTNUT
(Castanea sativa)
Sparrow Grass
Sparrow Tongue
708
G-4, 52
G-15, 448
SPEARMINT
(Mentha spicata)
Speckled Jewels
G-23, 709
436
SPEEDWELL
(Veronica officinalis)
Speedwell
Spergularia rubra
Spiceberry
Spigelia anthelmia
594
G-23, 711
G-20, 620
G-20, 620
SPIKENARD
SORB APPLE
(Sorbus domestica)
Spigelia marilandica
Spignet
Spiked
Spiked Loosestrife
G-23, 710
G-6, 121
39
820
831
(Aralia racemosa)
Spikenard
G-23, 711
433
SPINACH
(Spinacia oleracea)
Spinacia oleracea
Spindle Tree
G-23, 712
G-23, 712
G-25, 791
SPINY REST HARROW
(Ononis spinosa)
Spire Mint
Spireaea Ulmaria
Spogel
Sponsa Solis
Spoonwood
(Kalmia latifolia)
Spoonwood
(Mallotus philippinensis)
Spoonwort
Spotted Alder
Spotted Corobane
Spotted Cranesbill
Spotted Crowbane
Spotted Geranium
Spotted Hemlock
Spotted Monarda
Spotted Parsley
Spotted Thistle
Spotted Touch-Me-Not
G-23, 713
G-23, 709
G-17, 511
612
G-17, 503
G-18, 528
442
G-22, 679
G-26, 821
G-13, 386
233
G-13, 386
233
G-13, 386
407
G-13, 386
G-6, 107
436
SPRUCE
(Picea species)
Spruce Fir
714
714
SPURGE
(Euphorbia resinifera)
Spurge Flax
Spurge Laurel
Spurge Olive
Spurred Rye
Squaw Balm
Squaw Root
Squaw Weed
(Senecio aureus)
Squaw Weed
(Senecio nemorensis)
Squawmint Tickweed
Squawroot
716
G-17, 515
G-17, 515
G-17, 515
280
579
G-S, 92
354
21
579
109
SQUILL
(Urginea maritima)
G-23, 717
Squinancy Berries
G-5, 94
Squirrel Corn
(Corydalis cava)
226
Squirrel Corn
(Dicentra cucullaria)
775
St. Anthony's Turnip
128
St. Barbara's Hedge Mustard . . .384
St. Benedict Thistle
G-6, 107
St. James' Weed
G-22, 690
St. James Wort
G-20, 629
St. James's Tea
451
St. John's Bread
G-7, 151
St. John's Herb
G-13, 388
St. John's Plant
G-18, 530
St. John's Power 0.3%
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .719
St. John's Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
719
St. John's Power Time
Release Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
719
ST. JOHN'S WORT
(Hypericum perforatum)
. G-23, 719
St. John's Wort Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig,
Breckenridge, Celestial
Seasonings, Futurebiotics,
Herbal Harvest, Key Co.,
Mason Vitamins,
Naturalife, Nature's
Resource, Nature's Way,
PNC, Rexall Managed
Care, Sundown, Zenith
Goldline)
719
St. John's Wort Capsules
(Rexall Consumer)
G-30, 719
St. John's Wort Extract
Capsules
(Humco, National Vitamin) . . . 719
St. John's Wort Herb
Capsules (Frontier)
719
St. John's Wort Herb Liquid
(Nature's Way)
719
St. John's Wort Liquid
(Nature's Answer,
Pharmaceutical Labs, PNC) . . . 719
St. John's Wort Preferred
Capsules (Reese)
719
1 - 3 8 / S T . JOHN'S WORT TABLETS
St. John's Wort Tablets
(Contract Pharmacal,
Natrol, Nature Made, PDRx, Vitaline)
719
St. John's Wort Transdermal
Patch (Zayco)
719
St. Josephwort
G-4, 64
St. Mary's Seal
G-22, 703
Stachys palustris
832
Staff Vine
G-5, 88
Stagbush
G-5, 96
Staggerweed
{Delphinium consolida) . . G-15, 458
Staggerweed
{Dicentra cucullaria)
775
Staggerwort
G-20, 629
Stags Horn
196
Stammerwort
G-20, 629
Standardized Bilberry Extract
Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
75
Standardized Cat's Claw
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
160
Standardized Chamomile
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
331
Standardized Feverfew
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
306
Standardized Garlic Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
327
Standardized Ginseng, Korean
White Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
346
Standardized Green Tea
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
369
Standardized Hawthorn
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
271
Standardized Horsechestnut
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
403
Standardized Licorice
Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
469
Standardized Saw Palmetto
ExtractCap Capsules
(Nature's Way)
664
Standardized Siberian
Ginseng Root Capsules
(Nature's Way)
346
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Standardized Uva Ursi
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Standardized Valerian
Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
Standardized White Willow
Bark Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
779
783
Stinking Prairie Bush
Stinking Tommy
Stinkweed
Stinkwort
Stitchwort
Stockholm Tar
790
G-23, 713
G-IS, 436
G-IS, 436
iso
G-22, 674
1
STONE ROOT
807
(Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733
STORAX
STAR ANISE
(Illicium verum)
G-23, 725
Star Grass
11
Star of the Earth
G-4, 71
Starbloom
594
Starchwort
46
Starweed
180
Starwort (Aletris farinosa)
11
Starwort {Stellaria media)
iso
Starwort {Veratrum luteum)
301
Staunchweed
G-26, 833
Staunchwort
G-9, 214
Stave Wood
695
STAVESACRE
(Delphinium staphisagria)
Stayplough
Stellaria
Stellaria media
Stemless Carlina Root
Sterretjie
726
G-23, 713
G-15, 456
iso
151
7
STEVIA
(Stevia rebaudiana)
727
Stevia rebaudiana
727
Stick-a-Back
193
Sticklewort
G-3, 10
Stickwort
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Stickwort (Oxalis acetosella) . . . . 827
Stigmata Maydis
224
(Stillingia sylvatica)
729
Stillingia sylvatica . . .
729
STINGING NETTLE
Stingless Nettle
Stinking Arrach
Stinking Goosefoot . . . .
Stinking Motherwort . . .
Stinking Nanny
Stinking Nightshade
Storkbill
Storksbill
Stramonium
Strangle Tare
Straw
G-14, 393
233
G-IS, 436
G-IO, 254
G-IS, 551
STRAWBERRY
(Fragaria vesca)
Strawberry Tomato
String Bean
String of Sovereigns
Stringy Bark Tree
Striped Alder
Strong-Scented Lettuce
G-23, 735
G-26, 819
G-4, 65
G-17, 520
G-II, 283
G-26, 821
453
(Strophanthus kombe)
Strophanthus
736
736
STROPHANTHUS GRATUS
(Strophanthus gratus)
Strophanthus gratus
Strophanthus hispidus
Strophanthus kombe
Strychnos ignatii
Strychnos nux vomica
Stubwort
Styrax benzoin
Styrax paralleloneurum
Styrax tonkinesis
Sugar Maple
Sugar Pods
Sumaruba
736
736
450 .
736
416
G-18, 547
827
73
738
692
G-8, 181
G-21, 635
G-7, 151
695
SUMATRA BENZOIN
G-23, 729
G-25, 806
43
(Styrax paralleloneurum)
^
738
SUMBUL
(Ferula sumbul)
G-23, 738
43
43
G-20, 629
G-14, 389
t
STROPHANTHUS
Succory
STILLINGIA
(Urtica dioica)
(Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734
SUMMER SAVORY
(Satureja hortensis)
Sun Drop
G-23, 739
G-II, 298
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
TEA PLANT/1-39
Sun Rose
Sundance Aloe Vera Gel
(Lee)
G-12, 321
16
SUNDEW
(Drosera ramentacea)
SUNFLOWER
(Helianthus
annuus)
740
G-23, 741
Sunkfield
c-11, 289
Super Bilberry Plus Tablets
(Action Labs)
75
Super Ginkgo Biloba Plus
Tablets (Action Labs)
342
Super Milk Thistle Plus
Tablets (Action Labs)
51 e
Super Saw Palmetto Plus
Tablets (Action Labs)
664
Super St. John's Wort Plus
Tablets (Action Labs)
719
Super Yohimbe-Plus Tablets
(Irwin)
843
Superior Chinese Astragalus
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
54
Surelle
827
SURINAM CHERRY
(Eugenia unifloria)
Suterberry
Swallow Wort
Swallow-Wort
Swamp Cedar
Swamp Dogwood
(Cornus florida)
Swamp Dogwood
(Ptelea trifoliata)
Swamp Laurel
Swamp Maple
742
545
338
G-20, 598
G-24, 759
G-10, 256
790
490
G-21, 635
SWAMP MILKWEED
(Asclepias incarnata)
. . . G-23, 743
Swamp Sassafras
490
Swamp Silkweed
G-23, 743
r
Swamp Tea Tree
G-7, 136
Sweating Plant
G-6, 113
Sweatroot
G-3, 3
Sweet Almond
15
Sweet Bark
ise
Sweet Bay (Laurus nobilis) G-15, 459
Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca) . . 490
Sweet Betty
G-22, 701
Sweet Bracken
G-24, 743
Sweet Brake
G-17, 493
Sweet Brier
G-IO, 254
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Broom
Bugle
Cane
Chervil
Chestnut
SWEET CICELY
(Myrrhis odorata)
G-7, 132
G-6, 126
G-7, 138
G-24, 743
708
G-24, 743
SWEET CLOVER
(Melilotus officinalis)
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Dock
Elm
Fennel
Flag
. . . G-24, 744
G-S, 82
697
G-11, 302
G-7, 138
SWEET GALE
(Myrica gale)
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Grass
Gum
Herb
Lucerne
G-24, 745
G-7, 138
G-23, 734
727
G-24, 744
Sweethearts
Sweet-Humlock
Sweetleaf
Sweets
Sweet-Scented Cactus
Sweet-Smelling Trefoil
Swertia chirata
Swertia japonica
Swine Snout
Swinebread
Swine's Grass
Swiss Mountain Pine
Swiss Pine
Swynel Grass
Symphytum officinale
Symplocarpus foetidus
Synkfoyle
Syzygium aromaticum
Syzygium cumini
193
G-24, 743
727
G-24, 743
543
G-13, 388
187
682
G-9, 245
240
G-15, 448
G-22, 674
802
G-15, 448
G-9, 212
696
G-11, 289
G-8, 195
429
T
SWEET MARJORAM
(Origanum majorana) . . . G-24, 746
Sweet Mary
Sweet Myrtle
G-16, 46i
G-7, 138
SWEET ORANGE
(Citrus sinensis)
Sweet Pepper
Sweet Root
(Acorus calamus)
Sweet Root
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Sweet Rush
Sweet Sedge
Sweet Slumber
G-24, 747
Sweet Vernal
TAMARIND
G-7, i38
(Tamarindus indica)
753
G-ie, 469
G-7, 138
G-7, 138
ios
Tamarindus indica
Tamus
Tamus communis
Tanacetum parthenium
Tanacetum vulgare
Tanner's Bark
753
G-25, 800
G-5, 90
G-11, 306
G-24, 754
G-18, 549
748
G-3, 5
SWEET VERNAL GRASS
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
SWEET VIOLET
(Viola odorata)
G-24, 750
Sweet Weed
Sweet Wood Bark
so*
ise
SWEET WOODRUFF
(Galium odoratum)
Sweet-Cus
Sweet-Fern
G-5, 89
235
235
104
104
G-22, 705
G-8, 165
SWEET SUMACH
(Rhus aromatica)
Tag Alder
Tailed Cubebs
Tailed Pepper
Tall Speedwell
Tall Veronica
Tallow Shrub
G-24, 751
G-24, 743
G-24, 743
TANSY
(Tanacetum vulgare)
G-24, 754
Tar Weed
Taraxacum officinale
Tare
Target-Leaved Hibiscus
Tarragon
Tarweed
379
G-9, 245
G-24, 756
533
G-12, 320
841
TAUMELLOOLCH
(Lolium temulentum)
Taxus baccata .
Tea
Tea Plant
. . . . G-24, 756
G-26, 841
G-13, 369
487
1-40/TEA TREE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
TEA TREE
(Melaleuca alternifolia)
Tea Tree
Teaberry
Teasel
757
487
820
G-6, 113
TEAZLE
(Dipsacus silvestris)
G-24, 757
THYME
(Thymus vulgaris)
G-24, 761
Thyme Herb Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
761
Thyme Leaf & Flower Liquid
(Herb Pharm)
761
Thymus serpyllum
G-26, 815
Thymus vulgaris
G-24, 761
Tiarella cordifolia
G-9, 219
Tickleweed
25
Tiglium
234
Tiglium Seeds
234
Tilia species
G-16, 477
Time Release Bilberry Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
75
Time Release Ginkgo Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .342
Time Release Hawthorn
Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
271
Time Release Korean
Ginseng Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
346
Time Release Milk Thistle
Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
516
Tinnevelly Senna
G-22, 684
Tipton Weed
G-23, 719
Toadpipe
(Equisetum arvense)
G-14, 409
Toadpipe (Linaria vulgaris)
840
Toadroot
60
Tegreen Capsules
(Pharmanex)
369
Temu Lawak
G-9, 239
Terminalia arjuna
.39
Terminalia chebula
772
Tetraclinis articulata
660
Tetterberry
G-25, soo
Tetterwort
(Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
Tetterwort
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
108
Teucrium chamaedrys
G-12, 337
Teucrium polium
603
Teucrium scordium
797
Teucrium scorodonia
G-26, 826
Tewon Lawa
G-9, 239
Thalictroc
384
The Roman Plant
G-24, 743
Theobroma cacao
G-8, 199
Thick-Leaved Pennywort . . G-13, 359
Thimbleberry
G-6, 104
Thisilyn Standardized Milk
Thistle Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
516
TOBACCO
Thormantle
G-8, 192
(Nicotiana tabacum)
G-24, 762
Thorn-Apple
CMS, 436
Tobacco Wood
G-26, 821
Thorny Burr
G-7, 128
Tobasco
Pepper
G-8, ies
Thoroughwort
G-6, 113
Tolu
G-24,
764
Thor's Beard
G-14, 411
Thousand Weed
G-26, 833
TOLU BALSAM
Three-Leafed Hop Tree
790
(Myroxylon balsamum) . . .G-24, 764
Three-Leaved
G-4, 74
Tom Rong
G-12, 325
Three-Leaved Grass
827
TOMATO
Three-Lobed Sage
367
(Lycopersicon
Throat Root
G-25, 794
esculentum)
G-24, 766
Throatwort
,
G-11,311
Throw-Wort
G-IS, 524
Tongue-Grass
iso
THUJA
(Thuja occidentalis)
Thuja occidentalis
Thuja orientalis
Thunder Plant
G-24, 759
560
G-14, 411
(Dipteryx odorata)
Tonquin Bean
Toothache Tree
Torch Weed
767
767
545
G-IS, 532
G-IS, 532
G-8, 192
G-8, 192
160
327
G-22, 690
G-5, 75
TRAGACANTH
(Astragalus gummifer)
Tragacanth
767
54
TRAILING ARBUTUS
(Epigae repens)
Trailing Tansy
768
G-20, 610
TRAVELLER'S JOY
(Clematis vitalba)
Tree Moss
G-25, 769
778
TREE OF HEAVEN
(Ailanthus altissima)
770
Tree of Life
G-24, 759
Trefoil (Hepatica nobilis)
26
Trefoil
(Menyanthes trifoliata) . . . G - 6 , 110
Trefoil (Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633
Trembling Poplar
G-20, 607
Trifolium pratense
G-21, 633
Trigonella foenum-graecum .G-11, 304
Trillium erectum
G-4, 74
TRITICUM
(Agropyron repens)
Triticum aestivum
Trollius europaeus
Tropaeolum majus
G-25, 771
799
G-12, 351
G-IS, 537
TROPICAL ALMOND
(Terminalia chebula)
True Angostura
True Ivy
Tru& Laurel
True Unicorn Root
True Unicorn Star-Grass
Tsuga canadensis
Tuber Root
772
34
G-IO, 275
G-15, 459
11
11
G-19, 594
G-20, 598
TULIP TREE
(Liriodendron tulipifera)
TONKA BEANS
G-24, 759
Torches
Tormentil Root
Tormentilla
Toron
Total Gar Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
Toywort
Trackleberry
Tun-Hoof
Turkey Claw
774
372
220
TURKEY CORN
(Dicentra cucullaria)
775
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Turkey Corn
Turkish Sage
Turk's Cap
WALLPEPPER/I-41
226
367
506
TURMERIC
(Curcuma domestica)
Turmeric
Turmeric Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Turmeric Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Turmeric Root
Turmeric Whole Rhizome
Liquid
(Health from the Sun)
Turnera diffusa
Turnhoof
Turnip Greens
Turnip Rope
Turpentine Weed
Turtle Head
Turtlebloom
Tussilago farfara
Twitch-Grass
Twopenny Grass
775
G-26, 846
846
UZARA
(Xysmalobium undulatum)
Vaccinium myrtillus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Vaccinium vitis-idaea
782
G-5, 75
G-6, 111
G-3, 20
VALERIAN
(Valeriana officinalis)
G-25, 7 8 3
846
G-i3, 355
Valerian Capsules (Mason
Vitamins, Nature's
Resource)
783
Valerian Liquid (McZand)
783
846
Valerian Power Time Release
244
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
783
Valerian Root Alcohol Free
372
Liquid (Nature's Answer)
816
783
Valerian Root Capsules
816
(ADH, Bergen Brunswig,
G-9, 238
Cardinal, Frontier, Herbal
G-4, 59
Harvest, Humco, Major,
G-4, 59
McKesson, National
G-9, 209
Vitamin, Nature's Bounty,
G-25, 771
Nature's
Herbs, Nature's
G-17, 520
Way, Perrigo, Rexall
Consumer, Sundown,
U
Zenith Goldline)
783
Ulmus minor
G-10, 269
Valerian Root Power
Ulmus rubra
697
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .783
Umbellate Wintergreen
595
Valerian Root Standardized
Umbrella Leaves
G-19, 585
Capsules
Una de Gato
ieo
(Rexall Consumer)
783
Uncaria species
324
Valerian Root Tablets
Unicaria tomentosa
ieo
(Apothecary, Mason
Upright Virgin's Bower . . . . G-8, 19<
Vitamins)
783
Upstart
G-9, 206
Valeriana officinalis
G-25, 783
Urginea indica
421
Vandal Root
G-25, 783
Urginea maritima
G-23, 717
Vapor
G-12, 322
Urtica dioica
G-23, 729
Vegetable Antimony
G-6, 113
Vegetable
Mercury
494
USNEA
Vegetable
Sulfur
196
(Usnea species)
778
Vegetable Tallow
G-22, 705
Usnea species
778
Velvet Dock
G-IO, 266
Utricularia vulgaris
G-e, 105
Velvet Flower
G-3, 22
Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules
Velvet Leaf
see
(ADH, Frontier, Nature's
Velvet Plant
G-IS, 532
Herbs)
779
Venastat Capsules
Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules
(Pharmaton)
G-30, 403
(Nature's Way)
779
Venus' Basin
G-24, 757
UVA-URSI
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779
VENUS FLYTRAP
(Dionaea muscipula)
786
Venus Hair
Venus Shoe
Veratrum album
Veratrum luteum
Veratrum viride
Verbascum densiflorum . . ,
Verbena officinalis
Vernis de Japon
Veronica beccabunga
Veronica officinalis
Verrucaria
491
541
G-25, 803
301
25
G-18, 532
G-25, 788
770
G-6, 121
G-23, 710
G-17, 503
VERVAIN
(Verbena officinalis)
G-25, 788
Viburnum prunifolium
G-5, 96
Vicia faba
120
Vinca minor
584
Vine of the Souls
833
Viola odorata
G-24, 750
Viola tricolor
382
Violet Bloom
G-5, 88
Virginia Creeper
G-3, 26
Virginia Water Horehound . . G-6, 126
Virginian Poke
G-20, 602
Virginian Prune
8io
Virgin's Glove
G-IO, 248
VIROLA
(Virola theiodora)
789
Virola theiodora
789
Viscum album
G-11, 291
Vitex agnus-castus
G-8, 176
Vitex Capsules
(Naturalife, Nature's Way) . .. . 176
Vitis vinifera
G-13, 362
Vomitroot
G-ie, 479
Vomitwort
G-16, 479
W
WAFER ASH
(Ptelea trifoliata)
790
WAHOO
(Euonymus atropurpurea) G-25, 791
Wake Robin
Wake-Robin
Walewort
Wall Ginger
46
*.. . G-4, 74
259
215
WALLFLOWER
(Cheiranthus cheiri)
Wallflower
Wallpepper
G-25, 792
418
215
1 - 4 2 /WALLSTOCK-GILLOFER
Wallstock-Gillofer
Wallwort
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-25, 792
G-9, 212
WALNUT
(Juglans regia)
G-2S, 793
Walpole Tea
Wandering Jenny
Wandering Tailor
Warnera
Wartwort
Water Agrimony
541
G-17, 520
G-17, 520
G-13, 355
236
G-7, 131
WATER AVENS
(Geum rivale)
Water
Water
Water
Water
Blobs
Bugle
Cabbage
Chisch
G-25, 794
G-17, 503
G-6, 126
G-3, 28
G-25, 794
WATER DOCK
(Rumex aquaticus)
Water Dragon
795
G-17, 503
crocata)
Water Dropwort
Water Elder
795
G-25, 796
G-5, 96
WATER FENNEL
(Oenanthe aquatica)
Water Flag
Water Flower
G-25, 796
G-19, sei
G-25, 794
WATER GERMANDER
(Teucrium scordium)
Water Hemlock
Water Lily
Water Lovage
Water Maudlin
Water Mint
Water Nymph
Water Parsley
Water Pepper
Water Pimpernel
Water Pink
Water Plantain
Water Purslane
Water Shamrock
797
G-13, 386
G-3, 28
795
G-13, 388
G-26, 813
G-3, 28
G-13, 386
699
G-6, 121
768
G-3, 13
G-6, 121
G-6, 110
WATERCRESS
(Nasturtium officinale)
Watercress Capsules
(National Vitamin)
Water-Cup
Wattle Bark
798
798
G-20, 596
3
G-4, 65
820
G-12, 322
G-22, 705
24
G-4, 71
G-6, 123
G-17, 500
G-4, 50
139
G-13, 36i
WHEAT
(Triticum aestivum)
Wheat Bran
Wheat Germ Oil
Whig Plant
White Archangel
White Ash
White Bay
799
799
799
G-10, 270
G-25, 806
G-13, 361
490
WHITE BRYONY
(Bryonia alba)
WATER DROPWORT
(Oenanthe
Wax Bean
Wax Cluster
Wax Dolls
Waxberry
Waxwork
Way Bennet
Waythorn
Weed
Weeping Ash
Weeping Pepper Tree
Weyl Ash
White
White
White
White
White
Bryony
Candytuft
Cedar
Cinnamon
Daisy
G-25, 800
632
84
G-24, 759
147
563
WHITE FIR
(Abies
alba)
White Flag Root
White Fringe
White Gum
802
G-19, 561
G-12, 321
G-23, 734
White Thyme Oil
(Aura Cacia)
White Walnut
White Weed
761
134
563
WHITE WILLOW
(Salix species)
G-25, 807
White Willow Bark Capsules
(ADH, Apothecary,
Frontier, Nature's Way)
807
White Wood
(Canella
winter
ana)
147
White Wood
(Melaleuca leucadendra) . G-7, 136
Whitethorn
G-IO, 271
Whitsun Bosses
G-5, 96
Whitsun Rose
G-5, 96
Whorlywort
104
Whortleberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Whortleberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20
Wild Agrimony
G-20, 610
Wild American Scullcap
Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
678
Wild Balsam
436
Wild Bergamont
407
WILD CARROT
(Daucus carota)
Wild Celandine
Wild Chamomile Oil
(Aura Cacia)
G-25, 809
436
331
WHITE HELLEBORE
(Veratrum album)
White Horehound
White Laurel
G-25, 803
G-14, 401
490
WHITE LILY
(Lilium candidum)
White Mulberry
White Murda
804
99
39
WHITE MUSTARD
(Sinapis
alba)
G-25, 8 0 5
WHITE NETTLE
(Lamium album)
G-25, 806
White
White
White
White
White
G-20, 607
G-20, 598
G-13, 359
659
G-7, 136
Poplar
Root
Rot
Saunders
Tea Tree
WILD CHERRY
(Prunus serotina)
810
Wild Cinnamon
147
Wild Clover
G-21, 633
Wild Cotton
4is
Wild Countryside Black
Cohosh Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
92
Wild Countryside Chickweed
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . .. 180
Wild Countryside Damiana
Leaves Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
244
Wild Countryside Dandelion
Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
245
Wild Countryside Gotu Kola
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. . .359
ALPHABETICAL INDEX
WOOD S A G E / 1 - 4 3
Wild Countryside Licorice
Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
469
Wild Countryside Myrrh
Gum Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
534
Wild Countryside Red
Raspberry Leaf Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
630
Wild Countryside Scullcap
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .678
Wild Countryside Springtime
Horsetail Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
409
Wild Countryside White
Willow Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
807
Wild Countryside Yellow
Dock Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs) .
835
Wild Cranesbill
233
Wild Crane's-Bill
G-14, 393
Wild Curcuma
G-13, 355
WILD DAISY
(Bellis perennis)
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Endive
Fennel
Ginger
Guelder Rose
Hops
Ice Leaf
G-26, 811
G-9, 245
G-11, 302
48
G-S, 96
G-25, 800
G-IS, 532
WILD INDIGO
(Baptisia tinctoria)
Wild Indigo Fresh Root
Liquid
(Health from the Sun)
Wild Indigo Root, Alcohol
Free Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Wild Iris
Wild Laburnum
Wild Lady's Slipper
Wild Lemon
Wild Lettuce
Wild Liquorice
(Abrus precatorius)
Wild Liquorice
{Ononis spinosa)
Wild Marjoram
G-26, 812
aquatica)
48
G-25, 800
551
551
382
G-17, 515
G-22, 697
WILD RADISH
(Raphanus raphanistrum)
G-26, 814
Wild Radish
Wild Rosemary
Wild Rye
365
451
G-4, 71
WILD SERVICE TREE
(Sorbus
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
torminalis)
814
Snowball
Sorvice
Strawberry
Succory
Sunflower
Sweet William
541
814
G-23, 735
G-8, 174
G-10, 266
G-22, 701
WILD THYME
(Thymus serpyllum)
G-26, 815
Wild Tobacco
G-ie, 479
WILD TURNIP
(Brassica
rapa)
816
Wild Vine
Wild Woodbine
Wild Woodvine
(Dioscorea
812
812
G-19, 561
G-24, 744
436
G-17,510
453
435
G-23, 713
G-19, 559
G-26, 813
G-25, soo
G-3, 26
G-3, 26
villosa)
G-26, 817
Wild Yam Capsules
(Bio-Tech)
Wild Yam Extract Liquid
(Nature's Way)
Wild Yam Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Wild Yam Root & Rhizome
Extract Liquid (Frontier)
Wild Yam Root Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Way)
Willow
817
817
817
817
si7
G-25, 807
824
572
G-20, 59s
G-5, 75
790
WINTER CHERRY
(Physalis alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Winter Fern
Winter Marjoram
Winter Pink
Wintera
Wintera Aromatica
Winterbloom
G-13, 386
G-19, 559
768
820
820
G-26, 821
WINTERGREEN
(Gaultheria procumbens)
820
Wintergreen
Winterlien
647
G-12, 313
WINTER'S BARK
(Drimys winteri)
820
Winter's Cinnamon
Wintersweet
Winterweed
Witch Grass
820
G-19, 559
180
G-25, 771
(Epilobium
angustifolium)
(Hamamelis virginiana)
. G-26, 821
Witch Hazel Leaf Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
821
Witch Meal
196
Witchen
G-IS, 525
Witches' Brier
G-10, 254
Witches' Gloves
G-IO, 248
Witches' Pouches
G-22, 690
Withe Withy
G-25, 807
Wolfs Claw
196
Wolfsbane
(Aconitum napellus)
G-IS, 521
Wolfsbane (Arnica montana)
41
WOOD ANEMONE
(Anemone nemorosa)
824
WOOD BETONY
(Betonica officinalis)
G-26, 825
Wood Betony Herb Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
WILLOW HERB
Willow Sage
Wind Flower
(Anemone nemorosa)
Wind Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
Wind Root
Wineberry
Wingseed
WITCH HAZEL
WILD YAM
WILD MINT
(Mentha
Wild Nard
Wild Nep
Wild Oats Liquid
(Action Labs)
Wild Oats Tablets
(Action Labs)
Wild Pansy
Wild Pepper
Wild Plum
G-26, 818
G-20, 620
825
WOOD SAGE
(Teucrium scorodonia)
. . G-26, 826
1-44/WOOD
SORREL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
WOOD SORREL
(Oxalis acetosella)
827
YAGE
Wood Sour
827
Wood Spider
247
Wood Strawberry
G-23, 73s
Wood Vine
G-25, 800
Wood Waxen
G-10, 260
Woodbind
G-10, 275
Woodbine
(Gelsemium sempervirens)
. . . . 838
Woodbine
(Lonicera caprifolium)
399
Woodruff
G-24, 751
Woodwrad
G-24, 751
Woody
G-5, 88
Woody Climber
G-3, 26
Woollen
G-18, 532
Woolly Thistle
G-22, 678
Woolmat
410
Wormgrass
594
827
WORMSEED OIL
(Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
WORMWOOD
(Artemisia absinthium) . . G-26, 829
Wormwood
G-IS, 530
WORMWOOD GRASS
(Spigelia anthelmia)
831
833
Yan-Hu-Suo
226
(Achillea millefolium) . . . G-26, 833
Yarrow Extract Liquid
(Nature's Way)
Yarrow Flowers Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs)
Yaw Root
Yellow Avens
Yellow Bark
Yellow Bugle
Yellow Catechu
Yellow Chaste Weed
Yellow Cleavers
833
835
Yellow Dock Root Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Way)
835
Yellow Flag
G-19, 561
Yellow Galium
G-15, 455
Yellow Ginseng
Yellow Iris
Yellow Jasmine
836
109
G-19, 56i
838
YELLOW JESSAMINE
WOUNDWORT
(Stachys palustris)
Woundwort
(Anthyllis vulneraria)
Woundwort
(Prunella vulgaris)
Woundwort
(Solidago canadensis)
Woundwort
(Solidago virgaurea)
Wu-Wei-Zi
Wymote
832
(Gelsemium sempervirens)
. . . . 838
YELLOW LUPIN
. . . . G-9, 214
G-22, 68i
145
G-11, 289
669
505
(Lupinus luteus)
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Pheasant's Eye
Poplar
Puccoon
Rod
Root
Saunders
Snakeleaf
Snowdrop
Starwort
Sweet Clover
839
G-3, 5
774
G-13, 355
840
G-13, 355
659
24
24
G-IO, 266
G-24, 744
YELLOW TOADFLAX
257
Xie-Jie
(Linaria vulgaris)
X-Prep Bowel Evacuant
Yellow Willowherb
Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684
Yellow Wood
Xuan-Fu-Hua
119
Xysmalobium undulatum
782 I Yellowroot
(Eriodictyon californicum)
. . . . 841
Yerba Santa Resin-Rich Leaf
Liquid (Herb Pharm)
841
YEW
. . . .833
729
G-4, 71
G-7, 153
G-13, 373
324
417
G-15, 455
YELLOW DOCK
YELLOW GENTIAN
(Gentiana lutea)
541
133
133
G-17, 508
YERBA SANTA
YARROW
(Rumex crispus)
WORMSEED
(Artemisia cina)
(Banisteriopsis caapi)
Yellows
(Cypripedium calceolus)
Yellows (Ranunculus acris)
Yellowweed
Yerba Mate
840
G-ie, 481
545
358
(Taxus baccata)
G-26, 841
Ying Zicao
Yocon Tablets (Glenwood)
619
843
YOHIMBE BARK
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
Yohimbe Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
843
Yohimbe Power Max 1500
for Women Tablets
(Action Labs)
843
Yohimbe Power Max 1500
Tablets (Action Labs)
843
Yohimbe Power Max 2000
Capsules (Action Labs)
843
Yohimbe Power Max 2000
Liquid (Action Labs)
843
Yohimbe Super Potent
Tablets (Mason Vitamins) . . . . 843
Yohimbie Bark Tablets
(Nature's Bounty)
843
Yohimbized 1000 Liquid
(Action Labs)
843
Youthwort
740
Yucca
4
Yucca
filamentosa
4
Yuma
G-26, 817
Z
Zaffer
Zanthoxylum americanum
Zanzibar Pepper
Zea mays
652
545
G-8, 165
224
ZEDOARY
(Curcuma zedoaria)
G-26, 846
Ze-Xie
Zhi Mu
Zingiber officinale
Zostrix Cream (Bioglan)
Zyzyphus jujube
G-3, 13
31
G-12, 339
165
439
1-45
Therapeutic Category Index
Entries in this index are organized by prescribing category, enabling you to quickly identify
botanicals with similar properties. Within each category, herbs are listed alphabetically by their
accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. Botanicals deemed
effective by the German Regulatory Authority's ''Commission E" are marked with a (•) symbol at
their left. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the
Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. The index lists herbs by general
category only. To locate botanicals considered appropriate for a specific indication, please consult
the Indications Index.
ACNE PREPARATIONS
ANALGESIC AGENTS
• Bittersweet Nightshade
(Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-S, 88
• Brewer's Yeast
{Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
lis
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 2 8 3
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . .. .382
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
ADJUNCT ANTINEOPLASTIC THERAPY
Cat's Claw (Urticaria
tomentosa)
ieo
• European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
G-8, 165
218
AMEBICIDES
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Aga (Amanita muscaria) . . .G-3, 8
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . G-4, SO
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Haw (Viburnum
prunifolium)
G-S, 96
Black Pepper (Piper
nigrum)
G-6, 103
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
109
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Bugleweed (Lycopus
virginicus)
G-6, 126
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
133
Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Clematis (Clematis recta) .G-8, 194
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum)
G-8, 195
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
*". . G-9, 221
Corn Poppy (Papaver
rhoeas)
223
Cowhage (Mucuna
pruriens)
230
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cumin (Cuminum
cyminum)
G-9, 237
Devil's Claw
(Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
1-46/ANALGESIC AGENTS
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-IO, 248
G-10, 256
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270
English Horsemint (Mentha
longifolia)
G-IO, 275
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-10, 275
(Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
European Water Hemlock
(Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
False Unicorn Root
(Veratrum luteum)
301
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
Garlic (Allium sativum)
G-12, 327
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Horsemint (Monarda
punctata)
407
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale)
410
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Iporuru (Alchornea
floribunda)
424
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-i6, 461
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
Martagon (Lilium
martagon)
506
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
moschatus)
533
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
Poplar (Populus species)
Potentilla (Potentilla
anserind)
Puff Ball (Lycoperdon
species)
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-19, 580
G-19, 585
G-20, 607
G-20, 610
618
625
G-20, 629 I
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, 650
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
» Spruce (Picea species)
714
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Stavesacre (Delphinium
staphisagria)
726
Sweet Vernal Grass
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
White Fir (Abies alba)
802
White Willow (Salix
species)
G-25, 807
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
Wild Mint {Mentha
aquatica)
Wild Thyme {Thymus
serpyllum)
Wild Yam {Dioscorea
Villosa)
G-26, 812
G-26, 813
G-26, 815
G-26, 817
Winter's Bark {Drimys
winteri)
820
Wintergreen {Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
Wood Anemone {Anemone
nemorosa)
824
Wormwood {Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Yellow Jessamine
{Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
ANORECTAL PREPARATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bilberry {Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Butcher's Broom {Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Poplar {Populus species) G-20, 607
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) . . . . 612
Sweet Clover {Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Witch Hazel {Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
ANTACID PREPARATIONS
Barberry {Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Congorosa {Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
European Five-Finger Grass
{Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
Lovage {Levisticum
officinale)
G-16, 482
Salep {Orchis species)
657
Wood Betony {Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yellow Jessamine
{Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
ANTHELMINTICS
Amargo {Quassia amara) . .G-3, 23
Balmony {Chelone glabra) G-4, 59
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
ANTIANXIETY A G E N T S / I - 4 7
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
Blue Cohosh
{Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-5, 97
G - 5 , 98
109
G-7, 130
Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
141
Canadian Fleabane
{Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Centaury {Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Chives {Allium
schoenoprasum)
G-8, 188
Cinnamon {Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Corn Cockle {Agrostemma
githago)
222
Cowhage {Mucuna
pruriens)
230
Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Water Hemlock
{Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
Feverfew {Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Green Hellebore
{Helleborus viridis) . .
368
Groundsel {Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Indian Nettle {Acalypha
indica)
419
Kamala {Mallotus
philippinensis)
442
Kousso {Hagenia
abyssinica)
450
Larkspur {Delphinium
consolida)
G-15, 458
Lavender Cotton {Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-ie, 460
Male Fern {Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Marigold {Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Morning Glory {Ipomoea
hederacea)
523
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Mugwort {Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-IS, 530
Myrtle {Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Neem {Antelaea
azadirachta)
G-IS, 539
Papaya {Carica papaya) . G-19, 565
Pineapple {Ananas
comosus)
593
Pink Root {Spigelia
marilandica)
594
Pomegranate {Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Pumpkin {Cucurbita
pepo)
G-20, 618
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Rue {Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Sweet Gale {Myrica
gale)
G-24, 745
Tansy {Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
Walnut {Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
Water Germander
{Teucrium scordium)
797
Wild Carrot {Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
Wormseed {Artemisia cina) . . .827
Wormseed Oil
{Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
Wormwood {Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Wormwood Grass {Spigelia
anthelmia)
831
Yellow Lupin {Lupinus
UlteUS)
839
Yew {Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
ANTIANXIETY AGENTS
• Adonis {Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Aga {Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena
asphodeloides)
31
Bitter Orange {Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
G-S, 98
• Bugle weed {Lycopus
virginicus)
G-6, 126
1 - 4 8 / A N T I A N X I E T Y AGENTS
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Columbine (Aquilegia
vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cyclamen (Cyclamen
europaeum)
240
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270
• English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Heather (Calluna
Vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
• Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia
piscipula)
428
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
G-15, 443
» Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 46i
» Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
• Motherwort (Leonurus
cardiaca) t
G-18, 524
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-i8, 530
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-18, 547
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
• Passion Flower (Passiflora
incarnata)
G-19, 573
• Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scullcap (Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
• Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
• Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
8io
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
ANTIARRHYTHMICS
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . G-3, 5
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-S, si
Bitter Candytuft (Iberis
amara)
84
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Digitalis Lanata (Digitalis
lanata)
250
English Hawthorn
(Crataegus laevigata) . G-10, 271
» Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis)
. G-ie, 475
Motherwort (Leonurus
cardiaca)
G-18, 524
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
• Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-22, 672
G-23, 717
ANTICONVULSANTS
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Fool's Parsley (Aethusa
cynapium)
G-12, 316
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Scullcap (Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 46i
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-IS, 547
Passion Flower (Passiflora
incarnata)
G-19, 573
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
T H E R A P E U T I C CATEGOR Y INDEX
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
G-3, 12
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarits)
91
Centaury (Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia
bonducella)
253
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Goat's Rue (Galega
officinalis)
G-13, 353
Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba)
376
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
• • •429
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . .G-18, 525
Noni (Mdrinda citrifolia) .G-18, 544
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Plantain (Musa
paradisiacd)
597
Poley (Teucrium polium)
603
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
ANTIDIARRHEALS / 1-49
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
ANTIDIARRHEALS
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
• Agrimony (Agrimonia
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Alkanet (Alkanna
tinctoria)
G-3, 13
Amaranth (Amaranthus
hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . G-3, 28
Angostura (Galipea
officinalis)
34
Apple Tree (Malus
domestica)
G-4, 37
Arrowroot (Maranta
arundinacea)
43
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
58
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Barley (Hordeum
distichori)
G-4, 63
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bennet's Root (Geum
urbanum)
G-4, 71
• Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Bistort (Persicaria
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
• Blackberry (Rubus
fruticosus)
G-6, 104
Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum)
G-6, 111
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Carob (Ceratonia
siliqua)
G-7, I S I
Carrageen (Chondrus
crispus)
152
Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
160
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
* Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
» Cinquefoil (Potentilla
erecta)
G-8, 192
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
» Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Cranesbill (Geranium
maculatum)
233
Cumin (Cuminum
cyminum)
G-9, 237
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia
cyparissias)
G-9, 242
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
Dragon's Blood
(Daemonorops draco)
257
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-10, 269
European Five-Einger Grass
(Potentilla rep tans) . . . G-II, 289
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album.)
G - I I , 291
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Fool's Parsley (Aethusa
cynapium)
G-12, 316
Gambir (Uncaria species)? . . . .324
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Gum Arabic (Acacia
Senegal)
378
1-50 / ANTIDIARRHEALS
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus
microphyllus)
G-15, 425
• Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Logwood (Haematoxylon
campechianum)
480
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-16, 481
Lotus (Nelumbo
nucifera)
G-16, 48i
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
Moneywort (Lysimachia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Mountain Avens (Dryas
octopetala)
526
Muira-Puama
(Ptychopetalum
olacoides)
531
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-IS, 53s
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
» Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Pagoda Tree (Sophora
japonica)
564
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
G-19, 594
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Potentilla (Potentilla
anserina)
G-20, 610
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . 612
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
• Psyllium Seed (Plantago
afro)
G-20, 616
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
625
Rhatany (Krameria
triandra)
64i
Rice (Oryza sativa)
G-21, 643
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
Salep (Orchis species)
657
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
660
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lanced)
706
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
• Uzara (Xysmalobium
undulatum)
782
Water Avens (Geum
rivale)
G-25, 794
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
sio
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Mint (Mentha
aquatica)
G-26, 813
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
ANTIEMETICS
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) . G - 3 , 6
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
15
American Pawpaw
(Asimina triloba)
27
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
British Elecampane (Inula
britannica)
119
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Carob (Ceratonia
siliqua)
G-7, 151
Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
Common Kidney Vetch
(Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
• Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
G-12, 339
Green Hellebore
(Helleborus viridis)
368
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 461
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, sso
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Sweet Vernal Grass
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum) . .
G-24, 749
White Hellebore (Veratrum
album)
G-25, 803
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
ANTIFLATULENTS
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
Angelica {Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) . G-4, 64
Bear's Garlic {Allium
ursinum)
66
Caraway {Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Curcuma {Curcuma
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
English Horsemint {Mentha
longifolia)
G-IO, 275
Fennel {Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-II, 302
Galbanum {Ferula
gummosa)
323
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenaria)
336
Horehound {Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horsemint {Monarda
punctata)
407
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Jatamansi {Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 461
Lovage {Levisticum
officinale)
G-ie, 482
Masterwort {Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
Motherwort {Leonurus
cardiaca)
G-i8, 524
Oswego Tea {Monarda
didyma)
562
Quinine {Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Salep {Orchis species)
657
Sloe {Prunus spinosa) . .. G-22, 697
Sneezewort {Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Spearmint {Mentha
spicata)
.G-23, 709
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
White Nettle {Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS/1-51
Wormwood {Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Yellow Gentian {Gentiana
lutea)
836
ANTIFUNGALS
Cornflower {Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Mountain Laurel {Kalmia
latifolia)
G-18, 528
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS
Hwema Bark {Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
ANTMNFECTIVES
Bistort {Persicaria
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Black Mustard {Brassica
nigra)
G-5, 100
Brazilian Pepper Tree
{Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
141
Catechu {Acacia catechu)
163
Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Cocoa {Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
Coconut Palm {Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
• Colchicum {Colchicum
autumnale)
G-9, 206
Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-10, 254
English Ivy {Hedera
helix)
G-IO, 27S
Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
Fumitory {Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenaria)
336
Goa Powder {Andira
araroba)
352
Gotu Kola {Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Guaiac {Guaiacum
officinale)
375
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . .382
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Jequirity {Abrus
precatorius)
435
Lily-of-the-Valley
{Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 475
Marsh Blazing Star {Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
Mountain Laurel {Kalmia
latifolia)
G-IS, 528
New Jersey Tea
{Ceanothus americanus)
. . . . 541
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria)
550
Oats {Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Oregano {Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Pitcher Plant {Sarracenia
purpurea)
G-20, 596
Purple Gromwell
{Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
619
Red Bryony {Bryonia
cretica)
632
Sandalwood {Santalum
album)
659
Sassafras {Sassafras
albidum)
G-21, 662
Sorrel {Rumex acetosa)
705
Spruce {Picea species)
714
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Thuja {Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
Thyme {Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 761
Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
Virola {Virola theiodora)
789
White Bryony {Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
Yellow Dock {Rumex
CrispUS)
835
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, SKIN AND
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
• Agrimony {Agrimonia
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
1-52/ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
AGENTS
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
4i
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
118
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-II, 278
• Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
• Flax (Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
• Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . .382
• Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549
• Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
• Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS,
SYSTEMIC
Abscess Root (Polemonium
reptans)
G-3, 3
Barley (Hordeum
distichon)
G-4, 63
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox)
16
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
(Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Jacob's Ladder
(Polemonium
caeruleum)
G-15, 427
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
625
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655
Strawberry (Fragaria
G-23, 735
vesca)
ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS
Bilberry (Vaccinium
G-5, 7 5
myrtillus) . . . .<
Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum)
228
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba)
376
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata) .. .612
• Soybean (Glycine soja) . . G-22, 707
Strophanthus (Strophanthus
kombe)
736
Strophanthus Gratus
(Strophanthus gratus)
736
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia
unifloria)
742
ANTIMALARIAL AGENTS
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Croton Seeds (Croton
tiglium)
234
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta)
G-IS, 539
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron
tulipifera)
774
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
ANTIPANIC AGENTS •
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
ANTIPRURITICS
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Sweet Gale (Myrica
gale)
G-24, 745
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799
ANTIPSORIATIC AGENTS
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species)
177
Goa Powder (Andira
araroba)
352
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-IS, 527
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-18, 528
Red Clover (Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
G-21, 661
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
G-23, 741
Teazle (Dipsacus
silvestris)
G-24, 757
ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS
Alpine Cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) .
American Bittersweet
(Celastrus scandens)
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
• Birch (Betula species)
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
Black Mustard (Brassica
nigra)
.G-3, 20
24
41
G-4, 61
G-4, 64
67
G-5, 78
G-5, 90
G-5, 94
G-5, 100
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS/1-53
Borage (Borago
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
officinalis)
G-6, 114
English Ivy (Hedera
Boxwood (Buxus
helix)
G-10, 275
sempervirens)
G-6, 116
» Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
Brazilian Pepper Tree
globulus)
G-11, 283
(Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
European Golden Rod
Bulbous Buttercup
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
•
European
Mistletoe (Viscum
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
album)
G-11, 291
albus)
G-7, 130
European Peony (Paeonia
Buttercup (Ranunculus
officinalis)
G-11, 295
acris)
133
Fever
Bark
(Alstonia
• Cajuput (Melaleuca
constricta)
305
leucadendrd)
G-7, 136
Feverfew (Tanacetum
Calamus (Acorus
parthenium)
G-11, 306
calamus)
G-7, 138
Frankincense
(Boswellia
California Peppertree
carteri)
319
(Schinus molle)
139
Fumitory
(Fumaria
Calotropis (Calotropis
officinalis)
G-12, 322
procera)
141
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
• Camphor Tree
arenaria)
336
(Cinnamomum
Gotu Kola (Centella
camphora)
G-7, 143
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Canella (Canella
Goutweed (Aegopodium
winterana)
147
podagraria)
G-13, 361
• Cayenne (Capsicum
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
annuum)
G-8, 165
hederacea)
372
Celery (Apium
Ground Pine (Ajuga
graveolens)
G-8, 172
chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
Chickweed (Stellaria
• Guaiac (Guaiacum
media)
iso
officinale)
375
Chinese Cinnamon
Heather (Calluna
(Cinnamomum
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
aromaticum)
182
Hemlock (Conium
Chinese Olive (Canarium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
species)
184
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
Clematis (Clematis recta) G-8, 194
hippocastanum)
G-i4, 403
Comfrey (Symphytum
Horseradish (Armoracia
officinale)
G-9, 212
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Cowhage (Mucuna
Horsetail (Equisetum
pruriens)
230
arvense)
G-14, 409
Cumin (Cuminum
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
cyminum)
G-9, 237
cannabinum)
418
• Devil's Claw
Iporuru (Alchornea
(Harpagophytum
floribunda)
424
procumbens)
247
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254
(Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Duckweed (Lemna
Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427
minor)
G-10, 258
Java Tea (Orthosiphon
Dwarf Elder (Sambucus
spicatus)
434
ebulus)
259
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
* Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Laurel (Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus
ficaria)
466
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Manaca (Brunfelsia
hopeana)
494
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 525
Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-18, 532
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum)
545
Oats (A vena sativa) G-IS, 551
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Poison Ivy (Rhus
toxicodendron)
eoo
Poke (Phytolacca
americana)
G-20, 602
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606
Poplar (Populus species)
G-20, 607
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
63i
Red Bryony (Bryonia
cretica)
632
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, 650
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
660
1-54/ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-21, 66i
G-21, 662
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Sesame (Sesamum
orientale)
688
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
691
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lancea)
706
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
Teazle (Dipsacus
silvestris)
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum)
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
Wafer Ash (Ptelea
trifoliata)
G-23, 729
G-23, 735
G-23, 741
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
798
G-25, 800
• White Fir (Abies alba)
• White Mustard (Sinapis
alba)
802
G-25, 805
• White Willow (Salix
species)
G-25, 807
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, 815
Wild Yam (Dioscorea
villosa)
G-26, 817
Winter Cherry (Physalis
alkekengi)
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
G-26, 819
820
ANTISEBORRHEIC AGENTS
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-i8, 527
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Peanut (A rachis hypogaea) . . . 575
Quillaja (Quillaja
saponaria)
G-20, 624
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
6-23, 729
ANTISPASMODICS
G-24, 750
G-24, 754
G-24, 757
G-24, 759
G-24, 766
G-25, 771
G-25, 788
790
American Hellebore
(Veratrum viride)
25
Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, 81
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . G-6, 112
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G - 7 , 130
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, i48
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
151
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
• Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile)
G-10, 270
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-11, 302
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . .G-12, 331
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
moschatus)
533
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Scopolia (Scopolia
carniolica)
67i
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Sumbul (Ferula sumbul) . .G-23, 738
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 761
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
.G-26, 833
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
ANTITHYROID AGENTS
Motherwort {Leonurus
cardiaca)
G-i8, 524
ANTITUBERCULOSIS AGENTS
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
iso
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Spruce (Picea species)
714
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
ANTIVIRALS
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
ieo
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-IS, 528
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
APPETITE STIMULANTS
m
v
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
• Artichoke (Cynara
scolymus)
G-4, 44
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, ei
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64
• Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
• Blessed Thistle (Cnicus
benedict
us)
G-6, 107
• Bog r>c." (Menyanthes
trifoliata)
G-6, 110
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA / 1 - 5 5
• Brewer's Yeast
(Sacch a romyces
cerevisiae)
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
Cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum)
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
• Centaury (Centaurium
erythraea)
• Chicory' (Cichorium
intybus)
118
139
G-7, 149
G-8, 165
G-8, 172
G-8, 174
G-8, 181
• Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Chiretta (Swertia chirata)
187
• Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
• Condurango (Marsdenia
condurango)
216
• Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
• Curcuma (Curcuma
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Devil's Claw
(Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
• English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
• Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
French Tarragon (Artemisia
dracunculus)
G-12, 320
• Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
G-12, 339
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
• Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
* Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
• Juniper (Juniperus
communis)
G-15, 440
Larkspur (Delphinium
consolida)
G-15, 458
• Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
467
Muira-Puama
(Ptychopetalum
olacoides)
531
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
moschatus)
533
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-18, 547
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
• Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Radish (Raphanus
SUtivUS)
G-20, 628
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
Senburi (Swertia japonica) . . . . 682
Skirret (Sium sisarum) . . G-22, 696
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Spinach (Spinacia
oleracea)
G-23, 712
• Star Anise (Illicium
verum)
G-23, 725
• Sweet Orange (Citrus
sinensis)
G-24, 747
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
• Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
• Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
• Yellow Gentian (Gentiana
lutea)
836
APPETITE SUPPRESSANTS
Cola (Cola acuminata)
Dwarf Elder (Sambucus
ebulus)
205
259
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH)
THERAPY
African Potato (Hypoxis
rooperi)
7
1 - 5 6 / B E N I G N PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .0-11, 289
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
• Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
G-20, 618
• Saw Palmetto (Serenoa
repens)
G-21, 664
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
BOWEL EVACUANTS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Aloe capensis; Aloe
vera)
G-3, 16
Amargo (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23
Baneberry (Actaea spicata) . . . 60
Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum
palmatum)
G-8, 185
Croton Seeds (Croton
tiglium)
234
Dyer's Broom (Genista
tinctoria)
G-10, 260
Frangula (Rhamnus
frangula)
G-12, 317
Lycium Berries (Lycium
barbarum)
487
Mexican Scammony Root
(Ipomoea orizabensis)
514
Mountain Flax (Linum
catharticum)
526
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) .. . G-22, 697
BURN PREPARATIONS
English Ivy (Hederq
helix)
G-10, 275
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides)
G-22, 680
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
CALCIUM OXALATE STONE PREVENTION
Alpine Cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . G-3, 20
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
Arenaria Rubra
dioica)
G-23, 729
(Spergularia rubra)
39
Stone Root (Collinsonia
• Asparagus (Asparagus
canadensis)
G-23, 733
officinalis)
G-4, 52
Strawberry (Fragaria
• Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vesca)
G-23, 735
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Wood Betony (Betonica
• Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Officinalis)
G-26, 825
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
• Canadian Golden Rod
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
(Solidago canadensis)
145
nemorensis)
21
Celery (Apium
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
graveolens)
G-8, 172
As arum (Asa rum
Centaury (Centaurium
europaeum)
48
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Astragalus (Astragalus
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
species)
54
Dandelion (Taraxacum
Bear's Garlic (Allium
officinale)
G-9, 245
ursinum)
66
Dyer's Broom (Genista
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
tinctoria)
G-10, 260
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Eryngo (Eryngium
Visnaga)
G-5, si
campestre)
G-11, 282
Bitter Candytuft (Iberis
• European Golden Rod
amara)
84
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
amarus)
91
hederacea)
372
Bladderwrack (Fucus
Herb Robert (Geranium
vesiculosus)
106
robertianum)
G-14, 393
Brown Kelp (Macrocystis
• Horsetail (Equisetum
pyrifera)
122
arvense)
G-14, 409
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum
Hydrangea (Hydrangea
esculentum)
G-6, 124
arborescens)
G-14, 413
Calamus (Acorus
• Java Tea (Orthosiphon
calamus)
G-7, 138
spicatus)
434
• Camphor Tree
• Lovage (Levisticum
(Cinnamomum
officinale)
G-16, 482
camphora)
G-7, 143
Madder (Rubia
Cayenne (Capsicum
tinctorum)
G-16, 490
annuum)
= . . . G-8, 165
» Parsley (Petroselinum
Celandine (Chelidonium
crispum)
G-19, 567
majus)
G-8, 169
Parsley Piert (Aphanes
Centaury (Centaurium
arvensis)
570
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Petasites (Petasites
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
acre)
215
major)
G-19, 591
Coriander (Coriandrum
Pontian Rhododendron
sativum)
G-9, 221
(Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
Digitalis (Digitalis
scoparius)
G-22, 672
purpurea) .
G-10, 248
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
• English Hawthorn
spinosa)
G-23, 713
(Crataegus laevigata^* . G-IO, 271
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
T H E R A P E U T I C C A T E G O R Y INDEX
English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-IO, 277
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
0-11, 291
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Indian Squill (Urginea
indica)
421
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Kombe Seed (Strophanthus
hispidus)
450
Lactucarium (Lactuca
virosa)
453
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
• Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Lycium Bark (Lycium
chinense)
486
Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
G-16, 488
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Motherwort (Leonurus
cardiaca)
G-18, 524
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum)
545
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-18, 547
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-i8, 551
Oleander (Nerium
oleander)
G-19, 555
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . .. eoe
Raspberry (Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
COUGH & COLD P R O D U C T S / I - 5 7
• Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
eso
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
• Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Scotch Thistle (Onopordum
acanthium)
G-22, 678
• Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727
Strophanthus (Strophanthus
kombe)
736
Strophanthus Gratus
(Strophanthus gratus)
736
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Wallflower (Cheiranthus
cheiri)
G-25, 792
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
STIMULANTS
Areca Nut (Areca
catechu)
G-4, 38
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Contrayerva (Dorstenia
contrayerva)
218
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
langsdorfff)
220
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Grains-of-Paradise
(Aframomum
melegueta)
G-13, 362
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
Guarana (Paullinia cupana)
Gum Arabic (Acacia
senegat)
Khat (Catha edulis)
Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-13, 369
. . . 376
378
447
G-i6, 488
G-17, 516
CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
Snowdrop
nivalis)
(Galanthus
700
COGNITIVE ENHANCING AGENTS
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
COLD & COUGH PRODUCTS WITH
ANALGESICS
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
CONTRACEPTIVES
(See under Oral contraceptives)
COUGH & COLD PRODUCTS
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
Arum (Arum maculatum)
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) ..
Cherry Laurel (Prunus
laurocerasus)
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum)
Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
Coral Root (Corallorhiza
odontorhiza)
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
Cypress (Cupressus
sempervirens)
G-3, 32
G-3, 35
41
46
G-5, 94
G-5, 97
118
G-7, 143
151
G-8, 164
G-8, 179
G-8, 195
G-9, 209
220
G-9, 221
G-9, 241
1-58/COUGH & COLD PRODUCTS
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
• Echinacea Pallida
(Echinacea pallida)
261
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
• European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffd)
G-14, 394
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-15, 457
Lemon (Citrus limon)
460
Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
467
Linden (Jilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Luff a (Luffa aegyptica) . . G-16, 483
• Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
New Jersey Tea
(Ceanothus americanus) . . . . 541
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major) .
G-19,591
• Radish (Raphanus
SativUS)
G-20, 628
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Southern Bayberry (Myrica
cerifera)
G-22, 705
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
• Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum)
G-24, 766
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
• White Mustard (Sinapis
alba)
G-25, 805
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
DECONGESTANTS & COMBINATIONS
Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
DECONGESTANTS, EXPECTORANTS &
COMBINATIONS
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
G-24, 743
odorata)
DENTAL PREPARATIONS
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria
canadensis)
ios
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
Calamus (Aco>us
calamus)
G-7, 138
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
• Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum)
G-8, 195
Coconut Palm (Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus
ficaria)
466
Lycium Bark (Lycium
chinense)
486
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Mastic Tree (Pistacia
lentiscus)
G-17, 508
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria)
550
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
795
Winter's Bark (Drimys
winteri)
820
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
DEODORANTS
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 761
DEPIGMENTING AGENTS
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Arrowroot (Maranta
arundinacea)
43
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
DIGESTIVE AIDS
DIGESTIVE AIDS / I - 5 9
439
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Calamus (Acorus
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6
calamus)
G-7, 138
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Calotropis (Calotropis
Aloe capensis; Aloe
procera)
141
vera)
G-3, 16
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
• Cardamom (Elettaria
American Ivy
cardamomum)
G-7, 149
(Parthenocissus
Carline Thistle (Carlina
quinquefolia)
G-3, 26
acaulis)
151
• Angelica (Angelica
Carob (Ceratonia
arckangelica)
G-3, 32
siliqua)
G-7, 151
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156
Apple Tree (Malus
Cayenne (Capsicum
domestica)
G-4, 37
annuum)
G-8, 165
Arrowroot (Maranta
• Centaury (Centaurium
arundinacea)
43
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Artichoke (Cynara
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . .178
scolymus)
G-4, 44
• Chicory (Cichorium
Asa Foetida (Ferula
intybus)
G-8, i8i
foetida)
47
• Chinese Cinnamon
Balmony (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59
(Cinnamomum
Barberry (Berberis
aromaticum)
182
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Chiretta (Swertia chirata)
187
Barley (Hordeum
• Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
distichon)
G-4, 63
verum)
G-8, 190
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
Colombo (Jateorhiza
Bear's Garlic (Allium
palmata)
208
ursinum)
66
• Condurango (Marsdenia
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
condurango)
216
Bennet's Root (Geum
Congorosa (Maytenus
urbanum)
G-4, 71
ilicifolia)
218
Bistort (Persicaria
Coolwort (Tiarella
bistorta)
G-3, 82
cordifolia)
G-9, 219
• Bitter Orange (Citrus
• Coriander (Coriandrum
aurantium)
G-5, 86
sativum)
G-9, 221
Black Pepper (Piper
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
nigrum)
G-6, 103
githago)
222
Bladderwrack (Fucus
Cup Plant (Silphium
vesiculosus)
106
perfoliatum)
G-9, 238
• Blessed Thistle (Cnicus
• Curcuma (Curcuma
benedictus)
G-6, 107
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
• Bog Bean (Menyanthes
Cyclamen (Cyclamen
trifoliata)
G-6, 110
europaeum)
240
• Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . . G-6, 112
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
• Brewer's Yeast
officinale)
G-9, 245
(Saccharomyces
• Devil's Claw
cerevisiae)
118
(Harpagophytum
Broom Corn (Sorghum
procumbens)
247
vulgare)
121
• Dill (Anethum
Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125
graveolens)
G-10, 252
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Dragon's Blood
(Daemonorops draco)
257
Dyer's Broom (Genista
tinctoria)
G-IO, 260
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-IO, 269
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile)
G-10, 270
English Horsemint (Mentha
longifolia)
G-IO, 275
• English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
• Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-11, 302
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Frostwort (Helianthemum
canadense)
G-12, 321
Galbanum (Ferula
gummosa)
323
Gamboge (Garcinia
hanburyi)
G-12, 325
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Germander (Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
• Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
G-12, 339
Goldthread (Coptis trifolia) . .. 358
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba)
376
• Haronga (Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Hartstongue
(Scolopendrium
vulgare) ..
381
• Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
Honeysuckle (Lonicera
caprifolium)
399
1-60 /DIGESTIVE AIDS
• Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horsemint (Monarda
punctata)
407
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
• Immortelle (Helichrysum
arenarium)
417
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Indian Physic (Gillenia
trifoliata)
421
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Jewel Weed (Impatiens
biflora)
436
Lavender Cotton (Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphylla)
463
• Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
467
Lotus (Nelumbo
nucifera)
G-ie, 48i
Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
G-ie, 482
Magnolia (Magnolia
glauca)
490
Masterwort (Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
• Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, s i e
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol)
G-18, 534
Noni (Morinda citrifolia) G-18, 544
Nutmeg (Myristica
fragrans) . ._
G-18, 545
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 5S7
Opium Antidote
(Combretum micranthum) . .. sso
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 5S9
Oswego Tea (Monarda
didyma)
562
Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, ses
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Pear (Pyrus communis)
577
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
G-19, 594
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
purpurea)
G-20, 596
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . .622
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
625
• Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
• Radish (Raphanus
SatiVUS)
G-20, 628
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Rosinweed (Silphium
laciniatum)
G-21, 646
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Saffron (Crocus sativus) . G-21, 653
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, ess
Salep (Orchis species)
657
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Senburi (Swertia japonica) . . . . 682
Skirret (Sium sisarum) . . .G-22, 696
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Spearmint (Mentha
spicata)
G-23, 709
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Star Anise (Illicium
verum)
G-23, 725
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
729
Stone Root (Collinsonia
canadensis)
G-23, 733
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Swamp Milkweed
(Asclepias incarnata) . . G-23, 743
Sweet Gale (Myrica
gale)
G-24, 745
• Sweet Orange (Citrus
sinensis)
G-24, 747
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 761
Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum)
G-24, 766
Turkey Corn (Dicentra
cucullaria)
775
• Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wahoo (Euonymus
atropurpurea)
G-25, 791
Water Avens (Geum
rivale)
G-25, 794
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
• White Nettle (Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
810
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, SIS
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
• Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
• Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
• Yellow Gentian (Gentiana
lutea)
836
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
840
Zedoary (Curcuma
zedoaria)
G-26, 846
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
• Haronga (Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION THERAPY / I - 6 1
593
DIURETIC AGENTS
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
G-3, 12
Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50
Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis)
G-4, 52
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
54
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) . G-4, 64
Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Cat's Foot (Antennaria
dioica)
G-S, 162
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Cheken (Eugenia chequen)
.178
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . 193
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
langsdorffi) .
220
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-IO, 254
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum)
G-12, 326
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Goat's Rue (Galega
officinalis)
G-13, 353
Hempnettle (Galeopsis
segetum)
G-13, 389
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Immortelle (Helichrysum
arenarium)
417
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Juniper (Juniperus
communis)
G-IS, 440
Knotweed (Polygonum
axiculare)
G-15, 448
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium
verum)
G-15, 455
Larkspur (Delphinium
consolida)
G-15, 458
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Linden (Tilia species) . . . .G-16, 477
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Martagon (Lilium
martagon)
506
Mate (Ilex
paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Olive (Olea europaea) . . G-19, 556
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Parsley PierP (Aphanes
arvensis)
570
Pear (Pyrus communis)
577
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
63i
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
G-21, eei
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
69i
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wahoo (Euonymus
atropurpurea)
G-25, 791
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
Winter Cherry (Physalis
alkekengi)
G-26, 819
EMOLLIENTS & MOISTURIZERS
Avocado (Persea
americana)
57
Jojoba (Simmondsia
chinesis)
G-15, 438
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-IS, 527
ENURESIS MANAGEMENT
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
• Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
\ . . G-20, 618
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION THERAPY
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus
officinalis)
\
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
51
182
346
572
1-62/ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION THERAPY
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
. . . .843
EXPECTORANTS
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . G-4, 74
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria
canadensis)
108
Chinese Olive (Canarium
species)
184
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
G-12, 339
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410
Ipecac (Cephaelis
ipecacuanha)
423
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Malabar Nut (Justicia
adhatoda)
G-17, 492
Moneywort (Lysimachia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol)
G-18, 534
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala
senega)
683
Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, S I S
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
FEVER REDUCERS
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
• Echinacea Pallida
(Echinacea pallida)
G-3, 32
41
261
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 261
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
• European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
• Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
GASTRITIS AIDS
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
160
GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Adam's Needle (Yucca
filamentosa)
4
Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) . G - 3 , 35
Artichoke (Cynara
scolymus)
G-4, 44
Asa Foetida (Ferula
foetida)
47
Baneberry (Actaea spicata) . . . .60
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Birthwort (Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-S, SO
Bitter Apple (Citrullus
colocynthis)
G-5, 83
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Black Alder (Alnus
glutinosa)
G-5, 89
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Black Pepper (Piper
nigrum)
G-6, 103
Black Root (Leptandra
virginica)
104
Blessed Thistle (Cnicus
benedictus)
G-6, 107
Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum)
G-6, 111
• Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . G-6, 112
Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Burr Marigold (Bidens
tripartita)
G-7, 131
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . .134
Cabbage (Brassica
oleracea)
G-7, 134
Calamus (Acorus
calamus)
G-7, 138
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Canella (Canella
winterana)
147
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox)
16
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
• Cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum)
G-7, 149
Cashew (Anacardium
occidentale)
G-7, 157
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Cat's Foot (Antennaria
dioica)
G-a, 162
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-S, 164
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
• Celandine (Chelidonium
majUS)
G-8, 169
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
180
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Chicory {Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, ISI
Chinese Olive {Canarium
species)
184
Cinquefoil (Potentilla
erecta)
G-8, 192
Colombo {Jateorhiza
palmata)
208
Comfrey {Symphytum
officinale)
0-9, 212
Common Kidney Vetch
{Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Common Stonecrop {Sedum
acre)
215
Condurango {Marsdenia
condurango)
216
Congorosa {Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Cornflower {Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Cranesbill {Geranium
maculatum)
233
Croton Seeds {Croton
tiglium)
234
Cubeb {Piper cubeba)
235
Curcuma {Curcuma
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
• Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Devil's Claw
{Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
Digitalis {Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Dill {Anethum
graveolens)
G-10, 252
Elecampane {Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
Elephant-Ears {Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
English Ivy {Hedera
helix)
English Lavender
{Lavandula
angustifolia) ,
Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-10, 275
G-10, 277
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
{Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
European Peony {Paeonia
officinalis)
G-II, 295
GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS/1-63
Field Scabious {Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Flax {Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
Fool's Parsley {Aethusa
cynapium)
G-12, 316
Fringetree {Chionanthus
virginicus)
G-12, 321
• Fumitory {Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
Gambir {Uncaria species) . . . .324
German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenaria)
336
Germander {Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Goutweed {Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
Great Burnet {Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Greater Bindweed
{Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367
Ground Ivy {Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Groundsel {Senecio
vulgaris)
374
• Haronga {Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Heather {Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hedge Mustard
{Sisymbrium officinale)
384
Hedge-Hyssop {Gratiola
officinalis)
G-13, 385
Hemp Agrimony
{Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
• Henbane {Hyoscyamus
niger)
G - 1 4 , 389
Henna {Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Herb Robert {Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
High Mallow {Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Hogweed {Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Hollyhock {Alcea rosea) . G-14, 398
• Horehound {Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Horseradish {Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Horsetail {Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
• Hyssop {Hyssopus
officinalis)
G-15, 414
• Immortelle {Helichrysum
arenarium)
417
Indian Physic {Gillenia
trifoliata)
421
Ipecac {Cephaelis
ipecacuanha)
423
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427
Jambolan {Syzygium
cumini)
429
Japanese Atractylodes
{Atractylodes japonica)
430
• Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Khat {Catha edulis)
447
Lady Fern {Athyrium
filix-femina)
G-15, 454
Lady's Mantle {Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Lemon Verbena {Aloysia
triphylla)
463
Lemongrass {Cymbopogon
citratus)
G-ie, 465
Lesser Galangal {Alpinia
officinarum)
467
• Licorice {Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
c-ie, 469
Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-ie, 477
Lungwort {Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-16, 485
Mandrake {Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Marigold {Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Marshmallow {Althaea
officinalis)
505
Masterwort {Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
1-64/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
• Milk Thistle {Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Mountain Flax {Linum
catharticum)
526
Mugwort {Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Nux Vomica {Strychnos
mix vomica)
G-IS, 547
Oak {Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549
Oats {Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Opium Antidote
{Combretum micranthum) . . . 559
Papaya {Carica papaya) . G-19, 565
Parsley {Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Parsnip {Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Passion Flower {Passiflora
incarnata)
G-19, 573
Pennyroyal {Mentha
pulegium)
579
• Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, sso
Petasites {Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Poke {Phytolacca
americana)
G-20, 602
Poley {Teucrium polium)
603
Pomegranate {Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Poplar {Populus species) G-20, 607
Poppyseed {Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) . . :. 612
Purple Loosestrife {Lythrum
salicaria) _.
G-20, 620
Raspberry {Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
Red Bryony {Bryonia
cretica) \
632
Red Sandalwood
{Pterocarpus santalinus) . . . . 635
Rice {Oryza sativa)
G-21, 643
Rosemary {Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Sage {Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Scarlet Pimpernel
{Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
• Scopolia {Scopolia
carniolica)
671
Scotch Broom {Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Self-Heal {Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Simaruba {Simaruba
amara)
695
Slippery Elm {Ulmus
rubra)
697
Smartweed {Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Solomon's Seal
{Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Sorb Apple {Sorbus
domestica)
704
Speedwell {Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Spinach {Spinacia
oleracea)
G-23, 712
Stillingia {Stillingia
sylvatica)
729
Strawberry {Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Summer Savory {Satureja
hortensis)
G-23, 739
Sweet Marjoram {Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Tamarind {Tamarindus
indica)
753
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
1
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain {Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wafer Ash {Ptelea
trifoliata)
790
Walnut {Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
Water Germander
{Teucrium scordium)
797
White Bryony {Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
White Nettle {Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Daisy {Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wild Radish {Raphanus
raphanistrum)
G-26, 814
Wild Yam {Dioscorea
villosa)
G-26, 817
Willow Herb {Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, 818
Winter's Bark {Drimys
winteri)
820
Witch Hazel {Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Woundwort {Stachys
palustris)
832
• Yarrow {Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
Yellow Jessamine
{Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
Yellow Toadflax {Linaria
vulgaris)
840
GASTROINTESTINAL STIMULANTS
Strawberry {Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
GOUT PREPARATIONS
Alpine Cranberry
{Vaccinium vitis-idaea) .
Ash {Fraxinus excelsior) .
Barberry {Berberis
vulgaris)
Bilberry {Vaccinium
myrtillus)
Birch {Betula species)
Bitter Orange {Citrus
aurantium)
Black Bryony {Tamus
communis)
Black Currant {Ribes
nigrum)
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
Brazilian Pepper Tree
{Schinus terebinthifolius)
Bulbous Buttercup
{Ranunculus bulbosus)
Burr Marigold {Bidens
tripartita)
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
Celandine {Chelidonium
majUS)
Celery {Apium
graveolens)
Cheken {Eugenia chequen)
. G - 3 , 20
.G-4, 50
G-4, 61
G-5, 75
G-5, 78
G-5, 86
G-S, 90
G-5, 94
G-5, 98
. . .117
128
G-7, 131
141
G-8, 169
G-8, 172
. . . 178
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
iso
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
• Colchicum (Colchicum
autumnale)
G-9, 206
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-IO, 254
Dyer's Broom (Genista
tinctoria)
G-IO, 260
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Germander (Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Gout weed (Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
Ground Pine (Ajuga
chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Java Tea (Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-IS, 525
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-is, 551
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, 650
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS/1-65
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
660
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
691
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
716
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Winter Cherry (Physalis
alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
.'
832
HAIR GROWTH STIMULANTS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Birch (Betula species)
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
Burr Marigold (Bidens
tripartita)
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
41
G-5, 78
G-5, 90
G-7, 131
G-14, 409
491
HEMOSTATICS
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . . . 280
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis
arvensis)
G-12, 316
Golden Ragwort (Senecio
aureus)
354
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Logwood (Haematoxylon
campechianum)
480
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-16, 481
Matico (Piper elongatum)
. . . . 509
New Jersey Tea
(Ceanothus americanus)
. . . . 541
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Puff Ball (Lycoperdon
species)
618
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, ess
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 68i
• Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Sweet Sumach (Rhus
aromatica)
748
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
• Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Echinacea Purpurea v
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-IS, 457
1-66/INFECTION PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
• Siberian Ginseng
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
• Spruce (Picea species)
G-19, SSO
G-22, 674
693
714
INOTROPIC AGENTS
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Digitalis Lanata (Digitalis
lanata)
250
Gray Wallflower
(Erysimum diffusum)
365
Snowdrop (Galanthus
nivalis)
700
IODINE PRODUCTS
Bladderwrack (Fucus
vesiculosus)
Kelp (Laminaria
hyperborea)
106
446
KERATOLYTICS
Garlic (Allium sativum)
. G-12, 327
LAXATIVES
Agar (Gelidium amansii)
9
• Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Aloe capensis; Aloe
vera)
G-3, 16
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, SO
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
58
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bitter Apple (Citrullus
colocynthis)
G-5, 83
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Black Mulberry (Morus
nigra)
99
Black Root (Leptandra
virginica)
104
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-e, 121
• Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-e, 123
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . .. 134
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox)
16
» Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, ISI
• Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum
palmatum)
G-8, 185
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
langsdorffi)
220
Cornflower (Centaurea
cy
anus)
G-9, 225
Cotton Tree
(Cochlospermum
gossypium)
229
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270
Figs (Ficus carica)
G-11, 310
• Flax (Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
• Frangula (Rhamnus
frangula)
G-12, 317
Gamboge (Garcinia
hanburyi)
G-12, 325
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum)
G-12, 326
Greater Bindweed
(Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367
Green Hellebore
(Helleborus viridis)
368
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 3 8 2
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphylla)
463
• Manna (Fraxinus ornus) . .G-17, 496
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Morning Glory (Ipomoea
hederacea)
Oats (Avena sativa)
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Pear (Pyrus communis)
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
purpurea)
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata)
• Psyllium Seed (Plantago
afra)
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
Sesame (Sesamum
orientate)
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . .
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
Tamarind (Tamarindus
indica)
Tragacanth (Astragalus
gummifer)
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
Wahoo (Euonymus
atropurpurea)
Wallflower (Cheiranthus
cheiri)
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
523
G-IS, 551
. . . 575
577
589
G-20, 596
. . . . 612
G-20, 616
619
688
G-22, 697
700
G-23, 741
753
767
G-25, 771
G-25, 791
G-25, 792
795
. . . . 799
G-25, 800
LEPROSTATICS
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species)
177
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
Lily-of-the- Valley
(Convallaria majalis)
. G-16, 475
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
LOCAL ANESTHETICS / I - 6 7
LIVER PRODUCTS
Adam's Needle (Yucca
filamentosa)
American Bittersweet
(Celastrus scandens)
....
24
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) .G-3, 35
• Artichoke (Cynara
scolymus)
G-4, 44
Asurum (Asarum
eiiropaeum)
48
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
54
Balmony (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Beet (Beta vulgaris)
G-4, 67
• Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Bitter Apple (Citrullus
colocynthis)
G-5, 83
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Root (Leptandra
virginica)
104
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
• Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
Columbine (Aquilegia
vulgaris)
Corn Silk (Zea mays)
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
Curcuma (Curcuma
xanthorrhizia)
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
• Devil's Claw
(Ha rpagophytum
procumbens)
G-7, 130
G-7, 140
G-8, 169
G-8, I S I
G-8, 199
G-9, 211
224
G-9, 225
G-9, 239
G-9, 245
247
Dodder (Cuscuta
epithymum)
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-10, 254
G-10, 266
G-10, 275
(Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
Fringetree (Chionanthus
virginicus)
G-12, 321
• Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Haronga (Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hedge-Hyssop (Gratiola
officinalis)
G-13, 385
Hemp Agrimony
(Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
• Hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis)
G-15, 414
» Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
439
Lavender Cotton (Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-ie, 460
Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
467
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-ie, 469
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-ie, 477
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Opium Antidote
(Combretum micranthum) . . .559
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa)
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . .
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . .
• Scopolia (Scopolia
carniolica)
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
Soybean (Glycine soja) . .
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
Tamarind (Tamarindus
indica)
• Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
Wallflower (Cheiranthus
cheiri)
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
• Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
• Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-19, 585
589
. . . 622
631
G-21, 648
G-22, 668
67i
G-22, 672
G-22, 707
G-23, 710
729
G-23, 735
753
775
G-25, 788
G-25, 792
G - 2 5 , 800
G-26, 811
G-26, 826
827
G-26, 829
G-26, 833
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
. . . . 197
1-68/MENOPAUSAL PREPARATIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
American Pawpaw
(Asimina triloba)
27
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
MIGRAINE PREPARATIONS
Arum (Arum maculatum)
46
Asarum (Asarum
• Bilberry (Vaccinium
europaeum)
48
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-S, 164
Bistort
(Persicaria
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Cyclamen (Cyclamen
Bitter
Orange
(Citrus
europaeum)
240
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Dusty Miller (Senecio
Black
Alder
(Alnus
bicolor)
258
glutinosa)
G-5, 89
European Peony (Paeonia
Black
Currant
(Ribes
officinalis)
G-II, 295
nigrum)
G-5, 94
European Water Hemlock
•
Blackberry
(Rubus
(Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
fruticosus)
G-6, 104
Feverfew (Tanacetum
Borage (Borago
parthenium)
G-11, 306
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Green Tea (Camellia
•
Brewer's
Yeast
sinensis)
G-13, 369
(Saccharomyces
Herb Paris (Paris
cerevisiae)
118
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Canadian Fleabane
Marijuana (Cannabis
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
sativa)
G-17, 500
Canella (Canella
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
winterana)
147
nux vomica)
G-18, 547
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
Carline Thistle (Carlina
pratensis)
572
acaulis)
151
Petasites (Petasites
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Cayenne (Capsicum
Rust-Red Rhododendron
annuum)
G-8, 165
(Rhododendron
Chinese Cinnamon
ferrugineum)
eso
(Cinnamomum
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
aromaticum)
182
mqjorana)
G-24, 746
• Cinquefoil (Potentilla
Sweet Violet (Viola
erecta)
G-8, 192
odorata)
G-24, 750
• Clove (Syzygium
Tansy (Tahacetum
aromaticum)
G-8, 195
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Coconut Palm (Cocos
Traveller's Joy (Clematis
nucifera)
G-9, 201
vitalba\
G-25, 769
• Coffee (Cqffea arabica) . . G-9, 202
• Colt's Foot (Tussilago
MOUTH & THROAT PRODUCTS
farfara)
G-9, 209
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Comfrey (Symphytum
• Agrimony (Agrimonia
officinale)
G-9, 212
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Amaranth (Amaranthus
Common Kidney Vetch
hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
(Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
MENOPAUSAL PREPARATIONS
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
• Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Cudweed (Gnaphalium
uliginosum)
236
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 26i
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . .G-11, 289
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Figwort (Scrophularia
nodosa)
G-11, 311
Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
• High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
(Arisaema atrorubens)
426
• Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
• Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
467
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
• Marigold {Calendula
officinalis)
Marshmallow {Althaea
officinalis)
• Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol)
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . .
• Onion (Allium cepa)
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
Perilla (Perilla fructescens)
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
• Potentilla (Potentilla
anserina)
Radish (Raphanus
SativUS)
NON-NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES / 1 - 6 9
• White Nettle (Lamium
G-17, 497
505
G-18, 534
G-IS, 549
G-19, 557
G-19, sao
. . . 583
G-19, 591
G-19, 594
album)
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
Yew (Taxus baccata) . . .
MUSCLE RELAXANTS
• Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-25, 806
G-25, 809
G-26, 812
G-26, 818
G-26, 826
827
G-26, 84i
G-8, 165
G-20, 605
NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES
G-20, 610
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
NARCOTICS
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
G-20, 628
Raspberry (Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
• Rhatany (Krameria
triandra)
64i
• Rose (Rosa centifolia)
644
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 68i
• Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
• Usnea (Usnea species)
778
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
795
NON-NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
Bamboo (Arundinaria
japonica)
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
Bitter Milkwort (Polygala
amara)
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
British Elecampane (Inula
britannica)
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
15
. G - 3 , 35
41
48
G-4, 60
G-5, 81
85
G-5, 94
G-5, 98
G-6, 114
lis
Carob (Ceratonia
siliqua)
c-7, 151
Cherry Laurel (Prunus
laurocerasus)
G-8, 179
Cocillana Tree (Guraea
rusbyi)
198
• Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
G-9, 209
Common Kidney Vetch
(Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
githago)
222
Corn Poppy (Papaver
rhoeas)
223
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
• Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cupmoss (Cladonia
pyxidata)
238
Cypress (Cupressus
sempervirens)
G-9, 241
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Date Palm (Phoenix
dactylifera)
G-IO, 246
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
• English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-IO, 275
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
• Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
• European Elder (Sambucus
119
120
nigra)
G-7, 143
Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
G-11, 287
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
141
\
G-11, 291
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
• European Sanicle (Sanicula
europaea)
296
1-70/NON-NARCOTIC ANTITUSSIVES
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
• Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare)
G - I I , 302
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
0-11, 310
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum)
G-12, 326
Garlic (Allium sativum) . .G-12, 327
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
• Gumweed (Grindelia
species)
379
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
• Hempnettle (Galeopsis
segetum)
G-13, 389
• High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
• Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandicd)
415
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Jimson Weed (Datura
stramonium)
G-IS, 436
• Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-IS, 448
Lactucarium (Lactuca
virosa)
453
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
467
• Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
• Linden (Tilia species) . . . .G-ie, 477
Lungmoss (Lobaria
pulmonaria)
484
Lycium Bark (Lycium
chinense)
486
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
• Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
G-16, 488
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
• Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
• Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Mouse Ear (Pilosella
officinarum)
529
• Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-18, 532
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
• Nasturtium (Tropaeolum
majus)
G-18, 537
• Niauli (Melaleucea
viridiflord)
542
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
» Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pleurisy Root (Asclepias
tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Premorse (Scabiosa
succisa)
G-20, 612
Quillaja (Quillaja
saponaria)
G-20, 624
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
625
Radish (Raphanus
Sativus)
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 628
G-20, 629
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Red Clover (Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
• Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala
senega)
683
• Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Southern Bay berry (Myrica
cerifera)
G-22, 705
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
• Star Anise (Illicium
verum)
G-23, 725
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis)
G-23, 734
• Sundew (Drosera
ramentacea)
740
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
• Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 76i
• Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Tonka Beans (Dipteryx
odorata)
767
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
• Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
• White Mustard (Sinapis
alba)
G-25, 805
• White Nettle (Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
810
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
• Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, S I S
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
OPHTHALMIC CONDITIONS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Aloe capensis; Aloe
vera)
G-3, 16
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
Calabar Bean (Physostigma
venenosum)
137
Chickweed (Stellaria
- media)
iso
Coca (Erythroxylum coca) . . . . 197
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Dusty Miller (Senecio
bicolor)
258
Eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis)
300
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus
microphyllus)
G-15, 425
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis)
G-16, 475
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
mix vomica)
G-IS, 547
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Red Maple (Acer
rubrum)
G-21, 635
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
716
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
OXYTOCIC AGENTS
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
109
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . .G-16, 475
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
Scotch Broom (Cy t is us
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AGENTS
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
• Bugle weed (Lye opus
virginicus)
G-6, 126
• Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
• Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
RESPIRATORY A G E N T S / I - 7 1
G-7, 130
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Jequirity (Abrus
precatorius)
435
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-ie, 468
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
OTIC PREPARATIONS
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Peyote (Lophophora
williamsii)
G-19, 588
Yage (Banisteriopsis caapi) . . . 833
RENAL STONE PREVENTION
(See under Calcium oxalate
stone prevention)
RESPIRATORY AGENTS
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) . G-3, 35
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
54
Bamboo (Arundinaria
japonica)
G-4, 60
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Benzoin (Styrax benzoin)
73
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-S, SI
Bitter Milkwort (Polygala
amara)
85
Black Mulberry (Morus
nigra)
99
Black Mustard (Brassica
nigra)
G-5, 100
Black Pepper (Piper
nigrum)
G-6, 103
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
118
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
Buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
133
Calamint (Calamintha
nepeta)
138
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Carrageen (Chondrus
crispus)
152
Cedar (Cedrus libani)
iss
Celandine (Chelidonium
mOJUS)
G-8, 169
Cocillana Tree (Guraea
rusbyi)
198
• Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara) .
G-9, 209
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
1-72/RESPIRATORY AGENTS
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Corn Poppy {Papaver
rhoeas)
223
• Cowslip {Primula veris)
231
Cupmoss {Cladonia
pyxidata)
238
Cypress {Cupressus
sempervirens)
G-9, 241
Cypress Spurge {Euphorbia
cyparissias)
G-9, 242
Daffodil {Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Duckweed (Lemna
minor)
G-10, 258
Echinacea Angustifolia
{Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
• Echinacea Purpurea
{Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261
Elecampane {Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
• English Ivy {Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
• English Plantain {Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eryngo {Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
• Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
• European Elder {Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
European Golden Rod
{Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
European Mistletoe {Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
European Peony {Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
• European Sanicle {Sanicula
europaea)
296
False Schisandra {Kadsura
japonica)
301
• Fennel {Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-11, 302
Fenugreek {Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
Forget-Me-Not {Myosotis
arvensis)
G-12, 3ie
Gambir {Uncaria species) .. . .324
Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
• German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . .G-12, 331
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Gotu Kola {Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Ground Ivy {Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Guaiac {Guaiacum
officinale)
375
• Gum weed (Grindelia
species)
379
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Heather {Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hedge Mustard
{Sisymbrium officinale)
384
Hemlock {Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
• Hempnettle {Galeopsis
segetum)
G-13, 389
Henbane {Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
• High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Hollyhock {Alcea rosea) . G-14, 398
Horehound {Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
• Horseradish {Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Hyssop {Hyssopus
officinalis)
G-15, 414
• Iceland Moss {Cetraria
islandica)
415
Indian Nettle {Acalypha
indica)
419
Indian Squill {Urginea
indica)
421
Indian-Hemp {Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
Ipecac {Cephaelis
ipecacuanha)
423
Iporuru {Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Aris'aema atrorubens)
426
Jambolan {Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Jimson Weed {Datura
stramonium)
G-IS, 436
» Knotweed {Polygonum
aviculare)
G-IS, 448
Labrador Tea {Ledum
latifolium)
451
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Lactucarium {Lactuca
virosa)
453
Lady Fern {Athyrium
filix-femina)
G-15, 454
• Larch {Larix decidua) . . . .G-15, 457
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Lesser Galangal {Alpinia
officinarum)
467
• Licorice {Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
• Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Lobelia (Lobelia inflata) G-16, 479
Luffa {Luffa aegyptica) . . G-ie, 483
Lungmoss {Lobaria
pulmonaria)
484
Lungwort {Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-ie, 485
• Ma-Huang {Ephedra
sinica)
G-16, 488
Maidenhair {Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Mandrake {Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
• Marshmallow {Althaea
officinalis)
505
Meadowsweet {Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Mouse Ear {Pilosella
officinarum)
529
• Mullein {Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-18, 532
Myrtle {Myrtus
communis)
G-IS, 536
• Nasturtium {Tropaeolum
majus)
G-IS, 537
• Niauli {Melaleucea
viridiflora)
542
Night-Blooming Cereus
{Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Nux Vomica {Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-IS, 547
• Oak {Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549
Oats {Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
• Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Oregano {Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Orris {Iris species)
G-19, 561
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Ox-Eye Daisy
{Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
• Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, SSO
Petasites {Petasites
hybridus) .
G-19, 585
Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
• Pimpinella {Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pineapple {Ananas
comosus)
593
Pleurisy Root {Asclepias
tuherosa)
G-20, 598
Poppy seed {Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Quebracho {Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
623
Quillaja {Quillaja
saponaria)
G-20, 624
• Radish {Raphanus
Sativiis)
G-20, 628
Raspberry {Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
Red Bryony {Bryonia
cretica)
632
Red Clover {Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Rupturewort {Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, 650
Scotch Broom {Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
• Scotch Pine {Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
• Seneca Snakeroot {Polygala
senega)
683
Siam Benzoin {Styrax
tonkinesis)
692
Skunk Cabbage
{Symplocarpusfoetidus)
....696
Sloe {Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Soapwort {Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Solomon's Seal
{Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Sorrel {Rumex acetosa)
705
Spanish-Chestnut {Castanea
sativa)
708
Speedwell {Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS / I - 7 3
Spikenard {Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
• Spruce {Picea species)
714
• Star Anise {Illicium
verum)
G-23, 725
Storax {Liquidambar
orientalis)
G-23, 734
Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax
paralleloneurum)
738
Sumbul {Ferula sumbul) . G-23, 738
• Sundew {Drosera
ramentacea)
740
Sweet Cicely {Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Sweet Violet {Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Thuja {Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
• Thyme {Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761
• Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain {Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Water Fennel {Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Water Germander
{Teucrium scordium)
797
• Watercress {Nasturtium
officinale)
798
White Bryony {Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
White Fir {Abies alba)
802
• White Nettle {Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Cherry {Prunus
serotina)
810
Wild Daisy {Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 8 i i
Wild Service Tree {Sorbus
torminalis)
814
» Wild Thyme {Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, 815
Wintergreen {Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
Witch Hazel {Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wood Anemone {Anemone
nemorosa)
824
Wood Betony {Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Wood Sage {Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
Yellow Dock {Rumex
CrispUS)
835
Yerba Santa {Eriodictyon
californicum)
841
REVITALIZING AGENTS
• Cola {Cola acuminata)
• Mate {Ilex
paraguariensis)
• Siberian Ginseng
{Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
235
G-17, 508
693
SALIVA PRODUCTS
Betel Nut {Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Moneywort {Lysimachia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
SCABICIDES & PEDICULICIDES
Black Pepper {Piper
nigrum)
G-6, 103
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Celandine {Chelidonium
majlis)
G-8, 169
Field Scabious {Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Fish Berry {Anamirta
cocculus)
312
Henna {Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Pellitory {Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Poisonous Buttercup
{Ranunculus
sceleratus)
G-20, eoi
Pyrethrum
{Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium) <
621
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS
Bitter Orange {Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
1-74/SEDATIVES & HYPNOTICS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Borage (Borago
Red-Spur Valerian
(Centranthus ruber) . . . G-21, 639
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Sweet Vernal Grass
• Bugle weed (Lye opus
(Anthoxanthum
virginicus)
G-6, 126
odoratum)
G-24, 749
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
Sweet Violet (Viola
albus)
G-7, 130
odorata)
G-24, 750
California Poppy
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
(Eschscholtzia
odoratum)
G-24, 751
californica)
G-7, 140
Taumelloolch
(Lolium
Corn Poppy (Papaver
temulentum)
G-24, 756
rhoeas)
223
Tulip
Tree
(Liriodendron
English Hawthorn
tulipifera)
774
(Crataegus laevigata) . G-10, 271
• Valerian (Valeriana
• English Lavender
officinalis)
G-25, 783
(Lavandula
Wood
Betony
(Betonica
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
Officinalis)
G-26, 825
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
SKELETAL MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Feverfew (Tanacetum
Pareira
(Chondrodendron
parthenium)
G-11, 306
tomentosum)
566
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
SKIN & MUCOUS MEMBRANE AGENTS
Heather (Calluna
• Agrimony (Agrimonia
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
» Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
Alkanet (Alkanna
Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia
tinctoria)
G-3, 13
piscipula)
428
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
15
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
American Adder's Tongue
jatamansi)
433
(Erythronium
» Kava Kava (Piper
americanum)
24
methysticum)
G-15, 443
American White Pond Lily
Larkspur (Delphinium
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
consolida)
G-15, 458
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Lemon Balm (Melissa
Bear's Garlic (Allium
officinalis)
G-16, 46i
ursinum)
66
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
Bilberry (Vaccinium
triphylla)
463
myrtillus)
G-S, 75
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-IS, 477
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Male Fern (Dryopteris
• Bittersweet Nightshade
filix-mas)
G-17, 433
(Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88
Marijuana (Cannabis
Black Bryony (Tamus
sativa)
G-17, 500
communis)
G-S, 90
Mugwort (Artemisia
Black Currant (Ribes
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
nigrum)
G-S, 94
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
Black Nightshade (Solanum
calceolus)
541
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
B ladderwort (Utricu laria
Passion Flower (Passiflora
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
incarnata)
G-19, 573
Brazilian Pepper Tree
Petasites (Petasites
(Schinus terebinthifolius)
. . .117
• Brewer's Yeast
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
(Sacch a romyces
cerevisiae)
118
serpentina)
631
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
133
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
151
Cashew (Anacardium
occidentals)
G-7, 157
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species)
177
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
180
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
githago)
222
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia
cyparissias)
G-9, 242
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
Devil's Claw
(Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
. . . . 26i
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
English Adder's Tongue
(Ophioglossum vulgatum) . . . 269
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 27s
English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Eucalyptus
SUNBURN PREPARATIONS / 1-75
Martagon (Lilium
martagon)
506
Mezereon
(Daphne
European Elder (Sambucus
mezereum)
G-17, 515
nigra)
G-11, 287
Moneywort (Lysimachia
European Peony (Paeonia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Monkshood
(Aconitum
European Water Hemlock
napellus)
G-18, 521
(Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-18, 549
Evening Primrose
» Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
(Oenothera biennis) .
G-11, 298
Oleander (Nerium
Field Scabious (Knautia
oleander)
G-19, 555
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Onion (Allium cepci)
G-19, 557
Flax (Linum
Ox-Eye Daisy
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
(Chrysanthemum
Frostwort (Helianthemum
leucanthemum)
563
canadense)
G-12, 321
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
Fumitory (Fumaria
pratensis)
572
officinalis)
G-12, 322
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575
• German Chamomile
Pennyroyal (Mentha
(Matricaria recutita)
G-12, 331
pulegium)
579
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
Pimento (Pimenta
arenaria)
336
racemosa)
590
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
Poisonous Buttercup
(Ranunculus
officinalis)
G-13, 366
sceleratus)
G-20, 601
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
Puff Ball (Lycoperdon
hederacea)
372
species)
618
Guaiac (Guaiacum
Purple
Loosestrife
(Lythrum
officinale)
375
salicaria)
G-20, 620
» Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Red
Clover
(Trifolium
Henna (Lawsonia
pratense)
G-21, 633
inermis)
G-14, 391
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
indica)
419
species)
G-21, 66i
» Jambolan (Syzygium
Sassafras (Sassafras
cumini)
429
albidum)
G-21, 662
Knotweed (Polygonum
Soapwort (Saponaria
aviculare)
G-15, 448
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Labrador Tea (Ledum
Solomon's Seal
latifolium)
451
(Polygonatum
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
Southern Bayberry (Myrica
Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
cerifera)
G-22, 705
Laurel (Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459
Spikenard (Aralia
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
triphylla)
463
Spurge (Euphorbia
Marigold (Calendula
resinifera)
716
officinalis)
G-17, 497
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
Marshmallow (Althaea
perforatum)
G-23, 719
officinalis)
505
globulus)
(Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
Thyme (Thymus
Vulgaris)
729
G-23, 735
G-23, 741
G-24, 750
757
G-24, 759
G-24, 761
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Turkey Corn (Dicentra
cucullaria)
775
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
• Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
White Lily (Lilium
candidum)
804
• White Nettle (Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Wild Radish (Raphanus
raphanistrum)
G-26, 814
Winter's Bark (Drimys
winteri)
820
• Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Yellow Dock (Rumex
CrispUS)
835
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus
luteUS)
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
839
840
SMOKING CESSATION AIDS
Lobelia (Lobelia inflata)
Tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum)
SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXANTS
Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
G-16, 479
G-24, 762
G-8, 169
STIMULANT LAXATIVES
• Senna (Cassia senna) . . . G-22, 684
SUNBURN PREPARATIONS
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides)
G-22, 680
1 - 7 6 / T E E T H I N G R E M E D I ES
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
TEETHING REMEDIES
Male Fern {Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
TREMOR PREPARATIONS
Cowslip {Primula veris)
231
• Stinging Nettle {Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
• Triticum {Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
• Uva-Ursi {Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi)
G-25, 779
URINARY ANTI-INFECTIVES
• Angelica {Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
• Asparagus {Asparagus
officinalis)
G-4, 52
• Bean Pod {Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
• Birch {Bet it la species) G-5, 78
Canadian Fleabane
{Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
• Canadian Golden Rod
{Solidago canadensis)
145
Chocolate Vine {Akebia
quinata)
189
Copaiba Balsam {Copaifera
langsdorffi)
220
Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Echinacea Purpurea
{Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261
• European Golden Rod
{Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
• Horseradish {Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
• Horsetail {Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Iporuru {Alchornea
floribundd)
424
• Java Tea {Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
Juniper {Juniperus
communis)
G-15, 440
• Lovage {Levisticum
officinale)
G-16, 482
Matico {Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
• Nasturtium {Tropaeolum
majas)
G-18, 537
• Parsley {Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Pipsissewa {Chimaphila
umbellata)
595
» Sandalwood {Santalum
album)
659
Short Buchu {Barosma
betulina)
691
• Spiny Rest Harrow {Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
URINARY TRACT AGENTS
Alisma (Alisma
plantago-aquatica)
G-3, 13
Arenaria Rubra
{Spergularia rubra)
39
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50
Barberry {Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Bean Pod {Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Bilberry {Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Black Currant {Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Bladderwort {Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
Bog Bilberry {Vaccinium
uliginosum)
G-6, 111
Borage {Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
British Elecampane {Inula
britannica)
119
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
Brooklime {Veronica
beccabungd)
G-6, 121
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Burr Marigold {Bidens
tripartita)
G-7, 131
California Peppertree
{Schinus molle)
139
California Poppy
{Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Cleavers {Galium aparine) . . . . 193
Club Moss {Lycopodium
clavatum)
196
Cocoa {Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
Coolwort {Tiarella
cordifolia)
G-9, 219
Coriander {Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Corn Silk {Zea mays)
Cubeb {Piper cubeba)
Dodder {Cuscuta
epithymum)
Dog Rose {Rosa canina)
Eryngo {Eryngium
campestre)
Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
224
235
G-10, 254
G-10, 254
G-11, 282
G-11, 2 8 3
Field Scabious {Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Flax {Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
Fumitory {Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
German Ipecac
{Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Gout weed {Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 36i
Greater Bindweed
{Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367
Hartstongue {Scolopendrium
vulgare)
381
Heather {Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Herb Robert {Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
High. Mallow {Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Horsetail {Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Hydrangea {Hydrangea
arborescens)
G-14, 413
Jatamansi {Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Juniper {Juniperus
communis)
G-15, 440
Lactucarium {Lactuca
virosa)
453
Levant Cotton {Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Lily-of-the-Valley
{Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Lungwort {Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-16, 485
Madder {Rubia
tinctorum)
G-ie, 490
Marsh Blazing Star {Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
Marshmallow {Althaea
officinalis)
sos
T H E R A P E U T I C C A T E G O R Y INDEX
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-IS, 525
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Parsley Piert (Aphanes
arvensis)
570
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Pellitory-of-the-Wall
(Parietaria officinalis)
578
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
purpurea)
G-20, 596
Poplar (Populus species)
G-20, 607
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
• Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
G-20, 618
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
619
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Round-Leafed Wintergreen
(Pyrola rotundifolia)
647
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, eso
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
G-21, 66i
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
G-21, 662
• Saw Palmetto (Serenoa
repens)
G-21, 664
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . .G-22, 668
VENOUS INSUFFICIENC Y P R O D U C T S / 1 - 7 7
Scopolia (Scopolia
carniolica)
67i
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
69i
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Sweet Sumach (Rhus
aromatica)
748
Sweet Vernal Grass
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
Trailing Arbutus (Epigae
repens)
768
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Turkey Corn (Dicentra
cucullaria)
775
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, 815
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, 818
Winter Cherry (Physalis
alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus
luteUS)
839
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
840
VAGINAL PREPARATIONS
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
* Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
VASOPROTECTIVE AGENTS
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY PRODUCTS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum)
G-6, 124
• Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
• English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Grape (Vitis vinifera) . . . G-13, 362
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
• Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis)
G-15, 414
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphytla)
463
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis) . .,
G-17, 497
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
584
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
1-78/VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY PRODUCTS
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
• Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
• Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
White Hellebore (Veratrum
album)
G-25, 803
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus
officinalis)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
Cowslip (Primula veris)
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
European Mistletoe (Viscum
51
67
231
. 243
G-11, 291
Fish Berry (Anamirta
cocculus)
312
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
VITAMIN C & COMBINATIONS
Dog Rose (Rosa canina)
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum)
Globe Flower (Trollius
europaeus)
Lemon (Citrus limon)
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
Lime (Citrus
aurantifolia)
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . .
Samphire (Crithum
maritimum)
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-10, 254
G-12, 326
G-12, 351
460
466
G-ie, 476
G-is, 525
658
G-22, 679
VITAMIN E
Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum)
WART PREPARATIONS
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
• Bittersweet Nightshade
(Solanum dulcamara) . . .G-5, 88
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Cashew (Anacardium
occidentale)
G-7, 157
Celandine (Chelidonium
majlis)
VERTIGO AGENTS
album)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
228
G-8, 169
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
• Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
• Mayapple (Podophyllum
peltatum)
G-17, 510
• Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Savin Tops (Juniperus
sabina)
G-21, 663
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
716
Sundew (Drosera
ramentacea)
740
WOUND CARE PRODUCTS
Alkanet (Alkanna
tinctoria)
G-3, 13
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Birthwort (Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, SO
Bistort (Persicaria
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Bladderwort (Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G - 7 , 130
• Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
151
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
160
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
180
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Coconut Palm (Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
• Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Common Kidney Vetch
(Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261
Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-10, 269
English Adder's Tongue
(Ophioglossum vulgatum) . . . 269
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-IO, 275
English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
. .
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY INDEX
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Galbanum (Ferula
gummosa)
323
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Goldenseal (Hydrastis
canadensis)
G-13, 355
Gout weed (Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 36i
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
• Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale)
410
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
439
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium
verum)
G-IS, 455
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
. . . . . . . 466
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-ie, 481
Lungwort (Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-ie, 485
WOUND CARE PRODUCTS /1-79
• Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-IS, 521
Mouse Ear (Pilosella
officinarum)
529
Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-IS, 532
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
Petasites (Petasites
hybrid
us)
G-19, 585
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
• Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
• Poplar (Populus species)
G-20, 607
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides)
G-22, 680
• Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Slippery Elm (Ulmus
rubra)
697
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
• Denotes recommendation by Commission £.
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis)
G-23, 734
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
G-23, 741
• Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
Teazle (Dipsacus
silvestris)
G-24, 757
• Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Traveller's Joy (Clematis
vitalba)
G-25, 769
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Virola (Virola theiodora)
789
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
795
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
White Fir (Abies alba)
802
White Lily (Lilium
candidum)
804
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, S I S
• Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
840
1-81
Indications Index
Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the
botanical alternatives for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with prescription and
over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Indications
Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed alphabetically by
accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. Botanicals deemed
effective by the German Regulatory Authority's "Commission E" are marked with a (•) symbol at
their left. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the
Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on both
proven and traditional remedies, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
ABDOMINAL CRAMPS
{See under Cramps, abdominal,
symptomatic relief of)
ABDOMINAL DISTRESS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
English Lavender
{Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-IO, 277
Lady's Mantle {Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
ABORTION
{See under Pregnancy,
termination of)
ABRASIONS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical
relief of)
ABSCESS, CUTANEOUS
{See also under Infections,
skin and skin structure)
German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
ACHES, MUSCULAR
{See under Pain, muscular,
temporary relief of)
ACID INDIGESTION
ALLERGIES, UNSPECIFIED
{See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
ACNE VULGARIS
Feverfew {Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
ALOPECIA AREATA
• Brewer's Yeast
{Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
118
Birch {Betula species)
Burr Marigold {Bidens
tripartita)
G-5, 78
G-7, 131
ACNE, UNSPECIFIED
• Bittersweet Nightshade
{Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88
Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . .G-12, 331
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DISORDERS
{See under Bronchial asthma;
Emphysema)
ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Cayenne {Capsicum
annuum)
Congorosa {Maytenus
ilicifolia)
G-8, ies
218
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
{See under Dementia,
Alzheimer's type)
AMENORRHEA
Alteris {Aletris farinosa)
11
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
European Mistletoe {Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenaria)
336
Levant Cotton {Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-ie, 468
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
1-82/AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
(See also under Menstrual
disorders)
Yew {Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
ANEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY
Brown Kelp (Macrocystis
pyrifera)
122
ANEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Congorosa {Maytenus
ilicifolia)
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
mix vomica)
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
218
G-18, 547
G-20, 629
G-26, 829
ANESTHESIA, LOCAL
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
. . . . 197
ANGINA
(See under Angina pectoris)
ANGINA PECTORIS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-S, SI
Calamus (Acorus
calamus)
G-7, 138
Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
ANTISEPTIC
Perilla (Perilla fructescens)
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa)
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
. .583
. .622
820
ANXIETY AND TENSION DUE TO
MENOPAUSE
{See under Menopause,
management of the
manifestations of)
ANXIETY DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena
asphodeloides)
31
Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
• Bugle weed {Lye opus
virginicus)
G-6, 126
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Columbine (Aquilegia
vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cyclamen (Cyclamen
europaeum)
240
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270
• English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Herb Paris {Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
• Hops {Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
Jamaica Dogwood {Piscidia
piscipula)
428
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
G-IS, 443
• Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 46i
• Lily-of-the- Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
» Motherwort (Leonurus
cardiaca)
G-IS, 524
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-IS, 530
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
Night-Blooming Cereus
{Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
mix vomica)
G-18, 547
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
• Passion Flower (Passiflora
incarnata)
G-19, 573
• Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scullcap (Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
• Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Strawberry {Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
• Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
810
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
APHRODISIAC
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa
repens)
G-21, 664
APHTHOUS ULCERS
(See under Stomatitis, recurrent
aphthous, symptomatic
relief of)
APPENDICITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Licorice {Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
APPETITE, STIMULATION OF
Alteris {Aletris farinosa)
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum)
11
G-3, 32
G-3, 35
INDICATIONS INDEX
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS PROPHYLAXIS /1-83
• Artichoke (Cynara
• Ginger (Zingiber
scolymus)
G-4, 44
officinale)
G-12, 339
Barberry (Berberis
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
• Bitter Orange (Citrus
Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
aurantium)
G-5, 86
• Horehound (Marrubium
• Blessed Thistle (Cnicus
vulgare)
G-14, 401
benedictus)
G-6, 107
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
• Bog Bean (Menyanthes
islandica)
415
trifoliata)
G-6, no
• Juniper (Juniperus
• Brewer's Yeast
communis)
G-15, 440
(Saccharomyces
Larkspur (Delphinium
cerevisiae)
us
consolida)
G-15, 458
California Peppertree
• Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
(Schinus molle)
139
officinarum)
467
Cayenne (Capsicum
Muira-Puama
annuum)
G-8, 165
(Ptychopetalum
Celery (Apium
olacoides)
531
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
• Centaury (Centaurium
moschatus)
533
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
• Chicory (Cichorium
nux vomica)
G-18, 547
intybus)
G-8, 181
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
• Chinese Cinnamon
Petasites (Petasites
(Cinnamomum
hybridus)
G-19, 585
aromaticum)
182
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Chiretta (Swertia chirata)
187
• Quinine (Cinchona
• Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
pubescens)
G-20, 626
verum)
G-8, 190
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
• Condurango (Marsdenia
officinalis)
G-21, 645
condurango)
2ie
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
• Coriander (Coriandrum
Senburi (Swertia japonica) . . . . 682
sativum)
G-9, 221
Skirret (Sium sisarum) . . G-22, 696
• Curcuma (Curcuma
Sneezewort (Achillea
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
ptarmica)
700
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
Spinach (Spinacia
officinale)
G-9, 245
oleracea)
G-23, 712
• Devil's Claw
• Star Anise (Illicium
(Harpagophytum
verum)
G-23, 725
• Sweet Orange (Citrus
procumbens)
247
sinensis)
G-24, 747
Dogwood (Cornus
Tansy (Tanacetum
florida)
G-10, 256
vulgare)
G-24, 754
• English Lavender
• Turmeric (Curcuma
(Lavandula
domestica)
775
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
Watercress
(Nasturtium
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
6-11, 283
officinale)
798
• Fenugreek (Trigonella
• Wormwood (Artemisia
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
absinthium)
G-26, 829
French Tarragon (Artemisia
• Yarrow (Achillea
dracunculus)
G-12, 320
millefolium)
G-26, 833
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Yellow Gentian (Gentiana
lutea)
836
APPETITE, SUPPRESSION OF
(See also under Obesity,
exogenous)
Cola (Cola acuminata)
Dwarf Elder (Sambucus
ebulus)
205
259
APPREHENSION
(See under Anxiety disorders,
management of)
ARRHYTHMIAS
• Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, SI
Bitter Candytuft (Iberis
amara)
84
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
English Hawthorn
(Crataegus laevigata) . .G-10, 271
• Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
• Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Bear's Garlic (Allium
ursinum)
66
Bladderwrack (Fucus
vesiculosus)
106
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327
Lactucarium (Lactuca
virosd)
453
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Strophanthus (Strophanthus
kombe)
736
Strophanthus Gratus
(Strophanthus gratus)
736
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS PROPHYLAXIS
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum)
G-6, 124
1-84 /ARTERIOSCLEROSIS PROPHYLAXIS
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Garlic (Allium sativum)
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
. G-12, 327
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
ASCITES
Chocolate Vine (Akebia
quinata)
189
ARTHRALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
ARTHRITIS
(See under Arthritis, unspecified;
Rheumatoid arthritis)
(See under Bronchial asthma)
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
DISTURBANCES
Jimson Weed (Datura
stramonium)
G-15, 436
ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID
(See under Rheumatoid arthritis)
ARTHRITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . G-4, 50
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Iporuru (Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
ASCARIASIS
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
G-22, 672
790
BITE WOUNDS
ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL
552
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
Wafer Ash (Ptelea
trifoliata)
BACKACHE
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
BACKACHE, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
619
757
597
BITTER TASTE
Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon
californicum)
(See under Infections, urinary
tract)
841
BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH TOOTH
EXTRACTION
(See also under Bleeding,
gingival)
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH
POLYNEPHRITIS, ELIMINATION OR
SUPPRESSION OF
(See under Infections, urinary
tract)
21
BLEEDING IN THE LUNGS
BEDSORES
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
(See under Ulcers, decubitus,
adjunctive therapy in)
BELL'S PALSY
G-IS, 521
BLEEDING, GASTROINTESTINAL
Black Alder (Alnus
glutinosa)
G-S, 89
BLEEDING, GINGIVAL
G-17, 500
BILIARY CALCULI, CHEMICAL
DISSOLUTION OF
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
Artichoke (Cynara
scolymus)
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
Fringetree (Chionanthus
virginicus)
589
622
. . . . 261
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH
CYSTITIS, ELIMINATION OR
SUPPRESSION OF
BERIBERI
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
BITES, INSECT
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
67
509
BITES, POISONOUS
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
Matico [Piper elongatum) . . . .
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . .
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
26
G-4, 44
G-8, 172
G-12, 321
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
G-6, 121
G-11, 283
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus
ficaria)
466
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
INDICATIONS INDEX
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA/1-85
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
BOWEL DISEASE, INFLAMMATORY
SCOpahus)
G-22, 672
BLEEDING, RECTAL
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, 818
BLOOD PRESSURE PROBLEMS
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
English Hawthorn
(Crataegus laevigata)
G-IO, 271
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
• Larch {Larix decidua) . . G-15, 457
• Rosemary {Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
BLOOD PURIFYING
Birch (Betula species)
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
Burdock (Arctium lappa)
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
Common Kidney Vetch
(Anthyllis vulneraria).
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
Noni (Morinda citrifolia)
Rupturewort (Herniaria
G-5, 78
G-6, 114
G-7, 128
G-8, 172
G-4, 63
BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Croton Seeds (Croton
tiglium)
234
BOWEL, EVACUATION OF
Amargo (Quassia amara) . . G - 3 , 23
Baneberry (Actaea spicata)
60
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Dyer's Broom (Genista
tinctoria)
G-10, 260
Lycium Berries (Lycium
barbarum)
487
Mexican Scammony Root
(Ipomoea orizabensis)
514
Mountain Flax (Linum
catharticum)
526
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
BOWEL, IRRITABLE, SYNDROME
G-9, 214
G-11, 306
G-12, 322
G-18, 544
glabra)
G-21, 650
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
G-21, 662
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
729
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
795
Yellow Dock (Rumex
Crispus)
BOILS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Furunculosis,
symptomatic relief of)
Barley (Hordeum
distichon)
835
Asa Foetida (Ferula
foetida)
47
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, sso
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . 612
Psyllium Seed (Plantago
afra)
G-20, 6ie
BREAST CANCER
(See under Carcinoma, breast)
BREAST CARCINOMA
(See under Carcinoma, breast)
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, 81
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
160
Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia) . .
Cowslip (Primula veris)
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
243
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . . 324
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Indian Squill (Urginea
indica)
421
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
cannabinum)
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
(Arisaema atrorubens)
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
Khat (Catha edulis)
Lactucarium (Lactuca
virosa)
Lungmoss (Lobaria
pulmonaria)
Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa) . .. s
Mouse Ear (Pilosella
officinarum)
Onion (Allium cepa)
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
Petasites (Petasites
G-8, 169
hybridus)
G-9, 209
Picrorhiza
kurroa)
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
218
231
418
426
429
G-15, 443
447
453
484
G-16, 488
G-17, 495
G-17, 500
529
G-19, 557
563
G-19, 585
(Picrorhiza
589
1-86 /BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
Skunk Cabbage
(Symplocarpus foetidus)
. . . . 696
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon
californicum)
841
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria
canadensis)
108
Chinese Olive (Canarium
species)
184
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
G-12, 339
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . . 4 1 0
Ipecac (Cephaelis
ipecacuanha)
423
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Malabar Nut (Justicia
adhatoda)
G-17, 492
Moneywort (Lysimachia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol)
G-18, 534
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala
senega)
683
Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, 815
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
Bitter Milkwort (Polygala
amara)
85
Buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
133
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Carrageen (Chondrus
crispus)
152
• Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
G-9, 209
» Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cupmoss (Cladonia
pyxidata)
238
Cypress (Cupressus
sempervirens)
G-9, 241
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 26i
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
' English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Eucalyptus
globulus)
(Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
• European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-II, 287
• European Sanicle (Sanicula
europaea)
296
• Fennel {Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-n, 302
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
• Gum weed (Grindelia
species)
379
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
• Hempnettle (Galeopsis
segetum)
G-13, 389
• High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
• Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Knot weed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Lactucarium (Lactuca
virosa)
453
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-15, 457
• Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
• Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
• Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
G-16, 488
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
• Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
50s
• Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-18, 527
Mouse Ear (Pilosella
officinarum)
529
• Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-18, 532
INDICATIONS INDEX
Myrtle {Myrtus
communis)
G-IS, 536
• Nasturtium {Tropaeolum
majUS)
G-18, S37
• Niauli (Melaleucea
viridiflora)
542
• Oak {Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549
• Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Oregano {Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
• Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
• Pimpinella {Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
• Radish {Raphanus
SOtivUS)
G-20, 628
• Scotch Pine {Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
• Seneca Snakeroot {Polygala
senega)
683
Skunk Cabbage
{Symplocarpus foetidus)
. . . . 696
• Soapwort {Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Spanish-Chestnut {Castanea
sativa)
708
• Spruce {Picea species)
714
• Star Anise {Illicium
verum)
G-23, 725
Storax {Liquidambar
orientalis)
G-23, 734
• Sundew {Drosera
ramentacea)
740
Sweet Violet {Viola
odorata)
6-24, 730
Thuja {Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
• Thyme {Thymus vulgaris) .G-24, 76i
• Tolu Balsam {Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
• Watercress {Nasturtium
officinale)
798
• White Mustard {Sinapis
alba)
G-25, 805
• White Nettle {Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Cherry {Prunus
serotina)
si o
Wild Daisy {Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 8ii
CARCINOMA, RECTAL/I-87
• Wild Thyme {Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, s i s
BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC
Alteris {Aletris farinosa)
11
Ammoniac Gum {Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Asarum {Asarum
europaeum)
48
Cocillana Tree {Guraea
rusbyi)
198
Hedge Mustard
{Sisymbrium officinale)
384
Horehound {Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Indian Squill {Urginea
indica)
421
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Lungmoss {Lobaria
pulmonaria)
484
Quillaja {Quillaja
saponaria)
G-20, 624
Sweet Violet {Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Wood Sage {Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
BRONCHITIS, NOT ACUTE OR CHRONIC
Black Cohosh {Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
St. John's Wort
{Hypericum
perforatum)
.G-23, 719
BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE
{See under Bronchial asthma)
G-20, 609
BRUCELLOSIS
• Colchicum {Colchicum
autumnale)
G-9, 206
BRUISES
Black Bryony {Tamus
communis)
Cajuput {Melaleuca
leucadendra)
Comfrey {Symphytum
officinale)
BRUISES, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, topical
relief of)
BURNS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical
relief of)
BURNS, SUPERFICIAL
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
CALCULOSIS
{See under Renal calculi)
CALLUSES
{See under Hyperkeratosis skin
disorders)
CANDIDIASIS, VAGINAL
Cornflower
cyanus)
{Centaurea
G-9, 225
CANKER SORES
{See under Stomatitis, recurrent
aphthous, symptomatic
relief of)
CARBUNCLES
{See under Furunculosis,
symptomatic relief of)
BRONCHOSPASTIC DISORDERS,
POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE IN
Poppyseed {Papaver
somniferum)
German Ipecac
{Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Solomon's Seal
{Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
CARCINOMA, BREAST
Green Tea {Camellia
sinensis)
Reed Herb {Phragmites
communis)
G-13, 369
639
CARCINOMA, PANCREAS
G-5, 90
G-7, 136
G-9, 212
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Green Tea {Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
CARCINOMA, RECTAL
Green Tea {Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1-88/CARCINOMA, STOMACH
Strophanthus
CARCINOMA, STOMACH
Celandine
(Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
Condurango (Marsdenia
condurango)
216
151
CARCINOMA, UNSPECIFIED
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
160
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . .G-22, 668
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(See under Arrhythmias)
CARDIAC FAILURE
(See under Congestive heart
failure, adjunct in)
CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, 81
Bitter Candytuft (Iberis
amara)
84
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
• English Hawthorn
*" (Crataegus laevigata) . G-10,271
Gray Wallflower
(Erysimum diffusum)
365
Indian Squill (Urginea
indica)
421
» Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
» Squill (Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
CHOLERA
736
Wallflower
(Cheiranthus
cheiri)
CARCINOMA, TONGUE, PALLIATIVE
TREATMENT IN
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
(Strophanthus
kombe)
G-25, 792
CARDIAC STIMULANT
Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
G-16, 488
Scotch Thistle (Onopordum
acanthium)
G-22, 678
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Kombe Seed (Strophanthus
hispidus)
450
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
mix vomica)
G-18, 547
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Oleander (Nerium
oleander)
G-19, 555
Raspberry (Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
Strophanthus Gratus
(Strophanthus gratus)
736
CELLULITIS
Linden (Tilia species)
G-16, 477
CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
584
CHEST PAIN, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Coriander
sativum)
(Coriandrum
G-9, 221
CHOLECYSTITIS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Celandine
(Chelidonium
majUS)
G-8, 169
Immortelle (Helichrysum
arenarium)
417
CHOLECYSTOPATHY
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
151
Opium Antidote
(Combretum micranthum) . . . 559
CHOLELITHIASIS
Celandine
majUS)
(Chelidonium
G-8, 169
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Fool's Parsley (Aethusa
cynapium)
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-12, 316
G-17, 500
CHOLESTASIA
Blessed Thistle (Cnicus
benedictus)
G-6, 107
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
Greater Bindweed
(Calystegia sepium) . . . .G-13, 367
CHOLESTEROL LEVELS, ELEVATED
(See under Hypercholesterolemia,
primary, adjunct to diet)
CHOREA, PROPHYLAXIS OF
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Scullcap (Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
• English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Grape (Vitis vinifera) . . . G-13, 362
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffd)
G-14, 394
Hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis)
G-IS, 414
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
584
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
• Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
INDICATIONS INDEX
CLAUDICATION, INTERMITTENT
• Ginkgo {Ginkgo bilobd) . G-12, 342
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
• Angelica {Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
• Anise {Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
• Arnica {Arnica montana)
41
Arum {Arum maculatum)
46
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
Black Currant {Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
G-S, 97
Carline Thistle {Carlina
acaulis)
151
Catnip {Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164
Cherry Laurel {Prunus
laurocerasus)
G-8, 179
Coconut Palm {Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
Colt's Foot {Tussilago
farfara)
G-9, 209
Coral Root {Corallorhiza
odontorhiza)
220
Cypress {Cupressus
sempervirens)
G-9, 241
Daffodil {Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-IO, 254
Echinacea Angustifolia
{Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 2 6 1
» Echinacea Pallida
{Echinacea pallida)
261
• Echinacea Purpurea
{Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 26i
» English Plantain {Plantago
lanceolata)
0-11, 278
» European Elder {Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Hibiscus {Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Hwema Bark {Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
Iporuru {Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431 I
COLITIS, MUCOUS / I - 8 9
• Larch {Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Lemon {Citrus limon)
460
Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Luff a {Luffa aegyptica) . . G-16, 483
• Meadowsweet {Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
New Jersey Tea
{Ceanothus americanus) . . . .541
• Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Pennyroyal {Mentha
pulegium)
579
• Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, sso
Pimpinella {Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
• Scotch Pine {Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Sloe {Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Southern Bayberry {Myrica
cerifera)
G-22, 705
• Spruce {Picea species)
714
Sweet Marjoram {Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Sweet Violet {Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tomato {Lycopersicon
esculentum)
G-24, 766
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain {Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
• White Mustard {Sinapis
alba)
G-25, 805
Wild Indigo {Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
COLIC, BILIARY, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Belladonna {Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Birthwort {Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, SO
Croton Seeds {Croton
tiglium)
234
English Ivy {Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
Immortelle {Helichrysum
arenarium)
417
Milk Thistle {Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Poppyseed {Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Scopolia {Scopolia
carniolica)
St. John's Wort
{Hypericum
perforatum)
Wild Yam {Dioscorea
Villosa)
671
G-23, 719
G-26, 817
COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
Birthwort {Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, SO
Black Currant {Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Catnip {Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Eryngo {Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenaria)
336
Groundsel {Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Heather {Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427
Mandrake {Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Petasites {Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Poppyseed {Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
Zedoary {Curcuma
zedoaria)
G-26, 846
COLITIS
Burr Marigold {Bidens
tripartita)
G-7, 131
Carob {Geratonia
siliqua)
G-7, 151
Catechu {Acacia catechu)
163
Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Witch Hazel {Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
COLITIS, MUCOUS
{See under Bowel, irritable,
syndrome)
1-90/COLON, IRRITABLE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
COLON, IRRITABLE
(See under Bowel, irritable,
syndrome)
COLON, SPASTIC
(See under Bowel, irritable,
syndrome)
CONCENTRATION AND MEMORY
DEFICITS AS A RESULT OF PERIPHERAL
ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA
Mayapple (Podophyllum
peltatum)
G-17, 510
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE,
ADJUNCT IN
(See also under Edema,
adjunctive therapy in)
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
54
CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis)
300
Jequirity (Abrus
precatorius)
435
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
CONNECTIVE TISSUE DEFICIENCIES
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
CONSTIPATION
Agar (Gelidium amansii)
• Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Aloe capensis; Aloe
vera)
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) .
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
Bitter Apple (Citrullus
colocynthis)
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
9
G-3, 16
. G-4, 50
58
G-4, 61
67
G-5, 83
91
G-5, 97
Black Mulberry (Morus
nigra)
99
Black Root (Leptandra
virginica)
104
Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
118
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
• Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . .134
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox)
16
• Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, I S S
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, 181
• Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum
palmatum)
G-8, 185
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
langsdorffi)
220
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Cotton Tree
(Cochlospermum
gossypium)
229
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270
Figs (Ficus carica)
G-11, 310
» Flax (Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
» Frangula (Rhamnus
frangula)
G-12, 317
Gamboge (Garcinia
hanburyi)
G-12, 325
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum)
G-12, 326
Greater Bindweed
(Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367
Green Hellebore
(Helleborus viridis)
368
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphylla)
463
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
• Manna (Fraxinus ornus) . G-17, 496
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
Morning Glory (Ipomoea
hederacea)
523
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Pear (Pyrus communis)
577
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
purpurea)
G-20, 596
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . 612
• Psyllium Seed (Plantago
afra)
G-20, 616
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
619
• Senna (Cassia senna) . . . G-22, 684
Sesame (Sesamum
orientate)
688
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
G-23, 741
Tragacanth (Astragalus
gummifer)
767
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Wahoo (Euonymus
atropurpurea)
cG-25, 791
Wallflower (Cheiranthus
cheiri)
G-25, 792
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
\
795
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
CONTRACEPTION
(See under Pregnancy,
prevention of)
INDICATIONS INDEX
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 9 1
Common Kidney Vetch
CONTRACEPTIVE, MALE
Levant
Cotton
(Gossypium
herbaceum)
(Anthyllis vulneraria)
G - 1 6 , 468
B a s i l (Ocimum basilicum)
Vervain
. G-4, 64
(Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF
European
Mistletoe
(Aethusa
G-12, 316
(Calotropis
222
Poppy
338
CORNS
(See under H y p e r k e r a t o s i s
(Centaurea
• C o w s l i p (Primula veris)
(Cladonia
238
(Cupressus
common,
• English
A l m o n d (Prunus dulcis)
• A r n i c a (Arnica montana)
15
G-3,
35
41
europaeum)
48
japonica)
G - 4 , 60
85
G - 5 , 94
officinalis)
G - 6 , 114
britannica)
119
B r o a d B e a n (Vicia faba)
120
141
camphora)
G - 7 , 143
(Eryngium
G-11, 282
• Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
• European
Elder
(Sambucus
G-11, 287
• European
Sanicle
296
Eyebright
False
• Fennel
300
G - 7 , 151
(Foeniculum
e - f i , 302
G-11, 310
laurocerasus)
G - 8 , 179
198
G-9, 209
maculatum)
G-12, 331
. . . 367
418
Mint
{Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
Weed
431
{Datura
stramonium)
G-15, 436
Khat (Catha edulis)
• Knotweed
447
(Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
• L a r c h (Larix decidua) . . . G - I S , 457
• Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G - 1 6 , 469
• L i n d e n (Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Lungmoss
(Lobaria
pulmonaria)
Lycium
484
Bark
(Lycium
chinense)
486
(Ephedra
sinica)
G - 1 6 , 488
(Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
(Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
(Cannabis
sativa)
G - 1 7 , 500
(Althaea
officinalis)
sos
(Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Ear
(Pilosella
officinarum)
• Mullein
529
(Verbascum
densiflorum)
(Glechoma
hederacea)
Hemlock
» C o l t ' s F o o t (Tussilago
. .
G r e e k S a g e (Salvia triloba)
372
• Nasturtium
G-i8, 532
(Tropaeolum
majus)
(Grindelia
species)
cannabinum)
Mouse
• German Chamomile
• Gumweed
(Guraea
rusbyi)
G-12, 326
Ivy
415
• Meadowsweet
(Lepidium
(Cetraria
(Apocynum
• Marshmallow
(Knautia
arvensis)
Ground
(Prunus
Moss
379
• Niauli
G - I S , 537
(Melaleucea
viridiflora)
(Conium
G-13, 386
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
410
islandica)
Marijuana
vulgare)
Cress
• I cel and
Marigold
(Kadsura
301
Scabious
G - 1 4 , 408
Maidenhair
(Euphrasia
Schisandra
G - 1 4 . 403
(Armoracia
• Ma-Huang
(Sanicula
(Matricaria recutita)
(Ceratonia
siliqua)
farfara)
G-11, 278
sativum)
(Cinnamomum
Tree
Eryngo
Garden
• Camphor Tree
Cocillana
(Plantago
lanceolata)
Field
(Calotropis
procera) .
Laurel
Plantain
japonica)
British E l e c a m p a n e (Inula
Cherry
• English
officinalis)
(Borago
Carob
G-10, 27S
europaea)
(Ribes
nigrum)
Calotropis
(Hedera
nigra)
(Polygala
amara)
Borage
G-10, 261
globulus)
(Arundinaria
Milkwort
.
campestre)
(Asa rum
Currant
. . . . 261
helix)
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
• A n i s e (Pimpinella anisum)
Ivy
(Aesculus
Hound's Tongue
Jimson
angustifolia)
(Echinacea purpurea)
s y m p t o m a t i c relief of)
• H o r s e r a d i sh
• Japanese
G-9, 241
• E c h i n a c ea P u r p u r e a
(See under C o l d ,
Chestnut
Indian-Hemp
pyxidata)
(Echinacea
CORYZA, ACUTE
Black
231
Echinacea Angustifolia
disorders)
Horse
{Cynoglossum officinale)
sempervirens)
skin
G - 1 4 , 395
rusticana)
G-9, 225
Cypress
Bamboo
(Papaver
223
Cornflower
sylvestris)
hippocastanum)
githago)
Cupmoss
gigantea)
As a r u m
(Agrostemma
cyanus)
cynapium)
Milkweed
G-9, 221
Cockle
G - 1 3 , 389
(Malva
Holly {Ilex aquifolium) . . G - 1 4 , 397
sativum)
Corn
(Galeopsis
segetum)
• High Mallow
(Coriandrum
rhoeas)
G-11, 291
Parsley
Bitter
(Sedum
215
Coriander
Corn
(Viscum
album)
Giant
Stonecrop
acre)
CONTUSION
Fool's
Common
• Hempnettle
. . G-9, 214
• O a k (Quercus robur)
542
. . . .G-IS, 549
1-92/COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Oats (Avena sativa)
• Onion (Allium cepa)
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Ch rysan themum
leucanthemum)
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
• Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-18, 551
G-19, 557
G-19, 559
563
G-19, 580
G-19, 585
589
G-19, 591
Pleurisy Root (Asclepias
tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Premorse (Scabiosa
succisa)
G-20, 612
Quillaja (Quillaja
saponaria)
G-20, 624
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
625
• Radish (Raphanus
SativUS)
G-20, 628
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Red Clover (Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
• Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala
senega)
683
• Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Southern Bayberry (Myrica
cerifera)
G-22, 705
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
• Star Anise (Illicium
verum) . . . . : '
G-23, 725
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis)
G-23, 734
• Sundew (Drosera
ramentacea)
740
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
• Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
• Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
• Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
• White Mustard (Sinapis
alba)
• White Nettle (Lamium
album)
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
• Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
Wood Betony (Betonica
Officinalis)
G-24, 750
G-24, 761
G-24, 764
G-25, 788
G-25, 796
798
G-25, 805
G-25, 806
810
G-26, 811
G-26, 815
G-26, 825
COUGH, WHOOPING
(See under Pertussis)
CRAMPS, LEG
(See under Leg muscle cramps)
CRAMPS, TETANIC AND EPILEPTIC
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
CUTS, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
CYSTITIS
African Potato (Hypoxis
rooperi)
Arenaria Rubra
(Spergularia rubra)
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
Niauli (Melaleucea
viridiflora)
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
7
39
G-11, 310
G-12, 322
G-15, 443
542
543
775
CRADLE CAP
(See under Dermatitis, seborrheic)
DANDRUFF
(See under Dermatitis, seborrheic)
CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, SI
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
Celandine (Chelidonium
majliS)
G-8, 169
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, I S I
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
moschatus)
533
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
DEBILITY
Lycium Berries (Lycium
barbarum)
487
DEHYDRATION, TREATMENT OF
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
Onion (Allium cepa)
48
G-6, 114
G-13, 359
G-19, 557
DEMENTIA, ALZHEIMER'S TYPE
(See also under Organic brain
dysfunction, symptomatic
relief of)
Snowdrop (Galanthus
nivalis)
700
DENTAL CARIES, PROPHYLAXIS
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
INDICATIONS INDEX
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF/I-93
DENTAL PLAQUE, PREVENTION OF
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria
canadensis)
108
DEPRESSION, RELIEF OF SYMPTOMS
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Corydalis {Corydalis cava)
. . 226
Khat {Catha edulis)
447
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Mug wort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-i8, 547
Passion Flower (Passiflora
incarnata)
G-19, 573
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
DERMATITIS, ECZEMATOID
• Bittersweet Nightshade
(Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
DERMATITIS, SEBORRHEIC
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . .382
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-i8, 527
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-i8, 551
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575
Quillaja (Quillaja
saponaria)
G-20, 624
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
DERMATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
151
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
Winter's Bark (Drimys
winteri)
820
DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROIDRESPONSIVE
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
DIABETES MELLITUS
(See under Hyperglycemia,
control of, adjunct to diet)
Cumin (Cuminum
cyminum)
G-9, 237
DIARRHEA, CHRONIC
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
DIAPHORETIC
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
DIARRHEA, BLOODY, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
29
DIARRHEA
Arrowroot (Maranta
arundinacea)
43
Carob (Ceratonia
siliqua)
G-7, 151
Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-10, 269
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Gum Arabic (Acacia
Senegal)
378
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-ie, 48i
Mountain Avens (Dryas
octopetala)
526
Muira-Puama
(Ptychopetalum
olacoides)
531
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lancea)
706
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia
unifloria)
742
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
Wild Mint (Mentha
aquatica)
G-26, 813
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
• Agrimony (Agrimonia
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Alkanet (Alkanna
tinctoria)
G-3, 13
Amaranth (Amaranthus
hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
Angostura (Galipea
officinalis)
34
Apple Tree (Malus
domestica)
G-4, 37
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
58
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, ei
Barley (Hordeum
distichon)
G-4, 63
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bennet's Root (Geum
urbanum)
G-4, 71
• Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Bistort (Persicaria
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-S, 94
• Blackberry (Rubus
fruticosus)
G-6, 104
Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum)
G-e, 111
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Carrageen (Chondrus
crispus)
152
Cascarilla (Croton eluteria) . . . 156
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
ieo
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
1-94/DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
• Cinquefoil (Potentilla
erecta)
G-8, 192
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
• Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Cranesbill (Geranium
maculatum)
233
Dragon's Blood
(Daemonorops draco)
257
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
Fool's Parsley (Aethusa
cynapium)
G-12, 316
Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . . 324
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . .410
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus
microphyllus)
G-15, 425
' Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Logwood (Haematoxylon
campechianum)
480
Lotus (Nelumbo
nucifera)
G-16, 481
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
Moneywort (Lysimachia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . .G-18, 549
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
G-19, 594
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
• Potentilla (Potentilla
anserina)
G-20, 610
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata)
. . . 612
• Psyllium Seed (Plantago
afra)
G-20, 616
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
625
Rhatany (Krameria
triandra)
641
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, ess
Salep (Orchis species)
657
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
660
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 681
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . .G-22, 697
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Uzara (Xysmalobium
undulatum)
782
Water Avens (Geum
rivale)
G-25, 794
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
810
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
• Denotes recommendation by Commission £.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
DIET, SUPPLEMENTATION OF
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Aloe capensis; Aloe
vera)
G-3, 16
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
American Ivy
(Parthenocissus
quinquefolia)
G-3, 26
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
Apple Tree (Maius
domestica)
. G-4, 37
Artichoke (Cynara
scolymus)
G-4, 44
Asa Foetida (Ferula
foetida)
47
Balmony (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bennet's Root (Geum
urbanum)
G-4, 71
Bistort (Persicaria
bistorta)
G-S, 82
Bitter Candytuft (Iberis
amara)
84
• Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Bladderwrack (Fucus
vesiculosus)
106
• Blessed Thistle (Cnicus
benedictus)
G-6, 107
• Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata)
G-6, 110
• Boldo (Peumus boldus) . . G-6, 112
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
lis
Broom Corn (Sorghum
vulgare)
121
Bugle (Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125
INDICATIONS INDEX
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Calamint {Calamintha
nepeta)
138
Calamus {Acorus
calamus)
G-7, 138
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
141
• Caraway {Carum carvi) . G-7, 148
• Cardamom {Elettaria
cardamomum)
G-7, 149
Carline Thistle {Carlina
acaulis)
151
Carob {Ceratonia
siliqua)
G-7, 151
Cascarilla {Croton eluteria) . . . 156
Cayenne {Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
• Centaury {Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Cheken {Eugenia chequen) . . . 178
• Chicory {Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, I S I
• Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Chiretta {Swertia chirata)
187
• Cinnamon {Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Colombo {Jateorhiza
palmata)
208
• Condurango {Marsdenia
condurango)
216
Congorosa {Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Coolwort {Tiarella
cordifolia)
G-9, 219
• Coriander {Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
githago)
222
Cup Plant {Silphium
perfoliatum)
G-9, 238
• Curcuma {Curcuma
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
Cyclamen {Cyclamen
europaeum)
240
• Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Devil's Claw
{Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS / I - 9 5
• Dill {Anethum
graveolens)
G-10, 252
Dragon's Blood
{Daemonorops draco)
257
Dyer's Broom {Genista
tinctoria)
G-10, 260
Elecampane {Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
Elm Bark {Ulmus minor) G-10, 269
English Chamomile
{Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270
English Horsemint {Mentha
longifolia)
G-10, 275
• English Lavender
{Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-10, 277
Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
• Fennel {Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-11, 302
Feverfew {Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Frostwort {Helianthemum
canadense)
G-12, 321
Galbanum {Ferula
gummosa)
323
Gamboge {Garcinia
hanburyi)
G-12, 325
Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
German Ipecac
{Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Germander {Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Giant Milkweed {Calotropis
gigantea)
338
• Ginger {Zingiber
officinale)
G-12, 339
Goldthread {Coptis trifolia) . .. 358
Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Green Tea {Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Guar Gum {Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba)
376
• Haronga {Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Hartstongue {Scolopendrium
vulgare)
381
• Henbane {Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Hogweed {Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Holly {Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
Honeysuckle {Lonicera
caprifolium)
399
• Horehound {Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horsemint {Monarda
punctata)
407
Horseradish {Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
• Iceland Moss {Cetraria
islandica)
415
• Immortelle {Helichrysum
arenarium)
417
Indian Nettle {Acalypha
indica)
419
Indian Physic {Gillenia
trifoliata)
421
Jambolan {Syzygium
cumini)
429
Jatamansi {Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Jewel Weed {Impatiens
biflora)
436
• Juniper {Juniperus
communis)
G-15, 440
Lavender Cotton {Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460
Lemon Verbena {Aloysia
triphylla)
463
• Lesser Galangal {Alpinia
officinarum)
467
Lotus {Nelumbo
nucifera)
G-16, 481
Lovage {Levisticum
officinale)
G-ie, 482
Magnolia {Magnolia
glauca)
490
Masterwort {Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
• Milk Thistle {Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Mountain Avens {Dryas
octopetala)
526
Mountain Grape {Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-IS, 527
Myrrh {Commiphora
molmol)
G-IS, 534
Noni {Morinda citrifolia) .G-IS, 544
• Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Opium Antidote
{Combretum micranthum) . . .559
1-96/DIGESTIVE DISORDERS
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
Oswego Tea (Monarda
didyma)
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
Pear (Pyrus communis)
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
• Peppermint (Mentha
G-19, 559
562
G-19, 567
G-19, 571
577
577
579
piperita)
G-19, 580
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
purpurea)
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa)
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
• Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
• Radish (Raphanus
Sativus)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-19, 591
593
G-19, 594
G-20, 596
597
. . . 622
625
G-20, 626
G-20, 628
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Saffron (Crocus sativus) . G-21, 653
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
Salep (Orchis species)
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
Senburi (Swertia japonica)
Skirret (Sium sisarum) ..
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . .
Spearmint (Mentha
spicata)
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
657
G-22, 679
. . . . 682
G-22, 696
G-22, 697
G-23, 709
Star Anise (Illicium
verum)
G-23, 725
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
729
Swamp Milkweed
(Asclepias incarnata) . . .G-23, 743
Sweet Gale (Myrica
gale)
G-24, 745
• Sweet Orange (Citrus
sinensis)
G-24, 747
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 761
Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum)
G-24, 766
Turkey Corn (Dicentra
cucullaria)
775
• Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wahoo (Euonymus
atropurpurea)
G-25, 791
Water Avens (Geum
rivale)
G-25, 794
Water Fennel (Oenanthe
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
810
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyilum)
G-26, 815
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
» Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
' Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
Yellow Gentian (Gentiana
lutea)
836
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
840
Zedoary (Curcuma
zedoaria)
G-26, 846
DIGESTIVE INSUFFICIENCIES,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-23, 719
Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
DROPSY
(See under Edema, idiopathic)
DYSENTERY
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . . G-15, 427
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-16, 481
Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Uzara (Xysmalobium
undulatum)
782
DYSMENORRHEA, UNSPECIFIED,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
Black Haw (Viburnum
prunifolium)
G-5, 96
False Unicorn Root
(Veratrum luteum)
301
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
INDICATIONS INDEX
EPILEPSY /I-97
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horsemint (Monarda
punctata)
407
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
Martagon (Lilium
martagon)
506
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Potentilla (Potentilla
anserina)
G-20, 610
Puff Ball (Lycoperdon
species)
618
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Wild Mint (Mentha
aquatica)
G-26, 813
Wild Yam (Dioscorea
Villosd)
G-26, 817
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
DYSPEPSIA
(See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
DYSTONIA
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
DYSURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Arenaria Rubra
(Spergularia rubra)
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
39
G-13, 359
EAR, INFLAMMATION, MIDDLE
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Garlic (Allium sativum) . .G-12, 327
ECZEMA, ATOPIC
Teazle (Dipsacus
silvestris)
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia
unifloria)
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
742
775
EMPHYSEMA
G-24, 757
ECZEMA, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
EDEMA, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
EDEMA, IDIOPATHIC
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
githago)
222
Dog Rose (Rosa canind) G-IO, 254
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
Japanese Atractylodes
(Atractylodes japonica)
430
Lily-of-the- Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-IS, 475
Lycium Berries (Lycium
barbarum)
487
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
716
Stone Root (Collinsonia
canadensis)
G-23, 733
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Marijuana
sativa)
(Cannabis
G-17, 500
ENTERITIS
Flax (Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Rhatany (Krameria
triandra)
641
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655
Simaruba (Simaruba
amard)
695
Summer Savory (Satureja
hortensis)
G-23, 739
ENTEROCOLITIS, CHRONIC
Colombo (Jateorhiza
palmata)
208
ENURESIS
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
ENURESIS, NOCTURNAL, PRIMARY
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
Saw Palmetto (Serenoa
repens)
G-7, 140
G-21, 664
EPILEPSY
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
1-98/EPILEPSY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
0-11, 295
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mug wort {Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Scullcap {Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Valerian {Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Yew {Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-IO, 256
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mate (Ilex
paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Siberian Ginseng
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
693
Spinach (Spinacia
oleracea)
G-23, 712
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
Asiatic Dogwood {Cornus
officinalis)
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
51
182
346
572
EXHAUSTION
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
G-8, x 172
*"*
182
218
G-13, 359
429
. . . . 843
EYE, INFLAMMATION OF
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
(Arisaema atrorubens)
426
FATIGUE, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Arnica (Arnica montana)
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
Cola (Cola acuminata)
41
G-7, 140
205
FEVER ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON
COLD
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Calamint (Calamintha
nepeta)
138
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
151
• Echinacea Pallida
(Echinacea pallida)
26i
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
• European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-IS, 457
Linden (Tilia species) .. . .G-16, 477
• Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
G-16, 488
• Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
Premorse (Scabiosa
succisa)
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
• Spruce (Picea species)
G-19, 580
G-20, 612
G-22, 674
714
FEVER, REDUCTION OF
Abscess Root (Polemonium
reptans)
G-3, 3
Adonis (Adonis vernalis) . . G-3, 5
Aga (Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8
Angostura (Galipea
officinalis)
34
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Canella (Canella
winterana)
147
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Centaury (Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 178
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia
bonducella)
253
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-IO, 256
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Germander (Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Greater Bindweed
(Calystegia sepium) . . . .G-13, 367
INDICATIONS INDEX
Hemp Agrimony
(Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
Jacob's Ladder
(Polemonium
caeruleum)
G-15, 427
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Marigold {Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 525
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta)
G-IS, 539
Noni (Morinda citrifolia) G-IS, 544
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum)
545
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
Poley (Teucrium polium)
603
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
619
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) ... 622
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
63i
Red Currant (Ribes
rubrum)
G-21, 634
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
eeo
Scullcap (Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
,
695
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia
unifloria)
742
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tamarind (Tamarindus
indica)
753
FLUID RETENTION/I-99
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron
tulipifera)
774
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
White Willow (Salix
species)
G-25, 807
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
FISSURE, ANAL
Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum
palmatum)
G-8, 185
European Peony (Paeon ia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Frangula (Rhamnus
frangula)
G-12, 317
Manna (Fraxinus ornus) . G-17, 496
FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6
Alteris (Aletris farinosa)
11
Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
Bear's Garlic (Allium
ursinum)
66
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
English Horsemint (Mentha
longifolia)
G-10, 275
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare)
G-11, 302
Galbanum (Ferula
gummosa)
323
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Horsemint (Monarda
punctata)
407
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
G-16, 482
Masterwort (Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
Oswego Tea (Monarda
didyma)
562
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Salep (Orchis species)
657
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Spearmint (Mentha
spicata)
G-23, 709
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
White Nettle (Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Yellow Gentian (Gentiana
lutea)
836
FLUID RETENTION
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
G-3, 12
Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, SO
Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis)
G-4, 52
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
54
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64
Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
Burdock (Arctium lappa) .G-7, 128
Cat's Foot (Antennaria
dioica)
G-8, 162
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . .178
Cleavers (Galium aparine)
. . . 193
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
1-100 /FLUID RETENTION
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
langsdorffi)
220
Parsley Piert (Aphanes
Cornflower (Centaurea
arvensis)
570
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Pear (Pyrus communis)
577
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) .G-10, 254
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
Elecampane (Inula
major)
G-19, 591
helenium)
G-10, 266
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
Garden Cress (Lepidium
species)
G-21, 661
sativum)
G-12, 326
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
German Ipecac
officinalis)
G-22, 679
(Cynanchum
Short
Buchu
(Barosma
vincetoxicum)
335
betulina)
691
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
arenaria)
336
Strawberry (Fragaria
Goat's Rue (Galega
vesca)
G-23, 735
officinalis)
G-13, 353
Sweet Clover (Melilotus
Hempnettle (Galeopsis
officinalis)
G-24, 744
segetum)
G-13, 389
Sweet
Marjoram
(Origanum
Hibiscus (Hibiscus
majorana)
G-24, 746
sabdariffa)
G-14, 394
Wahoo (Euonymus
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
atropurpurea)
G-25, 791
Horsetail (Equisetum
Water
Fennel
(Oenanthe
arvense)
G-14, 409
aquatica)
G-25, 796
Immortelle (Helichrysum
White Bryony (Bryonia
arenarium)
417
alba)
G-25, 800
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
Winter
Cherry
(Physalis
cannabinum)
418
alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
FROSTBITE, POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE IN
Knotweed (Polygonum
Cayenne (Capsicum
aviculare)
G-IS, 448
annuum)
G-8, 165
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium
Horsetail (Equisetum
verum)
G-IS, 455
arvense)
G-14, 409
Larkspur (Delphinium
Marigold (Calendula
consolida)
6-15, 458
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Linden (Tilia species) . . . G-ie, 477
Oak Gall (Quercus
Marigold (Calendula
infectoria)
550
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris
Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607
spicata)
G-17, 503
Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
balsamum)
G-24, 764
palustris)
G-17, 503
FUNGAL INFECTIONS, SKIN
Martagon (Lilium
(See under Infections, mycotic,
martagon)
506
cutaneous)
Mate (Ilex
FURUNCULOSIS
paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Meadowsweet (Filipendula
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
• Bittersweet Nightshade
annua)
G-17, 513
(Solanum dulcamara) . . G-5, 88
Olive (Olea europaea) . . .G-19, 556
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
us
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Solomon's Seal
(Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
White Lily (Lilium
candidum)
804
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
FURUNCULOSIS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
29
67
GALLSTONES
(See under Biliary calculi,
chemical dissolution of)
GASTRIC ULCERS, ACTIVE, BENIGN,
SHORT-TERM TREATMENT OF
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
GASTRITIS
Asa Foetida (Ferula
foetida)
Barley (Hordeum
distichon)
Cabbage (Brassica
oleracea)
Calamus (Acorus
calamus)
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
47
G-4, 63
G-7, 134
G-7, 138
139
160
INDICATIONS INDEX
GASTROINTESTINAL HYPERMOTILITY /I-101
Colombo {Jateorhiza
palmata)
208
Comfrey {Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Flax {Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Ground Ivy {Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Khat {Catha edulis)
447
• Licorice {Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-i6, 469
Marshmallow {Althaea
officinalis)
505
Mountain Grape {Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-IS, 527
Quince {Cydonia
oblongata)
625
Strawberry {Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Sweet Marjoram {Origanum
major
ana)
G-24, 746
White Nettle {Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
GASTRITIS, HEMORRHAGIC
Horsetail {Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
GASTROENTERITIS
Cinquefoil {Potentilla
erecta)
Fool's Parsley {Aethusa
cynapium)
Self-Heal {Prunella
vulgaris)
G-8, 192
G-12, 316
G-22, 681
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
Betel Nut {Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Bilberry {Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Nightshade {Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Black Pepper {Piper
nigrum)
G-6, 103
Bog Bilberry {Vaccinium
uliginosum)
G-6, 111
Boldo {Peumus boldus) . G-6, 112
Burdock {Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Canella {Canella
winterana)
147
Cashew {Anacardium
occidentale)
G-7, 157
Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Cat's Foot {Antennaria
dioica)
G-8, 162
Cayenne {Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Chinese Olive {Canarium
species)
184
Columbine {Aquilegia
vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Congorosa {Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Cubeb {Piper cubeba)
235
Elecampane {Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
Elephant-Ears {Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
Gambir {Uncaria species) . . . .324
Germander {Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Goutweed {Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
Heather {Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hogweed {Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Hollyhock {Alcea rosea) . G-14, 398
Hyssop {Hyssopus
officinalis)
G-15, 414
Jambolan {Syzygium
cumini)
429
Japanese Atractylodes
{A
tract}'lodes
japonica)
430
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Lady Fern {Athyrium
filix-femina)
G-15, 454
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 461
Linden {Tilia species) . . . G-16, 477
Lungwort {Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-16, 485
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Masterwort {Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Mercury Herb {Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
Mug wort {Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Oats {Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Parsley {Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Parsnip {Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Petasites {Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Poley {Teucrium polium)
603
Raspberry {Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
Red Bryony {Bryonia
cretica)
632
Red Sandalwood
{Pterocarpus santalinus) . . . . 635
Rice {Oryza sativa)
G-21, 643
Sorb Apple {Sorbus
domestica)
704
Speedwell {Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Spinach {Spinacia
oleracea)
G-23, 712
Sweet Marjoram {Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Wafer Ash {Ptelea
trifoliata)
790
Walnut {Juglans regia) .. .G-25, 793
White Bryony {Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
White Nettle {Lamium
album)
G-25, 806
Wild Daisy {Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Radish {Raphanus
raphanistrum)
G-26, 814
Willow Herb {Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, 818
Yellow Jessamine
{Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
GASTROINTESTINAL HYPERMOTILITY,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Henbane
niger)
{Hyoscyamus
G-14, 389
1-102/GENITAL WARTS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
GENITAL WARTS
(See under Condylomata
acuminata)
GIBRALTAR FEVER
(See under Brucellosis)
GINGIVITIS
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Calamus (Acorus
calamus)
G-7, 138
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Mastic Tree (Pistacia
lentiscus)
G-17, sos
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria)
550
Rhatany (Krameria
triandra)
64i
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
GLANDS, SWOLLEN
Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
G-9, 209
GLANDULAR PROBLEMS
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
GLANDULAR STIMULATION
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
GLAUCOMA, UNSPECIFIED
Calabar Bean (Physostigma
venenosum)
137
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus
microphyllus)
G-IS, 425
Snowdrop (Galanthus
nivalis)
700
GONORRHEA
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . .261
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
G-15, 443
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
New Jersey Tea
[Ceanothus americanus) . . . .541
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Sandalwood (Santalum
album)
659
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
GOUT, MANAGEMENT OF SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
Alpine Cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) .
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) .
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
Birch (Betula species)
Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium)
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
, G - 3 , 20
. G-4, 50
G-4, 6i
G-5, 75
G-5, 78
G-5, 86
G-5, 90
G-5, 94
G-5, 98
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Burr Marigold (Bidens
tripartita)
G-7, 131
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Celandine (Chelidonium
mqjus)
G-8, 169
Celery (Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . . . 1 7 8
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
iso
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
1
Colchicum (Colchicum
autumnale)
G-9, 206
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Dyer's Broom (Genista
tinctoria)
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 260
G-10, 275
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Germander (Teucrium
chamaedrys)
G-12, 337
Goutweed (Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
Ground Pine (Ajuga
chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Java Tea (Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Meadowsweet (Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17, 511
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-i8, 521
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 525
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, eso
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
660
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
HEADACHE, M I G R A I NE / 1 - 1 0 3
Short Buchu {Barosma
betulina)
691
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
716
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia
unifloria)
742
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Winter Cherry (Physalis
alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
GROWTH, IN CHILDREN,
STIMULATION OF
Spinach (Spinacia
oleracea)
G-23, 712
GUM DISEASE
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
GUMS, SORE
(See under Pain, dental)
GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Birth wort (Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, so
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . .. 280
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 300
Ground Pine (Ajuga
chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
Marijuana (Cannabis
G-17, 500
sativa)
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 681
White Lily (Lilium
candidum)
804
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
HAIR LOSS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
Horsetail (Equisetum
an'ense)
G-14, 409
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
HALITOSIS, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Coriander
sativum)
(Coriandrum
G-9, 221
HALLUCINOGENS
Iporuru (Alchornea
floribunda)
Peyote (Lophophora
williamsii)
424
G-19, 588
HANSEN'S DISEASE
(See under Leprosy)
HAY FEVER
(See under Pollinosis)
HEADACHE
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cumin (Cuminum
cyminum)
G-9, 237
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-IO, 248
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . 261
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270
English Horsemint (Mentha
longifolia)
G-10, 275
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-ie, 468
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
moschatus)
533
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
716
Sweet Vernal Grass
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
White Willow (Salix
species)
G-25, 807
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
Catnip (Nepeta cataria) . . G-8, 164
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 461
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-18, 547
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
1-104/HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Traveller's Joy (Clematis
vitalba)
G-25, 769
HEADACHE, TENSION
(See under Pain, unspecified)
HEADACHE, VASCULAR
(See under Headache, migraine)
HEART FAILURE
(See under Congestive heart
failure, adjunct in)
HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE
(See under Congestive heart
failure, adjunct in)
HEARTBURN
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
HELMINTHIASIS
Amargo (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
109
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) .. G-7, 144
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Centaury (Centaurium
c
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Chives (Allium
schoenoprasum)
G-8, 188
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
githago)
222
Cowhage (Mucuna
pruriens)
230
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Water Hemlock
(Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Green Hellebore
(Helleborus viridis)
368
Groundsel (Senecio
vulgaris)
374
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Larkspur (Delphinium
consolida)
G-15, 458
Lavender Cotton (Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Morning Glory (Ipomoea
hederacea)
523
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-18, 536
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta)
G-18, 539
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
Pink Root (Spigelia
marilandica)
594
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
G-20, 618
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. G-21, 648
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
Sweet Gale (Myrica
gale)
G-24, 745
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
Wormseed Oil
(Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Wormwood Grass (Spigelia
anthelmia)
83i
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus
luteUS)
839
HEMATEMESIS
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 82i
HEMATURIA
Burr Marigold (Bidens
tripartita)
G-7, 131
HEMOPHILIA, UNSPECIFIED
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
HEMOPTYSIS
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
HEMORRHAGE, NASAL
Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis
arvensis)
G-12, 316
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-16, 48i
Puff Ball (Lycoperdon
species)
618
• Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
HEMORRHAGE, POSTPARTUM
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . . . 280
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
HEMORRHAGE, UNSPECIFIED
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
21
G-11, 291
Golden Ragwort (Senecio
aureus)
354
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-ie, 468
INDICATIONS INDEX
Logwood (Haematoxylon
campechianum)
480
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 681
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA / I - 1 0 5
•
HEMORRHOIDS
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox)
16
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, 181
Cranesbill (Geranium
maculatum)
233
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . 612
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
HEMORRHOIDS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Buckthorn (Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-e, 123
• Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus
purshiana)
6-7, 153
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
iso
Chinese Rhubarb (Rheum
palmatum)
G-8, 185
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Frangula (Rhamnus
frangula)
G-12, 317
Gout weed (Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphylla)
463
•
•
•
Passion Flower (Passiflora
incarnata)
G-19, 573
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Poplar (Populus species)
G-20, 607
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Solomon's Seal
(Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
840
163
HERPETIC MANIFESTATIONS, ORAL,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Herpes simplex
virus infections)
HICCUP
Calamint
nepeta)
(Calamintha
138
HOARSENESS
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
Eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis)
Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-8, 165
G-11, 283
300
G-22, 674
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea
muscipula)
786
G-14, 409
. . . . 509
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
G-ie, 482
Salep (Orchis species)
657
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
. . . . 541
G-17, s i e
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-ie, 469
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
HYPERACTIVITY
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298
HERNIA, TESTICULAR
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
182
HERPES GENITALIS
Goldenseal (Hydrastis
canadensis)
G-24, 759
HYPERACIDITY, GASTRIC, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
HEPATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
268
HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTIONS
HODGKIN'S DISEASE
HEMOSTASIS, AN AID IN
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
Matico (Piper elongatum)
New Jersey Tea
(Ceanothus americanus)
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-18, 528
G-13, 355
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum)
228
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583
I - 1 0 6 /HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, PRIMARY
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA, PRIMARY,
ADJUNCT TO DIET
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) . . .
Garlic (Allium sativum) .
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
• Psyllium (Plantago ovata)
• Soybean (Glycine soja) . .
.0-11, 298
G-12, 327
. . . 575
. . . . 612
G-22, 707
HYPERGLYCEMIA, CONTROL OF,
ADJUNCT TO DIET
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) . G-3, 12
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Centaury (Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia
bonducella)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G - 8 , 199
G-9, 245
253
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Goat's Rue (Galega
officinalis)
G-13, 353
Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) . . . 367
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba)
. 376
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-18, 52s
Noni (Morinda citrifolia) .G-18, 544
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Poley (Teucrium polium)
603
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
HYPERHIDROSIS
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Japanese Atractylodes
(Atractylodes japonica)
430
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655
• Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793
HYPERKERATOSIS SKIN DISORDERS
Garlic (Allium sativum)
. G-12, 327
HYPERLIPEMIA
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba)
majUS)
736
HYPERTENSION, ESSENTIAL
(See under Hypertension)
(See under Hypertension)
HYPERTHYROIDISM
21
66
122
G-8, 169
Centaury (Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Cheken (Eugenia chequen) . .. 178
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
215
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
kombe)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Strophanthus gratus)
736
Surinam Cherry (Eugenia
unifloria)
742
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
HYPERTENSIVE CRISES
376
HYPERTENSION
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
Bear's Garlic (Allium
ursinum)
Brown Kelp (Macrocystis
pyrifera)
Celandine (Chelidonium
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606
• Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
• Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . . . 727
Strophanthus (Strophanthus
Bladderwrack (Fucus
vesiculosus)
106
HYPERTONIA
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, 81
Olive (Olea europaea) . . .G-19, 556
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
63i
HYPNOTIC
(See under Sleep, induction of)
HYPOCHONDRIA
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-18, 530
G-11, 291
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . .G-12, 327
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 461
Lycium Bark (Lycium
chinense)
486
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
HYPOTENSION
• Camphor Tree
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum)
G-7, 143
545
INDICATIONS INDEX
INFECTIONS, TAPEWORM / I - 1 0 7
HYSTERIA, ACUTE
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
141
English Chamomile
{Chamaemelum nobile) G-IO, 270
European Mistletoe {Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
Gotu Kola {Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Nerve Root {Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
Scullcap {Scutellaria
lateriflora)
G-22, 678
Sweet Violet {Viola
odoratd)
G-24, 750
Valerian {Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
ICHTHYOSIS, UNSPECIFIED
Burdock {Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Peanut {Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575
IMMUNODEFICIENCY, UNSPECIFIED
{See under Infection,
tendency to)
IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Oats {Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
IMPOTENCE, MALE
{See under Erectile dysfunction)
INDIGESTION
{See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
INFECTION, TENDENCY TO
• Arnica {Arnica montana)
41
Barberry {Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Birthwort {Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, SO
• Cajuput {Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
• Echinacea Purpurea
{Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 261
Garden Cress {Lepidium
sativum)
G-12, 326
• German Chamomile
{Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
• Japanese Mint {Mentha
an'ensis piperascens)
431
• Larch {Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Lemon {Citrus limon)
460
Lime {Citrus
aurantifolia)
G-16, 476
Luffa {Luffa aegyptica) . . G-16, 483
• Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
• Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
• Siberian Ginseng
{Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
693
• Spruce {Picea species)
714
INFECTION, VIRAL
Cat's Claw {Unicaria
tomentosa)
160
INFECTIONS, GENITOURINARY TRACT
Matico {Piper elongatum)
. . . . 509
INFECTIONS, INTESTINAL
Cocoa {Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
INFECTIONS, MYCOTIC, CUTANEOUS
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
INFECTIONS, NON-SPECIFIC
Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Fumitory {Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12, 322
Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Red Bryony {Bryonia
cretica)
632
Sorrel {Rumex acetosa)
705
White Bryony {Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
Yellow Dock {Rumex
Crispus)
835
INFECTIONS, PREVENTION OF
Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-IO, 254
Sea Buckthorn {Hippophae
rhamnoides)
G-22, 680
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
INFECTIONS, RESPIRATORY TRACT,
TREATMENT ADJUNCT
Echinacea Purpurea
{Echinacea purpurea)
. G-10, 26i
INFECTIONS, RESPIRATORY TRACT,
UNSPECIFIED
Astragalus {Astragalus
species)
54
Echinacea Angustifolia
{Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
Iporuru {Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Thuja {Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
Turmeric {Curcuma
domestica)
775
INFECTIONS, SKIN AND SKIN
STRUCTURE
Coconut Palm {Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
Goa Powder {Andira
araroba)
352
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria)
550
Pasque Flower {Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Tea Tree {Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Thuja {Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
Virola {Virola theiodora)
789
INFECTIONS, SMALLPOX
Pitcher Plant {Sarracenia
purpurea)
G-20, 596
Purple Gromwell
{Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
619
INFECTIONS, SOFT TISSUES
{See under Infections, skin and
skin structure)
INFECTIONS, TAPEWORM
Kamala {Mallotus
philippinensis)
Kousso {Hagenia
abyssinica)
Male Fern {Dryopteris
filix-mas)
442
450
G-17, 493
1 - 1 0 8 / I N F E C T I O N S , TAPEWOR M
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
G-20, 605
•
G-20, 6 1 8
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . G-26, 841
INFECTIONS, UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
Bistort (Persicaria
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
INFECTIONS, URINARY TRACT
• Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
• Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis)
G-4, 52
• Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, 65
• Birch (Betula species)
G-S, 78
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
• Canadian Golden Rod
(Solidago canadensis)
145
Chocolate Vine (Akebia
quinata)
189
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
langsdorffi)
220
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261
• European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
• Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
• Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Iporuru (Alchornea
floribunda)
424
• Java Tea (Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
• Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
G-ie, 482
• Nasturtium (Tropaeolum
majus)
G-18, 537
• Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
• Sandalwood (Santalum
album)
659
•
•
•
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
691
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Uva-Ursi (Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi)
G-25, 779
INFECTIONS, VENEREAL
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME
(See under Bowel, irritable,
syndrome)
ITCHING, SKIN
(See under Pruritus, topical
relief of)
(See under Pruritus, topical
relief of)
INFLAMMATION, ANORECTAL
. . . G-18, 549
563
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS,
UNSPECIFIED
Picrorhiza
kurroa)
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
ITCHING, SUNBURN
(See under Gonorrhea)
Oak (Quercus robur)
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Ch rysa n th em u m
leucanthemum)
INTERTRIGO
(Picrorhiza
589
INFLUENZA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8,
Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
G-9,
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10,
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10,
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
128
190
209
254
270
G-11, 2 8 3
European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 2 8 7
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 4os
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
INSECT BITES, PAIN DUE TO
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
INSOMNIA
(See under Sleep, induction of)
INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION
(See under Claudication,
intermittent)
• Denotes r e c o m m e n d a t i o n by Commission E.
JAUNDICE
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Columbine (Aquilegia
vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Holly (Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Lavender Cotton (Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . .G-16, 460
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 367
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
JOINTS, SWOLLEN
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
KERATOSIS PALMARIS
(See under Hyperkeratosis skin
disorders)
29
419
466
INDICATIONS INDEX
LIVER DISORDERS / I - 1 0 9
KERATOSIS PILARIS
(See under Hyperkeratosis skin
disorders)
KERATOSIS PLANTARIS
(See under Hyperkeratosis skin
disorders)
LABOR, STIMULATION OF
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
109
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
LACK OF STAMINA
•
•
•
•
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . G-9, 202
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Mate (Ilex
paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Siberian Ginseng
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
693
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lancea)
706
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-16, 469
G-25, 788
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655
LEG MUSCLE CRAMPS
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
LEPROSY
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species)
177
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
• Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
•
LEUKEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
LEUKORRHEA
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
White Nettle (Lamium
album)
•
770
G-25, 806
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
•
G-26, 812
LICE, BODY
(See under Pediculosis, human)
•
piperita)
LICE, HEAD
(See under Pediculosis, human)
•
LICE, PUBIC
(See under Pediculosis, human)
LITHURSIS
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS
Adam's Needle (Yucca
filamentosa)
• Artichoke (Cynara
scolymus)
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
• Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
Bitter Apple (Citrullus
colocynthis)
Black Root (Leptandra
virginica)
» Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
Cornflower
cyanus)
Fringetree (Chionanthus
virginicus)
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
Hemp Agrimony
(Eupatorium
cannabinum)
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
Linden (Tilia species) . . .
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
Peppermint (Mentha
4
•
G-4, 44
•
G-4, ei
G-4, 69
G-S, 83
104
G-8, 169
(Centaurea
G-9, 225
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
'
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
Scopolia (Scopolia
carniolica)
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
Tamarind (Tamarindus
indica)
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-9, 245
G-10, 266
G-11, 283
G-12, 321
G-12, 322
G-13, 383
G-13, 388
G-14, 393
G-14, 408
431
G-16, 477
G-17, 516
579
G-19, 580
G-19, 585
671
729
753
G-25, 788
G-26, 829
G-26, 833
LIVER DISORDERS
American Bittersweet
(Celastrus scandens)
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
24
26
29
48
1-1 10 /LIVER DISORDERS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
54
Balmony (Chelone glabra) .G-4, 59
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Beet (Beta vulgaris)
G-4, 67
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
Corn Silk (Zea mays)
224
Dodder (Cuscuta
epithymum)
G-10, 254
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Hedge-Hyssop (Gratiola
officinalis)
G-13, 385
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
439
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Opium Antidote
(Combretum micranthum) . . .559
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
63i
Red Bryony (Bryonia
cretica)
632
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Soybean (Glycine soja) . . .G-22, 707
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 811
G-26, 826
827
G-26, 829
LUMPS IN THE BREAST
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
LYMPH NODES, INFLAMMATION OF
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
Tree of Heaven {Ailanthus
altissima)
770
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron
tulipifera)
774
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
MASTODYNIA
Bugle weed (Lye opus
virginicus)
Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-6, 126
G-8, 176
MEASLES
G-26, 812
LYMPHEDEMA
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
Figwort (Scrophularia
nodosa)
G-11, 311
Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
LYMPHOMAS, HODGKIN'S
(See under Hodgkin's disease)
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
MENINGITIS
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
MENOPAUSE, CLIMACTERIC
COMPLAINTS
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
• Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
LYMPHOMAS, NON-HODGKIN'S
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea
muscipula)
786
LYMPHOSARCOMA
(See under Lymphomas,
non-Hodgkin's)
MALARIA
(See under P. falciparum
infections)
MALARIA, TREATMENT OR
PROPHYLAXIS OF
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Croton Seeds (Croton
tiglium)
234
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, sie
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . .. 622
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE
MANIFESTATIONS OF
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Golden Ragwort (Senecio
aureus)
354
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-IS, 456
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
MENORRHAGIA
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
• Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Burning Bush 0ictamnus
albus)
G - 7 , 130
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) . . . 280
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
INDICATIONS INDEX
MOOD SWINGS / I - 1 1 1
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Sweet Sumach (Rhus
aromatica)
748
MENSTRUAL BLOOD, HEAVY LOSS OF,
IDIOPATHIC
Loosestrife
vulgaris)
(Lysimachia
G-16, 481
MENSTRUAL CRAMPS
(See under Pain, menstrual)
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
American Bittersweet
(Celastrus scandens)
24
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Arrach (Chenopodium
vulvaria)
43
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
48
Beth Root (Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Caraway (Carum carvi) .. G-7, 148
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosa)
ioo
Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Cranesbill (Geranium
maculatum)
233
Cumin (Cuminum
cyminum)
G-9, 237
Cyclamen (Cyclamen
europaeum)
240
Dusty Miller (Senecio
bicolor)
258
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-IO, 266
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
G-ie, 482
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
G-17, 516
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-i8, 525
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron
tulipifera)
774
Turkey Corn (Dicentra
cucullaria)
775
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wallflower (Cheiranthus
cheiri)
G-25, 792
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, S I S
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
MENSTRUAL SYNDROME, PRE-,
MANAGEMENT OF
• Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
• Bugleweed (Lycopus
virginicus)
G-6, 126
• Chaste Tree (Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Evening Primrose
{Oenothera biennis) . . . G - I I , 298
Lavender Cotton (Santolina
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460
Oswego Tea (Monarda
didyma)
562
• Potentilla (Potentilla
anserina)
G-20, 610
• Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris)
G-22, 690
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
METABOLIC DISORDERS
Red Bryony (Bryonia
cretica)
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
632
G-25, 800
METEORISM
Caraway (Carum carvi) . . G-7, 148
Curcuma (Curcuma
xanthorrhizia)
G-9, 239
English Lavender
(Lavandula
angustifolia)
G-IO, 277
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 46i
Masterwort (Peucedanum
ostruthium)
507
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . . . G-22, 697
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
MICTURATION PROBLEMS
ACCOMPANYING PROSTATE ADENOMA
Poplar (Populus species)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-20, 607
G-20, 618
G-23, 729
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
(See under Headache, migraine)
MOOD SWINGS
G-5, 92
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
I-112/MORNING SICKNESS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
MORNING SICKNESS
Cola {Cola acuminata)
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
MYALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
205
G-19, 580
MOTION SICKNESS
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
• Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)
G-8, 165
G-12, 339
American White Pond Lily
(Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Canella (Canella
winterana)
147
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Common Kidney Vetch
(Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Cudweed (Gnaphalium
uliginosum)
236
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
G-19, 594
Raspberry (Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
MUSCLE SPASM
(See under Spasticity, muscle,
symptomatic alleviation of)
MUSCLE TENSION
G-7, 136
G-S, 165
MYALGIA
(See under Pain, muscular,
temporary relief of)
NEURALGIA, TRIGEMINAL
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTIONS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
NARCOTIC ADDICTION, DETOXIFICATION
TREATMENT OF
G-18, 551
NASAL CONGESTION, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
NAUSEA
(See also under Motion sickness)
Adrue (Cyperus articulatus) G-3, 6
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
15
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Gambir (Uncaria species)
. . . . 324
Green Hellebore
(Helleborus viridis)
368
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-16, 468
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Sweet Vernal Grass
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
NECK STIFFNESS
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
Corydalis (Corydalis cava)
566
(Aconitum
napellus)
MYOCARDITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Oats (Avena sativa)
Monkshood
.G-18, 521
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
NEURITIS, PERIPHERAL, ACUTE
(See under Pain, neurogenic)
NEUROPATHY
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
NIGHT SWEATS
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus
officinalis)
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
51
301
NIGHT VISION ENHANCER
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY OF
Arrowroot (Maranta
arundinacea)
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
43
439
NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY OF,
STRESS-INDUCED
(See under Nutrients,
deficiency of)
NUTRIENTS, DEFICIENCY OF,
SURGERY-INDUCED
(See under Nutrients,
deficiency of)
NYSTAGMUS
Fish Berry (Anamirta
cocculus)
312
OBESITY, EXOGENOUS
Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
G-IS, 443
OPHTHALMIA
G-13, 386
NERVE DAMAGE
MUSCLES, SKELETAL, RELAXATION,
PREOPERATIVE
Pareira (Chondrodendron
tomentosum)
(See under Pain, neurogenic)
(See under Leprosy)
MOUTH AND THROAT DISORDERS
Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
• Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
NEURALGIA
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
. . . 226
NERVE INFLAMMATION
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-ie, 468
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, 650
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox)
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
48
139
16
iso
G-9, 225
I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
PAIN, N E U R O G E N I C / I - 1 1 3
Eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis)
300
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
Eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis)
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
Oats (Avena sativa)
Red Maple (Acer
rubrum)
Spurge (Euphorbia
resinifera)
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
218
300
G-18, 547
G-18, 551
PAIN, MENSTRUAL
824
832
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) . . . .G-11, 298
PAIN, CANCER
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
PAIN, DENTAL
7ie
77s
G-9, 221
ORCHITIS
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
ORGANIC BRAIN DYSFUNCTION,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See also under Dementia,
Alzheimer's type)
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12,342
OXYTOXIC
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
.G-ie, 468
P. FALCIPARUM INFECTIONS
Hwema Bark (Corynanthe
pachyceras)
412
PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHRITIS,
TOPICAL
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS
INJURIES
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
PAIN, ABDOMINAL
(See also under Cramps, abdominal, symptomatic
relief of)
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17,500
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
775
Blue Cohosh
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
109
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
PAIN, BREAST
G-21, 635
ORAL AND PHARYNGEAL DISORDERS
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum) .
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa) . . ..
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
• Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum)
G-8, 195
PAIN, EAR
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile)
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . .
G-10, 270
419
G-ie, 461
.G-17, 493
.G-21, 648
PAIN, JOINT
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . .0-22, 668
PAIN, LEO
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
PAIN, LUMBAR
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus
officinalis)
51
Barberry (Berberis
. vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)1
. .6-5, 92
Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus)
G-16, 465
'Denotes recommendation by Commission E,
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY
RELIEF OF
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
• Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Cowhage (Mucuna
pruriens)
230
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Horseradish (Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Iporuru (Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
,. G-17, 493
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-IS, 521
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
eso
Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Spruce (Picea species)
714
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
PAIN, NEUROGENIC
Black Pepper (Piper
nigrum)
.. G-6, 103
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus) . .. 128
Buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
133
• Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
.G-10, 275
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
1-114/PAIN, NEUROGENIC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
0-11, 29s
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Larch (Larix decidua) . . . G-IS, 457
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus)
G-ie, 465
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-IS, 521
Niauli (Melaleucea
viridiflora)
542
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, sso
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Snowdrop (Galanthus
nivalis)
700
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
Stavesacre (Delphinium
staphisagria) .
726
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 7S4
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
• White Fir (Abies alba)
802
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium
sempervirens)
838
PAIN, SPASMODIC
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
PAIN, STOMACH
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . .261
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Winter's Bark (Drimys
winteri)
820
PAIN, TEETHING
(See under Pain, dental)
PAIN, TOOTH
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G-14, 389
Lycium Bark (Lycium
chinense)
486
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, s i s
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. G-21, 648
Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Winter's Bark (Drimys
winteri)
820
PAIN, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 26i
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
.G-14, 411
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Poplar (Populus species) .G-20, 607
Quince (Cydonia
oblongata)
62s
Reed Herb (Phragmites
communis)
639
White Fir (Abies alba)
802
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
Wormwood (Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 812
G-26, 815
G-26, 829
PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Corn Poppy (Papaver
rhoeas)
223
Devil's Claw
(Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
English Horsemint (Mentha
longifolia)
G-10, 275
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . . 410
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-IS, 521
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
G-19, 571
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, 609
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
• White Willow (Salix
species)
G-25, 807
PAIN, URINARY TRACT
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis)
G-19, 585
...
.G-22,
668
PALPITATIONS
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
PANCREAS, DISSEMINATED
ADENOCARCINOMA
(See under Carcinoma, pancreas)
PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY
Haronga (Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
INDICATIONS INDEX
POISONING/I-115
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
593
PARALYSIS, UNSPECIFIED
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
PEDICULOSIS CAPITIS INFESTATION
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium)
62i
PEDICULOSIS, HUMAN
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium)
62i
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
PERICARDITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-IS, 521
PERTUSSIS
Bishop's Weed (Ammi
Visnaga)
G-5, 81
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
Cherry Laurel (Prunus
laurocerasus)
6-8, 179
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cupmoss (Cladonia
pyxidata)
238
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Elecampane (Inula
helenium)
G-10,266
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
. -G-11, 283
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
.G-11,291
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Jimson Weed (Datura
stramonium)
G-15, 436
Lactucarium (Lactuca
virosa)
453
Lycium Bark (Lycium
chinense)
486
Maidenhair (Adiantum
capillus-veneris)
491
Mandrake (Mandragora
offtcinarum)
G-17, 495
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mouse Ear (Pilosella
offtcinarum)
529
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-IS, 536
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Red Clover (Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 76i
Tonka Beans (Dipteryx
odorata)
767
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wild Cherry (Prunus
serotina)
810
Wood Anemone (Anemone
nemorosa)
824
PHARYNGITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Arum (Arum maculatum)
46
Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Black Alder (Alnus
glutinosa)
G-5, 89
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis). .. G-7, 144
Catechu (Acacia catechu) . . . . . . 163
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, ies
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, ISI
Coconut Palm (Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
. . . G-9, 209
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
.6-9, 212
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .e-21, 655
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Spanish-Chestnut (Castanea
sativa)
708
Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
PHLEBITIS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Borage (Borago
officinalis) .
G-6, 114
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
PHOTODERMATOSIS
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
PILES
(See under Hemorrhoids)
PLASMODIUM INFECTION
(See under P. falciparum
infections)
PLEURITIS
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale) . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9, 212
PMS
(See under Menstrual syndrome,
pre-, management of)
PNEUMONIA
' Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
Black Mustard (Brassica
nigra)
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
48
G - 5 , 100
268
POISONING
Calabar Bean (Physostigma
venenosum)
Ipecac (Cephaelis
ipecacuanha)
137
423
1-116/POISONING
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Milk Thistle {Silybum
marianum)
Yew (Taxus baccata) . .. G-26, 841
G-17, 516
POISONING, ALCOHOL
Aga {Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8
POISONING, STRYCHNINE
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
Sweet Gale (Myrica
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
(See under Menstrual syndrome,
pre-, management of)
gale)
POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
Jatamansi {Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
G-17, 495
Astragalus (Astragalus
species)
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosd)
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species)
177
Goa Powder (Andira
araroba)
352
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-i8, 527
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-18, 528
Red Clover (Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
G-21, eei
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
G-23, 741
54
160
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
Pumpkin (Cucurbita
(See under Cold, common,
symptomatic relief of)
PREGNANCY, COMPLAINTS OF
G-11, 282
pepo)
247
301
PREGNANCY, PREVENTION OF
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
PSORIASIS
PROSTATE DISORDERS
POSTNASAL DRIP
Devil's Claw
{Harpagophytum
procumbens)
False Unicorn Root
{Veratrum luteum)
G-17, 497
PROMOTE THE NATURAL IMMUNE
SYSTEM OF THE BODY
POLLINOSIS
Mandrake {Mandragora
officinarum)
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-7, 130
Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Cat's Claw (Unicaria
tomentosd)
ieo
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Jequirity {Abrus
precatorius)
....,............435
Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .0-21, 648
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) . . .727
PREGNANCY, TERMINATION OF
Asarum (Asarwn
europaeum)
48
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
0-5, 97
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Pomegranate (Punica
granatum)
G-20, 605
Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .G-21, 648
Safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius)
652
Simaruba (Simaruba
amara)
695
G-20, 618
Round-Leafed Wintergreen
(Pyrola rotundifolia)
647
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
691
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, sis
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, BENIGN,
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
African Potato (Hypoxis
rooperi)
7
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
• Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
dioica)
PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
(See under Emphysema)
RASH, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
RENAL CALCULI
G-20, 618
• Saw Palmetto (Serenoa
repens)
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
.G-21, 664
..-:•:•
G-23, 729
PRURITUS, ANAL
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-11, 310
•
•
•
PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Evening Primrose
(Oenothera biennis) ... .G-11, 298
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G - 2 4 , 745
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . .799
PROCTITIS
G-17, SOO
G-23, 710
G - 1 4 , 411
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) .. . G-22, 668
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
•
Alpine Cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . .G-3, 20
Arenaria Rubra
(Spergularia rubra)
39
Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis)
G-4, 52
Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris) . . .
.G-4, 65
Birch (Betula species) . . . . G-5, 78
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
.............. .0-5, 94
Canadian Golden Rod
(Solidago canadensis)
145
Celery {Apium
graveolens)
G-8, 172
Centaury (Centaurium
erythraea)
G-8, 174
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
INDICATIONS INDEX
Dyer's Broom (Genista
tinctoria)
G-IO, 260
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
0-11, 282
• European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .0-11, 289
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
• Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Hydrangea (Hydrangea
arborescens)
G-14, 413
• Java Tea (Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
• Lovage (Levisticum
officinale)
G-16, 482
Madder (Rubia
tinctorum)
G-ie, 490
• Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Parsley Piert (Aphanes
arvensis)
570
• Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) ... 6oe
Rust-Red Rhododendron
(Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
eso
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius) .
0-22, 672
• Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)......
.G-23, 729
Stone Root (Collinsonia
canadensis)
G-23, 733
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
• Triticum (Agropyron
repens) . . .
G-25, 771
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Anise (Pimpinella anisum) .0-3, 35
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Benzoin (Styrax benzoin)
.. 73
RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS / I - 1 1 7
Bitter Milkwort (Polygala
amara)
85
Black Mulberry (Morus
nigra)
99
Black Mustard (Brassica
nigra)
G-5, 100
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
Calamint (Calamintha
nepeta)
138
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Cedar (Cedrus libani)
169
Corn Poppy (Papaver
rhoeas)
223
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia
cyparissias)
G-9, 242
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Duckweed (Lemna
minor)
G-IO, 258
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11,295
European Sanicle (Sanicula
europaea)
296
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-11,304
Forget-Me-Not (Myosotis
arvensis)
G-12, 316
Guaiac (Guaiacum
officinale)
375
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
.6-13, 383
Hollyhock (Alcea rosea) . .0-14, 398
Hyssop (Hyssopus
officinalis) .
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
.
Lady Fern (Athyrium
filix-femina)
Lungwort (Pulmonaria
officinalis)
.G-IS, 414
......431
.G-IS, 448
G-15, 454
o-ie, 485
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-18, 532
Nux Vomica (Strychnos
nux vomica)
G-IS, 547
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Orris (Iris species)
G-19, sei
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum) .
563
Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pleurisy Root (Asclepias
tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Quebracho (Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
623
Raspberry (Rubus
idaeus)
G-21, 630
Red Bryony (Bryonia
cretica)
632
Red Clover (Trifolium
pratense)
G-21, 633
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Siam Benzoin (Styrax
tonkinesis)
692
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) ... .G-22,697
Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Solomon's Seal
(Polygonatum
multiflorum) . . . . . . . . . G-22, 703
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
...705
Speedwell {Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax
paralleloneurum)
738
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
G-24, 76i
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
0-25, 788
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
White Fir (Abies alba)
802
1-118/RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 81 I
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
Yellow Dock (Rumex
CrispUS)
835
RETINOPATHY, DIABETIC
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Alpine Cranberry
{Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . G - 3 , 20
American Bittersweet
{Celastrus scandens)
24
• Arnica {Arnica montand)
41
Barberry {Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, ei
Basil {Ocimum basilicum)
G-4, 64
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
• Birch {Betula species)
G-5, 78
Black Bryony {Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
Black Currant {Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Mustard {Brassica
nigra)
G-5, 100
Borage {Borago
officinalis)
G-6, 114
Boxwood {Buxus
sempervirens)
G-6, 116
Brazilian Pepper Tree
{Schinus terebinthifolius) . . . 117
Bulbous Buttercup
{Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Buttercup {Ranunculus
acris)
133
• Cajuput {Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Calamus {Acorus
calamus)
G-7, 138
California Peppertree
{Schinus molle)
139
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
141
• Camphor Tree
{Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Canella {Canella
winterana)
147
• Cayenne {Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Celery {Apium
graveolens) . ..
G-8, 172
Chickweed {Stellaria
media)
iso
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum)
182
Chinese Olive {Canarium
species)
184
Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Comfrey {Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Cowhage {Mucuna
pruriens)
230
Cumin {Cuminum
cyminum)
. G-9, 237
Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
• Devil's Claw
{Harp agophy turn
procumbens)
247
Dog Rose {Rosa canina) .G-10, 254
Duckweed {Lemna
minor)
G-10, 258
Dwarf Elder {Sambucus
ebulus)
259
Elephant-Ears {Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
• Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
{Solidago virgaurea) .. .G-11, 289
• European Mistletoe {Viscum
album)
G-11, 291
European Peony {Paeonia
officinalis)
G-11, 295
Fever Bark {Alstonia
constricta)
...............305
Feverfew {Tanacetum
parthenium)
.G-11, 306
Fumitory {Fumaria
officinalis)
G-12,322
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenaria)
336
Gotu Kola {Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Goutweed {Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Ground Ivy {Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Ground Pine {Ajuga
chamaepitys)
G-13, 373
• Guaiac {Guaiacum
officinale)
375
Heather {Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
Hemlock {Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Horseradish {Armoracia
rusticana)
G-14, 408
Horsetail {Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Indian-Hemp {Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
Iporuru {Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
{Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Jalap {Ipomoea purga) . . G-IS, 427
Java Tea {Orthosiphon
spicatus)
434
Kava Kava {Piper
methysticum)
G-IS, 443
• Larch {Larix decidua) . . . G-15, 457
Laurel {Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459
Lemongrass {Cymbopogon
citratus)
G-ie, 465
Male Fern {Dryopteris
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Manaca {Brunfelsia
hopeana)
494
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Meadowsweet {Filipendula
ulmaria)
G-17,511
Mezereon {Daphne
mezereum)
. G-17, 515
^Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus) .
G-i8, 521
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . .o-i 8, 525
Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-IS, 532
Niauli (Melaleucea
viridiflora)
542
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
. 543
INDICATIONS INDEX
SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF/I-119
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum)
. . 545
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-is, 551
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Pellitory (Anacyclus
Pyrethrum)
577
Poke (Phytolacca
americana)
G-20, 602
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum) . . . 606
Poplar (Populus species) G-20, 607
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
63i
Red Bryony (Bryonia
cretica)
632
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis)
G-21, 645
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, eso
Sandarac (Tetraclinis
articulata)
660
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
G-21, 66i
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
G-21, 662
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
SCOparius)
G-22, 672
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
species)
G-22, 674
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
0-22, 679
Sesame (Sesamum
orientate)
688
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
.. 69i
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
,. 699.Sneezewort (Achillea
ptarmica)
700
Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lanced)
706
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
Spiny Rest Harrow (Ononis
spinosa)
G-23, 713
• Spruce (Picea species)
714
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum) .
G-23, 719
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
G-23, 735
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
G-23, 741
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Tansy (Tanacetum
vulgare)
G-24, 754
Teazle (Dipsacus
silvestris)
G-24, 757
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
G-24, 759
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
G-25, 788
Wafer Ash (Ptelea
trifoliata)
790
Watercress (Nasturtium
officinale)
798
White Bryony (Bryonia
alba)
G-25, 800
• White Fir (Abies alba)
802
White Hellebore (Veratrum
album)
G-25,803
• White Mustard (Sinapis
alba) . . . .
.G-25,805
• White Willow (Salix
species)
G-25,807
Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Wild Thyme (Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, SIS
Wild Yam (Dioscorea
Villosa)
G-26, 817
Winter Cherry (Physalis
alkekengi) •..:
G-26, 819
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
(See under Tinea capitis
infections)
RUBEFACIENT
Laurel (Laurus nobilis) . . G-15, 459
Pimento (Pimenta
racemosa)
590
SAUVATION, INCREASE SECRETION OF
Betel Nut (Piper betle) . . . . G-4, 74
Moneywort (Lysimachia
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . .. 622
SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Black Pepper (Piper
nigrum)
G-6, 103
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G - 7 , 130
Celandine (Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Fish Berry (Anamirta
cocculus)
312
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Poisonous Buttercup
(Ranunculus
sceleratus)
G-20, eoi
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium)
621
SCABIES
(See under Sarcoptes scabiei
infestations)
SCAR TISSUE
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
G - 1 4 , 389
SCARLATINA
• American Pawpaw
(Asimina triloba)
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
27
G-11, 283
G-26, 812
SCARLET FEVER
6-23, 710
(See under Scarlatina)
SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
RHINITIS, VASOMOTOR
Asarum (Asarum
europaeum)
RINGWORM INFECTIONS OF THE SCALP
48
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
.29
1-120/SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Cajuput (Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
G-13, 386
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
.G-17, 493
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
Wintergreen (Gaultheria
procumbens)
820
SCROFULOSIS
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-10, 275
G-19, 559
SCURVY
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Canella (Canella
winterana)
147
Columbine (Aquilegia
vulgaris)
G-9, 211
Globe Rower (Trollius
europaeus)
G-12, 351
Lemon (Citrus limon)
460
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus
ficaria)
466
Lime (Citrus
aurantifolia)
G-ie, 476
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-ie, 48i
Pinus Bark (Tsuga
canadensis)
G-19, 594
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca)
597
Samphire (Crithum
maritimum)
658
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
Yellow Dock (Rumex
CrispUS)
835
SEDATION
(See also under Sleep,
induction of)
Bitter Orange (Citrus
aurantium)
G-5, 86
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-s, 92
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98 I
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-11, 306
Linden (Tilia species) . . . .G-ie, 477
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Wood Betony (Betonica
officinalis)
G-26, 825
SEDATION, DAYTIME
Jamaica Dogwood (Piscidia
piscipula)
428
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Birthwort (Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, SO
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
G-8, 165
Damiana (Turnera diffusa) . . . . 244
Iporuru (Alchornea
floribunda)
424
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
Matico (Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
Muira-Puama
(Ptychopetalum
olacoides)
531
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe) . . . .843
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
European Elder (Sambucus
nigra)
G-11, 287
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
G-11, 283
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) .. .G-16,483
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655
Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
705
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
Yellow Dock (Rumex
CrispUS)
835
SKIN ABSCESSES
(See under Infections, skin and
skin structure)
SKIN CARE
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
SKIN DISORDERS
Alkanet (Alkanna
tinctoria)
G-3, 13
Bear's Garlic (Allium
ursinum)
66
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Black Bryony (Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
Buttercup (Ranunculus
acris)
133
Butternut (Juglans cinerea) . . . 134
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
iso
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma
githago)
222
Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia
cyparissias)
G-9, 242
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 245
Devil's Claw
(Harpagophytum
procumbens)
247
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
SINUSITIS, TREATMENT OF
globulus)
Avocado (Persea
americana)
57
Jojoba (Simmondsia
chinesis)
G-IS, 438
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . .575
15
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
G-11, 283
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
.G-11, 295
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis) ..
G-12, 322
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Greek Sage (Salvia triloba) .. .367
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Guaiac (Guaiacum
officinale)
375
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
G-14, 391
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
INDICATIONS INDEX
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
Vulgaris)
G-15f 456
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphylla)
463
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
Oleander (Nerium
oleander)
G-19, 555
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
Puff Ball (Lycoperdon
species) .618
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
G-21, 662
Soapwort (Saponaria
officinalis)
G-22, 701
Solomon's Seal
(Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Southern Bayberry (Myrica
cerifera)
G-22, 705
Spikenard (Aralia
racemosa)
G-23, 711
Stillingia (Stillingia
sylvatica)
729
Strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
6-23, 735
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
G-23, 741
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 730
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Triticum (Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 771
Turkey Corn (Dicentra
cucullaria)
773
Virola (Virola theiodora)
789
White Lily (Lilium
candidum)
804
Wild Radish (Raphanus
raphanistrum)
G-26, 814
Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Yellow Dock (Rumex
Crispus)
833
SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS/I-1 21
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris)
840
SKIN LACERATIONS, INFECTED
(See under Infections, skin and
skin structure)
SKIN PIGMENTATION
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25, 809
SKIN ULCERS
American Adder's Tongue
(Erythronium
americanum)
24
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Cashew (Anacardium
occidentale)
G-7, 157
Catechu (Acacia catechu)
163
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
Clematis (Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
218
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 26i
English Adder's Tongue
(Ophioglossum vulgatum) ... 269
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
.G-10, 273
Field Scabious (Knautia
arvensis)
G-11, 310
Frostwort (Helianthemum
canadense)
.G-12, 321
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
.G-14, 391
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
.............G-15, 436
Martagon (Lilium
martagon)
soe
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Southern Bayberry (Myrica
cerifera)
G-22, 705
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis)
G-23, 734
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Yellow Lupin (Lupinus
luteUS)
839
SKIN, BACTERIAL SUPERINFECTIONS
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
619
SKIN, DRY, MOISTURIZATION OF
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Mountain Grape (Mahonia
aquifolium)
G-i8, 527
SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
• Agrimony (Agrimonia
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
67
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Bladderwort (Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
• Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
118
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus
communis)
G-7, 158
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species)
177
Chickweed (Stellaria
media) .
? . . . . — .. .180
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3
Congorosa (Maytenus
ilicifolia)
...............
.218
Cornflower (Centaurea
cyanus)
G-9, 225
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale)
G-9, 243
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 273
1-122/SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
• English Plantain (Plantago
Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648
Soapwort (Saponaria
lanceolata)
0-11, 278
officinalis)
G-22, 701
European Elder (Sambucus
Spurge
(Euphorbia
nigra)
G-11, 287
resinifera)
716
European Water Hemlock
• St. John's Wort
(Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
(Hypericum
Evening Primrose
perforatum)
G-23, 719
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298
Turmeric
(Curcuma
• Fenugreek (Trigonella
domestica)
775
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
•
Walnut
(Juglans
regia)
.
.
.G-25,
793
Field Scabious (Knautia
White Lily (LiHum
arvensis)
G-11, 310
candidum)
804
• Flax (Linum
•
White
Nettle
(Lamium
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
album)
G-25, 806
• German Chamomile
•
Witch
Hazel
(Hamamelis
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
virginiana)
G-26, 821
• Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
Henna (Lawsonia
SKIN, IRRITATION, MINOR, PAIN
ASSOCIATED WITH
inermis)
G-14, 391
(See under Pain, topical
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
relief of)
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
SKIN, RADIATION DAMAGE,
TREATMENT OF
indica)
419
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae
• Jambolan (Syzygium
rhamnoides)
G-22, 680
cumini)
429
SLEEP DISORDERS
Labrador Tea (Ledum
Corn Poppy (Papaver
latifolium)
451
rhoeas)
223
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
English Hawthorn
vulgaris)
G-15, 456
(Crataegus laevigata) . G-IO, 271
Marigold (Calendula
Male Fern (Dryopteris
officinalis)
G-17, 497
filix-mas)
G-17, 493
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
SLEEP, INDUCTION OF
Mezereon (Daphne
(See also under Sedation)
mezereum)
G-17,515
American Hellebore
Moneywort (Lysimachia
(Veratrum viride)
25
nummularia)
G-17, 520
Bitter Orange (Citrus
Monkshood (Aconitum
aurantium)
G-5, 86
napellus)
G-18, 521
Borage (Borago
• Oak (Quercus robur)
G-IS, 549
officinalis)
G-e, 114
Oak Gall (Quercus
• Bugleweed (Lycopus
infectoria) ..
550
virginicus)
G-e, 126
• Oats (Avena sativa) . . . . .G-IS, 551
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
albus)
G-7, 130
pratensis)
572
Corn Poppy (Papaver
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)"... 575
rhoeas)
223
Purple Loosestrife (Lyihrum
• English Lavender
salicaria)
G-20, 620
(Lavandula
Red Clover (Trifolium
angustifolia)
G-IO, 277
pratense)
G-21, 633
False Schisandra (Kadsura
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
japonica)
301
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
officinalis)
G-21, 645
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
.G-13, 383
• Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
• Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
G-15, 443
Larkspur (Delphinium
consolida)
G-15, 458
• Lemon Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
G-ie, 461
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
triphylla)
463
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mugwort (Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-IS, 530
Nerve Root (Cypripedium
calceolus)
541
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-IS, 551
• Passion Flower (Passiflora
incarnata)
G-IO, 573
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
• Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Red-Spur Valerian
(Centranthus ruber) . . . G-21, 639
Sweet Vernal Grass
(Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
G-24, 750
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron
tulipifera)
774
• Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
SMOKING CESSATION, TEMPORARY
AID TO
Tobacco (Nicotiana
tabacum)
G-24, 762
SNAKEBITE
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
Contrayerva (Dorstenia
contrayerva)
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
. 141
218
. . . . 261
INDICATIONS INDEX
STOMATITIS/1-123
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Muskmallow (Abelmoschus
moschatus)
533
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina)
631
Scotch Broom (Cytisus
scoparius)
G-22, 672
SOUR STOMACH
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
SPASM, ALIMENTARY CANAL
Carline Thistle (Carlina
acaulis)
Hemlock (Conium
maculatum)
151
Angelica (Angelica
archangelica)
G-3, 32
Belladonna (Atropa
belladonna)
G-4, 69
Black Horehound (Ballota
nigra)
G-s, 98
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
SPASTICITY, MUSCLE, SYMPTOMATIC
ALLEVIATION OF
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa)
G-5, 92
Hogweed (Heracleum
sphondylium)
G-14, 396
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
G-7, 130
.G-10, 270
G-11, 302
False Schisandra (Kadsura
japonica)
301
29
67
SPRAINS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
STERILITY
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
91
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) . . . . . 346
STIMULANT
0-12,322
.0-12, 331
Areca Nut (Areca
catechu)
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-i4, 389
671
G-22, 697
G-24, 756
G-24, 761
0-26,833
SPASMS, UNSPECIFIED
Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
nemorensis)
21
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
c-8, 165
G-ie, 488
G-17, 516
STOMACH, DISSEMINATED
ADENOCARCINOMA
(See under Carcinoma, stomach)
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
STOMACH, UPSET
(See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
STOMATITIS
SPLEEN, DISORDERS OF
Ammoniac Gum (Dorema
ammoniacum)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica)
Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)
STOMACH, SOUR
SPERMATORRHEA
G-13, 386
SPASM, GASTRIC
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile)
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare)
Fumitory (Fumaria
officinalis)
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) ..
Henbane (Hyoscyamus
niger)
Scopolia (Scopolia
carniolica)
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) ...
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium) ...
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Linden (Tilia species) .. . G-ie, 477
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Sumbul (Ferula sumbul) . G-23, 738
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
G-4, 38
G-7, 130
Contrayerva (Dorstenia
contrayerva)
218
Copaiba Balsam (Copaifera
langsdorffi)
220
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta)
305
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium) ..
.G-11, 30*
Grains-of-Paradise .
(Aframomum
melegueta)
G-13, 362
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Guarana (Paullinia cupana) ... 376
Gum Arabic (Acacia
Senegal)
378
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
• Agrimony (Agrimonia
eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Amaranth (Amaranthus
hypochondriacus)
G-3, 22
American Pawpaw
(Asimina triloba)
27
• Anise (Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
• Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
G-S, 75
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-S, 94
• Blackberry (Rubus
fruticosus)
'...
G-6, 104
Bugle (Ajuga reptans) ... o-e, 12s
Catechu (Acacia catechu) .. .. 163
• Cinquefoil (Poientilla
erecta)
G-8, 192
• Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum)
G-8, 195
• Coffee (Coffea arabica) .. G-9, 202
• Colt's Foot (Tussilago
farfara)
G-9, 209
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . .G-10, 261
English Chamomile
(Chamaemelum nobile) .G-10, 270
• English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-11, 278
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289
1-1 24/STOMATITIS
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum)
G-14, 393
• High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
41s
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
(Arisaema atrorubens)
426
• Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
• Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
• Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
vulgaris)
G-is, 456
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-IS, 457
• Lesser Galangal (Alpinia
officinarum)
:. . 467
• Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
sos
• Myrrh (Commiphora
molmoJ)
G-IS, 534
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-i8, 549
• Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19,557
• Peppermint (Mentha
piperita)
G-19, sso
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
.G-19, S9i
• Potentilla (Potentilla
anserina) . . . . . . . . . . . . G-20, eio
• Rhatany (Krameria
triandra)
. . . . 641
• Rose (Rosa centifolia)
'.. 644
Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .G-21, 648
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, ess
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
Species)
G-22, 674
Self-Heal (Prunella
vulgaris)
G-22, 68i
• Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . .. G-22, 697
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
• Spruce (Picea species)
Sweet Violet (Viola
odorata)
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica)
• Usnea (Usnea species)
• White Nettle (Lamium
album)
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctorid)
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
714
G-24, 750
757
775
778
G-25, 806
Q-26, 812
G-26, 818
STOMATITIS, RECURRENT APHTHOUS,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Common Stonecrop (Sedum
acre)
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
215
795
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
SWOLLEN ANKLES
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium
verum)
G-IS, 455
SYNCOPE
Ignatius Beans (Strychnos
ignatii)
4ie
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
SYPHILIS
(See under T. pallidum infections)
STRANGURIA
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon)
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
619
STREP THROAT
(See under Streptococci species
upper respiratory tract
infections)
STREPTOCOCCI SPECIES UPPER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
Thuja (Thuja
occidentalis)
G-9, 212
G-24, 759
STREPTOCOCCUS TONSILLITIS
(See under Streptococci species
upper respiratory tract
infections)
STROKE, ISCHEMIC
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum)
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis)
SWELLING AND FRACTURES
G-8, i e s
. G-ie, 47s
STYES
Eyebright (Euphrasia
officinalis)
300
SUNBURN, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
(See under Pain, topical
relief of)
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
Calotropis (Calotropis
procera)
141
Clematis (Clematis recta) .G-8, 194
Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 3S9
Guaiac (Guaiacum
officinale)
37s
Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
Kava Kava (Piper
methysticum)
G-IS, 443
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-18, 528
New Jersey Tea
(Ceanothus americanus) . . 5 4 1
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
; .. .G-21, 662
TACHYCARDIA, UNSPECIFIED
Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
amarus)
Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
altissima)
91
770
TAPEWORM INFECTIONS
(See under Infections, tapeworm)
INDICATIONS INDEX
ULCERS, L E G / I - 1 2 5
TEETHING
Male Fern (Dryopteris
filix-mas)
0-17, 493
TETANUS
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
(See under Pharyngitis,
symptomatic relief of)
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
(See under T. pallidum infections)
THROMBOPHLEBITIS
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
THYROID DYSFUNCTION
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) .G-3, 12
Kelp (Laminaria
hyperborea)
446
TINEA CAPITIS INFECTIONS
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-i8, 528
TINNITUS
Calamint (Calamintha
nepeta)
: . . . 138
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . .G-12,342
TOBACCO WITHDRAWAL, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
G-18,551
TONSILLITIS
Figwort (Scrophularia
nodosa)
0-11,311
Tea Tree (Melaleuca
alternifolia)
757
Wild Carrot (Daucus
carota)
G-25,809
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26,812
Yew (Taxus baccata) . . . .0-26,841
TOOTH DECAY
'
Coconut Palm (Cocos
nucifera)
TREMOR, KINETIC
Corydalis (Corydalis cava) . . . 226
Cowslip (Primula veris)
231
THROAT, SORE
Oats (Avena sativa)
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
G-23, 719
• Sweet Clover (Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
G-9, 201
TRACHEITIS
Seneca Snakeroot (Polygala
senega)
TRAUMA, BLUNT
• Arnica (Arnica montana)
41
• Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
TUBERCULOSIS, PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS, TREATMENT ADJUNCT
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
Chickweed (Stellaria
media)
iso
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus)
G-8, ISI
Elephant-Ears (Bergenia
crassifolia)
268
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Spruce (Picea species) ....... 714
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
TUMOR THERAPY ADJUVANT
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis;
Aloe capensis; Aloe
vera) ...
G-3, 16
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius) . . . 117
Canadian Fleabane
(Erigeron canadensis) .. G-7, 144
• European Mistletoe (Viscum
G-11, 291
TUMOR, MALIGNANT
Honeysuckle (Lonicera
caprifolium)
Venus Flytrap (Dionaea
muscipula)
(See under Warts, common,
removal of)
TYPHUS FEVER
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
ULCERS, DECUBITUS, ADJUNCTIVE
THERAPY IN
Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
G-24, 764
ULCERS, DUODENAL
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
German Sarsaparilla (Carex
arenaria)
336
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-14, 401
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare)
G-15, 448
Myrtle (Myrtus
communis)
G-IS, 536
album)
TUMORS, BENIGN EPITHELIAL
399
786
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Cabbage (Brassica
oleracea)
Calamus (Acorus
calamus)
Cranesbill (Geranium
maculatum)
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-7, 134
G-7, 138
233
G-IO, 248
G-i6, 469
ULCERS, GASTRIC
Cabbage (Brassica
oleracea)
G-7, 134
Calamus (Acorus
calamus)
G-7, 138
Comfrey (Symphytum
officinale)
G-9, 212
Common Kidney Vetch
(Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Digitalis (Digitalis
purpurea)
G-10, 248
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis)
.G-14, 391
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-ie, 469
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17,497
Papaya (Carica papaya) . G-19, 565
Slippery Elm (Ulmus
rubra)
697
ULCERS, LEG
Linden (Tilia species) . .. .G-ie, 477
Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
1-126/URETHRITIS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
URETHRITIS
Levant Cotton (Gossypium
herbaceum)
G-ie, 468
URINARY BLADDER WITH RETENTION,
NEUROGENIC ATONY OF
Snowdrop
nivalis)
(Galanthus
700
URINARY FREQUENCY, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Brooklime (Veronica
beccabunga)
G-6, 121
Pennyroyal (Mentha
pulegium)
579
• Pumpkin (Cucurbita
pepo)
G-20, 618
• Saw Palmetto (Serenoa
repens)
G-21, 664
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
• Stinging Nettle (Urtica
dioica)
G-23, 729
URINARY INCONTINENCE
Sweet Sumach (Rhus
aromatica)
748
URINARY RETENTION, UNSPECIFIED
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Black Currant (Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Alisma (Alisma
plantago-aquatica)
G-3, 13
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) .. G-4, SO
Barberry (Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, ei
Bean Pod (Phaseolus
vulgaris)
G-4, es
Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus)
•. G-5, 73
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-S, 97
Bladderwort (Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 10s
Bog Bilberry (Vaccinium
uliginosum)
G-6, 111
Borage (Borago
officinalis)
. G-6, 114
British Elecampane (Inula
britannica)
119
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
California Poppy
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
Cleavers (Galium aparine) . . . . 193
Club Moss (Lycopodium
clavatum)
196
Cocoa (Theobroma
cacao)
G-8, 199
Coolwort (Tiarella
cordifolia)
G-9, 219
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum)
G-9, 221
Corn Silk (Zea mays)
224
Cubeb (Piper cubeba)
23s
Dodder (Cuscuta
epithymum)
G-IO, 254
Dog Rose (Rosa canind) G-IO, 254
Eryngo (Eryngium
campestre)
G-11, 282
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
Flax (Linum
usitatissimum)
G-12, 313
German Ipecac
(Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Goutweed (Aegopodium
podagraria)
. . . . : .G-13, 301
Greater Bindweed
(Calystegia sepium) ... G-13, 367
Hartstongue (Scolopendrium
vulgare) .:
381
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13,383
Herb Robert (Geranium
robertianum) . . . . . . . . . G-14, 393
High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 39s
Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Hydrangea (Hydrangea
arborescens)
G-14,413 I
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi)
433
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra)
G-16, 469
Lungwort (Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-16, 485
Madder (Rubia
tinctorum)
G-ie, 490
Marijuana (Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Marsh Blazing Star (Liatris
spicata)
G-17, 503
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . G-IS, 525
Myrtle (Myrtw
communis)
G-18, 536
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus
grandiflorus)
543
Oats (Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)
G-19, 559
Parsley (Petroselinum
crispum)
G-19, 567
Parsley Piert (Aphanes
arvensis)
570
Parsnip (Pastinaca
sativa)
G-IO, 571
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla
pratensis)
572
Pellitory-of-the-Wall
v
(Parietaria officinalis)
.578
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia
purpurea)
G-20, 595
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum)
G-20, eoo
Ragwort (Senecio
jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Round-Leafed Wintergreen
(Pyrola rotundifolia)
647
Rupturewort (Herniaria
glabra)
G-21, 650
Sarsaparilla (Smilax
species)
G-21, eei
Sassafras (Sassafras
albidum)
G-21, 662
INDICATIONS INDEX
VOMITING/I-127
Scopolia (Scopolia
carniolicd)
671
Short Buchu (Barosma
betulina)
69i
Smartweed (Persicaria
hydropiper)
699
Sneezewort {Achillea
ptarmicd)
700
Speedwell {Veronica
officinalis)
G-23, 710
Squill {Urginea
maritima)
G-23, 717
Sweet Cicely {Myrrhis
odorata)
G-24, 743
Sweet Sumach {Rhus
aromatica)
748
Sweet Vernal Grass
{Anthoxanthum
odoratum)
G-24, 749
Trailing Arbutus {Epigae
repens)
768
Triticum {Agropyron
repens)
G-25, 77i
Turkey Corn {Dicentra
cucullaria)
775
Wild Daisy {Bellis
perennis)
G-26, S I I
Wild Service Tree {Sorbus
torminalis)
814
Wild Thyme {Thymus
serpyllum)
G-26, S I S
Winter Cherry {Physalis
alkekengi)
G-26, 819
Wood Betony {Betonica
officinalis)
. . . . . . . G-26, 825
Yellow Lupin {Lupinus
luteUS)
839
Yellow Toadflax {Linaria
vulgaris)
840
URINARY TRACT PAIN, RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, urinary tract)
{Claviceps purpurea)
280
UTERINE BLEEDING
Canadian Fleabane
{Erigeron canadensis)
.. o-7, 144
UTERINE SPASTICITY
Valerian {Valeriana
officinalis)
VENOUS STASIS
541
VAGINAL PROLAPSE
Alteris {Aletris farinosa)
G-25, 783
VAGINAL ITCHING
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382
G-6, 124
VERRUCAS VULGARIS INFECTION
3
(See under Warts, common,
removal of)
VAGINAL SECRETIONS
Acacia {Acacia arabica)
Feverfew {Tanacetum
parthenium)
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum
esculentum)
11
G - H , 306
VENEREAL DISEASE
Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
German Sarsaparilla {Carex
arenarid)
336
VENOUS CONDITIONS
Beth Root {Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Buckwheat {Fagopyrum
esculent'im)
G-6, 124
• Butcher's Broom {Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Clematis {Clematis recta) . G-8, 194
Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Grape {Vitis vinifera) . . . .G-13, 362
Great Burnet {Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-13, 366
• Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Lemon Verbena {Aloysia
triphylla)
463
Marigold {Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Pimpinella {Pimpinella
major)
G-19,591
Purple Loosestrife {Lythrum
salicaria)
G-20, 620
• Sweet Clover {Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
• Witch Hazel {Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
UTERINE ATONY, POSTPARTUM
Ergot
Nerve Root {Cypripedium
calceolus)
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Gotu Kola (Centella
asiatica)
G-13, 359
Grape (Vitis vinifera) ... .G-13, 362
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Sweet Clover {Melilotus
officinalis)
G-24, 744
Sweet Woodruff (Galium
odoratum)
G-24, 751
• Denotes recommendation by Commission £.
VERTIGO
Asiatic Dogwood (Cornus
officinalis)
Behen (Moringa oleifera)
Cowslip (Primula veris)
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album)
51
67
231
G-11, 291
Fish Berry (Anamirta
cocculus)
312
• Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . G-12, 342
Herb Paris (Paris
quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Sweet Marjoram (Origanum
majorana)
G-24, 746
Taumelloolch (Lolium
temulentum)
G-24, 756
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
VISUAL DISTURBANCES
Dusty Miller (Senecio
bicolor)
258
VITAMIN C, DEFICIENCY OF
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) .G-10,254
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum) ..
G-12, 326
Lemon (Citrus limon) . . . .
460
Lime (Citrus
aurantifolia) .
G-16,476
Mountain Ash Berry
(Sorbus aucuparia) . . . .G-is, 525
Scurvy Grass (Cochlearia
officinalis)
G-22, 679
P Wild Service Tree (Sorbus
torminalis)
814
VITAMIN E, DEFICIENCY OF
Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum)
228
VOMITING
(See also under Motion sickness)
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
15
American Pawpaw
(Asimina triloba)
27
1-128/VOMITING
Black Horehound {Ballota
nigra)
G-5, 98
British Elecampane {Inula
britannica)
119
California Peppertree
(Schinus molle)
139
Carob {Ceratonia
siliqua)
G-7, 151
Cascarilla {Croton eluteria) . . . 156
Common Kidney Vetch
{Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Giant Milkweed {Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Green Tea {Camellia
sinensis)
G-13, 369
Lemon Balm {Melissa
officinalis)
G-16, 461
Marijuana {Cannabis
sativa)
G-17, 500
Mugwort {Artemisia
vulgaris)
G-i8, 530
Peppermint {Mentha
piperita)
G-19, 580
Sneezewort {Achillea
ptarmica)
700
White Hellebore {Veratrum
album)
G-25, 803
VOMITING, INDUCTION OF
Asarum {Asarum
europaeum)
48
Baneberry {Actaea spicata) . . . .60
Black Bryony {Tamus
communis)
G-5, 90
Cocillana Tree {Guraea
rusbyi)
198
European Peony (Paeonia
officinalis)
0-11, 295
German Ipecac
{Cynanchum
vincetoxicum)
335
Hedge-Hyssop (Gratiola
officinalis) . . . . . . . . . . . G-13, 385
Indian Physic {Gillenia
trifoliata)
421
Ipecac {Cephaelis
ipecacuanha)
423
Mountain Flax {Linum
catharticum)
526
Picrorhiza {Picrorhiza
kurroa)
589
Poke {Phytolacca
americana)
G-20, 602
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
White Bryony {Bryonia
alba)
W O U N D CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
G-25, 800
VULVOVAGINAL CANDIDIASIS
{See under Candidiasis, vaginal)
WARTS
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
• Bittersweet Nightshade
{Solanum dulcamara) . . . G-5, 88
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera)
141
Cashew {Anacardium
occidentale)
G-7, 157
Celandine {Chelidonium
majUS)
G-8, 169
Common Stonecrop {Sedum
acre)
215
Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
Giant Milkweed {Calotropis
gigantea)
338
Houseleek {Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Indian-Hemp {Apocynum
cannabinum)
418
• Mayapple {Podophyllum
peltatum)
G-17, 510
• Oats {Avena sativa)
G-18, 551
Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Spurge {Euphorbia
resinifera)
7ie
Sundew {Drosera
ramentacea)
740
WARTS, COMMON, REMOVAL OF
Savin Tops {Juniperus
sabina)
G-21, 663
WARTS, GENITAL
{See under Condylomata
acuminata)
WEIGHT, REDUCTION OF
Brown Kelp {Macrocystis
pyrifera)
Pineapple {Ananas
comosus)
122
593
WHEEZING, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
{See under Bronchial asthma)
WHOOPING COUGH
{See under Pertussis)
WITHDRAWAL, NARCOTIC, ADJUNCTIVE
THERAPY IN
Barberry {Berberis
vulgaris)
G-4, 61
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Alkanet {Alkanna
tinctoria)
G-3, 13
American White Pond Lily
{Nymphaea odorata) . . . . G-3, 28
Ammoniac Gum {Dorema
ammoniacum)
29
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) .G-4, 64
Behen {Moringa oleifera)
67
Beth Root {Trillium
erectum)
G-4, 74
Birthwort {Aristolochia
clematitis)
G-5, SO
Bistort {Persicaria
bistorta)
G-5, 82
Black Currant {Ribes
nigrum)
G-5, 94
Black Nightshade {Solanum
nigrum)
G-6, 101
Bladderwort {Utricularia
vulgaris)
G-6, 105
Brazilian Pepper Tree
{Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
Bugle {Ajuga reptans) . . . G-6, 125
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus)
G-7, 130
• Cajuput {Melaleuca
leucadendra)
G-7, 136
Carline Thistle {Carlina
acaulis)
151
Cascara Sagrada {Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Cat's Claw {Unicaria
tomentosa)
ieo
Catechu {Acacia catechu)
163
Chickweed {Stellaria
media)
iso
Cinnamon {Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Clematis {Clematis recta) .G-8, 194
Coconut Palm {Cocos
nucifera)
G-9, 201
Coffee {Coffea arabica) .. G-9, 202
Cola {Cola acuminata)
205
Common Kidney Vetch
{Anthyllis vulneraria) . . G-9, 214
Common Stonecrop {Sedum
acre)
215
Digitalis {Digitalis
purpurea)
G-IO, 248
INDICATIONS INDEX
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN/I-129
Dogwood (Cornus
florida)
G-10, 256
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
261
• Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . G-IO, 261
Elm Bark (Ulmus minor) G-IO, 269
English Ivy (Hedera
helix)
G-10, 275
English Plantain (Plantago
lanceolata)
G-II, 278
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
globulus)
G-11, 283
European Golden Rod
(Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-II, 304
Feverfew (Tanacetum
parthenium)
G-II, 306
Galbanum (Ferula
gummosa)
323
• German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331
Goldenseal (Hydrastis
canadensis)
G-13, 355
Goutweed (Aegopodium
podagraria)
G-13, 361
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
officinalis)
G-i3f 366
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
hederacea)
372
Heather (Calluna
vulgaris)
G-13, 383
High Mallow (Malva
sylvestris)
G-14, 395
Horehound (Marrubium
vulgare)
G-i4, 401
• Horsetail (Equisetum
arvense)
G-14, 409
Hound's Tongue
(Cynoglossum officinale) . . . . 410
Houseleek (Sempervivum
tectorum)
G-14, 411
Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica)
419
Jambolan (Syzygium
cumini)
429
Jujube (Zyzyphus jujube)
439
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium
verum)
.G-15, 455
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
466
Loosestrife (Lysimachia
vulgaris)
G-16, 48i
Lungwort (Pulmonaria
officinalis)
G-ie, 485
• Marigold (Calendula
officinalis)
G-17, 497
Marsh Marigold (Caltha
palustris)
G-17, 503
Marshmallow (Althaea
officinalis)
505
Monkshood (Aconitum
napellus)
G-18, 521
Mouse Ear (Pilosella
officinarum)
529
Mullein (Verbascum
densiflorum)
G-18, 532
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Ox-Eye Daisy
(Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum)
563
Petasites (Petasites
hybridus)
G-19, 585
Pimpinella (Pimpinella
major)
G-19, 591
• Pineapple (Ananas
comosus)
: . . . . 593
• Poplar (Populus species) .G-20, 607
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens)
G-20, 626
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
officinalis) .
G-2i, 645
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) ... G-22, 668
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae
rhamnoides)
......... G-22, 680
• Shepherd's Purse (Capsella
bursa-pastoris) ....... .G-22, 690
• Denotes recommendation by Commission E.
Slippery Elm (Ulmus
rubra)
Speedwell (Veronica
officinalis)
• St. John's Wort
(Hypericum
perforatum)
Sunflower (Helianthus
annuus)
Teazle (Dipsacus
silvestris)
• Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
balsamum)
Traveller's Joy (Clematis
vitalba)
697
G-23, 710
G-23, 719
G-23, 741
G-24, 757
G-24, 764
G-25, 769
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis)
. .G-25, 788
Virola (Virola theiodora)
789
Water Dock (Rumex
aquaticus)
795
Water Germander
(Teucrium scordium)
797
White Fir (Abies alba)
802
White Lily (Lilium
candidum)
804
Wild Daisy (Bellis
perennis)
G-26, 811
Wild Indigo (Baptisia
tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium)
G-26, 818
• Witch Hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana)
G-26, 821
Wood Sage (Teucrium
scorodonia)
G-26, 826
Wood Sorrel (Oxalis
acetosella)
827
Wormwood {Artemisia
absinthium)
G-26, 829
Woundwort (Stachys
palustris)
832
Yarrow (Achillea
millefolium)
G-26, 833
Yellow Toadflax (Linaria
vulgaris) . . .
..........840
1-131
Homeopathic Indications Index
Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the
botanicals used by homeopaths for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with
prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in
the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed
alphabetically by scientific name, with the accepted common name shown in parentheses. If an
entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb
Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on any of these
botanicals, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
ANXIETY DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF
ABDOMINAL CRAMPS
{See under Cramps, abdominal,
symptomatic relief of)
ABRASIONS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical relief of)
ACHES, MUSCULAR
{See under Pain, muscular,
temporary relief of)
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DISORDERS
{See under Bronchial asthma)
AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
{See under Menstrual disorders)
ANEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Lycoperdon species
(Puff Ball)
618
ANGINA
{See under Angina pectoris)
ANGINA PECTORIS
Nicotiana tabacum
(TobaCCO)
Spigelia anthelmia
(Wormwood Grass)
.0-24, 762
831
ANXIETY AND TENSION DUE TO
MENOPAUSE
{See under Menopause, management
of the manifestations of)
Aconitum napellus
(Monkshood)
G-IS, 521
Amanita muscaria (Aga)
G-3, 8
Anamirta cocculus
(Fish Berry)
312
Aquilegia vulgaris
(Columbine)
G-9, 211
Artemisia absinthium
(Wormwood)
G-26, 829
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
Ferula sumbul (Sumbul) .. G-23, 738
Humulus lupulus (Hops) .. .G-i4, 400
Leonurus japonicus
(Chinese Motherwort)
183
Myristica fragrans
(Nutmeg)
G-IS, 545
Origanum majorana
(Sweet Marjoram)
G-24, 746
Papaver rhoeas (Corn Poppy) .. 223
Paris quadrifolia
(Herb Paris) .
G-14, 392
Passiflora incarnata
(Passion Flower)
G-19, 373
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
Spigelia marilandica
(Pink Root)
594
Strophanthus gratus
(Strophanthus Gratus)
Strophanthus hispidus
(Kombe Seed)
Strychnos ignatii
(Ignatius Beans)
Strychnos mix vomica
(Nux Vomica)
Vitex agnus-castus
(Chaste Tree)
736
450
416
G-18, 547
G-8, 176
APPETITE, SUPPRESSION OF
{See under Obesity, exogenous)
APPREHENSION
{See under Anxiety disorders,
management of)
ARRHYTHMIAS
Iberis amara
(Bitter Candytuft)
Viscum album
(European Mistletoe)
84
0-11, 291
ARTHRALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, topical relief of)
ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL
{See under Bronchial asthma)
BACKACHE, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
{See under Pain, topical relief of)
1 - 1 3 2 / B A C T E R I U R I A A S S O C I A T E D WITH CYSTITIS
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH
CYSTITIS, ELIMINATION OR
SUPPRESSION OF
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
Ruta graveolens (Rue)
Verbena officinalis
(Vervain)
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
G-21, 648
G-2S, 788
BRUISES, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH
POLYNEPHRITIS, ELIMINATION OR
SUPPRESSION OF
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
BULIMIA NERVOSA
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
(Ipecac)
Crataegus laevigata
(English Hawthorn)
Viscum album
(European Mistletoe)
423
G-IO, 271
G-H, 291
BLOOD PURIFYING
Lycopodium clavatum
(Club Moss)
196
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Aralia racemosa
(Spikenard)
Aspidosperma quebrachobianco (Quebracho)
Betonica officinalis
(Wood Betony)
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
(Ipecac)
Hypericum perforatum
(St John's Wort)
Lobelia inflata (Lobelia) ..
G-23, 711
623
G-26, 825
423
G-23, 719
G-ie, 479
.G-IO,
266
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
(Ipecac)
423
Cetraria islandica
(Iceland Moss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 5
Dorema ammoniacum
(Ammoniac Gum)
.29
Myroxylon balsamum
(Tolu Balsam)
.G-24, 764
BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE
(See under Bronchial asthma)
BRUISES
Bellis perennis
(Wild Daisy)
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(See under Arrhythmias)
CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
84
736
G-26, 811
Adonis vernalis (Adonis)
G-3, 5
Apocynum cannabinum
(Indian-Hemp)
4is
Camellia sinensis
(Green Tea)
G-13, 369
Crataegus laevigata
(English Hawthorn)
G-10, 271
Digitalis purpurea
(Digitalis)
G-IO, 248
Kalmia latifolia
(Mountain Laurel)
G-IS, 528
Leonurus cardiaca
(Motherwort) . . . . . . . . . . . o - i s , 524
Prunus spinosa (Sloe) . . . . G-22, 697
Spigelia anthelmia
(Wormwood Grass)
83i
Strophanthus hispidus
(Kombe" Seed)
450
CATHARTIC
Quassia amara (Amargo) . . . G-3, 23
CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY
Conium maculatum
(Hemlock)
Hypericum perforatum
(St. John's Wort)
CHEILITIS, ACTINIC
Marsdenia condurango
(Condurango)
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
G-4, 52
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
...
CALCULOSIS
Asparagus officinalis
(Asparagus)
Iberis amara
(Bitter Candytuft)
Strophanthus gratus
(Strophanthus Gratus)
280
Aralia racemosa
(Spikenard)
G-23, 711
Lemna minor (Duckweed) . .G-IO, 258
Mentha piperita
(Peppermint)
G-19, sso
Mercurialis annua
(Mercury Herb)
G-17, 513
(See under Renal calculi)
BLOOD PRESSURE PROBLEMS
Inula helenium
(Elecampane)
226
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
G-8, 169
G-7, 144
CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
BURNS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
Chelidonium majus
(Celandine)
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
BILIARY CALCULI, CHEMICAL
DISSOLUTION OF
CHOLECYSTITIS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
G-13, 386
G-23, 719
Allium cepa (Onion)
Gratiola officinalis
(Hedge-Hyssop)
G-19, 557
G-13, 385
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE,
ADJUNCT IN
(See under Edema, adjunctive
therapy in)
CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Ilex aquifolium (Holly)
G-14, 397
CONSTIPATION
Achillea millefolium
(Yarrow)
Collinsonia canadensis
(Stone Root)
G-26, 833
G-23, 733
CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF
Achillea millefolium
(Yarrow) . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-26, 833
Artemisia cina (Wormseed) . . . . . 827
Artemisia vulgaris
(Mugwort)
G-IS, 530
Oenanthe crocata
(Water Dropwort)
795
Passiflpra incarnata
(Passion Flower)
G-19, 573
Verbena officinalis
(Vervain)
G-25, 788
CORYZA, ACUTE
(See under Cold, common,
symptomatic relief of)
COUGH, CHRONIC
216
Inula helenium
(Elecampane)
G-IO, 266
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX
DYSPEPSIA/1-1 3 3
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
DERMATITIS, SEBORRHEIC
Achillea millefolium
(Yarrow)
Linum catharticum
(Mountain Flax)
Prunus laurocerasus
(Cherry Laurel)
Buxus sempervirens
(BoXWOOd)
Daphne mezereum
(Mezereon)
0-26, 833
526
G-8, 179
{See under Pertussis)
CRADLE CAP
DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROIDRESPONSIVE
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
{See under Dermatitis, seborrheic)
CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
G-14, 408
G-26, 829
CRETINISM
{See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
CUTS, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
{See under Pain, topical relief of)
DANDRUFF
{See under Dermatitis, seborrheic)
DEBILITY
Betonica officinalis
(Wood Betony)
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
Panax ginseng (Ginseng)
G-17, 515
{See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
COUGH, WHOOPING
Armoracia rusticana
(Horseradish)
Artemisia absinthium
(Wormwood)
G-6, 116
G-26, 825
G-20,626
726
346
DELIRIUM
Pastinaca sativa (Parsnip) . .o-i», 571
DEPRESSION, RELIEF OF SYMPTOMS
Camellia sinensis
(Green Tea)
0-13, 369
Conium maculatum
(Hemlock).
0-13,386
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
.. 726
Hypericum perforatum
(St. John's Wort)
0-23, 7i»
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
Strychnos ignatii
(Ignatius Beans) . . . .
;. 416
Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . .G-24, 759
Aethusa cynapium
(Fool's Parsley)
G-12, 316
Alchemilla vulgaris
(Lady's Mantle)
G-15, 456
Apocynum cannabinum
(Indian-Hemp)
418
Asarum europaeum (Asarum) . . . .48
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
G-20, 626
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
226
Euphorbia cyparissias
(Cypress Spurge)
G-9, 242
Ferula foetida (Asa Foetida)
47
Glechoma hederacea
(Ground Ivy)
372
Helleborus niger
(Black Hellebore)
G-a, 97
Helleborus viridis
(Green Hellebore)
368
Ipomoea purga (Jalap)
G-IS, 427
Leptandra virginica
(Black Root)
104
Linum catharticum
(Mountain Flax)
526
Nicotiana tabacum
(TobaCCO) . . .'
G-24, 762
Nymphaea odorata (American
White Pond Lily)
0-3, 28
Rheum palmatum
(Chinese Rhubarb)
o-s, iss
Ricinus communis
(Castor Oil Plant)
G-7, isa
Sanguisorba officinalis
(Great Burnet)
G-13,366
Sanicula europaea
(European Sanicle)
296
Veratrum album
(White Hellebore)
G-25,803
Allium sativum (Garlic) .. . G-12, 327
Allium ursinum
(Bear's Garlic)
66
Capsicum annuum
(Cayenne)
G-8, ies
Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G-4, 59
Cornus florida (Dogwood) G-IO, 256
Gentiana lutea
(Yellow Gentian)
836
Hydrastis canadensis
(Goldenseal)
G-13, 355
Ilex paraguariensis (Mate) G-17, sos
Iris species (Orris)
G-19, sei
Juniperus communis
(Juniper)
G-15, 440
Knautia arvensis
(Field Scabious)
G-II, 310
Lycopersicon esculentum
(Tomato)
G-24, 766
Matricaria recutita
(German Chamomile) . . . G-12, 331
Myristica fragrans
(Nutmeg)
G-IS, 545
Picrasma excelsa (Quassia)
622
Raphanus sativus (Radish) . G-20, 628
Rhamnus catharticus
(Buckthorn)
G-e, 123
Rhamnus purshiana
(Cascara Sagrada)
G-7, 153
Silphium laciniatum
(Rosinweed)
G-21, 646
Tamarindus indica
(Tamarind)
753
Taxus baccata (Yew)
G-26, 84i
DROPSY
{See under Edema, idiopathic)
DYSENTERY
Sophora japonica
(Pagoda Tree) . . .
564
DYSMENORRHEA, UNSPECIFIED,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Anamirta cocculus
(Fish Berry) .
.
.312
Aquilegia vulgaris
(Columbine) ..
. . . . G-9, 211
Cicuta virosa (European
Water Hemlock)
. G-II, 297
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
DYSPEPSIA
Agrostemma githago
(Corn Cockle) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
{See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
1 - 1 3 4 / E A R , I N F L A M M A T I O N , MIDDLE
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
EAR, INFLAMMATION, MIDDLE
FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Capsicum annuum
(Cayenne)
Ferula foetida (Asa Foetida)
47
Leonurus cardiaca
(Motherwort)
G-IS, 524
G-8, i65
ECZEMA, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
FROSTBITE, POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE IN
Calendula officinalis
(Marigold)
EDEMA, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Apocynum cannabinum
(Indian-Hemp)
FURUNCULOSIS
418
EDEMA, IDIOPATHIC
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
226
GALACTORRHEA
Linum catharticum
(Mountain Flax)
526
ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL
Helleborus niger
(Black Hellebore)
G-17, 497
Piper nigrum
(Black Pepper)
G-6, 103
GALLSTONES
G-5, 97
{See under Biliary calculi, chemical
dissolution of)
EPILEPSY
Oenanthe crocata
(Water Dropwort)
GASTRITIS
795
EXHAUSTION
Asarum europaeum (Asarum) . . . .48
Avena sativa (Oats)
G-IS, 551
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
Piper methysticum
(Kava Kava)
G-IS, 443
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
6oo
FATIGUE, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
FEVER, REDUCTION OF
Amanita muscaria (Aga)
G-3, 8
Artemisia cina (Wormseed)
827
Asimina triloba
(American Pawpaw)
27
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
G-20,626
Cornus florida (Dogwood) .G-10, 256
Eupatorium perfoliatum
(Boneset) .'
c-e, 113
Phytolacca americana
(Poke)
G-20, 602
Pimpinella major
(Pimpinella)
G-19,591
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
Solanum dulcamara
(Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-S, 88
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-IS, 547
Agrostemma githago
(Corn Cockle)
Artemisia absinthium
(Wormwood)
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
Punica granatum
(Pomegranate)
G-20, eos
Quassia amara (Amargo) . . .G-3, 23
Rhamnus frangula
(Frangula)
G-12, 317
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
600
Rosmarinus officinalis
(Rosemary)
G-21, 645
Sinapis alba
(White Mustard)
G-25, 805
Solanum dulcamara
(Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-5, 88
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-IS, 547
Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, SMOOTH
MUSCLE SPASM
(See under Spasm, smooth muscle)
222
G-26, 829
GENITOURINARY TRACT, SMOOTH
MUSCLE SPASM
(See under Spasm, smooth muscle)
GLANDS, SWOLLEN
726
G-7, 144
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Aethusa cynapium
(Fool's Parsley)
G-12, 316
Aletris farinosa (Alteris)
11
Aloe ferox (Cape Aloe)
16
Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna)
G-4, 69
Brassica nigra
(Black Mustard)
G-5, 100
Camellia sinensis
(Green Tea)
G-13, 369
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
(Ipecac)
423
Chamaemelum nobile
(English Chamomile) . . . G-10,270
Cochlearia officinalis
(Scurvy Grass)
G-22, 679
Colchicum autumnale
(Colchicum)
G-9, 206
Ferula foetida (Asa Foetida)
47
Geranium maculatum
(Cranesbill)
233
Marsdenia condurango
(Condurango)
216
Piper methysticum
(Kava Kava)
G-15, 443
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
GLANDULAR PROBLEMS
Conium maculatum
(Hemlock)
Phytolacca americana
(Poke)
G-13, 386
. .G-20, 602
GOITER
Fucus vesiculosus
(Bladderwrack)
106
GONORRHEA
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
GOUT, MANAGEMENT OF SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) .G-4, 61
Colchicum autumnale
(Colchicum)
G-9, 206
Juniperus sabina
(Savin Tops)
G-21, 663
Ranunculus bulbosus
(Bulbous Buttercup)
128
GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Centella asiatica
(Gotu Kola)
G-13, 359
HAIR LOSS
Buxus sempervirens
(Boxwood)
G-6, lie
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX
Delphinium
staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
HAY FEVER
(See under Pollinosis)
Quassia amara (Amargo)
Spigelia anthelmia
(Wormwood Grass)
. . . G-3, 23
Anamirta cocculus
(Fish Berry)
312
Camellia sinensis
(Green Tea)
G-13, 369
Delphinium
staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
Fagopyrum
esculentum
(Buckwheat)
G-6, 124
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) . . . G-12, 342
Iris species (Orris)
G-19, 56i
Paris quadrifolia
(Herb Paris)
G-14, 392
Paullinia cupana (Guarana)
376
Primula veris (Cowslip)
231
Prunus spinosa (Sloe)
G-22, 697
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Spigelia anthelmia
(Wormwood Grass)
831
Strychnos mix vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-IS, 547
HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
G - H , 297
240
o-io, 248
G-14, 392
258
Achillea millefolium
(Yarrow)
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
(See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
HEMORRHOIDS
Aesculus
hippocastanum
(Horse Chestnut)
Aloe ferox (Cape Aloe)
Collinsonia
canadensis
(Stone Root) . .
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
Glechoma hederacea
(Ground Ivy)
Hamamelis
virginiana
(Witch Hazel)
Linum catharticum
(Mountain Flax)
Paeonia officinalis
(European Peony)
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-14, 403
ie
G-23, 733
G-7, 144
372
G-26, 821
526
HYPOTHYROIDISM, PRIMARY
(See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
HYPOTHYROIDISM, REPLACEMENT OR
SUPPLEMENTAL THERAPY IN
Brassica oleracea
(Cabbage)
G-7, 134
HYPOTHYROIDISM, SECONDARY
(See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
G-11, 295
HYPOTHYROIDISM, TERTIARY
G-18, 547
(See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
HEMOSTASIS, AN AID IN
Geranium
maculatum
(Cranesbill)
233
Vinca minor (Periwinkle) . . . . . . 5 8 4
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
Leptandra virginica
(Black Root) .
HYSTERIA, ACUTE
Delphinium
staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
IMMUNODEFICIENCY, UNSPECIFIED
HEPATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
HERPES ZOSTER INFECTIONS
HELMINTHIASIS
G-25, 803
(See under Pain, anorectal)
Daphne mezereum
(Mezereon)
Kalmia latifolia
(Mountain Laurel)
Artemisia cina (Wormseed)
827
Artemisia vulgaris
(MugWOrt)
G-18, 530
Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G - 4 , 59
Cicuta virosa (European
Water Hemlock)
G-II, 297
Linum catharticum
(Mountain Flax)
526
.G-24, 762
HYPOTHYROIDISM, ORDINARY
(See under Pain, unspecified)
(See under Headache, migraine)
G-26, 833
280
HYPOTENSION
Nicotiana tabacum
(TobaCCO)
Veratrum album
(White Hellebore)
HEMORRHOIDAL PAIN
HEADACHE, TENSION
HEADACHE, VASCULAR
HYPNOTIC
(See under Sleep, induction of)
83i
HEMORRHAGE, UNSPECIFIED
HEADACHE
Cicuta virosa (European
Water Hemlock)
Cyclamen europaeum
(Cyclamen)
Digitalis purpurea
(Digitalis)
Paris quadrifolia
(Herb Paris)
Senecio bicolor
(Dusty Miller)
INFECTIONS, URINARY TRACT/1-133
(See under Infection, tendency to)
G-7, 144
104
G-17, 515
G-IS, 528
HYPERHIDROSIS
Salvia officinalis (Sage) . . . .G-21, 655
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Hedera helix (English Ivy) .G-10, 275
Leonurus cardiaca
(Motherwort)
G-18, 524
Lycopus virginicus
(Bugleweed)
G-6, 126
INDIGESTION
(See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
INFECTION, TENDENCY TO
Scrophularia nodosa
(Figwort)
.G-11,311
INFECTIONS, NON-SPECIFIC
Baptisia tinctoria
(Wild Indigo)
Datura stramonium
(Jimson Weed)
Veratrum album
(White Hellebore)
.0-26,812
c
.
G-IS, 436
G-25, 803
INFECTIONS, URINARY TRACT
Agropyron repens
(Triticum)
.G-25, 771
1 - 1 3 6 / I N F E C T I O N S , URINARY TRACT
Anagallis arvensis
(Scarlet Pimpernel)
G-22, 668
INFECTIONS, VENEREAL
(See under Gonorrhea)
INFLUENZA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Eupatorium
perfoliatum
(Boneset)
G-6, 113
Lycopersicon
esculentum
(Tomato)
G-24, 766
Ranunculus
bulbosus
(Bulbous Buttercup)
128
Ranunculus
sceleratus
(Poisonous Buttercup) . . . G-20, 601
INSECT BITES, PAIN DUE TO
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
INSOMNIA
(See under Sleep, induction of)
INTERTRIGO
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
Lycopodium
clavatum
(Club MOSS)
Mahonia aquifolium
(Mountain Grape)
196
G-18, 527
LIVER DISORDERS
Chelidonium majus
(Celandine)
G-8, 169
Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G-4, 59
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
G-7, 144
Fagopyrum
esculentum
(Buckwheat)
G-6, 124
Fumaria officinalis
(Fumitory)
G-12, 322
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . . 453
Picrasma excelsa (Quassia)
622
Solidago virgaurea
(European Golden Rod) . G-11, 289
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-IS, S47
LYMPHEDEMA
Scrophularia
(Figwort)
ITCHING, SKIN
(See under Pruritus, topical
relief of)
Chimaphila umbellata
(Pipsissewa)
Oenanthe aquatica
(Water Fennel)
(See under Pruritus, topical
relief of)
JOINTS, SWOLLEN
G-11, 311
G-4, 69
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
595
G-25, 796
G-8, 176
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Aethusa cynapium
(Fool's Parsley)
G-12, 31 e
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium)
. . . 453
LEUKORRHEA
G-IS, 45s
G-13, 355
196
G-ie, 461
572
eoo
258
MENSTRUAL SYNDROME, PRE-,
MANAGEMENT OF
Cyclamen europaeum
(Cyclamen)
240
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
(See under Headache, migraine)
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna) .
Ranunculus bulbosus
(Bulbous Buttercup)
Solanum nigrum
(Black Nightshade)
572
196
Gossypium
herbaceum
(Levant Cotton)
G-ie, 468
MUMPS
MUSCLE SPASM
v . . .G-4,
69
128
G-e, 101
MUSCLE TENSION
Abelmoschus moschatus
(Muskmallow)
MYALGIA
(See under Pain, muscular,
temporary relief of)
MYALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
G-S, SO
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
MENORRHAGIA
MYXEDEMA
LIPS, DRY
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
(See under Cheilitis, actinic)
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
(See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
726
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry)
Leptandra virginica
(Black Root)
.G-4, ei
.104
572
(See under Spasticity, muscle,
symptomatic alleviation of)
MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE
MANIFESTATIONS OF
Aristolochia
clematitis
(Birthwort)
Lycopodium
clavatum
(Club MOSS)
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
MENINGITIS
Vitex agnus-castus
(Chaste Tree)
G-16, 468
MORNING SICKNESS
MEASLES
Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna)
Gossypium
herbaceum
(Levant Cotton)
Hydrastis
canadensis
(Goldenseal)
Lycopodium
clavatum
(Club MOSS)
Melissa officinalis
(Lemon Balm)
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
Senecio bicolor
(Dusty Miller)
MOOD SWINGS
nodosa
MASTITIS
ITCHING, SUNBURN
Alchemilla vulgaris .,
(Lady's Mantle)
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
G-7, 144
Caulophyllum
thalictroides
(Blue Cohosh)
109
Erigeron canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane) . . . . . G - 7 , 144
MYXEDEMA COMA/PRECOMA
(See under Hypothyroidism,
replacement or supplemental
therapy in)
533
PROSTATITIS / 1 - 1 3 7
H O M E O P A T H I C I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
(See under Pain, neurogenic)
Sedum acre
(Common Stonecrop)
NEURALGIA, TRIGEMINAL
PAIN, HEMORRHOIDAL
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
(See under Pain, anorectal)
NEURALGIA
726
(See under Pain, neurogenic)
OBESITY, EXOGENOUS
338
141
ioe
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
226
Datura stramonium
(Jimson Weed)
G-15, 436
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
Armoracia rusticana
(Horseradish)
Cochlearia officinalis
(Scurvy Grass)
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
Dryopteris filix-mas
(Male Fern)
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Rower)
Senecio bicolor
(Dusty Miller)
G-14, 408
G-22, 679
726
G-17, 493
ORCHITIS
Rhododendron ferrugineum
(Rust-Red Rhododendron)
572
258
eso
PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHRITIS,
TOPICAL
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS
INJURIES
4*
PAIN, JOINT
G-3, 8
G-7, ISS
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
Aesculus hippocastanum
(Horse Chestnut)
G-14, 403
Pimpinella anisum (Anise) . G-3, 35
Pimpinella major
(Pimpinella)
G-19, 591
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY
RELIEF OF
Bellis perennis
(Wild Daisy)
G-26, SI 1
(See under Cramps, abdominal,
symptomatic relief of)
PAIN, ANAL
(See under Pain, anorectal)
PAIN, ANORECTAL
Krameria triandra (Rhatany) . . . . 64i
G-14, 392
Anamirta cocculus
(Fish Berry)
312
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
280
Conium maculatum
(Hemlock)
G-13, 386
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-18, 547
PERITONITIS
Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632
PERTUSSIS
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
(Ipecac) . . .
Prunus laurocerasus
(Cherry Laurel)
423
G-8, 179
PAIN, NEUROGENIC
Aconitum napellus
(Monkshood)
G-18, 521
Amanita muscaria (Aga)
G-3, 8
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
G-20, 626
Coffea arabica (Coffee) . . . . G-9, 202
Kalmia latifolia
(Mountain Laurel)
G-18, 528
Paris quadrifolia
(Herb Paris)
G-14, 392
Ranunculus bulbosus
(Bulbous Buttercup)
128
Rhododendron ferrugineum
(Rust-Red Rhododendron) .. .. eso
Spigelia anthelmia
(Wormwood Grass)
83i
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-18, 547
Veratrum album
(White Hellebore)
G-25, 803
PAIN, TOOTH
Cheiranthus cheiri
(Wallflower)
Ruta graveolens (Rue)
PILES
(See under Hemorrhoids)
PMS
(See under Menstrual syndrome,
pre-, management of)
POISONING, ALCOHOL
Amanita muscaria (Aga)
6-3, 8
POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
G-2O, 626
POLLINOSIS
Aralia racemosa
(Spikenard)
Justicia adhatoda
(Malabar Nut)
G-23, 711
G-17, 492
POSTNASAL DRIP
(See under Cold, common,
symptomatic relief of)
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
G-25, 792
(See under Menstrual syndrome,
pre-, management of)
G-21, 648
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, BENIGN,
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
PAIN, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
PAIN, ABDOMINAL
Paris quadrifolia
(Herb Paris)
PARALYSIS, UNSPECIFIED
PAIN, LUMBAR
OPHTHALMIA
-^
215
Amanita muscaria (Aga)
Ricinus communis
(Castor Oil Plant)
NEURITIS, PERIPHERAL, ACUTE
Calotropis gigantea
(Giant Milkweed)
Calotropis procera
(Calotropis)
Fucus vesiculosus
(Bladderwrack)
PALPITATIONS
PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
Allium cepa (Onion)
G-19, 557
Matricaria recutita
(German Chamomile) . . . G-12, 331
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-18, 547
Chondrodendron tomentosum
(Pareira)
566
PROSTATITIS
Chimaphila umbellata
(Pipsissewa)
595
1 - 1 3 8 / P R U R I T U S , TOPICAL RELIEF OF
PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Anacardium occidentale
(Cashew)
Centella asiatica
(Gotu Kola)
Fagopyrum esculentum
(Buckwheat)
Fumaria officinalis
(Fumitory)
Pinus species
(Scotch Pine)
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
Smilax species
(Sarsaparilla)
G-7, 157
G-13, 359
G-6, 124
G-12, 322
G-22, 674
600
G-21, 661
RASH, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
RENAL CALCULI
Asparagus officinalis
(Asparagus)
G-4, 52
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) G-4, 6i
Capsella bursa-pastoris
(Shepherd's Purse)
G-22, 690
Galium aparine (Cleavers)
193
RENAL IMPAIRMENT
Apocynum cannabinum
(Indian-Hemp)
418
Solidago virgaurea
(European Golden Rod) . G-11, 289
RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Allium sativum (Garlic) . . . G-12, 327
Armoracia rusticana
(Horseradish)
G-i4, 408
Aspidosperma quebrachobianco (Quebracho)
623
Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna)
G-4, 69
Brassica nigra
(Black Mustard)
G-5, 100
Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632
Chelidonium majus
(Celandine)
G-S, 169
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
G-20, 626
Corydalis cava (Corydalis)
226
Eupatorium cannabinum
(Hemp Agrimony)
G-13, 388
Euphorbia cyparissias
(Cypress Spurge)
G-S, 242
Euphorbia resinifera (Spurge) . . . 71 e
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Hedera helix (English Ivy) G-IO, 27s
Iris species (Orris)
G-19, sei
Justicia adhatoda
(Malabar Nut)
G-17, 492
Knautia arvensis
(Field Scabious)
G-11, 310
Lycopodium clavatum
(Club MOSS)
196
Marrubium vulgare
(Horehound)
G-14, 401
Matricaria recutita
(German Chamomile) .. . G-12, 331
Oenanthe aquatica
(Water Fennel)
G-25, 796
Phytolacca americana
(Poke)
G-20, 602
Pinus species
(Scotch Pine)
G-22, 674
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
Sambucus nigra
(European Elder)
G-11, 287
Sinapis alba
(White Mustard)
G-25, 805
Solanum dulcamara
(Bittersweet Nightshade) .. . G-5, 88
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-IS, 547
Teucrium scorodonia
(Wood Sage)
G-26, 826
Viola odorata
(Sweet Violet)
G-24, 7»o
RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Actaea spicata (Baneberry)
eo
Allium sativum (Garlic) . . . .G-12, 327
Apium graveolens (Celery) . G-8, 172
Bellis perennis
(Wild Daisy)
.0-26,811
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) .o-4> ei
Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632
Caulophyllum thalictroides
(Blue Cohosh)
. . . io»
Chelidonium majus
(Celandine)
. . . G-8, 169
Colchicum autumnale
(Colchicum)
G-9, 20*
Corydalis cava (Corydalis) . . . . 226
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
Filipendula ulmaria
(Meadowsweet)
G-17, 511
Harpagophytum procumbens
(Devil's Claw)
247
Hedera helix (English Ivy) G-IO, 275
Juniperus sabina
(Savin Tops)
G-21, 663
Kalmia latifolia
(Mountain Laurel)
G-IS, 528
Linum catharticum
(Mountain Flax)
526
Lycopersicon esculentum
(Tomato)
G-24, 766
Mercurialis annua
(Mercury Herb)
G-17, 513
Panax ginseng (Ginseng)
346
Phytolacca americana
(Poke)
G-20, 602
Pinus species
(Scotch Pine)
G-22, 674
Polygonum aviculare
(Knotweed)
G-IS, 448
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Ranunculus bulbosus
(Bulbous Buttercup)
128
Ranunculus sceleratus
(Poisonous Buttercup) . .. G-20, 601
Rhamnus purshiana
(Cascara Sagrada)
G-7, 153
Rhododendron ferrugineum
(Rust-Red Rhododendron) . . . . eso
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
Ruta graveolens (Rue)
G-21, 648
Smilax species
(Sarsaparilla)
G-21, eei
Solanum dulcamara
(Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-5, 88
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-IS, 547
Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759
Viola odorata
(Sweet Violet)
G-24, 750
Viscum album
(European Mistletoe) . . . . .G-11, 291
SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
SCABIES
(See under Sarcoptes scabiei
infestations)
N
726
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS / I - 1 3 9
SCARLATINA
Asimina triloba
(American Pawpaw)
27
SCARLET FEVER
(See under Scarlatina)
SCROFULOSIS
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
SEBORRHEA
Delphinium staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
726
SEDATION
(See under Sleep, induction of)
SEPTICEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Baptisia tinctoria
(Wild Indigo)
G-26, SI 2
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Origanum majorana
(Sweet Marjoram)
Origanum vulgare
(Oregano)
Vitex agnus-castus
(Chaste Tree)
G-24, 746
G-19, 559
G-8, 176
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, FEMALE
Euphorbia cyparissias
(Cypress Spurge)
G-9, 242
Fagopyrum esculentum
(Buckwheat)
G-6, 124
Lycoperdon species
(Puff Ball)
618
Lycopodium clavatum
(Club MOSS)
196
Mahonia aquifolium
(Mountain Grape)
G-IS, 527
Marsdenia condurango
(Condurango)
216
Primula veris (Cowslip)
231
Ranunculus bulbosus
(Bulbous Buttercup)
128
Ranunculus sceleratus
(Poisonous Buttercup) .. . G-20, 601
Raphanus sativus (Radish) . G-20, 628
Rhus toxicodendron
(Poison Ivy)
eoo
Smilax species
(Sarsaparilla)
G-21, 661
Taxus baccata (Yew)
G-26, 84i
Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759
SPASTICITY, MUSCLE, SYMPTOMATIC
ALLEVIATION OF
SKIN ULCERS
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
Clematis recta (Clematis) .. G-8, 194
SPLEEN, DISORDERS OF
SKIN, DRY, MOISTURIZATION OF
Ceanothus americanus
(New Jersey Tea)
SLEEP, INDUCTION OF
Coffea arabica (Coffee) . . . G-9, 202
Eschscholtzia californica
(California Poppy)
G-7, 140
Humulus lupulus (Hops) . . G-14, 400
Ipomoea purga (Jalap)
G-IS, 427
Passiflora incarnata
(Passion Flower)
G-19, 573
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-18, 547
SMOKING CESSATION, TEMPORARY
AID TO
Lobelia inflata (Lobelia) . . G-16, 479
SPASM, SMOOTH MUSCLE
Petasites hybridus
(Petasites)
G-19, 585
SPASMS, UNSPECIFIED
Strychnos ignatii
(Ignatius Beans)
4ie
280
Apium graveolens (Celery) . G-8, 172
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Mahonia aquifolium
(Mountain Grape)
SHINGLES
SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under Herpes zoster infections)
Anacardium occidentale
STIMULANT
(Cashew)
SINU-BRONCHITIS
Hydrastis canadensis
(Goldenseal)
c-13,35s
SKIN DISORDERS
G - 7 , 157
Cicuta virosa (European
Water Hemlock)
Daphne mezereum
G-26,811
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) . G-4, 61
Caltha palustris
(Marsh Marigold) . . . . . . .G-I 7,503
Centella asiatica
(Gotu Kola)
: G-13, 359
Cinchona pubescens
(Quinine)
G-20, 626
Daphne mezereum
(Mezereon)
G-17,515
SPRAINS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Veratrum album
(White Hellebore)
G-25,803
0-11,297
STOMACH, UPSET
(Mezereon)
Anagallis arvensis
(Scarlet Pimpernel) ......G-22, 668
Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna)
G-4, 69
Bellis perennis
( W i l d Daisy) . . . . . . . .
G-18, 527
541
G-17, 515
Euphorbia resinifera (Spurge) . . . 716
Fumaria officinalis
(Fumitory)
G-12, 322
Pinus species
(Scotch Pine) . . . . . . . . . . G-22,674
Solanum dulcamara
(Bittersweet Nightshade)—0-5, 88
Vinca minor (Periwinkle)
584
Viola tricolor (Heartsease) . . . . . . 3 8 2
(See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
STOMATITIS
Asimina triloba
(American Pawpaw)
Capsicum annuum
(Cayenne)
.27
G-8, ies
Galium aparine (Cleavers)
193
SUNBURN, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
SKIN, IRRITATION, MINOR, PAIN
ASSOCIATED WITH
SYPHILIS
(See under Pain, topical relief of)
(See under T. pallidum infections)
SLEEP DISORDERS
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
Avena sativa (Oats)
G-18, 551
Stillingia sylvatica (Stillingia) . . . 729
1-140/TEETHING
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
TEETHING
Matricaria recutita
(German Chamomile) . . . G-12, 331
Rheum palmatum
(Chinese Rhubarb)
G-8, ISS
THYROID DYSFUNCTION
Iris species (Orris)
G-19, 561
TONSILLITIS
Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna)
G-4, 69
Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) . . . G-12, 342
Scrophularia nodosa
(Figwort)
G-11, 311
TRACHEITIS
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . .453
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
(See under T. pallidum infections)
ULCERS, GASTRIC
Inula helenium
(Elecampane)
G-IO, 266
URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi
(Uva-Ursi)
G-25, 779
Capsicum annuum
(Cayenne)
G-8, 165
Chimaphila umbellata
(Pipsissewa)
595
Chondrodendron
tomentosum
(Pareira)
566
Colchicum autumnale
(Colchicum)
G-9, 206
Delphinium
staphisagria
(Stavesacre)
.726
Erigeron
canadensis
(Canadian Fleabane)
G-7, 144
Geum urbanum
(Bennet's Root)
G-4, 71
Gratiola officinalis
(Hedge-Hyssop)
G-13, 385
Helleborus niger
(Black Hellebore)
G-S, 97
Juniperus
communis
(Juniper)
G-15, 440
Juniperus sabina
(Savin Tops)
G-21, 663
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . . 453
Myroxylon balsamum
(Tolu Balsam)
G-24, 764
Nasturtium officinale
(Watercress)
798
Petroselinum crispum
(Parsley)
G-19, 567
Piper cubeba (Cubeb)
235
Piper methysticum
(Kava Kava)
G-15, 443
Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower)
572
Rhus aromatica
(Sweet Sumach)
748
Santalum album
(Sandalwood)
659
Serenoa repens
(Saw Palmetto)
G-21, 664
Smilax species
(Sarsaparilla)
G-21, 66i
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
G-18, 547
Viola tricolor (Heartsease)
382
UTERINE BLEEDING
Capsella
bursa-pastoris
(Shepherd's Purse)
Gossypium
herbaceum
(Levant Cotton)
Juniperus sabina
(Savin Tops)
Sanguisorba
officinalis
(Great Burnet)
G-22, 690
G-16, 468
G-26, 821
196
699
G-21, 648
G-13, 366
VERTIGO
Anamirta cocculus
(Fish Berry)
Paris quadrifolia
(Herb Paris)
Strychnos nux vomica
(Nux Vomica)
Viscum album
(European Mistletoe)
VOMITING
Aethusa cynapium
(Fool's Parsley)
Apocynum
cannabinum
(Indian-Hemp)
Aquilegia vulgaris
(Columbine)
Asimina triloba
(American Pawpaw)
Nicotiana tabacum
(TobaCCO)
312
G-14, 392
G-18, 547
G-11, 291
G-12, 316
418
G-9, 211
27
G-24, 762
G-21, 663
WARTS
G-13, 366
UTERINE PROLAPSE
Aletris farinosa (Alteris)
Hamamelis virginiana
(Witch Hazel)
Lycopodium clavatum
(Club MOSS)
Persicaria
hydropiper
(Smartweed)
Ruta graveolens (Rue)
Sanguisorba
officinalis
(Great Burnet)
. . . . . . . .11
Anagallis arvensis
(Scarlet Pimpernel)
Juniperus sabina
(Savin Tops)
G-22, 668
G-21, 663
UTERINE SPASTICITY
WHEEZING, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)
280
Matricaria recutita
(German Chamomile) .. . .G-12, 331
(See under Bronchial asthma)
VARICOSE VEINS
(See under Veins, varicose,
obliteration of)
VEINS, VARICOSE, OBLITERATION OF
Achillea
millefolium
(Yarrow)
G-26, 8 3 3
WHOOPING COUGH
(See under Pertussis)
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Aristolochia
clematitis
(Birthwort)
G-5, SO
Calendula officinalis
(Marigold)
G-17, 497
Clematis recta (Clematis) .. G-8, 194
1-141
Asian Indications Index
Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the
botanicals used in Asian medicine for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with
prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in
the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed
alphabetically by accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. An "I"
in parentheses indicates Indian usage; a "C" denotes Chinese medical applications. If an entry
lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification
Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on any of these botanicals,
be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
AMENORRHEA
ABORTION
{See under Pregnancy,
termination of)
ACHES, MUSCULAR
{See under Pain, muscular,
temporary relief of)
ACID INDIGESTION
{See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
ACNE, UNSPECIFIED
Duckweed
{Lemna minor) (C)
.G-IO, 258
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION DISORDERS
{See under Bronchial asthma)
ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) .. G-4, 74
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) .. 0-8, 165
ALCOHOL INTOXICATION,
MANAGEMENT OF
Coffee {Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202
Quinine {Cinchona
pubescens) (C)
G-20, 626
Tamarind {Tamarindus
indica) (I)
753
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, ie
Astragalus
{Astragalus species) (C)
.54
Bog Bean {Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus) (I)
G-7, 130
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (C)
182
Chinese Rhubarb
{Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185
Henna
{Lawsonia inermis) (I) .. .0-14, 391
Myrrh {Commiphora
molmol) (C) . . . . . . . . . . . .G-18, S34
Red-Rooted Sage {Salvia
miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
Safflower
{Carthamus tinctorius) (C) . . . 652
Saffron
{Crocus sativus) (C)
G-21, 653
AMNESIA
Lemon-Wood {Schisandra
sphenanthera) (C)
464
ANEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Arjun Tree
{Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Cassia
{Cassia angustifolia) (J)
684
Chocolate Vine
{Akebia quinata) (C) .
. . . . . 189
Fennel
{Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11,302
Henna
{Lawsonia inermis) (I) .. .0-14, 391
Lycium Berries
.{Lycium barbarum) (I,C)
487
Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-18,547
Plumbago {Plumbago
zeylanica) (C) t
599
Senna {Cassia senna) (I) .. G-22,684
ANGINA
{See under Angina pectoris)
ANGINA PECTORIS
AMENORRHEA, SECONDARY
{See under Menstrual disorders)
Ginkgo
{Ginkgo biloba) (C) . . . . .0-12, 342
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-142/ANGINA
PECTORIS
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Red-Rooted Sage
{Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
Tropical Almond
{Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
Zedoary
{Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165
APPREHENSION
ANXIETY AND TENSION DUE TO
MENOPAUSE
{See under Anxiety disorders,
management of)
{See under Menopause,
management of the
manifestations of)
ARTHRITIS
{See under Arthritis, unspecified;
Rheumatoid arthritis)
ANXIETY DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT OF
ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID
Marijuana
{Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . .G-17, 500
Schisandra
{Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
Soybean {Glycine soja) (C) G-22, 707
{See under Rheumatoid arthritis)
APPETITE, STIMULATION OF
ARTHRITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Black Pepper
{Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Castor Oil Plant
{Ricinus communis) (I) . . . G-7, 158
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165
Garlic {Allium sativum) (I) .G-12, 327
Red-Rooted Sage
{Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
Safflower
{Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652
Basil
{Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-5, 86
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165
Clove {Syzygium
aromaticum) (I)
G-8, 195
ASCITES
Coriander {Coriandrum
Bitter Apple
sativum) (C)
G-9, 221
{Citrullus colocynthis) (I) .. G-5, 83
Costus {Saussurea
Black Catnip
costus) (C)
227
{Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Fennel {Foeniculum
Celandine
vulgare) (I)
G-11, 302
{Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169
Fenugreek {Trigonella
Giant Milkweed
foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
{Calotropis gigantea) (I) . . . . . 338
Ginger
Lycium Berries
{Zingiber officinale) (I) . G-12, 339
{Lycium barbarum) (I)
487
Golden Shower Tree
ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL
{Cassia fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
{See under Bronchial asthma)
Green Tea {Camellia
sinensis) (I)
G-13, 369
BELL'S PALSY
Guar Gum {Cyamopsis '
Castor Oil Plant
tetragonoloba) (I)
376
{Ricinus communis) (C) .. G-7, 158
Japanese Atractylodes
Garlic {Allium sativum) (I) .G-12, 327
{Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430
Star Anise
Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux
{Illicium verum) (I)
G-23, 725
vomica) (I)
G-18,547
BERIBERI
Siberian Ginseng
Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793
{Eleutherococcus
BITE WOUNDS
senticosus) (C)
693
Bistort
Tomato {Lycopersicon
{Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82
esculentum) (I)
G-24, 766
Calotropis
{Calotropis procerd) (I)
141
Cane-Reed
(Costus speciosa) (I)
146
Cotton {Gossypium
hirsutum) (I)
228
Great Burnet {Sanguisorba
officinalis) (C)
G-13, 366
Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis
arvensis) (C)
G-22, 668
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides) (C)
G-26, 828
BITES, POISONOUS
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosd) (C)
G-5, 92
Rauwolfia {Rauwolfia
serpentina) (I)
63i
Red Sandalwood
{Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
BITTER TASTE
Chinese Thoroughwax
{Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH TOOTH
EXTRACTION
{See under Bleeding, gingival)
BLEEDING, GINGIVAL
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . .G-14, 389
BLEEDING, POSTPARTUM
Cane-Reed
{Costus speciosa) (I)
146
BLEEDING, VAGINAL, ASSOCIATED WITH
PREGNANCY
European Mistletoe
{Viscum album) (C)
G-11, 291
BOILS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
{See under Furunculosis,
symptomatic relief of)
BREAST CANCER
{See under Carcinoma, breast)
BREAST CARCINOMA
{See under Carcinoma, breast)
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Arjun Tree
{Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Asa Foetida
{Ferula foetida) (I)
47
Bamboo {Arundinaria
japonica) (C)
G-4, 60
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S I N D E X
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC RELIE F O F / I - 1 4 3
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . .G-6, 101
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Cabbage (Brassica
oleracea) (I)
G-7, 134
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum
camphora) (I)
G-7, 143
Costus
(Saussurea costus) (I,C)
227
Garden Cress
(Lepidium sativum) (I) . . .G-12, 326
Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba) (C)
G-12, 342
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (I,C) G-14, 389
Indian Squill
(Urginea indica) (I)
421
Jequirity
(Abrus precatorius) (I)
435
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium) (C) G-IS, 436
Ma-Huang (Ephedra
sinica) (C)
G-16, 488
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-i8, 547
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I)
644
Walnut (Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793
Zedoary
(Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
Balloon-Flower (Platycodon
grandiflorum) (C)
Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) G-12, 327
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica) (I)
419
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I)
431
Jequirity
(Abrus precatorius) (C)
435
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus) (I)
G-16, 465
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) (I)
G-16, 469
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-16, 483
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
, G-18, 547
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
Papaya
(Carica papaya) (I)
G-19, 565
Plantain
(Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I)
644
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (I)
G-21, 653
Zedoary
(Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101
Indian Squill
(Urginea indica) (I)
421
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-ie, 483
(See under Bronchial asthma)
CALCINOSIS
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I) ..-.
39
Arrowroot
(Maranta arundinacea) (I)
43
Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) .. c-4, 74
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Coconut Palm
(Cocos nucifera) (I)
G-9, 201
Date Palm
(Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-10, 246
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare) (I)
G-11, 302
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
(See under Congestive heart
failure, adjunct in)
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
CHEILITIS, ACTINIC
Areca Nut
(Areca catechu) (I)
G-4, 38
CHEST PAIN, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium) (C)
234
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (I) . . .G-13, 369
Safflower
(Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652
Sandalwood
(Santalum album) (C)
659
Siam Benzoin (Styrax
tonkinesis) (C)
692
Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax
paralleloneurum) (C)
738
CHOLERA
BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC
BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE
58
CARDIAC FAILURE
(See under Renal calculi)
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies
Costus
(Saussurea costus) (I,C)
227
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus) (I)
G-ie, 465
Lotus (Nelumbo
nucifera) (I)
G-16, 481
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . .G-18, 545
CIRRHOSIS, LIVER
CARBUNCLES
CARCINOMA, BREAST
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I) . . . . . . . . 3 9
Jasmine (Jasminum
officinale) (C)
.G-15, 432
Reed Herb
(Phragmites communis) (C) . .. 639
COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
(See under Furunculosis,
symptomatic relief of)
CARCINOMA, LUNG, SMALL CELL
Astragalus
(Astragalus species) (C)
54
CARCINOMA, STOMACH
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus) (C) .G-8, 169
(See also under Influenza
syndrome, symptomatic
relief of)
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . .G-5, 86
Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) (C) . .G-12, 339
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 4 / C O L D , COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC R E L I E F O F
Oregano
(Origanum vulgare) (C) . G-19, 559
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
COLIC, BILIARY, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Aloe {Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . 0-3, 16
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) (I)
G-8, 195
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (I)
775
Walnut (Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793
COLITIS
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
COLONOPATHY
Rice (Oryza sativa) (I)
G-21, 643
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE,
ADJUNCT IN
(See also under Edema,
adjunctive therapy in)
Astragalus
(Astragalus species) (C)
54
CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (I) . . . 163
Hibiscus
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) .G-14, 394
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (I)
775
CONSTIPATION
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, 16
Areca Nut
(Areca catechu) (I)
G-4, 38
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (I)
47
Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis) (C)
G-4, 52
Cassia (Cassia
angustifolia) (I)
684
Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinus communis) (C) .. G-7, ISS
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) (I)
228
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium) (I,C)
234
Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) .G-12, 327
Golden Shower Tree (Cassia
fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) (I)
376
Indian Nettle (Acalypha
indica) (I)
419
Kamala (Mallotus
philippinensis) (I)
442
Morning Glory
(Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . .523
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-18, 547
Peanut (Arachis
hypogaea) (I)
575
Pineapple
(Ananas comosus) (I)
593
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrorhizon) (C)
619
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Senna (Cassia senna) (I) .. G-22, 684
Spurge
(Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716
Tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) (I)
753
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (I)
775
Walnut (Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) .. 799
CONSTIPATION, HYPERTONIC SPHINCTER
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185
CONTRACEPTION
(See under Pregnancy,
prevention of)
CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF
Chocolate Vine
(Akebia quinata) (C)
189
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium) (I)
234
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389
Pellitory
(Anacyclus Pyrethrum) (I) . . . . 577
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
CORYZA, ACUTE
(See under Cold, common,
symptomatic relief of)
COUGH, CHRONIC
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum) (C)
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis) (I)
G-20, 609
G-23, 734
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
31
Arrowroot
(Maranta arundinacea) (I)
43
Asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis) (C)
G-4, 52
Bamboo (Arundinaria
japonica) (C)
G-4, 60
Beet (Beta vulgaris) (I)
G-4, 67
Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea) (I) . . . G-7, 134
Cane-Reed
(Costus speciosa) (I)
146
Chocolate Vine
(Akebia quinata) (C)
189
Coconut Palm
(Cocos nucifera) (I)
G-9, 201
Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum) (I) .G-9, 221
Costus
(Saussurea costus) (I,C)
227
Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum) (I)
228
Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum
gossypium) (I)
229
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare) (I)
G-H, 302
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
Flax
(Linum usitatissimum) (I) .G-12, 313
Giant Milkweed
(Calotropis gigantea) (I)
338
Ground Ivy
(Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 1 4 5
Henna (Lawsonia
DEAFNESS
Chinese Thoroughwax
inermis) (I)
G-14, 391
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I)
431
DEBILITY
Jequirity
Japanese Mint (Mentha
(Abrus precatorius) (I)
435
arvensis piperascens) (I)
431
Jimson Weed (Datura
Rice (Oryza sativa) (C) . . . G-21, 643
stramonium) (C)
G-15, 436
DEHYDRATION, TREATMENT OF
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra
Anemarrhena
(Anemarrhena
sphenanthera) (C)
464
asphodeloides)
(C)
31
Licorice
Gotu
Kola
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .0-16, 469
(Centella asiatica) (I) . . . G-13, 359
Luff a (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-16, 483
Lycium Bark
DELIRIUM
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Chinese Rhubarb
Lycium Berries
(Rheum palmatum) (C) . .. G-8, 185
(Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
DERMATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Ma-Huang
Celandine
(Ephedra sinica) (C)
G-16, 488
(Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169
Marijuana (Cannabis
DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROIDsativa) (I,C)
G-17, 500
RESPONSIVE
Northern Prickly Ash
(See under Skin, inflammatory
(Zanthoxylum
conditions)
americanum) (I)
545
DIABETES MELLITUS
Oak Gall
(See under Hyperglycemia,
(Quercus infectoria) (I)
550
control of, adjunct to diet)
Papaya
(Carica papaya) (I)
G-19, 565
DIARRHEA, CHRONIC
Perilla
Pomegranate
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
(Punica granatum) (C) . . G-20, 605
Poppyseed
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) (I) .G-20, 609
(Papaver somniferum) (I) G-20, 609
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Radish
Salep (Orchis species) (I)
657
(Raphanus sativus) (C) .. .G-20, 628
Schisandra
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I)
644
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
Schisandra
Tropical Almond
(Schisandra chinensis) (C)
669
(Terminalia chebula) (C)
772
White Mustard
DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(Sinapis alba) (C)
0-25,80s
Acacia (Acacia arabica) (I)
3
Wild Thyme
Areca Nut
(Thymus serpyllum) (C) . G-26, SIS
(Areca catechu) (C)
G-4, 38
COUGH, WHOOPING
Arrowroot
(See under Pertussis)
(Maranta arundinacea) (I)
43
Bael
(Aegle
marmelos)
(I)
58
CROUP
Black Catnip
Indian Nettle
(Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
(Acalypha indica) (I)
419
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (C)
G-6, 103
CYSTITIS
Carambola
Cotton
(Averrhoa carambola) (I)
148 I
(Gossypium hirsutum) (I) . . . . . 228
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus) (I)
G - 8 , 181
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (I,C)
182
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185
Coffee (Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202
Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum
gossypium) (I)
229
Cumin
(Cuminum cyminum) (I) . . G-9, 237
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare) (C)
G-11, 302
Fever Bark (Alstonia
constricta) (I,C)
305
Flax
(Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (C) . . G-13, 359
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (I,C) G-13, 369
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
Japanese Atractylodes
(Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431
Lotus
(Nelumbo nucifera) (I) . . .G-16, 48i
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . .G-17, 500
Nepalese Cardamom
(Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (C) . G-18, 545
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I)
550
Pomegranate
(Punica granatum) (I) . . .G-20, 605
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum) (C)
G-20, 609
Radish (Raphanus
sativus) (C)
G-20, 628
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 6 / D I A R R H E A , SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Rice {Oryza sativa) (I,C) . . G-21, 643
Smartweed
{Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699
Sumbul
{Ferula sumbul) (I)
G-23, 738
Tree of Heaven
{Ailanthus altissima) (C)
770
Wild Thyme
{Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, SIS
DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Areca Nut
{Areca catechu) (C)
G-4, 38
Arrowroot
{Maranta arundinacea) (I)
43
Bael {Aegle marmelos) (I)
58
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
Birthwort {Aristolochia
clematitis) (C)
G-5, SO
Black Nightshade {Solanum
nigrum) (I)
G-6, 101
Black Pepper
{Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Calamus
{Acorus calamus) (I,C) . . . G-7, 138
Castor Oil Plant
{Ricinus communis) (I) . . . G-7, 158
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) .. G-S, 165
Chicory {Cichorium
intybus) (I)
G-8, ISI
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (I,C)
182
Coriander {Coriandrum
sativum) (C)
G-9, 221
Croton Seeds {Croton
tiglium) (I)
234
Ginger
{Zingiber officinale) (I) . G-12, 339
Ginseng {Panax ginseng) (C) . .. 346
Guar Gum {Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) (I)
376
Indian Squill
{Urginea indica) (I)
421
Jambolan {Syzygium
cumini) (I)
429
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . .. 431
Lemon {Citrus limon) (I)
460
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Morning Glory
{Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . .523
Neem {Antelaea
azadirachta) (I)
G-IS, 539
Nepalese Cardamom
{Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540
Northern Prickly Ash
{Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Nutmeg
{Myristica fragrans) (C) . .G-IS, 545
Oak Gall
{Quercus infectoria) (I)
550
Onion {Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557
Pineapple
{Ananas comosus) (I)
593
Radish
{Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628
Senburi
{Swertia japonic a) (C) . 682
Smartweed
{Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699
Star Anise {Illicium
verum) (I)
G-23, 725
Tomato {Lycopersicon
esculentum) (I)
G-24, 766
Turmeric
{Curcuma domestica) (I,C) . .. 775
DISLOCATED JOINTS
Peanut
{Arachis hypogaea) (I)
575
DROPSY
{See under Edema, idiopathic)
DYSENTERY
Arjun Tree
{Terminalia arjuna) (I) . . . . . . . . 3 9
Arrowroot
{Maranta arundinacea) (I)
43
Black Catnip
{Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Black Pepper
{Piper nigrum) (I)
G-e, 103
Coriander
{Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221
Cotton {Gossypium
hirsutum) (I)
228
Cotton Tree {Cochlospermum
gossypium) (I)
229
Fennel
{Foeniculum vulgare) (I) .0-11, 302
Figs {Ficus carica) (C) . . . G-11, 310
Gotu Kola {Centella
asiatica) (C)
G-13, 359
Great Burnet {Sanguisorba
officinalis) (C)
G-13, 366
Ground Ivy
{Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389
Henna
{Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391
Jasmine {Jasminum
officinale) (C)
G-15, 432
Knotweed {Polygonum
aviculare) (C)
G-15, 448
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria) (I,C)
550
Oregano
{Origanum vulgare) (C) . .G-19, 559
Oriental Arborvitae
{Thuja orientalis) (C)
560
Picrorhiza
{Picrorhiza kurroa) (C)
589
Pomegranate
{Punica granatum) (I,C) . G-20, 605
Poppyseed {Papaver
somniferum) (I,C)
G-20, 609
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Smartweed
{Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699
Star Anise
{Illicium verum) (I)
G-23, 725
Tree of Heaven
{Ailanthus altissima) (C)
770
Tropical Almond
{Terminalia chebula) (C) . . . . . 772
Walnut {Juglans regia) (I) .G-25, 793
DYSMENORRHEA, UNSPECIFIED,
SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
Henna
{Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
Jasmine
{Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-IS, 432
Sumbul
{Ferula sumbul) (I)
G-23, 738
Tree of Heaven
{Ailanthus altissima) (C)
770
DYSPEPSIA
{See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
FEVER, REDUCTION O F / I - 1 4 7
DYSPNEA
Bog Bean (Menyanth.es
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Ginger (Zingiber
officinale) (C)
G-12, 339
Jimson Weed (Datura
stramonium) (C)
G-15, 436
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra
sphenanthera) (C)
464
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
DYSTOCIA
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (C)
G-21, 653
DYSURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Coconut Palm
(Cocos nucifera) (I)
G-9, 201
Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221
Duckweed
(Lemna minor) (C)
G-10, 258
Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
Jambolan
(Syzygium cumini) (I)
429
Plantain
(Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Rauwolfia
(Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) . . . . 63i
Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-e, 110
Cayenne (Capsicum
annuum) (I)
G-8, 165
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185
Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221
Duckweed
(Lemna minor) (C)
G-10, 258
Indian Squill
(Urginea indica) (I)
421
Japanese Atractylodes
(Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430
Morning Glory
(Ipomoea hederacea) (C)
523
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lanced) (C)
706
Vervain
(Verbena officinalis) (C) .G-25, 788
ENTERITIS
Figs (Ficus carica) (C) . . . G-11, 310
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lanced) (C)
706
ENURESIS
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
EPILEPSY
Areca Nut
(Areca catechu) (C)
G-4, 38
Celandine •
(Chelidonium majus) (C) .G-8, 169
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium) (C)
234
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica) (C)
G-ie, 488
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) (C) . G-22, 668
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (I)
47
Bistort
(Persicaria bistorta) (C) .. o-s, 82
Calotropis
(Calotropis procera) (I) . . . . . . 141
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) (I)
228
Duckweed
^
(Lemna minor) (C)
G-10, 258
Gotu Kola (Centella
*
asiatica) (I)
G-13, 359
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi) (I)
433
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
kurroa) (C)
589
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis) (C)
G-23, 734
EDEMA, IDIOPATHIC
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
ECZEMA, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
EDEMA, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C)
G-3, 13
Asiatic Dogwood
(Cornus officinalis) (C) .
51
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) .. G-4, 74
Fenugreek {Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (C) . . . .G-II, 304
Nutmeg {Myristica
fragrans) (I)
.G-IS, 545
Siberian Ginseng
{Eleutherococcus
senticosus) (C)
693
Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793
ERYSIPELAS
Black Nightshade
{Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-e, 101
Duckweed
{Lemna minor) (C)
G-IO, 258
Ground Ivy
{Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
EXHAUSTION
Arjun Tree {Terminalia
arjuna) (I)
39
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (C)
182
Japanese Atractylodes
{Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430
Lotus {Nelumbo
nucifera) (I)
G-ie, 48i
EYE SIGHT IMPAIRMENT
Lycium Berries
{Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
EYES, WATERY
{See under Lacrimation,
symptomatic relief of)
FATIGUE, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (I) .. .G-13, sea
Salep (Orchis species) (I)
557
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C)
669
FEVER, REDUCTION OF
Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
31
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Behen (Moringa oleifera) (I) . . . . 67
Bistort
(Persicaria bistorta) (C) . .0-5, 82
Black Catnip
(Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 8 / F E V E R , REDUCTION OF
Black Pepper
{Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, HO
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus) (C)
G-7, 130
Calotropis
{Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Cane-Reed
146
{Costus speciosa) (I)
Carambola
148
(Averrhoa carambola) (I) .
Cassia
684
(Cassia angustifolia) (I) . .
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Coffee (Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202
Cotton (Gossypium
hirsutum) (I)
228
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) G-12, 327
Golden Shower Tree
(Cassia fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (I) . . G-13, 369
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391
Jambolan
(Syzygium cumini) (I)
429
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus) (I)
G-ie, 465
Lotus (Nelumbo
nucifera) (I)
G-ie, 481
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) .G-16, 483
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica) (C)
G-16, 488
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta) (I)
6-18,539
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-18,. 545
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (C)
G-IS, 547
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Oregano
(Origanum vulgare) (C) . G-19, 559
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
Picrorhiza
(Picrorhiza kurroa) (C)
589
Pineapple
(Ananas comosus) (I)
593
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens) (I,C)
G-20, 626
Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
serpentina) (I)
631
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I)
644
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (I)
G-21, 653
Sandalwood
(Santalum album) (I)
659
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis) (I)
G-23, 734
Tamarind (Tamarindus
indica) (I)
753
Zedoary
(Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (I)
47
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Black Pepper (Piper
nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum) (C)
G-7, 149
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) (I)
G-8, 195
Costus (Saussurea
costus) (C)
227
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
Golden Shower Tree (Cassia
fistula) (I)
.G-13, 354
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi) (I)
433
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus) (I)
G-16, 465
Morning Glory (Ipomoea
hederacea) (I)
523
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Radish
(Raphanus sativus) (I) . . :G-20, 628
Star Anise (Illicium
verum) (I)
G-23, 725
Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) (I)
G-24, 766
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (I)
775
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) . . 799
Wild Thyme
(Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, 815
FLU SYMPTOMS
(See under Influenza syndrome,
symptomatic relief of)
FURUNCULOSIS
Bistort
(Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101
Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Burdock (Arctium
lappa) (C)
G-7, 128
Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, 158
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species) (C) . . . . 177
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium) (C)
23*
Ground Ivy
(Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Hibiscus
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) .G-14, 394
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .G-ie, 469
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol) (C)
G-18, 534
Plumbago (Plumbago
zeylanica) (C)
599
Red-Rooted Sage
(Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
Vervain
(Verbena officinalis) (C) .G-25, 788
White Nettle
(Lamium album) (C)
G-25, 806
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
HEART FAILURE / I - 1 4 9
FURUNCULOSIS, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Calotropis
(Calotropis procera) (I)
141
GASTRITIS
Black Pepper
{Piper nigrum) (C)
G-6, 103
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Tropical Almond
{Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Black Catnip
{Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Bog Bean {Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Cabbage {Brassica
oleracea) (I)
G-7, 134
Cardamom {Elettaria
cardamomum) (C)
G-7, 149
Clove {Syzygium
aromaticum) (I)
G-s, 195
Costus {Saussurea
COStUS) (I,C )
227
Date Palm {Phoenix
dactylifera) (I)
G-IO, 246
Jatamansi {Nardostachys
jatamansi) (I)
433
Lemongrass {Cymbopogon
citratus) (I)
G-ie, 46S
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
Pomegranate
{Punica granatum) (I) .. G-20, eos
Poppyseed {Papaver
somniferum) (C)
G-20,609
Southern Tsangshu
{Atractylodes lancea) (C)
706
Tropical Almond
{Terminalia chebula) (I,C) . . . . 772
Turmeric
{Curcuma domestica) (C)
775
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, SMOOTH
MUSCLE SPASM
{See under Spasm, smooth
muscle)
Basil
{Ocimum basilicum) (C) .. . G-4, 64
Tropical Almond
{Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
GONORRHEA
Cotton
{Gossypium hirsutum) (I)
22s
Cowhage
{Mucuna pruriens) (I)
230
Flax
{Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313
Grape {Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362
Knotweed {Polygonum
aviculare) (C)
G-15, 448
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . .612
Sandalwood
{Santalum album) (I)
659
GOUT, MANAGEMENT OF SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
Bog Bean {Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Cabbage {Brassica
oleracea) (I)
G-7, 134
Calotropis
{Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165
Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
Golden Shower Tree {Cassia
fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
HEADACHE
Adrue
(Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . .G-3, 6
Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus) (I)
G-8, 181
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) (I)
228
Date Palm
(Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-IO, 246
Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . .G-13, 362
Henna (Lawsonia
inermis) (I)
G-14, 391
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . .431
Jasmine (Jasminum
officinale) (I)
G-15, 432
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi) (I)
433
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) (I)
G-ie, 469
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . .G-IS, 545
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
Radish
(Raphanus sativus) (I) . . .G-20, 628
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (I)
G-21, 653
HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
HAIR LOSS
Cashew {Anacardium
occidentale) (I)
Oriental Arborvitae
{Thuja orientalis) (C)
G-7, 157
560
HALITOSIS
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) (I) . . . >
Coffee (Coffea arabicd) (I) . G-9, 202
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (I,C) .G-13, 369
HEADACHE, TENSION
(See under Pain, unspecified) .
HEADACHE, VASCULAR
G-8, 195
(See under Headache, migraine)
HEARING, IMPAIRMENT
HALITOSIS, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
{See under Spasm, smooth
muscle)
Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190
Dill
(Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252
GINGIVITIS
HANSEN'S DISEASE
Acacia {Acacia arabicd) (I) . .. . .3
(See under Leprosy)
GENITOURINARY TRACT, SMOOTH
MUSCLE SPASM
Lycium Berries
(Lycium barbarum) (C)
487.
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
HEART FAILURE
(See under Congestive heart
failure, adjunct in)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 5 0 / H E A R T FAILURE, CONGESTIVE
HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE
(See under Congestive heart
failure, adjunct in)
HEARTBURN
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
HEAT STROKE
Sandalwood
(Santalum album) (I)
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (C)
HELMINTHIASIS
659
775
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Plumbago
(Plumbago zeylanica) (C) . . . . 599
Pomegranate
(Punica granatum) (C) . . G-20, 605
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (I)
775
Walnut (Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Oriental Arborvitae
(Thuja orientalis) (C)
560
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Turmeric
{Curcuma domestica) (C)
775
HEMATEMESIS
Acacia (Acacia arabicd) (I)
3
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Cabbage
(Brassica oleracea) (I) . . . G-7, 134
Carambola
(Averrhoa carambola) (I)
148
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum) (I,C)
G-9, 221
Garden Cress (Lepidium
sativum) (I)
G-12, 326
Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362
Lycium Berries
(Lycium barbarum) (I)
487
Adrue
(Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . G-3, 6
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Pineapple
(Ananas comosus) (I)
593
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Agrimony
(Agrimonia eupatoria) (C) .G-3, 10
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, 16
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (C)
47
Calamus
HEMATURIA
(Acorus calamus) (I)
G-7, i38
Chocolate
Vine
Calotropis
(Akebia
quinata)
(C)
189
(Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Cleavers
Croton Seeds
(Galium aparine) (C)
193
(Croton tiglium) (I,C)
234
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-16, 483
Dill
Oriental Arborvitae
(Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252
(Thuja orientalis) (C)
560
Giant Milkweed
(Calotropis gigantea) (I)
338
HEMOPTYSIS
Indian Squill (Urginea
Asparagus (Asparagus
indica) (I)
421
officinalis) (C)
G-4, 52
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (C) . . . 346
Kamala (Mallotus
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
philippinensis) (I)
442
officinalis) (C)
G-13, 366
Knotweed (Polygonum
Oak
Gall
aviculare) (C) -h . 1 .. .CMS, 448
(Quercus infectoria) (I) . . . . . 550
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
Oriental Arborvitae
citratus) (I) . . .
G-ie, 465
(Thuja orientalis) (C) . . . . . . . .560
Lotus (Nelumbo
Pineapple
.G-16, 481
nucifera) (I)
(Ananas comosus) (I)
593
Morning Glory
Turmeric
?
/
(Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . . »23
(Curcuma domestica) (C) . . . . .775
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta) (I)
0-18,539
HEMORRHAGE, NASAL
Northern Prickly Ash
Coriander
(Zanthoxylum
(Coriandrum sativum) (I) .G-9, 221
americanum) (I)
545
Gotu Kola (Centella
Onion (Allium cepd) (C) .. G-19,557
asiatica) (C)
G-13, 359
Papaya
Great Burnet (Sanguisorba
(Carica papaya) (I) . . . . ' . .G-19, sea
officinalis) (C)
G-13, 366
Plantain
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
(Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
HEMORRHOIDS
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I,C) . . . . 550
Oleander
(Nerium oleander) (I) . . . G-19, 555
Papaya
(Carica papaya) (I)
G-19, 565
Picrorhiza
(Picrorhiza kurroa) (C)
589
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) (I)
753
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
HEMOSTASIS, AN AID IN
Agrimony
(Agrimonia eupatoria) (C) .G-3, 10
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) (C) . . . G-4, 64
HEPATITIS, CHRONIC
Areca Nut
(Areca catechu) (C) . . . . . . G-4, 38
HEPATITIS, UNSPECIFIED
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101
Jasmine (Jasminum
officinale) (C)
G-15, 432
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
ITCHING, SUNBURN / I - 1 5 1
Jequirity (Abrus
precatorius) (C)
435
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
HERNIA, UNSPECIFIED
Fennel {Foeniculum
vulgare) (C)
G-11, 302
Fenugreek {Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (C) . . . G-11, 304
Tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762
HERPES ZOSTER INFECTIONS
Hibiscus
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C)
G-14, 394
HICCUP
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
HYPERACIDITY, GASTRIC, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
Lemon (Citrus limon) (I)
460
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C)
G-3, 13
HYPERGLYCEMIA, CONTROL OF,
ADJUNCT TO DIET
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C)
G-3, 13
Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
31
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus .
species) (I)
177
Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia
bonduceila) (I)
253
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Lycium Berries
(Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-IS, 547
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Rice (Oryza sativa) (C) . . . .G-21, 643
Salep (Orchis species) (I)
657
HYPERHIDROSIS
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
Asiatic Dogwood
(Cornus officinalis) (C)
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I,C) . . . .
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . .
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I)
Soybean (Glycine soja) (C) G-22,
39
51
IMPOTENCE, MALE
(See under Erectile dysfunction)
INDIGESTION
(See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
INFECTION, TENDENCY TO
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
INFECTIONS, FUNGAL, UNSPECIFIED
486
550
640
644
707
HYPERTENSION
Alisma (Alisma plantagoaquatica) (C)
G-3, 13
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Rauwolfia
(Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) . . . . 631
Sumbul
(Ferula sumbul) (I)
G-23, 738
HYPERTENSION, ESSENTIAL
(See. under Hypertension)
HYPERTENSIVE CRISES
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (C) . G-3, 16
Calamus
(Acorus calamus) (C) . . . . G-7, 138
Onion (Allium cepa) (C) . . .G-19, 557
INFECTIONS, NON-SPECIFIC
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . G-3, 16
Beet (Beta vulgaris) (I)
G-4, 67
Onion (Allium cepa) (C) . . G-19, 557
INFECTIONS, SMALLPOX
Behen (Moringa oleifera) (I)
. . . .67
INFECTIONS, VENEREAL
(See under Gonorrhea)
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS,
UNSPECIFIED
Divi-Divi (Caesalpinia
bonduceila) (I)
253
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus) (C) . G-18, 521
(See under Hypertension)
INFLUENZA SYNDROME, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
HYPNOTIC
Jequirity
(Abrus precatorius) (I)
(See under Sleep, induction of)
HYPOSALIVATION
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra
sphenanthera) (C)
435
INFLUENZA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
464
HYSTERIA, ACUTE
Calotropis
(Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (I) . . . .G-13, 359
IMMUNODEFICIENCY, UNSPECIFIED
Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) (I)
INSOMNIA
(See under Sleep, induction of)
INTERTRIGO
(See under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
(See under Infection, tendency to)
ITCHING, SKIN
IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA
(See under Pruritus, topical
relief of)
Burning Bush
(Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I)
550
G-24, 766
ITCHING, SUNBURN
(See under Pruritus, topical
relief of)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-152/JAUNDICE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
JAUNDICE
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Black Catnip
(Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, HO
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus) (C)
G-7, 130
Cassia
(Cassia angustifolia) (I)
684
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
Golden Shower Tree (Cassia
fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (C) . . G-13, 359
Ground Ivy
(Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare) (C)
G-15, 448
Oregano (Origanum
vulgare) (C)
G-19, 559
Picrorhiza
(Picrorhiza kurroa) (C)
589
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
LABOR AND DELIVERY, ROUTINE
MANAGEMENT OF
Burning Bush
(Dictamnus albus) (I) . . . . G-7, 130
Chinese Motherwort
(Leonurus japonicus) (C)
183
Fish Berry
(Anamirta cocculus) (I)
312
LACRIMATION, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Lycium Berries
(Lycium barbarum) (C)
. . . . . . . 487
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) (I)
228
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) (C)
G-9, 245
European Mistletoe (Viscum
album) (C)
G-11, 291
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) (I)
376
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis) (C)
G-23, 734
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (I)
Chocolate Vine
(Akebia quinata) (C)
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (C)
LICE, BODY
. . . 163
189
772
Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Calotropis (Calotropis
141
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
species) (I,C)
177
Cumin
(Cuminum cyminum) (I) . . G-9, 237
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (I) . . . G-13, 359
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
Jasmine (Jasminum
officinale) (I)
G-15, 432
Kamala (Mallotus
philippinensis) (I)
442
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
citratus) (I)
. .G-16, 465
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-ie, 483
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta) (I)
G-is, 539
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis) (I)
G-23, 734
LEUKEMIA, UNSPECIFIED
Reed Herb
(Phragmites communis) (C) . . . 639
LEUKORRHEA
Adrue
(Cyperuj articulatus) (C) . . .G-3, 6
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Jambolan
(Syzygium cumini) (I)
429
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I,C)
Tree of Heaven
(Ailanthus altissima) (C)
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (C)
LICE, HEAD
(See under Pediculosis, human)
LICE, PUBIC
(See under Pediculosis, human)
LEPROSY
procera) (I)
(See under Pediculosis, human)
. . . . 550
770
772
LIPS, DRY
(See under Cheilitis, actinic)
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
LIVER DISORDERS
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (I)
47
Asiatic Dogwood
(Cornus officinalis) (C)
51
Carambola
(Averrhoa carambola) (I)
148
Cassia
(Cassia angustifolia) (I)
684
Corn Silk (Zea mays) (C)
224
Garden Cress
(Lepidium sativum) (I) . . G-12, 326
Lycium Berries
(Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
Red-Rooted Sage
(Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Senna (Cassia senna) (I) . . G-22, 684
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (C)
775
MALARIA, CHRONIC
Vervain
(Verbena officinalis) (C)
G-25, 788
MALARIA, TREATMENT OR
PROPHYLAXIS OF
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Birth wort (Aristolochia
clematitis) (C)
G-5, so
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Fever Bark
(Alstonia constricta) (I,C) . . . . 305
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS /I-153
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Neem (Antelaea
azadirachta) (I)
G-18, 539
Nepalese Cardamom
(Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-IS, 545
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-18, 547
Onion (Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557
Quinine (Cinchona
pubescens) (I,C)
G-20, 626
MASTITIS
Dandelion (Taraxacum
officinale) (C)
G-9, 245
MASTODYNIA
Adrue
(Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . .G-3, 6
MEASLES
Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga
racemosa) (C)
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum) (C)
Duckweed (Lemna
minor) (C)
G-S, 92
G-9, 221
G-10, 258
MENINGITIS
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE
MANIFESTATIONS OF
Jatamansi (Nardostachys
jatamansi) (I)
433
False Schisandra
(Kadsura japonica) (C)
301
Ground Ivy
(Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Indian Squill
(Urginea indica) (I)
421
Lycium Berries
(Lycium barbarum) (I)
487
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol) (I)
G-18, 534
Pineapple (Ananas
comosus) (I)
593
Red-Rooted Sage
(Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
636
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) (I) . G-22, 668
Spurge
(Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716
Vervain (Verbena
officinalis) (C)
G-25, 788
Willow Herb (Epilobium
angustifolium) (C)
G-26, 818
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides) (C)
G-26, 828
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra
sphenanthera) (C)
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (C)
Wheat
(Triticum aestivum) (C)
MIGRAINE HEADACHE
NOCTURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Headache, migraine)
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra
sphenanthera) (C)
MOUTH, DRY
Japanese Atractylodes
(Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430
Radish
(Raphanus sativus) (I) . . .G-20, 628
NEPHROPATHY
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
NEURALGIA
[See under Pain, neurogenic)
NEURITIS, PERIPHERAL, ACUTE
(See under Pain, neurogenic)
NEUROPATHY
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
NIGHT BLINDNESS
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba) (I)
376
NIGHT SWEATS
(See under Hyposalivation)
OLIGURIA
MYALGIA
Areca Nut
(Areca catechu) (C)
(See under Pain, muscular,
temporary relief of)
772
464
772
799
464
G-4, 38
OPHTHALMIA
54
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169
Fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11, 302
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) (I) G-20, 609
MENSTRUAL CRAMPS
NAUSEA
OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
(See under Pain, menstrual)
Cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum) (C)
G-7, 149
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190
Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) (C) . .G-12, 339
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (C) . . .G-13, 369
Black Catnip
(Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G - 6 , 101
Chinese Motherwort
(Leonurus japonicus) (C)
183
Clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) (I)
G-8, 195
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) (I)
G-ie, 469
MENORRHAGIA
Oak Gall
(Quercus infectoria) (I)
550
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (C)
G-21, 653
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) .. 799
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
Adrue
(Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . G-3, 6
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . G-4, 64
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus) (C) G-8, 169
Chinese Motherwort
(Leonurus japonicus) (C) . . . . 183
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE INFECTIONS
(See under Leprosy)
MYOCARDITIS, VIRAL
Astragalus
(Astragalus species) (C)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-154/OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Northern Prickly Ash
{Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Oleander
{Nerium oleander) (I) . . . G-19, 555
Red Sandalwood
{Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
ORCHITIS
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
PAIN, ABDOMINAL
Fennel {Foeniculum
vulgare) (C)
G-II, 302
Fenugreek {Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (C) . . . G-11, 304
Ground Ivy
{Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Jasmine {Jasminum
officinale) (C)
G-15, 432
Lesser Galangal {Alpinia
officinarum) (C)
467
Radish
{Raphanus sativus) (C) . . G-20, 628
PAIN, BONE
False Schisandra
{Kadsura japonica) (C)
Ma-Huang
{Ephedra sinica) (C)
301
G-16, 488
PAIN, EAR
Basil
{Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Black Nightshade
{Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Bog Bean {Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Indian Nettle {Acalypha
indica) (I)
419
Tobacco
{Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762
PAIN, EPIGASTRIC
Adrue
{Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . . G-3, 6
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86
Sandalwood
{Santalum album) (C)
659
PAIN, JOINT
Asiatic Dogwood
{Cornus officinalis) (C)
51
Birthwort {Aristolochia
clematitis) (C)
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (C)
Divi-Divi {Caesalpinia
bonducella) (I)
Duckweed
{Lemna minor) (C)
European Mistletoe
{Viscum album) (C)
Henbane {Hyoscyamus
niger) (C)
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I)
Plumbago
{Plumbago zeylanica) (C)
Red-Rooted Sage
{Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) (C) .
Soybean {Glycine soja) (C)
PAIN, RENAL
G-5, SO
182
253
G-10, 258
G-11, 291
G-14, 389
431
. . . .599
636
G-22, 668
G-22, 707
PAIN, LUMBAR
Asiatic Dogwood
{Cornus officinalis) (C)
51
European Mistletoe
{Viscum album) (C)
G-11, 291
Nux Vomica {Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-18, 547
Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793
White Nettle
{Lamium album) (C)
G-25, 806
PAIN, MENSTRUAL
False Schisandra
{Kadsura japonica) (C)
Red-Rooted Sage
{Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
301
636
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY
RELIEF OF
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum
camphora) (I)
G-7, 143
European Mistletoe
{Viscum album) (C)
G-11, 291
PAIN, NEUROGENIC
Peanut
{Arachis hypogaea) (I)
575
Quinine
{Cinchona pubescens) (I) G-20, 626
Radish
{Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628
Siberian Ginseng
{Eleutherococcus
senticosus) (C)
693
PAIN, STOMACH
Benzoin {Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73
Croton Seeds
{Croton tiglium) (C)
234
False Schisandra
{Kadsura japonica) (C)
301
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . G-14, 389
Jasmine
{Jasminum officinale) (I) G-15, 432
Siam Benzoin {Styrax
tonkinesis) (C)
692
Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax
paralleloneurum) (C)
738
PAIN, TOOTH
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
Calamus
{Acorus calamus) (I)
G-7, 138
Catechu {Acacia catechu) (I)
.163
Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190
Clove {Syzygium
aromaticum) (I)
G-8, 195
Henbane {Hyoscyamus
niger) (I)
G - 1 4 , 389
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431
Jasmine
{Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-15, 432
Lycium Berries {Lycium
barbarum) (I)
487
Northern Prickly Ash
{Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Pellitory
{Anacyclus Pyrethrum) (I) . . . . 577
Red Sandalwood
{Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Tobacco
{Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . .G-24, 762
Wild Thyme
{Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, S I S
PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
Lycium Bark
{Lycium chinense) (C)
486
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX
RECTAL PROLAPSE /I-155
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus) (C) . G-is, 521
Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix
vomica) (C)
G-IS, 547
Onion (Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557
Southern Tsangshu
(Atractylodes lanced) (C)
706
Wild Thyme
(Thymus serpyllum) (C) . G-26, 815
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-16, 483
Northern Prickly Ash
(Zanthoxylum
americanum) (I)
545
Nux Vomica (Strychnos mix
vomica) (I)
G-18, 547
Salep (Orchis species) (I)
657
PEDICULOSIS, HUMAN
312
PERTUSSIS
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (I)
772
PILES
(See under Hemorrhoids)
PNEUMONIA
Rice (Oryza sativa) (I)
Sumbul
(Ferula sumbul) (I)
G-21, 643
G-23, 738
POISONING, FISH
PARALYSIS, UNSPECIFIED
Fish Berry
(Anamirta cocculus) (I)
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
47
PHARYNGITIS, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Balloon-Flower (Platycodon
grandiflorum) (C)
58
Burdock
(Arctium lappa) (C)
G-7, 128
Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, ISS
Chinese Motherwort
(Leonurus japonicus) (C)
183
Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum
gossypium) (I)
229
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium) (C)
234
Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) (I) . .G-12, 339
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza
glabra) (I,C)
6-16, 469
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (C)
G-18, 547
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
Plantain
(Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (I)
G-21, 653
Tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) (I)
753
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis) (C) . G-22, 668
POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
Cassia
(Cassia angustifolia) (I)
684
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) G-i6, 469
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
Senna (Cassia senna) (I) . . G-22, 684
POLYDIPSIA, TEMPORARY,
MANAGEMENT OF
Carambola
(Averrhoa carambola) (I)
148
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (C) . . . 346
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis) (I) . . G-13, 369
Plantain
(Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177
Golden Shower Tree
(Cassia fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Jasmine
(Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-15, 432
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare) (C)
G-15, 448
Plantain (Musa
paradisiaca) (I)
597
Storax (Liquidambar
oriemalis) (I)
G-23, 734
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica) (I)
775
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) . . 799
Wild Thyme
(Thymus serpyllum) (C) . G-26, 815
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT
OF THE MANIFESTATIONS OF
(See also under Psychotic
disorders, management of the
manifestations in severely ill)
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (I) . . . .G-13, 359
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, MANAGEMENT
OF THE MANIFESTATIONS IN
SEVERELY ILL
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . G-14, 389
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
POSTNASAL DRIP
PULPITIS
(See under Cold, common,
symptomatic relief of)
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
POSTPARTUM, COMPLICATIONS OF
Red-Rooted Sage
(Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
486
RASH, UNSPECIFIED
636
PREGNANCY, PREVENTION OF
Costus (Saussurea costus) (I) . . . 227
Kamala (Mallotus
philippinensis) (I)
442
PREGNANCY, TERMINATION OF
Cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) (I) ....'. 228
Cumin
(Cuminum cyminum) (I) .. G-9, 237
Garden Cress
(Lepidium sativum) (I) . . G-12, 326
Spurge
(Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716
(See'under Skin, inflammatory
conditions)
RECTAL PROLAPSE
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86
Coriander (Coriandrum
sativum) (C)
G-9, 221
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (C)
550
Pomegranate
(Punica granatum) (C) . . G-20, 60s
Poppyseed (Papaver
somniferum) (I,C)
G-20, 609
Tropical Almond (Terminalia
chebula) (C)
772
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 5 6 / R E N A L CALCULI
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
RENAL CALCULI
Chocolate Vine
(Akebia quinata) (C)
189
Cumin
{Cuminum cyminum) (I) . . G-9, 237
Gotu Kola {Centella
asiatica) (C)
G-13, 359
Kamala {Mallotus
philippinensis) (I)
442
RENAL IMPAIRMENT
Asiatic Dogwood
{Cornus officinalis) (C)
51
Basil {Ocimum
basilicum) (C)
G-4, 64
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (C)
182
Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
Date Palm {Phoenix
dactylifera) (I)
G-10, 246
Fennel
{Foeniculum vulgare) (I) G-11, 302
Southern Tsangshu
{Atractylodes lancea) (C)
706
RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS, UPPER,
RELIEF OF
{See under Influenza syndrome,
symptomatic relief of)
RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS
Balloon-Flower {Platycodon
grandiflorum) (C)
58
Dill
{Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252
Flax
{Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313
Onion {Allium cepa) (I) . . . .G-19, 557
RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Basil
{Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Behen {Moringa oleifera) (I) . . . .67
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . G-4, 74
Black Cohosh {Cimicifuga
racemosa) (C)
G-5, 92
Black Nightshade {Solanum
nigrum) (I)
G-e, 101
Burning Bush
{Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130
Calotropis {Calotropis
procera) (I)
141
Chinese Cinnamon
{Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (C)
182
Frankincense
{Boswellia carteri) (I)
319
Gotu Kola
{Centella asiatica) (I) . . . .G-13, 359
Henna
{Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391
Indian Squill
{Urginea indica) (I)
421
Jimson Weed
{Datura stramonium) (C) G-15, 436
Lycium Bark
{Lycium chinense) (I,C)
486
Plumbago
{Plumbago zeylanica) (C) . . . .599
Rehmannia {Rehmannia
glutinosa) (C)
640
Siberian Ginseng
{Eleutherococcus
senticosus) (C)
693
Walnut {Juglans regia) (I) .G-25, 793
White Mustard {Sinapis
alba) (C)
G-25, 805
Wormseed Oil {Chenopodium
ambrosioides) (C)
G-26, 828
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Star Anise
{Illicium verum) (I)
G-23, 725
Morning Glory
{Ipomoea hederacea) (I)
523
Oleander
{Nerium oleander) (I) . . . .G-19, 555
Plantain
{Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
Plumbago
{Plumbago zeylanica) (C) . . . . 599
Safflower
{Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652
Smartweed
{Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699
SCABIES
{See under Sarcoptes scabiei
infestations)
SCARLATINA
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
31
SCARLET FEVER
{See under Scarlatina)
SCHIZOPHRENIA
{See under Psychotic disorders,
management of the
manifestations of)
SCIATICA, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, 165
Quinine
{Cinchona pubescens) (I) .G-20, 626
RHINITIS
SCROFULOSIS
Tobacco
{Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762
Bistort
{Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82
Coriander
{Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 121
Ground Ivy
{Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Black Catnip
{Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Bog Bean {Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Burning Bush {Dictamnus
albus) (C)
G-7, 130
Carambola
{Averrhoa carambola) (I)
148
Chaulmoogra
{Hydnocarpus species) (C) . . . . 177
Gotu Kola
{Centella asiatica) (C) . . G-13, 359
Grape {Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362
Ground Ivy
{Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
Lycium Berries
{Lycium barbarum) (I)
487
SCURVY
Garden Cress
{Lepidium sativum) (I) . . G-12, 326
SEDATION
{See under Sleep, induction of)
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Acacia {Acacia arabica) (I)
3
Behen {Moringa oleifera) (I) . . . . 67
Cotton
{Gossypium hirsutum) (I)
228
Walnut {Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793
SHINGLES
{See under Herpes zoster infections)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATION S INDEX
STOMATITIS / I - 1 5 7
St. John's Wort (Hypericum
perforatum) (C)
G-23, 719
SHORTNESS OF BREATH
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
SINUSITIS, TREATMENT OF
Perilla
(Perilla fructescens) (C)
583
SKIN DISORDERS
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . c-3, 16
Arjun Tree
(Terminalia arjuna) (I)
39
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Birthwort (Aristolochia
clematitis) (C)
G-5, SO
Black Nightshade (Solanum
nigrum) (I)
G-6, 101
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (I)
G-6, 103
Burdock
(Arctium lappa) (C)
G-7, 128
Calotropis
(Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Cane-Reed
(Costus speciosa) (I)
146
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (C) . . . 163
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177
Costus
(Saussurea costus) (I,C)
227
Flax
(Linum usitatissimum) (I) G-12, 313
Giant Milkweed
(Calotropis gigantea) (I)
338
Golden Shower Tree
(Cassia fistula) (I)
G-13, 354
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (I)
G-13, 359
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391
Hibiscus
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) G-14, 394
Indian Squill (Urginea
indica) (I)
421
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431
Knotweed (Polygonum
aviculare) (C)
G-is, 448
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol) (I)
G-18, 534
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux
vomica) (I)
G-18, 547
SKIN ULCERS
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I,C) . . G-6, 101
Burdock
(Arctium lappa) (C)
G-7, 128
Calotropis
(Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, 158
Indian Nettle
(Acalypha indica) (I)
419
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol) (I)
G-18, 534
Turmeric (Curcuma
domestica) (I)
775
SKIN, INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-18, 545
Rehmannia
(Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
Senburi
(Swertia japonica) (C)
682
SOUR STOMACH
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
SPASM, GASTRIC
Basil
(Ocimum basilicum) (C) . . . G-4, 64
SPASM, SMOOTH MUSCLE
Star Anise
(Illicium verum) (I)
G-23, 725
SPERMATORRHEA
Burning Bush
(Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177
Chicory
(Cichorium intybus) (I) . . . G-8, 181
Hibiscus
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) G-14, 394
Jambolan
(Syzygium cumini) (I)
429
Lycium Bark
(Lycium chinense) (C)
486
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
Purple Gromwell
(Lithospermum
erytrvrhizon) (C)
619
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides) (C)
G-26, 828
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . .G-14, 389
Schisandra
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669
SPLEEN, DISORDERS OF
Asa Foetida
(Ferula foetida) (I)
47
Cassia
(Cassia angustifolia) (I)
684
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .G-16, 469
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) .G-16, 483
Red-Rooted Sage
(Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C)
638
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula) (I)
772
STERILITY
Cowhage
(Mucuna pruriens) (I)
230
SLEEP DISORDERS
Siberian Ginseng
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus) (C)
STOMACH, DISSEMINATED
ADENOCARCINOMA
693
(See under Carcinoma, stomach)
STOMACH, SOUR
SLEEP, INDUCTION OF
Bog Bean (Menyanthes
trifoliata) (C)
G-6, 110
Burning Bush (Dictamnus
albus) (C)
G-7, 130
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra
sphenanthera) (C)
464
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . G-17, 500
(See under Hyperacidity, gastric,
symptomatic relief of)
STOMACH, UPSET
(See under Digestive disorders,
symptomatic relief of)
STOMATITIS
Catechu
(Acacia catechu) (I,C)
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
163
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
1-158/STOMATITIS
Myrrh {Commiphora
molmof) (I)
G-IS, 534
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria) (I,C)
550
Tamarind
{Tamarindus indica) (I) . .
753
STRANGURIA
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
URINARY RETENTION, UNSPECIFIED
Ginkgo
{Ginkgo biloba) (C)
G-12, 342
Lycium Berries
{Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
Rehmannia
{Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) ....640
Siberian Ginseng
{Eleutherococcus
senticosus) (C)
TONSILLITIS
31
STREPTOCOCCI GROUP A BETAHEMOLYTIC INFECTIONS
{See under Erysipelas) >
STROKE, ISCHEMIC
Benzoin {Styrax benzoin) (C)
Siam Benzoin {Styrax
tonkinesis) (C)
Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax
paralleloneurum) (C)
TINNITUS
Balloon-Flower {Platycodon
grandiflorum) (C)
58
Oak Gall {Quercus
infectoria) (I)
550
St. John's Wort {Hypericum
perforatum) (C)
G-23, 719
73
TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
692
{See under T. pallidum infections)
TUBERCULOSIS, TREATMENT ADJUNCT
738
SWELLING AND FRACTURES
Black Nightshade
{Solanum nigrum) (I,C) .. G-6, 101
Chinese Motherwort
{Leonurus japonicus) (C)
183
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
31
Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale) (I)
G-9, 245
Zedoary {Curcuma
zedoaria) (I)
G-26, 846
TUMOR THERAPY ADJUNTIVE
SYNCOPE
Benzoin {Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73
Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
Siam Benzoin {Styrax
tonkinesis) (C)
692
Storax {Liquidambar
orientalis) (C)
G-23, 734
Sumatra Benzoin {Styrax
paralleloneurum) (C)
738
Reed Herb
{Phragmites communis) (C) . . . 639
T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
Dill
{Anethum graveolens) (I) G-10, 252
Gotu Kola
{Centella asiatica) (I) . .. G-13, 359
UTERINE BLEEDING
Anemarrhena {Anemarrhena
asphodeloides) (C)
31
Senna {Cassia senna) (I) . . G-22, 684
Burning Bush
{Dictamnus albus) (C) . . . G-7, 130
Bistort
{Persicaria bistortd) (C) .. G-5, 82
Marijuana
{Cannabis sativa) (I,C) .. G-17, 500
UTERINE PROLAPSE
Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . 6-5, 86
ULCERS, GASTRIC
VENEREAL DISEASE
Licorice
{Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) . G-ie, 469
Cotton Tree {Cochlospermum
gossypium) (I)
URETHRITIS
VERTIGO
Flax
{Linum usitatissimum) (I) .G-12, 313
Coriander
{Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221
Croton Seeds
{Croton tiglium) (I)
234
Lycium Berries
{Lycium barbarum) (C)
487
Rehmannia
{Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
ULCERS, DUODENAL
URETHRORRHEA
TETANUS
URINARY TRACT DISORDERS
Black Catnip
{Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Cardamom {Elettaria
cardamomum) (I)
G-7, 149
Chinese Motherwort
{Leonurus japonicus) (C)
183
Chocolate Vine
{Akebia quinata) (C)
189
Cleavers
{Galium aparine) (C)
193
Coriander
{Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221
Dandelion {Taraxacum
officinale) (C)
G-9, 245
Lycium Berries {Lycium
barbarum) (C)
487
Papaya
{Carica papaya) (I)
G-19, 565
Plantain
{Musa paradisiaca) (I)
597
Radish
{Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628
TYPHUS FEVER
SYPHILIS
{See under T. pallidum infections)
693
Arjun Tree
{Terminalia arjuna) (I)
Black Pepper
{Piper nigrum) (I) . . . .
39
G-6, 103
229
THROAT, SORE
URINARY FREQUENCY, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF
VISUAL DISTURBANCES
{See under Pharyngitis,
symptomatic relief of)
Rehmannia
{Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640
Nutmeg
{Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-IS, 545
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN / I - 1 5 9
VOMITING
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-5, 86
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Black Pepper
(Piper nigrum) (C)
G-6, 103
Carambola (Averrhoa
carambola) (I)
148
Cardamom (Elettaria
cardamomum) (C)
G-7, 149
Chicory (Cichorium
intybus) (I)
G-8, ISI
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum
aromaticum) (I)
182
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Bupleurum Chinese) (C)
187
Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum) (I) . G-8, 190
Coriander
(Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221
Fennel (Foeniculum
vulgare) (I,C)
G-11, 302
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum) (I)
G-11, 304
Ginger
(Zingiber officinale) (C) . G-12, 339
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) (C) . . . 346
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica) (C) . . .G-13, 359
Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . .G-13, 362
Japanese Atractylodes
(Atractylodes japonica) (C) . .. 430
Japanese Mint (Mentha
arvensis p'perascens) (I,C) . . . 431
Lotus
(Nelumbo nucifera) (I) . . .G-16, 48i
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa) (I,C) . . G-17, 500
Nepalese Cardamom
(Amomum aromaticum) (C) . . . 540
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans) (C) . G-18, 545
Oregano
(Origanum vulgare) (C) . G-19, 559
Pomegranate
(Punica granatum) (I) . . G-20, 605
Red Sandalwood
(Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Saffron
(Crocus sativus) (I)
G-2i, 653
Sandalwood
(Santalum album) (C)
659
Smartweed
(Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699
Tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) (I)
753
White Mustard
(Sinapis alba) (C)
G-25, sos
Wild Thyme
(Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, 815
WARTS
Calotropis
(Calotropis procera) (I)
141
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus) (C) . G-8, 169
WHEEZING, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(See under Bronchial asthma)
WHOOPING COUGH
(See under Pertussis)
WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN
Black Catnip
(Phyllanthus amarus) (I)
91
Black Nightshade
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (C) . . . 163
Costus
(Saussurea costus) (I,C)
227
Date Palm
(Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-10, 246
Henna
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) (I) . G-16, 469
Myrrh (Commiphora
molmol) (I,C)
G-18, 534
Oak Gall (Quercus
infectoria) (C)
550
Onion (Allium cepa) (I) . . . G-19, 557
Rauwolfia
(Rauwolfia serpentina) (I) . . . . 631
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I)
644
Safflower
(Carthamus tinctorius) (C) . . . 652
Smartweed
(Persicaria hydropiper) (C) . . . 699
Storax (Liquidambar
orientalis) (I)
G-23, 734
Tropical Almond (Terminalia
chebula) (I)
772
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica) (I)
775
White Nettle
(Lamium album) (C)
G-25, 806
Zedoary
(Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-161
Side Effects Index
Presented here is an alphabetical list of every side effect cited in the herbal monographs. Under
each heading, herbs associated with the reaction are listed alphabetically by accepted common
name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. For ease of comparison with prescription
and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Side
Effects Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers
to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal
monograph.
ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT
ALKALOSIS, METABOLIC
(See under Distress, abdominal;
Distress, gastrointestinal)
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
ABDOMINAL DISTENTION
ALLERGIC REACTIONS
Sunflower
(Helianthus annum)
G-23, 741
ABDOMINAL PAIN/CRAMPS
Aga (Amanita muscaria)
G-3, 8
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, IS
Gamboge
(Garcinia hanburyi)
G-12, 325
Jalap (Ipomoea purga)
G-15, 427
Morning Glory
(Ipomoea hederacea)
523
Orris (Iris species)
G-19, 561
Wormwood
(Artemisia absinthium) .. .G-26, 829
ACCOMMODATION, IMPAIRED
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
G-IS, 443
Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) .. 67i
ALBUMINURIA
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis', Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
G-16, 469
Blessed Thistle
(Cnicus benedictus)
G-6, 107
Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . .. 118
Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinus communis)
G-7, 158
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
26i
Echinacea Pallida
(Echinacea pallida)
261
Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) ... G-IO, 26i
European Mistletoe
(Viscum album)
0-11, 291
Fennel
(Foeniculum vulgare) ... .G-11, 302
Garlic (Allium sativum) ... .G-12, 327
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
G-15, 443
Kelp (Laminaria hyperborea) . . . 446
Lemongrass
(Cymbopogon citratus) . . G-ie, 465
Papaya (Carica papaya) . . . .G-19, 565
Poplar (Populus species) . . .G-20, 607
Psyllium (Plantago ovata)
612
Psyllium Seed
(Plantago afra)
G-20, eie
Rhatany (Krameria triandra) . . . . 641
Stinging Nettle
(Urtica dioica)
G-23, 729
Tolu Balsam
(Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764
Tragacanth
(Astragalus gummifer)
767
Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis) . .. G-25, 783
Wintergreen
(Gaultheria procumbens)
820
ALLERGIC SENSITIZATION
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius)
117
Fenugreek (Trigonella
foenum-graecum)
G-11, 304
Yarrow
(Achillea millefolium) . . . .G-26, 833
ALLERGY
(See under Allergic reactions)
ALVEOBRONCHIOLITIS
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, i6S
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita)
G-12, 331
1 - 1 6 2 /ANAPHYLAXIS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Indian Squill {Urginea
ANAPHYLAXIS
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum)
Echinacea Angustifolia
{Echinacea angustifolia)
indica)
G-8, 165
261
ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC
Trailing Arbutus
{Epigae repens)
768
ANEMIA, MICROCYTIC
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
ANGINA
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
280
European Mistletoe
{Viscum album)
G-II, 291
ANGIOEDEMA
{See under Edema, angioneurotic)
ANOREXIA
Coca {Erythroxylum coca)
197
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Digitalis
{Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) .G-17, 508
Squill {Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
Swamp Milkweed
{Asclepias incarnata) . . . G-23, 743
ANURIA
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
ANXIETY
Yohimbe Bark
{Pausinystalia yohimbe) . .
843
APATHY
Marijuana
{Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
Pleurisy Root {Asclepias
tuberosa)
{See under Stomatitis, ulcerative)
G-20, 598
Aloe
{Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Buckthorn
{Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada
{Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Chinese Rhubarb
{Rheum palmatum)
G-8, 185
Frangula
{Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
Lily-of-the-Valley
{Convallaria majalis) . . . G-16, 475
Ma-Huang
{Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
Strophanthus
{Strophanthus Kombe)
736
ASPHYXIA
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
Cyclamen
{Cyclamen europaeum)
Pink Root
{Spigelia marilandica)
G-5, 97
240
594
ASTHENIA
Kousso {Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450
Mountain Laurel
{Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
Poppyseed
{Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
ASTHMA, ALLERGIC
612
G-20, 616
APPETITE, DECREASED
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Khat {Catha edulis)
447
Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, sos
APPETITE, LOSS OF
{See also under Anorexia)
Digitalis Lanata {Digitalis
lanata)
ASTHMA, WORSENING OF
BLEEDING, VAGINAL
Ginseng {Panax ginseng)
346
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
BLISTERING
American Liverleaf
{Hepatica nobilis)
26
Arnica {Arnica montana)
41
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium)
G-5, 86
Black Mustard
{Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
Bulbous Buttercup
{Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Buttercup {Ranunculus acris) . . . 133
Cashew
{Anacardium occidentale) . G-7, 157
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Clematis {Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194
Cypress Spurge
{Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Globe Flower
{Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Marsh Marigold
{Caltha palustris)
G-17, 503
Mezereon
{Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Pasque Flower
{Pulsatilla pratensis)
572
Poisonous Buttercup
{Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601
Savin Tops
{Juniperus sabina)
G-21, 663
Traveller's Joy
{Clematis vitalba)
G-25, 769
White Bryony
{Bryonia alba)
G-25, 800
Wood Anemone
{Anemone nemorosa)
824
BLOOD GLUCOSE, REDUCTION
{See under Hypoglycemia)
431
BLOOD PRESSURE, ELEVATION
{See under Hypertension)
ASTHMATIC EPISODES
Black Mustard
{Brassica nigra) . .
Senna {Cassia senna)
BLOOD PRESSURE, REDUCTION
G-5, 100
G-22, 684
BELCHING
250
{See under Epistaxis)
ARRHYTHMIAS
Psyllium {Plantago ovata)
Psyllium Seed
{Plantago afra)
APHTHOUS STOMATITIS
BLEEDING, NASAL
421
Asa Foetida {Ferula foetida)
. .47
{See under Hypotension)
BONE DENSITY, CHANGES
Buckthorn
{Rhamnus catharticus) . .. G-6, 123
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana)
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
Frangula
(Rhamnus frangula)
COLIC / I - 1 6 3
. . . . G-7, 153
G-8, 185
G-12, 317
BONE DISORDERS
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis: Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
BOWEL MOVEMENTS, PAINFUL
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
234
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
BRADYCARDIA
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . G-4, 38
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
280
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum)
. . . . 606
BREATH, SHORTNESS OF
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-s, 97
CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR
BREATHING, DIFFICULT
Borage (Borago officinalis) . G-e, 114
(See under Dyspnea)
CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES
BREATHING, LABORED
American Hellebore
(Veratrum viride)
25
Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783
(See under Dyspnea)
BRONCHITIS
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa)
G-17, soo
BRONCHOSPASM
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus)
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
197
Colt's Foot
(Tussilago farfara)
G-9, 209
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . . .G-9, 212
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Dusty Miller
(Senecio bicolor)
258
Forget-Me-Not
(Myosotis arvensis)
G-12, 316
Golden Ragwort
(Senecio aureus)
354
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) . . . . 374
Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
Madder (Rubia tinctorum) . G-16, 490
Petasites
(Petasites hybridus)
G-19, 585
Ragwort
(Senecio jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Sassafras
(Sassafras albidum)
G-21, 662
Senna (Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
CARDIAC ARREST
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus)
G-15, 425
G-15, 425
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
BRONCHOSPASM, EXACERBATION OF
(See under Arrhythmias)
Scotch Pine (Pinus species) .G-22, 674
Spruce (Picea species)
714
CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
(See under Arrhythmias)
BURNING
Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) . . . . 230
CACHEXIA
Trailing Arbutus
(Epigae repens)
768
CARCINOGENIC
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) .. G-3, 13
Alpine Ragwort
(Senecio nemorensis)
21
CARDIAC RHYTHMS, DISTURBANCES
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias)
. . G-9, 242
CENTRAL/PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM DISORDERS
Daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
243
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
Wormwood
(Artemisia absinthium)
. . G-26, 829
CHEST TIGHTNESS
Hydrangea
(Hydrangea arborescens)
.G-14, 413
CHILLS
European Mistletoe
(Viscum album)
Venus Flytrap
(Dionaea muscipula)
G-11, 291
786
CHOLERA
Buckthorn
(Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
Venus Flytrap
(Dionaea muscipula)
G-17, 515
786
CIRCULATORY DAMAGE
Venus Flytrap
(Dionaea muscipula)
786
CNS STIMULATION
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
COAGULATION INTERFERENCE
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
COLIC
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Bitter Apple
(Citrullus colocynthis)
G-5, 83
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Clematis (Clematis recta) .. G-8, 194
Globe Flower
(Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) . .. 37s
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) .6-15, 425
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
466
Mexican Scammony Root
(Ipomoea orizabensis)
514
I-164/COLIC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Pasque Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
572
Poisonous Buttercup
(Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) . . . 700
Traveller's Joy
(Clematis vitalba)
G-25, 769
Wood Anemone
(Anemone nemorosa)
824
COLIC, BILIARY
Artichoke
(Cynara scolymus)
G-4, 44
Cardamom
(Elettaria cardamomum) . . G-7, 149
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Curcuma
(Curcuma xanthorrhizia) . G-9, 239
CONSTIPATION
CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL
Coffee (Cojfea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, sos
CONSTRICTION, PUPILLARY
DEPENDENCE, PSYCHIC
(See under Miosis)
(See under Dependence,
psychological)
COLLAPSE
CONSTRICTION, PUPILS
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
234
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
(See under Miosis)
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
COLOR PERCEPTION, DISTURBED
COORDINATION DIFFICULTY
Lily-of-the- Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . . . G-16, 475
Strophanthus
(Strophanthus Kombe)
736
(See under Coordination, impaired)
CONVULSIONS
COORDINATION, DISTURBED
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) .. G-9, 242
Goa Powder
(Andira araroba)
352
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) . . . . . . 612
Psyllium Seed
(Plantago afra)
G-20, 616
CONJUNCTIVITIS, ALLERGIC
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita)
G-12, 331
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
G-14, 403
G-S, 100
G-8, 165
177
G-12, 342
CRAMPING, ABDOMINAL
(See under Abdominal pain/cramps)
CONSCIOUSNESS, LOSS OF
Poison Ivy
(Rhus toxicodendron)
. . G-9, 242
COUGH
Black Mustard
(Brassica nigra)
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species)
CRAMPING, MUSCULAR
600
Aga (Amanita muscaria)
G-16, 488
DEPENDENCE, PHYSICAL
DEPRESSION
Rauwolfia
(Rauwolfia serpentina)
63i
DEPRESSION, MOOD
(See under Depression)
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) .G-12, 339
Squill (Urginea maritima) . .G-23, 717
DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT
CRAMPING
CONSCIOUSNESS, DISORDERS OF
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-18, 528
CORNEAL DEFECTS
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias)
DEPENDENCE, DRUG
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
DERMATITIS
(See under Coordination, impaired)
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
(See under Nasal congestion)
DELIRIUM
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Goldenseal (Hydrastis
canadensis)
G-13, 355
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
DEPENDENCE, PSYCHOLOGICAL
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, sos
COORDINATION, IMPAIRED
CONGESTION, NASAL
(See under Abdominal pain/cramps)
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
3
Agrimony
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
G-3, 10
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199
Goldenseal
(Hydrastis canadensis) . . .G-13, 355
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
Mountain Avens
(Dryas octopetala)
526
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) . . . .G-20, 609
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719
Tropical Almond
(Terminalia chebula)
772
G-3, 8
Black Mustard
(Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
German Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita)
G-12, 331
Parsley
(Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
Rosemary
(Rosmarinus officinalis) . G-21, 645
DERMATITIS, CONTACT
Boxwood
(Buxus sempervirens) . . . G-6,
Cajuput
(Melaleuca leucadendra) . G-7,
Copaiba Balsam
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
Feverfew
(Tanacetum parthenium) . .G-11,
116
136
220
306
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
Nutmeg
(Myristica fragrans)
DISTRESS, GASTROINTESTINAL / I - 1 6 5
G-IS, 545
DERMATOSIS
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium)
G-5, 86
DIAPHORESIS
Boneset
(Eupatorium perfoliatum) G-6, 113
Jaborandi (Pilocarpus
microphyllus)
G-15, 425
Quebracho (Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
623
DIARRHEA
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) . . . .48
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
58
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Boneset
(Eupatorium perfoliatum) . G-6, 113
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Clematis (Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Colchicum
(Colchicum autumnale) .. . G-9, 206
Cyclamen
(Cyclamen europaeum)
240
Daffodil
(Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243
Digitalis
(Digitalis purpurea)
G-IO, 248
Digitalis Lanata
(Digitalis lanata)
250
Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus globulus) . . . .0-11, 283
Globe Flower
(Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) .. . 375
Guar Gum
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . . . . 376
Gumweed (Grindelia species) . . . 379
Herb Paris
(Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Indian Squill (Urginea
indica)
421
Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450
Labrador Tea
(Ledum latifolium)
451
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria) . . . .
466
Male Fern
(Dryopteris filix-mas) . . . G-17, 493
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508
Mercury Herb
(Mercurialis annua)
G-17, 513
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
G-18, 521
Mountain Flax
(Linum catharticum)
526
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-18, 528
Myrtle (Myrtus communis) . .G-IS, 536
Niauli
(Melaleucea viridiflora)
542
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . . 543
Pasque Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
572
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) . . . . 593
Pleurisy Root
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Poisonous Buttercup
(Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601
Senna (Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) . . . 700
Soybean (Glycine soja) . .. .G-22, 707
Squill (Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) . . . 729
Swamp Milkweed
(Asclepias incarnata) . .. G-23, 743
Traveller's Joy
(Clematis vitalba)
G-25, 769
Tree of Heaven
(Ailanthus altissima)
770
Wood Anemone
(Anemone nemorosa)
824
DIARRHEA, BLOODY
Arum (Arum maculatum)
46
Bitter Apple
(Citrullus colocynthis) .
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana)
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus) . .
Orris (Iris species)
. . . G-5, 83
. . G-7, 153
. . G-8, 169
. G-19, 561
DIPLOPIA
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium sempennrens) . . . . 838
DIPSESIS
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-14, 403
G-17, 515
DISCOMFORT, GENERAL
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
DISTENTION, ABDOMINAL
(See under Abdominal distention)
DISTRESS, ABDOMINAL
Garlic (Allium sativum) . . . G-12, 327
DISTRESS, EPIGASTRIC
Colombo
(Jateorhiza palmata)
208
DISTRESS, GASTRIC
(See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
DISTRESS, GASTROINTESTINAL
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Bilberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus)
G-5, 75
Black Cohosh
(Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133
Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) ... 146
Cinquefoil
(Potentilla erecta)
G-8, 192
cClematis (Clematis recta) . . G - 8 , 194
Copaiba Balsam
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
Cranesbill
(Geranium maculatum)
233
Curcuma
(Curcuma xanthorrhizia) . G-9, 239
Dandelion
(Taraxacum officinale) . . . G-9, 245
Digitalis
(Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
1-166 /DISTRESS, GASTROINTESTINAL
Elephant-Ears
{Bergenia crassifolia)
268
False Unicorn Root
{Veratrum luteum)
301
Garden Cress
{Lepidium sativum)
G-12, 326
Ginkgo {Ginkgo biloba) . . . G-12, 342
Globe Flower
{Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Goldenseal
{Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Gumweed {Grindelia species) . . . 379
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Indian Nettle {Acalypha
indica)
419
Indian Squill
{Urginea indica)
421
Jack-in-the-Pulpit {Arisaema
atrorubens)
426
Japanese Mint {Mentha
arvensis piperascens)
431
Mate {Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Oak {Quercus robur)
G-18, 549
Peppermint
{Mentha piperita)
G-19, 580
Periwinkle {Vinca minor)
584
Pineapple {Ananas comosus) . . . . 5 9 3
Pleurisy Root
{Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Poisonous Buttercup
{Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601
Pomegranate
{Punica granatum)
G-20, 605
Red Bryony {Bryonia cretica) . . . 632
Sandalwood
{Santalum album)
659
Scurvy Grass
{Cochlearia officinalis) . . G-22, 679
Soapwort {Saponaria officinalis) .. . G-22, 701
Squill {Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
St. John's Wort
{Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719
Stinging Nettle
{Urtica dioica)
G-23, 729
Swamp Milkweed
{Asclepias incarnata) .. . G-23, 743
Trailing Arbutus
{Epigae repens)
768
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Traveller's Joy
{Clematis vitalba)
Watercress
{Nasturtium officinale)
Wild Radish
{Raphanus raphanistrum)
Wood Anemone
{Anemone nemorosa)
G-25, 769
798
G-26, 814
Quebracho {Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
Yage {Banisteriopsis caapi)
DRUG IDIOSYNCRASIES
{See under Allergic reactions)
DRY MOUTH
824
{See under Xerostomia)
DISTRESS, PRECORDIAL
DYSPEPSIA
{See under Distress, epigastric)
DISTRESS, STOMACH
Witch Hazel
{Hamamelis virginiana)
{See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
DYSPHORIA
DISTRESS, UPPER Gl
{See under Distress, epigastric)
DISTURBANCES, GASTROINTESTINAL
{See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
DIURESIS, POTENTIATION OF
Bitter Apple
{Citrullus colocynthis)
623
833
G-5, 83
DIZZINESS
Aga {Amanita muscaria)
G-3, 8
Black Cohosh
{Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Croton Seeds
{Croton tiglium)
234
Cypress Spurge
{Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Hydrangea
{Hydrangea arborescens) G-14, 413
Mate {Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Mezereon
{Daphne mezereum)
G-17, s i s
Mountain Laurel
{Kalmia latifolia)
G-18, 528
Poppyseed
{Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa)
622
Tree of Heaven
{Ailanthus altissima)
770
Wormwood
{Artemisia absinthium) . . G-26, 829
. G-26, 821
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Cola {Cola acuminata)
205
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Jimson Weed
{Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
Ma-Huang
{Ephedra sinica)
G-ie, 488
Mate {Ilex paraguariensis)
.G-17, 508
St. John's Wort
{Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719
Valerian
{Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783
DYSPNEA
Chaulmoogra
{Hydnocarpus species)
Jaborandi
{Pilocarpus microphyllus)
177
G-15, 425
EARS, RINGING
{See under Tinnitus)
ECZEMA
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Garlic {Allium sativum) . . . .G-12, 327
Onion {Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Quinine
{Cinchona pubescens) . . . G-20, 626
Stavesacre
{Delphinium staphisagria)
. . . . 726
ECZEMATOUS REACTIONS
{See under Eczema)
DROWSINESS
EDEMA
California Poppy
{Eschscholtzia
californica)
Jimson Weed {Datura
stramonium)
Aloe
{Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
Buckthorn
{Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
G-7, 140
G-15, 436
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
FLUID RETENTION / I - 1 6 7
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
G-8, ISS
Frangula
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-16, 469
EDEMA, ANGIONEUROTIC
Stinging Nettle
(Urtica dioica)
G-23, 729
EDEMA, LOCAL
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
280
FACE, REDDENING OF
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium)
G-S, 86
Cashew
(Anacardium occidentale) . G-7, 157
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Poison Ivy (Rhus
toxicodendron)
600
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
ESTROGEN, DECREASE
Cat's Claw
(Unicaria tomentosa)
ieo
EUPHORIA
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
Yage (Banisteriopsis caapi)
833
EDEMA, NON-SPECIFIC
(See under Edema)
EDEMA, SKIN
(See under Edema, angioneurotic)
ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCES
(See under Electrolyte imbalance)
ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
ELECTROLYTES, LOSS OF
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
ERYTHEMA
G-3, 16
EXANTHEMA
Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . . 1 is
Cashew
(Anacardium occidentale) . G-7, 157
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
EXCITABILITY
Goldenseal
(Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 3ss
Malabar Nut
(Justicia adhatoda)
G-17, 492
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
EMBRYOTOXICITY
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
197
EMESIS
(See under Vomiting)
G-17, sis
EPILEPTIFORM MOVEMENTS,
UNSPECIFIED
EYELIDS, HEAVY
827
EPISTAXIS
346
ERECTION DISTURBANCES, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Impotence)
ERUPTIONS, ECZEMATOID
(See under Eczema)
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens) . . . . 838
EYES, DILATATION OF PUPIL
(See under Mydriasis)
EYES, IRRITATION OF
Black Mustard
(Brassica nigra)
FACIAL SWELLING
Pagoda Tree
(Sophora japonica)
FASCICULATIONS
FATIGUE
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
G-15, 443
Rauwolfia
(Rauwolfia serpentina)
631
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719
FERTILITY DISORDERS, MALE
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) . . .228
FEVER
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
26i
Echinacea Pallida
(Echinacea pallida)
261
Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . . . G-10, 261
European Mistletoe
(Viscum album)
G-11, 291
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
Poison Ivy
(Rhus toxicodendron)
eoo
Venus Flytrap
(Dionaea muscipula)
786
FINGER CLUBBING
G-22, 684
FLATULENCE
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) . . . . . 47
Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . .118
Guar Gum
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . . . . 376
Manna (Fraxinus ornus) .. .G-17, 496
Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus)
G-23, 741
FLUID RETENTION
G-S, 100
564
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) . . . .G-20, 609
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
827
Senna (Cassia senna)
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) .. G-9, 242
(See under Distress, epigastric)
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens) ....838
EYELID SWELLING
EPIGASTRIC PAIN
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
G-IS, 436
EYE MOVEMENTS, ABNORMAL
EPIDERMAL SHEDDING
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
EXHAUSTION
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium)
G-14, 403
(See under Edema)
1-168/FLUSHING, CUTANEOUS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
GASTROINTESTINAL UPSET
FLUSHING, CUTANEOUS
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
584
FRETFULNESS
(See under Anxiety)
(See under Gastrointestinal
disorders)
GENITAL FUNCTION DISTURBANCES
GASTRIC DISCOMFORT
(See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa)
G-17, 500
GENITAL SWELLING
GASTRIC DISORDER
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
(See under Distress, gastrointestinal)
GASTRITIS
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica)
Mountain Flax
(Linum catharticum)
47
GIDDINESS
(See under Dizziness)
G-8, 165
. . . 450
526
GINGIVITIS
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
GLOSSONCUS
Arum (Arum maculatum)
46
GASTROENTERITIS
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) . . . .48
Birthwort
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, SO
Guaiac (Guaiacum officinale) . . . 375
Jalap (Ipomoea purga)
G-IS, 427
Labrador Tea
(Ledum latifolium)
451
Scarlet Pimpernel
(Anagallis arvensis)
G-22, 668
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
827
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
Indian-Hemp
(Apocynum cannabinum)
418
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
G-15, 443
Labrador Tea
(Ledum latifolium)
451
Nasturtium
(Tropaeolum majus)
G-18, 537
Onion (Allium cepa)
G-19, 557
Pasque Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
572
Seneca Snakeroot
(Polygala senega)
683
Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum
multiflorum)
G-22, 703
Valerian (Valeriana
officinalis)
G-25, 783
GASTROINTESTINAL REACTIONS
(See under Gastrointestinal
disorders)
GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
(See under Gastrointestinal
disorders)
GROIN PAIN
Copaiba Balsam
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
HAIR DISCOLORATION
Trailing Arbutus
(Epigae repens)
768
HALLUCINATIONS
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
197
Goldenseal
(Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
Peyote
(Lophophora williamsii) . G-19, 588
Yage (Banisteriopsis caapi)
833
HALLUCINATIONS, AUDITORY
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa)
Peyote
(Lophophora williamsii)
G-17, 500
. .G-19, 588
HALLUCINATIONS, VISUAL
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa)
Peyote r
(Lophophora williamsii)
G-17, 500
. G-19, 588
HEADACHE
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
47
Black Cohosh
(Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-S, 92
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species)
177
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Digitalis
(Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
Digitalis Lanata
(Digitalis lanata)
250
European Mistletoe
(Viscum album)
G-11, 291
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Herb Paris
(Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Indian Squill
(Urginea indica)
421
Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . . . ,G-16, 475
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
Male Fern
(Dryopteris filix-mas) . . . .G-17, 493
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-18, S28
Pleurisy Root
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, S98
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
Quassia (Picrasma excelsa)
622
Quebracho (Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
623
Squill (Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum perforatum) . G-23, 719
Strophanthus
(Strophanthus Kombe)
736
Swamp Milkweed
(Asclepias incarnata) . . . G-23, 743
Sweet Clover
(Melilotus officinalis) . . . G-24, 744
Sweet Woodruff
(Galium odoratum)
G-24, 751
Tree of Heaven
(Ailanthus altissima)
770
Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783
Wormwood
(Artemisia absinthium) .. G-26, 829
HEADACHE, MIGRAINE
Plantain (Musa paradisiaca)
. . . . 597
HEARING, IMPAIRED
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
HYPOTENSION / 1 - 1 6 9
HEAT INTOLERANCE
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
HEMATURIA
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus)
Sandalwood
(Santalum album)
G-3, 16
G-8, 169
659
HEMIPARESIS
Asarum (Asarum europaeum)
. . . .48
HEMOGLOBINURIA
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
HEMOLYSIS
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
HEMOLYTIC ICTERUS
(See under Jaundice)
Pennyroyal
(Mentha pulegium)
579
Petasites
(Petasites hybridus)
G-19, 585
Ragwort
(Senecio jacobaea)
G-20, 629
Sweet Clover
(Melilotus officinalis) . . . G-24, 744
Sweet Woodruff
(Galium odoratum)
G-24, 751
Tonka Beans
(Dipteryx odorata)
767
Trailing Arbutus
(Epigae repens)
768
Uva-Ursi
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
G-25, 779
Witch Hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana) . G-26, 821
(See under Urticaria)
HYPERACIDITY
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
(See under Liver function, impaired)
HEPATOTOXICITY
Alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) . . G-3, 13
Alpine Cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20
Alpine Ragwort
(Senecio nemorensis)
21
Borage (Borago officinalis) . G-e, 114
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Colt's Foot
(Tussilago farfara)
G-9, 209
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . ., G-9, 212
Dusty Miller
(Senecio bicolor)
258
Forgbt-Me-Not
(Myosotis arvensis)
G-12, 316
Germander
(Teucrium chamaedrys) . . .G-12, 337
Golden Ragwort
(Senecio aureus)
354
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) . . . . 374
Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
Mercury Herb (Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
HYPERTENSION
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
Licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
120
G-16, 469
G-ie, 488
843
HYPERTENSION, PORTAL
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
HYPERTHERMIA
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
HIVES
HEPATIC ADENOMA
HEPATIC FUNCTION TESTS, IMPAIRED
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
G-8, 165
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
261
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) .G-12, 339
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Bladderwrack
(Fucus vesiculosus)
106
HYPERTHYROIDISM, EXACERBATION OF
Kelp (Laminaria hyperborea)
HYPERALDOSTERONISM
Buckthorn
(Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
G-8, 185
Frangula
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
. . . 446
HYPERTONIA
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA
Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus)
G-23, 741
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Guar Gum
(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
. . . . 376
HYPERDIPSIA
HYPOKALEMIA
(See under Dipsesis)
HYPEREXCITABILITY
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Khat (Catha edulis)
447
HYPERPYREXIA
(See under Fever)
HYPERSALIVATION
(See under Sialism)
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS,
GENERAL
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
Buckthorn
(Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
G-8, ISS
Frangula
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
Senna (Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
HYPOTENSION
G-3, 16
Black Cohosh
(Cimicifuga racemosa)
. . . . G-5, 92
1-170 /HYPOTENSION
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-IS, 425
Pontian Rhododendron
(Rhododendron ponticum)
. . . . 606
HYPOTHERMIA
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-13, 369
G-16, 488
.G-17, sos
IRRITATION
G-18, 521
ICTERUS
(See under Jaundice)
Club Moss
(Lycopodium clavatum)
Short Buchu
(Barosma betulina)
197
IMPOTENCE
Rauwolfia
(Rauwolfia serpentina)
631
691
3
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
466
INFECTION, SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE
White Bryony
(Bryonia alba)
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
IRRITABILITY
Coffee (Coffea arabica)
LIPS, SWELLING
JAUNDICE
Germander
(Teucrium chamaedrys) . . .G-12, 337
KIDNEY DAMAGE
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Labrador Tea (Ledum
latifolium)
451
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
G-9, 202
LESIONS, GASTROINTESTINAL
ITCHING
INFLAMMATION, ORAL
INTOXICATION, STATE OF
280
LESIONS, HEPATIC
(See under Stomatitis)
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Cola (Cola acuminata)
205
Copaiba Balsam
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
G-17, 508
Valerian
(Valeriana officinalis) . . . G-25, 783
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
LEGS, WEAKNESS
(See under Irritation, local)
Bishop's Weed
(Ammi Visnaga)
INSOMNIA
177
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
Birth wort
(Aristolochia clematitis) .
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species)
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . .
Mercury Herb
(Mercurialis annua)
Scotch Pine (Pinus species)
Tolu Balsam
(Myroxylon balsamum) ..
47
LIVER DAMAGE
LIVER FUNCTION, CHANGES
G-5, 81
Tonka Beans
(Dipteryx odorata)
767
LIVER FUNCTION, IMPAIRED
. G-5, so
G-8, 165
177
. G-9, 212
G-17, 513
G-22, 674
G-24, 764
KIDNEY DISORDERS, EXACERBATION OF
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida)
(See under Hepatotoxicity)
JAUNDICE, CHOLESTATIC
G-25, soo
G-17, 500
IRRITATION, SKIN
(See under Pruritus)
G-3, 10
. . . 641
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species)
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
IRRITATION, LOCAL
INDIGESTION
Acacia (Acacia arabica)
Agrimony
(Agrimonia eupatoria)
Rhatany (Krameria triandra)
LARYNGITIS
Marijuana
(Cannabis sativa)
LARYNGOSPASM
196
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Coca (Erythroxylum coca)
Cypress
(Cupressus sempervirens) . G-9, 241
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
827
G-14, 403
Comfrey
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
MALIGNANCY
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, 16
MANIC BEHAVIOR
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium)
G-15, 436
Sweet Gale (Myrica gale) . G-24, 745
MASTALGIA
(See under Mastodynia)
MASTODYNIA
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES
KIDNEY IRRITATION
Bitter Apple
(Citrullus colocynthis)
G-S, 83
Buckthorn
(Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
Cane-Reed (Costus speciosa) . . .146
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Beth Root
(Trillium erectum)
G-4, 74
MENTAL DEPRESSION
(See under Depression)
MICTURITION DISTURBANCES
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
NAUSEA /I-171
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica) . . 67i
MIGRAINE, AGGRAVATED
Brewer's Yeast
{Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . .118
Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199
MIOSIS
Herb Paris
{Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
MOTOR SKILLS, IMPAIRMENT
Aga {Amanita muscaria)
Rauwolfia
{Rauwolfia serpentina)
G-3, 8
63i
MOUTH SENSATIONS, UNPLEASANT
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
Mountain Laurel
{Kalmia latifolia)
Buttercup {Ranunculus acris) . . .133
Clematis {Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194
Elecampane
{Inula helenium)
G-10, 266
Globe Flower
{Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Green Hellebore
{Helleborus viridis)
368
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Orris {Iris species)
G-19, 56i
Poisonous Buttercup
{Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601
White Bryony
{Bryonia alba)
G-25, 800
MUSCLE CRAMP
{See under Cramping, muscular)
G-5, 97
G-IS, 528
MUSCLE PITCHING
{See under Fasciculations)
MOUTH, BURNING
MUSCLE WEAKNESS
Celandine
{Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
Croton Seeds
{Croton tiglium)
234
Cypress Spurge
{Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Night-Blooming Cereus
{Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543
{See under Myasthenia)
MUTAGENICITY
Basil {Ocimum basilicum) . . . G-4, 64
Comfrey
{Symphytum officinale) . .. G-9, 212
Madder {Rubia tinctorum) . G-ie, 490
MYALGIA
Chaulmoogra
{Hydnocarpus species)
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
MOUTH, DRY
{See under Xerostomia)
177
280
MUCOUS MEMBRANE IRRITANT
Arum {Arum maculatum)
46
Hedge-Hyssop
{Gratiola officinalis)
G-13, 385
Horseradish
{Armoracia rusticana) . . . G-14, 408
Marsh Marigold
{Caltha palustris)
G-17, 503
Poke
{Phytolacca americana) . G-20, 602
Spurge {Euphorbia resinifera) . . . 716
Traveller's Joy
{Clematis vitalba)
G-25, 769
...
26
G-5, 83
128
G-18, 528
MYDRIASIS
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger)
Mandrake {Mandragora
officinarum)
Valerian {Valeriana
officinalis)
G-14, 389
G-17, 495
'
G-25, 783
NASAL CONGESTION
Rauwolfia
{Rauwolfia serpentina)
MUCOUS MEMBRANE, IRRITATION OF
American Liverleaf
{Hepatica nobilis)
Bitter Apple
{Citrullus colocynthis)
Bulbous Buttercup
{Ranunculus bulbosus)
MYASTHENIA
Mountain Laurel
{Kalmia latifolia)
631
NAUSEA
Alpine Cranberry
{Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20
American Pawpaw
{Asimina triloba)
27
Angostura
{Galipea officinalis)
34
Beth Root
{Trillium erectum)
G-4, 74
Black Hellebore
{Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
Butcher's Broom
{Ruscus aculeatus)
G-7, 132
Cane-Reed {Costus speciosa) . . . 146
Celandine
{Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
Colchicum
{Colchicum autumnale) . . . G-9, 206
Cranesbill
{Geranium maculatum)
233
Cyclamen
{Cyclamen europaeum)
240
Echinacea Angustifolia
{Echinacea angustifolia)
26i
Echinacea Pallida
{Echinacea pallida)
261
Echinacea Purpurea
{Echinacea purpurea) . . . .G-10, 26i
Elephant-Ears
{Bergenia crassifolia)
268
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
280
Eucalyptus
{Eucalyptus globulus) . . . G-11, 283
Guar Gum
{Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) . . . . 376
Herb Paris
{Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Indian-Hemp
{Apocynum cannabinum)
418
Ipecac
{Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
423
Jaborandi
{Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-IS, 425
Jalap {Ipomoea purga)
G-15, 427
Kousso {Hagenia abyssinica) . .. 450
Lily-of-the-Valley
{Convallaria majalis) .. . G-ie, 475
Ma-Huang
{Ephedra sinica)
G-ie, 488
Male Fern
{Dryopteris filix-mas) .. . G-17, 493
Manna {Fraxinus ornus) . . G-17, 496
Monkshood
{Aconitum napellus)
G-i8, 521
Mountain Laurel
{Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
1-172 /NAUSEA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Myrtle {Myrtus communis) . G-i8, 536
Niauli
{Melaleucea viridiflora)
542
Night-Blooming Cereus
{Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . . 543
Sandalwood
{Santalum album)
659
Sarsaparilla
{Smilax species)
G-21, 661
Stavesacre
{Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726
Strophanthus
{Strophanthus Kombe)
736
Trailing Arbutus
{Epigae repens)
768
Tree of Heaven
{Ailanthus altissima)
770
Uva-Ursi
{Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779
Yohimbe Bark
{Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
NECROSIS, CUTANEOUS
Black Mustard
{Brassica nigra)
Mezereon
{Daphne mezereum)
Savin Tops
{Juniperus sabina)
White Bryony
{Bryonia alba)
NERVE DAMAGE
White Mustard
{Sinapis alba)
PANIC
G-25, 805
NERVOUSNESS
346
NEUROTOXICITY
G-8, 165
NUMBNESS, FINGERS
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
280
OBSTIPATION
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
Mandrake {Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Scopolia {Scopolia carniolica) . . 671
OLIGURIA
Broad Bean {Vicia faba)
120
ORTHOSTATIC CIRCULATORY
DISORDERS
G-5, 100
G-17, 515
G-21, 663
G-25, soo
European Mistletoe
{Viscum album)
Arnica {Arnica montana)
European Mistletoe
{Viscwn album)
41
G-11, 291
NEPHRITIS
Scarlet Pimpernel
{Anagallis arvensis)
G-11, 291
Aloe
{Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
G-3, ie
Buckthorn
{Rhamnus catharticus) . .. G-6, 123
Cascara Sagrada
{Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 153
Chinese Rhubarb
{Rheum palmatum)
G-8, 185
Frangula
{Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317 I
Mountain Laurel
{Kalmia latifolia)
{See under Distress, epigastric)
PAIN, LIMB
Black Cohosh
{Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-5, 92
{See under Myalgia)
{See under Stomachache)
G-17, 500
PERSPIRATION
PHOTODERMATOSIS
PAIN, ABDOMINAL
G-18, 528
PERCEPTION OF TIME AND SPACE,
ALTERATIONS IN
Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199
{See under Abdominal pain/cramps)
594
PARESTHESIA
{See under Diaphoresis)
PAIN, STOMACH
NEPHROPATHY
PARALYSIS, SPINAL CORD
Pink Root
{Spigelia marilandica)
OVERSTIMULATION
PAIN, MUSCLE
G-22, 668
Areca Nut {Areca catechu) . .G-4, 38
Chaulmoogra
{Hydnocarpus species)
177
Labrador Tea
{Ledum latifolium)
451
Mercury Herb {Mercurialis
annua)
G-17, 513
Wormseed Oil {Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
Marijuana
{Cannabis sativa)
PAIN, EPIGASTRIC
NECROSIS, SKIN
843
PARALYSIS
Ginseng {Panax ginseng)
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum)
Yohimbe Bark
{Pausinystalia yohimbe)
Angelica
{Angelica archangelica) . . . G-3, 32
Dill {Anethum graveolens) . G-10, 252
Parsley
{Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
Rue {Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
PHOTOSENSITIVITY
Parsnip {Pastinaca sativa) . G-19, 571
Pimpinella
{Pimpinella major)
G-19, 591
Rue {Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
St. John's Wort
{Hypericum perforatum) . .G-23, 719
PAIN, UTERINE
Quassia {Picrasma excelsa)
622
PALPITATIONS
Coffee {Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Green Tea
{Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Mate {Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, 508
PANCREATIC DISEASE, UNSPECIFIED
Comfrey
{Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
PHOTOTOXICITY
Bishop's Weed
{Ammi Visnaga)
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium)
Burning Bush
{Dictamnus albus)
Celery {Apium graveolens)
Contrayerva {Dorstenia
contrayerva)
G-5, SI
G-5, 86
G-7, 130
G-8, 172
218
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
SENSITIVITY REACTIONS / I - 1 7 3
Haronga (Haronga
madagascariensis)
380
Hogweed
(Heracleum sphondylium) G-14, 396
Lovage
{Levisticum officinale) . . . .G-16, 482
Masterwort
(Peucedanum ostruthium)
507
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) . G-i9, 571
Tolu Balsam
(Myroxylon balsamwn) . . G-24, 764
Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata) . . . 790
PIGMENTATION
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium)
Quinine
{Cinchona pubescens) . . . G-20, 626
Sandalwood
{Santalum album)
659
Stavesacre
{Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726
PSEUDOALDOSTERONISM
Licorice
{Glycyrrhiza glabra)
G-16, 469
PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCES
Coca {Erythroxylum coca)
{See under Dependence,
psychological)
PULMONARY HYPERPLASIA
Comfrey
{Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
REFLEXES, ABNORMAL
Areca Nut {Areca catechu) . .G-4, 38
Cat's Claw
{Unicaria tomentosa)
PULSE CHANGES
Squill {Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
54
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
RESTLESSNESS
{See under Dysphoria)
PULSE, FAST
Cocoa {Theobroma cacao) . . G-8, 199
RHINITIS
Psyllium {Plantago ovata)
612
PULSE, IRREGULAR
Indian Squill
{Urginea indica)
RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS
421
PUPIL ENLARGEMENT
Cypress Spurge
{Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Kava Kava {Piper
methysticum)
G-15, 443
PURPURA
Cayenne
{Capsicum annuum)
Senna {Cassia senna)
{See under Sialism)
SALIVATION, INCREASE
{See under Sialism)
SEDATION
Henbane
{Hyoscyamus niger)
SEIZURES
PRURITUS
PUSTULES, UNSPECIFIED
{See under Convulsions)
Bitter Orange
{Citrus aurantium)
Goa Powder
{Andira ararobd)
G-8, 165
G-22, 684
SALIVATION
{See under Hypokalemia)
Arnica {Arnica montand)
41
Brewer's Yeast
{Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . . 118
Cowhage {Mucuna pruriens) . . . . 230
Cypress Spurge
{Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Ergot {Claviceps purpurea)
280
Horse Chestnut {Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Night-Blooming Cereus
{Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . . 543
Poppyseed
{Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
ieo
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Tolu Balsam
{Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764
POTASSIUM LOSS
G-5, 90
RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
{See under Thrombocytopenia)
POISONOUS
Black Bryony
{Tamus communis)
Astragalus
{Astragalus species)
PLATELET, DECREASE
Asarum {Asarum europaeum) . . . .48
Bitter Apple
{Citrullus colocynthis)
G-S, 83
European Water Hemlock
{Cicuta virosa)
G-11, 297
Fool's Parsley {Aethusa
cynapium)
G-12, 316
Rust-Red Rhododendron
{Rhododendron
ferrugineum)
650
Tansy {Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754
Taumelloolch
{Lolium temulentum)
G-24, 756
Tobacco
{Nicotiana tabacum)
G-24, 762
Wormwood Grass
{Spigelia anthelmia)
831
RASH, PUSTULAR
RENAL FAILURE
197
PSYCHIC DEPENDENCE
G-5, 86
Poppyseed
{Papaver somniferum) . . . .G-20, 609
White Bryony
{Bryonia alba)
G-25, 800
G-14, 389
SEIZURES, EXACERBATION OF
G-S, 86
352
PYREXIA
{See under Fever)
RASH
Arnica {Arnica montand)
41
Asarum {Asarum europaeum) . . . .48
Chaste Tree
{Vitex agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Guaiac {Guaiacum officinale) . . . 37s
Evening Primrose
{Oenothera biennis)
G-11, 298
SENSATION, ABNORMAL
{See under Paresthesia)
SENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Boneset
{Eupatorium perfoliatum) . G-6, 113
Cornflower
{Centaurea cyanus)
G-9, 225
Gotu Kola
{Centella asiatica)
G-13, 359
1-174/SENSITIVITY REACTIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-13, 388
Iceland Moss (Cetraria
islandica)
415
Ipecac
{Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
423
SERUM ELECTROLYTE CHANGES
{See under Electrolyte imbalance)
SERUM POTASSIUM, REDUCTION
(See under Hypokalemia)
SERUM TRIGLYCERIDE, ELEVATION
(See under Hypertriglyceridemia)
SHAKING
(See under Tremors)
SHIVERING
(See under Tremors)
SIALISM
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . . G-4, 38
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Daffodil
(Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-i5, 425
Kousso (Hagenia abyssinica) . . . 450
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-18, 528
Quebracho (Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
623
Stavesacre
(Delphinium staphisagria)
. . . . 726
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
SIALORRHEA
SKIN, BURNING OF
(See under Sialism)
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias)
SIALOSIS
(See under Sialism)
SKIN ERUPTIONS
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543'
SKIN REACTIONS
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Artichoke
(Cynara scolymus)
Blessed Thistle
(Cnicus benedictus)
Boneset
(Eupatorium petfoliatum) .G-6, 113
Burdock (Arctium lappa) . . . G-7, 128
Castor Oil Plant
(Ricinus communis)
G-7, 158
Chicory
(Cichorium intybus)
G-8, 181
Chinese Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum aromaticum) . . . 182
Cinnamon
(Cinnamomum verum) . . . . G-8, 190
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
234
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Elecampane
(Inula helenium)
G-IO, 266
English Ivy (Hedera helix) G-IO, 275
Feverfew
(Tanacetum parthenium) . .G-11, 306
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . . . G-12, 342
Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium
cannabinum)
G-i3, 388
Hops (Humulus lupulus) . . G-14, 400
Hydrangea
(Hydrangea arborescens)
.G-14, 413
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
466
Nerve Root
(Cypripedium calceolus)
541
Pipsissewa
(Chimaphila umbellata)
595
Poplar (Populus species) . . G-20, 607
Savin Tops
(Juniperus sabina)
G-21, 663
Stavesacre
(Delphinium staphisagria)
. . . . 726
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) .G-24, 754
4i
G-4, 44
G-6, 107
234
. . G-9, 242
SKIN, ERUPTIONS OF
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
234
466
SKIN, IRRITATION OF
American Hellebore
(Veratrum viride)
25
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Artichoke
(Cynara scolymus)
G-4, 44
Birch (Betula species)
G-5, 78
Black Bryony
(Tamus communis)
G-5, 90
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Cashew (Anacardium
occidentale)
G-7, 157
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species)
177
Chinese Olive
(Canarium species)
184
Clematis (Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194
Clove
(Syzygium aromaticum) . . . G-8, 195
Cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) . . . .230
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
234
Globe Flower
(Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Goa Powder
(Andira araroba)
352
Indian Squill
(Urginea indica)
421
Jack-in-the-Pulpit
(Arisaema atrorubens)
426
Marsh Marigold
(Caltha palustris)
G-17, 503
Mayapple
(Podophyllum peltatum) . .G-17, 510
Mugwort
(Artemisia vulgaris)
G-IS, 530
Nasturtium
(Tropaeolum majus)
G-18, 537
Orris (Iris species)
G-19, sei
Pasque Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
572
Poisonous Buttercup
(Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, eoi
Savin Tops
(Juniperus sabina)
G-21, 663
Scotch Pine (Pinus species) G-22, 674
Soapwort
(Saponaria officinalis) . . . G-22, 701
Spikenard
(Aralia racemosa)
G-23, 711
SIDE EFFECTS INDEX
Spurge (Euphorbia resinifera)
Squill (Urginea maritima) .
Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica)
Traveller's Joy
(Clematis vitalba)
White Bryony
(Bryonia alba)
White Mustard
(Sinapis alba)
TACHYARRHYTHMIA
. . . 716
G-23, 717
. . . 729
G-25, 769
G-25, 800
G-25, 805
SKIN, REDDENING
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
Stavesacre
(Delphinium
staphisagria)
SPASM, TONIC-CLONIC
G-17, 515
Hyssop
(Hyssopus
726
G-15, 443
SLEEP DISTURBANCES
cacao)
G-8, 199
SLEEPINESS
(See under Drowsiness)
SLEEPLESSNESS
(See under Insomnia)
SNEEZING
Black Mustard
(Brassica nigra)
G-5, 100
SOMNOLENCE
(See under Drowsiness)
SPASM, GASTROINTESTINAL
Birthwort
(Aristolochia
clematitis) . . . G-5, 8 0
Buckthorn
{Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 1 2 3
Cascara Sagrada
(Rhamnus purshiana) . . . . G-7, 1 5 3
'
Chinese Rhubarb
(Rheum palmatum)
. . . . . G-8, 1 8 5
Digitalis Lanata
250
(Digitalis lanata)
Frangula
(Rhamnus frangula) . . . . G-12, 3 1 7
Senna (Cassia senna) . . . . G-22, 6 8 4
SPASM, GENERALIZED
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . . G-4, 38
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
G-17, 515
STOMATITIS, ULCERATIVE
Tolu Balsam
(Myroxyion balsamum) . . .G-24, 764
STOOL URGENCY
Stavesacre
(Delphinium staphisagria)
. . . . 726
STUFFINESS, NASAL
STUPOR
officinalis)
G-15, 414
SPEECH, COMPULSIVE
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium)
Kava Kava
(Piper methysticum)
STOMATITIS
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
(See under Nasal congestion)
G-14, 389
SKIN, YELLOWING
Cocoa (Theobroma
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum
camphora)
G-7, 143
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) . . . G-12, 342
Labrador Tea
(Ledum latifolium)
451
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
latifolia)
G-IS, 528
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
/I-175
G-15, 436
STOMACH COMPLAINTS
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius)
Butcher's Broom
(Ruscus aculeatus)
Chives
(Allium schoenoprasum) . .
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . .
Cola (Cola acuminata)
European Five-Finger Grass
(Potentilla reptans)
Henna (Lawsonia inermis) .
Potentilla
(Potentilla anserina)
Sarsaparilla
(Smilax species)
Saw Palmetto
(Serenoa repens)
Turmeric
(Curcuma domestica)
White Willow
(Salix species)
117
G-7, 132
G-8, 188
G-9, 202
205
G-11, 289
G-14, 391
G-20, eio
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
234
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . . . .G-16, 475
Mezereon (Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Quebracho (Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
623
Strophanthus
(Strophanthus Kombe)
736
Sweet Clover
(Melilotus officinalis) . . . .G-24, 744
Sweet Woodruff
(Galium odoratum)
G-24, 7Si
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
827
SWEAT GLAND DISORDER
Scopolia (Scopolia carniolica)
G-21, 66i
G-21, 664
775
.. 67i
SWEAT, COLD
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
SWEATING
(See under Diaphoresis)
G-25, 807
STOMACHACHE
Copaiba Balsam
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
Cyclamen
(Cyclamen europaeum)
240
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
Soybean (Glycine soja) . . . G-22, 707
SWEATING, DECREASED
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
SWELLING, UNSPECIFIED
Bitter Orange
(Citrus aurantium)
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-3, 86
G-17, 515
TACHYARRHYTHMIA
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
G-14, 389
1 - 1 7 6 /TACHYCARDIA
PDR FOR HERBA L M E D I C I N E S
TACHYCARDIA
TINGLING, TOES
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
280
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
Mezereon {Daphne
mezereum)
G-17, 515
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
TACHYPHYLAXIS
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
ULCERS, CUTANEOUS
G-18, 521
TINNITUS
(See under Hyperthermia)
ULCERS, GASTRIC
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) .G-12, 339
(See under Fatigue)
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
TISSUE DAMAGE
(See under Consciousness, loss of)
Aloe
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
URINARY DISTURBANCES
G-3, 16
TONGUE, BURNING
(See under Glossoncus)
Jalap (Ipomoea purga) . .
Morning Glory
(Ipomoea hederacea) . .
G-15, 427
TOXICITY, UNSPECIFIED
(See under Thrombocytopenia)
American Hellebore
(Veratrum viride)
25
Bitter Candytuft
(Iberis amara)
84
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) . . . 228
Fool's Parsley
(Aethusa cynapium)
G-12, 316
Nux Vomica
(Strychnos nux vomica) . G-18, 547
Taumelloolch
(Lolium temulentum)
G-24, 756
Tulip Tree
(Liriodendron tulipifera)
774
White Hellebore
(Veratrum album)
G-25, 803
Yew (Taxus baccata)
G-26, 841
THYROID GLAND ENLARGEMENT
TREMBLING
Bugleweed
(Lycopus virginicus)
(See under Tremors)
523
THIRST
(See under Dipsesis)
THROAT IRRITATION
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Stavesacre
(Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Quinine
(Cinchona pubescens) . . . G-20, 626
THROMBOPENIA
G-6, 126
TINGLING
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
G-i8, 521
TINGLING, FINGERS
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
G-is, 521
TREMORS
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . . G-4, 38
Copaiba Balsam
(Copaifera langsdorffi)
220
Poppyseed
(Papaver somniferum) . . . G-20, 609
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus ficaria)
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
Pasque Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
Lesser Celandine
(Ranunculus
ficaria)
URINARY TRACT IRRITATION
URINARY URGENCY
Stavesacre
(Delphinium staphisagria) . . . . 726
URINE, PRESENCE OF RBC'S
TRIGLYCERIDES, INCREASE
(See under Hematuria)
TUMORS, MALIGNANT
G-i8, 521
Areca Nut (Areca catechu) . G-4, 38
466
American Liverleaf
(Hepatica nobilis)
26
Bulbous Buttercup
(Ranunculus bulbosus)
128
Buttercup (Ranunculus acris) . . . 133
Clematis (Clematis recta) . . G-8, 194
Globe Flower
(Trollius europaeus)
G-12, 351
Pasque Flower
(Pulsatilla pratensis)
572
Poisonous Buttercup
(Ranunculus sceleratus) . G-20, 601
Sarsaparilla
(Smilax species)
G-21, 66i
Traveller's Joy
(Clematis vitalba)
G-25, 769
Wood Anemone
(Anemone nemorosa)
824
(See under Tremors)
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
572
URINARY TRACT DISORDER,
UNSPECIFIED
Tree of Heaven
(Ailanthus altissima)
(See under Hypertriglyceridemia)
G-16, 488
(See under Micturition disturbances)
TREMULOUSNESS
TINGLING, MOUTH
466
URINARY FREQUENCY
TINGLING, LIMBS
770
G-8, 165
TIREDNESS
TONGUE, SWELLING
TERATOGENICITY
G-5, 100
Wormseed Oil (Chenopodium
ambrosioides)
G-26, 828
Asarum (Asarum europaeum) . . . .48
TEMPERATURE ELEVATION
Black Mustard
(Brassica nigra)
Cayenne
(Capsicum annuum)
URTICARIA
American Pawpaw
(Asimina triloba)
27
SIDE E F F E C T S INDEX
WATER R E T E N T I O N / 1 - 1 7 7
Brewer's Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . . . 118
Psyllium (Plantago ovata)
612
Psyllium Seed
(Plantago afra)
G-20, 616
Tolu Balsam
(Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764
VERTIGO
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
Green Tea (Camellia
sinensis)
Quebracho (Aspidosperma
quebracho-bianco)
120
G-13, 369
623
VESTIBULAR DISTURBANCES
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
VISION ABNORMALITIES
(See under Visual disturbances)
VISION, CHANGES
(See under Visual disturbances)
VISION, DOUBLE
(See under Diplopia)
VISION, TEMPORARY LOSS OF
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 528
VISUAL DISTURBANCES
Chaulmoogra
(Hydnocarpus species)
177
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Wormseed (Artemisia cina)
827
VOMITING
Aga (Amanita muscaria)
G-3, 8
Alpine Cranberry
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20
Angostura
(Galipea officinalis)
34
Birthwort
(Aristolochia clematitis) ... G-5, SO
Bitter Apple
(Citrullus colocynthis)
G-5, 83
Black Cohosh
(Cimicifuga racemosa) . . . . G-S, 92
Black Hellebore
(Helleborus niger)
G-5, 97
Black Root
(Leptandra virginica)
104
Brazilian Pepper Tree
(Schinus terebinthifolius)
117 I
Broad Bean (Vicia faba)
120
Celandine
(Chelidonium majus)
G-8, 169
Cinquefoil
(Potentilla erecta)
G-8, 192
Coffee (Coffea arabica) . . . . G-9, 202
Colchicum
(Colchicum autumnale) . . . G-9, 206
Colombo
(Jateorhiza palmata)
208
Cranesbill
(Geranium maculatum)
233
Croton Seeds
(Croton tiglium)
234
Cyclamen
(Cyclamen europaeum)
240
Cypress Spurge
(Euphorbia cyparissias) . . G-9, 242
Daffodil
(Narcissus pseudonarcissus) . . . 243
Digitalis
(Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea angustifolia)
261
Echinacea Pallida
(Echinacea pallida)
26i
Echinacea Purpurea
(Echinacea purpurea) . . . G-10, 261
Elephant-Ears
(Bergenia crassifolia)
268
Ergot (Claviceps purpurea)
280
Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus globulus) . .. G-11, 283
Frangula
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
Gamboge
(Garcinia hanburyi)
G-12, 325
Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
346
Green Tea
(Camellia sinensis)
G-13, 369
Herb Paris
(Paris quadrifolia)
G-14, 392
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus <
hippocastanum)
G-14, 403
Indian Squill (Urginea
indica)
421
Indian-Hemp
(Apocynum cannabinum)
418
Ipecac
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
423
Jaborandi
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
Labrador Tea
(Ledum latifolium)
451
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Convallaria majalis) . . . G-16, 475
Ma-Huang
(Ephedra sinica)
G-16, 488
Male Fern
(Dryopteris filix-mas) . . . G-17, 493
Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) G-17, sos
Mezereon
(Daphne mezereum)
G-17, 515
Monkshood
(Aconitum napellus)
G-18, 521
Mountain Flax
(Linum catharticum)
526
Mountain Laurel
(Kalmia latifolia)
G-IS, 52s
Myrtle (Myrtus communis) . G-IS, 536
Niauli
(Melaleucea viridiflora)
542
Night-Blooming Cereus
(Selenicereus grandiflorus) . . . .543
Orris (Iris species)
G-19, sei.
Pleurisy Root
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Simaruba (Simaruba amara) . . . . 695
Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) . . . 700
Squill (Urginea maritima) . G-23, 717
Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) . . . 729
Strophanthus
(Strophanthus Kombe)
736
Swamp Milkweed
(Asclepias incarnata) .. . .6-23, 743
Trailing Arbutus
(Epigae repens)
768
Uva-Ursi
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) .G-25, 779
Wormwood
(Artemisia absinthium) . G-26, 829
Yellow Dock
(Rumex crispus)
835
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens) . . . . 838
Yohimbe Bark
(Pausinystalia yohimbe)
843
VOMITING, BLOODY
Arum (Arum maculatum)
WATER RETENTION
(See under Edema)
46
1-178 /WEAKNESS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
(See under Asthenia)
European Mistletoe
(Viscum album)
WHEALS
XEROSTOMIA
Black Bryony
(Tamus communis)
Henbane
(Hyoscyamus niger)
WEAKNESS
G-S, 90
G-11, 291
Mandrake (Mandragora
officinarum)
G-17, 495
G-14, 389
Yellow Jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens)
. . . . 838
4|
*
1-17
Drug/Herb Interactions Guide
This section catalogs potentially adverse drug/herb combinations by both the generic name of
the drug or drug category and the accepted common name of the herb.
Under each bold-face
drug entry you '11 find a list of the herbs with which the agent may interact. Likewise, under a
bold-face herb entry you '11 find a list of potentially interactive drugs. A description of the
interaction's effect follows each item in the list. Further information on each drug can be found
in Physicians' Desk Reference®. Information on each herb appears in the Herbal Monographs
section of this book.
ADONIS
Calcium
(Increases action
Digoxin
(Increases action
Glucocorticoids
(Increases action
Laxatives
(Increases action
Quinidine
(Increases action
Saluretics
(Increases action
ADONIS
of Adonis)
of Adonis)
of Adonis)
ALOE VERA
Green Tea
(Decreased absorption of alkaline
drugs due to tannin component in
tea)
Oak
(Absorption of alkaline drugs may
be reduced or inhibited)
{See under Aloe)
ALPHA ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Saw Palmetto
(Saw Palmetto has an additive
alpha adrenergic blocking effect
when given in combination with
alpha blockers)
of Adonis)
ALKALOIDS
ALPINE CRANBERRY
of Adonis)
Oak
(Absorption of alkaloids may be
reduced or inhibited)
Medication and Food that Increase
Uric Acid Levels
(Decreases effect of Alpine
Cranberry)
of Adonis)
VERNAL/S
{See under Adonis)
AESCULUS
ALKALINE DRUGS
HIPPOCASTANUM
{See under Horse Chestnut)
ALCOHOL
German Chamomile
(May increase sedative effect)
Rauwolfia
(Increases impairment of motor
skills)
Valerian
(Additive depressive effects with
Valerian)
White Willow
(Enhances toxicity of salicylates)
ALOE
Antiarrhythmics
(Aloe-induced hypokalemia may
affect cardiac rhythm)
Cardiac Glycosides
(Increases effect of cardiac
glycosides)
Corticosteroids
(Increased potassium loss)
Licorice
(Increased potassium loss)
Thiazide Diuretics
(Increased potassium loss)
ALOE
Belladonna
(Increases anticholinergic effect of
herb)
Henbane
(Increased anticholinergic action)
Scopolia
(Increased effect when given
simultaneously with herb)
ANDROGENS
Saw Palmetto
(Saw Palmetto antagonizes the
effect of androgens)
BARBADENSIS
{See under Aloe)
ALOE
AMANTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE
CAPENSIS
{See under Aloe)
ANTIARRHYTHMICS
Aloe
(Aloe-induced hypokalemia may
affect cardiac rhythm)
1-180 /ANTIARRHYTHMICS
Buckthorn
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Cascara Sagrada
(Potentiates arrhythmias with
prolonged use of Cascara)
Licorice
(Licorice-induced hypokalemia
increases risk of arrhythmias)
Senna
(Senna-induced hypokalemia may
increase risk of arrythmia)
ANTICHOLINERGICS
Jimson Weed
(Co-administration of Jimson
Weed with other anticholinergic
drugs may increase the frequency
and/or severity of anticholinergic
side effects such as dry mouth,
constipation, drowsiness, and
others)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
White Willow
(Additive effect with salicylates)
ANTITHROMBOLYTIC DRUGS
Ginkgo
(Increases effect of
antithrombolytic drugs)
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS
UVA-URSI
(See under Uva-Ursi)
Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified
(Coumarin component in Arnica
may increase anticoagulant effect)
Warfarin Sodium
(Additive anticoagulant effect)
ARNICA
MONTANA
(See under Arnica)
ARTEMISIA
ABSINTHIUM
(See under Wormwood)
ASPIRIN
Arnica
(Coumarin component in Arnica
may increase anticoagulant effect)
Astragalus
(Astragalus may potentiate
anticoagulant effects)
Horse Chestnut
(Horse Chestnut has a coumarin
componant and may interact with
warfarin, salicylates and other
drugs with anticoagulant
properties)
Cayenne
(Decreased bioavailability of
aspirin)
Feverfew
(Increased antithrombotic effect)
Evening Primrose
(Evening Primrose oil may lower
seizure threshold and decrease
effectiveness of anticonvulsant
medications)
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS,
UNSPECIFIED
Yohimbe Bark
(May need to adjust
antihypertensive medications due
to hypertensive effect of
Yohimbe)
German Chamomile
(May increase sedative effect)
Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified
(Astragalus may potentiate
anticoagulant effects)
Immunosuppressants
(Decreased effectiveness of
immunosuppressive effect due to
immunostimulant effect of
Astragalus)
ASTRAGALUS
SPECIES
(See under Astragalus)
ATROPA
Salicylates
(Increases prothrombin time;
caution should be observed when
used concurrently)
Warfarin Sodium
(Increases prothrombin time;
caution should be observed when
used concurrently)
BLADDERWRACK
Hypoglycemic Drugs
(Herb may have an additive
hypoglycemic effect when taken
with other hypoglycemic drugs)
BREWER'S YEAST
MAO Inhibitors
(Increase in blood pressure)
BUCKTHORN
ASTRAGALUS
BELLADONNA
(See under Belladonna)
ANTIHISTAMINES
Henbane
(Increased anticholinergic action)
BENZODIAZEPINES
BILBERRY
ARNICA
ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS, UNSPECIFIED
ANTICONVULSANTS
Quinidine
(Increases anticholinergic effect of
herb)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
(Increases anticholinergic effect of
herb)
BARBITURATES
Rauwolfia
(Synergistic effect)
White Willow
(Enhances toxicity of salicylates)
BELLADONNA
Amantadine Hydrochloride
(Increases anticholinergic effect of
herb)
Antiarrhythmics
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Cardiac Glycosides
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Corticosteroids
(Increases hypokalemic effects)
Digoxin
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
Licorice Root
(Increases hypokalemic effects)
Thiazide Diuretics
(Increases hypokalemic effects)
BUGLEWEED
Diagnostic Procedures Using
Radioactive Isotopes
(Herb interferes with these
isotopes)
Thyroid Preparations
(Effect not specified)
DRUG/HERB INTERACTIONS GUIDE
CALCIUM
Adonis
(Increases action of Adonis)
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley)
Squill
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
CALCIUM SALTS
Kombe Seed
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Oleander
(Increased efficacy and side
effects when given simultaneously
with herb)
Strophanthus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
CAMELLIA
SINENSIS
(See under Green Tea)
DIGITALIS / I - 1 8 1
Ma-Huang
(Disturbance of heart rhythm)
CARDIOACTIVE STEROIDS
Castor Oil Plant
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
CARICA
PAPAYA
(See under Papaya)
CASCARA SAGRADA
Antiarrhythmics
(Potentiates arrhythmias with
prolonged use of Cascara)
Cardiac Glycosides
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Corticosteroids
(Increases hypokalemic effect)
Digoxin
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
Indomethacin
(Decreases therapeutic effect of
Cascara)
Thiazide Diuretics
(Increases hypokalemic effect)
CASSIA SENNA
CAPSICUM
ANNUUM
(See under Cayenne)
(See under Senna)
Digoxin
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
CINCHONA
PUBESCENS
(See under Quinine)
COFFEA
ARABICA
(See under Coffee)
COFFEE
Drugs, unspecified
(Herb can hinder (or decrease)
resorption of other drugs)
CONVALLARIA
MAJALIS
(See under Lily-of-the-Valley)
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Aloe
(Increased potassium loss)
Buckthorn
(Increases hypokalemic effects)
Cascara Sagrada
(Increases hypokalemic effect)
Echinacea Angustifolia
(Echinacea may potentially
interfere with the anti-cancer
chemotherapeutic effect of
corticosteroids)
CASTOR OIL PLANT
CYCLOSPORINE
White Willow
(Potentiates action of salicylates)
Cardioactive Steroids
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
CAYENNE
St. John's Wort
(The herb induces the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system and will
lower cyclosporine serum levels)
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Aloe
(Increases effect of cardiac
glycosides)
Buckthorn
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Cascara Sagrada
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Chinese Rhubarb
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Frangula
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Guarana
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Aspirin
(Decreased bioavailability of
aspirin)
CYTISUS
(See under Scotch Broom)
DATURA
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
STIMULANTS
Ma-Huang
(Ma-Huang has an additive effect
on the CNS when combined with
CNS stimulants)
CHASTE TREE
Dopamine Antagonists
(Decreased dopaminergic effect of
herb)
CHINESE RHUBARB
Cardiac Glycosides
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
SCOPARIUS
STRAMONIUM
(See under Jimson Weed)
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES USING
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
Bugleweed
(Herb interferes with these
isotopes)
DIGITALIS
Methylxanthines
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
1-182/DIGITALIS
Quinidine
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Sympathomimetic Agents
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDE PREPARATIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley)
Squill
(Squill potentiates the positive
inotropic and negative chronopic
effects of digoxin)
St. John's Wort
(Co-administration of the herb
with digoxin has resulted in a
significant decrease in the digoxin
area under the curve)
Uzara
(Herb contains cardiac glycosides
and may have additive effect
when taken with digoxin, possibly
increasing digoxin toxicity)
Licorice
(Licorice-induced hypokalemia
increases risk of digitalis toxicity)
Rauwolfia
(Severe bradycardia when used in
combination with digitalis
glycosides)
Senna
(Senna-induced hypokalemia may
increase toxicity of digitalis
preparations)
DIOSCOREA
DIGITALIS LANATA
(See under Wild Yam)
Methylxanthines
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Quinidine
(Risk of'cardiac arrhythmias)
Sympathomimetic Agents
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
DIGITALIS
PURPUREA
(See under Digitalis)
DIGOXIN
Adonis
(Increases action of Adonis)
Buckthorn
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
Cascara Sagrada
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin.
toxicity)
Chinese Rhubarb
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
Frangula
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
Guarana
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
VILLOSA
DIURETICS
Kombe Seed
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS
Chaste Tree
(Decreased dopaminergic effect of
herb)
DRUGS THAT CAUSE
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Quinine
(Herb increases risk of
thrombocytopenia)
DRUGS, UNSPECIFIED
Coffee
(Herb can hinder (or decrease)
resorption of other drugs)
Flax
(Absorption of other drugs may
be delayed when taken
simultaneously)
Niauli
(Co-administration may result in
decreased effect of drugs that
undergo liver metabolism)
Psyllium
(Absorption of other drugs may
be decreased if taken
simultaneously with herb)
Psyllium Seed
(Absorption of other drugs may
be decreased if taken
simultaneously with herb)
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA
Corticosteroids
(Echinacea may potentially
interfere with the anti-cancer
chemotherapeutic effect of
corticosteroids)
Immunosuppressants
(The immune-stimulating effect of
Echinacea may interfere with
drugs that have
immunosuppressant effects)
EPHEDRA
SINICA
(See under Ma-Huang)
ESTROGEN
Senna
(Senna decreases estrogen levels
when taken with estrogen
supplements)
Wild Yam
(Additive effect)
ETHANOL
Yohimbe Bark
(Increased anxiogenic effects)
EVENING PRIMROSE
Anticonvulsants
(Evening Primrose oil may lower
seizure threshold and decrease
effectiveness of anticonvulsant
medications)
FENUGREEK
Hypoglycemic Drugs
(Herb may have an additive
hypoglycemic effect when taken
with other hypoglycemic drugs)
FEVERFEW
Aspirin
(Increased antithrombotic effect)
Warfarin Sodium
(Increased antithrombotic effect)
FLAX
Drugs, unspecified
(Absorption of other drugs may
be delayed when taken
simultaneously)
FRANGULA
Cardiac Glycosides
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
DRUG/HERB INTERACTIONS GUIDE
Digoxin
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
FUCUS
VESICULOSUS
(See under Bladderwrack)
GALEGA
OFFICINALIS
(See under Goat's Rue)
INDIAN SQUILL / I - 1 8 3
Strophanthus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
GLYCYRRHIZA
GERMAN CHAMOMILE
Alcohol
(May increase sedative effect)
Benzodiazepines
(May increase sedative effect)
Warfarin Sodium
(Hydroxycoumarin component in
Chamomile may elevate
prothrombin times)
GINKGO
Antithrombolytic Drugs
(Increases effect of
antithrombolytic drugs)
GINKGO
BILOBA
(See under Ginkgo)
GINSENG
Hypoglycemic Drugs
(Increases hypoglycemic effect)
Loop Diuretics
(Increases diuretic resistance)
MAO Inhibitors
(Combination increases chance for
headache, tremors, mania)
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Adonis
(Increases action of Adonis)
Kombe Seed
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Licorice
(Licorice potentiates effect of
glucocorticoids)
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley)
Oleander
(Increased efficacy and side
effects when given simultaneously
with herb)
Squill
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
GLABRA
(See under Licorice)
GOAT'S RUE
Hypoglycemic Drugs
(Herb may have an additive
hypoglycemic effect when taken
with other hypoglycemic drugs)
Quinidine
(Increased anticholinergic action)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
(Increased anticholinergic action)
HORSE CHESTNUT
Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified
(Horse Chestnut has a coumarin
componant and may interact with
warfarin, salicylates and other
drugs with anticoagulant
properties)
HYOSCYAMUS
NIGER
(See under Henbane)
HYPERICUM
PERFORA TUM
(See under St. John's Wort)
GREEN TEA
HYPNOTICS
Alkaline Drugs
(Decreased absorption of alkaline
drugs due to tannin component in
tea)
Valerian
(Additive effect when taken with
Valerian)
GUANETHIDINE
Ma-Huang
(Increased sympathomimetic
effects)
GUARANA
Cardiac Glycosides
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb)
Digoxin
(Herb may cause hypokalemia,
which may increase digoxin
toxicity)
HALOPERIDOL
Milk Thistle
(Silymarin in combination with
haloperidol causes a decrease in
lipid peroxidation)
HALOTHANE
Ma-Huang
(Disturbance of heart rhythm)
HENBANE
Amantadine Hydrochloride
(Increased anticholinergic
Antihistamines
(Increased anticholinergic
Phenothiazines
(Increased anticholinergic
Procainamide
(Increased anticholinergic
action)
action)
action)
action)
HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS
Bladderwrack
(Herb may have an additive
hypoglycemic effect when taken
with other hypoglycemic drugs)
Fenugreek
(Herb may have an additive
hypoglycemic effect when taken
with other hypoglycemic drugs)
Ginseng
(Increases hypoglycemic effect)
Goat's Rue
(Herb may have an additive
hypoglycemic effect when taken
with other hypoglycemic drugs)
IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
Astragalus
(Decreased effectiveness of
immunosuppressive effect due to
immunostimulant effect of
Astragalus)
Echinacea Angustifolia
(The immune-stimulating effect of
Echinacea may interfere with
drugs that have
immunosuppressant effects)
INDIAN SQUILL
Methylxanthines
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
1-184/INDIAN SQUILL
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
Quinidine
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
Sympathomimetic Agents
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
INDINAVIR SULFATE
St. John's Wort
(The herb induces the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system and will
lower indinavir serum levels)
INDOMETHACIN
Cascara Sagrada
(Decreases therapeutic effect of
Cascara)
Senna
(Decreased therapeutic effect of
Senna)
Wild Yam
(Wild Yam may decrease the antiinflammatory effect of
indomethacin)
INSULIN
Psyllium
(Effect unspecified; insulin dose
should be decreased)
JIMSON WEED
Anticholinergics
(Co-administration of Jimson
Weed with other anticholinergic
drugs may increase the frequency
and/or severity of anticholinergic
side effects such as dry mouth,
constipation, drowsiness, and
others)
KOMBE SEED
Calcium Salts
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Diuretics
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Glucocorticoids
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Laxatives
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Quinidine
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
LAXATIVES
Adonis
(Increases action of Adonis)
Kombe Seed
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley)
Oleander
(Increased efficacy and side
effects when given simultaneously
with herb)
Squill
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
Strophanthus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
LEVODOPA
Rauwolfia
(Decreased effect; increases in
extra-pyramidal symptoms)
LICORICE
Aloe
(Increased potassium loss)
Antiarrhythmics
(Licorice-induced hypokalemia
increases risk of arrhythmias)
Digitalis Glycoside Preparations
(Licorice-induced hypokalemia
increases risk of digitalis toxicity)
Glucocorticoids
(Licorice potentiates effect of
glucocorticoids)
Loop Diuretics
(Additive effect of hypokalemia)
Thiazide Diuretics
(Additive effect of hypokalemia)
LICORICE ROOT
Buckthorn
(Increases hypokalemic effects)
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
Calcium
(Increases the
the-Valley)
Digoxin
(Increases the
the-Valley)
Glucocorticoids
(Increases the
the-Valley)
Laxatives
(Increases the
the-Valley)
Quinidine
(Increases the
the-Valley)
Saluretics
(Increases the
the-Valley)
LINUM
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
effect of Lily-of-
USITATISSIMUM
(See under Flax)
LOOP DIURETICS
Ginseng
(Increases diuretic resistance)
Licorice
(Additive effect of hypokalemia)
Uva-Ursi
(The sodium-sparing effect of
Uva-Ursi may antagonize the
diuretic effect of the loop
diuretics)
LYCOPUS
VIRGINICUS
(See under Bugleweed)
MA-HUANG
Cardiac Glycosides
(Disturbance of heart rhythm)
Central Nervous System Stimulants
(Ma-Huang has an additive effect
on the CNS when combined with
CNS stimulants)
Guanethidine
(Increased sympathomimetic
effects)
Halothane
(Disturbance of heart rhythm)
MAO Inhibitors
(Increases sympathomimetic
effects of ephedrine)
DRUG/HERB I N T E R A C T I O N S GUIDE
Oxytocin
(Development of high blood
pressure)
PHENTOLAMINE M E S Y L A T E / I - 1 8 5
Yohimbine Hydrochloride
(Silymarin antagonizes the effect
of yohimbine)
MAO INHIBITORS
MORPHINE SULFATE
Brewer's Yeast
(Increase in blood pressure)
Ginseng
(Combination increases chance for
headache, tremors, mania)
Ma-Huang
(Increases sympathomimetic
effects of ephedrine)
Scotch Broom
(Increased risk of hypertensive
crisis)
Yohimbe Bark
(Potentiates effects of morphine)
MATRICARIA
RECUTITA
(See under German Chamomile)
MEDICATION AND FOOD THAT INCREASE
URIC ACID LEVELS
Alpine Cranberry
(Decreases effect of Alpine
Cranberry)
Uva-Ursi
(Decreases effect of herb)
MELALEUCEA
NALTREXONE HYDROCHLORIDE
Yohimbe Bark
(Potentiates Yohimbe side effects)
NERIUM
OLEANDER
(See under Oleander)
NEUROLEPTICS
Rauwolfia
(Synergistic effect)
NIAULI
Drugs, unspecified
(Co-administration may result in
decreased effect of drugs that
undergo liver metabolism)
NIFEDIPINE
Senna
(Inhibits activity of Senna via
calcium channel blockade)
VIRIDIFLORA
(See under Niauli)
METHYLXANTHINES
Digitalis
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Digitalis Lanata
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Indian Squill
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
Squill
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
MILK THISTLE
Haloperidol
(Silymarin in combination with
haloperidol causes a decrease in
lipid peroxidation)
Phenothiazines
(Silymarin in combination with
phenothiazines causes a decrease
in lipid peroxidation)
Phentolamine Mesylate
(Silymarin antagonizes the effect
of phentolamine)
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
DRUGS
Uva-Ursi
(Uva-Ursi may potentiate the
gastrointestinal irritation caused by
NSAIDs)
White Willow
(Use with caution; effect not
specified)
Glucocorticoids
(Increased efficacy
effects when given
with herb)
Laxatives
(Increased efficacy
effects when given
with herb)
Quinidine
(Increased efficacy
effects when given
with herb)
Saluretics
(Increased efficacy
effects when given
with herb)
Yohimbe Bark
(Potentiates hypertensive effect)
OAK
Alkaline Drugs
(Absorption of alkaline drugs may
be reduced or inhibited)
Alkaloids
(Absorption of alkaloids may be
reduced or inhibited)
OENOTHERA
BIENNIS
(See under Evening Primrose)
OLEANDER
Calcium Salts
(Increased efficacy and side
effects when given simultaneously
with herb)
and side
simultaneously
and side
simultaneously
and side
simultaneously
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
St. John's Wort
(Breakthrough bleeding has been
reported with concomitant use of
the herb with oral contraceptives)
OXYTOCIN
Ma-Huang
(Development of high blood
pressure)
PANAX
GINSENG
(See under Ginseng)
PAPAYA
Warfarin Sodium
(Increased INR levels)
PAULLINIA
CUPANA
(See under Guarana)
PAUSINYSTALIA
OTC STIMULANTS
and side
simultaneously
YOHIMBE
(See under Yohimbe Bark)
PHENOTHIAZINES
Henbane
(Increased anticholinergic action)
Milk Thistle
(Silymarin in combination with
phenothiazines causes a decrease
in lipid peroxidation)
Wormwood
(Wormwood preparations should
not be administered with drugs
known to lower the seizure
threshold)
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE
Milk Thistle
(Silymarin antagonizes the effect
of phentolamine)
1 - 1 8 6 /PHOSPHODIESTERASE
INHIBITORS
PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS
Digitalis
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Digitalis Lanata
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Indian Squill
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
Squill
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS
St. John's Wort
(An additive photosensitizing
effect is expected when the herb
is used with photosensitizing
drugs such as tetracyclines,
sulfonamides, and thiazides)
PLANTAGO AFRA
(See under Psyllium Seed)
PLANTAGO OVATA
(See under Psyllium)
PROCAINAMIDE
Henbane
(Increased anticholinergic action)
PSYLLIUM
Drugs, unspecified
(Absorption of other drugs may
be decreased if taken
simultaneously with herb)
Insulin
(Effect unspecified; insulin dose
should be decreased)
PSYLLIUM SEED
Drugs, unspecified
(Absorption of other drugs may
be decreased if taken
simultaneously with herb)
QUERCUS
ROBUR
(See under Oak)
QUINIDINE
Adonis
(Increases action of Adonis)
Belladonna
(Increases anticholinergic effect of
herb)
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Digitalis
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Digitalis Lanata
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Henbane
(Increased anticholinergic action)
Indian Squill
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
Kombe Seed
(Increases effects and side effects
of herb)
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley)
Oleander
(Increased efficacy and side
effects when given simultaneously
with herb)
Scopolia
(Increased effect when given
simultaneously with herb)
Squill
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias; increases
effectiveness and side effects of
herb)
Strophanthus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Levodopa
(Decreased effect; increases in
extra-pyramidal symptoms)
Neuroleptics
(Synergistic effect)
Sympathomimetic Agents
(Increases blood pressure)
RAUWOLFIA
(See under Rauwolfia)
RESERPINE
St. John's Wort
(Hypericum antagonizes the effect
of reserpine)
RHAMNUS
Drugs that Cause Thrombocytopenia
(Herb increases risk of
thrombocytopenia)
RAUWOLFIA
Alcohol
(Increases impairment of motor
skills)
Barbiturates
(Synergistic effect)
Digitalis Glycoside Preparations
(Severe bradycardia when used in
combination with digitalis
glycosides)
CATHARTICUS
(See under Buckthorn)
RHAMNUS
FRANGULA
(See under Frangula)
RHAMNUS
PURSHIANA
(See under Cascara Sagrada)
RHEUM PALMA TUM
(See under Chinese Rhubarb)
RICINUS
COMMUNIS
(See under Castor Oil Plant)
SACCHAROMYCES
CEREVISIAE
(See under Brewer's Yeast)
SALICYLATES
Bilberry
(Increases prothrombin time;
caution should be observed when
used concurrently)
White Willow
(Use with caution; effect not
specified)
SALIX
QUININE
SERPENTINA
SPECIES
(See under White Willow)
SALURETICS
Adonis
(Increases action of Adonis)
Lily-of-the-Valley
(Increases the effect of Lily-ofthe-Valley)
Oleander
(Increased efficacy and side
effects when given simultaneously
with herb)
Squill
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
DRUG/HERB I N T E R A C T I O N S GUIDE
STROPHANTHUS / I - 1 8 7
Strophanthus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
SAW PALMETTO
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers
(Saw Palmetto has an additive
alpha adrenergic blocking effect
when given in combination with
alpha blockers)
Androgens
(Saw Palmetto antagonizes the
effect of androgens)
SCOPOLIA
Amantadine Hydrochloride
(Increased effect when given
simultaneously with herb)
Quinidine
(Increased effect when given
simultaneously with herb)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
(Increased effect when given
simultaneously with herb)
SCOPOLIA
CARNIOLICA
(See under Scopolia)
SCOTCH BROOM
MAO Inhibitors
(Increased risk of hypertensive
crisis)
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE
INHIBITORS
St. John's Wort
(Concomitant use with the herb
will result in an additive serotonin
effect and possible toxicity)
SENNA
Antiarrhythmics
(Senna-induced hypokalemia may
increase risk of arrythmia)
Digitalis Glycoside Preparations
(Senna-induced hypokalemia may
increase toxicity of digitalis
preparations)
Estrogen
(Senna decreases estrogen levels
when taken with estrogen
supplements)
Indomethacin
(Decreased therapeutic effect of
Senna)
Nifedipine
(Inhibits activity of Senna via
calcium channel blockade)
SERENOA
REPENS
(See under Saw Palmetto)
SIL YBUM MARIANUM
(See under Milk Thistle)
SQUILL
Calcium
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
Digoxin
(Squill potentiates the positive
inotropic and negative chronopic
effects of digoxin)
Glucocorticoids
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
Laxatives
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
Methylxanthines
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Quinidine
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias; increases
effectiveness and side effects of
herb)
Saluretics
(Increases effectiveness and side
effects of herb)
Sympathomimetic Agents
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
ST. JOHN'S WORT
Cyclosporine
(The herb induces the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system and will
lower cyclosporine serum levels)
Digoxin
(Co-administration of the herb
with digoxin has resulted in a
significant decrease in the digoxin
area
under the curve)
I
Indinavir Sulfate
(The herb induces the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system and will
lower indinavir serum levels)
Oral Contraceptives
(Breakthrough bleeding has been
reported with concomitant use of
the herb with oral contraceptives)
Photosensitizing Agents
(An additive photosensitizing
effect is expected when the herb
is used with photosensitizing
drugs such as tetracyclines,
sulfonamides, and thiazides)
Reserpine
(Hypericum antagonizes the effect
of reserpine)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitors
(Concomitant use with the herb
will result in an additive serotonin
effect and possible toxicity)
Sympathomimetic Agents
(St. John's Wort may have MAO
inhibitor properties and caution
should be used with
sympathomimetic agents)
Theophylline
(The herb induces the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system and will
lower theophylline serum levels)
STROPHANTHUS
Calcium Salts
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Glucocorticoids
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Laxatives
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Quinidine
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Saluretics
«
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
1 - 1 8 8 / S T R O P H A N T H U S GRATUS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
STROPHANTHUS GRATUS
Calcium Salts
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Glucocorticoids
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Laxatives
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Quinidine
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
Saluretics
(Simultaneous administration with
herb enhance both effects and side
effects)
STROPHANTHUS
KOMBE
(See under Strophanthus)
STROPHANTHUS
URINARY TRACT ACIDIFIERS
St. John's Wort
(The herb induces the cytochrome
P450 enzyme system and will
lower theophylline serum levels)
Uva-Ursi
(Drugs or foods that acidify the
urine will decrease the
antibacterial effect of Uva-Ursi)
THIAZIDE DIURETICS
UVA-URSI
Aloe
(Increased potassium loss)
Buckthorn
(Increases hypokalemic effects)
Cascara Sagrada
(Increases hypokalemic effect)
Licorice
(Additive effect of hypokalemia)
Uva-Ursi
(The sodium-sparing effect of
Uva-Ursi may antagonize the
diuretic effect of thiazide
diuretics)
Loop Diuretics
(The sodium-sparing effect of
Uva-Ursi may antagonize the
diuretic effect of the loop
diuretics)
Medication and Food that Increase
Uric Acid Levels
(Decreases effect of herb)
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs
(Uva-Ursi may potentiate the
gastrointestinal irritation caused by
NSAIDs)
Thiazide Diuretics
(The sodium-sparing effect of
Uva-Ursi may antagonize the
diuretic effect of thiazide
diuretics)
Urinary Tract Acidifiers
(Drugs or foods that acidify the
urine will decrease the
antibacterial effect of Uva-Ursi)
THYROID PREPARATIONS
Bugleweed
(Effect not specified)
TRAZODONE HYDROCHLORIDE
GRATUS
(See under Strophanthus Gratus)
STROPHANTHUS
THEOPHYLLINE
HISPIDUS
(See under Kombe Seed)
SYMPATHOMIMETIC AGENTS
Digitalis
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
Digitalis Lanata
(Risk of cardiac arrhythmias)
Indian Squill
(Can increase the risk of cardie
arrhythmias when given
simultaneously with this herb)
Rauwolfia
(Increases blood pressure)
Squill
(Increases risk of cardiac
arrhythmias)
St. John's Wort
(St. John's Wort may have MAO
inhibitor properties and caution
should be used with
sympathomimetic agents)
Wormwood
(Wormwood preparations should
not be administered with drugs
known to lower the seizure
threshold)
TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Belladonna
(Increases anticholinergic effect of
herb)
Henbane
(Increased anticholinergic action)
Scopolia
(Increased effect when given
simultaneously with herb)
Wormwood
(Wormwood preparations should
not be administered with drugs
known to lower the seizure
threshold)
TRIGONELLA
FOENUM-GRAECUM
(See under Fenugreek)
URGINEA
INDICA
(See under Indian Squill)
UZARA
Digoxin
(Herb contains cardiac glycosides
and may have additive effect
when taken with digoxin, possibly
increasing digoxin toxicity)
VACCINIUM
MYRTILLUS
(See under Bilberry)
VACCINIUM
VITIS-IDAEA
(See under Alpine Cranberry)
VALERIAN
Alcohol •
(Additive depressive effects with
Valerian)
Hypnotics
(Additive effect when taken with
Valerian)
VALERIANA
OFFICINALIS
(See under Valerian)
0
TANACETUM
PARTHENIUM
(See under Feverfew)
URGINEA
MARITIMA
I (See under Squill)
VITEX
AGNUS-CASTUS
I (See under Chaste Tree)
D R U G / H E R B I N T E R A C T I O N S GUIDE
WARFARIN SODIUM
Arnica
(Additive anticoagulant effect)
Bilberry
(Increases prothrombin time;
caution should be observed when
used concurrently)
Feverfew
(Increased antithrombotic effect)
German Chamomile
(Hydroxycoumarin component in
Chamomile may elevate
prothrombin times)
Papaya
(Increased INR levels)
WHITE WILLOW
Alcohol
(Enhances toxicity of salicylates)
Antiplatelet Drugs
(Additive effect with salicylates)
Barbiturates
(Enhances toxicity of salicylates)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
(Potentiates action of salicylates)
YOHIMBINE
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory
Drugs
(Use with caution; effect not
specified)
Salicylates
(Use with caution; effect not
specified)
HYDROCHLORIDE / I - 1 8 9
Tricyclic Antidepressants
(Wormwood preparations should
not be administered with drugs
known to lower the seizure
threshold)
XYSMALOBIUM
UNDULATUM
{See under Uzara)
WILD YAM
YOHIMBE BARK
Estrogen
(Additive effect)
Indomethacin
(Wild Yam may decrease the antiinflammatory effect of
indomethacin)
Antihypertensive agents, unspecified
(May need to adjust
antihypertensive medications due
to hypertensive effect of
Yohimbe)
Ethanol
(Increased anxiogenic effects)
Morphine Sulfate
(Potentiates effects of morphine)
Naltrexone Hydrochloride
(Potentiates Yohimbe side effects)
OTC stimulants
(Potentiates hypertensive effect)
WORMWOOD
Phenothiazines
(Wormwood preparations should
not be administered with drugs
known to lower the seizure
threshold)
Trazodone Hydrochloride
(Wormwood preparations should
not be administered with drugs
known to lower the seizure
threshold)
YOHIMBINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Milk Thistle
(Silymarin antagonizes the effect
of yohimbine)
1-19
Safety Guide
This guide lists botanicals in three precautionary categories:
• Not for use during pregnancy
• Not for use while nursing
• For use only under supervision
All common, scientific, and brand names of each potentially harmful botanical are listed
alphabetically. Generally accepted common names that serve as monograph titles appear in bold
type. Scientific names are shown in italic type. Brand names are followed by the supplier's name
in parentheses. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant or
product in the Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For additional
information on potential adverse effects, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
Not for use during pregnancy
Absinthe
G-26, 829
Achillea millefolium
G-26, 833
Adiantum capillus-veneris
491
Akebia
189
Akebia quinata
189
Alant
G-io, 266
Alcohol Free Chaste Tree
Berry Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
176
Alcohol Free Kava Kava
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 443
Alcohol Free Sage Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
655
Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 833
Alder Buckthorn
G-12, 317
Alder Dogwood
G-12, 317
Alexandrian Senna
G-22, 684
ALKANET
(Alkanna tinctoria)
Alkanet Root
Alkanna tinctoria
G-3, 13
G-3, 13
G-3, 13
ALOE
(Aloe barbadensis; Aloe
capensis; Aloe vera)
Aloe 99 Gel (Lee)
Aloe barbadensis
Aloe capensis
Aloe ferox
Aloe vera
Aloe Vera Capsules (ADH,
Herbal Harvest, National
Vitamin, Nature's Bounty,
Nature's Way)
Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000
Capsules (Mason Vitamins)
Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Aloe Vera Super-Strength
Liquid
(Pharmaceutical Labs)
AMERICAN LIVERLEAF
G-3, ie
ie
G-3, 16
G-3, ie
ie
G-3, ie
American Saffron
26
652
AMMONIAC GUM
(Dorema ammoniacum)
Anchusa
29
G-3, 13
ANGELICA
ie
. . . . 16
(Angelica archangelica) ... G-3, 32
Angelica archangelica
G-3, 32
Angelica Root Liquid Fluid
Extract (Nature's Answer)
32
Angel's Wort
G-3, 32
ANISE
(Pimpinella anisum) . . . . . .G-3, 35
16
16
AMARGO
(Quassia amara)
(Hepatica nobilis)
G-3, 23
Apium graveolens
Arabian Coffee
Arabica Coffee
Aralia racemosa
Arberry
Arborvitae
G-8, 172
G-9, 202
G-9, 202
G-23, 711
G-25, 779
G-24, 759
1-192/ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Arisaema atrorubens
Aristolochia clematitis
Arrow Wood
Arruda Brava
Arruda Do Mato
Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia vulgaris
. . . G-25, 779
426
G-5, SO
G-12, 317
G-IS, 425
G-15, 425
G-26, 829
G-18, 530
foetida)
47
Asarabacca
48
ASARUM
(Asarum
europaeum)
Asarum europaeum
Asclepias tuberosa
Ash
Ass Ear
ASS'S Foot
Asthma Weed
Ava
Ava Pepper
Band Man's Plaything
Baptisia tinctoria
Barbary
48
48
G-20, 598
622
G-9, 212
G-9, 209
G-16, 479
G-15, 443
G-15, 443
G-26, 833
G-26, 812
487
BARBERRY
(Berberis vulgaris)
G-4, 61
BARLEY
(Hordeum distichon)
G-4, 63
Barley Grain Capsules
(ADH)
63
BLUE COHOSH
(Trillium erectum)
G-4, 74
Bird's Foot
Bird's Neat
Birds' Nest
Birthroot
G-11, 304
G-25, 809
G-25, 809
G-4, 74
BIRTH WORT
Bissy Nut
205
Bitter Ash (Picrasma excelsa) . . 622
Bitter Ash (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23
Bitter Bark
G-7, 153
Bitter Wood
G-3, 23
Bitterwood
622
Black Alder
G-12, 317
BLACK COHOSH
(Cimicifuga racemosa)
. . . . G-5, 92
Black Cohosh Capsules
(Frontier, Herbal Harvest,
Natrol, Nature's Way,
Rexall Consumer)
92
Black Cohosh Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
92
Black Root
G-9, 212
Black Snake Root
G-5, 92
Black-Tang
106
Blackwort
G-9, 212
Bladder Fucus
106
Bladderpod
G-16, 479
BLADDERWRACK
(Fucus vesiculosus)
BASIL
(Ocimum basilicum)
Bastard Cinnamon
Bastard Jasmine
Bastard Saffron
Bearberry
Bearsgrape
Bee Balm
Beechdrops .
Beefsteak Plant
Bees' Nest
G-4, 64
182
487
652
G-25, 779
G-25, 779
562
109
583
G-25, 809
BEHEN
(Moringa
BETH ROOT
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-5, 80
ASA FOETIDA
(Ferula
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
oleifera)
Ben Nut Tree
Berberis vulgaris
Berberry
Bergamot
Bergenia
crass
.67
67
G-4, 6i
G-4, 61
562
ifolia
268
Bladderwrack Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
Blazing Star
106
106
301
BLESSED THISTLE
(Cnicus benedictus)
G-6, 107
Blessed Thistle Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs,
Nature's Way)
107
Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol
Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
107
Blindweed
G-22, 690
(Caulophyllum
thalictroides)
109
Blue Cohosh Liquid
(McZand)
Blue Cohosh Root Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Blue Flag
Blue Ginseng
Blueberry Root
Boneset
109
109
G-19, 561
109
109
G-9, 212
BORAGE
(Borago officinalis)
G-6, 114
Borage Oil Capsules
(ADH, Sundown)
Borago officinalis
Box Thorn
British Tobacco
Bruisewort
114
G-6, 114
487
G-9, 209
G-9, 212
BUCKTHORN
(Rhamnus catharticus)
Buckthorn Bark
Bugbane
Bugloss
Bugwort
Bullsfoot
. . . G-6, 123
G-12, 317
G-5, 92
G-6, 114
G-5, 92
G-9, 209
Bupleurum Chinese
Burage
Burrage
Butterbur
Butterfly Weed
187
G-6, 114
G-6, 114
G-9, 209
G-20, 598
Buttons
G-24, 754
Caffea
G-9, 202
California Buckthorn
G-7, 153
CALIFORNIA POPPY
(Eschscholtzia
californica)
G-7, 140
CAMPHOR TREE
(Cinnamomum
camphora)
Cana Fistula
Canada Root
Cankerroot
Canton Cassia
G-7, 143
G-13, 354
G-20, 598
358
182
CAPE ALOE
BLOODROOT
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
BloodwOIt
Blue Balm
(Aloe ferox)
108
G-26, 833
562
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Cardin
Carpenter's Weed
16
. . . G-22, 690
G-6, 107
G-26, 833
SAFETY GUIDE
DYER'S BROOM /1-1 93
Carrot
Carthamus tinctorius
G-25, 809
652
CASCARA SAGRADA
(Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Cascara Sagrada Bark
Capsules (Frontier)
153
Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild
Stimulant Laxative
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . 153
Cascara Sagrada Capsules
(Herbal Harvest, Humco,
Nature's Way)
153
Cascara Sagrada Natural
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
153
Case-Weed
G-22, 690
Cassia
182
Cassia Aromaticum
182
Cassia Bark
182
Cassia fistula
G-13, 354
Cassia Lignea
182
Cassia senna
G-22, 684
Castor Bean
G-7, 158
Celery Seed Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
172
Cemphire
G-7, 143
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
423
Ceylon Cinnamom
G-8, 190
Chai Hu
187
Chamaemelum nobile
G-10, 270
Chantal Aloe Vera Cream
(National Vitamin)
ie
Coltsfoot
CHASTE TREE
COMFREY
(Vitex
agnus-castus)
G-8, 176
Chasteberry Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
176
Chelidonium majus
G-8, 169
(Ricinus communis)
G-7, 158
Catmint
Catnep
G-8, 164
G-8, 164
(Cinnamomum aromaticum) . . . 182
Chinese Matrimony Vine
486
CHINESE MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus japonicus)
183
CHINESE RHUBARB
(Rheum palmatum)
G-8, 185
(Bupleurum Chinese)
(Nepeta
Chinese Wolfberry
Chittem Bark
(Akebia
cataria)
486
G-7, 153
CatSWOlt
G-8, 164
Caulophyllum thalictroides
109
CELANDINE
(Chelidonium
majus)
G-8, 169
189
Cimicifuga
Cimicifuga racemosa
Cinchona
Cinchona pubescens
'.
Cinnamomum aromaticum
Cinnamomum camphor a . . . .
Cinnamomum verum
G-S, 92
G-5, 92
G-20, 626
G-20, 626
182
G-7, 143
G-8, 190
CINNAMON
(Cinnamomum
verum)
G-8, 190
Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
190
Citronella
G-ie, 465
Cnicus benedictus
G-6, 107
COCILLANA TREE
CELERY
(Apium graveolens)
quinata)
G-8, 164
Catnip Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
164
Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid
Extract (Nature's Answer)
164
Catnip Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
164
Catnip Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
164
Catnip
G-8, 164
.
Celery Liquid Fluid Extract
(Nature's Answer)
Celery Seed Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
G-8, 172
172
172
Cola acuminata
Cola Nut
Cola Seeds
205
205
205
205
COLT'S FOOT
(Tussilago farfara)
G-9, 209
48
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
Commiphora molmol
Common Matrimony Vine
Compass Plant
Compass-Weed
G-i8, 534
487
G-21, 645
G-21, 645
(Guraea
rusbyi)
CoCOWOrt
Coffea arabica . .
COFFEE
(Coffea
CONGOROSA
(Maytenus ilicifolia)
218
Consound
Coon Root
Coptide
Coptis
Coptis Groenlandica
Coptis trifolia
G-9, 212
108
358
358
358
358
Cotton Root
187
CHOCOLATE VINE
CATNIP
(Cola acuminata)
CHINESE CINNAMON
CHINESE THOROUGHWAX
CASTOR OIL PLANT
COLA
198
G-22, 690
G-9, 202
CoUghrOOt
Coughwort
Crocus sativus
Curcuma domestica
Curcuma zedoaria
Cutweed
Cymbopogon citratus
Daggers
Da-Huang
Daisy
Daucus carota
Desert Herb
Devil's Dung
Devil's Nettle
Devil's Plaything
Didin
Didthin
Di-Gu-Pi
Dog Wood
Dogwood Bark
Donnhove
Dorema ammoniacum
Dragon Flower
Drumstick Tree
Duck's Foot
G-16, 468
G-4, 74
G-9, 209
G-21, 653
775
G-26, 846
106
G-ie, 465
G-19, sei
G-S, 185
G-24, 754
G-25, 809
G-ie, 488
47
G-26, 833
G-26, 833
G-IS, 534
G-IS, 534
.486
G-12, 317
G-7, 153
G-9, 209
29
G-19, s e i
67
G-17, 510
DYER'S BROOM
arabica)
G-9, 202
(Genista tinctoria)
G-10, 260
1 - 1 9 4 / D Y E R ' S BUGLOSS
Dyer's
Dyer's
Dyer's
Dyer's
Dyer's
Bugloss
Greenwood
Saffron
Weed
Whin
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-3, 13
G-IO, 260
652
G-IO, 260
G-IO, 260
ELECAMPANE
(Inula
helenium)
G-10, 266
ELEPHANT-EARS
(Bergenia crassifolia)
Elfdock
ElfwOlt
Emetic Herb
Emetic Weed
Enchanter's Plant
Enebro
268
G-10, 266
G-10, 266
G-16, 479
G-16, 479
G-25, 788
G-15, 440
ENGLISH CHAMOMILE
(Chamaemelum nobile) . . G-10, 270
Ephedra
G-ie, 488
Ephedra sinica
G-ie, 488
Ephedrine
G-ie, 488
Eschscholtzia californica . . . G-7, 140
European Angelica
G-3, 32
European Barberry
G-4, 6i
European Vervain
G-25, 788
EuroQuality Juniper Berries
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . .. .440
EuroQuality Red Clover
Blossoms Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
633
Ex-Lax Maximum Strength
(Novartis Consumer)
684
Eye Balm
G-13, 355
Eye Root
G-13, 355
Eyebright
G-ie, 479
Fairy-Wand
301
Fake Saffron
652
False Cinnamon
-.. 182
False Coltsfoot
48
FALSE UNICORN ROOT
(Veratrum luteum)
Featherfew
Featherfoil
Felon Herb
301
G-11,3oe
G-11, soe
G-IS, 530
FENUGREEK
(Trigonella
graecum)
foenum-
Fenugreek Capsules
(Nature's Way)
G-11, 304
304
Fenugreek Seed Capsules
(Frontier)
Ferula foetida
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
304
47
FEVERFEW
(Tanacetum parthenium) . G-11, 306
Feverfew Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Mason Vitamins,
McZand, Nature's Bounty,
Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . 306
Feverfew Extract Capsules
(Herbal Harvest, Humco)
306
Feverfew Leaf Capsules
(Naturalife)
306
Feverfew Traditional Herb
Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
306
Fevergrass
G-16, 465
Field Balm
G-8, 164
Fieldhove
G-9, 209
Five-Finger Fern
491
Five-Leaflet
189
Flag Lily
G-19, 56i
Flaggon .
G-19, 561
Fliggers
G-19, 56i
Florentine Orris
G-19, 56i
Flower Velure
G-9, 209
Flux Root
G-20, 5 9 8
Foal's-Foot
Foalswort
Food of the Gods
G-9, 209
G-9, 209
47
FRANGULA
(Rhamnus frangula)
G-12, 317
Frangula Bark
G-12, 317
Fucus
106
Fucus vesiculosus
ioe
Furze
G-IO, 260
Gagroot
G-ie, 479
Garden Angelica
G-3, 32
Genista tinctoria
G-IO, 260
Ginepro
G-IS, 440
Gladyne
G-19, sei
Glycyrrhiza glabra
G-ie, 469
Golden Seal Capsules
(National Vitamin)
355
Golden Seal Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
355
Golden Seal Root Capsules
(Bergen Brunswig, Herbal
Harvest, Major, McKesson,
Nature's Bounty, Nature's
Herbs, Nature's Way,
Zenith Goldline)
355
(Cassia
fistula)
GOLDENSEAL
(Hydrastis canadensis)
G-13, 354
. . G-13, 355
Goldenseal Capsules
(ADH, Mason Vitamins)
355
Goldenseal Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
355
Goldenseal Liquid (McZand) . . . . 355
Goldenseal Plus Capsules
(Key Co.)
355
Goldenseal Root Alcohol
Free Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
355
Goldenseal Root Capsules
(Apothecary, Frontier,
Humco, Mason Vitamins,
Nature Made, Nature's
Resource, Perrigo, Rexall
Consumer, Sundown)
355
GOLDTHREAD
(Coptis trifolia)
Go-Qi-Zi
Gossypium herbaceum
Grapeholly
Greek Hay Seed
Green Broom
Green Ginger
Greenweed
Ground Apple
Ground Lemon
Ground Lily
Ground Raspberry
Guggal Gum
Guggal Resin
Guggul Resin Capsules
(Frontier)
Gum Asafoetida
Gum Camphor
Gum Plant
Guraea rusbyi
Guru Nut
Hackmatack
Hair of Venus
Hallfoot
Hamburg Parsley
Hartshorn
Hazelwort
Healing Herb
Helonias Root
358
487
G-16, 468
G-IS, 527
G-11, 304
G-IO, 260
G-26, 829
G-10, 260
G-IO, 270
G-17, 510
G-4, 74
G-13, 355
G-IS, 534
G-IS, 534
534
47
G-7, 143
G-9, 212
198
205
G-24, 759
491
G-9, 209
G-19, 567
G-e, 123
48
G-9, 212
301
SAFETY GUIDE
LICORICE ROOT CAPSULES / I - 1 95
Hepatica nobilis
26
Herb of the Cross
G-25, 788
Herb Trinity
26
Herbal Sure Aloe Vera
Softgels (Nature's Bounty)
16
Herbal Sure Feverfew
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . 306
Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .355
Herb-of-Grace
(Ruta graveolens)
c-21, 648
Herb-of-Grace
{Verbena officinalis)
G-25, 788
Herbygrass
G-21, 648
High Balm
562
Highwaythorn
G-6, 123
Hindheal
G-24, 754
Hog Apple
G-17, 510
Holly Thistle
G-6, 107
Holly-Leaved Berberis
G-18, 527
Hordeum distichon
G-4, 63
HOREHOUND
(Marrubium vulgare)
Horse-Elder
Horse-Fly Weed
Horse-Foot
Horseheal
Horsehoof
G-14, 401
G-IO, 266
G-26, 812
G-9, 209
G-IO, 266
G-9, 209
Indian Plant
(Hydrastis canadensis) . . G-13, 355
Indian Plant
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
108
Indian Root
G-23, 711
Indian Shamrock
G-4, 74
Indian Spikenard
433
Indian Tobacco
G-16, 479
Intoxicating Pepper
G-IS, 443
Inula helenium
G-10, 266
IPECAC
(Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
Ipecacuanha
Ipecacuanha Rio
Ipomoea hederacea
Ipomoea purga
Iris
Iris species
423
423
423
523
G-15, 427
G-19, 561
G-19, 561
JABORANDI
(Pilocarpus microphyllus) G-15, 425
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT
(Arisaema atrorubens)
Jacob's Sword
426
G-19, 561
JALAP
(Ipomoea purga)
Jamguarandi
G-15, 427
G-15, 425
HORSEMINT
(Monarda punctata)
Houndsbane
Hydrastis canadensis
407
G-14, 401
G-13, 355
HYSSOP
(Hyssopus officinalis)
Hyssop Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Hyssopus officinalis
India Senna
Indian Apple
Indian Balm
Indian Cress
Indian Dye
Indian Horseradish
Indian Laburnum
Indian Nard
Indian Paint
(Hydrastis canadensis) . .
Indian Paint
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
G-15, 414
„..414
G-15,414
G-22,684
G-17,510
G-4, 74
798
G-13,355
67
G-13,354
433
G-13, 355
JATAMANSI
(Nardostachys jatamansi)
Jaundice Berry
Jaundice Root
Jesuit's Bark
Jew's-Harp Plant
Juarandi
433
G-4, ei
G-13, 355
G-20, 626
G-4, 74
G-15,425
JUNIPER
(Juniperus communis) . . . .G-15, 440
Juniper Berry
Juniper Berry Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Juniper Berry Oil
(Aura Cacia)
Juniperus communis
Juno's Tears
Kava Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
G-IS, 440
440
440
G-IS, 440
G-25, 788
443
KAVA KAVA
108
(Piper methysticum)
G-15, 443
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Celestial
Seasonings, Humco, Mason
Vitamins, McZand,
Nature's Resource, Rexall
Consumer, Rexall Managed
Care, Sundown)
443
Kava Kava Extract Liquid
(Rainbow Light)
443
Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . . . 443
Kava Kava Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
443
Kava Kava Premium Extract
Capsules (Futurebiotics)
443
Kava Kava Root Capsules
(Frontier, Major, Naturalife,
Nature's Herbs, Nature's
Way)
443
Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443
Kawa
G-IS, 443
Kelpware
ioe
Kelp-Ware
ioe
Kidney
wort
26
Kinnikinnick
G-25, 779
Knitback
G-9, 212
Knitbone
6-9, 212
Kola Tree
205
Lady's Purse
G-22, 690
Lamb's Quarters
G-4, 74
Laurel Camphor
G-7, 143
Lavose
G-16, 482
Leather Bergenia
268
LEMONGRASS
(Cymbopogon citratus) . . G-ie, 4es
Leonurus cardiaca
Leonurus japonicus
G-IS, 524
183
LEVANT COTTON
(Gossypium herbaceum) . .G-IS, 468
Levisticum officinale
G-ie, 482
LICORICE
(Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Licorice Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
Licorice Liquid (McZand)
Licorice Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Licorice Root Capsules
(Frontier, Major, Nature's
Bounty, Nature's Way,
Sundown)
G-16, 469
469
469
469
469
1 - 1 9 6 /LIFE OF MAN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Life of Man
Lion's Ear
Lion's Tail
Liver Lily
Liverleaf
Liverweed
Liverwort
G-23, 711
c-is, 524
G-IS, 524
G-19, 56i
26
26
26
LOBELIA
(Lobelia inflata)
G-ie, 479
Lobelia inflata
G-i6, 479
LOVAGE
(Levisticum officinale) . . . G-16, 482
Low Balm
Lurk-in-the-Ditch
Lycium barbarum
562
579
487
(Lycium chinense)
486
LYCIUM BERRIES
(Lycium barbarum)
487
Lycium chinense
Mace
Mahonia aquifolium
486
G-IS, 545
G-18, 527
MA-HUANG
(Ephedra sinica)
G-ie, 488
Maiden Fern
491
MAIDENHAIR
(Adiantum capillus-veneris)
. . . 491
G-17, 510
G-14, 401
G-14, 401
423
MAYAPPLE
(Podophyllum peltatum)
Maytenus ilicifolia
Mealberry
Mentha pulegium
Mexico Seed
Midsummer Daisy
Milfoil
Milk Ipecac
Milkwort
Monarda didyma
Monarda Lutea
Monarda punctata
Moringa oleifera
. .G-17, 510
218
G-25, 779
. 579
G-7, 158
G-11, 306
G-26, 833
G-4, 74
683
562
407
407
67
MORNING GLORY
(Ipomoea
hederacea)
Mosquito Plant
G-22, 690
MOTHERWORT
(Leonurus cardiaca)
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
Mountain
G-i8, 524
Balm
Box
Cranberry
Flax
562
G-25, 779
G-25, 779
683
MOUNTAIN GRAPE
(Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-IS, 527
Mountain Grape
Mountain Mint
Mouth Root
Mu Tong
G-4, 6i
562
358
189
523
579
G-18, 530
306
G-18, 545
MYRRH
. . G-is, 534
Myrrh Commiphora Oil
(Aura Cacia)
Myrrh Gum Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Myrtle Flower
Nard
Nardostachys jatamansi
Narrow-Leaved Echinacea
Nasturtium officinale
Nepeta cataria
Nightshade
534
(Zanthoxylum americanum)
534
G-19, sei
433
433
433
798
G-8, 164
G-4, 74
. .. 545
G-26, 833
NUTMEG
(Myristica fragrans)
G-19, 561
OSWEGO TEA
562
Palma Christi
G-7, ISS
Palmers Aloe Vera Formula
Cream (E.T. Browne)
ie
Papoose Root
109
Pariswort
G-4, 74
PARSLEY
(Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH
Nose Bleed
ORRIS
(Monarda didyma)
Mygrafew Tablets
(Nature's Way)
Myristica fragrans
(Commiphora molmol)
One-A-Day Menopause
Health Tablets (Bayer) .. . G-29, 92
Orange Milkweed
G-20, 598
Orange Root
G-13, 355
Orange Swallow-Wort
G-20, 598
Oregon Barberry
G-18, 527
Oregon Grape
(Berberis vulgaris)
G-4, 6i
Oregon Grape
(Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-IS, 527
Oregon Grape Liquid
(Herb Pharm)
527
Oregon Grape Root Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
527
(Iris species)
MUGWORT
(Artemisia vulgaris)
LYCIUM BARK
Mandrake
Marrubium
Marrubium vulgare
Matto Grosso
Mother's Heart
G-18, 545
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
92
NuVeg Feverfew Leaf
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 306
NuVeg Red Clover
Combination Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
633
Ocimum basilicum
G-4, 64
Oil Plant
G-7, 158
Old Man's Pepper
G-26, 833
Old Man's Root
G-23, 711
Parsley Fern
Parsley Herb Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Parsley Leaf Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Parsley Leaf Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Paucon
Pauson
Pearl Barley
PENNYROYAL
(Mentha pulegium)
Pepper-and-Salt
Perdiem Overnight Relief
(Novartis Consumer)
G-24, 754
567
567
567
108
108
G-4, 63
579
G-22, 690
G-29, 684
PERILLA
(Perilla fructescens)
583
Perilla fructescens
Persely
Persian Berries
Peruvian Bark
Petersylinge
Petroselinum crispum
Petty Morell
583
G-19, 567
G-12,317
G-20, 626
G-19,567
G-19, 567
G-23, 711
SAFETY GUIDE
SNAKE LILY/I-197
Philtron
G-25, 809
Phyto Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
469
Pick-Pocket
G-22, 690
Picrasma excelsa
622
Pigeon's Grass
G-25, 788
Pigeonweed
G-25, 788
Piliolerial
579
Pilocarpus microphyllus . . . G-15, 425
Pimpinella anisum
G-3, 35
Piper methysticum
G-15, 443
Pipperidge
G-4, 6i
PLEURISY ROOT
(Asclepias tuberosa)
G-20, 598
Podophyllum peltatum
G-17, 510
Poison Flag
G-19, 561
Polar Plant
G-21, 645
Polygala senega
683
Poor Man's Parmacettie . . . G-22, 690
Pot Barley
G-4, 63
Premium Fenugreek Seed
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .304
Premium Feverfew Leaf
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) ....306
Prickly Ash
545
Prickly Ash AutumnHarvested Liquid
(Health from the Sun)
545
Prickly Box
487
Promensil Tablets
(Novogen)
G-29, 633
Public House Plant
48
Pudding Grass
579
Pudding Pipe Tree
G-13, 354
Pukeweed
G-ie, 479
Pulegium
579
Purging Cassia
G-13, 354
Purple Clover
G-21, 633
Purshiana Bark
G-7, 153
QUASSIA
(Picrasma. excelsa)
ff-
Quassia
Quassia amara
Quassia Wood
Queen Ann's-Lace
Quercus Marina
Raccoon Berry
Ramsthorn
. . . .G-22, 6 9 0
. . . G-26, 8 1 2
G-5, 9 2
683
. . . . G-4, 7 4
. .
G-5, 9 2
RED CLOVER
(Trifolium pratense)
. . G-21, 6 3 3
Red Clover Blossom
Capsules (Nature's Bounty)
633
Red Clover Herb Capsules
(Frontier)
633
Red Clover Herbal Capsules
(Apothecary)
633
Red Clover Liquid (McZand) . . . 633
Red Root
108
Redberry Leaves
G-25, 779
Remifemin Tablets
(PhytoPharmica)
G-30, 92
Rhamnus catharticus
G-6, 123
Rhamnus frangula
G-12, 317
Rhamnus purshiana
G-7, 153
Rheum palmatum
G-8, 185
Rhubarb
G-8, 185
Richweed
G-5, 92
Ricinus communis
G-7, 158
Rock Fern
491
Rock Parsley
G-19, 567
Rockwrack
106
Roman Chamomile
G-IO, 270
ROSEMARY
(Rosmarinus officinalis)
Rosemary Leaf Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Rosmarinus officinalis
Round-Leaved Hepatica
G-21, 645
645
G-21, 645
26
RUE
622
G-3, 23
G-3, 23
G-3, 23
G-25, 809
106
(Ruta graveolens)
G-21, 648
Run-by-the-Ground
Ruta graveolens
Sacred Bark
579
G-21, 648
G-7, 153
SAFFLOWER
(Carthamus tinctorius)
QUININE
(Cinchona pubescens)
Rattle Pouches
Rattlebush
Rattleroot
Rattlesnake Root
(Polygala senega) . . .
Rattlesnake Root
(Trillium erectum) . . .
Rattleweed
G-20, 626
G-17, 510
G-6, 123
652
SAFFRON
(Crocus sativus)
Sagackhomi
G-21, 653
G-25, 779
SAGE
(Salvia officinalis)
G-21, 655
Sagrada Bark
G-7, 153
Salsify
G-9, 212
Salvia officinalis
G-21, 655
Sandberry
G-25, 779
Sanguinaria
108
Sanguinaria canadensis
108
Sanguinary
(Achillea millefolium) . . . .G-26, 833
Sanguinary
(Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690
Scabwort
G-10, 266
Scarlet Monarda
562
Scotch Barley
G-4, 63
Sea Parsley
G-16, 482
Seawrack
106
Segg
Seneca
G-19, 561
683
SENECA SNAKEROOT
(Polygala senega)
Senega
Senega Snakeroot
Seneka
683
683
683
683
SENNA
(Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
Senna Extract Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
684
Senna Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
684
Senokot Childrens' Syrup
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot Granules
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot Tablets
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) .. 684
Senokot Xtra
(Purdue Frederick)
684
SheggS
G-19, 561
Shepherd's Heart
0-22, 690
SHEPHERD'S PURSE
(Capsella bursa-pastoris) G-22, 690
Shepherd's Scrip
Shepherd's Sprout
Siberian Tea
Simpler's Joy
Slippery Root
Smallage
Snake Lily
,. .G-22, 690
G-22, 690
268
G-25, 788
G-9, 212
G-8, 172
G-19, sei
I-198/SNAKE ROOT
Snake Root
Snakebite
(Sanguinaria canadensis)
Snakebite (Trillium erectum)
Snakeroot
Soldier's Woundwort
Sow Berry
Spanish Bugloss
Spanish Saffron
Spignet
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
683
ios
. G-4, 74
48
G-26, 833
G-4, 61
G-3, 13
G-21, 653
G-23, 711
SPIKENARD
(Aralia racemosd)
Spikenard
Spotted Monarda
Spotted Thistle
Squaw Balm
Squaw Root
Squawmint Tickweed
Squawroot
St. Benedict Thistle
St. James' Weed
St. John's Plant
St. Josephwort
Standardized Feverfew
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Standardized Licorice
Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
Standardized Uva Ursi
Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
Starwort
Staunchweed
Sundance Aloe Vera Gel
(Lee)
Suterberry
Swallow-Wort
Swamp Cedar
Sweet Root
Sweet Slumber
Symphytum officinale
Tanacetum parthenium
Tanacetum vulgare
G-23, 711
433
407
G-6, 107
579
G-5, 92
579
109
G-6, 107
G-22, 690
G-IS, 530
G-4, 64
306
469
779
301
G-26, 833
16
545
G-20, 598
G-24, 759
G-16, 469
108
G-9, 212
0-11, 306
G-24, 754
TANSY
(Tanacetum vulgare)
G-24, 754
Tea Plant
Tea Tree
Tetterwort
(Chelidonium majus)
487
487
G-8, 169
Tetterwort
{Sanguinaria canadensis)
Thousand Weed
Three-Leaved
Throw-Wort
ios
G-26, 833
G-4, 74
G-18, 524
THUJA
(Thuja occidentalis)
Thuja occidentalis
Tinnevelly Senna
Toothache Tree
Toywort
Tree of Life
Trefoil (Hepatica nobilis)
Trefoil (Trifolium pratense)
Trifolium pratense
Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trillium erectum
Tuber Root
G-24, 759
G-24, 759
G-22, 684
545
G-22, 690
G-24, 759
26
G-21, 633
G-21, 633
G-11, 304
G-4, 74
G-20, 598
TURMERIC
(Curcuma domestica)
775
Turmeric
G-26, 846
Turmeric Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
846
Turmeric Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
846
Turmeric Root
G-13, 355
Turmeric Whole Rhizome
Liquid
(Health from the Sun)
846
Tussilago farfara
G-9, 209
Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules
(ADH, Frontier, Nature's
Herbs)
779
Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules
(Nature's Way)
779
UVA-URSI
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
G-25, 779
Velvet Dock
Venus Hair
Veratrum luteum
Verbena officinalis
G-IO, 266
491
301
G-25, 788
VERVAIN
(Verbena officinalis)
G-25, 788
Vitex agnus-castus
G-8, 176
Vitex Capsules
(Naturalife, Nature's Way) . . .176
Vomitroot
G-16, 479
Vomitwort
G-16, 479
Wake-Robin
G-4, 74
Wallwort
G-9, 212
Warnera
Water Flag
G-13, 355
G-19, 56i
WATERCRESS
(Nasturtium officinale)
798
Watercress Capsules
(National Vitamin)
Waythorn
Whig Plant
White Cedar
White Flag Root
White Horehound
White Root
Wild Bergamont
798
G-6, 123
G-10, 270
G-24, 759
G-19, 56i
G-14, 401
G-20, 598
407
WILD CARROT
(Daucus carota)
G-25, 809
Wild Clover
Wild Countryside Black
Cohosh Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Wild Countryside Licorice
Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Wild Countryside Myrrh
Gum Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
Wild Curcuma
Wild Ginger
G-21, 633
92
469
534
G-13, 355
48
WILD INDIGO
(Baptisia tinctoria)
G-26, 812
Wild Indigo Fresh Root
Liquid
(Health from the Sun)
Wild Indigo Root, Alcohol
Free Liquid
(Nature's Answer)
Wild Iris
Wild Lemon
Wild Nard
Wild Sunflower
Wild Tobacco
Wind Root
Witches' Pouches
Wood Waxen
812
812
G-19, 56i
G-17, 510
48
G-IO, 266
G-16, 479
G-20, 598
G-22, 690
G-10, 260
WORMWOOD
(Artemisia absinthium)
. . .G-26, 829
Wormwood
G-18, 530
X-Prep Bowel Evacuant
Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684
SAFETY GUIDE
GARLIC POWER T A B L E T S / I - 1 9 9
YARROW
(Achillea millefolium) . . . G-26, 833
Yarrow Extract Liquid
(Nature's Way)
833
Yarrow Flowers Capsules
(Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . .833
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Yellow
Bark
Flag
Ginseng
Iris
Puccoon
Root
Starwort
G-7, 153
G-19, sei
109
G-19, 561
G-13, 355
G-13, 355
G-10, 266
Yellow Wood
Yellowroot
Zaffer
Zanthoxylum americanum
545
358
652
545
ZEDOARY
(Curcuma zedoaria)
G-26, 846
Not for use while nursing
Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic
Hi-Po Formula Capsules
(Wakunaga)
Alcohol Free Kava Kava
Liquid (Nature's Answer)
Alder Buckthorn
Alder Dogwood
Alexandrian Senna
ALKANET
(Alkanna tinctoria)
Alkanet Root
Alkanna tinctoria
Allium sativum
Anchusa
Arrow Wood
Ass Ear
Ava
Ava Pepper
327
. . . .443
G-12, 317
G-12, 317
G-22, 684
G-3, 13
G-3, 13
G-3, 13
G-12, 327
G-3, 13
G-12, 317
G-9, 212
G-15, 443
G-15, 443
BASIL
(Ocimum basilicum)
Bergenia crassifolia
Bitter Bark
Black Alder
G-4, 64
268
G-7, 153
G-12, 317
racemosa)
Black Cohosh Capsules
(Frontier, Herbal Harvest,
Natrol, Nature's Way,
Rexall Consumer)
Black Cohosh Power
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
Black Root
Black Snake Root
Blackwort
Boneset
Bruisewort
G-5, 9 2
92
92
G-9, 212
G-5, 92
G-9, 212
G-9, 212
G-9, 212
BUCKTHORN
(Rhamnus
catharticus)
G-6, 123
G-12, 317
G-5, 92
G-5, 92
G-7, 153
G-13, 354
CASCARA SAGRADA
(Rhamnus
purshiana)
G-7, 153
Cascara Sagrada Bark
Capsules (Frontier)
153
Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild
Stimulant Laxative
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 153
Cascara Sagrada Capsules
(Herbal Harvest, Humco,
Nature's Way)
153
Cascara Sagrada Natural
Laxative Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
153
Cassia
fistula
G-13, 354
Cassia senna
G-22, 684
Centrum Garlic Capsules
(Whitehall-Robins)
G-31, 327
CHINESE RHUBARB
(Rheum
BLACK COHOSH
(Cimicifuga
Buckthorn Bark
Bugbane
Bugwort
California Buckthorn
Cana Fistula
palmatum)
G-8, 185
Chinese Tian Shan Garlic
Tablets (Nature's Herbs)
Chittem Bark
Cimicifuga
Cimicifuga racemosa
Clove Garlic
Cockup Hat
. . . . .327
G-7, 153
G-5, 92
G-5, 92
G-12, 327
729
COMFREY
(Symphytum officinale)
. .. G-9, 212
Consound
G-9, 212
Da-Huang
G-8, ISS
Deodorized Garlic Tablets
(Nature's Bounty)
327
Dog Wood
G-12, 317
Dogwood Bark
Dyer's Bugloss
G-7, 153
G-3, 13
ELEPHANT-EARS
(Bergenia crassifolia)
Ex-Lax Maximum Strength
(Novartis Consumer)
268
684
FRANGULA
(Rhamnus frangula)
Frangula Bark
Garl-Action Tablets
(Action Labs)
G-12, 317
G-12, 317
327
GARLIC
(Allium sativum)
Garlic Capsules (Bio-Tech,
Cardinal, Frontier, Key
Co., Major, Mason
Vitamins, National
Vitamin)
G-12, 327
327
Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets
(Perrigo, Rexall Consumer) . . . 327
Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules
(Republic)
327
Garlic Oil Capsules
(Advanced Nutritional,
Apothecary, Basic
Vitamins, Bergen
Brunswig, Family
Pharmacy, Health Products,
Mason Vitamins, Medicine
Shoppe, Nature Made,
Nature's Bounty, Perrigo) . . . .327
Garlic Oil Natural Capsules
(Cardinal, Rexall
Consumer)
327
Garlic Power Tablets
(Nature's Herbs)
327
1 - 2 0 0 /GARLIC
TABLETS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Garlic Tablets (ADH,
American Pharmaceutical,
Apothecary, Basic
Vitamins, Bergen
Brunswig, Celestial
Seasonings, Contract
Pharmacal, Family
Pharmacy, Freeda, Mason
Vitamins, Medicine
Shoppe, National Vitamin,
Naturalife, Nature's
Bounty, Perrigo, Republic,
Zenith Goldline)
Garlicin Tablets
(Nature's Way)
Garlic-X Tablets
(Mason Vitamins)
Garlin Tablets (Major)
Garlique Enteric Coated
Tablets (Sunsource)
Garlique Tablets (Sunsource) . .
327
327
327
327
327
. 327
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
(Cassia fistula)
Gum Plant
Hartshorn
Healing Herb
High Alicin Garlic Tablets
(Futurebiotics)
High Potency Garlic Oil
Capsules (Nature Made)
Highwaythorn
India Senna
Indian Laburnum
Intoxicating Pepper
Kava Extract Capsules
(Nature's Way)
G-13, 354
G-9, 212
G-6, 123
G-9, 212
327
327
G-6, 123
G-22, 684
G-13, 354
G-15, 443
443
KAVA KAVA
(Piper methysticum)
G-15, 443
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen
Brunswig, Celestial
Seasonings, Humco, Mason
Vitamins, McZand,
Nature's Resource, Rexall
Consumer, Rexall Managed
Care, Sundown)
Kava Kava Extract Liquid
(Rainbow Light)
443
443
Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . . . 443
Kava Kava Power Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
443
Kava Kava Premium Extract
Capsules (Futurebiotics)
443
Kava Kava Root Capsules
(Frontier, Major, Naturalife,
Nature's Herbs, Nature's
Way)
443
Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443
Kawa
G-15, 443
Knitback
G-9, 212
Knitbone
G-9, 212
Kwai Garlic Tablets
(Lichtwer)
G-29, 327
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract
Tablets (Wakunaga)
G-30, 327
Leather Bergenia
268
Marcory
729
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root
Capsules (Nature's Herbs)
92
Ocimum basilicum
G-4, 64
Odorless Garlic Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
327
One-A-Day Cholesterol
Health Tablets (Bayer) . . G-29, 327
One-A-Day Garlic Capsules
(Bayer)
G-29, 327
One-A-Day Menopause
Health Tablets (Bayer) . . . G-29, 92
Perdiem Overnight Relief
(Novartis Consumer)
G-29, 684
Persian Berries
G-12, 317
Piper methysticum
G-15, 443
Poor Man's Treacle
G-12, 327
Pudding Pipe Tree
G-13, 354
Purging Cassia
G-13, 354
Purshiana Bark
G-7, 153
Queen's Delight
729
Ramsthora
G-e, 123
Rattleroot
G-5, 92
Rattleweed
G-5, 92
Remifemin Tablets
(PhytoPharmica)
G-30, 92
Rhamnus catharticus
G-6, 123
Rhamnus frangula
G-12, 317
Rhamnus purshiana
G-7, 153
Rheum palmatum
Rhubarb
Richweed
Sacred Bark
Sagrada Bark
Salsify
G-8, ISS
G-8, iss
G-5, 92
G-7, 153
G-7, 153
G-9, 212
SENNA
(Cassia senna)
G-22, 684
Senna Extract Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
684
Senna Leaf Capsules
(Frontier)
684
Senokot Childrens' Syrup
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot Granules
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot Tablets
(Purdue Frederick)
G-30, 684
Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) . . 684
Senokot Xtra
(Purdue Frederick)
684
Siberian Tea
268
Silver Leaf
729
Slippery Root
G-9, 212
Spanish Bugloss
G-3, 13
Squaw Root
G-S, 92
St. Josephwort
G-4, 64
Standardized Garlic Capsules
(Nature's Resource)
327
STILLING1A
(Stillingia sylvatica)
729
Stillingia sylvatica
729
Symphytum officinale
G-9, 212
Tinnevelly Senna
.G-22, 684
Total Gar Capsules
(Mason Vitamins)
327
Wallwort
G-9, 212
Waythorn
G-e, 123
Wild Countryside Black
Cohosh Root Capsules
(Nature's Herbs)
92
X-Prep Bowel Evacuant
Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684
Yaw Root
729
Yellow Bark
G-7, 153
SAFETY GUIDE
PIGWOOD/I-201
For use only under supervision
Aconite
Aconitum napellus
G-IS, 521
G-18, 521
ALMOND
(Prunus dulcis)
15
AMERICAN HELLEBORE
(Veratrum viride)
American Nightshade
American Spinach
Apocynum cannabinum
Aristolochia clematitis
Arruda Brava
Arruda Do Mato
Atropa belladonna
Basam
Bear's Grape
2s
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
418
G-5, SO
G-15, 425
G-15, 425
G-4, 69
G-22, 672
G-20, 602
BELLADONNA
(Atropa belladonna)
Belladonna Scopola
Besom
G-4, 69
67i
G-22, 672
BiRTHWORT
(Aristolochia clematitis) . . . G-S, SO
Bitterroot
Bizzom
Blue Rocket
418
G-22, 672
G-IS, 521
BOXWOOD
(Buxus sempervirens)
. . . . G-6, l i e
Branching Phytolacca
Breeam
Broom
Broomtops
Browme
Brum
Bugbane
Burning Bush
Bush Tree
Buxus sempervirens
Canadian Hemp
Cancer-Root
Catchfly
Chongras
Coakum
Cokan
Convallaria
Convallaria majalis
Convall-Lily
Crowberry
G-20, 602
G-22, 672
G-22,672
G-22, 672
G-22, 672
G-22, 672
25
G-25, 791
G-e, ne
G-6, l i e
418
G-20, 602
418
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20,602
G-16, 475
G-16, 475
G-ie, 475
G-20, 602
Cytisus scoparius
Dead Men's Bells
Deadly Nightshade
Devil's Bite
Devil's Cherries
Devil's Herb
G-22, 672
G-10, 248
G-4, 69
25
G-4, 69
G-4, 69
DIGITALIS
(Digitalis purpurea)
G-10, 248
Digitalis purpurea
G-10, 248
Dipteryx odorata
767
Divale
G-4, 69
Dogbane
418
Dog's Finger
G-10, 248
Duck's Foot
G-17, 510
Dudgeon
G-6, 116
Dwale
G-4, 69
Dwayberry
G-4, 69
Earth Gall
25
Euonymus atropurpurea . . . G-25, 791
Fairy Caps
G-10, 248
Fairy Fingers
G-IO, 248
Fairy Gloves
G-IO, 248
Fairy Thimbles
G-IO, 248
Finger Flower
G-IO, 248
Fly-Trap
4is
Folks' Glove
G-10, 248
Foxglove
G-10, 248
Friar's Cap
G-IS, 521
Fusanum
G-25, 791
Fusoria
G-25, 791
Gadrose
G-25, 791
Gatten
G-25, 791
Gatter
G-25, 791
(Teucrium chamaedrys) . . G-12, 337
G-IO, 248
G-4, 69
15
G-17, 510
G-17, 510
418
G-17, 510
G-25, 791
25
INDIAN-HEMP
(Apocynum cannabinum)
418
418
G-20, 602
G-22, 672
25
JABORANDI
(Pilocarpus microphyllus)
Jacob's Ladder
Jalap
Jamguarandi
Japanese Belladonna
Jordan Almond
Juarandi
Ladder-to-Heaven
Ladies' Glove
Lily Constancy
G-15, 425
G-16, 475
G-20, 602
G-15, 425
67i
15
G-15, 425
G-16, 475
G-10, 248
G-16, 475
LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY
(Convallaria majalis)
Lion's Mouth
Mace
Mandragora
Mandragora ojficinarum
. . . G-16, 475
G-10, 248
G-18, 545
G-17, 495
. . G-17, 495
MANDRAKE
(Mandragora
ojficinarum)
Mandrake
May Bells
May Lily
G-17, 495
G-17, 510
G-IS, 475
G-16, 475
MAYAPPLE
(Podophyllum peltatum)
Milk Ipecac
Milkweed
. G-17, 510
418
418
MONKSHOOD
(Aconitum napellus)
GERMANDER
Gloves of Our Lady
Great Morel
Greek Nuts
Ground Lemon
Hog Apple
Honeybloom
Indian Apple
Indian Arrowroot
Indian Poke
Indian-Hemp
Inkberry
Irish Tops
Itchweed
G-IS, 521
Mousebane
G-IS, 521
Muguet
G-IS, 475
Myristica fragrans
G-18, 545
Naughty Man's Cherries . .. . G - 4 , 69
NUTMEG
(Myristica fragrans)
G-18, 545
Our Lady's Tears
Phytolacca americana
Phytolacca Berry
Phytolacca Root
Pigeon Berry
Pigwood
G-ie, 475
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-25, 791
1-202/PILOCARPUS MICROPHYLLUS
Pilocarpus microphyllus . . . G-15, 425
Pocan
G-20, 602
Podophyllum peltatum
Poison Black Cherry
G-17, 5io
G-4, 69
POKE
(Phytolacca americana)
Poke Berry
Poke Root
Pokeweed
Prickwood
Prunus dulcis
Raccoon Berry
Red Weed
Red-Ink Plant
Russian Belladonna
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Satan's Apple
Scoke
Scoparium
Scopola
G-17, 495
G-20, 602
G-22, 672
67i
SCOPOLIA
. G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
G-25, 791
15
G-17, 510
G-20, 602
G-20, 602
671
(Scopolia carniolicd)
Scopolia carniolica
671
671
Tickleweed
25
TONKA BEANS
(Dipteryx odorata)
Tonquin Bean
Veratrum viride
Virginian Poke
Virgin's Glove
767
767
25
G-20, 602
G-10, 248
WAHOO
SCOTCH BROOM
(Cytisus scoparius)
G-22, 672
Skewerwood
Skoke
Spindle Tree
Sweet Almond
Teucrium chamaedrys
G-25, 791
G-20, 602
G-25, 791
15
G-12, 337
(Euonymus atropurpurea)
Wallflower
Wild Cotton
Wild Lemon
Witches' Gloves
Wolfsbane
G-25, 791
418
418
G-17, 510
G-10, 248
G-18, 521
1-203
Manufacturers Index
This
herbal
entry
Guide,
index
provides
monographs.
lists
the
two
you
with
The
names
page
second
numbers,
to
the
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 932-2953
FAX: (516) 694-6493
215 North Route 303
Congers, NY 10920-1726
the
the first
information for
products
refers
monograph
each
follow
to
in
a
the
supplier
photograph
which
the
327
346
346
346
75
342
516
664
719
551
ssi
843
843
843
of the
product
843
843
Herbal Products Available:
Aloe Vera Capsules
16
Barley Grain Capsules
63
Bilberry Extract Capsules
75
Borage Oil Capsules
114
Butcher's Broom Capsules
132
Cat's Claw Capsules
160
Cayenne Peppers Capsules
165
Damiana Leaves Capsules
244
Dandelion Root Capsules
245
Devil's Claw Capsules
247
Echinacea Capsules
26i
Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules
298
Garlic Tablets
327
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Ginseng American Capsules . . . . 346
Ginseng Chinese Capsules
346
Goldenseal Capsules
355
Gotu Kola Capsules
359
Hawthorne Capsules
271
Sarsaparilla Capsules
661
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules
779
Valerian Root Capsules
783
White Willow Bark Capsules . . . SOT
ADVANCED NUTRITIONAL
TECHNOLOGY, INC.
6988 Sierra Court
Dublin, CA 94568
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 624-6543
(925) 828-2128
FAX: (925) 828-6848
whose
company's
Direct Inquiries to:
(914) 268-0027
FAX: (914) 268-2988
280 Adams Boulevard
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ADH HEALTH PRODUCTS INC.
of
herbal
ACTION LABS, INC.
Herbal Products Available:
Garl-Action Tablets
Gin-Action Tablets
Ginseng Power Max 4X
Capsules
Ginseng Power Max 4X
Liquid
Super Bilberry Plus Tablets
Super Ginkgo Biloba Plus
Tablets
Super Milk Thistle Plus
Tablets
Super Saw Palmetto Plus
Tablets
Super St. John's Wort Plus
Tablets
Wild Oats Liquid
Wild Oats Tablets
Yohimbe Power Max 1500
for Women Tablets
Yohimbe Power Max 1500
Tablets
Yohimbe Power Max 2000
Capsules
Yohimbe Power Max 2000
Liquid
Yohimbized 1000 Liquid
contact
products
appear
contact
information.
product
in
the
in
the
If an
Identification
appears.
Herbal Products Available:
Activin Capsules
Flaxseed Oil Capsules
Garlic Oil Capsules
Ginseng Korean Capsules
New Energy Capsules
362
313
327
346
313
AIM FOR HERBS
16 Kingston Street
Somerville, MA 02144
Direct Inquiries to:
(888) 752-1352
www.aimforherbs.com
Herbal Products Available:
Activated Ginkgo Tablets
342
ALVITA TEA COMPANY
600 East Quality Drive
American Fork, UT 84003-3302
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 258-4828
FAX: (801) 763-0789
www.alvita.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alvita Astragalus Root
Tea Bags
54
Caffeine-Free Ginger Root
Tea Bags
339
Chinese Green Tea Tea Bags . .. 369
AMERICAN PHARMACAL, INC.
1201 Douglas Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66103
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 349-4923
FAX: (210) 349-9043
Herbal Products Available:
Ginseng Capsules
AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL CO.
12 Dwight Place
Fairfield, NJ 07004
Direct Inquiries to:
(973) 515-1000
346
1-204 /AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL CO.
FAX: (973) 515-9766
Herbal Products Available:
Garlic Tablets
327
APOTHECARY PRODUCTS
11531 Rupp Drive
Bumsville, MN 55337
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 328-2742
FAX: (800) 328-1584
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Tablets
12
Cayenne Herbal Capsules
165
Echinacea Root Herbal
Capsules
261
Garlic Oil Capsules
327
Garlic Tablets
327
Ginkgo Biloba Plus Capsules . . . 342
Ginseng Siberian Capsules
346
Goldenseal Root Capsules
355
Guarana Tablets
376
Papaya Digestive Enzyme
Tablet
565
Red Clover Herbal Capsules . . . 633
Sarsaparilla Root Capsules
66i
Valerian Root Tablets
783
White Willow Bark Capsules . .. 807
AURA CACIA
101 Arbuckle Road
Weaverville, CA 96093
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 437-3301
FAX: (800) 717-4375
www.auracacia.com
Herbal Products Available:
Ginger Root Oil
Juniper Berry Oil
Myrrh Commiphora Oil
Red Thyme Oil
White Thyme Oil
Wild Chamomile Oil
339
440
534
761
76i
331
BASIC VITAMINS
P.O. Box 412
Vandalia, OH 45377
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 782-2742
FAX: (937) 898-0500
www.basicvitamins.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Tablets
Garlic Oil Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginseng Capsules
BAYER CORP., CONSUMER
CARE DIVISION
36 Columbia Road
P.O. Box 1910
Morristown, NJ 07962-1910
12
327
327
346
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 348-2240
Herbal Products Available:
One-A-Day Cholesterol
Health Tablets
G-29, 327
One-A-Day Cold Season
Tablets
G-29, 26i
One-A-Day Garlic
Capsules
G-29, 327
One-A-Day Memory &
Concentration Tablets . . . G-29, 342
One-A-Day Menopause
Health Tablets
G-29, 92
One-A-Day Prostate Health
Capsules
G-29, 664
One-A-Day Tension & Mood
Tablets
G-29, 719
BERGEN BRUNSWIG DRUG COMPANY
4000 Metropolitan Drive
Orange, CA 92868
Direct Inquiries to:
(714) 385-4000
FAX: (714) 385-8830
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Capsules
Cat's Claw Capsules
Cayenne Capsules
Echinacea Capsules
Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules
Feverfew Capsules
Garlic Oil Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginger Root Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
Ginseng Capsules
Ginseng Natural Tablets
Ginseng Root Korean White
Capsules
Ginseng Root Siberian
Capsules
Golden Seal Root Capsules
Gotu Kola Capsules
Grape Seed Capsules
Green Tea Capsules
Kava Kava Capsules
Saw Palmetto Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
Valerian Root Capsules
BIOGLAN PHARMA, INC.
900 West Valley Road
Suite 400
Wayne, PA 19087
Direct Inquiries to:
(610) 225-0200
FAX: (610) 225-0160
Herbal Products Available:
Zostrix Cream
165
BIO-TECH PHARMACAL, INC.
P.O. Box 1992
Fayetteville, AR 72702
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 345-1199
FAX: (501) 443-5643
Herbal Products Available:
Bioflax Capsules
Garlic Capsules
Wild Yam Capsules
313
327
817
BOERICKE & TAFEL
2381 Circadian Way
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 876-9505
(707) 571-8202
FAX: (707) 571-8237
Herbal Products Available:
Califlora Calendula Gel
497
BOIRON USA
75
160
165
261
298
306
327
327
339
342
346
.. 346
346
346
355
359
362
369
443
664
719
783
6 Campus Boulevard
Newtown Square, PA 19073
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 264-7661
FAX: (610) 325-7480
Herbal Products Available:
Calendula Gel
Calendula Lotion
Calendula Ointment
497
497
497
BOSCOGEN INC.
11 Morgan
Irvine, CA 92618
Direct Inquiries to:
(949) 380-4317
FAX: (949) 583-2016
www.boscogen.com
Herbal Products Available:
Lynae Ginse-Cool Chewable
Tablets
346
BRECKENRIDGE
PHARMACEUTICAL, INC.
P.O. Box 206
Boca Raton, FL 33429
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 367-3395
(561) 367-8512
FAX: (561) 367-8107
Herbal Products Available:
St. John's Wort Capsules
E.T. BROWNE DRUG COMPANY
140 Sylvan Avenue
P.O. Box 1613
Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632
Direct Inquiries to:
(201) 947-3050
FAX: (201) 947-9276
719
M A N U F A C T U R E R S INDEX
FUTUREBIOTICS / 1 - 2 0 5
Herbal Products Available:
Palmers Aloe Vera Formula
Cream
is
CARDINAL HEALTH, INC.
5555 Glendon Court
Dublin, OH 43016
Direct Inquiries to:
(614) 757-5000
Herbal Products Available:
75
Bilberry Capsules
261
Echinacea Capsules
327
Garlic Capsules
Garlic Oil Natural Capsules . . . . 327
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Ginseng Siberian Capsules
346
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
Valerian Root Capsules
783
CELESTIAL SEASONINGS, INC.
4600 Sleepytime Drive
Boulder, CO 80301-3292
Direct Inquiries to:
(303) 530-5300
FAX: (303) 581-1294
www.celestialseasonings.com
Herbal Products Available:
Echinacea Capsules
261
Garlic Tablets
327
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Ginseng Energy Capsules
346
Green Tea Extract Capsules . . . . 369
Kava Kava Capsules
443
Panax Ginseng Capsules
346
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
St. John's Wort Capsules
719
CONTRACT PHARMACAL
CORPORATION
160 Commerce Drive
Hauppauge, NY 11788
Direct Inquiries to:
(631) 231-4610
FAX: (631) 231-4156
Herbal Products Available:
Echinacea Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginseng Capsules
St. John's Wort Tablets
261
327
346
719
ENZYMATIC THERAPY
825 Challenger Drive
Green Bay, WI 54311
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 783-2286
E-mail: etmail@enzy.com
www.enzy.com
Herbal Products Available:
Hypericalm Capsules
FAMILY PHARMACY
P.O. Box 1027
Southeastern, PA 19398-1027
719
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 333-7347
FAX: (610) 695-8604
Herbal Products Available:
Garlic Oil Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginseng Vitamin Capsules
327
327
346
FREEDA VITAMINS, INC.
36 E. 41st Street
New York, NY 10017
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 777-3737
(212) 685-4980
FAX: (212) 685-7297
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Concentrate Tablets
Cabbage Tablets
Garlic Tablets
Guar Gum Powder
Pacific Kelp Tablets
Papaya Tablets
FRONTIER
12
134
327
376
122
565
P.O. Box 299
Norway, IA 52318
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 786-1388
FAX: (800) 717-4372
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Leaf Capsules
12
American Ginseng Root
Capsules
346
Bilberry Leaf Capsules
75
Black Cohosh Capsules
92
Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . . 134
Blessed Thistle Capsules
107
Burdock Root Capsules
128
Butcher's Broom Root
Capsules
132
Cascara Sagrada Bark
Capsules
153
Catnip Leaf Capsules
164
Cat's Claw Inner Bark
Capsules
ieo
Cayenne 30,000 Heat Units
Capsules
i65
Certified Organic Nettle Leaf
Capsules
729
Certified Organic Red
Raspberry Leaf Capsules
630
Chamomile Flowers Capsules .. . 331
Chickweed Herb Capsules
iso
Damiana Leaf Capsules
244
Dandelion Root Capsules
245
Devil's Claw Root Tuber
Capsules
247
Echinacea Angustifolia Herb
Capsules
Echinacea purpurea Root
Capsules
Elder Flowers Capsules
Eleuthero Ginseng Root
Capsules
Eyebright Herb Capsules
Fenugreek Seed Capsules
Garlic Capsules
Ginger Root Capsules
Ginkgo Leaf Capsules
Goldenseal Leaf Capsules
Goldenseal Root Capsules
Gotu Kola Capsules
Guggul Resin Capsules
Hawthorne Berries Capsules
Horsetail Grass Capsules
Kava Kava Root Capsules
Korean Ginseng Root
Capsules
Licorice Root Capsules
Marshmallow Root Capsules
Mullein Leaf Liquid . .
Nettle Leaf Capsules
Passion Flower Capsules
Red Clover Herb Capsules
Red Raspberry Leaves
Capsules
Sarsaparilla Root Capsules
Saw Palmetto Berries
Capsules
Senna Leaf Capsules
Skullcap Herb Capsules
Slippery Elm Bark Capsules
St. John's Wort Herb
Capsules
Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules
Valerian Root Capsules
White Willow Bark Capsules
Wild Yam Root & Rhizome
Extract Liquid
Wild Yam Root Capsules
Yarrow Flowers Capsules
Yellow Dock Root Capsules
FUTUREBIOTICS
145 Ricefield Lane
Hauppauge, NY 11788
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 367-5433
www.futurebiotics.com
261
261
287
346
300
304
327
339
342
355
355
359
534
....271
409
443
346
469
. . . . 505
532
729
573
633
630
66i
664
684
678
. . . . 697
719
779
783
. . . 807
817
817
33
. . . . 835
1-206 /FUTUREBIOTICS
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Whole Juice
Concentrate Liquid
Bilberry Extract Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Premium
Extract Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Premium
Extract Tablets
Green Tea Tablets
High Alicin Garlic Tablets
Kava Kava Premium Extract
Capsules
Premium Blend Korean
Ginseng Capsules
Premium Blend Saw Palmetto
Capsules
Saw Palmetto Berries
Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Wild Indigo Fresh Root
Liquid
12
75
342
342
369
327
443
346
664
664
719
GLENWOOD
82 North Summit Street
Tenafly, NJ 07670
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 664-1449
(732) 981-9780
FAX: (732) 981-9790
Herbal Products Available:
Yocon Tablets
843
THE GREEN TURTLE BAY
VITAMIN CO., INC.
56 High Street
P.O. Box 642
Summit, NJ 07902
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 887-8535
(908) 277-2240
FAX: (908) 273-9116
E-mail: mail@energywave.com
www.energywave.com
Herbal Products Available:
Primrose Oil Capsules . . . .
HEALTH PRODUCTS CORPORATION/
HEALTH BRAND
Health Vitamin Company, Inc.
1060 Nepperhan Avenue
Yonkers, NY 10703-1432
Direct Inquiries to:
(914) 423-2900
FAX: (914) 963-6001
Herbal Products Available:
Garlic Oil Capsules
327
Ginseng Korean Capsules
346
Oil of Evening Primrose
Capsules
298
Papaya Chewable Tablets
565
HERB PHARM
P.O. Box 116
Williams, OR 97544
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 599-2392
(541) 846-6262
FAX: (800) 545-7392
E-mail: Herbpharm@aol.com
www.herb-pharm.com
Herbal Products Available:
Madder Whole Root Liquid . . . . 490
Oregon Grape Liquid
527
Sheep Sorrel, Whole
Flowering Plant Liquid
705
Thyme Leaf & Flower Liquid . . 761
Yerba Santa Resin-Rich Leaf
Liquid
84i
HERBAL HARVEST
298
HEALTH FROM THE SUN
P.O. Box 179
Newport Beach, NH 03773
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 447-2249
FAX: (603) 763-9159
www.hfts.com
Herbal Products Available:
Bio-EFA Black Currant
Capsules
Black Currant Capsules . . . .
Curcu Caps Capsules
Prickly Ash AutumnHarvested Liquid
Turmeric Whole Rhizome
Liquid
812
. .94
. .94
.132
.545
.846
90 Orville Drive
Bohemia, NY 11716
Direct Inquiries to:
(631) 567-9500
FAX: (631) 244-2136
Herbal Products Available:
Aloe Vera Capsules
16
Black Cohosh Capsules
92
Cascara Sagrada Capsules
153
Cayenne Capsules
165
Dandelion Root Capsules
245
Echinacea Capsules
26i
Eyebright Capsules
300
Feverfew Extract Capsules
306
Ginger Root Capsules
339
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Tablets
342
Ginseng Complex Capsules
346
Golden Seal Root Capsules
355
Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271
Korean Ginseng Capsules
346
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
Siberian Ginseng Tablets
346
St. John's Wort Capsules
Valerian Root Capsules
719
783
HUMCO
7400 Alumax Drive
Texarkana, TX 75501
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 662-3435
FAX: (903) 831-7736
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Extract Capsules
75
Cascara Sagrada Capsules
153
Cat's Claw Capsules
160
Cayenne Pepper Capsules
165
Echinacea Capsules
261
Feverfew Extract Capsules
306
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Capsules
342
Goldenseal Root Capsules
355
Hawthorn Extract Capsules
271
Kava Kava Capsules
443
Korean Ginseng Extract
Capsules
346
Korean White Ginseng
Capsules
346
Milk Thistle Extract Capsules . . 516
Saw Palmetto Extract
Capsules
664
St. John's Wort Extract
Capsules
719
Valerian Root Capsules
783
IRWIN NATURALS
10549 West Jefferson Boulevard
Culver City, CA 90232
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 841-8448
FAX: (310) 202-9454
Herbal Products Available:
Cat's Claw Capsules
ieo
Echinacea Capsules
261
Ginkgo Smart Capsules
342
Super Yohimbe-Plus Tablets . . . . 8 4 3
THE KEY COMPANY
1313 W. Essex Ave.
P.O. Box 220370
St. Louis, MO 63122
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 325-9592
(314) 965-6699
FAX: (314) 965-7629
Herbal Products Available:
Alfamin Tablets
Echinacea Root Capsules
Garlic Capsules
Goldenseal Plus Capsules
Linum-20 Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
12
26i
327
355
313
719
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
MCZAND HERBAL, INC. / I - 2 0 7
KISS MY FACE
P.O. Box 224
Gardiner, NY 12525
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 262-KISS
(914) 255-0884
^ FAX: (914) 255-4312
"^ www.kissmyface.com
Herbal Products Available:
Natural Honey & Calendula
Moisturizer for Extra Dry
Skin
497
KONSYL PHARMACEUTICALS
4200 South Hulen
Fort Worth, TX 76109
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 356-6795
(817) 763-8011
FAX: (817) 731-9389
www.konsyl.com
Herbal Products Available:
Konsyl Easy Mix
Konsyl for Kids
Konsyl Powder Sugar Free
612
612
612
LEE PHARMACEUTICALS
1434 Santa Anita Avenue
P.O. Box 3836
If South El Monte, CA 91733-3312
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 950-5337
FAX: (626) 442-6994
Herbal Products Available:
Aloe 99 Gel
Sundance Aloe Vera Gel
ie
ie
LICHTWER PHARMA U.S., INC.
Foster Plaza 9
750 Holiday Drive
Pittsburgh, PA 15220
Direct Inquiries to:
(412) 928-9334
FAX: (412) 928-9655
Herbal Products Available:
Ginkai Tablets
0-29, 342
Ginsai Capsules
346
Kira Tablets
G-29, 719
Kwai Garlic Tablets
G-29, 327
MAJOR PHARMACEUTICALS
•
31778 Enterprise Drive
Livonia, MI 48150
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 875-0123
FAX: (734) 762-9730
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Tablets
Bilberry Capsules
Cayenne Pepper Capsules
Echinacea Root Capsules
Evening Primrose Capsules
Eyebright Capsules
Garlic Capsules
12
73
i65
261
298
300
327
Garlin Tablets
327
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets
342
Ginseng Capsules
346
Ginseng Korean Capsules
346
Ginseng Siberian Capsules
346
Golden Seal Root Capsules
355
Gotu Kola Capsules
359
Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . .362
Kava Kava Root Capsules
443
Kelp Tablets
122
Licorice Root Capsules
469
Milk Thistle Capsules
516
Oat Bran Tablets
551
Papaya Tablets
565
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
Valerian Root Capsules
783
MARLEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
50 McCullough Drive
Southgate Center
New Castle, DE 19720
Direct Inquiries to:
(302) 328-3355
FAX: (302) 328-6968
Herbal Products Available:
Papaya Chewable Tablets
Papaya Coated Tablets
Tablet
565
565
Saw Palmetto Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
Total Gar Capsules
Valerian Capsules
Valerian Root Tablets
Yohimbe Capsules
Yohimbe Super Potent
Tablets
MASON VITAMINS, INC.
5105 N.W. 159th Street
Miami Lakes, FL 33014
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 327-6005
FAX: (800) 328-3944
www.masonvitamins.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Fortified Tablets
Alfalfa Tablets
Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000
Capsules
Bilberry Capsules
Cat's Claw Capsules
Cayenne Capsules
Echinacea Capsules
Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules
Feverfew Capsules
Garlic Capsules
Garlic Oil Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Garlic-X Tablets
Ginger Capsules
Ginger Root Capsules
GinkAlert Tablets
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Capsules
Ginseng Complex Korean
Capsules
Ginseng Korean Capsules
Ginseng Korean Tablets
Ginseng Siberian Capsules
Goldenseal Capsules
Goldenseal Root Capsules
Gotu Kola Capsules
G-Sana Capsules
Guarana Capsules
Hawthorn Berry Capsules
Kava Kava Capsules
Kelp Tablets
Licorice Capsules
Milk Thistle Capsules
Oat Bran Tablets
Papaya Enzyme with Papain
342
346
346
346
346
355
355
359
346
122
271
443
122
469
516
.551
565
664
719
327
783
783
843
843
McKESSON DRUG COMPANY
12
12
ie
75
ieo
163
261
One Post Street
San Francisco, CA 94104-5296
Direct Inquiries to:
(415) 983-8300
FAX: (415) 983-7160
Herbal Products Available:
Cayenne Capsules
165
Echinacea Capsules
261
Ginseng Capsules
346
Ginseng Concentrate Capsules .. 346
Golden Seal Root Capsules
355
Gotu Kola Herb Capsules
359
Valerian Root Capsules
783
McZAND HERBAL, INC.
298
306
327
327
327
327
339
339
342
342
P.O. Box 5312
Santa Monica, CA 90409
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 800-0405
FAX: (310) 822-1050
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Liquid
Astragalus Root Liquid
Black Walnut Liquid
Blue Cohosh Liquid
Cat's Claw Capsules
12
54
134
109
160
1-208 /MCZAND HERBAL, INC.
Cayenne Capsules
Chamomile Liquid
Dandelion Liquid
Echinacea Liquid
Feverfew Capsules
Ginger Liquid
Ginkgo Capsules
Ginkgo Liquid
Ginseng American Liquid
Ginseng Chinese Liquid
Ginseng Siberian Liquid
Goldenseal Liquid
Gotu Kola Liquid
Hawthorn Capsules
Hawthorn Liquid
Horsetail Liquid
Kava Kava Capsules
Kava Kava Liquid
Licorice Liquid
Milk Thistle Capsules
Milk Thistle Liquid
Nettle Capsules
Nettle Liquid
Oatstraw Capsules
Oatstraw Liquid
Red Clover Liquid
Red Raspberry Liquid
Saw Palmetto Capsules
Saw Palmetto Liquid
Valerian Liquid
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
165
331
245
261
306
339
342
342
346
346
346
355
359
271
271
409
443
443
469
516
516
729
729
551
551
633
630
664
664
783
THE MEDICINE SHOPPE
ll 00 North Lindbergh
St. Louis, MO 63132
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 325-1397
(314) 993-6000
FAX: (314) 872-5500
Herbal Products Available:
Garlic Oil Capsules
Garlic Tablets
327
327
MERICON INDUSTRIES, INC.
8819 N. Pioneer Road
Peoria, IL 61615-1561
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 242-6464
FAX: (309) 693-2158
E-mail: monocal@aol.com
Herbal Products Available:
Ginkgo Tablets
NATIONAL VITAMIN COMPANY, INC.
2075 West Scranton Avenue
Porterville, CA 93257-8358
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 538-5828
FAX: (209) 781-8878
342
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Tablets
Aloe Vera Capsules
Cat's Claw Capsules
Chantal Aloe Vera Cream
Echinacea Capsules
Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules
Garlic Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Capsules
Ginseng Korean Capsules
Golden Seal Capsules
Guarana Tablets
Kelp Tablets
Oat Bran Chewable Tablets
Papaya Enzyme Tablet
Saw Palmetto Capsules
St. John's Wort Extract
Capsules
Valerian Root Capsules
Watercress Capsules
12
16
ieo
16
261
298
327
327
342
346
355
376
122
551
565
664
719
783
798
NATROL
2 l 4 l l Prairie Street
Chatsworth, CA 91311
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 326-1520
www.natrol.com
Herbal Products Available:
Astragalus Capsules
54
Basics Stinging Nettles
Capsules
729
Bilberry Herb Capsules
75
Black Cohosh Capsules
92
Blackcurrant Seed Oil
Capsules
94
Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules
298
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
342
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets
342
Green Tea Capsules
369
Guarana Capsules
376
Kavatrol Capsules
G-29, 443
Mood Support Capsules
719
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
St. John's Wort Tablets
719
NATURALIFE CORPORATION
10 Mountain Springs Parkway
Springville, UT 84663
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 531-3233
FAX: (800) 489-3302
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Capsules
75
Cat's Claw Bark Capsules
Dr. Masquelier's Authentic
OPC's Tablets
Feverfew Leaf Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
Ginseng Capsules
Hawthorn Tablets
Kava Kava Root Capsules
Milk Thistle Capsules
Original Primrose for
Women Capsules
Saw Palmetto Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
Vitex Capsules
160
362
306
327
342
346
271
443
516
298
664
719
176
NATURE MADE
1150 Aviation Place
San Fernando, CA 91340
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 276-2878
www.naturemade.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Herbs Tablets
Chinese Red Panax Ginseng
Capsules
Chinese Red Panax Ginseng
Tablets
Echinacea Capsules
Garlic Oil Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets
Goldenseal Root Capsules
High Potency Garlic Oil
Capsules
St. John's Wort Tablets
12
346
346
261
327
342
355
327
719
NATURE'S ANSWER
320 Oser Avenue
Hauppauge, NY 11788
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 439-2324
(516) 231-7492
FAX: (516) 951-2499
www.naturesanswer.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alcohol Free Black Walnut
Green Hulls Fluid Extract . . . . 134
Alcohol Free Chaste Tree
Berry Liquid
176
Alcohol Free Dandelion Root
Liquid
245
Alcohol Free Ginger Root
Fluid Extract
339
Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb
Liquid
359
Alcohol Free Horsetail Liquid . . 409
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
Alcohol Free Kava Kava
Rosemary Leaf Liquid
645
Saw Palmetto Berries Liquid . . . 664
Liquid
443
St. John's Wort Liquid
719
Alcohol Free Milk Thistle
Thyme Herb Liquid
76i
Seed Liquid
516
Valerian Root Alcohol Free
Alcohol Free Mullein Leaves
Liquid
783
Liquid
532
Wild
Indigo
Root,
Alcohol
Alcohol Free Nettles Leaf
Free Liquid
812
Liquid
729
Wild Yam Liquid
817
Alcohol Free Passionflower
Witch Hazel Leaf Liquid
821
Liquid
573
Wood
Betony
Herb
Liquid
825
Alcohol Free Red Raspberry
Leaf Liquid
630
NATURE'S BOUNTY, INC.
Alcohol Free Sage Liquid
655
90 Orville Drive
Bohemia. NY 11716
Alcohol Free White Willow
Direct
Inquiries to:
Bark Liquid
807
(631)
567-9500
Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers
FAX: (631) 244-2136
Liquid
33
Herbal Products Available:
Alcohol Free Yellowdock
Alfalfa Natural Tablets
12
Root Liquid
835
Aloe Vera Capsules
16
Alfalfa Liquid
12
Bilberry Capsules
75
Angelica Root Liquid Fluid
Cat's Claw Capsules
160
Extract
32
Cayenne Capsules
165
Astragalus Liquid
54
Dandelion Root Capsules
245
Bayberry Bark Liquid Fluid
Deodorized Garlic Tablets
327
Extract
705
Echinacea Capsules
261
Bladderwrack Fluid Extract
106
Evening Primrose Oil
Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol
Capsules
298
Fluid Extract
107
Eyebright Capsules
300
Blue Cohosh Root Liquid
109
Feverfew Capsules
306
Burdock Root Fluid Extract . 1 2 8
Garlic Oil Capsules
327
Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid
Garlic Tablets
327
Extract
164
Ginger Root Capsules
339
Catnip Liquid
164
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Cat's Claw Bark Liquid
ieo
Tablets
342
Celery Liquid Fluid Extract
172
Ginseng Complex Capsules
346
Chickweed Herb Liquid
iso
Ginseng Korean Capsules
346
Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract . . . 190
Ginseng Manchurian Capsules .. 346
Cleavers, Alcohol-Free Liquid . . 193
Ginseng Siberian Tablets
346
Damiana Leaf Fluid Extract . . . . 244
Ginseng Up Capsules
346
Fennel Seed Liquid
302
Golden Seal Root Capsules
355
Ginger Kid Liquid
339
Grapeseed Extract Capsules
362
Goldenseal Root Alcohol
Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271
Free Liquid
355
Herbal Sure Aloe Vera
Green Tea Leaf, Alcohol
Softgels
16
Free Liquid
369
Herbal Sure Chinese Red
Guarana Seed Liquid
376
Ginseng Capsules
346
Juniper Berry Liquid
440
Herbal Sure Extracts
Kid Chamomile Liquid
331
Capsules
75
Marshmallow Root Liquid
505
Herbal Sure Feverfew
Myrrh Gum Liquid
534
Capsules
3oe
Herbal Sure Ginger Root
Oregon Grape Root Liquid
527
Capsules
339 I
Parsley Leaf Liquid
567 I
NATURE'S HERBS / I - 2 0 9
Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root
Capsules
355
Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng
Capsules
346
Herbal Sure Maximum
Strength Ginkgo Biloba
Capsules
342
Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto
Capsules
664
Herbal Sure Valerian Root
Capsules
783
Licorice Root Capsules
469
Manchurian Ginseng Capsules . . 346
Manchurian Ginseng Tablets . . . . 346
Milk Thistle Capsules
516
Natural Ginkgo Biloba
Tablets
342
Oat Bran Tablets
551
Red Clover Blossom
Capsules
633
Royal Brittany Evening
Primrose Oil Capsules
298
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
Silymarin Milk Thistle
Capsules
516
Valerian Root Capsules
783
Yohimbie Bark Tablets
843
NATURE'S HERBS
150 Motor Parkway
Hauppauge, NY 11788
Direct Inquiries to:
(516) 467-3140
www.naturesherbs.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Leaf Capsules
12
Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant
Laxative Capsules
16
American Ginseng Root
Capsules
346
Bayberry Bark Capsules
705
Bilberry Power Capsules
75
Black Cohosh Power
Capsules
92
Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . . 134
Blessed Thistle Capsules
107
Burdock Root Capsules
128
Butcher's Broom Root
Capsules
132
Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild
Stimulant Laxative
Capsules
153
Cat's Claw Capsules
160
Cat's Claw Power Capsules . . . . 160
1-210/NATURE'S HERBS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Cayenne Power Herb
Capsules
165
Celery Seed Capsules
172
Celery Seed Power Capsules . . . 172
Chamomile Flowers Capsules . . . 331
Chasteberry Power Capsules . . . . 176
Chickweed Capsules
-iso
Chinese Tian Shan Garlic
Tablets
327
Damiana Leaves Capsules
244
Devil's Claw Secondary Root
Capsules
247
Elderberry Flowers & Berries
Capsules
287
Elderberry Power Capsules
287
EuroQuality Juniper Berries
Capsules
440
EuroQuality Red Clover
Blossoms Capsules
633
Eyebright Capsules
300
Garlic Power Tablets
327
Ginger Power Capsules
339
Golden Seal Power Capsules . . . 355
Golden Seal Root Capsules
355
Green Tea Power Capsules
369
Green Tea Power, CaffeineFree Capsules
369
Hawthorn Flowers Leaves &
Berries Capsules
271
Hawthorn Power Capsules
271
Horse Chestnut Power
Capsules
403
Kava Kava Power Capsules . . . . 443
Kava Kava Root Capsules
443
Korean Ginseng Root
Capsules
346
Licorice Power Capsules
469
Marshmallow Root Capsules . . . . 505
Mexican Wild Yam Capsules .. . 817
Mexican Wild Yam Power
Capsules
817
Milk Thistle Phytosome
Capsules
sie
Milk Thistle Power Capsules . . . 516
Nettle Leaf Capsules
729
Nettle Power Capsules
729
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root
Capsules
92
NuVeg Eyebright Capsules
300
NuVeg Feverfew Leaf
Capsules
306
NuVeg Ginkgo Power
Capsules
342
NuVeg Red Clover
Combination Capsules
633
NuVeg Valerian Root
Capsules
783
Odorless Garlic Capsules
327
Olive Leaf Power Capsules
556
Parsley Leaf Capsules
567
Phyto Power Capsules
469
Power Herb Korean Ginseng
Capsules
346
Premium Cayenne Capsules . 1 6 5
Premium Fenugreek Seed
Capsules
304
Premium Feverfew Leaf
Capsules
306
Psyllium Husk Capsules
612
Saw Palmetto Berries
Capsules
664
Saw Palmetto Power
Capsules
664
Senior Ginkgo Power
Capsules
342
Senna Extract Capsules
684
Siberian Ginseng Power Herb
Capsules
346
Siberian Ginseng Root
Capsules
346
St. John's Power 0.3%
Capsules
719
St. John's Power Capsules
719
St. John's Power Time
Release Capsules
719
Superior Chinese Astragalus
Capsules
54
Time Release Bilberry Power
Capsules
75
Time Release Ginkgo Power
Capsules
342
Time Release Hawthorn
Power Capsules
271
Time Release Korean
Ginseng Power Capsules
346
Time Release Milk Thistle
Power Capsules
516
Turmeric Power Capsules
846
Uva Ursi Leaf Capsules
779
Valerian Power Time Release
Capsules
783
Valerian Root Capsules
783
Valerian Root Power
Capsules
Wild Countryside Black
Cohosh Root Capsules
Wild Countryside Chickweed
Capsules
Wild Countryside Damiana
Leaves Capsules
Wild Countryside Dandelion
Root Capsules
Wild Countryside Gotu Kola
Capsules
Wild Countryside Licorice
Root Capsules
Wild Countryside Myrrh
Gum Capsules
Wild Countryside Red
Raspberry Leaf Capsules
Wild Countryside Scullcap
Capsules
Wild Countryside Springtime
Horsetail Capsules
Wild Countryside White
Willow Capsules
Wild Countryside Yellow
Dock Root Capsules
Yarrow Flowers Capsules
783
92
iso
244
245
359
469
534
630
678
409
807
835
33
NATURE'S RESOURCE
1150 Aviation Place
San Fernanado, CA 91340
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 314-4372
www.naturesresource.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Tablets
12
American Ginseng Capsules . . . . 346
Cascara Sagrada Natural
Laxative Capsules
153
Cat's Claw Caplets
iso
Cayenne Capsules
165
Chinese Red Panax Capsules . .. 346
Eyebright Capsules
300
Feverfew Traditional Herb
Capsules
306
Ginger Root Capsules
339
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Ginseng Root Siberian
Capsules
346
Goldenseal Root Capsules
355
Gotu Kola Capsules
359
Hawthorn Berries Capsules
271
Kava Kava Capsules
443
Milk Thistle Power Capsules . . .516
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
St. John's Wort Capsules
719
Standardized Bilberry Extract
Capsules
7s
Standardized Garlic Capsules . 3 2 7
Standardized Ginseng, Korean
White Capsules
346
Standardized Licorice
Capsules
469
Standardized Valerian
Capsules
783
Valerian Capsules
783
NATURE'S WAY
10 Mountain Springs Parkway
Springville, UT 84663
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 962-8873
FAX: (801) 489-1700
www.naturesway.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Capsules
12
Aloe Vera Capsules
16
Astragalus Root Capsules
54
Bayberry Root Capsules
705
Bilberry Extract Capsules
75
Black Cohosh Capsules
92
Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . 134
Blessed Thistle Capsules
107
Butcher's Broom Root
Capsules
132
Cascara Sagrada Capsules
153
Catnip Herb Capsules
164
Cat's Claw Capsules
160
Dandelion Capsules
245
Devil's Claw Secondary Root
Capsules
247
Fennel Seed Capsules
302
Fenugreek Capsules
304
Garlicin Tablets
327
Ginger Root Capsules
339
Ginkgold Tablets
342
Golden Seal Root Capsules
355
Gotu Kola Herb Liquid
359
Hawthorn Berries Capsules
271
Hawthorn Berries Liquid
271
HeartCare Hawthorn Extract
Tablets
271
Herbal Eyebright Capsules
300
Horsetail Grass Capsules
409
Hyssop Herb Capsules
414
Kava Extract Capsules
443
Kava Kava Root Capsules
443
Licorice Root Capsules
469
PERRIGO/I-211
Melissa Lemon Balm Herb
Capsules
461
Mullein Leaves Liquid
532
Mygrafew Tablets
306
Nature's Root Nighttime
Tablets
783
Neem Capsules
539
Nettle Herb Capsules
729
Parsley Herb Capsules
567
Proactive Saw Palmetto
Capsules
664
Psyllium Husk Bulk-Forming
Laxative Capsules
612
Psyllium Seed Bulk-Forming
Laxative Capsules
612
Red Raspberry Leaves
Capsules
630
Red Raspberry Leaves
Glycerine Extract Liquid
630
Saw Palmetto Berries
Capsules
664
Siberian Ginseng Capsules
346
St. John's Wort Capsules
719
St. John's Wort Herb Liquid . . . 719
Standardized Cat's Claw
Extract Capsules
ieo
Standardized Chamomile
Extract Capsules
331
Standardized Feverfew
Extract Capsules
306
Standardized Green Tea
Extract Capsules
369
Standardized Hawthorn
Extract Capsules
271
Standardized Horsechestnut
Extract Capsules
403
Standardized Saw Palmetto
ExtractCap Capsules
664
Standardized Siberian
Ginseng Root Capsules
346
Standardized Uva Ursi
Extract Capsules
779
Standardized White Willow
Bark Extract Capsules
807
Thisilyn Standardized Milk
Thistle Extract Capsules
sie
Turmeric Extract Capsules
846
Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules
779
Valerian Root Capsules
783
Vitex Capsules
176
White Willow Bark Capsules . . . 807
Wild American Scullcap
Herb Capsules
Wild Yam Extract Liquid
Wild Yam Root Capsules
Yarrow Extract Liquid
Yellow Dock Root Capsules . . .
678
si 7
817
33
835
NEUROVITES
P.O. Box 180
Rockaway Beach, OR 97136
Direct Inquiries to:
(503) 228-4119
FAX: (503) 228-4119
Herbal Products Available:
Black Currant Oil Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Capsules
94
342
NOVARTIS CONSUMER HEALTH, INC.
560 Morris Avenue
Summit, NJ 07901-1312
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 452-0051
FAX: (800) 635-2801
Herbal Products Available:
Ex-Lax Maximum Strength
684
Perdiem Fiber Therapy
G-29, 612
Perdiem Overnight Relief . G-29, 684
NOVOGEN, INC.
1 Landmark Square, 2nd Floor
Stamford, CT 06901-2628
Direct Inquiries to:
(888) NOVOGEN
E-mail: info@novogen.com
www.novogen.com
Herbal Products Available:
Promensil Tablets
G-29, 633
PD-RX PHARMACEUTiCALS INC.
727 North Ann Arbor Avenue
Oklahoma City, OK 73127
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 299-7379
FAX: (405) 942-5471
Herbal Products Available:
Saw Palmetto Capsules
St. John's Wort Tablets
664
719
PERRIGO
117 Water Street
Allegan, MI 49010
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 827-2296
FAX: (616) 673-9122
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Capsules
7S
Cayenne Capsules
ies
Echinacea Capsules
26i
Feverfew Capsules
306
Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets . . . 327
Garlic Oil Capsules
327
Garlic Tablets
327
1-212/PERRIGO
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Ginger Root Capsules
Ginseng Capsules
Goldenseal Root Capsules
Milk Thistle Capsules
Valerian Root Capsules
339
346
355
516
783
PHARMACEUTICAL
LABORATORIES, INC.
1170 Corporate Drive W.
Suite 102
Arlington, TX 76006-6813
Direct Inquiries to:
(817) 633-1461
FAX: (817) 633-8146
Herbal Products Available:
Aloe Vera Super-Strength
Liquid
Echinacea Liquid
Ginkgo Biloba Liquid
Ginseng Liquid
St. John's Wort Liquid
16
26i
342
346
719
G-29, 342
342
369
PHARMATON NATURAL HEALTH
PRODUCTS
900 Ridgebury Road
P.O. Box 368
Ridgefield, CT 06877
Direct Inquiries to:
(203) 798-4157
FAX: (203) 798-5771
Herbal Products Available:
Ginkoba Tablets
G-29, 342
Ginsana Capsules
G-29, 346
Ginsana Chewable Tablets . G-29, 346
Movana Tablets
G-30, 719
Venastat Capsules
G-30, 403
PHYTOPHARMICA
825 Challenger Drive
Green Bay, WI 54311
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 553-2370 (Doctors and
Pharmacists)
(800) 644-0799 (Consumers)
Herbal Products Available:
Remifemin Tablets
G-30, 92
PNC, PHARMACISTS' NUTRITION
CENTER
9775 SW Commerce Circle
Suite C4
Wilsonville, OR 97070-9602
719
719
THE PURDUE FREDERICK COMPANY
100 Connecticut Avenue
Norwalk, CT 06850-3590
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 877-5666
FAX: (800) 877-3210
Herbal Products Available:
Senokot Childrens' Syrup . G-30, 684
Senokot Granules
G-30, 684
Senokot Tablets
G-30, 684
Senokot X
684
Senokot Xtra
684
X-Prep Bowel Evacuant
Liquid
684
RAINBOW LIGHT NUTRITIONAL
SYSTEMS
125 McPherson Street
Santa Cruz, CA 95060
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 635-1233
(831) 429-9089
FAX: (831) 429-0189
Herbal Products Available:
Kava Kava Extract Liquid
Milk Thistle Extract Liquid
Milk Thistle Plus Tablets
Milk Thistle SuperComplex
Tablets
443
sie
sie
sie
REESE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY
10617 Frank Ave.
P.O. Box 1957
Cleveland, OH 44106
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 321-7178
FAX: (216) 231-6444
E-mail: reese@apk.net
w w w .reesechemical. com
Herbal Products Available:
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets
St. John's Wort Preferred
Capsules
REPUBLIC DRUG COMPANY, INC.
175 Great Arrow
Buffalo, NY 14207
Herbal Products Available:
Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules
Garlic Tablets
327
327
REXALL CONSUMER PRODUCTS
PROCTER & GAMBLE
PHARMANEX, INC.
BioGinkgo Tablets
Tegreen Capsules
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 828-7444
FAX: (716) 874-6060
P.O. Box 5516
Cincinnati, OH 45201
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 358-8707
(513) 558-4422
Herbal Products Available:
Metamucil
G-30, 612
625 Cochran Street
Simi Valley, CA 93065-1939
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 999-6229
FAX: (805) 582-9301
Herbal Products Available:
BioGinkgo Extra Strength
Tablets
Direct Inquiries to:
(877) 376-6762
(503) 682-1415
FAX: (503) 682-0845
E-mail: pnc@nfformulas.com
Herbal Products Available:
St. John's Wort Capsules
St. John's Wort Liquid
342
719
Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc.
6111 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Boca Raton, FL 33487-3693
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 255-7399
FAX: (561) 995-6881
www.rexallsundown.com
Herbal Products Available:
Alfalfa Tablets
12
Bilberry Capsules
75
Black Cohosh Capsules
92
Cat's Claw Capsules
160
Echinacea Capsules
261
Echinacea Standardized
Capsules
261
Feverfew Capsules
306
Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets . . . 327
Garlic Oil Natural Capsules
. . . 327
Ginger Root Capsules
339
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Ginkgo Biloba Standardized
Capsules
G-30, 342
Ginseng Complex Capsules
346
Ginseng Korean Standardized
Capsules
346
Ginseng Root Tablets
346
Ginseng Siberian Capsules
346
Goldenseal Root Capsules
3ss
Gotu Kola Capsules
359
Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . . 362
Horse Chestnut Standardized
Capsules
403
Kava Kava Capsules
443
Milk Thistle Complex
Capsules
G-30, s i e
Papaya Enzyme Double
Strength Tablet
ses
Papaya Enzyme Tablet
ses
Saw Palmetto Capsules
664
Saw Palmetto Standardized
Capsules
G-30, 664
St. John's Wort Capsules . . G-30, 719
Valerian Root Capsules
783
Valerian Root Standardized
Capsules
783
MANUFACTURERS INDEX
YERBA PRIMA / I - 2 1 3
REXALL MANAGED CARE
Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc.
6111 Broken Sound Parkway
Boca Raton, FL 33487
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 700-0065
FAX: (561) 995-0191
•4fcHerbal Products Available:
Echinacea Capsules
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
Kava Kava Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
261
342
443
719
RUGBY LABORATORIES, INC.
2725 Northwoods Parkway
Norcross, GA 30071-1533
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 645-2158
FAX: (770) 840-9040
Herbal Products Available:
Papaya Tablets
SUNSOURCE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
565
RX VITAMINS, INC.
200 Myrtle Boulevard
Larchmont, NY 10538-2002
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 792-2222
FAX: (914) 337-4006
Herbal Products Available:
"» Flaxseed Oil Capsules
313
54
150 Motor Parkway
Hauppauge, NY 11788
Direct Inquiries to:
(516) 467-3140
www.twinlab.com
Herbal Products Available:
Mega Primrose Oil Capsules . . . . 298
Silymarin Capsules
516
14905 23rd Avenue North
Minneapolis, MN 55447
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 328-3344
FAX: (612) 476-4026
Herbal Products Available:
Alterra Extended-Release
Tablets
54
m
385 Williamson Way
Ashland, OR 97520
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 648-4755
(541) 482-9231
FAX: (541) 482-9112
Herbal Products Available:
St. John's Wort Tablets
75
114
261
Tablets
327
342
G-30, 327
WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER
HEALTH PRODUCTS
201 Tabor Road
Morris Plains, NJ 07950
Direct Inquiries to:
(973) 540-2000
(973) 540-4655
Herbal Products Available:
Quanterra Emotional
Balance
G-30, 719
Quanterra Mental Sharpness
Tablets
G-30, 342
Quanterra Prostate
G-30, 664
Quanterra Sleep
G-30, 46i
Quanterra Stomach
Comfort
G-30, 339
WELEDA, INC.
175 North Rt. 9W
P.O. Box 249
Congers, NY 10920
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 241-1030
(914) 268-8572
FAX: (914) 268-8574
Herbal Products Available:
Hypericum Perforatum (auro
cultum) 1/24 Injection
719
5 Giralda Farms
Madison, NJ 07940-0871
719
719
WAKUNAGA CONSUMER PRODUCTS
Div. of Wakanuga
Pharmaceutical
23501 Madero
Mission Viejo, CA 92691
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 527-5200
FAX: (949) 458-2764
E-mail: kyolic.com
Herbal Products Available:
Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic
Hi-Po Formula Capsules
Ginkgo-Go Tablets
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract
WHITEHALL-ROBINS HEALTHCARE
VITALINE CORPORATION
SUNDOWN VITAMINS, INC.
Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc.
m 6111 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Boca Raton, FL 33487
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 327-0908
FAX: (561) 995-4891
www.rexallsundown.com
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Capsules
Borage Oil Capsules
Echinacea Capsules
327
327
UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, INC.
SOLGAR VITAMIN AND HERB
COMPANY, INC.
500 Willow Tree Road
Leonia, NJ 07605
Direct Inquiries to:
(201) 944-2311
FAX: (201) 944-7351
www.solgar.com
Herbal Products Available:
Astragalus Vegicaps
RR 3 Box 690K
Kula, HI 96790-9766
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 446-7262
FAX: (808) 879-6895
Herbal Products Available:
Garlique Enteric Coated
Tablets
Garlique Tablets
TWINLAB
SOLARAY
Division of Nutraceutical
Corporation
1400 Kearns Blvd.
Park City, UT 84060
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 669-8877
FAX: (800) 767-8514
www.nutraceutical.com
Herbal Products Available:
Astragalus Capsules
Ginger Capsules
339
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
342
Goldenseal Root Capsules
355
Gotu Kola Capsules
359
Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . . 362
Guarana Tablets
376
Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271
Kava Kava Capsules
443
Licorice Root Capsules
469
Red Wine Extract Capsules
362
St. John's Wort Capsules
719
Valerian Root Capsules
783
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 322-3129
Herbal Products Available:
Centrum Echinacea
Capsules
G-31, 261
Centrum Garlic Capsules . . G-31, 327
Centrum Ginkgo Biloba
Capsules
G-31, 342
Centrum Ginseng Capsules G-31, 346
Centrum Saw Palmetto
Capsules
G-31, 664
Centrum St. John's Wort
Capsules .,
G-31, 719
YERBA PRIMA
740 Jefferson Avenue
Ashland, OR 97520-3743
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 488-4339
FAX: (541) 488-2443
I - 2 1 4 / Y E R B A PRIMA
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Tablets
Psyllium Husks Capsules
ZAYCO, INC.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
75
612
Herbal Products Available:
St. John's Wort Transdermal
Patch
ZENITH GOLDLINE
PHARMACEUTICALS
4275 Executive Square
Suite 800
La Jolla. CA 92037
4400 Biscayne Boulevard
Miami, FL 33137
Direct Inquiries to:
(888) 776-6005
FAX: (760) 770-2612
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 327-4114
FAX: (954) 575-4319
719
Herbal Products Available:
Bilberry Capsules
Echinacea Capsules
Garlic Tablets
Ginkgo Biloba Capsules
Ginseng Korean Capsules
Golden Seal Root Capsules
Gotu Kola Capsules
Saw Palmetto Capsules
St. John's Wort Capsules
Valerian Root Capsules
75
261
327
342
346
355
359
664
719
783
G-1
Herb Identification Guide
In this full-color photo section, you'll find hundreds of
pictures of herbs and leading commercial preparations.
The first part of the section is an Herb Identification
Guide with photos of over 380 common medicinal
plants. Each herb is labeled with its generally accepted
common name immediately above the photo, and its
scientific name immediately below. The pictures are
arranged alphabetically by common name.
Following these photos is a Product Identification
Guide in which you'll find a representative selection of
popular commercial formulations. The pictures on
these pages are arranged alphabetically by manufacturer and product name.
Please note that the plants are not reproduced in actual
size, and that the scale of the photos varies. For the
average dimensions of the plant and its component
structures, please check the Description section of the
corresponding herbal monograph.
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-3
G-4/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
APPLE TREE
ASPARAGUS
BARLEY
BELLADONNA
Malus domestica
Asparagus officinalis
Hordeum species
Atropa belladonna
BENNET'S ROOT
Areca catechu
Chelone glabra
Ocimum basilicum
Geum urbanum
ARTICHOKE
BAMBOO
BEAN POD
BETEL NUT
Beta vulgaris
Trillium erectum
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-5
BLACK ALDER
G-6/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
BLACK NIGHTSHADE
BLESSED THISTLE
BONESET
BUCKTHORN
Solanum nigrum
Cnicus benedictus
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Rhamnus catharticus
BLACK PEPPER
BOG BEAN
BORAGE
BUCKWHEAT
Piper nigrum
Menyanthes trifoliata
Borago officinalis
Fagopyrum esculentum
BLACKBERRY
BOG BILBERRY
BOXWOOD
BUGLE
Rubus fruticosus
Vaccinium uliginosum
Buxus sempervirens
Ajuga reptans
BLADDERWORT
BOLDO
BROOKLIME
BUGLEWEED
Utricularia vulgaris
Peumus boldus
Veronica beccabunga
Lycopus virginicus
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-7
G-8/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Capsicum annuum
Vitex agnus-castus
Allium schoenoprasum
Syzygium aromaticum
CELANDINE
CHERRY LAUREL
CINNAMON
COCOA
Cinnamomum verum
Theobroma cacao
Chelidonium majus
Prunus laurocerasus
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-9
G-10/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DOG ROSE
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
Lavandula angustifolia
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-11
G-12/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION G U I D E / G - 13
GOAT'S RUE
GOUTWEED
GREATER BINDWEED
HEDGE-HYSSOP
Galega officinalis
Aegopodium podagraria
Calystegia sepium
Gratiola officinalis
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
GRAINS OF PARADISE
GREEN TEA
HEMLOCK
Cassia fistula
Aframomum melegueta
Camellia sinensis
Conium maculatum
GOLDENSEAL
Centella asiatica
!
Sanguisorba officinalis
G - 1 4 / P D R FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Paris quadrifolia
Heracieum sphondylium
HERB ROBERT
Geranium robertianum
Ilex aquifolium
Marrubium vulgare
Sempervivum tectorum
HORSE CHESTNUT
HYDRANGEA
Aesculus hippocastanum
Hydrangea arborescens
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-1!
LADY'S MANTLE
G-16/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-17
G-18/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-19
OILSEED RAPE
OREGANO
PARSNIP
PETASITES
Brassica napus
Origanum vulgare
Pastinaca sativa
Petasites hybridus
PASSION FLOWER
PEYOTE
OLEANDER LEAF
G-20/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PITCHER PLANT
POMEGRANATE
PREMORSE
QUILLAJA
Sarracenia purpurea
Punica granatum
Scabiosa succisa
Quillaja saponaria
PLEURISY ROOT
POPLAR
PSYLLIUM SEED
QUININE
Plantago afra
Cinchona pubescens
& AS
Asclepias tuberosa
Populus species
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-21
G-22/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
SCARLET PIMPERNEL
SCULLCAP
SENNA
SOAPWORT
Anagallis arvensis
Scutellaria lateriflora
Cassia senna
Saponaria officinalis
SCOTCH BROOM
SCURVY GRASS
SHEPHERD'S PURSE
SOLOMON'S SEAL
Cytisus scoparius
Cochlearia officinalis
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Polygonatum multiflorum
SCOTCH PINE
SEA BUCKTHORN
SKIRRET
SOUTHERN BAYBERRY
Pinus species
Hippophae rhamnoides
Sium sisarum
Myrica cerifera
Glycine soja
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-23
SPINY REST HARROW
STINGING NETTLE
SUMBUL
Mentha spicata
Ononis spinosa
Urtica dioica
Ferula sumbul
SPEEDWELL
SQUILL
STONE ROOT
SUMMER SAVORY
SPEARMINT
L^-V-A^;
Spinacia oleracea
G-24/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-25
G-26/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-27
Product Identification Guide
Wf
Shown here are selected herbal preparations and their
packaging. The photos are arranged alphabetically by
manufacturer and brand name. The company's name
appears above the product; its brand name below.
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-29
BAYER CORPORATION
LICHTWER PHARMA
NOVARTIS
PHARMANEX, INC.
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1
Herbal Monographs
This section contains comprehensive profiles of some • Title: Each monograph begins with the herb's gener700 medicinal herbs, including the findings of the ally accepted common name, followed by its scientific
German Regulatory Authority's herbal watchdog agen- name. In addition, all monographs* are cross-refercy, commonly called "Commission E." This agency enced by their botanical designation.
has conducted an intensive assessment of the peerreviewed literature on some 300 common botanicals, • Trade Names: Listed here are common commercial
weighing the quality of the clinical evidence and identi- preparations of the herb.
fying the uses for which the herb can reasonably be
considered effective. Its conclusions represent the best • Description: This section provides a detailed botanexpert consensus on medicinal herbs currently to be ical overview of the herb, including information on its
medicinal parts; flower and fruit; leaves, stem, and
found.
root; unique characteristics, habitat, production, related
plants, and additional common names and synonyms.
For those herbs not considered by Commission E,
Physicians' Desk Reference has augmented this section • Actions and Pharmacology: Here you'll find data
with the results of an exhaustive literature review con- on the active compounds or heterogeneous mixtures
ducted by the respected PhytoPharm U.S. Institute of found in the plant, followed by a summary of the herb's
Phytopharmaceuticals under the direction of noted clinical effects. If various parts of the plant possess
botanist, Dr. Joerg Gruenwald. These monographs, different pharmacological activity, the parts are disr
some 400 in number, provide a detailed introduction to cussed individually, here and throughout the remainder
an array of exotic botanicals that you'll be hard pressed of the monograph.
to find in any other source.
• Indications and Usage: Information on the uses of
To make the information in the monographs as useful the herb is listed under five categories, as applicable:
and accessible as possible, PDR has echoed the struc- — Approved by Commission E
ture of standard U.S. product labeling. Each mono- — Unproven Uses
graph contains up to ten standard sections, covering — Chinese Medicine
considerations ranging from description to dosage. — Indian Medicine
Specifically, here's what you will find:
— Homeopathic
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Approved uses are presented in list fashion. Other uses
are described with provisos as necessary regarding
route and form of administration.
• Contraindications: Although most natural remedies can be used under all medical circumstances, a few
pharmacologically potent herbs must be avoided in the
presence of certain medical conditions. If any such
contraindications exist, they are summarized here.
• Precautions and Adverse Reactions: Found in
this section are any cautions or special considerations
regarding safe use of the herb, including any restrictions on use in pregnancy or childhood. Although most
herbal remedies are notably free of known side effects,
any reported in the available literature are noted here.
• Overdosage: As we all know, "natural" is not synonymous with "benign," and an overdose of many
"healing" herbs can have serious—even fatal—consequences. Whenever adverse effects of overdose have
been found in the literature, they are reported here,
along with the appropriate medical interventions to be
undertaken when an overdose occurs.
As in all scientific investigation, conclusions regarding
the effectiveness of the herbs discussed in this compendium are based on the preponderance of current evidence and cannot be considered firm or final. The publisher does not warrant that any herb will unfailingly
and uniformly exhibit the properties ascribed to it by
Germany's Commission E or any other scientific
authority.
In the United States, herbal products are marketed
under the provisions of the Dietary Supplement and
Health Education Act of 1994, which prohibits their
sale for the diagnosis, treatment, cure, or prevention of
any disease. Enumeration of specific commercial
preparations within an herbal monograph should not be
construed as a claim or warranty of their efficacy for
any purpose, by either the manufacturer or the publisher. Furthermore, it should be understood that, just as
omission of a product does not signify rejection, inclusion of a product does not imply endorsement, and that
the publisher is not advocating the use of any product
or substance described herein.
• Dosage: Listed here are common modes of admin- Please remember, too, that dosing of herbal preparaistration, forms and strengths of available commercial tions is highly dependent on a variety of factors, such
preparations, methods for preparing the natural herb,
as cultivation and harvesting conditions, the specific
and representative dosage recommendations drawn
from the literature. Note, however, that dosage recom- parts of the plant to be processed, the extraction methmendations can be used only as a general guide. The ods employed, and the dosage form chosen by the manpotency of individual preparations and extracts is sub- ufacturer. Since there are no official standards governject to substantial variation, so the manufacturer's ing the production of herbal medicines in the United
directions should be consulted whenever available.
States, and the potency and the purity of herbal products are subject to substantial variation, dosage ranges
• Literature: This section provides you with a unique set forth in the herbal monographs must be employed
bibliography of the technical literature. Because only as general guidelines.
German researchers have been particularly active in the
herbal arena, you will find an unusual number of
In addition, the publisher does not guarantee that every
German-language citations. However, work in the
possible hazard, adverse effect, contraindication, preEnglish literature is included as well.
caution, or consequence of overdose is included in the
PDR for Herbal Medicines is the product of one of the summaries presented here. The publisher has permost thorough and inclusive examinations of the herbal formed no independent verification of the data reported
literature ever undertaken. Nevertheless, it's important herein, and expressly disclaims responsibility for any
to remember that it merely summarizes and synthesizes error, whether inherent in the underlying literature or
key data from the underlying research reports, and of resulting from erroneous translation, transcription, or
necessity includes neither every published report nor typography.
every recorded fact.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Abelmoschus moschatus
See Muskmallow
ACACIA/3
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Abies alba
See White Fir
Abrus precatorius
See
Jequirity
Mode of Administration: It is ground as a drug for infusion.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Acacia
Acacia
arabica
DESCRIPTION
Abscess Root
Polemonium
rep tans
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root.
Flower and Fruit: The hanging blue flowers are in loose
^^ terminal, glandular-haired panicles.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to about 25 cm. It
has creeping roots and a thin rhizome, which produces
numerous stems and numerous pale, thin, glabrous and
brittle roots. The glabrous stems are heavily branched and
bear alternate or opposite, pinnatifid leaves with 6 or 7 pairs
of leaflets.
Habitat: The plant is found in the U.S.
Production: Abscess Root is the rhizome of Polemonium
reptans.
Not to be Confused With: The plant is known as False
Jacob's Ladder because it has an astringent action similar to
true Jacob's Ladder.
Other Names: American Greek Valerian, Blue Bells, False
Jacob's Ladder, Sweatroot
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
gL COMPOUNDS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark, the gum
and the fruit of the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow and sweetly
scented. Two to 6 inflorescence peduncles with capitula-like
inflorescences grow from the axils of the upper leaflets. The
flowers have short calyces with numerous overlapping
sepals. The completely fused petals are almost twice as large
as the sepals. The fruit is a 12 to 16 cm long and 1.5 cm wide
pod. The pod is straight or lightly curved, flat to convex, and
pinched in to create segments. It is matte-black to dark-red.
The seeds are 7 x 6 mm and the same color as the pod.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Acacia arabica is a 6 m high tree
with a compact, round to flat crown. Older branches are bare,
younger ones measuring 15 to 20 mm in diameter are
covered in hairy down. The bark is black and fissured; the
coloring in the fissure changes to red-brown. There are
stipule thorns at the nodes. The leaflets of the double-pinnate
leaves are in 3 to 12 pairs on the bare to downy petiole,
which is covered with glands The leaflets are oblong, blunt,
and bare or thinly ciliate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Nile area, Ethiopia,
East Africa, Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Arabia,
Iran, Afghanistan and India.
Production: The bark is collected from plants that are at least
7 years old and then left to mature for a year.
EFFECTS
Not to be Confused With: The bark of the Australian species
Acacia decurrens, which is commercially available under the
same name.
Abscess root has astringent, diaphoretic and expectorant
effects.
Other Names: Acacia Bark, Babul Bark, Wattle Bark, Indian
Gum, Black Wattle
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for febrile and inflammatory disorders.
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins
Tannins
4 /ACACIA
EFFECTS
The drug has an astringent effect.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Achillea millefolium
See Yarrow
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a decoction for gum
disease and inflammations of the mucous membrane of the
mouth and throat (rarely used today).
Achillea ptarmica
Indian Medicine: Acacia is used as a decoction in the
treatment of diarrhea and vaginal secretions, and as an
enema for hemorrhoids.
See
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Aconitum napellus
Large doses taken internally can lead to indigestion and
constipation.
See
Sneezewort
Monkshood
LITERATURE
Berger F, Handbuch der Drogenkunde, W Maudrich Verlag
Wien 1964.
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Trease GE, Evans WC (Eds.), Pharmacognosy, 12th Ed.,
Bailliere Tindall 1983.
Acorus calamus
See Calamus
Actaea spicata
See
Acacia arabica
See Acacia
Baneberry
Adam's Needle
Yucca
filamentosa
DESCRIPTION
Acacia catechu
See Catechu
Acacia Senegal
See Gum Arabic
Acalypha indica
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and the
roots of non-flowering plants.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are ivory-colored and located
in nodding, many-blossomed terminal panicles. The perigone
is simple, campanulate, tinged greenish on the outside, with
6 tepals. The flower has 6 stamens, and the stigma is 3sectioned.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 120 to 240 cm in height.
The leaves are in a basal rosette. They are sword-shaped and
erect with a recurved tip. They are short-thorned, broadly
grooved and. covered on the margin with long, twisted,
whitish or yellowish threads.
See Indian Nettle
Acer rubrum
See Red Maple
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the southern United
States and is cultivated mainly as an ornamental plant in
Europe.
Production: Adam's Needle leaves are the leaves of Yucca
filamentosa.
ADONIS/5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Steroid saponins (from the roots; the saponins from the
leaves remain uninvestigated): protoyuccoside C, yuccoside
B, yuccoside E, yuccoside C, aglycones including sarsapogenin, tigogenin
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 40 cm high with a
sturdy, black-brown rhizome. The stem is erect, undivided,
covered with scales at the base, vertically grooved and
succulent. There are few branches. The leaves have many
slits and a curved, glabrous or sparsely haired tip. The
middle leaves are half-clasping.
EFFECTS
Characteristics: Adonis is a poisonous plant.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The plant is used for liver and gallbladder
disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Intake can lead to stomach complaints because of
the saponin content.
Habitat: This Siberian/east European plant is found in the
north as far as the central Urals and southwest Sweden. In
central Europe, it is limited to the basins of the Weichsel and
the Oder as far as the Main and Rhine.
Production: The drug is gathered in forests and should be
dried quickly.
Not to be Confused With: Other Adonis species may be
added to Adonidis herba.
Mode of Administration: Adam's Needle is available in
ground form and in extracts.
Other Names: False Hellebore, Yellow Pheasant's Eye, Oxeye, Sweet Vernal, Pheasant's Eye, Red Morocco, Rose-aRubie
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid gylcosides (cardenolids): including
adonitoxin, k-strophanthoside, k-strophanthoside-{3 and
cymarin
Flavonoids: including vitexin and luteolin
EFFECTS
Adiantum capillus-veneris
See Maidenhair
Adonis has a positive inotropic effect. Animal tests demonstrated a tonic effect on the veins. The adonitoxin component
is slightly more toxic than coumarin.
The drug is insufficiently documented.
Adonis
Adonis vemalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is derived from the
aerial parts of the herb, which are collected during the
flowering season and dried.
Flower and Fruit: The erect, solitary, terminal flower is 4 to
7 cm in diameter and the 5 broad-ovate, downy sepals are
half as long as the petals. The 10 to 20 petals are narrow,
wedge-shaped, simple or finely serrated at the tip. They are
20 to 40 mm long and lemon-yellow, splayed, glossy,
reddish on the outside or greenish-tinged. There are numerous stamens and carpels. The small fruit forms a globose
capitulum. The fruit is tomentose, wrinkled, laterally veined
and keeled widi a sideways-facing, hook-shaped beak. The
fruit are arranged on the spindle-shaped, oblong receptacle.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Arrhythmia
• Nervous heart complaints
Unproven Uses : The drug is used for mild impairment of
heart functions (NYHA I and II), especially when accompac
nied by nervous symptoms.
In Russian folk medicine, the drug is used for dehydration,
cramps, fever and menstrual disorders, but efficacy is
unproven.
Homeopathic Uses: Preparations of Adonis vemalis are used
for cardiac insufficiency.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Adonis is contraindicated in conjunction with digitalis
glycoside therapy and also in potassium deficiency.
6 /ADONIS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Despite the strong efficacy of the drug's cardioactive steroid gylcosides in parenteral application, serious
poisoning in the course of per oral administration is hardly to
be expected due to the low resorption rate.
Drug Interactions: Enhancement of efficacy, and thus also of
side effects, with simultaneous administration of quinidine,
digoxin, calcium, saluretics, laxatives and extended therapy
with glucocorticoids.
OVERDOSAGE
For possible symptoms of overdose and treatment of
poisonings see Digitalis folium.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and preparations
thereof for internal use.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 0.5 gm of
standardized Adonis powder. The maximum single dose is
1.0 gm; maximum daily dose is 3.0 gm.
Homeopathic Dosage: From D2: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5
to 10 globules, 1 to 3 times daily; Injection solution: 1 ml
once a week sc. From D4: Injection solution: 1 ml twice
weekly sc.
Storage: Adonis herb and powder should be stored carefully.
Adonis powder should be stored away from light in tightly
sealed containers.
LITERATURE
Brevoort P, Der Heilpflanzenmarkt der USA - Ein Uberblick.
In: ZPT 18(3): 155-162. 1997.
ESCOP-Monographs. In: ESCOP-Monographs Fascicule I and
II. 1996.
Hiller KO, Rahlfs V, Therapeutische Aquivalenz eines
hochdosierten Phytopharmakons mit Amytriptylin bei angstlichdepressiven Versimmungen - Reanalyse einer randomisierten
Studie unter besonderer Beachtung biometrischer und klinischer
Aspekte. In: Forsch.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
extract and of the flavone Linarin of Buddleia cordata. In: PM
62:137-140. 1996.
Reinhard KH, Uncaria tomentosa (WILLD.) DC. - Cat's claw,
Una de gato oder Katzenkralle Protrait einer Arzneipflanze. In:
ZPT 18(2): 112-121. 1997.
Sandberg F, Thorsen R, (1962) Lloydia 25(3):201.
Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit
Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997.
Winkler C and Wichtel M, (1985) Pharm Acta Helv 60(9/10):
234.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Karrer W, (1950) Helv Chim Acta.33:433.
Lee MK, et al., Antihepatotoxic activity of Icariin, a major
constituent of Epimedium koreanum. In: PM 61(6):523-526.
1995.
Loew, Buch. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N: Phytopharmaka II:
Forschung und klinische Anwendung, Steinkopff Verlag,
Darmstadt, 1996.
Loew DA, Loew AD, Pharmakokinetik von herzglykosidhaltigen
Pflanzenextrakten. In: ZPT 15(4): 197-202. 1994.
Adonis vernalis
See Adonis
Adrue
Cyperus articulatus
Loew D, Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):9296. 1997.
DESCRIPTION
Martinez-Vazquez M, Ramirez Apan TO, Hidemi Aguilar M,
Bye R, Analgesic and antipyretic activities of an aqueous
Medicinal Parts: Adrue root is used in the West Indies for its
anti-emetic properties.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
AFRICAN
Flower and Fruit: The tubers are blackish and ,top-shaped,
with bristly remains of former leaves. The plant is sometimes
connected in twos or threes by narrow underground stems.
The transverse section is pale, showing a central column
with darker vascular bundles.
-
plants from the Peruvian Amazon region. Rev Argent
Microbiol, 27:199-203. 1995 Oct-Dec
Characteristics: Adrue has an aromatic odor and a bitter
taste, reminiscent of Lavender.
Aegle marmelos
Habitat: Turkey, region of the river Nile, Jamaica.
Production: Adrue root is the root of Cyperus articulatus.
The roots are collected in the autumn, scalded or steamed,
and then dried in the sun.
Other Names: Guinea Rush
POTATO/7
Pinder AR, (1976) Tetrahedron 23:2172.
See Bael
Aegopodium podagraria
See Goutweed
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: containing above all sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
and sesqiterpene alcohols, including cyperenone
Aesculus hippocastanum
See Horse Chestnut
EFFECTS
Adrue has anti-emetic, carminative and sedative properties.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Aethusa cynapium
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the root are used for
digestive disorders, nausea and flatulence.
See Fool's Parsley
Chinese Medicine: Used for pre- and post-natal headaches,
epigastric pain, vomiting with bleeding, hematuria, leucorrhea, menstrual irregularities, tension and pain in the breasts
and amenorrhea.
Aframomum melegueta
See
Grains-ojc-Paradise
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available as a liquid extract for
internal use.
Daily Dosage: 6 to 9 gm of drug
Storage: Should be stored in a cool and dry place, protected
from insects.
LITERATURE
Bum EN et al., Extracts from rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus
displace 3H CGP39653 and 3H glycine binding from cortical
membranes and selectively inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated
neurotransmission. J Ethnopharmacol, 54:103-11, 1996 Nov
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Mongelli E, Desmarchelier C, Coussio J, Ciccia G,
Antimicrobial activity and interaction with DNA of medicinal
African Potato
Hypoxis rooperi
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the plant's rhizome
tuber.
Flower and Fruit: Four to 10 flowers are arranged in
racemes on a long peduncle; the pedicles are 1.2 to 2.5 cm
long. The 6 tepals are approximately 18 mm long, elongate,
free and yellow. There are 6 stamens, and the ovary is
inferior, 3-chambered, top-shaped and thickly pubescent.
The fruit is a densely pubescent capsule approximately 12
mm long and split in the middle. The seeds are black and
warty.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial
with 12 to 18 leaves that are 30 to 60 cm long, 2.4 to 4 cm
wide, lanceolate, acuminate, firm with a ciliate margin and
short hairs underneath. The leaves grow from a globose
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
8/AFRICAN POTATO
shoot, which has a diameter of 5 to 8 cm and is crowned with
a ring of bristle-like hairs.
Habitat: Hypoxis rooperi is indigenous to South Africa.
Aga
Amanita muscaria
DESCRIPTION
Production: Bantu tulip is the fresh or dried rhizome tuber of
Hypoxis rooperi. The plant is collected in the wild, cut and
then dried in the sun.
Other Names: Bantu Tulip, Sterretjie
Medicinal Parts: The fungus is used to prepare homeopathic
dilutions.
Flower and Fruit: Aga belongs to the group of lamella fungi,
genus Amanita. The hymenium in the inside of the fruiting
body is exposed by unfolding the cap on the underside.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Lignans (3.5 to 4.5%): particularly hypoxoside (norlignan
glucoside)
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol (ca. 0.2%), betasitosterol glucoside
Polysaccharides: starch
EFFECTS
The phytosterols, which have not as yet been more closely
identified (beta-sitosterol is possibly the chief active ingredient), are said to have anti-exudative effects in animal
experiments. The positive effect of the drug on benign
prostate hyperplasia (reduction of the residual urine volume,
increase of the uroflow, improvement of subjectively experienced complaints) is explained by the phytosterols' inhibition of local prostaglandin synthase.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Used internally for micturition complaints
resulting from benign prostate hyperplasia, cystitis (South
Africa/decoction) and lung disease (Botswana). It is used
externally as a vulnerary (Africa). Efficacy for these
indications has not yet been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug preparations
for internal and external use.
How Supplied: Commercially produced capsules.
LITERATURE
Brauer H, Schomann C, Tolerance of beta-sitosterin from
Hypoxis rooperi in patients with limited liver function. Results
of a controlled double-blind study, Fortschr Med, 96:833-4,
1978 Apr 20.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Characteristics: The poisonous fungus has a basidia which is
dirty white, as are the cuffs and underside of the cap. The
mushroom's cap is orange at first, then strong red with a few
dirty white to yellow spots.
Habitat: Aga grows in the Northern Hemisphere as far north
as the tundra and thrives in sandy, acid soils.
Production: Aga is the above-ground part of Amanita
muscaria.
Other Names: Fly Agaric
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Ibotenic acid (0.17% to 1%)
Muscimol
Muscarine (traces)
Muscazone
Betalains (skin pigment): muscaflavin, muscaaurins and
muscapurpurins
Amavandin (compound containing vanadium)
EFFECTS
The drug, containing ibotenic acid, has a psychotropic and
hallucinogenic effect and is toxic in higher doses. The
decarboxylation product muscimol is similar in structure to
the neurotransmitter GAB A and attaches itself to the latter's
receptor complex as a selective and direct antagonist. The
drug is initially stimulating then paralyzing in its effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: The fungus is used to treat neuralgias,
fever, anxiety, alcohol poisoning and joint pains.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is highly toxic. Signs of poisoning include
dizziness, vomiting, abdominal pain, movement disorders,
muscle cramps and psychic stimulation, followed by deep
sleep.
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of more than 10 g of the fresh mushroom can lead
to coordination disorders, confusion, illusions and manic
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
attacks. Higher dosages (over, 100 g of fresh mushrooms)
lead to unconsciousness, asphyxiation, coma and death.
The treatment of poisoning includes emptying the gastrointestinal tract and the use of sedatives. In case of shock, a
, plasma volume expander should be used. Artificial respiration should be administered for respiratory arrest.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In homeopathy, dilutions of the
mother tincture are used.
LITERATURE
Hastings MH, et al.. Brain Res 360:248. 1985.
Hatfield GM, Brady LR, JNP 38:36, 1975.
Marmo E, Med Res Rev 8:441. 1988.
Schwarz B, Ein Mannlein steht im Walde. In: PZ 139(13): 1040.
1994.
Further information in:
Benjamin DR, Mushroom poisoning in infants and children: the
Amanita pantherina/muscaria group. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol,
256:13-22, 1992
Bresinsky A. Bresl H, Giftpilze. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker,
Arzte und Biologen, Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH. Stuttgart 1885.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
AGAR/9
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Pacific coasts of
Japan and China, Sri Lanka and also the South African
coasts.
Production: Agar, or Agar-Agar, is the purified and bleached
gel derived from algae mucilage of the Rhodophyceae
Gelidium amansii (Lamour), which has been dried and cut
into thread-like strips. An aqueous extract is obtained from
the algae through autoclaving (pressure-cooking), using
over-heated steam. It is then chilled in ice cells and cooled
into ice-blocks, which are crushed and thawed. Water
separates from the gel during the thawing process. The gel
mass is dried using warm air.
Other Names: Agar-Agar, Japanese Isinglass
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Heteropolysaccharides: made up of D-galactose- and 3,6anhydro-L-galactose- components, partially bearing sulfate
or pyruvic acid residues, low-sulfate fraction designated
agarose
EFFECTS
The drug has a laxative effect due to its ability, similar to
that of cellulose, to absorb and retain large quantities of
water and swell in the intestine. The mucilaginous substances cause an increase in the bulk of the content of the
intestine that stimulates the intestinal muscles, thereby aiding
peristalsis.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a mild laxative.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Agar
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally.
Gelidium amansii
Daily Dosage: Laxative: Take 1 to 2 teaspoons of the
powder, always with some liquid, fruit or jam before meals,
1 to 3 times daily. Never take dry!
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
seaweed's gelatinous extract known as Agar or Agar-Agar.
Flower and Fruit: This perennial seaweed grows up to 1 m
long. The thallus sprouts from a permanent base every year
and is heavily branched. It is cylindrical or flattened,
pinnately subdivided and tough. The brownish-white, translucent thallus has prickly appendages on the branchings. The
fruit is spherical.
Characteristics: Agar is colorless and tasteless. It is capable
of absorbing up to 200 times its volume of water to form a
jelly.
Storage: Dried Agar can be kept tightly sealed for up to 5
years without being opened and tested.
LITERATURE
Ataki C, Chem Soc Japan 29:543. 1956.
Franz G (Hrsg.), Polysaccharide. Springer Verlag Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York 1991.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Murano E et al., Pyruvate-rich agarose from the red alga
Gracilaria dura. In: PM 58(Suppl. 7)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
10/AGAR
Schmid OJ, Marina (Hamburg) 1:54. 1959.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Approved by Commission E:
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Vessal M. Mehrani HA. Omrani GH, Effects of an aqueous
extract of Physalis alkekengi fruit on estrus cycle, reproduction
and uterine craetive kinase BB-isoenzyme in rats. In: ETH
34(l):69-78. 1991.
Agrimonia eupatoria
See Agrimony
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the skin
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Unproven Uses: Agrimony is used internally for mild,
nonspecific, acute diarrhea, cholestasis, inflammation of oral
and pharyngeal mucosa, inflammation of kidney and bladder,
diabetes and childhood bedwetting; externally for poorly
healing wounds, chronic pharyngitis, psoriasis, seborrhoeic
eczema as well in hip-baths for lower abdominal conditions.
Chinese Medicine: Agrimony is used as a hemostyptic. It is
also used for certain forms of cancer and as an anthelmintic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Agrimony
Agrimonia
eupatoria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The drug consists of the flowering plant,
which is cut a few fingers width above the ground and dried.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow, arranged along
small, spike-like racemes. They have an epicalyx and 5
sepals, 5 ovate petals. 5 to 20 stamens and 2 ovaries. The
calyx is rough-haired with deep furrows. The fruit is
obconical and thorny (burdocks).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is fifty to 100 cm high,
with a villous, erect stem. The leaves are alternate and
irregularly pinnate. The leaflets are deeply serrate and downy
beneath.
Characteristics: Agrimony has a slight pleasant fragrance
and a tangy, bitter taste.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to middle and northern
Europe, temperate Asia and North America.
Production: Agrimony herb consists of the dried, aboveground parts of Agrimonia eupatoria and/or Agrimonia
procera gathered just before or during flowering, as well as
its preparations in effective dosage.
Other Names: Stickwort, Cocklebur, Liverwort, Common
Agrimony, Philanthropos, Church Steeples, Sticklewort
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Because of the constituent tannins, the intake of
larger quantities could lead to digestive complaints and
constipation.
DOSAGE
Daily Dosage: Internally, the average daily dose is 3 to 6 gm
of herb or equivalent preparations. Externally, a poultice
prepared from a decoction (10%) several times a day is
applied.
LITERATURE
Bilai AR. et al., A flavonol glycoside from Agrimonia
eupatoria. In: PH 32:1078. 1993.
Chon SC, et al., (1987) Med Pharmacol Exp 16(5):407-413.
Drozd GA, et al., (1983) Khim Prir Soed 1:106.
Patrascu V, et al., (1984) Ser. Dermato-Venerol 29(2): 153-157.
Peter-Horvath M, et al., (1964) Rev Med 10(2):190-193.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Catechin
tannins
EFFECTS
Agropyron repens
Agrimony is an astringent.
See Triticum
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Agrostemma githago
See Corn Cockle
Ailanthus altissima
See Tree of Heaven
Ajuga chamaepitys
See Ground Pine
ALETRIS/11
bracts, are in terminal, spike-like racemes on stalks that
reach up to 1 m. The perianth is tubular, covered in scales
and shrinks when ripe. Later, the perianth springs open in a
beak shape. The fruit is an ovoid capsule containing many
oblong ribbed seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves are erect-oblong,
lanceolate and 2 to 20 cm long. The rhizome is brownishgray, flattened and has a diameter of up to 1 cm, but usually
measures less. The upper part is covered in leaf bases and
stem scars. The fracture is floury and white.
Characteristics: The plant has a sweet taste, becoming bitter
and soapy. The odor is mild.
Habitat: The plant is found in the northeast U.S., south to
Gulf of Mexico, southern Canada.
Ajuga reptans
See Bugle
Akebia quinata
%>• See Chocolate Vine (Mu-Tong)
Production: Aletris root is the rhizome of Aletris farinosa. It
is gathered in the wild and air-dried in the shade.
Other Names: Star Grass, Colic-Root, Starwort, Blazing
Star, Ague-Root, Aloe-Root, Ague Grass, Black-Root, Bitter
Grass, Crow Corn, Bettie Grass, Devil's Bit, True Unicorn
Star-Grass, True Unicorn Root
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saponins
Alcea rosea
See Hollyhock
Volatile oil
Resins
Bitter principles
Starch
Alchemilla vulgaris
EFFECTS
See Lady's Mantle
The active agents increase motility and act as a tonic. There
may be an estrogenic principle but a possible estrogenic
effect has not been sufficiently researched.
Alchornea floribunda
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
See Iporuru
Aletris
Aletris farinosa
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried Aletris
farinosa rhizome with roots. Fresh underground parts dug up
after flowering are also used.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous white, tubularoblong, campanulate flowers. The flowers, with a few small
Unproven Uses: In the U.S., the plant is used for gynecological disorders or "female complaints," in particular dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and complaints associated with
prolapses vaginae.
Preparations of Aletris are also used for loss of appetite,
venous dyspepsia, flatulence and nervous digestive complaints. In Argentina, it is used to treat chronic bronchitis.
Homeopathic
complaints.
Uses:
Prolapsed
uterus,
gastrointestinal
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
12/ALETRIS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available in the forms of powdered
root, liquid extract and infusions for internal use.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, 1.5 gm of the drug is
added to 100 ml of water. A fluid extract (1:1) is produced
with ethanol water (45%).
Daily Dosage: Approximately 6 gm. The recommended
single dose is 0.3 to 0.6 gm to be taken 3 times daily.
Infusion: 1.5 gm of the drug to 100 ml water. Fluid extract
(1:1), produced with ethanol water (45%).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
sharply angled. The leaves are trifoliate, petiolate, and
alternate. The leaflets are thorny-tipped, dentate toward the
front, obovate, and villous beneath. The stipules are ovate,
lanceolate, slightly dentate and acuminate.
Characteristics: The taste is unpleasantly salty, bitter and
dry.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
and has been widely cultivated elsewhere for centuries.
Other Names: Lucerne, Purple Medick, Purple Medicle,
Buffalo Herb, Purple Medic
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules; Injection solution: 1 ml once a week sc (HAB1).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
Carotinoids: including among others, lutein
Costello CH, Lynn EV, (1950) J Am Pharm Ass 39:117.
Marker RE et al., (1940) J Chem Soc 60:2620.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homeopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York.
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FOLIAGE
Triterpene saponins: sojasapogenols A-E aglycones medicagenic acid, hederagenin
Isoflavonoids: including among others, formononetin glycosides, genistein, daidzein
Coumestans: coumestrol, 3'-methoxy coumestrol, lucernol,
sativol, trifoliol
Triterpenes: including among others, stigmasterol, spinasterol
Cyanogenic glycosides: (corresponding to less than 80 mg
HCN/100 g)
COMPOUNDS: IN THE SEEDS
L-canavaine
Aletris farinosa
Betaine: stachydrine, homostachydrine
See Aletris
Trigonelline
Fatty oil
Alfalfa
Medicago sativa
TRADE NAMES
Alfalfa, Alfalfa Concentrate, Alfalfa Fortified, Alfalfa Natural, Alfalfa Organics, Alfalfa Whole Juice Concentrate
Alfamin
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole flowering plant or the germinating seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The clover-like flowers can be yellow to
violet-blue. They are 9 to 10 mm long and appear in oblong,
many-blossomed racemes. The fruit is a spiralled pod with 2
or 3 twists; the center is hollow and not thorny.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The annual, succulent plant grows
from 45 to 100 cm high. The stems are erect, smooth and
EFFECTS
The saponin contents act on the cardiovascular, nervous, and
digestive systems.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses:'In folk medicine, the drug is used in the
treatment of diabetes and malfunctioning of the thyroid
gland.
Alfalfa has isolated use as a diuretic and aromatic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
LITERATURE
Berrang B, (1974) Phytochemistry 13:2253.
Gestetner B, (1974) Phytochemistry 10:2221.
Keeler RF, (1975) Lloydia 38:56.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Larher F et al., (1983) Plant Sci Lett 29(2/3):315.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Malinow MR et al., (1977) Steroids 29:105.
COMPOUNDS
Morton JF, (1975) Morris Arbor Bull 26:24.
Nowacki E et al., (1976) Biochem. Physiol Pflanz. 169:183.
W Tapper BA et al., (1975) J Sci Food Agric 26:277.
3
Triterpenes: including alisol-A, alisol-B, alisol-C and their
monoacetates
Sesquiterpenes (guaian type): alismol, alismol oxide
Further information in:
Flavone sulfate
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid sulfate
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Alisma is used for diseases of the bladder
and urinary tract.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used to lower blood sugar,
blood pressure and cholesterol levels; it is also used as a
diuretic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with die proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as an extract
for oral use. The root is also used in homeopathy.
LITERATURE
See Alisma (Ze-Xie)
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Alisma (Ze-Xie)
Murata T et al., (1968) Tetrahedron Letteers 103:849.
Murata T et al., Chem Pharm Bull 18:1369. 1970.
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Oshima Y et al., PH 22:183. 1983.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh rhizome.
Flower and Fruit: The peduncle is triangular. There are
long-pedicled, white or reddish flowers in leafless, loose
panicles. There are 3 sepals, 3 petals and 3 stamens in the
flower. The fruit is small and obtuse and is formed by 15 to
30 ovaries.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The water leaves are ribbon-like.
Wt There are long-stemmed, swimming leaves. The aerial leaves
are basal, long-stemmed, cordate or oblong-ovate, and
spoon-like.
Characteristics: The rootstock of Alisma has a bitter taste; it
is poisonous when fresh.
Habitat: The plant is distributed widely throughout Europe,
northern Asia and North America.
Other Names: Mad-Dog Weed, Water Plantain, Ze-Xie
Alkanet
Alkanna tinctoria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root of the plant
(the dried roots and rhizomes).
Flower and Fruit: The calyx is 4 to 5 mm in the flower, 5 to
6 mm in the fruit and eglandular. The corolla is blue and
glabrous outside. The funnel is as long as or slightly longer
than the calyx. The limb is 6 to 7 mm in diameter. There are
5 stamens, and the anthers are fused with the corolla tube.
The nutlets are 2 mm in diameter, irregularly reticulate and
tuberculate.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Alkanet is a short-bristled, perennial
half-rosette shrub. The stems are 10 to 20 cm, procumbent or
14/ALKANET
ascending and glandular. The basal leaves are 6 to 15 cm by
0.7 to 1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate; the lower ones are cauline,
oblong-linear and cordate at base. The bracts are slightly
longer than calyx and oblong-lanceolate. The neck of the
root is covered with the remains of leaves and the stems. The
root is spindle-shaped, curved, up to 25 cm long and 1.5 cm
thick, with purplish root bark.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southeastern Europe and
some parts of Turkey and Hungary. It is cultivated in other
parts of Europe, Britain and northern Africa.
Production: Alkanna rhizomes are the dried roots and
rhizomes of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
characteristics and its uncertain efficacy." Alkannin and
extracts of the root are used externally in pharmacy.
Preparations: Extractum alcannae: almost black, green
glistening mass (no extraction information).
Histoplastin Red® Ointment: The ointment approved in
Greece, contains 76.5 gm loosely defined ethereal oily
Alkanet root extract with lipophil ointment base (beeswax,
mastic rubber and olive oil q.s. ad 100 gm).
Daily Dosage: Maximum 0.1 meg pyrrolizidine alkaloids
with 1.2 unsaturated necin framework and their N-oxides.
LITERATURE
Other Names: Anchusa, Dyer's Bugloss, Spanish Bugloss,
Alkanet Root, Alkanna
Majlathova L, (1971) Nahrung 15:505.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Papageorgiou VP, PM 31:390-394. 1977.
COMPOUNDS
Naphthazarine derivatives: including the ester of the (-)alkannin (stained red)
Papageorgiou VP, Digenis GA, PM 39:81-84. 1980.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Roder E, et al., PH 23:2125-2126. 1984.
Tannins
Wiedenfield H et al.. (1985) Arch Pharm 318(4):294.
EFFECTS
Antimicrobial action: In the agar diffusion test, Alkanet root
extracts and Alkannin esters impaired the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, however
Alkannin worked only against Candida albicans.
Healing action for wounds: In a double-blind study, 72
patients suffering from ulcers of the leg (Ulcus cruris) caused
by varicose veins, were treated with Histoplastin Red® over
a period of three years. After 5 to 6 weeks of daily
administration, 80% of the patients' ulcers had healed or
were considerably reduced in size.
The results are difficult to assess, as details concerning the
patients, the treatment pattern and control groups are
unavailable.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Used by the ancient Greeks to heal wounds;
also for skin diseases and diarrhea.
Papageorgiou VP, (1980) Planta Med 38(3): 193-203.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart.
Alkanna tinctoria
See Alkanet
Allium cepa
See Onion
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenity are expected, due to the
pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent
substances in its makeup. Alkanna should not be taken
internally for this reason and is recommended for external
use only.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Seldom used as a drug. Internal
administration is not recommended, due to the drugs toxic
Allium sativum
See Garlic
Allium schoenoprasum
See Chives
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Allium ursinum
See Bear's Garlic
ALMOND/15
Mucilages (3 to 4%): arabinogalactans
Proteic substances (20 to 25%)
EFFECTS: SWEET ALMONDS
Sweet Almonds have a demulcent effect.
Almond
Prunus species
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the ripe fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are very short-petioled in
pairs and appear before the leaves. The petals are 19 to 20
mm long, pale pink to whitish with dark veins. The fruit is
oblong-ovoid, compressed. 3.5 to 4.6 cm long by 2.5 to 3 cm
wide, gray-green, velvet-downy and pubescent. The nut shell
is yellow, hard, compressed, broad- and sharp-edged, punctate externally with irregular grooves, smooth and glossy
inside and thick- or thin-skinned. The seed is cinnamon
brown, flattened, and 2 cm long by 1.2 to 1.5 cm wide.
^
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is of medium height,
seldom reaching 12 m. It is a tree or shrub with mildly redtinged branches, thorny in its wild form but not in the
cultivated form. The leaves have a 1.2 to 1.5 cm long,
glandular petiole and glabrous, oblong-lanceolate-acuminate
or serrate, tough, glossy, dark green blades.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to Western Asia and is
extensively cultivated in many regions.
Production: Bitter almonds are the fruits of Prunus dulcis
var. amara (also of Prunus armeniaca).
Sweet almonds are the fruits of Prunus amygdalus var.
dulcis.
Other Names: Greek Nuts, Jordan Almond, Bitter Almond,
and Sweet Almond
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BITTER ALMONDS
Cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin, 0.2 to 8.5% (corresponding to 12 to 500 mg prussic acid per 100 gm)
m
Fatty oil (non-dehydrating, 38 to 60%): chief fatty acids
oleic acid (77%) and linoleic acid (17 to 20%)
Mucilages (3 to 3%): arabinogalactans
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BITTER ALMONDS
Unproven Uses: Bitter Almonds were used in the past as a
remedy for coughs, vomiting and nausea in the form of bitter
almond water.
SWEET ALMONDS
Unproven Uses: Sweet Almonds are used topically in skin
care and liniments.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BITTER A L M O N D S
To be used only under the supervision of an expert qualified
in the appropriate use of this substance.
SWEET ALMONDS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
topical dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
BITTER ALMONDS
10 bitter almonds are said to be fatal for a child, 60 for an
adult (a fatal dosage would presumably be already reached at
a lower level, given disadvantageous conditions - higher
cyanide level in the almonds, intensive chewing). Recommended antidotes include injection of solutions of dicobaltEDTA or thiosulfates or else application of methemoglobinforming substances, such as amyl nitrite. At the same time,
vomiting should be induced or the stomach emptied.
Circulation support measures and/or artificial respiration
may be required.
DOSAGE
BITTER ALMONDS
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete and no longer
used.
SWEET ALMONDS
Mode of Administration: Sweet Almonds fatty oil is used as
an ointment base and in the production of natural cosmetics.
LITERATURE
Proteic substances (25 to 35%)
BITTER ALMONDS
EFFECTS: BITTER ALMONDS
Fincke H, Z Untersuch Lebensm 52:423. 1926.
There is no reliable information available.
Le Quesne PW et al., JNP 48:496. 1985.
COMPOUNDS: SWEET ALMONDS
Opdyke DLF, (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 14.
Fatty oil (non-dehydrating, 43 to 57%): chief fatty acids
oleic acid (77%) and linoleic acid (17 to 20%)
Salvo F et al., Riv Ital Sostanze Grasse 57:24. 1980.
Saura-Calixto F et al., Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm 87:4. 1985.
16 /ALMOND
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Further information in:
DESCRIPTION
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is dried
juice of the leaves.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
SWEET ALMONDS
Fincke H, Z Untersuch Lebensm 52:423. 1926.
Le Quesne PW et al., JNP 48:496. 1985.
Opdyke DLJ, (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 14.
Rosenthaler L, Ber Pharm Ges 30:13. 1920.
Salvo F et al., Riv Ital Sostanze Grasse 57:24. 1980.
Saura-Calixto F et al., Fette. Seifen, Anstrichm 87:4. 1985.
Sommer W, Dissertation Albrechts-Universitat Kiel. 1984.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is forked once or twice
and is 60 to 90 cm high. The raceme is dense, cylindrical and
narrows toward the top. The terminal raceme is up to 40 cm
high while the lower ones are somewhat shorter. The bracts
are almost white, and the flowers are yellow, orange or red,
and are 3 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The lily-like succulent-leafed rosette
shrub either does not have a stem or has a 25 cm stem. The
stem has about 25 leaves in an upright dense rosette. The
lanceolate leaf is thick and fleshy, 40 to 50 cm long and 6 to
7 cm wide at the base. The upper surface is concave, graygreen, often with a reddish tinge, which sometimes appears
in patches in the young plants. The leaf margin has a pale
pink edge and 2 mm long pale teeth.
Habitat: Aloe is thought to have originated in the Sudan and
the Arabian Peninsula. Today the species is cultivated and
found in the wild in northern Africa, the Near East, Asia, and
in the southern Mediterranean region. The plant is cultivated
in subtropical regions of the United States and Mexico, and
on the Dutch Antilles, as well as coastal regions of
Venezuela.
Production: Curacao Aloe consists of the dried latex of the
leaves of Aloe barbadensis (syn. Aloe vera), as well as its
preparations. Aloe is harvested from August until October.
The juice is dried using various methods.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion sometimes arises with
Agave americana, known as American Aloe, which is not a
true Aloe.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: ALOE BARBADENSIS
Alnus glutinosa
See Black Alder
Anthracene derivatives: particularly anthrone-10-C-glycosyls, including aloin A, aloin B, 7-hydroxyaloins A and B,
and 1,8-dihydroxy ions, including aloe-emodin, and
6'cinnamic acid esters of these compounds
2-alkylchromones: including aloe resins B, C and D
Flavonoids
Aloe
Aloe barbadensis/capensis/vera
TRADE NAMES
Aloe Vera (available from numerous manufacturers), Herbal
Sure Aloe Vera, Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant Laxative, Aloe
99 Gel, Sundance Aloe Vera Gel, Chantal Aloe Vera Cream,
Palmers Aloe Vera Formula Cream, Aloe Vera Super
Strength, Herbal Sure Aloe Vera
COMPOUNDS: ALOE CAPENSIS
Anthracene derivatives: particularly an throne- 10-C-glycosyls, including aloin A, aloin B, 5-hydroxyaloin, and 1,8dihydroxy anthraquinones, including aloe-emodin, and
mixed anthrone-C- and O-glycosides, including aloinosides
A and B
2-alkylchromones: including aloe resins A, B, C and D
Flavonoids
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EFFECTS
Laxative Effects
Aloe anthranoids such as 1,8-dihydroxy-anthracene derivatives exert a laxative effect. The laxative action is due to
g* anti-absorption osmotic properties. The compounds induce
active secretion of electrolytes and water in the lumen of the
bowel. Absorption of electrolytes and water from the colon
is inhibited resulting in a volume increase. The volume
increase of the bowel content leads to an increase in pressure
and stimulates intestinal peristalsis. There is some evidence
that endogenous nitric oxide modulates the diarrhea effect of
aloe. Studies demonstrate a laxative effect 9 hours after
ingestion (Izzo, 1999).
Antibacterial/Antiviral Effects
Aloe-emodin exerts dose-dependent growth inhibition of H.
pylori through inhibition of arylamine N-acetyltransferase
(NAT) activity (Wang. 1998). Aloe-emodin has shown
antibacterial effects on four strains of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (Hatano, 1999). Aloe emodin inactivates enveloped viruses and is directly viracidal to herpes
simplex virus type 1 and type 2, varicella-zoster virus,
<(§P pseiidorabies virus, and influenza virus (Sydiskis. 1991).
Antineoplastic Effects
Emodin suppresses tyrosine kinase activity of HER-2/neuencoded pl85neu receptor tyrosine kinase resulting in
antineoplastic effects. This is beneficial in controlling HER2/neu overexpressing cancer cells (Zhang, 1998).
Effects of topical Aloe plants
4^
Aloe vera depresses action potential generation and conduction at neuromuscular junction processes which result in
analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects (Friedman, 1999).
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) by altering the function of immune cells in the
skin and causing the release of immunoregulatory cytokines.
Extracts of crude Aloe barbadensis gel inhibits this photosuppression by preventing suppression of DTH responses
and reducing the amount of keratinocyte derived immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-2) (Byeon, 1998; Strickland,
1999). Aloe vera gel contains small molecular modulators
that prevent UVB-induced immune suppression in the skin.
The immunomodulators restore the UVB-induced damages
on epidermal Langerham cells (Lee, 1999).
Aloe vera increases collagen content of the granulation tissue
and its degree of crosslinking to contribute to wound healing
(Chithra, 1998). Aloe vera acts as a modulatory system
toward wounds with anti-inflammatory effects (Davis,
1991). The use of Aloe vera has been associated with a delay
in wound healing compared to standard treatment (Schmidt,
ALOE/17
1991). Aloe vera gel exerts anti-inflammatory activity
through its inhibitory action on the arachidonic acid pathway
via cyclooxygenase (Vazquez, 1996). Due to its anti-thromboxane effects, Aloe vera decreases the morbidity of
progressive dermal ischemia in frostbite (Heggers, 1987).
Aloe vera contains a carboxypeptidase that inactivates
bradykinin, salicylates, and a substance that inhibits thromboxane formation (Fujita, 1976; Klein, 1988).
CLINICAL TRIALS
Psoriasis
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to
evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of topical Aloe
vera extract 0.5% (in hydrophilic base) in patients with
psoriasis vulgaris. There were 60 patients with slight to
moderate chronic plaque-type psoriasis determined by the
Psoriasis Area and Severity Score (PASI). The extract was
applied topically three times daily for 5 consecutive days per
week with a maximum of 4 weeks active treatment. The
study period was for 16 weeks with monthly check-ups for a
period of 12 months. Aloe vera extract cream had a
significantly higher cure rate and clearing of psoriatic
plaques compared to placebo. The PASI score was also
decreased in the Aloe treatment group compared to placebo.
The Aloe-treatment group had no adverse drug related
symptoms and the drug was well tolerated (Syed, 1996).
Radiation-Induced Skin Toxicity
A phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated Aloe vera gel for use as a prophylactic agent for
radiation-induced skin toxicity. A total of 194 women
receiving breast or chest wall irradiation were included in the
study. Skin dermatitis was scored weekly during the trial by
patients and by health care providers. Aloe vera gel did not
protect against radiation therapy-induced dermatitis (Williams, 1996).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ALOE BARBADENSIS AND CAPENSIS
Approved by Commission E:
• Constipation
ALOE BARBADENSIS
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for evacuation relief in the
presence of anal fissures after recto-anal operations. In
European folk medicine the drug is employed for its ability
to influence digestion.
Chinese Medicine: The most common use in Chinese
medicine is for treatment of fungal diseases.
Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine include stomach
tumors, constipation, colic, skin diseases, amenorrhea, worm
infestation, and infections.
18 /ALOE
ALOE CAPENSIS
Unproven Uses: Aloe capensis has been used as a stool
softener in the presence of anal fissures, hemorrhoids, and
after recto-anal operations. The fresh juice is used for eye
inflammations and for syphillis in South Africa.
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for gastrointestinal
disorders, hemorrhoids, and constipation.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, licorice and corticosteroids—There is an increase in the possibility of potassium
deficiency when Aloe is used along with these agents.
Pregnancy: Aloe should not be used during pregnancy.
Pediatric Use: Aloe should not be prescribed to children
under 12 years of age.
DOSAGE
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Aloe is contraindicated in cases of intestinal obstruction,
acutely inflamed intestinal diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease,
ulcerative colitis), appendicitis and abdominal pain of
unknown origin.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: If cramping of the gastrointestinal tract after single
dosing occurs, the dosage should be reduced. Spasmodic
gastrointestinal complaints are a side effect to the drug's
purgative effect. Heart arrhythmias, nephropathies, edema
and accelerated bone deterioration may occur in rare cases.
Prolonged use of Aloe may lead to pigmentation in the
intestinal mucosa (pseudomelanosis coli), a harmless side
effect, which usually reverses upon discontinuation of the
drug. Long-term use can also lead to albuminuria and
hematuria.
Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity, manifested by generalized nummular eczematous and papular dermatitis, have
been reported after long-term use of oral and topical Aloe
preparations (Morrow, 1980).
Loss of Electrolytes: Long-term use can cause loss of
electrolytes, in particular potassium. The loss of potassium
can result in hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal
motility and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive
medications.
Malignancy: Prolonged use of anthracene drugs increases the
relative risk of colon carcinoma (Siegers, 1993). Recent
studies fail to demonstrate a connection between the
administration of anthracene drugs and frequency of carcinomas in the colon (Schorkhuber; 1998). Low molecular
weight compounds found in Aloe vera gel are cytotoxic
(Avila, 1997). The component 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone
inhibits the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II resulting in
genotoxicity and mutagenicity (Mueller, 1999).
Tissue Damage: Chronic treatment with high doses of Aloe
reduces vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin levels,
which may damage enteric nervous tissue (Tzavella, 1995).
Drug Interactions:
Cardiac glycosides and antiarrhythmic drug—Chronic use of
Aloe can lead to potassium loss, which can increase the
actions of cardiac glycosides and antiarrhythmic drugs.
Mode of Administration: Due to the side effects of the drug,
it is rarely used and is not recommended. Aloe powder,
aqueous- and aqueous-alcoholic extracts in powdered or
liquid form are available for oral use.
How Supplied:
Capsule—250 mg, 470 mg
Cream
Gel—99%, 72%
Softgel—1000 mg
Preparation: A stabilized aloe extract is prepared with hot
water. The extract will have a content of 19% to 21% aloin.
Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dosage is 20 to 30
mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives/day, calculated as anhydrous aloin. The recommended single dosage is 0.05 g aloe
powder from Aloe barbadensis or 0.05 to 0.2 g aloe powder
of Aloe capensis in the evening. Aloe capensis can be given
as a single dose of 0.1 g in the evening.
Homeopathic Dosage: For Aloe capensis, administer 5
drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules, or parenterally 1-2 ml three
times daily (HAB1).
Note: The smallest dosage needed to maintain a soft stool
should be used. Stimulating laxatives must not be used over
an extended period of time (1 to 2 weeks) without medical
advice.
Storage: Aloe should be protected from light and moisture.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Aloe und Aloine - Aktuelles iiber weltweit
verwendete Arzneistoffe. In: DAZ 135(39):3644-3645. 1995.
Avila H, Rivero J, Herrera F, Fraile G, Cytotoxicity of a low
molecular weight fraction from Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis
Miller) gel. Toxicon 1997 Sep;35(9): 1423-30.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164.
1992.
Byeon SW, Pelley RP, Ullrich SE et al., Aloe barbadensis
extracts reduce the production of interleukin-10 after exposure
to ultraviolet radiation. J Invest Dermatol 1998 May; 110(5):
811-7.
Che QM, Akao T, Hattori M, Kobashi K, Namba T,
Metabolism of barbaloin by intestinal bacteria. 2. Isolation of
ALOE/19
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
human intestinal bacterium capable of tranforming barbaloin to
Aloe-emodin anthrone. In: PM 57:15. 1991.
Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G, Influence of Aloe
vera on collagen turnover in healing of dermal wounds in rats.
Indian J Exp Biol 1998 Sep;36(9):896-901.
& Davis RH, Parker WL, Samson RT, Murdoch DP, Isolation of
a stimulatory system in an Aloe extract. J Am Podiatr Med
Assoc 1991 Sep;81(9):473-8.
Friedman RN, Si K, Initial characterization of the effects of
Aloe vera at a crayfish neuromuscul junction. Phytother Res
1999 Nov;13(7):580-583.
Fujita K, Ito S, Teradaira R, Beppu H, Properties of a
carboxypeptidase from aloe. Biochem Pharmacol 1979 Apr
1;28(7):I261.
Hatano T, Uebayashi H, Ito H et al.-, Phenolic constituents of
Cassia seeds and antibacterial effect of some naphthalenes and
anthraquinones on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1999 Aug;47(8): 1121-7.
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K et al.. Experimental and
clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med 1987
Sep; 16(9): 1056-62.
j^
W
Hutter JA et al.. Anti-inflammatory C-glucosyl chromone from
Aloe barbadensis. In: JNP 59(5):541-543. 1996.
Izzo AA, Sautebin L, Borrelli F et al.. The role of nitric oxide
in aloe-induced diarrhoea in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1999 Feb
26;368(l):43-8.
Klein AD, Penneys NS, Aloe vera. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988
Apr; 18(4 Pt 1):714-20.
Schorkhuber M, Richter M, Dutter A, et al. Effect of
anthraquinone-laxatives on the proliferation and urokinase
secretion of normal, premalignant and malignant colonic
epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer 1998 Jun;34(7): 1091-8.
Strickland FM, Darvill A, Albersheim P et al., Inhibition of
UV-induced immune suppression and interleukin-10 production
by plant oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Photochem
Photobiol 1999 Feb;69(2): 141-7.
Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL et al., Inactivation of
enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 Dec;35(12):2463-6.
Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH et al., Management of psoriasis
with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebocontrolled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health 1996
Aug;l(4):505-9.
Tzavella K, Riepl RL, Klauser AG et al., Decreased substance
P levels in rectal biopsies from patients with slow transit
constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996 Dec;8(12):12071211.
Tzeng SH, Ko WC, Ko FN, Teng CM, Inhibition of platelet
aggregation by some flavonoids. In: Thromobosis Res 64:91.
1991.
Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B, Anti-inflammatory
activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel. J Ethnopharmacol 1996
Dec;55(l):69-75.
Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fur
die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In:
PUZ 26(1 ):33, Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997.
Wang HH, Chung JG, Ho CC, Wu LT, Chang SH. Aloeemodin effects on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the
bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Planta Med 1998 Mar;64(2):176178.
Koch A, Investigations on the laxative action of aloin in the
human colon. In: PM 59(7)89. 1993.
Westendorf J, Phytotherapie: Anthranoide in Arzneipflanzen. In:
DAZ 133(25):2345. 1993.
Koch A, Metabolisierung von Aloin. Korrelation zwischen Invitro- und in-vivo-Versuchen. In: DAZ 135(13): 1150-1152.
1995.
Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL et al., Phase III doubleblind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for
radiation-induced skin toxicity, nt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
1996 Sep l;36(2):345-9.
Lee CK, Han SS, Shin YK et al.. Prevention of ultraviolet
radiation-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity by
Aloe vera gel components. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999
May;21(5):303-10.
Morrow D, Rapaport M, Strick R. Hypersensitivity to aloe.
Arch Dermatol 1980 Sep; 116(9): 1064-5.
4p
Sigers C, von Hertzberg-Lottin E, Otte M, Schneider B.
Anthranoid laxative abuse—a risk for colorectal cancer? Gut
1993 Aug;34(8): 1099-101.
Mueller S, Stopper H. Characterization of the genotoxicity of
anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta
1999 Aug 5;1428(2-3):406-14.
Park MK et al., Neoaloesin A: A new C-glucofuranosyl
chromone from Aloe barbadensis. In: PM 62(4):363-365. 1996.
Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS, Aloe vera dermal wound gel is
associated with a delay in wound healing. Obstet Gynecol 1991
Jul;78(l): 115-7.
Shida T et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(3):273.
Yoig A, Egusa T, Arase M, Tanabe M, Tsujitt, Isolation and
characterization of the glycoprotein fraction with proliferationpromotory activity on human and hamster cells in vitro. In: PM
63:18-21. 1997.
Zhang L, Tizard IR, Activation of a mouse macrophage cell
line by acemannan: the major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe
vera gel. Immunopharmacology 1996 Nov;35(2): 119-28.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen BM, Allergiepflanzen - Pflanzenallergene, Ecomed
Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1988.
20 /ALOE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
regions (Scandinavia, England). The leaves are dried in the
open air.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Cowberry, Red Bilberry, Whortleberry
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY *
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (3-5%), pyroside (6'-acetyl-arbutin), hydroquinone gentiobioside, 2-O-caffeoyl
arbutin
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Aloe barbadensis/capensis/
vera
See Aloe
COMPOUNDS
Tannins (10-20%): chiefly condensed tannins, proanthocyainidine
Flavonoids: including among others, avicularin, hyperoside,
quercitrin, isoquercitrin
Triterpenes: including among others, beta-amyrin, oleanolic
acid, ursolic acid
EFFECTS
The drug is antiviral and a urine disinfectant due to the
tannin fraction. It also raises cyclooxigenase activity through
the flavonol glycosides.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Aloysia triphylla
See Lemon Verbena
Unproven Uses: Alpine Cranberry is used to treat urinary
tract irritation, gout, rheumatism, and calculus (stone complaints). It is also considered a substitute for Bearberry
leaves.
Alpine Cranberry
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing, and in
children under 12 years of age.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Vaccinium
vitis-ideae
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves
and the ripe dried fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The white to reddish-tinged flowers are in
clusters of various sizes. The 10 stamens are pubescent at the
base and the anthers are two-tipped and have no appendage.
The white berries initially turn scarlet and contain numerous
rust-brown seeds that are 1.5 to 2 mm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a low shrub up to 30 cm
high with scaly underground runners. The shoots sprout from
the axillary buds of the runners. The sprouts are downy when
young and later become glabrous. The leaves are alternate,
short-petioled, obovate and coriaceous. The upper surface is
dark green and the under surface pale green and covered in
glandular hairs.
No healtii hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Individuals
widi gastric sensitivity may experience queasiness and
vomiting following intake of preparations made from the
drug with high tannin content. Liver damage is conceivable
with administration of the drug over extended periods,
particularly with children, due to the possible hepatotoxicity
of the hydroquinones released.
Because the urine-disinfecting effect of the hydroquinonesr
released in the urinary tract only occurs in an alkali
environment, the simultaneous administration of medication
and food that increases uric acid concentration in the bladder
should be avoided.
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant is common in the Northern Hemisphere.
Mode of Administration: Available as whole, cut, and
powdered drug.
Production: Cranberry leaves are die foliage leaves of
Vaccinium vitis-ideae. Collection takes place in uncultivated
Daily Dose: The internal dose is 2 gm as a single dose; as a
decoction, the concentration is 2 gm per cup.
ALPINE R A G W O R T /21
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Storage: Store the drug in a tightly sealed container and
protect it from light.
LITERATURE
Friedrich H, Naturwissenschaften 48:304. 1961.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.01-0.1%): including among others,
senecionine, fuchsisencionine. 7-angeloylretronecin, bulgarsenine, nemorensin, platyphyllin, sarracin
Sesquiterpenes of the eremophilane-type: including among
others, nemosenine A-D
Flavonoids: including among others, rutin, quercitrin
Hydroxycoumarins: including among odiers, esculetin
Volatile oil (0.1%)
Sticher O et al., PM 35:253. 1979.
EFFECTS
Thieme H et al., PA 24:236. 1969.
The drug is hemostyptic and hypoglycemic. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic.
Thieme H, Winkler HJ, PA 21:182. 1966.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Thompson RS et al.. J Chem Soc Perkin Tarns 1:1387. 1972.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses of Life Root have
included diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, high blood pressure,
spasms and as a uterine stimulant. The drug is also used in
bleeding as a result of tooth extraction.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
* Alpine Ragwort
Senecio
4|
nemorensis
Life Root should not be taken internally. Hepatotoxicity and
carcinogenicity are possible due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances.
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Mode of Administration: Internal use is not recommended.
Flower and Fruit: The composite flower heads are in a
dense, usually heavily blossomed corymb. The involucre
bracts are grass- or olive-green and often tinged greenishblack at the tips. The florets are yellow. The fruit is 4 mm
long, long-stemmed and glabrous. During flowering, the
pappus is only as long as the disc florets. By the time the
fruit ripens, the pappus is 3 times as long as the fruit.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This geophytic perennial has runners
that are fleshy, 20 cm long and 5 cm thick. The stem is erect,
40 to 140 cm high with rounded ribs. The stem is green or, in
particularly sunny locations, reddish-brown. The stem is
glabrous to sparsely pubescent or short-downy. The foliage
leaves are lanceolate-ovate, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate and serrate to double-serrate-dentate.
The upper cauline leaves are usually petiolate, almost
glabrous above to sparsely pubescent. The lower surface of
the leaf is sparsely or moderately scattered and appressed
pubescent.
Preparation: To prepare a tea, pour boiling water over 1
teaspoonful (approximately 1 g) of finely cut drug, steep for
5 to 10 minutes, then strain.
Daily Dosage: A cup of the tea may be taken several times a
day. (See precautions and adverse reactions).
LITERATURE
Gottlieb R et al., DAZ 130:285. 1990.
Roder E et al., PH 16:1462. 1977.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Wiedenfeld H et al., Arch Pharm 315:165. 1982.
Wiedenfeld H et al., Arch Pharm 318:294. 1985.
Wiedenfeld H et al., PH 18:1083. 1979.
Wiedenfeld H et al., PM 41:124. 1981.
Wiedenfeld H et al., PM 46:426. 1986.
Habitat: The plant grows in many regions of southern and
western Europe and is cultivated in some eastern European
countries.
Other Names: Squaw Weed, Life Root
Wiedenfeld H et al., Sci Pharm 57:97. 1989.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
*
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
2 2 / A L P I N E RAGWO"RT
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
versely dehiscing capsule. Seeds are lentil-shaped, erect,
circular, smooth and usually black.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tall, glabrous annual,
occasionally perennial, and grows up to 2 m tall. It is erect,
glabrous or sparsely pubescent above. The leaves are
rhomboid-ovate and alternate, with occasionally undulating
or ruffled margins.
Habitat: Amaranth is common in temperate and warm
climates.
Production: Amaranth is the complete plant in flower of
Amaranthus hypochondriacus.
Alpinia officinarum
See
Lesser
Galangal
Other Names: Lady Bleeding, Lovely Bleeding, Love-LiesBleeding, Red Cockscomb, Velvet Flower, Pilewort,
Prince's Feather
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Alstonia constricta
See
Fever Bark
COMPOUNDS
Saponins
Betacyans
Protoalkaloids
Althaea officinalis
See
Marshmallow
Amanita muscaria
EFFECTS
The drug is said to have an astringent effect (possibly due to
the saponins, betacyans and protoalkaloids). There are no
studies available on efficacy.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
See Aga
Unproven Uses: Amaranth has been used for diarrhea,
ulcers, and inflammation of the mouth and throat.
Amaranth
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The entire plant is used medicinally
Mode of Administration: Amaranth is administered orally as
a liquid extract.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is bifurcated, solitary
and oblong-spicate in dense spike-like terminal clusters with
very short internodes, often composed of twigs. In some
species they are all in the leaf axils. The plant is monoecious,
dioecious or mixed. Bracteoles are 4 to 6 mm, ovate, with a
mucro that is about twice as long as the perianth. The
perianth segments are narrowly ovate, usually acute and
about as long as the fruit. The segments are dry-skinned,
whitish- or reddish-green to red. The ovary is ovate. The
fruit is one-seeded, ovate, dry-skinned, and forms a trans-
LITERATURE
Martindale. The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 27th Ed. Pub. The
Pharmaceutical Press (1977) UK.
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
See Amaranth
AMARGO/23
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Amargo
Quassia amara
DESCRIPTION
^fc
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the wood of the trunk
and branches.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Internal administration can be followed
occasionally by dizziness and headache, as well as by uterine
pain.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small and pale yellowish
green. The sepals are round to ovate, fused at the base and
imbricate. There are 5 petals, 10 stamens and 5 carpels. The
style is fused from bottom to top. The fruit is a pea-sized
drupe, which ripens from December to January. They are
black, glossy, solitary, clavate and have a thin skin.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 15 to 30 m high tree
with a diameter of 1 m. The bark is smooth and grayish. The
alternate leaves are odd pinnate. The leaflets are opposite,
oblong, acuminate and uneven at the base.
Habitat: The plant grows in Jamaica
Production: Quassia Wood is the wood of Quassia amara or
Picrasma excelsa.
(p Not to be Confused With: The wood of Rhus metopium
Other Names: Bitter Wood, Jamaica Quassia, Surinam
Quassia, Japanese Quassia, Bitter Ash
OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage could lead to mucous membrane irritation,
followed by vomiting. Use over prolonged periods of time
may lead to weakened vision and total blindness.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Quassia Wood is used in homeopathic dilutions and in commercial pharmaceutical preparations.
Daily Dosage: 500 mg
Storage: Quassia should be protected from light and kept
dry.
LITERATURE
Barbetti P et ah, Quassinoids from Quassia amara. In: PH
32:1007. 1993.
Bray DH et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1 (1):22.
Geissmann T, (1964) Ann Rev Pharmacol 4:305.
Kupchan SM, Streelman DR, (1976) J Org Chem 41:3481.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpenes: decanor-triterpenes (picrasan derivatives, quassinoids, simaroubolides) chief components quassin (nigakilactone D, 0.1 to 0.2%), isoquassin (picrasmine), neoquassin
and 18-hydroxyquassin
Indole alkaloids of:
Murae T et al., (1973) Tetrahedron 29:1515.
Murae T et al., (1975) Chem Pharm Bull 23 (9):2191.
Njar VCO et al., 2-Methoxycanthin-6-on: a new alkaloid from
the stem wood of Quassia amara. In: PM 59(3):259. 1992.
Njar VCO et al., Antifertility activity of Quassia amara:
Quassin inhibits the steroidgenesis in rat Leydig cells in vitro.
In: PM 61(2):180-182. 1995.
-beta-carboline type, including l-vinyl-4,8-dimethoxy-betacarboline
Ohmoto T, Koike K. (1983) Chem Pharm Bull 31:3198.
-canthinone type, including 2-methoxy-6-one, 3-methylcanthine-5,6-dione
Wagner H et al., (1979) Planta Med 36:113.
EFFECTS
The amaroid drug (quassinoids) stimulates secretion of
£r gastric juices, increases appetite and aids digestion. It may
also have a choleretic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Quassia amara is used for gallbladder
complaints, as bitter tonic, purgative and as anthelmintic (for
ascarid and threadworms).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Polonsky J, (1973) Fortschr. Chem Org Naturst 30. 101.
Wagner H et al., (1980) Planta Med 38:204.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969 (unter Pirola rotundifolia).
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
24/AMARGO
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrdgen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
When used internally, the drug is emetic. Externally it is an
emollient.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The plant is used externally for ulcers.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The plant has a strongly sensitizing effect. Reciprocal
reactions occur with tulip, fritallaria, lily, alstroemeria and
Bomarea species. Nothing is known regarding health hazards
or side effects in connection with the administration of the
drug.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Fresh leaves are applied topically
as a poultice or administered internally as an infusion.
LITERATURE
American Adder's Tongue
Erythronium
americanum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
tubers.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are terminal, large, hanging,
lily-like and are 2.5 cm in diameter. The bracts of the
involucre are sharply revolute, bright yellow and often tinged
purple and sprinkled at the base. There are 6 stamens. The
fruit is a fusiform nodule about 2 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from a small, ovate
fern-colored corm to between 2 and 2.5 cm long. It is
perennial with a bulbous light brown root. The stem is thin
and about 25 cm high. There are only 2 leaves which are
lanceolate, and pale green. They have purplish or brownish
spots, are about 6 cm long by 2 to 3 cm wide, minutely
wrinkled and with parallel veins. The petioles are 5 to 7.5 cm
long.
Characteristics: The fresh leaves have emollient and antiscrofulous properties when applied as a poultice.
Habitat: The plant grows in the eastern U.S. as far south as
Florida and as far north and west as Ontario and Arkansas.
Production: American Adder's Tongue leaves are the fresh
leaves of Erythronium americanum.
Other Names: Dog's Tooth Violet, Erythronium, Lamb's
Tongue, Rattlesnake Violet, Serpent's Tongue, Snake Leaf,
Yellow Snakeleaf, Yellow Snowdrop
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
American Bittersweet
Celastrus scandens
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root and the
bark of the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The twining shrub is up to 8 m tall. The
leaves are 5 to 12.5 cm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate and
serrate. There are numerous very small greenish flowers on
terminal racemes 10 cm long. The orange-yellow seed
capsules are 1 cm in diameter.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America.
Production: American Bittersweet root and bark are the root
and bark of Celastrus scandens.
Other Names: Waxwork, False Bittersweet
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
Celastrol
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
(yellow
quinoide
nortriterpene)
EFFECTS
COMPOUNDS
Alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones:
Cavallito CJ, Haskell TR (1946) J Am Chem Soc 66:2332.
tuliposides
American Bittersweet has diuretic and diaphoretic effects.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Unproven Uses: The drug has been used for rheumatism,
menstrual disorders and liver disorders, but is rarely used
today.
COMPOUNDS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
No information is available.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
American Hellebore
Veratrum viride
**
AMERICAN HELLEBORE / 2 5
DESCRIPTION
Steroid alkaloids {!%): including among others, some of the
solanidane-type, isorubijervine, rubijervine- C-nor-D-homosterane-type: including among others, protoverine, protoveratrine A and B. In contrast with Veratrum album, the less
toxic alkaloids of the solanidane-type are here in the
majority.
EFFECTS
The herb reduces blood pressure and slows down the pulse
due to the alkaloid germitrin. When used externally, it is
hyperemic, hyperalgic, and locally anaesthetic. The drug is
extremely toxic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is obsolete due to the high risk of
side effects. Historically, American Hellebore was used
internally to treat pneumonia, peritonitis, epilepsy, pain.
asthma, colds, cholera, croup, consumption, dyspepsia, fever.
hypertension, herpes, gout, headache, inflammation, neuralgia, whooping cough, puerperal fever, scarlet fever, sciatica.
rheumatism, shingles, toothache, scrofulous, tumors, and
typhus. It was used externally for throat infections and
tonsillitis (as a gargle solution), neuralgia, and skin
irritations.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome
and the roots.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Flower and Fruit: The terminal inflorescence is a panicle
made up of spike-like racemes. The flowers are shortpedicled and often unisexual. The perigone has 6 tepals and
is almost free. The anther is reniform. The fruit is capsulelike with numerous seeds and dividing membranes. The
seeds are flattened, light-brown and winged all around. The
embryo is small and set in the tip of the fusiform endosperm.
The drug is severely toxic and has numerous severe side
effects, even in therapeutic dosages. It is no longer administered in allopathic medicine. The alkaloids are severely
mucous membrane-irritating, and because they inhibit inactivation of the sodium ion channels after resorption, the
alkaloids have a paralyzing effect on numerous excitable
cells, in particular those governing cardiac activity.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The species are perennial herbs with
strong leafy stems. The leaves are spiralled, broadly elliptical
to linear-lanceolate, heavily ribbed and drawn together in a
broad sheath. The leaves of Veratrum viride are oval to
linear.
Characteristics: Characteristics of the species Veratrum
viride is very similar to Veratrum album.
Habitat: The herb is indigenous to the swamps and moist
0> ground from Canada to Georgia and westward to Minnesota.
Production: American Hellebore root is the rhizome of
Veratrum viride.
Not to be Confused With: The rhizome from Symplocarpus
foetidus is thicker than that of Veratrum viride and more
porous.
Other Names: Bugbane, Devil's Bite, Earth Gall, Indian
Poke, Itchweed, Tickleweed
OVERDOSAGE
The first symptoms of poisoning are sneezing, lacrimation,
salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, burning sensation in the
mouth and pharyngeal space, and inability to swallow; then,
following resorption: paresthesia, vertigo, possible blindness,
paralysis of the limbs; also mild convulsions, lowering of
cardiac frequency, cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension.
Death occurs either through systolic cardiac arrest or through
asphyxiation. The alkaloids can also be absorbed through
uninjured skin.
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulphate), installation of
activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (appropriate body
position, quiet, warmth), the therapy for poisoning consists
of treating spasms with diazepam or certain barbiturates
(i.v.), bradycardia with atropine and hypotension wim
peripherally active circulatory medications. Electrolyte sub-
2 6 / A M E R I C A N HELLEBORE
stitution may be necessary and possible cases of acidosis
should be treated with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb can be found in whole and
powdered forms.
Production: American Ivy bark is the bark of the trunk and
branches of Parthenocissus quinquefolia.
Other Names: American Woodbine, Creeper, False Grapes,
Five Leaves, Ivy, Virginia Creeper, Wild Woodbine, Wild
Woodvine, Woody Climber
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Daily Dose: The daily dose is 100 mg.
COMPOUNDS
Storage: The drug should be clearly labeled as "poisonous"
and stored in a safe place.
Up to 2% oxalic acid is contained in the berries, however
there is no information available on the constituents of the
rind.
LITERATURE
-Brossi, B, In: Brossi A, Cordell GA (Eds), The Alkaloids. Vol.
41. Academic Press, 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, CA
92101. 1992.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Kupchan, S M et al., (1961) Lloydia 24(1): 17.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: American Ivy is used for digestive
disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The berries are considered poisonous, however no health
hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the
proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Older scientific literature describes the death of a child
following intake of the berries (Lewin, 1992).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is ground for use as an
infusion.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
American Ivy
Parthenocissus
EFFECTS
The plant is diaphoretic, astringent and tonic.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
quinquefolia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark, the
branch tips, the fresh leaves, the berries and the resin.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
o
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are fairly small and
appear in yellowish-green racemes. They produce darkpurple, pea-sized berries; the seeds are cordate.
Leaves, Stem and Root: American Ivy is a high-climbing
shrub with dark green branches, which sometimes develop
adventitious roots. The flowering branches turn into regular,
double-rowed creepers, which diminish toward the top. The
leaves are long-petioled and divided into 5 elliptical, ovate or
obovate, roughly serrate or dentate leaflets. The leaflets have
broad, suddenly acuminate and usually somewhat roundedoff teeth. The upper surface is dark green, and the
undersurface is whitish-green and matte.
Habitat: Parthenocissus quinquefolia originated in North
America and is cultivated worldwide.
American Liverleaf
Hepatica
nobilis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The drug is the herb, without roots,
harvested at flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The flowering stems are axillary, numerous, pubescent and erect. They are usually reddish and have
3 entire-margined, ovate, unpetiolate, calyx-like bracts, up to
1 cm long, directly under the upright flower. The 6 to 8
bracts are sky blue, paler on the outside, occasionally pink or
white, narrow-ovate, entire-margined and dropping. There
are no nectaries. The stamens are almost white with red
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
connective. The stigma is head-like. The fruit is oblong with
a short beak fitted into the semi-globular receptacle.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb is a 7 to 15 cm high, hardy
perennial with a short, fibrous, dark brown rhizome. The
•^t numerous leaves are basal, long-petioled, coriaceous, green
above and usually more or less violet beneath. They are
cordate and 3-lobed at the base, deeply indented, broadly
ovate, with blunt to acute lobes. The young leaves, including
the stems, are densely covered in silky white hairs. The
leaves later become glabrous and appear after flowering.
Liverwort is a protected species in Germany, Austria,
Switzerland, Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and
Hungary.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe
except the Atlantic regions, Denmark and northwest Germany. It is also indigenous to Korea, Japan and temperate North
America.
Production: American Liverleaf consists of the fresh or dried
above-ground parts of Hepatica nobilis. The herb is harvested when in bloom and air-dried in the shade. The roots must
be left in the ground because they are a protected species.
Other Names: Herb Trinity, Kidneywort, Liverleaf, Liverweed, Round-Leaved Hepatica, Trefoil
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Protoanemonine-fonning agents (0.07% in the freshly harvested plant, based on weight): presumably, the glycoside
ranunculin changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into
small pieces (and probably also during dehydration) into the
pungent, volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to
anemonine. Once dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine formation.
Flavonoids: including isoquercitrin, astragalin, quercimeritrin
Saponins
EFFECTS
The main active agents are lactone-forming glycosides,
flavo-glycosides and anthocyane. The fresh plant contains
K* protoanemonine, which causes skin irritation.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of American Liverleaf herb are
used for liver ailments, liver diseases of all origins, jaundice,
gallstones and gravel.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
AMERICAN PAWPAW / 27
Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised
plant can lead to blister formation and cauterizations mat are
difficult to heal due to the resulting protoanemonine, which
is severely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. If
taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract,
combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the
urinary drainage passages, are possible.
Symptomatic treatment for external contact consists of
mucilaginosa, following irrigation with diluted potassium
permanganate solution. In case of internal contact, administration of activated charcoal should follow gastric lavage.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug can be taken internally or
used externally as a rinse.
Preparation: To make a rinse, a cataplasm can be made of
the squeezed fresh plant; alcohol can be used if necessary. A
liniment can be made with added fats, oils or alcohol.
Daily Dosage: When used internally, a single dose consists
of 2 to 4 gm as an infusion, or 2 to 3 cups from a 3 to 6%
infusion. The daily dosage is 4 teaspoonfuls, or 3.8 gm drug.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachveriag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
American Pawpaw
Asimina triloba
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds, bark and
leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The axillary flowers are dull purple and
solitary. They are about 3.5 cm wide. The petals are round,
ovate and marbled. The outer ones are almost circular and 3
to 4 times as long as the sepals. The fruit is yellowish,
oblong-ovoid. The fleshy pods are about 7.5 by 2.5 cm and
contain 3 flat, brown seeds. The seeds are slightly polished
with darker brown lines on the surface. They are oblongoval, with a grayish hilum at one end. The taste and smell are
resinous.
28/AMERICAN
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
PAWPAW
Leaves, Stem and Root: The American Pawpaw grows up to
6 m in height. The young shoots and leaves are covered in
rust-colored down and later become glabrous. The leaves are
thin (20-25 cm long and 7 cm wide), smooth, entire, ovate
and acuminate. The plant's leaves and flowers appear
simultaneously.
Characteristics: The fruit has an unpleasant smell when
unripe, but when it ripens after a frost, it smells, faintly of
custard. This characteristic gives rise to one of its common
names—Custard Apple.
Habitat: The plant is found in the west, south and central
U.S., also India and parts of Asia and Africa.
Production: American Pawpaw seeds are the seeds of
Asimina triloba.
Other Names: Custard Apple
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids: including anolobine
Ratnayake S, Rupprecht JK, Potter WM, McLaughlin JL,
Evaluation of various parts of the paw paw tree Asimina triloba
(Annonaceae) as commercial sources of the pesticidal
annonaceous acetogenins. J Econ Entomol, 55:2353-6, 1992.
Woo MH, Cho KY, Zhang Y, Zeng L, Gu ZM, McLaughlin
JL, Asimilobin and cis- and trans-murisolinones novel bioactive
Annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Asimina triloba. J
Nat Prod, 4:1533-42, 1995.
Zhao G, Hui Y, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, Wood KV,
Additional bioactive compounds and trilobacin a novel highly
cytotoxic acetogenin from the bark of Asimina triloba. J Nat
Prod, 55:347-56, 1992.
Zhao GX, Chao JF, Zeng L, McLaughlin JL, (24-cis)asimicinone and (24-trans)-asimicinone: two novel bioactive
ketolactone acetogenins from Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Nat
Toxins, 4:128-34, 1996.
Zhao GX, Chao JF, Zeng L, Rieser MJ, McLaughlin JL, The
absolute configuration of adjacent bis-THF acetogenins and
asiminocin a novel highly potent asimicin isomer from Asimina
triloba. Bioorg Med Chem, 4:25-32, 1996.
Polyketides: including asimicine
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
No information is available.
American White Pond Lily
Nymphaea odorata
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, American Pawpaw is
used in the treatment of scarlet fever, fevers and vomiting, as
well as for mouth and throat inflammation.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the cut and dried
rhizome, the fresh rhizome and the rhizome with the roots.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug has a nauseant effect. Allergic individuals may be
susceptible to severe urticaria.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The mother tincture is used in
homeopathic dilutions.
LITERATURE
He K, Shi G, Zhao GX, Zeng L, Ye Q, Schwedler JT, Wood
KV, McLaughlin JL, Three new adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuran
acetogenins with four hydroxyl groups from Asimina triloba. J
Nat-Prod, 59:1029-34, 1996.
He K, Zhao GX, Shi G, Zeng L, Chao JF, McLaughlin JL,
Additional bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Asimina
triloba (Annonaceae). Bioorg Med Chem, 5:501-6, 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986.
Flower and Fruit: The androgynous flowers are solitary, 7 to
15 cm across and radial-symmetrical. They grow from the
rhizome and extend above the water by means of a long
stem. The 4 sepals are almost free, oblong-ovate, pale green
on the outside and greenish-white on the inside. The pure
white 23 to 32 petals are free, elliptical-lanceolate, narrower
than the sepals and arranged on the axis like a screw. The
numerous carpels are sunk into the beaker-shaped axis in a
ring and are partially fused with it. The fruit is a berry-like
capsule, which ripens under water. The seeds are small,
ovate, approximately 2.5 mm long, smooth and have an aril.
The flowers open as the sun rises, close a few hours later
(before the intense midday heat) and remain closed until the
next morning. The size of the plant varies according to depth
of water.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The fragrant water lily is an aquatic
plant with a strong horizontal rhizome, which grows under
water. The leaves are swimming, alternate, long-petioled and
have 4 air channels in the petiole. The lamina is ovalorbicular, large (15-30 cm long) and has a wedge-shaped
deep indentation at the base. It is entire-margined, coriaceous, green above and purple-brown beneath. The petiole is
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
AMMONIAC GUM
29
greenish and is usifally purple-tinged. The stipules are
triangular to reniform.
Preparation: The fluid extract is produced by percolation:
1:1 using ethanol 25%.
Characteristics: The flowers have a sweet fragrance.
Daily Dosage: Internally: in a single dose of 1 to 2 g drug as
an infusion; 1 to 4 ml of liquid extract.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern part of North
America. It is found as far south as Mexico, El Salvador and
the West Indies, and has been naturalized in parts of western
Europe.
Production: American White Pond Lily root is the rhizome
of Nymphaea odorata and other varieties. The drug is
derived from the cut and dried rhizome and, in powdered
form, is yellowish to gray-brown.
Other Names: Water Cabbage, Cow Cabbage, Water Lily,
Water Nymph
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins (gallotannins, ellagitannins)
Only a very small amount of research work has been carried
out on the drug, but American White Pond Lily root is
known to contain large amounts of gallic and ellagic tannins.
Homeopathic Dosages: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic):
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-5.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Odinstsova NV, (1960) Farmakol i Toxicol 23:132.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Su KL et al., (1983) Lloydia 36:72 and 80.
EFFECTS
The astringent and antiseptic effects of the American White
Pond Lily can be attributed to the high tannin content. Only
limited amounts of research have been carried out on the
drug.
Ammi Visnaga
See Bishop's Weed
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Chronic diarrhea is a common internal
application. Externally, the plant has been used in the
treatment of vaginal conditions and as a gargle in the
treatment of diseases of the mouth and throat. Traditional
folk medicine uses also included dysentery, gonorrhea and
leukorrhea, and the leaves and roots were applied as a mash
poultice for boils, tumors, scrofulous sores and inflamed
skin.
Homeopathic Uses: Morning diarrhea is one use in
homeopathy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Ammoniac Gum
Dorema ammoniacum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is a resin
exuded from the flowers and stems.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an umbel which
grows from the axils of the upper leaves. Because of the very
short flower stems, the individual inflorescences appear very
globular. The flower structures are in fives, the flowers radial
and small, the calyx teeth indistinct, the petals white with
revolute tips. There are 5 stamens. The ovary is inferior, 2chambered, densely haired, witfi a conical style cushion with
2 styles. The fruit is double achene.
OVERDOSAGE
No poisonings have yet been observed among humans but
animal experiments have been performed with fatal results.
Even though very high dosages were used with the animals,
these results should be taken as a warning to exercise care.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows up
to 2.5 m high. The leaves are arranged in spirals, with clearly
developed sheaths, and the lamina is often only rudimentary.
The stem is hollow, gnarled, blue-striped, and up to 5 cm
thick. The taproot is tuberous.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a decoction or liquid extract
used for washes, poultices and gargles or taken internally.
Habitat: The plant is found growing in areas from Iran to
southern Siberia.
3 0 / A M M O N I A C GUM
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Production: Ammoniac gum is the naturally-exuding gum
resin latex of Dorema ammoniacum hardened in the air and
collected in the wild.
fogned. It is then pressed through linen and evaporated until
a few drops can be worked in the hand without becoming
sticky.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion may occur with North
African and Cyrenian ammoniac.
Combination — Ammoniac emulsion: toluene: distilled
water; 1:2:30
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Daily Dosage: 0.3 to 1 g drug
COMPOUNDS
Resin (60 to 709c): chief component ammoresinol
Water-soluble polysaccharides (10 to 20%)
Volatile oil (0.1 to 0.3%): chief components linalool, linalyl
acetate, citronellyl acetate
EFFECTS
The drug is credited with being mildly diuretic, sudorific,
spasmolytic, expectorate and menstruation-promoting in its
effect, although research data regarding these effects is not
available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Uses dating back to ancient times include
ingestion for its expectorant effect in chronic bronchitis,
especially in the elderly. Because of the resin's purported
diuretic, antispasmodic and stimulant properties, it was often
employed internally as a diaphoretic and emmenagogue as
well as externally as a plaster for swellings of the joints and
indolent tumors. In the late 19th century, it was used as an
expectorant for chronic catarrh and externally in plasters to
relieve hyperadenosis and in compresses for abscesses. More
recently, internal folk medicine uses include chronic bronchitis, asthma, sciatica and joint pain as well as conditions of
the liver and spleen. Among external uses are treatment of
wounds and abscesses as well as lymph node swelling.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a
day (HAB1); special doses for children
Storage: The drug should be stored over chalk in a container
that protects it from light.
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgeb nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
Amomum aromaticum
See Nepalese Cardamom
Anacardium occidentale
See Cashew
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include bronchitis.
Anacyclus Pyrethrum
CONTRAINDICATIONS
See Pellitory
The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the
existence of indications of a menstruation-inducing effect.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
According to older sources, repeated visual disorders and
glaucoma-like states appeared following ingestion of the
drug, however no health hazards have been verified in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations for internal and
external use
Anagallis arvensis
See Scarlet Pimpernel
Anamirta cocculus
See Fish Berry
Preparation:
Ammoniacum depuratum — 1000 parts coarse ammoniac
powder are heated with 1500 parts ethanol 60% in a steam
bath while being constantly stirred until an emulsion is
Ananas comosus
See Pineapple
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Andira araroba
See Goa Powder
Anemarrhena asphodeloides
See Anemarrhena (Zhi-Mu)
ANEMARRHENA
(ZHI-MU)/31
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Zhi-Mu is used for agitation (in Oriental
medicine).
Chinese Medicine: In China, Zhi-Mu is used for febrile
conditions and inflammation, diabetes, dry cough, "bone
fever" and general dehydration, painful stool or strangury. It
is also as a decoction for typhus, scarlet fever and
tuberculosis.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Anemarrhena (Zhi-Mu)
Anemarrhena asphodeloides
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
rhizome.
^tf
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is spike-like, and the
flowers are clustered and radial. The perianth structures are
in sixes. The tepals are free and all the same. There are 3
stamens and a 3-carpeled, fused ovary, with 1 to 3 seeds in
each chamber. The fruit is a globose capsule, which opens on
3 sides.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Anemarrhena asphodeloides is a
herbaceous perennial, and extends up to 60 cm high. The
leaves are grass-like and clustered at the base.
Habitat: The plant is native to northern China, Korea and
Japan.
Production: Zhi-Mu is the dried rhizome of Anemarrhena
asphodeloides. It is best harvested in the third year of
cultivation in spring or autumn. The rhizome is then airdried.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Steroid saponins (6%): aglycones sarsapogenin, markogenin,
neogitonin, particularly sarsapogenin-3-timobioside and markogenin-3-timobioside
Water-soluble polysaccharides: anemarans A to D
Lignans: hinoki resinol, among others
W
Xanthones: mangiferin (1.3%)
EFFECTS
A variety of experiments have been able to demonstrate
antipyretic and cortisone-like effects for the drug with its
steroid saponin content. In addition, inhibitions of platelet
aggregation, of Na, K-ATP-ase and of DNA-polymerase
were observed. The timosaponin A-III isolated from the drug
reduced the serum levels of a 1-fetoprotein in animal
experiments.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
The ingestion of large dosages of the drug may lead to
gastroenteritis, intestinal colic and diarrhea, due to the
saponin content. The drug is not to be administered in the
presence of diarrhea.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug preparations
for internal use.
Daily Dosage: 6 to 12 gm of drug often used with other
herbs in teas.
Storage: Should be stored in a dry and well-aired place.
LITERATURE
Dong JX, Han GY, A new active steroidal saponin from
Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Planta Med, 57:460-2, 1991 Oct.
Dong JX, Han GY, Studies on the active constituents of
Anemarrhena asphodeloides bunge. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao,
27:26-32, 1992.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Li PM, Zhong JL, Chen RQ, Zhang XK, Ho KL, Chiu JF,
Huang DP, Zhi-mu saponin inhibits alpha-fetoprotein gene
expression in developing rat liver. Int J Biochem, 21:15-22,
1989.
Liu JQ, Wu DW, 32 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma
treated by chemotherapy combined with Chinese medicinal
herbs. Planta Med, 21: 1997.
Ma B, Wang B, Dong J, Yan X, Zhang H, Tu A, New
spirostanol glycosides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Letter
Planta Med, 63:376-9, 1997 Aug.
Miura T, Kako M, Ishihara E, Usami M, Yano H, Tanigawa K,
Sudo K, Seino Y, Antidiabetic effect of seishin-kanro-to in KKAy mice. Planta Med, 21:320-2, 1997 Aug.
Nakashima N, Kimura I, Kimura M, Matsuura H, Isolation of
pseudoprototimosaponin AIII from rhizomes of Anemarrhena
asphodeloides and its hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocininduced diabetic mice. J Nat Prod, 57:Kimura I, Matsuura H.
32/ANEMARRHENA (ZHI-MU)
Takahashi M, Konno C, Hikino H, Isolation and hypoglycemic
activity of anemarans A, B, C and D, glycans of Anemarrhena
asphodeloides rhizomes. Planta Med, 57:100-2, 1985 Apr.
Anemone nemorosa
See Wood Anemone
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
drying in the air or in ovens, the umbels are threshed to
separate the seeds. Angelica herb consists of the aboveground parts of Angelica archangelica. Angelica root is the
dried root and rhizome of Angelica archangelica.
Other Names: European Angelica, Garden Angelica, Angel's
Wort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: ANGELICA FRUIT
Anethum graveolens
See Dill
Volatile oil: constituents include hexylmethyl phthalate,
alpha-pinene, beta-phellandrene, borneol, camphene, betabisabolene, beta-caryophyllene, macrocyclic lactones (odordetermining) such as 15-oxypentadecenlactone
Furanocoumarins: including angelicin, bergaptene, imperatorin, oxypeucedanin, xantholtoxin
Angelica
Fatty oil
Angelica archangelica
Phytosterols: including beta-sitosterol, sigmasterol
TRADE NAMES
Nature's Answer Angelica Root Liquid
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seed, whole
herb and root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are greenish-white to
yellowish and are arranged in 20 to 40 rayed compact
umbels without an involucre. The tiny epicalyx has numerous sepals with minute tips. The petals have an indented,
indistinguishable tip. The elliptic fruit is 7 mm long by 4 mm
wide and winged. The outer fruit membrane separates from
the inner one.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 50 to 250 cm tall. The
rhizome is short, strong, fleshy and has long fibrous roots.
The stem is erect, often as thick as an arm at the base. It is
round, finely grooved, hollow and tinged reddish below. The
leaves are very large, 60 to 90 cm and tri-pinnate with a
hollow petiole. Leaflets are ovate and unevenly serrate. The
leaf sheaths are large and swollen.
Characteristics: The plant has a strong tangy odor. The taste
is sweetish to burning tangy.
Habitat: Angelica is thought by some botanists to be
indigenous to Syria, Holland or Poland. Today it is found
growing in the wild on the coasts of the North and Baltic
Seas as far north as Lapland. It is a protected species in
Iceland, and is cultivated in other regions. Other species are
found in America (A. atropurpurea), in Europe (A. sylvestris) and in China/Asia (A. sinensis).
Production: Angelica seed consists of the fruit of Angelica
archangelica, which is harvested from July onward. After
EFFECTS: ANGELICA FRUIT
The furanocoumarins in the fruit are cytostatic and phototoxic. The spasmolytic, gastric juice-stimulating and cholagogic
effect of the herb could be explained by the aromaticamaroid structure.
COMPOUNDS: ANGELICA LEAVES
Volatile Oil (0.015 to 0.1%): chief constituents myrcene (17
to 29%), p-cymene, limonene, cis-and trans-ocimene, alphaphellandrene, beta-phellandrene, alpha-pinene
Furanocoumarins: including angelicin, bergaptene, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, oxypeucedanin, archangelicin
EFFECTS: ANGELICA LEAVES
The essential oils and furanocoumarins from the leaves have
a strong irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes
(angelica dermatitis). The spasmolytic, gastric juice-stimulating and cholagogic effect of the herb could be explained by
the aromatic-amaroid structure.
COMPOUNDS: ANGELICA ROOT
Volatile oil: chief components are alpha- and beta-phellandrenes, alpha-pinenes, macrocyclic lactones, including penta- and heptadecanolide
Furanocoumarins: including bergaptene, xanthotoxin, scopoletin, umbelliferone
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
Flavonoids
EFFECTS: ANGELICA ROOT
The root acts as an antispasmodic, cholagogue and stimulatory for secretion of gastric juices.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ANGELICA FRUIT
ANGELICA/33
Oil
Approved by Commission E:
Tincture — 1:5
•
•
•
•
Preparation: There is no information on preparation in the
literature.
Fevers and colds
Infections of the urinary tract
Dyspeptic complaints
Loss of appetite
Unproven Uses: Preparations of angelica seed are used
internally for conditions of the kidneys and efferent urinary
tract, the intestinal tract and the respiratory tract, as well as
for rheumatic and neuralgic complaints. Preparations are also
used as a diaphoretic and have been used in the past for
malaria. Externally, an ointment from the seeds is used for
body lice.
ANGELICA LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Preparations from the leaves have been used
as a diuretic and diaphoretic.
ANGELICA ROOT
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, preparations of the root
are used as a mild rubefacient, for coughs, bronchitis,
menstruation complaints, loss of appetite, dyspeptic complaints with mild gastrointestinal cramps, liver and biliary
duct conditions.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ANGELICA FRUIT AND HERB
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Photodermatosis is possible following
contact with the plant juice.
Pregnancy: Preparations are not to be used during
pregnancy.
ANGELICA ROOT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The furocoumarins contained in angelica root
sensitize the skin to light and can lead to inflammation of the
skin in combination with UV rays. It is therefore advisable to
avoid sunbathing and intensive UV radiation for the duration
of treatment with Angelica or its preparations.
Daily Dosage: 4.5 gm of drug, 0.5 to 3.0 gm of liquid extract
(1:1); 1.5 gm of tincture (1:5); 10 to 20 drops of essential oil.
LITERATURE
ANGELICA FRUIT AND HERB
Amling R, Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT
12(1):9. 1991.
Ashraf M et al., (1980) Pak J Sci Ind Res 23 (l-2):73.
Chang, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Escher S, Keller U et al., (1979) Helv Chim Acta 62 (7):2061.
Glowniak K et al., Localisation and seasonal changes of
psoralen in Angelica fruits. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th
Ann Congress of GA, 76. 1996.
Lemmich J et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 23 (2):553-555.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, 1980.
Opdyke DLJ, (1975) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 13, Suppl 713.
Sethi OP, Shah AK, (1979) Ind J Pharm Sci 42 (6): Cll.
Shimizu M, Matsuzawa T, Suzuki S, Yoshizaki M, Morita N,
Evaluation of Angelicae radix (Touki) by inhibitory effect on
platelet aggregation. In: Chem Pharm Bull 39:2046. 1991.
Taskinen J, (1975) Acta Chem Scan 29 (5):637 et (7) 757.
Tastrup O et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22 (9):2035.
Zotikov YM et al., (1978) Rastit Resur 14 (4):579.
Further information in:
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ANGELICA ROOT
Amling R, Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT
12(1):9. 1991.
Ashraf M et al., (1980) Pak J Sci Ind Res 23 (l-2):73.
DOSAGE
Chang, EH et al., (Eds),1 Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co., Singapore 1985.
ANGELICA ROOT
Chalchat JC, Garry RPh, J Essent Oil Res 5:447. 1993.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and other oral
galenic preparations for internal use.
Escher S, Keller U et al., (1979) Helv Chim Acta 62 (7):2061.
How Supplied:
Fluid Extract — 1:1
Glowniak K et al., Localisation and seasonal changes of
psoralen in Angelica fruits. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th
Ann Congress of GA, 76. 1996.
34/ANGELICA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Harkar S, Razdan TK, Waight ES, Steroids, chromoines and
coumarins from Angelica officinalis. In: PH 23:419-426. 1983.
Angostura
Harmala P, Kaltia S, Vuorela H, PM 58:287. 1992.
Galipea officinalis
Lemmich J et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 23 (2):553-555.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
York, 1980.
Nykanen I et al., Essent Oil Res 3:229. 1991.
Opdyke DLJ, (1975) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 13, Suppl 713.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark of the
tree.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal, peduncled
and closed racemes. The fruit is a 5-valved capsule, of which
2 or 3 are often sterile. There are 2 round, black seeds in
each capsule and usually only one seed is fertile.
Sethi OP, Shah AK, (1979) Ind J Pharm Sci 42 (6):C11.
Shimizu M, Matsuzawa T, Suzuki S, Yoshizaki M, Morita N.
Evaluation of Angelicae radix (Touki) by inhibitory effect on
platelet aggregation. In: Chem Pharm Bull 39:2046. 1991.
Sun H, Jakupovic J, PA 41:888. 1986.
Taskinen J, (1975) Acta Chem Scan 29 (5):637 et (7) 757.
Tastrup O et al.. (1983) Phytochemistry 22 (9):2035.
Zotikov YM et al., (1978) Rastit Resur 14 (4):579.
Further information in:
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Oims Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Galipea officinalis is a small 4 to 5
m high tree, which is 7.5 to 12.5 cm in diameter and has a
straight trunk and irregular branches. The bark is smooth and
gray. It is slightly curved or quilled. The outer layer is
sometimes soft and spongy; the inner surface is yellowishgray. The transverse section is dark brown. The bright green
leaves are smooth, glossy, alternate and petiolate. They
sometimes have white spots. The 3 leaflets are oblong,
pointed and 4 cm long.
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong scent, which
initially resembles that of tobacco. The taste is bitter.
Habitat: Angostura is indigenous to Venezuela and tropical
regions of South America.
Production: Angostura is the whole or ground bark of
Galipea officinalis.
Other Names: Cusparia Bark, True Angostura
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief constitents galipol, (-)- cadinene, galipene
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Quinolin alkaloids: including cusparine including galipine,
galipoline, quinaldine, cuspareine, galipoidine, l-methyl-2quinolone
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Angustorine
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
(bitter
iridoid glycoside)
EFFECTS
Angostura stimulates gastric juices and acts as a tonic. In
larger doses, the drug also has an emetic and strong laxative
effect.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications include diarrhea;
it is also used as a febrifuge.
Angelica archangelica
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The administration of larger doses can lead to
nausea and vomiting.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Angelica
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
ANISE/35
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Brieskorn CH, Beck V, (1971) Phytochemistry 10:3205.
COMPOUNDS
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Volatile oil (2 to 6%): chief constituent trans-anethole
(94%), including as well chavicol methyl ether (estragole,
2%), anis aldehyde (1.4%)
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid (0.1%),
other caffeoyl quinic acids
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Fatty oil (30%)
Proteic substances (20%)
EFFECTS
The drug is said to have an expectorant, mildly spasmolytic
and antibacterial effect based on the essential oil. The data is
empirical and there are no recent studies available.
Aniseed oil (main constituent trans-anethol) has an antibacterial, antiviral, insect repellent effect and in animal experiments it has been shown to be expectorant, spasmolytic and
estrogenic.
Anise
Pimpinella
Flavonoids: including apigenin-7-O-glucoside, isoorientin,
isovitexin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside
anisum
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil
from the ripe fruit and the dried fruit.
Approved by Commission E:
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are medium-sized
umbels with about 7 to 15 scattered pubescent rays. There is
usually no involucre, but sometimes there is a single bract.
There are barely any sepals. The petals are white, about 15
mm long, and have a ciliate margin. They have small bristles
on the outside and a long indented tip. The fruit is downy,
ovate to oblong and flattened at the sides.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual herb about 0.5
m high; it is downy all over. The root is thin and fusiform,
and the stem is erect, round, grooved and branched above.
The lower leaves are petiolate, orbicular-reniform, entire and
coarsely dentate to lobed. The. middle leaves are orbicular
and 3-lobed, or 3-segmented with ovate or obovate segments. The upper leaves are short-petioled to sessile with
narrow sheaths; they are pinnatisect with narrow tips.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common cold
Cough/bronchitis
Fevers and colds
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Dyspeptic complaints
Loss of appetite
The drug is used internally for dyspeptic complaints. It is
used both internally and externally for catarrhs of the
respiratory tract.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Anise is used internally
for whooping cough, flatulence, colic-like pain, as a digestive, for menstruation disturbances, liver disease and
tuberculosis.
Homeopathic Uses: Pimpinella anisum is used for shoulder
pain and lumbago.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
odor
Anise is contraindicated in patients allergic to anise and
anethole.
Habitat: The origin of the plant is unknown but it probably
came from the Near East. Today, it is cultivated mainly in
southern Europe, Turkey, central Asia, India, China, Japan,
Central and South America.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Sensitization has been observed very rarely.
Production: Anise consists of the dried fruits of Pimpinella
anisum.
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted drug for infusions and other galenic preparations for internal use or for
Characteristics:
characteristic.
The
taste
is
sweet
and
the
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOSAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
36 /ANISE
inhalation. The purpose of an external application of an
Anise preparation is the inhalation of essential oil.
Daily Dosage: Internal average daily dose is 3 g drug
(depending on the preparation).
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Tea — Drink 1 cup mornings and/or evenings (expectorant);
1 dessertspoon per day (gastrointestinal complaints); infants
1 teaspoon (added to the bottle).
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Infusion — single dose: 0.5 to 1 g before meals.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
External application — inhalation of the essential oil.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York, 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
LITERATURE
Albert Puleo M, (1980) J Ethnopharmacol 2(4):337.
Czygan FC, Anis (Anisi fructus DAB 10) - Pimpinella anisum.
In: ZPT 13(3): 101. 1992.
Antelaea azadirachta
Drinkwater NR, Miller EC. Miller JA, Pilot HC, (1976)
Hepatocarcinogenicity of estragole and l'-hydroxyestragole in
the mouse and mutagenicity of 1-acetoxystragole in bacteria. J
Natl Cane Inst 57:1323-1331.
See Neem
Gershbein LL, (1977) Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(3): 173.
Kartnig T et ah, (1975) Planta Med 27:1.
Antennaria dioica
Kubeczka KH et al., (1976) Z Naturforsch 31b:283.
See Cat's Foot
Kubeczka KH, Formacek V, New Constituents from the
Essential Oils of Pimpinella. In: Brunke EJ (Ed.) Progress in
Essential Oil Research, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin 1986.
1986.
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Kunzemann J, Herrmann K, (1977) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch
164:194.
See Sweet Vernal Grass
Mueller-Limmroth W, Froenlich HH, (1980) Fortschr Med 98
(3):95.
Nofal MA, (1981) Ain Chams Univ Fac Agric Res Bull 1602:
1-10.
Anthyllis vulneraria
Reichling J, Merkel B, Elicitor-Induced Formation of Coumarin
Derivatives of Pimpinella anisum. In: PM 59(2).T87. 1993.
See Common Kidney Vetch
Truhaut R, LeBourhis B, Attia M, Glomot R, Newman J,
Caldwell J, (1989) Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of
trans-anethole in rats. Food chem Tox 27:11-20.
Aphanes arvensis
Further information in:
See Parsley Piert
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Apium graveolens
|
See Celery
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Apocynum cannabinum
See Indian Hemp
ARALIA RACEMOSA/37
I
EFFECTS
Pectin is a swelling agent. Apple pectins have a mild binding
effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Malus domestica
Unproven Uses: Finely ground fruit or preparations that
contain liquid or dry pectin are used for milder forms of
dyspepsia, diarrhea and digestive complaints, especially in
children.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh false fruit,
the dried fruit peels, and the inflorescences with their leaves
and solid peduncles.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Apple Tree
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are umbelled racemes with
only a few blossoms. The petals are obovate, up to 2.5 cm
long, stemmed, white, pink, or pink on the outside and white
on the inside. The carpels are fused with the false fruit.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 6 to 10m high tree or
shrub. Boughs and branches are initially villous-haired, later
becoming glabrous. The leaves are alternate, ovate, usually
shortly acuminate and finely crenate-serrate.
JP Habitat: The plant is cultivated in the temperate regions of
the Northern Hemisphere, and occasionally grows wild.
Production: Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations of
apples come in liquid and dried pectin forms. The source
material is the apple residue with 10% to 20% pectin in the
dried mass. The residue is extracted at pH 1.5 to 3 and 60° to
100° C.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FRUIT PULP
Fruit acids: the chief acid is malic acid (0.2 to 1.5%); in
unripe apples quinic acid; including as well citric acid,
succinic acid, lactic acid
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The fruit is available for oral use in
the grated or chopped form. The skin peel can be used in
teas. Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations of apples
come in liquid and dried pectin forms.
LITERATURE
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie, 4.
Aufl., Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1992.
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives: including 5-caffeoyl quinic acid
Aromatic substances: in particular 2-trans-hexenal, 3-cishexenal, 2-trans-hexenol, 3-cis-hexenol, beta-damascenone,
ethyl butyrate, methyl butyric acid hexylester; in some
strains, 1 -methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)benzole
Aquilegia vulgaris
See Columbine
A, Pectins
Tannins
Arachis hypogaea
Vitamins: in particular ascorbic acid (3 to 30 mg/100 gm)
See Peanut
COMPOUNDS: IN THE SEEDS
Cyanogenic glycoside: amygdalin (0.5 to 1.5%, corresponding to 30 to 90 mg HCN/100 gm)
Aralia racemosa
Fatty oil
See Spikenard
3 8 / A R C T I U M LAPPA
Arctium lappa
See Burdock
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
See Uva-Ursi
Areca catechu
See Areca Nut
Areca Nut
Areca
catechu
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the nut.
Flower and Fruit: The plant is an erect palm growing up to
30 m high. The trunk has a girth of about 50 cm. The
numerous feathery leaflets are 30 to 60 cm long, confluent
and glabrous. The flowers are on branching spadix. The male
flowers are numerous and above, the female solitary and
below. The ovoid drupe has a fibrous layer under the yellow
shell and one-seeded stone. The seeds are conical or nearly
spherical and about 2.5 cm in diameter. They are very hard,
and contain a deep brown testa showing fawn marbling.
Characteristics: The taste is slightly acrid and astringent,
and the odor faint.
Habitat: The plant is found in the East Indies, cultivated in
parts of Asia and eastern Africa.
Production: Areca or Betel Nuts are the fresh seeds of Areca
catechu.
Not to be Confused With: Piper Betel, also called Betel, the
leaf of which is chewed.
Other Names: Betel Nut, Pinang
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
causes tremors and bradycardia. Chewing mouthfuls of betel
leads to a saponification of the ester alkaloids and the
resulting arecaidine produces euphoria. The drug also causes
cramps in the muscles of intestinal parasites and stimulates
the vagus nerve. Central nervous system stimulation has
been observed in mice.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Betel Nut is no longer frequently prescribed
in human medicine. However, the nuts are chewed as a
recreational drug by an estimated 450 million people because
of their intoxicating qualities. Fresh slices of the seed are
part of the "betel titbit" used in eastern Asia. (Arecoline is
converted in the central nervous system to the stimulant
arecaidine through chewing.) That practice is being discouraged because of its link with some forms of oral cancer. In
veterinary medicine, the drug is used as a vermifuge for tape
worms in cattle and dogs, as well as for intestinal colic in
horses.
Chinese Medicine: Uses in Chinese medicine include chronic
hepatitis, edema, oliguria, diarrhea and digestive problems.
Indian Medicine: The juice of young seeds is used as a
laxative in Indian medicine. A decoction of the root is used
for cracked lips.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Due to its arecoline content, the drug appears parasympathomimetic. It leads to increased salivation, in high doses to
bradycardia, tremor, reflex excitability, spasms and eventual
paralysis. Long-term use of the drug as a stimulant can result
in malignant tumors of the oral cavity through formation of
nitrosamines. When the nuts are chewed, the mouth and lips
are stained red, as are the feces.
OVERDOSAGE
The toxic dose for humans is 8 to 10 g of the drug. Atropine
is given as the antidote. Chewing the "nut" leads to a
saponification of the ester alkaloids. The resulting arecaidine
produces euphoria.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In the past, Areca Nut was used in
chewing balm for gum disease and as a vermifuge. Today, it
is only used as a vermifuge in veterinary medicine for house
pets. Therapeutic use is insignificant.
Pyridine alkaloids: arecoline, guvacoline (ester alkaloids), as
well as arecaidine, guvacine
Storage: Must be stored separately, protected from light and
in well-sealed containers.
Tannins: catechin type
LITERATURE
Aue W, Pharm Zentralhalle 136:728. 1967.
EFFECTS
The drug acts on the parasympathetic nervous system with
an effect that is more muscarinic than nicotinic. It stimulates
secretion in the salivary, bronchial and intestinal glands and
Hirono I, J Environ Sci Health C3(2):145. 1985.
Huang JL, McLeish MJ, J Chromatogr 475:447. 1989.
Juptner H, (1968) Z Tropenmed Parasit 19:254.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
ARJUN T R E E / 3 9
Lewin L, Ober Areca catechu, Chavica Betle und das
Betelkauen. In: Monographic Stuttgart, F. Enke, 1889.
EFFECTS
The herb has diuretic effects.
Schneider E, PUZ 15:161. 1986.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfiinder HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergittungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is used internally as a
liquid extract.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
rubra
Aristolochia clematitis
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part i.s the herb.
Flower and Fruit: The bracts of the inflorescence are almost
as large as the leaves. The sepals and petals are 3 to 4 mm.
The petals are usually pink, sometimes white. There are 5 to
10 stamens. The capsule is 4 to 5 mm and about equal in size
to the sepals. The seeds are 0.45 to 0.55 mm, unwinged, dark
brown, subtrigonal and more or less flattened.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is annual to perennial with
a slender to somewhat woody taproot, which is smooth and
somewhat sticky. From beneath, it produces numerous, 5 to
22 cm long, diffuse, decumbent or procumbent stems. The
leaves are narrow, linear and have very short, lanceolate,
acute, silver, scarious stipules.
Habitat: The plant is common in Europe, Russia, Australia,
North America and Asia.
Production: Arenaria Rubra is the aerial part of Spergularia
rubra.
Common
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins
Resins
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
See Jack-in-the-Pulpit
DESCRIPTION
Other Names:
Sandwort
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Arisaema atrorubens
Arenaria Rubra
Spergularia
Unproven Uses: Arenaria Rubra is used for conditions of the
urinary tract, such as cystitis, dysuria and urinary calculus.
Sandspurry,
Sabline
Rouge,
See Birthwort
Arjun Tree
Terminalia arjuna
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the tree are the bark
and fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in upright,
apical panicles. The upper flowers of the panicles are usually
only male. The flowers are small and fused; their structures
are in fours or fives. The sepals are almost glabrous; the
calyx tube has 4 to 5 short, triangular lobes. The petals are
inconspicuous. There are 10 stamens and inferior, singlechambered, brownish or reddish pubescent ovary. The style
is long and projects above the bud. The fruit is an over 2-cm
long, glabrous, ovoid 4- to 5-sided drupe with 5 thick,
narrow wings.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Arjun tree grows up to 30 m high.
The leaves are opposite, 12 to 30 cm long and coriaceous
with approximately 6-mm long petioles, which have 2 glands
at the upper end. The lamina is elongate-elliptical, blunt or
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
4 0 / A R J U N TREE
with a short tip. The base is narrow or cordate and has a
finely crenate margin. The trunk is grooved with a thick
bark.
available. There was, however, one study carried out with a
daily dose of 3.88 gm powdered drug.
LITERATURE
Habitat: India
Production: Arjun Tree bark is the dried trunk bark of
Terminalia arjuna. It is collected in wild areas.
Other Names: White Murda
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins: gallotannins, ellagitannins
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol
Triterpenes: arjunolic acid and its glucosides, oleanolic acid
Flavonoids: including arjunolon, baicalein
EFFECTS
Clinical experiments with the bark powder have demonstrated efficacy against congestive cardiac insufficiency and
hypertonia. Various extracts caused lowered blood pressure,
bradycardia and positively inotropic effects in animal
experiments. Spasmolytic and hemostyptic qualities have
also been described. The substance is said to be sedative and
potentiates the activity of barbiturates.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Indian Medicine: Arjun tree is used for fractures, ulcers,
discharge of the urethra, leucorrhea, diabetes, anemia,
cardiopathy, hyperhydrosis, asthma, bronchitis, states of
exhaustion, tumors, dysentery, internal and external hemorrhaging, liver cirrhosis and high blood pressure.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Powdered drug and liquid preparations for internal use.
Preparation: The following basic forms are used in Indian
medicine in many compound preparations.
Arjunatvagadi — An aqueous decoction.
Pardhadyaristam — An aqueous decoction with grapes and
final fermentation.
Arjunaghrtam — A paste of the powdered drug with purified
butter, heated and filtered.
Arjunatvak — The powdered drug.
Daily Dosage: Since the Indian medicine is dosed according
to the individual patient, there is no exact information
Bharani A, Ganguly A, Bhargava KD, Salutary effect of
Terminalia Arjuna in patients with severe refractory heart
failure. Int J Cardiol, 49:191-9, 1995 May.
Chauhan S, Agarwal S, Mathur R, Vasal assault due to
Terminalia arjuna W. & A. bark in albino rats. Andrologia,
53:491-4, 1990 Sep-Oct.
Dwivedi S, Jauhari R, Beneficial effects of Terminalia arjuna in
coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J, 49:507-10, 1997 SepOct.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kandil FE, Nassar MI, A tannin anti-cancer promoter from
Terminalia arjuna. Phytcchemistry, 53:1567-8, 1998 Apr.
Kaur S, Grover IS, Kumar S, Antimutagenic potential of ellagic
acid isolated from Terminalia arjuna. Indian J Exp Biol,
53:478-82, 1997 May.
Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL. Schmidt JM, Pettit RK,
Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, Antineoplastic agents 338. The cancer
cell growth inhibitory. Constituents of Terminalia arjuna
(Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol, 53:57-63, 1996 Aug.
Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Pettit RK,
Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, Hypocholesterolaemic effects of
Terminalia arjuna tree bark. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:165-9, 1997
Feb.
Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Pettit RK,
Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, On the ethnomedical significance of
die Arjun tree, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot. J
Ethnopharmacol, 53:173-90, 1987 Jul.
Seth SD, Maulik M, Katiyar CK, Maulik SK, Role of Lipistat
in protection against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis
in rats: a biochemical and histopathological study. Indian J
Physiol Pharmacol, 42:104-6, 1998 Jan.
Singh N, Kapur KK, Singh SP, Shanker K, Sinha JN, Kohli
RP, Mechanism of cardiovascular action of Terminalia arjuna.
Planta Med, 53:102-4, 1982 Jun.
Srivastava N, Prakash D, Behl HM, Biochemical contents, their
variation and changes in free amino acids during seed
germination in Terminalia arjuna. Int J Food Sci Nutt, 53:2159, 1997 May.
Armoracia rusticana
See Horseradish
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Arnica
Arnica montana
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of Arnica are the
ethereal oil of the flowers, the dried flowers, the leaves
collected before flowering and dried, the roots, and the dried
rhizome and roots.
Flower and Fruit: The terminal composite flower is found in
the leaf axils of the upper pair of leaves. They have a
diameter of 6 to 8 cm, are usually egg yolk-yellow to orangeyellow, but occasionally light yellow. The receptacle and
epicalyx are hairy. The 10 to 20 female ray flowers are
lingui-form. In addition, there are about 100 disc flowers,
which are tubular. The 5-ribbed fruit is black-brown and has
a bristly tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Arnica is a herbaceous plant
growing 20 to 50 cm high. The brownish rhizome is 0.5 cm
thick by 10 cm long, usually unbranched, 3-sectioned and
sympodial. The rhizome may also be 3-headed with many
yellow-brown secondary roots. Leaves are in basal rosettes.
They are in 2 to 3 crossed opposite pairs and are obovate and
entire-margined with 5 protruding vertical ribs. The glandular-haired stem has 2 to 6 smaller leaves, which are ovate to
lanceolate, entire-margined or somewhat dentate.
Characteristics: The flower heads are aromatic; the taste is
bitter and irritating.
ARNICA/41
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid, 1,5dicaffeoyl quinic acid
Flavonoids: numerous flavone and flavonol glycosides and
their aglycones
EFFECTS
Arnica preparations have an antiphlogistic, analgesic and
antiseptic effect when applied topically, due to the sesquiterpene lactone componant. The flavonoid bonds, essential oils
and polyynes may also be involved. In cases of inflammation, Arnica preparations also show analgesic and antiseptic
activity. The sesquiterpenes (helenalin) in the drug have an
antimicrobial effect in vitro and an antiphlogistic effect in
animal tests. A respiratory-analeptic, uterine tonic and
cardiovascular effect (increase of contraction amplitude with
simultaneous increase in frequency, i.e. positive inotropic
effect) was demonstrated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fever and colds
Inflammation of the skin
Cough/bronchitis
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Rheumatism
Common cold
Blunt injuries
Tendency to infection
Other Names: Arnica Flowers, Arnica Root, Leopard's
Bane, Mountain Tobacco, Wolfsbane
Unproven Uses: External folk medicine uses include consequences of injury such as traumatic edema, hematoma,
contusions, as well as rheumatic muscle and joint problems.
Other applications are inflammation of the oral and throat
region, furunculosis, inflammation caused by insect bites and
phlebitis. In Russian folk medicine, the drug is used to treat
uterine hemorrhaging. Furthermore, the drug is used for
myocarditis, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, exhaustion,
cardiac insufficiency, sprains, contusions and for hair loss
due to psychological causes. While some uses are plausible,
most are unproven.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COMPOUNDS
General: The risks connected with the external, appropriate
administration of therapeutic dosages of the drug are
minimal. Frequent administration, in particular of the undiluted tincture, as well as with contacts with the plant, can
nevertheless lead to sensitization.
Habitat: Arnica is found in Europe from Scandinavia to
southern Europe. It is also found in southern Russia and
central Asia.
Production: Arnica flower consists of the fresh or dried
inflorescence of Arnica montana or Arnica chamissonis. The
flower should be dried quickly at 45° to 50°C.
Not to be Confused With: Other yellow-flowering Asteracea.
Sesquiterpene lactones of the pseudo-guaianolid-type: particularly esters of the helenalin- and 11,13-dihydrohelenalins
with short-chained fatty acids such as acetic acid, isobutyric
acid, 2- methyl-butyric acid, methylacrylic acid, isovaleric
acid or tiglic acid
Volatile oil: with thymol, thymol esters, free fatty acids
Polyynes: including tri-dec-l-en-penta-3,5,7,9 11-in
Hydroxycumarines
Allergy-related skin rashes with itching, blister formation,
ulcers and superficial necroses can result from repeated
contact with, among odier things, cosmetics containing
Arnica flowers or other composites (for example tansy,
chrysanthemums, sunflowers). External application of very
42/ARNICA
high concentrations can also result in primary blister
formation and necroses.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Merfort I, (1985) Planta Med 51 (2): 136.
Schmidt Th J et al., Sesquiterpen lactones and inositol esters
from Arnica angustifolia. In: PM 61(6):544-550. 1995.
Drug Interactions: The coumarin componant may theoretically interact with warfarin, resulting in an additive anticoagulant effect.
Thesen R, Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT
9(49): 105. 1988.
OVERDOSAGE
Weil D, Reuter HD, EinfluP von Arnika-Extrakt und Helenalin
auf die Funktion menschlicher Blutplattchen. In: ZPT 9(1):26.
1988.
Overdoses taken internally can lead to poisonings, characterized by severe mucous membrane irritation (vomiting,
diarrhea, mucous membrane hemorrhage) and a brief stimulation of cardiac activity followed by cardiac muscle palsy.
For mat reason, internal administration of the drug is
strongly discouraged.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Arnica is used in the form of the
whole herb, cut herb or herb powder for infusions, extracts,
and tinctures; gel, oil and poultice for external application.
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
include gels, ointments, tinctures, oils and plasters.
Preparation: Arnica tincture (3x to lOx dilutions with water)
is used to prepare a poultice. A tincture is prepared using 1
part Arnica flowers and 10 parts ethanol 70% v/v (according
to DAB 10). Arnica oil is an extract of 1 part herb and 5
parts slightly warmed fatty oil. Ointments are made up with
up to 15% Arnica oil or with 10 to 25% tinctures in a neutral
ointment base. Mouthwashes are prepared as a tincture in
lOx dilution.
Willuhn G et al., (1984) Planta Med 50 (1):35.
Willuhn G, Leven W, Luley C, Arnikabliiten DAB 10.
Untersuchung zur qualitativen und quantitativen Variabilitat des
Sesquiterepnelactongehaltes der offizinellen Arzneidroge. In:
DAZ 134(42):4077. 1994.
Willuhn G, Leven W, Qualitat von Arnikazubereitungen. In:
DAZ 135(21): 1939-1942. 1995.
Woerdenbag HJ et al., Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and
sesquiterpene lactones from Arnica species. In: PM 59(7)81.
1993.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Daily Dose: Tincture for cataplasm: tincture in 3x to lOx
dilution. For mouth rinses: tincture in lOx dilution. Ointments should contain a maximum of 15% Arnica oil.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Storage: When stored, die drug should be tightly sealed and
protected from light.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Arnikabliiten nur aufterlich. In: DAZ 131(38):1949.
1991.
Beekman AC et al., Structure-cytotoxicity relationship of some
helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones. In: JNP 60(3):252-257.
1997.
Brandt L, (1967) Scand J Haematol Suppl 2.
Brock FE, Arnica montana bei Venenleiden. In: ZPT 12(5): 141.
1992.
Hall, IH et al., (1979) J Pharm Sci 68:537.
Lyss G, Schmidt TJ, Merfort I, Pahl HL, Helenalin an antiinflammatory sesquiterpene lactone from Arnica selectively
inhibits transcription factor NF-kappaB. Biol Chem, 378:951-61,
1997.
Lyss G, Schmidt TJ, Merfort I, Pahl HL, Immunologic studies
of plant combination preparations. In-vitro and in-vivo studies
on the stimulation of phagocytosis. Arzneimittelforschung,
378:1072-6, 1991.
Lyss G, Schmidt TJ, Merfort I, Pahl HL, Postpartum
homeopadiic Arnica montana: a potency-finding pilot study. Br
J Clin Pract, 378:951-61, 1997.
Halub M et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1659.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Hormann HP, Kortin HC, (1995) Allergic acute contact
dermatitis due to Arnica tincture self-medication. Phytomedicine
4:315-317.
Puhlmann J, Zenk MH, Wagner H, Immunologically active
polysaccharides of Arnica montana cell cultures.
Phytochemistry, 111:1141-5, 1991.
Kaziro, GSN et al., (1984) Br. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 22:42.
Merfort I, (1984) Planta Med 50 (1):107.
™
Rom L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
| 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
<flh
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Schroeder H, Loesche W, Strobach H, Leven W, Willuhn G,
Till U, Schroer K, Helenalin and 11 alpha 13-dihydrohelenalin
two constituents from Arnica montana L. inhibit human platelet
function via thiol-dependent pathways. Thromb Res, 57:839-45,
1990.
^Hf Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Veriag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Veriag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Veriag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Tveiten D, Bruseth S, Borchgrevink CF, L hne K Effect of
Arnica D 30 during hard physical exertion. A double-blind
randomized trial during the Oslo Marathon 1990. Tidsskr Nor
Laegeforen, 111:3630-1, Dec 10, 1991.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Veriag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
*
ARROWROOT/43
Other Names: Stinking Arrach, Stinking Goosefoot, Dog's
Arrach, Goat's Arrach, Goosefoot, Stinking Motherwort,
Netchweed, Oraches
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mono-, di- and trimethylamine : only in the fresh plant due
to their volatility
Betaine
Tannins
EFFECTS
No substantiated information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Arrach is used internally and externally to
relieve cramps and as an emmenagogue.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The offensive smell often precludes continued use.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Arrach is used externally and as an
extract.
Arnica montana
See Arnica
Arrach
Chenopodium vulvaria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The whole fresh, flowering plant has
medicinal properties.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, yellow-green and
inconspicuous. They grow in clusters in leafless, compact
spikes at the tip of the stem. The fruit is enclosed by the
involucre. The seeds are black and glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 15 to 40 cm high. The
stems are branched from low down. The leaves are broad,
rhomboid, entire-margined and petiolate. The whole plant is
floury-dusty.
Characteristics: Arrach has a distinctive unpleasant smell of
musty herring brine.
Habitat: Europe, northern Africa and the Caucacus
Production: Arrach is the complete flowering plant of
Chenopodium vulvaria.
LITERATURE
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Arrowroot
Maranta arundinacea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the starch from the
rhizome tubers and the dried rhizome.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in pairs, 3.5 cm long and
pedicled. They have 3 green, lanceolate sepals and a white,
tubular-fused corolla with 1 hanging and two erect tips. The
stamens are in 2 circles; the first consists of 2 petal-like
staminoids, the second of 1 hood-like. There is 1 thickened
stamen partly developed like a petal. The ovary is inferior
and 3-sectioned. Only 1 carpel is developed. The fruit is 1valved and has 1 seed.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial,
1 to 2 m high with thin, reed-like, branched and cane-like
stems. The rhizome produces, along with the usual root, a
sturdy, fusiform, swollen, up to 8 cm thick and 35 cm long
tuber. The tuber is thickly covered with whitish, scaly
stipules. The leaves are obovate, light green, lightly pubes-
44/ARROWROOT
cent and short-petioled. They have long sheaths and up to 13
cm long and 6 cm ovate-lanceolate leaf blades.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Central America and is
found today in all tropical regions around the world.
Production: Arrowroot is the rhizome of Maranta arundinacea. The drug itself is a white powder extracted from the
rhizome. The rhizome is washed, peeled and macerated, and
the starch is then extracted, using water in a process of
elutriation. The resulting starch mass is purified by repeated
sieving and dried in the sun.
Not to be Confused With: Cheaper starches, such as potato,
maize, wheat, or rice starch. These are often used as
substitutes.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Artemisia absinthium
See Wormwood
Artemisia cina
See Wormseed
Artemisia dracunculus
See French Tarragon
Other Names: Maranta
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Starch (25-27%, with respect to the fresh bulbs): as
Marantae amylum, maranta starch, medicinal arrowroot
Artemisia vulgaris
See Mugwort
Other constituent elements are not known.
EFFECTS
Animal tests: In rats that received a Marantae-rich diet, a
reduction in the increase of the cholesterin levels in the aorta
and heart muscle was reported. The effect was put down to
an increased elimination of bile acids.
In humans, the drug is a demulcent and soothing agent.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Arrowroot is used as a nutritive (nutritional
food stuff) for infants and convalescents, a dietary aid in
gastrointestinal disorders, and also for diarrhea, especially in
pediatrics. In folk medicine, it is used in acute diarrhea.
Indian Medicine: Arrowroot is used in dysentery, diarrhea,
dyspepsia, bronchitis, coughs and as a particularly nourishing food for children, the chronically ill and convalescents.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
witfi the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The powder is boiled with water.
Storage: Arrowroot should be stored in tightly sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Artichoke
Cynara scolymus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried whole or
cut basal leaves and the dried or fresh herb from the
artichoke.
Flower and Fruit: Globose, thorny capitual of lingual florets
grows at the end of the stem. The epicalyx is ovate to
globose. The bracts are fleshy and taper into a flattened
greenish or purple tip. The petals are blue, lilac or white. The
fruit is a pubescent achaene 4 to 5 mm in diameter and 7 to 8
mm long. It is flecked brown and glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cynara scolymus is a perennial plant
with a short rhizome and a strong, erect, glabrous stalk. The
stalk is up to 2 m high, thickly covered in lanceolate, prickly
pinnate to double pinnate leaves. The upper surface is bare
and light green; the lower surface is gray and tomentose.
Habitat: The plant is found in the Mediterranean region, the
Canary Islands and South America. It is cultivated
elsewhere.
Production: Artichoke root is the dried root of Cynara
scolymus. Artichoke leaf consists of the fresh or dried basal
leaves of Cynara scolymus. Artichoke is cultivated and dried
with extreme care.
Other Names: Garden Artichoke, Globe Artichoke
ARTICHOKE/45
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
'
4£
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS: ARTICHOKE LEAF
ARTICHOKE LEAF
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic
acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, cynarin
Mode of Administration: Dried, comminuted drug, pressed
juice of fresh plant and other galenical preparations for
internal use.
Flavonoids (0.5%): in particular rutin
Sesquiterpene lactones (0 to 4%): cynaropicrin, dehydrocynaropicrin, grossheimin, cynaratriol
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 6 gm of drug;
single dose is 500 mg of dry extract.
Storage: Artichoke should be protected from light and
insects in well-sealed containers.
COMPOUNDS: ARTICHOKE ROOT
Caffeic acid derivatives, including chlorogenic acid sesquiterpene lactones, are not contained in the rhizome.
EFFECTS: ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
The main active principles are sesquiterpenes (amaroids),
hydroxy cinnamic acid and flavonoids. The drug has a
cholagogic, hepatotoxic and lipid-reducing effect. A choleretic effect has been observed in rats (effect of the cinnamic
acid). The cholesterol levels were reduced in the rats; a
hepatostimulating and bitter effect on the gastrointestinal
tract has also been documented.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ARTICHOKE LEAF
Approved by Commission E:
• Liver and gallbladder complaints
• Loss of appetite
ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
Unproven Uses: Artichoke is used for dyspeptic problems
and also for prophylactic treatment against the return of
gallstones.
In folk medicine, Artichoke is also used for digestion
complaints and as a tonic in convalescence.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
Because of the stimulating effect of the drug upon the biliary
tract, it should not be administered if there is a bile duct
blockage. Colic can occur where the patient suffers from
gallstones.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
plant possesses a medium potential for sensitization through
skin contact. Allergic reactions occur in particular when
there is frequent on-the-job contact with artichokes. There
are cross-reactions with other composites (including chrysanthemes, arnica Pyrethrum).
LITERATURE
Adzet T, Puigmacia M, J Chromatogr 348:447-453. 1985.
Brand N, Cynara scolymus L. - Die Artischocke. In: ZPT
11 (5): 169. 1990.
Fintelmann V, Antidyspetische und lipidsenkende Wirkung von
Artischockenblatterextrakt. In: ZPT 17(5) Beilage ZFA.
Zeitschrift fur AUgem Med. 1996.
Fintelmann V, Menken HG, Artischockenblatterextrakt Aktuelle
Erkenntnis zur Wirkung als Lipidsenker und Antidyspeptikum.
In: DAZ 136(17): 1405-1414. 1996.
Hinou J, Harvala C, Philianos S, Polyphenols substances of
Cynara scolymus L. leaves. Ann Pharm Fr, 47:95-8, 1989
Khalkova Zh, Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh, An experimental study
of the effect of an artichoke preparation on the activity of the
sympathetic-adrenal system in carbon disulfide exposure. Probl
Khig, 53:162-71. 1995
Kirchhoff R. Beckers CH, Kirchhoff GM, Trinczek-Gartner H,
Petrowicz O, Reimann HJ (1994) Increase in choleresis by
means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1:107-115.
Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints
M, Quantitative analysis of cynarin in the leaves of the
artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Farm Zh, 18:56-9, 1965
Meding B, Allergic contact dermatitis from artichoke Cynara
scolymus. Contact Dermatitis, 18:314, 1983 Jul
Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und (Teil II).
In: ZPT 16(1): 13-20, 77-89. 1995.
Schilcher H, Pharmazeutische Aspekte pflanzlicher Gallentherapeutika. In: ZPT 16(4):211-222. 1995.
Schmidt M, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Gallenwegstherapeutika.
In: DAZ 135(8):680-682. 1995.
Sokolova VE, Liubartseva LA, Vasilchenkoo EA, Effect of
artichoke (Synara scolymus) on some aspects of nitrogen
metabolism in animals. Farmakol Toksikol, 53:340-3, 1970
May-Jun
Wasielewski S, Artischockenblatterextrakt: Prevention der
Arteriosklerose?. In: DAZ 137(24):2065-2067. 1997.
Further information in:
Adzet T, Camarasa J, Laguna JC, Hepatoprotective activity of
polyphenol^ compounds from Cynara scolymus against CC14
toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Nat Prod, 50:612-7, 1987
Jul-Aug
4 6 /ARTICHOKE
Gebhardt R, Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts
from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against
hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat
hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 144:279-86, 1997 Jun
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Khalkova Zh. Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh, Inefficiency of cynarin
as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Atherosclerosis. 53:249-53, 1977 Feb
Khalkova Zh, Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh, Traditional medicine in
health care. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:19-22, 1995
Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints
M. Effect of Cynara scolymus-extracts on the regeneration of
rat liver. Arzneimittelforschung, 18:884-6, 1968 Jul
Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints
M, On the determination of o-dihydrophenols of caffeic acid
type present in artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.) Ann
Pharm Fr, 18:419-27, 1965 Jun
Ruppelt BM. Pereira EF, Goncalves LC, Pereira NA,
Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk
medicine as anti-snake venom. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activities. Mem inst uswaiao cruz, DJ:ZU^O, iyyi
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
structure forms a typical insect trap. The fruit is a scarlet
berry.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Arum maculatum is a 30 to 60 cm
spit- to arrow-shaped plant. It is long-stemmed, glossy, often
brown-speckled and basal. The petiole is spread to a sheath
at the base. The root-stock is tuberous, ovoid and flouryfleshy, varying in size between that of a hazelnut and a
pigeon's egg.
Characteristics: Arum maculatum bears attractive scarlet
berries that yield an acrid juice that is poisonous and can be
fatal if ingested by small children.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to parts of Europe, to
Britain and the U.S.
Production: Arum root is the fresh rhizome of Arum
maculatum collected before removing the leaves.
Other Names: Adder's Root, Bobbins, Cocky Baby, Cuckoo
Pint, Cypress Powder, Dragon Root, Friar's Cowl, Gaglee,
Kings and Queens, Ladysmock, Lords and Ladies, Parson
and Clerk, Portland Arrowroot, Quaker, Ramp, Wake Robin
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages:
glucomannane
Starch
Lectins
EFFECTS
The glucomannans, bassorin and starch contained in the drug
have a strong irritant and swelling effect on the mucous
membranes. The diaphoretic and expectorant effect attributed to the drug may be due to the strong actions of these
constituents.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Arum is used for colds and inflammation of
the throat.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Arum
Arum
maculatum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root of the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are pale yellowish-green.
They are surrounded by a bulbous spath and therefore are not
visible. A violet or brown-red spadix emerges from the bract
with 2 circles of bristles underneath. Under the bristles are
the male flowers, and under these are the female flowers.
The spath doubles the length of the spadix. The whole
The intake of plant parts leads to severe mucous membrane
irritations (swelling of the tongue, bloody vomiting, bloody
diarrhea), presumably due to lesions of the membrane from
the very sharp-edged oxalate needles and the introduction of
impurities into the wounds. Decoctions of the roots in
therapeutic dosages can be taken without risk. Caution is
advised even though the level of cyanogenic glycosides is
too low to be able to bring about signs of poisoning and
other soluble poisonous substances have not been shown to
be present.
DOSAGE
No dosage information is available.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LITERATURE
Akhtardziev K et aL, (1984) Farmatsiya 34(3):1.
Koch H, Steinegger E, Components of Arum maculatum L.
(woven arrowroot). In: Pharm Acta Helv 54(2):33-36. 1979.
ASA F O E T I D A / 4 7
Arundinaria japonica
See Bamboo
Mladenov IV, (1982) C R Acad Bulg Sci 35(8): 116.
Mladenov I, Bulanov I, Stamenova M, Ribarova F, The
composition and structure of isolectihs from Arum maculatum.
Eksp Med Morfol, 29:36-9, 1990.
Moore THS, Vet Rec 89:569. 1971.
Nahrstedt A, Triglochinin in Arum maculatum. In: PH
14(12): 1870-1871. 1975.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Pub; HMSO
(1984) UK.
Proliac A, Chaboud A, Raynaud J, Isolement et identification
de trois C- glycosylflavonews dans les tiges feuillees d'Arum
dracunculus. In: PA:47:646-647. 1992.
Further information in:
Allen AK, Purification and characterization of an Nacetyllactosamine-specific lectin from tubers of Arum
maculatum. Biochim Biophys Acta, 317 ( Pt l):129-32. 1995.
Bulanov I, Mladenov I, Boianovska V, Gateva I, Stanislavov R,
The effect of lectins on human spermatozoa in the capillary
sperm penetration test. Eksp Med Morfol, 317 ( Pt l):42-5,
1990.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Guirguis-Oeschger M, Gossweiler
B, Meier-Abt PJ, Serious plant poisonings in Switzerland 19661994. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information
Center. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 60:1085-98, 19%.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdirck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (Ed) Poisonous
Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and Man,
HMSO, UK 1984
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Asa Foetida
Ferula foetida
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oily gum-resin
extracted from the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers appear after 5 years in yellow
umbels on a 10 cm thick naked stem. They are numerous,
pale greenish-yellow to white. The fruit is ovate, flat, thin,
flaky, reddish-brown with distinct oil marks.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous monoecious perennial, 1.5 to 2 m high with a large, fleshy rhizome,
which is 14 cm thick at the crown. The leaves are large,
bipinnate, and radical.
Characteristics: The fruit has milky juice and a strong smell.
Habitat: Afghanistan and eastern Iran.
Production: Asa foetida is the gum resin of Ferula foetida.
Other Names: Devil's Dung, Food of the Gods, Gum
Asafoetida
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil:
disulphide
chief constituent
is
sec-propenyl-isobutyl
Gum resin: consisting mainly of ferulic acid esters, farnesiferol A, B, C and bassorin-like mucilage
Sesquiterpenoide coumarins: including asafoetida
EFFECTS
Asa foetida has a mild intestinal disinfectant effect; its
sedative effect is uncertain. In animal experiments it has
antitumoural and mild mutagenic effect on Salmonella
typhimurium.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for chronic gastritis,
dyspepsia and irritable colon.
Chinese Medicine: In China, the drug is used for infestation
with intestinal parasites.
Arum maculatum
See Arum
Indian Medicine: In India, Asa foetida is used to treat
asthma, whooping cough, flatulence, constipation, diseases
of die liver and spleen and for epilepsy.
4 8 / A S A FOETIDA
Homeopathic Uses: Ferula foetida is used for low acid levels
in the stomach, stomach pressure, flatulence and loose stools.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The intake of larger dosages can lead to
swelling of the lips, digestive complaints (belching, flatulence, diarrhea), discomfort and headache. Convulsions are
possible in susceptible individuals. Swelling of the genital
organs has been observed following external administration
on the abdomen.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as an extract.
Preparation: Gum-resin is obtained by incising the roots,
which contain a fetid juice. This solidifies to a brown resin,
sometimes with a pinkish tint, in sticky lumps. The final
product has a pungent, acrid, persistent, alliaceous odor.
Daily Dosage: Tincture: 20 drops as a single dose.
Homeopathic Dosage: D3 and D4 dilutions.
LITERATURE
Buddrus J et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(4):869.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Naimie H et al., (1972) Collect Czec Chem Commun 37:1166.
Rajanikanth B et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):899.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Konr.ann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
tube and are flattened above. The style is thick, short and not
hollow; the stigma is 6-rayed. The fruit is a many-seeded,
indehiscent capsule divided into many chambers by false
membranes. In each capsule there are numerous boat-shaped
seeds with a spongy appendage.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Asarum europaeum is a shaggyhaired perennial growing 4 to 10 cm high. It has a thin,
creeping rhizome that is branched and usually has 3 to 4
scale-like, brownish-green stipules. It has an ascending
short-scaled stem, with the terminal flower at the tip. There
are 2 to 4 long-petioled, almost opposite, broad, reniform
leaves. They are entire-margined, coriaceous, dark-green
glossy above, pale and matte beneath, deeply reticulate and
evergreen.
Characteristics: The rhizome has a pepper-like smell; the
leaves and flowers have an unpleasant camphor smell.
Asarum europaeum is a protected species.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the northern parts of
southern Europe, central and east-central Europe as far as the
Crimea and eastward into western Siberia as well as an
enclave in the Atai. Asarum is cultivated in the U.S.
Production: Asarum root is the root of Asarum europaeum,
which is gathered in August and air-dried in the shade.
Asarum is primarily collected in the wild, but is cultivated in
the U.S.
Not to be Confused With: Can be confused with other
valerian types and with Arnica montana, Genum urbanum,
Valeriana officinalis and Viola ordorata. The mistaken
powder can be identified by the presence of fibers, stone
cells, oxalate filament agglomerations and the absence of
starch.
Other Names: Asarabacca, Coltsfoot, False Coltsfoot, Fole's
Foot, Hazelwort, Public House Plant, Snakeroot, Wild
Ginger, Wild Nard
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Asarum
Asarum europaeum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The primary medicinal part is the root of
the plant. However, the leaves have been used to a lesser
extent.
Flower and Fruit: The end of the stem forms a shortpedicled, slightly hanging flower. The perigone forms a
campanulate tube with a 3 to 4 lobed margin. It is brownish
on the outside, dark and purple on the inside. There are 2
groups of 6 stamens on the ovaries, which are fused with the
Volatile oil: composition depends upon breed but possible
constituents include asarone trans-isoasarone, trans-isoeugenol methyl ether, trans-isoelemicin or eudesmol, possibly in
addition to sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, -alcohols, -furans,carbonyl compounds
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid
Flavonoids
EFFECTS
Asarum acts as an expectorant, bronchial spasmolytic,
superficial relaxant and local anesthetic. Studies of the
plant's emetic action exist for Asari root and herb. However,
ASARUM/49
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
self-experiment with 100 gm trans-isoasaron taken orally
caused severe vomiting.
The surface-tension-reducing effect of trans-isoasaron and
trans-isomethyleugenol was studied in vitro, using stalagmo• metry. Both substances showed a concentration-dependent
surface activity, which surpassed the effect of the control
substance tyloxapol in a normal treatment concentration.
In studies of Asarum's spasmolytic effect, bronchial spasms
induced in a guinea pig by histamine were inhibited in vivo
by trans-isoasaron, depending on the dose. The survival rate
was determined subsequent to the addition of a histaminecontaining aerosol 30 minutes after trans-isoasarin had been
administered. The control substance here was clemizole
hydrochloride, which has a similarly inhibiting effect.
emmenagogue (menstrual stimulant) and for artificial abortion. The dried, powdered leaves have been used as an
ingredient of some snuffs, helping to expel mucus from the
respiratory passages.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include diarrhea,
irritation of mucous membranes and exhaustion.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Older scientific literature contains reports of signs of
poisoning including burning of the tongue, gastroenteritis,
diarrhea, erysipeloid skin rashes and hemiparesis. An extremely susceptible mouse strain developed hepatoma after
exposure to asarone. Administration of the drug is not
advised.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The action of trans-isoasaron and of isomethyleugenol as a
local anesthetic was tested on 10 volunteer subjects, in order
to compare it with benzocaine (anesthetic index AI = 1). The
results showed a dose-related action for both drugs, with the
following anesthetic indexes of AI = 0.72 for trans-isoasarin
and AI = 0.47 for trans-isomethyleugenol.
The only available studies of Asarum's antibacterial effect
are those carried out on Asari root and herb. A double-blind
clinical trial with a placebo as alternative was carried out on
30 patients with acute bronchitis, 30 with chronic bronchitis
and an additional 30 with bronchial asthma. Eighty percent
of the patients wim acute bronchitis, 58% of the patients with
chronic bronchitis and 68% of the patients with bronchial
asthma were cured or showed improvement in both their
subjective and objective states. The contrast with the placebo
groups was significant. The treatment consisted of a daily
dose of 3 x 2 tablets, purified dry (GB) or powdered (US)
extract (30 mg phenylpropanol derivatives) taken over an
average of 7 days. However, to obtain conclusive results,
further trials are needed over a longer period and with more
patients. The drug's efficacy was also tested in a multicentric
field trial, a clinically controlled study and an open bicentric
study. However, the results are only useful to a small extent,
as there is an absence of details about placebo groups, trial
parameters, and statistical analysis.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The purified dry extract of Asarum europaeum rootstock is used for inflammatory conditions of the
lower respiratory system (acute and chronic bronchitis), for
various causes of bronchial spasms and for bronchial asthma.
Asari root and Asari root with herb are used for similar
indications in folk medicine. In the past, the drugs were used
as emetics. Some other uses are as antitussives (cough
remedies), sneezing-powder for chronic rhinitis, for inflammation of the eye, for pneumonia, angina pectoris, migraines, liver disease and jaundice, for dehydration, as an
Asarum is not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Asarum is taken as a sneezingpowder, or orally as a purified dry extract in the form of
coated tablets and pills. It is obsolete as a drug.
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
include coated tablets and confectionery tea mixtures.
Preparation: The air-dried rootstock is extracted with an
organic solvent, which can be mixed with water. The liquid
extract is separated from the solvent by means of vacuum
distillation. The watery portion remaining is diluted with an
equal amount of distilled water, and further extraction takes
place. Then the organic liquid extract is mixed with a
suitable excipient according to the desired percentage of
trans-isoasaron. Afterward, the extract is dried and rubbed.
Trans-isoasaron can also be produced from asarylaldehyde
by means of Perkin's cinnamic synthesis. As sneezingpowder, the average content of the drug is 20%.
Daily Dosage: The average daily oral dose of the dry extract
for adults and children aged 13 and over is 30 mg, which
corresponds to 30 mg phenylpropane derivatives and should
be spread over 2 to 3 doses per day. Children aged 2 and
over can take an extract corresponding to 5 mg phenylpropanol derivatives 3 times daily. The average single dose of the
drug is 0.1 gm.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
weekly sc; ointments 1 to 2 times daily; Dl and D2 should
not be taken for longer than 1 month (HAB1).
Storage: Coated tablets and pills that contain the purified dry
extract or the tincture from the rhizome can be stored for a
period of 28 days in conditions of high temperature,
humidity and light. Under preferred storage conditions (i.e.
50/ASARUM
brown glass, away from light), they can be stored for up to 2
years, after which period stability should be checked.
LITERATURE
Doskotch RW, Vanevenhoven PW, (1967) Lloydia 30:141.
Gracza L, (1987) Pharmazie 42 (2): 141.
Gracza L, In vitro studies on the expectorant effect of the
phenylpropane derivatives from hazlewort. 12. The active agents
in Asarum europaeum. In: PM 42(2):155. 1981.
Gracza L, Phytobiological (phytophamacological) studies on
phenylpropane derivatives from Asarum europaeum L. 10.
Actice principles of Asarum europaeum L. In: Arzneim Forsch
30(5):767-771. 1980.
Gracza L, Uber die Wirkstoffe von Asarum europaeum. 16.
Mitt., Die Iokalanasthetische Wirkung der Phenylprpanderivate.
In: PM 48(3): 153-157. 1983.
Mose JR., Lukas G, (1961) Arzneim Forsch 11:33.
Rosch A, (1984) Z Phytother 5(6):964.
Trennheuser L, Dissertation Saarbriicken. 1961.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde. 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Asarum europaeum
See Asarum
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Ash
Fraxinus excelsior
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
the fresh bark, the branch bark, and the fresh leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in richly blossomed
panicles, the terminal ones appearing on the new flowering
branches. They are usually androgynous, occasionally male,
polygamous or dioecious. They have no calyx or corolla. The
anthers of the male flowers are dark purple and are on short
filaments. The female flowers consist of 1 inferior ovary
with a 2-lobed stigma and 2 split staminoids. The fruit is a
narrow lanceolate to oblong-obovate nutlet hanging on a thin
stem. The fruit is 25 to 50 mm long and 7 to 10 mm wide,
glossy brown, 1-seeded with a veined winged border.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The ash is an impressive 15 to 30 m
tall tree with a gray-brown, smooth, later fissured and
wrinkled bark and large, black-brown, pubescent buds. The
leaves are entire-margined, opposite and odd pinnate. There
are 9 to 15 leaflets. The leaflets are sessile, usually 5 to 11
cm long by 1 to 3 cm wide, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, long
acuminate, finely and sharply serrate. They are glabrous
above, rich green, loosely tomentose or almost glabrous, and
greenish brown beneath.
Habitat: The plant is distributed in most parts of Europe
except the northern, southern and eastern edges.
Production: Ash bark consists of the bark of young branches
of Fraxinus excelsior. Ash leaf consists of the leaf of
Fraxinus excelsior. The leaves are harvested in spring and
air-dried.
Not to be Confused With: It may be confused with Ailanthus
glandulosa.
Other Names: Bird's Tongue, European Ash, Common Ash,
Weeping Ash
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : A S H LEAF.
Flavonoids: including rutin (0.1-0.9%)
Asclepias inearnata
See Swamp Milkweed
Tannins
Mucilages
Mannitol
Asclepias tuberosa
See Pleurisy Root
Triterpenes,
(10-20%)
(16-28%)
phytosterols
Iridoide monoterpenes:
syringoxidin
including
syringoxide,
deoxy-
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
COMPOUNDS: ASH BARK
Hydroxycoumarins: aesculin, fraxin, aesculetin, fraxetin,
fraxidin, isofraxidin, fraxinol, scopoletine
Tannins
ASIATIC DOGWOOD / 5 1
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and their Effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, HMSO UK
1984.
^Iridoide monoterpenes: including 10-hydroxyligstroside
EFFECTS: ASH BARK
The main active principle is coumarin. Preparations of fresh
ash bark showed an analgesic, anti-oxidative, and antiphlogistic action. Cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase is inhibited and
an anti-oxidative (radical trapping action) effect was proven
for scopoletine, isofraxin and fraxin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ASH LEAF
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Ash leaf are used for
arthritis, gout, bladder complaints, as well as a laxative and
diuretic. In folk medicine Ash leaf is used internally for
fever, rheumatism, gout, edema, stones, constipation, stomach symptoms and worm infestation; and externally for
lower leg ulcers and wounds.
ASH BARK
^ Unproven Uses: Preparations of Ash bark are used for fever
^ and as a tonic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed
applications has not been documented, therapeutic application cannot be recommended. The efficacy of Ash in fixed
combinations must be verified specifically for each
preparation.
Storage: Should be protected from light.
Asiatic Dogwood
Cornus officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The umbels contain 20 to 30 flowers
surrounded by 4 yellow-green, 6 to 8 mm long, ellipticalacuminate bracts. The flower structures are in fours and the
diameter of the flower is 4 to 5 mm including the disc. The
calyx is fused and has 4 tips. There are 4 free petals, 4
stamens and a 2-chambered ovary, with 1 ovule per chamber.
The drupe is elongate- elliptical, approximately 15 mm long
and red with an elongate, 2-chambered stone kernel.
Leaves and Branches: Cornus officinalis is shrub or tree, that
grows up to 4 m high. The leaves are opposite, simple and 4
to 10 cm long. The petiole is 6 to 10 cm long. The lamina is
ovate-elliptical or ovate, long acuminate, rounded at the
base, yellow-brown and pubescent beneath. The branches are
smooth, bluish-green and the bark peels off.
Habitat: China, Japan
Production: Cornus fruit is the dried fruit pulp of Cornus
officinalis. Fruits are harvested in the late autumn or the
beginning of winter. They are scalded with boiling water or
gently heated. Cleaning of the raw drug follows kernel
extraction and drying.
LITERATURE
Carnat A, Lamaison JL, Dubnand F, Plant Med Phytother
24:145-151. 1990.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Genius OB, DAZ 120:1505-1506. 1980.
Iridoids: iridoid glycosides, including loganin, cornuside,
sweroside, morronoside
Jensen SR, Nielsen BJ, PH 15:221-223. 1976.
Marekov N et al., Khira Ind 58:132-135. 1986.
£> Tissut M, Ravane P, PH 19:2077-2081. 1980.
Yamagami I, Suzuki Y, Koichiro I, Pharmacological studies on
the components of Fraxinus japonica. In: Nippon Yakurigaku
Zasshi 64(6):714-729 (jap.). 1968.
COMPOUNDS
Tannins: gallotannins, including cornusiens-A to -G, tellimagrandin I and II, camptothins-A and -B
Triterpenes: including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid
Anthocyans
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
EFFECTS
The drug has an astringent effect due to its tannin content. It
has exhibited diuretic, blood pressure-lowering and leukocytopoiesis-promoting effects in clinical tests.
52/ASIATIC DOGWOOD
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The perigone is longer than the cauline leaves and has
oblanceolate sections that are twice as long as the perigone
tube. The stamens are oblong and almost as long the
filaments. The perigone of the female flowers is much
smaller. The fruit is a pea-sized, brick-red round berry that is
up to 8 mm thick. The seeds are black with wrinkly stripes
and are 3 to 4 mm wide.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug has been used for
impotency, loss of semen, lumbago-sciatica syndrome, night
sweats and vertigo.
Chinese Medicine: In China, Asiatic Dogwood is used for
liver and renal disorders, tinnitus, hyperhidrosis, impotency
and low back and knee pain.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations and liquid
preparations for internal use
Preparation: The fruit is boiled or steamed with wine until
all the liquid has been drawn out.
Daily Dosage: 5 to 12 gm of drug.
Chinese Medicine Dosage: 3 to 9 gm of drug daily.
Storage: The herb should be protected from insects and
stored in dry place.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Asparagus officinalis is a perennial
with a short, woody rootstock. In the wild, the plant typically
reaches heights of 30 to 100 cm, but cultivated plants may
grow to 150 cm. The stem is erect, glabrous and smooth,
later inclined with numerous erect to leaning branches. The
scale sections at the base have short spurs. The round,
needle-like phylloclades are in clusters of 4 to 15 that are 5
to 25 cm long and about 0.5 cm thick. The root-stock is short
and thick. It produces a few ascending shoots that are as
thick as a finger, fleshy, white, and red or blue-reddish
tinged. (This is the edible asparagus.) The female plants are
often slimmer than the male, which are shorter and stockier.
Characteristics: The fruit is considered to be poisonous, but
that has not been substantiated.
Habitat: The plant grows in central and southern Europe, the
Middle East, western Siberia and northern Africa. It is
cultivated in many places.
Jeng H, Wu CM, Su SJ, Chang WC A substance isolated from
Cornus officinalis enhances the motility of human sperm. Am J
Chin Med, 25:301-6, 1997.
Production: Asparagus herb consists of the above-ground
parts of Asparagus officinalis. Asparagus root consists of the
rhizome with roots of Asparagus officinalis, which are dug
up and air-dried in autumn, and also the fresh underground
shoots.
Jeng H, Wu CM, Su SJ, Chang WC Observations on the
biological characteristics of Cornus officinalis Chung Yao Tung
Pao, 25:8-11, Jul, 1985.
Not to be Confused With: This variety is sometimes confused
with other types of asparagus cultivated in the Mediterranean
region.
Other Names: Sparrow Grass
Asimina triloba
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
See American Pawpaw
Flavonoids: including rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin
COMPOUNDS: ASPARAGUS HERB
Steroid saponins
Asparagus
Asparagus officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
herb and the rhizome with roots.
Flower and Fruit: Thin pedicles measuring from 2 to 20 mm
long, grow 1 to 3 flowers from the nodes. The plants are
usually dioecious. The perigone of the male flowers is about
5 mm long, funnel-shaped and whitish to greenish-yellow.
EFFECTS: ASPARAGUS HERB
Animal experiments indicate the herb has a mild diuretic
action.
COMPOUNDS: ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
Steroid saponins: including asparagosides A, B, D, F, G, H,
I, the bitter steroid saponins, aspartic saponin I
Amino acids: among them sulphur-containing aspartic acid,
the esters 3-mercapto- butyric acid, 3-methylthio-isobutyric
acid, diisobutyric acid disulphide
Fructans: asparagose, asparagosine
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EFFECTS: ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
Animal tests indicate that the root has a diuretic effect. The
main active principles are flavonol glycoside and furostanol
and spirostanol glycosides, mainly derivatives of sarsapogenin. The distinctive odor of the urine after an individual has
i^ eaten asparagus is said to be caused by methylmercaptan.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ASPARAGUS HERB
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Asparagus are used as a
diuretic, although the effectiveness for the claimed application has not been sufficiently documented.
ASPARAGUS/53
DOSAGE
ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
Mode of Administration: The cut rhizome is used for teas, as
well as other galenic preparations for internal use. When
used in flushing-out therapy, ensure ample fluid intake.
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations of
Asparagus root are available in tablet form.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 45 to 80 g. A typical
single dose is 800 mg of the drug.
ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily, or 1 ml injection solution twice
weekly sc (HAB1).
Approved by Commission E:
LITERATURE
• Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
Unproven Uses: Traditional uses of the root include application for non-specific inflammatory diseases of the efferent
urinary tract and for prevention of kidney and bladder stones
(irrigation therapy). Among other folk medicine uses are
J^, dropsy, rheumatic conditions, liver disease, bronchial asthma
and gout. These applications have not been proven.
Chinese Medicine: The root is used to treat irritable cough,
coughing with blood, dry mouth and throat, and constipation.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include kidney
stones and cardiac insufficiency.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
Because of the irritating effect of saponin, the drug should
not be administered in die presence of kidney diseases. In the
case of reduced cardiac and/or kidney function, irrigation
therapy should not be attempted.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ASPARAGUS HERB
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The plant has a low sensitization potential through
A skin contact. The berries are considered poisonous, although
~ there is no proof of this.
ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. When used in irrigation therapy, ensure ample fluid
intake. There is a low sensitization potential, particularly
among workers in canning factories who can become prone
to asparagus scabies.
ASPARAGUS HERB
Goryanu GM et al., (1976) Khim Prir Soed 3: 400 et 6: 762.
Kawano K et al., (1975) Agric Biol Chem 39: 1999.
Shiomi N et al., (1976) Agric Biol Chem 40: 567.
Tagasuki M et al., (1975) Chem Letters 1: 43.
Woeldecke M, Hermann K, (1974) Z Lebensm Forsch Unters
25: 459.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Rodi L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
ASPARAGUS RHIZOME AND ROOT
Goryanu GM et al., (1976) Khim Prir Soed 3: 400 et 6: 762.
Kawano K et al., Agric Biol Chem (Tokyo) 41:1. 1977.
Lazurevskii GV et al., Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
231:1479. 1976.
Pant G et al., PH 27:3324. 1988.
Shao Y et al., Steroidal saponins from Asparagus officinalis and
their cytotoxic activity. In: PM 63(3):258-262. 1997.
Shiomi N et al., (1976) Agric Biol Chem 40: 567.
Tagasuki M et al., (1975) Chem Letters 1: 43.
54/ASPARAGUS
Woeldecke M, Hermann K, (1974) Z Lebensm Untersuch
Forsch 25: 459
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The primary medicinal parts of the herb are
the roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flower racemes are apical, and most
are axillary. The inflorescenses have' many small, blue,
purple or blue-purple flowers. Two to three days following
bloom, pods will develop in a square shape of a cross section
with two chambers. There are 10 dark brown seeds in each
chamber. The seeds are 6 to 13 mm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and has
several stems 1.5 to 2.0 m in height. The stems are covered
with pinnate leaves with T-shaped soft hairs. The primary
root is thick, long and contains many lateral roots. There is a
secondary root beginning 20 to 30 feet below the soil
surface.
Characteristics: The plant is cold tolerant and also able to
grow in high temperatures.
Habitat: Astragalus australis is an endemic plant of the
Olympic Mountains, Washington. Other species are grown in
northern and southern parts of China, Japan, and Korea.
Other Names: Beg Kei, Bei Qi, Hwanggi, Membranous Milk
Vetch, Astragali, Tragacanth
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Asparagus officinalis
Triterpene glycosides: brachyosides A, B, and C, and
cyclocephaloside II, astrachrysoside A
See Asparagus
Saponins: astragalosides I, II, and IV, isoastragaloside I, 3-0beta-D-xylopyranosyl-cycloastragenol, cyclocanthoside E,
soyasaponin I and cycloastragenol
Aspidosperma quebrachobianco
Tragacanth (from the sap)
See Quebracho
Astragalus gummifer
See Tragacanth
Astragalus (Huang-Qi)
Astragalus species
TRADE NAMES
Astragalus (available from numerous manufacturers), Astragalus Root, Superior Chinese Astragalus, Astragalus Vegicaps, Astragalus Extract, Alvita Astragalus Root
Sterols: daucosterol and beta-sitosterol
Fatty acids: including heptenoic acid, tetradecanoic acid,
pentadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecenoic acid,
octadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, linolenic acid,
eicosanoic acid, eicosenoic acid and docosanoic acid
Isoflavonoid compounds: astrasieversianin XV (II), 7,2'dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-0-beta-D-glucoside
(III)
Amino acids: gamma-L-glutamyl-Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine, Se-methylseleno-L-cysteine
Polysaccharides
EFFECTS
Antiviral—Astragalus membranaceus inhibits the replication
of coxsackie B-3 virus (CB3V)-RNA, a virus that causes
myocarditis in animal models (Peng, 1995). The herb
demonstrated significantly higher survival rates and lower
ASTRAGALUS (HUANG-QI) / 5 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
abnormal action potential in animal models infected with
CB3V, suggesting its possible use for prevention and
treatment of acute myocarditis involving CB3V (Rui, 1994).
on memory acquisition as well as the alcohol-elicited deficit
of memory retrieval (a reduction in errors and prolonged
latent period) (Hong, 1994).
Antioxidant—Astragalus membranaceus inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria (Hong, 1994).
Immune-stimulating
Cardiovascular Effects—Astragalus membranaceus increases cardiac output in patients with angina pectoris (Lei,
1994). Astragaloside IV improves left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume and slows
heart rate in heart failure. The compound also alleviates
chest distress and dyspnea associated with heart failure (Luo,
1995). The herb has therapeutic effects on sodium and water
retention in aortocaval fistula-induced heart failure, improving cardiac and renal functions in heart failure. The
mechanism is partly through correction of abnormal mRNA
expressions of hypothalmic arginine vasopresin system and
aquaporin-2, and amelioration of blunted renal response to
atrial natriuretic peptide (Ma, 1998).
Fibrinolytic—Astragaloside IV increases the fibrinolytic
potential of endothelial ells by upregulating the expression of
tissue-type plasminogen activator and by downregulating the
A^, expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (Zhang,
1997).
Gastrointestinal Effects—The herb strengthens the movement and muscle tonus in the intestine, especially the
jejunum, to increase movements in the digestive tract, as
evidenced by positive effects on the cycle duration of
interdigestive myoelectric complex (Lei, 1994).
Hepatoprotective—An ethanol extract of the root of Astragalus membranaceus alleviated liver injury through a reduction
of elevated SGPT levels and subacute toxicity. The herb also
decreased loss of righting reflex and protected hepatic cells
from pathological changes (Zhang, 1990).
£
Immuno-modulating—The herb stimulates macrophages,
promotes antibody formation, and increases T lymphocyte
proliferation. F3, an immuno-regulatory component of the
herb reverses macrophage suppression induced by urological
tumors (Rittenhouse, 1991). Astragalus membranaceus extracts enhance the antibody response to a T-dependent
antigen associated with an increase of Th cell activity in
normal and immunodepressed animal models (Zhao, 1990).
A fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus potentiates lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity
generated by low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2).
This immune response occurs through a 10-fold potentiation
of rIL-2 activity manifested by tumor cell killing activity
resulting from LAK cell generation (Chu, 1990).
Memory Improvement—Aqueous extracts of Astragalus
demonstrated improvement of anisodine-induced impairment
CLINICAL TRIALS
The effect of pure Astragalus preparation (PAP) in treating
115 patients with leukopenia was determined after 8 weeks
of therapy. Group I was treated by a concentrated PAP (10
ml, equivalent to 15 grams of Astragalus), and group II was
treated with a different concentrated PAP (10 ml, equivalent
to 5 grams of Astragalus). Both treatment groups received a
dose of 10 ml twice daily. The effectiveness was statistically
different between the groups with 82.76% and 47.37% in
Group I and II, respectively. The total effective rate was
65.22%. The average WBC count of group I was significantly higher than that of group II with a significant rise of the
WBC counts in both groups after treatment (Weng XS,
1995).
Cardiovascular Effects
The effect of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular
function and oxygen free radicals was evaluated in 43
cardiac patients. All patients in the treatment group had
experienced their myocardial infarction within the past 36
hours. The herb demonstrated a strengthening of left
ventricular function and an effect of anti-oxygen free
radicals for a cardiotonic action. The herb decreased the ratio
of pre- ejection period/left ventricular ejection time, increased the superoxide dismutase activity of red blood cells
and reduced lipid peroxidation content (Chen, 1995).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb has been used for respiratory
infections, immune depression, cancer, heart failure, viral
infections, liver disease and kidney disease. Astragalus has
also been used as a diuretic.
Chinese Medicine: The herb has been used alone and in
combination for liver fibrosis, acute viral myocarditis, heart
failure, small cell lung cancer, amenorrhea, and antiviral.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Caution should be taken with patients receiving
immunosuppressive therapy, such as transplant patients, or
patients with autoimmune diseases. Extracts of Astragalus
lusitanicus in animal models resulted in toxic excitatory
cardiac effects and respiratory depression, involving skeletal
muscle and neurological systems (Abdennebi, 1998).
Neurological Dysfunction: Due to the selenium content in
Astragalus, toxic doses may result in neurological dysfunction leading to paralysis (Panter, 1996).
56/ASTRAGALUS (HUANG-QI)
Drug
Interactions:
Cyclophosphamide—Although enhancement of the antibody
response through an increase of Th cell activity was seen in
cyclophosphamide immunosuppressed animal models, another study demonstrated the herb does not prevent cyclophosphamide-induced
myelosuppression.
Astragalus
membranaceus given concomitantly with cyclophosphamide
showed no difference in terms of nadir count, time to nadir
and time to recovery for both the ANC and the platelet
counts (Khoo, 1995; Zhao, 1990).
Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets/Antithrombotic
Agents—Due
to the increased fibrinolysis effect of astragaloside IV,
concomitant use with anticoagulants, antiplatelets or antithrombotic agents may potentiate the risk of bleeding
(Zhang, 1997).
DOSAGE
How
Supplied:
Capsule—200 mg, 250 mg, 400 mg, 450 mg, 470 mg, 500
mg, 520 mg
Liquid
Tea Bag
Daily Dosage: The dried root is administered as 2-6 grams
daily, and the fluid extract as 4 to 12 milliliters daily (Bone,
1997). The powdered root capsule (250 mg-500 mg) has
been administered as two capsules three times daily (Foster,
1998).
LITERATURE
Abdennebi EH, el Ouazzani N, Lamnaouer D., Clinical and
analytical studies of sheep dosed with various preparations of
Astragalus lusitanicus. Vet Hum Toxicol 1998 Dec;40(6):32731.
Barneby, R. 1964. Atlas of North American astragalus part II.
Mem. New York Bot. Gard. Vol. 13.
Bedir D; Calis I; Aquino R et al. Secondary metabolites from
the roots of Astragalus trojanus. J .Nat Prod 1999
Apr;62(4):563-8.
Bedir E; Calis I; Aquino R et al. Cycloartane triterpene
glycosides from the roots of Astragalus brachypterus and
Astragalus microcephalus. J Nat Prod 1998 Dec;61(12):1469-72.
Bone K: Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs:
Monographs for the Western Herbal Practitioner. Phytotherapy
Press, Queensland, Australia 1997.
Chen LX; Liao JZ; Guo WQ. Effects of Astragalus
membranaceus on left ventricular function and oxygen free
radical in acute myocardial infarction patients and mechanism
of its cardiotonic action. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho
Tsa Chih 1995 Mar;15(3):141-3.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Chen M; Liu F. Chemical constituents of the seed oil of
Astragalus complanatus R. Brown. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa
Chih 1990 Apr;15(4):225-6, 255.
Chu D; Sun Y; Lin J et al. F3, a fractionated extract of
Astragalus membranaceus, potentiates lymphokine-activated
killer cell cytotoxicity generated by low-dose recombinant
interleukin-2. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1990
Jan;10(l):34-6, 5.
Chu DT; Lin JR; Wong W. The in vitro potentiation of LAK
cell cytotoxicity in cancer and aids patients induced by F3—a
fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus. Chung Hua
Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1994 May; 16(3): 167-71.
Foster S. Astragalus: A superior herb. Herbs for Health 1998;
Sept/Oct:40-41.
Guo XW; Zhang XX; Zhang ZM; Li FD. Characterization of
astragalus sinicus rhizobia by restriction fragment length
polymorphism analysis of chromosomal and nodulation genes
regions. Curr Microbiol 1999 Dec;39(6):358-0364.
Hirotani M; Zhou Y; Rui H; Furuya T. Cycloartane triterpene
glycosides from the hairy root cultures of Astragalus
membranaceus. Phytochemistry 1994 Nov;37(5): 1403-7.
Hong CY; Lo YC; Tan FC et al. Astragalus membranaceus and
Polygonum multiflorum protect rat heart mitochondria against
lipid peroxidation. Am J Chin Med 1994;22(l):63-70.
Hong GX; Qin WC; Huang LS. Memory-improving effect of
aqueous extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.
Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 1994 Nov;19(l l):687-8, 704.
Kaye TN. From flowering to dispersal: reproductive ecology of
an endemic plant, Astragalus australis var. olympicus
(Fabaceae). Am J Bot 1999 Sep;86(9): 1248.
Khoo KS; Ang PT. Extract of astragalus membranaceus and
ligustrum lucidum does not prevent cyclophosphamide-induced
myelosuppression. Singapore Med J 1995 Aug;36(4):387-90.
Lei ZY; Qin H; Liao JZ. Action of Astragalus membranaceus
on left ventricular function of angina pectoris. Chung Kuo
Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1994 Apr; 14(4): 199-202, 195.
Li SQ; Yuan RX; Gao H. Clinical observation on the treatment
of ischemic heart disease with Astragalus membranaceus. Chung
Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995 Feb;15(2):77-80.
Luo HM; Dai RH; Li Y. Nuclear cardiology study on effective
ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus in treating heart failure.
Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995
Dec;15(12):707-9.
Ma J; Peng A; Lin S. Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of
astragalus membranaceus on sodium and water retention in
experimental heart failure. Chin Med J (Engl) 1998
Jan;l 11(1): 17-23.
Nigam SN; McConnell WB. Seleno amino compounds from
Astragalus bisculcatus. Isolation and identification of gamma-Lglutamyl-Se-methyl-seleno-L-cysteine and Se-methylseleno-Lcysteine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1969 Nov 18;192(2):185-90.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
AVOCADO/57
Panter KE, Hartley WJ, James LF, et al. Comparative toxicity
of selenium from seleno-DL-methionine, sodium selenate, and
Astragalus bisulcatus in pigs. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1996
Aug;32(2):217-23.
Peng T; Yang Y; Riesemann H; Kandolf R. The inhibitory
effect of astragalus membranaceus on coxsackie B-3 virus RNA
replication. Chin Med Sci J 1995 Sep; 10(3): 146-50.
Atropa belladonna
See Belladonna
Rui T; Yang YZ; Zhou TS. Effect of Astragalus membranaceus
on electrophysiological activities of acute experimental
Coxsackie B3 viral myocarditis in mice. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi
I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1994 May;14(5):292-4, 26.
Avena sativa
Weng XS. Treatment of leucopenia with pure Astragalus
preparation—an analysis of 115 leucopenic cases. Chung Kuo
Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995 Aug;15(8):462-4.
^^ Zhang WJ; Wojta J; Binder BR. Regulation of the fibrinolytic
potential of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells:
astragaloside IV downregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
and upregulates tissue-type plasminogen activator expression. J
Vase Res 1997 Jul-Aug;34(4):273-80.
Zhang ZL; Wen QZ; Liu CX. Hepatoprotective effects of
astragalus root. J Ethnopharmacol 1990 Sep;30(2): 145-9.
Zhao KS; Mancini C; Doria G. Enhancement of the immune
response in mice by Astragalus membranaceus extracts.
Immunopharmacology 1990 Nov-Dec;20(3):225-33.
Zheng Z; Liu D; Song C et al. Studies on chemical constituents
and immunological function activity of hairy root of Astragalus
membranaceus. Chin J Biotechnol 1998;14(2):93-7.
Astragalus species
See Astragalus (Huang-Qi)
;
—
: —
Athyrium filix-femina
i
See Southern Tsangshu
(Cang-Zhu)
Rittenhouse JR; Lui PD; Lau BH. Chinese medicinal herbs
reverse macrophage suppression induced by urological tumors. J
Urol 1991 Aug;146(2):486-90.
Wang HK; He K; Xu HX, et al. The structure of astrachrysosid
A and the study of 2D-NMR on astrasieversianin XV and 7,2'dihydroxy-3\4'-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-0- beta-D-glycoside. Yao
Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990;25(6):445-50.
*
Atractylodes lancea
See Lady Fern
Atractylodes japonica
See Japanese Atractylodes
See Oats
Averrhoa carambola
See Carambola
Avocado
Persea americana
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
die fresh leaves, the whole fruit including the seed and the
oil extracted from the leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compact or loose
racemes. They are 5 to 8.2 mm long and greenish. The inner
and outer perianth circles are 4 to 6 mm long and elliptical to
oval-elliptical. The anthers are 3.5 mm long, and the
filaments are 2.3 mm. The ovary is oval or pear-shaped and
downy. It develops into a drupe, which is green and fleshy
and up to 18 cm long. The drupe is smooth with thick oily
flesh and a very large seed.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The avocado is a tree up to 40 m in
height and with a trunk 60 cm in diameter. The leaves are 6
to 30 cm long and 3.5 to 19 cm wide. They are narrow to
broadly elliptical. The leaf surface is sticky, while the lower
surface is downy.
Habitat: The plant originated in central and southern South
America and is cultivated in all tropical and subtropical
regions today.
Production: Avocado oil comes from the fruit of Persea
americana. Avocado oil is recovered from the pericarp of
Persea americana and refined if necessary.
58/AVOCADO
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic
acid, palmitoleic acid (tocopherols, vitamin E)
Tannins
EFFECTS
Avocado oil is an emollient, which improves rough ichtyotic
skin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Avocado is a main ingredient in so-called natural cosmetics.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Saccharides
Starch
Fatty oil
Furocoumarins
Furoquinolin alkaloids
EFFECTS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOSAGE
Indian Medicine: Bael is used, especially in Indian medicine,
for constipation and diarrhea.
Mode of Administration: As an active or inactive ingredient
in various preparations (bath oils, ointments, etc.).
Storage: Oils from different batches should not be mixed.
The drug should be stored in a sealed container away from
light and moisture.
LITERATURE
Albert K, Pharm Ztg 131:2279. 1986.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Heller H, Asche W, Seifen Oele Fette Wachse 111:164. 1985.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Bael has a digestive and an astringent effect.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Digestive complaints and constipation are possible with the
intake of large quantities, due to the constituent tannins.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available as a liquid extract for
internal use.
LITERATURE
Oliver-Bever B (Ed., 1986), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West
Africa, Cambridge University Press UK.
Sharma BR and Sharma P, (1981) Planta Med 43:102.
Schimmer O, Furochinolinalkaloide als biologisch aktive
Naturstoffe. In: ZPT 12(5): 151. 1991.
Bael
Aegle marmelos
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the unripe fruit, the
root, the leaves and the branches.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has greenish-white flowers. The
yellow fruit is globular or ovoid, with a hard shell. The fruit
is divided internally like an orange. The flesh is reddish, with
numerous seeds covered in a layer of latex.
Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and slightly sour.
Habitat: This plant is native to India but has spread over
wide areas of southeast Asia.
Other Names: Bel, Bengal Quince
Balloon-Flower (Jie-Geng)
Platycodon grandiflorum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
main and secondary roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are at the tip of the leading
shoot. The flower structures are in fives and are fused. The
calyx tube is appressed to the ovary; the corolla is 5-lobed,
blue, occasionally white with a diameter of approximately 5
cm. The 5 stamens are free and the ovary inferior with
numerous ovules. The fruit is an obovoid, multi-chambered,
dehiscent capsule. The seeds are ovoid, light to dark brown,
smooth, 1.7 to 2.2 mm long, 1 to 1.2 mm wide and flattened.
BALMONY/59
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial
growing to 90 cm high. The leaves are almost sessile with a
simple lamina, bluish-green above and gray-green beneath,
irregularly crenate-serrate and entire at the base. The plant
has a hardy (approximately 3 cm thick) taproot and hardy
<JL secondary roots.
Habitat: Balloon-Flower is indigenous to China, Japan,
Korea and Siberia.
Production: The plant is collected in the wild and air-dried.
Balloon-Flower root is the dried main and secondary root of
Platycodon grandiflorum.
Other Names: Chinese Bell-Flower, Japanese Bell-Flower
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins (1.7%): including platycodin, platycodoside C, aglycone platycodigenin, including glycosides of
polygalic acid, platycogenic acids A to C
Volatile oil (0.2 to 0.3%)
Steroids: sterols,
spinasterol
*
including delta7-stigmasterol,
alpha-
Kim KS, Ezaki O, Ikemoto S, Itakura H, Effects of Platycodon
grandiflorum feeding on serum and liver lipid concentrations in
rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol
(Tokyo), 41:485-91, 1995 Aug.
Kim KS, Ezaki O, Ikemoto S, Itakura H, Effects of Platycodon
grandiflorum feeding on serum and liver lipid concentrations in
rats with diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Yakugaku Zasshi, 41:48591, 1995 Aug.
Kim KS, Ezaki O, Ikemoto S, Itakura H Rat plasma
corticosterone secretion-inducing activities of total saponin and
prosapogenin methyl esters from the roots of Platycodon
grandiflorum A. DC. Yakugaku Zasshi, 41:1191-4, 1995 Aug.
Ballota nigra
See Black Horehound
BPPHCTS
The saponin fraction contained in the drug has inhibiting
effects upon gastric secretion and exhibits both ulcer-protective and ulcer-healing effects. In addition, a mild antibacterial effect was able to be demonstrated. The plant is said to
have a sedative effective on the respiratory organs and to
encourage expectoration. The antitussive, anti-inflammatory
and sedative effects require further clinical testing for
verification.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Medicine: Jie-Geng is mainly used as an expectorant for bronchitis, sore throat, tonsillitis and other conditions of the respiratory tract. Efficacy as an expectorant is
plausible due to the saponin content; efficacy for the other
indications has not been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
W
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Mode of Administration: Preparations of whole, cut and
powdered drug are for internal use.
Preparation: Liquid extract: root powder 1:1 25% ethanol
Daily Dosage:
Powder — 6 g daily; 0.5 g as a single dose
Decoction — 1 g daily; 0.2 g as a single dose
Storage: Store tightly sealed and protected from light.
Balmony
Chelone
glabra
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh herb picked
during the flowering season
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a short terminal spike
of bilabiate white, purple, cream or pink flowers. The lower
lip is awned in the tube and the cordate anthers are downy.
The seeds are round and bitter.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is small and erect, and
may reach up to 60 cm in height. It is a perennial herb with
angular, smooth stems and a horizontally spreading root
system. The leaves are opposite, oblong-lanceolate, on short
petioles.
Characteristics: The leaves have a tea-like smell and an
extremely bitter taste.
Habitat: Northeastern U.S. and Canada
Production: Balmony is the above-ground part of Chelone
glabra.
Other Names: Turtlebloom, Turtle Head, Chelone, Shellflower, Salt-Rheum Weed, Bitter Herb, Hummingbird Tree,
Snakehead
i
60/BALMONY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COMPOUNDS
Bamboo is seldom used for medicinal purposes in Western
medicine.
Iridoide monoterpenes: catalpol
Resin: (bitter-tasting)
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for asthma, coughs and
disorders of the gallbladder.
EFFECTS
No information available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Chelone glabra is used in the treatment
of liver disorders, digestive disorders and worm infestation.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The juice from the young shoots is
hardened as bamboo sugar and used internally.
LITERATURE
No literature is available.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is available in homeopathic dilutions.
LITERATURE
Belofsky G et al„ PH 28:1601. 1989.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Bamboo
Arundinaria japonica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the young shoots of
the plant.
Flower and Fruit: Greenish-yellow, round culms exceeding
3 m in height are surrounded at the culm nodes by dry leaf
sheaths, which do not fall off. The upper surface of the
leaves are shiny and dark green; the underside is matte and
gray-green. The leaf margins are sharply serrated.
Baneberry
Actaea spicata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are in ovate racemes.
They have 4 to 6 bracts, white stamens and 1 ovary. The fruit
is a black, many-seeded berry.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows 30 to 60 cm tall. It
is large, long-petioled, trifoliate and pinnate. The leaflets are
pinnatisect and serrate. The stem is erect and glabrous.
Characteristics: Baneberry is poisonous, as are several other
plants with similar qualities.
Habitat: The plant grows in most of Europe and in moderate
and arctic regions of Asia.
Production: Baneberry or Herb Christopher root is the root
of Actaea spicata.
Not to be Confused With: Helleborus niger is occasionally
used as a substitute by mistake.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the tropics, southern
subtropics and Asia.
Other Names: Bugbane, Herb Christopher, Toadroot
Production: Bamboo sprouts are the young shoots of
Arundinaria japonica.
COMPOUNDS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Isoquinoline alkaloids: magnoflorine, corytuberine
Triterpene glycosides: including actein
Soluble mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides
Trans-aconitic acid
Silicic acid: to some extent water-soluble
EFFECTS
EFFECTS
No information is available.
The drug, which contains alkaloids (magnoflorine) and
saponins, was shown to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. An antirheumatic effect is being investigated.
BARBERRY/61
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Baneberry is used as an emetic and
purgative.
w/
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathy for
rheumatic conditions, especially those of the smaller joints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In homeopathy, Baneberry is
available as dilutions of the mother tincture.
LITERATURE
Jfr
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 5 to 7 cm long in yellow,
dense, hanging clusters. The 6 sepals are yellow and the 6
petals have orange-colored honey glands at the base. The 6
stamens burst open at the side. The ovary is superior with a
flat stigma. The edible fruit is a bright scarlet, oblongcylindrical berry, 10 to 12 mm long and 6 mm thick. The
exocarp is membranous-coriaceous. There are usually 2
seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Barberry is a deciduous, heavily
branched, thorny bush up to 2 m high. The thorny branches
are angular, deeply grooved, initially brownish yellow, later
more white-gray. The thorns are 1 to 2 cm long and stick out
horizontally. The leaves are in bunches and are obovate to
elliptoid, 2 to 4 cm long and narrow. They are dark green
and reticulate, the margin is dentate.
Fardella G, Corsano St, Preliminary study on actein
biosynthesis. In: Ann Chim(Rom)63:333-337. 1973.
Characteristics: The flowers have a repulsive smell; the
stamens lie on the carpels at the slightest touch. The flesh of
the fruit is juicy and sour.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: Europe, northern Africa, parts of America and
central Asia.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. I-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Nikonow GK, Syrkina SA, Chemische Untersuchungen der
aktiven Prinzipien von Actaea spicata L. In: Pharm Zentralhalle
103(8):60l. 1964.
Production: Barberries are the ripe fruit of Berberis vulgaris.
Barberry root bark or berberis bark is the dried root bark of
Berberis vulgaris. Berberis aqui folium is a closely-related
American variety that is often used in commercially available Oregon Grape products.
Not to be Confused With: There is a possiblity of confusion
with the fruits of other berberidis types. The commercial
drug often consists of admixtures; between 15% and 50% of
branch and trunk bark.
Other Names: Berberry, Pipperidge, Jaundice Berry, Sow
Berry, Mountain Grape, Oregon Grape
Banisteriopsis caapi
See Yage
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BARBERRY FRUIT
Isoquinoline alkaloids (at the most, traces)
Anthocyans
Baptisia tinctoria
See Wild Indigo
Chlorogenic acid
Malic acid, acetic acid
EFFECTS: BARBERRY ROOT BARK
Barberry
Berberis vulgaris
Source of vitamin C. In various metabolic processes, vitamin
C increases immune system activity, stimulates iron absorption, and prevents scurvy. There is a mild diuretic effect due
to the acid content.
COMPOUNDS: BARBERRY ROOT BARK
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit and the root
bark.
Isoquinoline alkaloids: in particular berberine, berbamine,
oxyacanthin, further to include columbamine, palmatine,
jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine.
62/BARBERRY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
EFFECTS: BARBERRY ROOT BARK
BARBERRY ROOT BARK
Cardiovascular effect: Fractions from the root extracts,
which contain 80% berberine and other alkaloids, have been
shown to reduce the blood pressure of cats for several hours.
With varying doses, both positive and negative inotropic
effects on the cats' hearts were recorded.
How
Cholagogue effect: A homeopathic mother tincture increased
the bile flow in guinea pigs by an average of 20%. An extract
with 80% berberine and additional alkaloids stimulated the
bile excretion of rats by 72%.
Antipyretic effect: Aqueous tinctures have an anti-febrile
effect on a feverish rabbit.
Antibiotic
effect
Stimulation
of intestinal peristalsis
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BARBERRY FRUIT
Unproven uses: Decoction or alcoholic extract for lung,
spleen and liver diseases. Jam or wine made from the fresh
berries can relieve constipation and stimulate the appetite.
Alcoholic extracts have been used for heartburn and stomach
cramps. Extracts have also been used for susceptibility to
infection, feverish colds, and diseases of the urinary tract.
Used in the pharmaceutical industry as a syrup for masking
flavor.
BARBERRY ROOT BARK
Unproven uses: Barberry has been used for opium or
morphine withdrawal. In folk medicine, the bark is used for
liver malfunctions, gallbladder disease, jaundice, splenopathy, indigestion, diarrhea, tuberculosis, piles, renal disease,
urinary tract disorders, gout, rheumatism, arthritis, lumbago,
malaria, and leishmaniasis.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BARBERRY FRUIT AND ROOT BARK
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
BARBERRY ROOT BARK
Dosages over 4 mg will bring about light stupor, nosebleeds,
vomiting, diarrhea and kidney irritation. The treatment for
poisonings is to be carried out symptomatically.
DOSAGE
Supplied:
Liquid—1:1, 1:5
Tea
Preparation: A tincture 1:10 is prepared according to the
German Pharmacopeia 10th ed.
To extract the pure alkaloids from berberis roots, use 0.3%
sulphuric acid mixed with 10% sodium chloride. The
precipitated berberine hydrochloride is washed with mildly
hydrochloric water and dried. It is then dissolved in water
(pH 8) and filtered. The filtrate is heated to 70° C and set to
pH 2.0 using hydrochloric acid. The precipitate of pure
berberine hydrochloride is then washed and dried.
Daily Dosage: The dosage of the infusion is 2 g in 250 ml
water, to be sipped. The tincture dosage is 20 to 40 drops
daily.
LITERATURE
Andronescu E et al., (1973) Clujul. Med 46: 627.
Chen MQ et al., (1965) Acta Pharm Sinica 12 (3): 185.
Cordell GA, Farnsworth NR, (1977) Lloydia 40: 1.
Ikram M, (1975) Planta Med 28: 253.
Lahiri SC et al., (1958) Ann Biochem Exp Med India 18: 95.
Liu CX et al., (1979) Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs
Communications 9: 36.
Naidovich LP et al., (1976) Farmatsiya 24: 33.
Subbaiah TV, Amin AH, (1967) Nature 215: 527.
Ubebaba K et al., (1984) Jpn J Pharmacol 36 (Suppl): 352.
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
BARBERRY FRUIT
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Mode of Administration: Barberry is used internally in tea
mixtures and combination preparations.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Preparation: To prepare a tea infusion, pour approximately
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
150 ml of hot water into 1 to 2 teaspoons of whole or
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
squashed Barberries and strain after 10 to 15 minutes.
| York 1995.
H E R B A L M O N O G R A P HS
Barley
Hordeum distichon
TRADE NAMES
Barley (available from numerous manufacturers and as
combination product), Barley Grain
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the polished grain
without the husk.
Flower and Fruit: The spike is 7 to 15 cm long. The long
form is nodding and the shorter one erect and compressed at
the side that does not bear spikelets. The spike spindle is
tough and loosens the spikelets when ripe. The lateral
spikelets are unbearded, male or sexless. The middle spikelet
is seed-bearing with a beard up to 15 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual that grows 60
to 130 cm high. It has a long hollow stalk and lanceolate
leaves. The leaflets are very wide, long and glabrous.
Habitat: Barley is cultivated worldwide.
Production: Barley seeds are the seeds of Hordeum
distichon.
Other Names: Pearl Barley, Pot Barley, Scotch Barley
BAROSMA SPECIE S / 63
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Barley has been used for convalescents and
in the treatment of diarrhea, gastritis and inflammatory
bowel conditions.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Barley is used as a malt extract, in
preparations and in combinations.
How Supplied:
Capsules - 450 mg
LITERATURE
Bergantino E, Sandon'a D, Cugini D, Bassi R, The photosystem
II subunit CP29 can be phosphorylated in both C3 and C4
plants as suggested by sequence analysis. Plant Mol Biol,
36:11-22, 1998 Jan
Davies TG, Theodoulou FL, Hallahan DL, Forde BG, Cloning
and characterisation of a novel P-glycoprotein homologue from
barley. Gene, 199:195-202, 1997 Oct 15
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Polysaccharides: starch (50%), fructans
Mono- and oligosaccharides: saccharose, raffinose, glucodifructose, glucose, fructose
Proteins (10%): including, among others, prolamines: hordein- glutelins: hordenine (not to be confused with the amine
of the same name, see below)- albumins and globulins
Prolamines: hordein
Glutelins: hordenine (not to be confused with the amine of
the same name, see below)
Albumins and globulins
Fatty oil (2%): chief fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid
Vitamins: Vitamin E, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid,
vitamins B6, B2, folic acid
Hydroxycoumarins (only in the stalks): including, among
others, umbelliferone, scopoletin, nermann, aesculetin (in
the sprouts)
Amines: tyramine, hordenine (dimethyltyramine), gramine
also with certain strains (dimethy- laminomethylindol)
Dhar ML et al., (1968) Indian J Exp Biol 6:232.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Labbe M, (1936) J Canad Med Assoc 34:141.
Oliver-Bever B 01x1), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London 1986
Pajuelo P, Pajuelo E, Forde BG, Marquez AJ, Regulation of the
expression of ferredoxin-glutamate synthase in barley. Planta,
203:517-25, 1997 Dec
Rudi H et al., A (His)6-tagged recombinant barley endosperm
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase expressed in the baculovirusinsect cell system is insensitive to allosteric regulation by 3phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate. FEBS Lett, 419,
1997
Schuurink RC, Shartzer SF, Fath A, Jones RL, Characterization
of a calmodulin-binding transporter from the plasma membrane
of barley aleurone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 95:1944-9, 1998
Feb 17
EFFECTS
Barosma species
Barley is soothing on the alimentary tract.
See Short Buchu
64/BASIL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Basil
Chinese Medicine: Basil herb is used for disturbances of
renal function, gum ulcers and as a hemostyptic both before
and after birth.
Ocimum basilicum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
fresh or dried herb as well as the oil extracted from the dried
aerial parts.
Flower and Fruit: The white, labiate flowers are in 6blossomed, pedicled, almost sessile axillary false whorls.
The calyx is bilabiate, and the corolla is 4-lobed. The lower
lip is simple; the 4 stamens lie on it.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 20 to 40 cm
high. The stem is erect, branched from the base up and
downy. The leaves are ovate or oblong. They are longpetioled, acuminate, irregularly dentate or entire-margined.
Characteristics: Basil has a characteristic odor and sharp
taste.
Habitat: The plant probably originated in India, Afghanistan,
Pakistan and northern India, and now is cultivated
worldwide.
Indian Medicine: Among uses in Indian medicine are
earaches, rheumatoid arthritis, anorexia, itching and skin
diseases, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, malaria and other
febrile illnesses.
BASIL OIL
Unproven Uses: Among traditional uses for the oil are
wounds, rheumatic complaints, colds and chills, contusions,
joint pains and depression. .
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BASIL HERB
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Pregnancy: The herb contains about 0.5% essential oil with
up to 85% estragole. Because of the high estragole content in
the essential oil, the herb should not be taken during
pregnancy.
BASIL OIL
Production: Basil herb consists of the dried, above-ground
parts of Ocimum basilicum. Oil of basil is the essential oil
extracted from the dried aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum by
steam distillation.
Other Names: St. Josephwort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : BASIL HERB
Volatile oil: chief constituents are chavicol methyl ether
(estragole), linalool and eugenol
Caffeic acid derivatives
Flavonoids
E F F E C T S : BASIL HERB
In vitro, Basil is antimicrobial.
C O M P O U N D S : BASIL OIL
Chief constituents: estragole (chavicol methyl ether), linalool, eugenol
EFFECTS: BASILOIL
In vitro, the oil demonstrates an antimicrobial effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BASIL HERB
Unproven Uses: Preparations of basil are used for supportive
therapy for feelings of fullness and flatulence, for the
stimulation of appetite and digestion, and as a diuretic.
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. However, pending final determination
of the drug's carcinogenic potential, one should completely
forgo administration of the drug.
Pregnancy: Because a mutagenic effect in vitro and a
carcinogenic effect in animal experiments have been demonstrated for estragole, oil of basil should not be administered
during pregnancy or while nursing.
Pediatric Use: Basil oil should not be given to infants or
small children.
DOSAGE
Until the final determination of die drug's carcinogenic
potential, one should completely forgo its administration.
LITERATURE
Balambal R et al!~, (1985) J Assoc Phys (India) 33(8):507.
Czygan FCh, Balsilikum - Ocimum basilicum L. Portrait einer
Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 18(l):58-66. 1997.
Jain ML, Jain SR, (1972) Planta Med 22:66.
Lemberkovics E et al., Formation of essential oil and phenolic
compounds during the vegetation period in Ocimum basilicum.
In: PM 59(7)00. 1993.
Miller EC et al., (1983) Cancer Res 43:1124.
Opdyke DLJ, (1973) Food Cosmet Toxicol 11:867.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
BEAN POD/65
Wagner H, Norr H, Winterhoff H, Drogen mit
"Adaptogenwirkung" zur Starkung der Widerstandskrafte. In:
ZPT 13(2):42. 1992.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Simon JE, Chadwick AF. Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4.' Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
A weak diuretic action has been demonstrated in animal and
human experiments. Chromium salts present in the Bean Pod
may produce an antidiabetic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
Unproven Uses: Bean Pod is used as a supportive treatment
for inability to urinate. In folk medicine, it is used as a
diuretic and antidiabetic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages, in the form of heated infusions.
OVERDOSAGE
Bean Pod
Phaseolus
vulgaris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe, dried pods
and the beans.
Flower and Fruit: The white, pink and lilac flowers are in
lightly blossomed, peduncled racemes, which are shorter
than their leaves. The calyx is bilabiate. The carina, stamens
and style are twisted in a spiral. The fruit is a straight,
smooth, hanging pod with a number of reniform seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The annual plant grows from 30 to
60 cm high. It is heavily branched but not twining. The
leaves are trifoliate, die leaflets are broad ovate and
acuminate. The terminal leaflet is rhomboid.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to America and is cultivated
worldwide today.
Poisonings following the intake of large quantities of fresh
green bean husks (or of raw green beans) are not to be
entirely ruled out, due to the lectins content, which varies
greatly among the individual species. Symptoms include
vomiting, diarrhea and gastroenteritis. The lectins are
destroyed in the process of cooking.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic preparations for internal use. The
drug is a component of various kidney and bladder teas and
of standardized preparations of natural diuretics and
antidiabetics.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over
2.5 gm drug and strain after 10 to 15 minutes while still
covered (1 teaspoonful = 1.5 gm drug).
Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dosage is 5 to 15 gm
of herb.
LITERATURE
Production: The seed-free pods of Phaseolus vulgaris are
collected during the harvest season.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Eds.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Other Names: Common Bean, Green Bean, Kidney Bean,
Navy Bean, Pinto Bean, Snap Bean, String Bean, Wax Bean
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Lectins: complex
glycoproteins)
Saponins
L-pipecolic acid
Flavonoids
termed
phytomitogen
(tetrameric
Pusztai A et al., Recent advances in the study of the nutrtional
toxicity of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectins in rat. In:
Toxicon 20(1): R195. 1982.
Rom L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
66 /BEAN POD
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Ed.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart
1997.
Bear's Garlic
Allium ursinwn
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The fresh herb and fresh bulb are the
medicinal parts of the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The sheath of the terminal inflorescence is
made up of 3 ovate-lanceolate, acute, early-falling leaves,
which are almost as long as the peduncle. The inflorescence
is a loose, flat, 2.5 to 6 cm wide cyme with 6 to 20 florets.
The florets are erect, outward-inclined, pointed or blunt.
They are pure white and have 6 star-shaped, splayed petals.
Six stamens are wedge-shaped, only fused at the base and
only half as long as the involucre. One superior ovary is
formed out of 3 carpels and 3 deep grooves. The 3-valved
capsule contains black, angular seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant's compact stem is upright,
10 to 50 cm high, double-edged, half-cylindrical or triangular-to-round in shape. The leaf blade is flat, narrow-elliptical-lanceolate to narrow-ovate and acute. It is 6 to 20 cm
long and thin, with a base that is rounded to cordate and
narrows suddenly to a 5 to 20 cm long petiole. The l e a f s
dark-green underside is covered with irregular horizontal
veins that face upward, leaving the paler upper surface
facing toward the ground. The bulb is almost cylindrical, 2 to
6 cm long, about 1 cm wide and surrounded by transparent
or white skins.
Characteristics: Bear's garlic forms many onions and has a
distinctive leek odor.
Habitat: Bear's Garlic is indigenous to almost all of Europe
and Turkey, but not in the Hungarian plain and the evergreen
Mediterranean region. It is also found in the Caucasus and
Siberia as far as Kamtschatka.
Production: Bear's garlic is fresh or dried herb of Allium
ursinum.
Not to be Confused With: One case was reported of
confusion with Colchicum leaves.
Other Names: Ramsons, Broad-Leaved Garlic
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Alliins (alkyleysteine sulphoxides): in particular methyl alliin
(methyl-L-(+)-cysteine sulphoxide) and allylalliin (allyl-L(+)-cysteine sulphoxide) and presumably their gamma-glutamyl conjugates, that readily transform into the so-called
alliaceous oils, for example into dimethyl-disulphide-monoS-oxide, allicin (diallyl-disulphide-mono-S-oxide) and allylmethyl-disulphide mono-S-oxide and the corresponding
dialkyldi- or oligosulphides
EFFECTS
The diverse sulphur bonds are said to be lipid-reducing, antioxidative, aggregation inhibiting and ACE inhibiting.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for gastrointestinal complaints, fermentative dyspepsia, flatulence, high
blood pressure and arteriosclerosis; externally for chronic
rashes.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include digestive
disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as well
as externally.
Preparation: Extract of Bear's Garlic.
Daily Dosage: Due to low concentration of the active
substance, the drug must be administered in higher doses
than Allium sativum.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes for acute conditions, and 1 to 3 times daily
for chronic; parenterally: 1 to 2 ml daily sc (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Landshuter J et al., Comparative biochemical studies on a
purified C-S-lyase preparation from wild garlic. In: PM 58(7)66.
1992.
Sendl A, Barlauch: Alternative zu Knoblauch. In: Naturw.
Rdsch 7/94. 1994.
Sendl A, Phytotherapie: Barlauch und Knoblauch im Vergleich.
In: DAZ 133(5):392. 1993.
Veit M, Barlauch (Allium ursinum) als Ersatz fur Knoblauch
(Allium sativum). In: ZPT 13(6):201. 1993.
Wagner H, Ebl G, Lotter H, Guinea M, Evaluation of natural
products as inhibitors of angiotensin I-converting enzyme
(ACE). In: Pharm Pharmacol Letters 1(1): 15-18. 1991.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Wagner H, Sendl A, Barlauch und Knoblauch. In: DAZ
130(33): 1809. 1990.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg,). Hagers ^
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
BEHEN/67
EFFECTS
Beet is said to have antihepatotoxic effects; in animal tests,
the drug effectively keeps fat from depositing in the liver.
This is probably due to the herb's concentration of betaine,
which is a methyl group donor in the liver's transmethylation
process.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Unproven Uses: Beet is used as supportive therapy in
diseases of the liver and fatty liver.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for coughs and infections.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Taking very large quantities could lead to hypocalcemia and
kidney damage because of the drug's oxaluric acid content.
Beet
Beta
vulgaris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The root is the medicinal part.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers bloom in clusters of 2 to 4 in
panicle-like leafy inflorescences.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The beet is a 0.5 to 1.5 m perennial
with a swollen, edible tuber that is red or white. The large,
upright leaves have long stalks and grow in rosettes that arise
basally from the top of the tuber. They are deep green and
tinged with red.
Habitat: The Beet is indigenous to the coastal regions of
Europe, North Africa, and Asia from Turkey to India. Red
Beets, Sugar Beets and the white variety are all widely
cultivated.
Other Names: Chard
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saccharose (up. to 27% in the pressed sugar beet)
Other oligosaccharides: refined sugar, ketose
Polysaccharides: including galactans, arabans, pectin
Fruit acids: including L(-)-malic acid, D(+)-tartaric acid,
oxaluric acid, adipic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, glutaric
acid
Amino acids: including asparagine, glutamine
Betaine (trimethylglycine)
Triterpene saponins
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Beet is available as a granular
powder in standardized form.
Daily Dosage: For the first 14 days, take 10 gm of drug after
meals throughout the course of the day. For long-term
treatment, the dose is 5 gm per day for at least 3 months.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Behen
Moringa oleifera
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
leaves, bark, nuts and root, which have had numerous uses in
traditional medicine.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a leaf-axillary
panicle. The flowers are zygomorphic with their structures in
fives and a bowel-shaped receptacle. The sepals are linearlanceolate, irregular and revolute. The petals are spatulate,
veined, irregular and white or yellow. There are 5 stamens,
and a superior ovary developing from 3 fused carpels. The
firuit is a hanging capsule opening on 3 sides, up to 1.2 m
long and triangular with 9 ribs. The seeds are triangular, light
brown to black, with 3 thin, whitish wings, approximately
the size of a hazelnut.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves of the tree are alternate,
30 to 60 cm long, and incompletely triple-pinnate. The
68/BEHEN
leaflets are 12 to 20 mm long and elliptical. The branches are
slim.
Characteristics: The flowers are extremely fragrant, and the
leaves, root and fruit taste like horseradish.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to India.
Production: Behen root is the fresh or dried root of Moringa
oleifera. Behen nuts are the ripe unpeeled seeds of Moringa
oleifera.
Other Names: Ben Nut Tree, Drumstick Tree, Indian
Horseradish
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BEHEN ROOT
Glucosinolates: 4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate (ca. 1%), yielding 4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate following enzymatic segregation with myrosinase, glucotropaeolin (ca. 0.05%), yielding benzyl
isothiocyanate
EFFECTS: BEHEN ROOT
The root is antimicrobial in effect, due to the mustard oils it
contains. Applied as a cataplasm, it triggers local hyperemias
due to the irritating effect of the isothiocyanates. Dried
extracts of the root are abortive and contraceptive in their
effect.
COMPOUNDS: BEHEN SEEDS
Glucosinolates (up to 9% in the defatted seeds): 4-(alpha-Lrhamnosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate, yielding 4-(alpha-Lrhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate following enzymatic
segregation with myrosinase
Phenol carboxylic acids: 1 -beta-D-glucosyI-2,6-dimethyl
benzoate
Fatty oil (20 to 50%): chief fatty acids oleic acid (60 to
70%), palmitic acid (3 to 12%), stearic acid (3 to 12%),
including as well behenic acid, eicosanoic acid, lignoceric
acid
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Indian Medicine: Indications have included smallpox and
rheumatism. Efficacy for rheumatism seems plausible because of the stimulating effect of the isothiocyanates.
Efficacy for the other indications has not yet been proven.
BEHEN SEEDS
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications for internal use
are constipation, warts and worms (Central America); for
diarrhea (Chad); for splenomegaly, colic, dyspepsia, fever,
inflammation of the skin, edema, diabetes, abdominal
tumors, paralyses and lumbago (Saudi Arabia). The seeds are
used externally for dandruff in Nigeria.
Indian Medicine: Behen seeds are used for fever and as an
aphrodisiac. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been
proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BEHEN ROOT
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The ingestion of larger quantities can lead to nausea, dizziness and
vomiting.
BEHEN SEEDS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
The single peroral administration of a dosage of 5 g of the
drug/kg body weight to a mouse led to hyperkeratosis in the
stomach and to liver cell steatosis. Administration of 22 to
50 mg/kg body weight, parenterally, of the glucosinolate
mentioned above proved to be fatal for mice.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
BEHEN ROOT
Behen preparations are contraindicated during pregnancy
because of their possible abortive effect.
EFFECTS: BEHEN SEEDS
DOSAGE
The seeds are antimicrobial in effect, due to the mustard oils
they contain.
BEHEN ROOT
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the whole and
powdered root are administered internally and externally.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BEHEN ROOT
Unproven Uses: The root has been used internally in folk
medicine for gastrointestinal complaints, epilepsy, paralyses,
cardiac and blood pressure disturbances, fever (particularly
intermittent), scurvy, dizziness and colds. External indications include gingivitis, worm diseases, snake bites, abscesses, inflammation, rheumatism and poorly healing
wounds. Root paste has been used to treat worms, rheumatism and headaches.
BEHEN SEEDS
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the seed are used
internally and externally.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G OEd), Hagers .
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
BELLADONNA/69
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Belladonna
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Atropa belladonna
Tropan alkaloids: chief alkaloid (-)-hyoscyamine, which
during drying transforms to some extent into atropine, as
well as apoatropine, scopolamine and tropine
DESCRIPTION
^P
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary and hanging. The
calyx is fused at the base, has 5 divisions and is spread like a
star when the fruit ripens. The violet corolla is a campanulate
tube, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, dirty yellow on the inside with
crimson veins. There are 5 stamens and 1 style with a 2lobed stigma. The ovary is superior. The fruit is a cherrysized globose berry. The fruit is initially green, then becomes
black and glossy with numerous black, ovoid seeds.
.
^
Leaves, Stem and Root: Atropa belladonna is a perennial,
herbacious plant 1 to 2 m high with a many-headed
cylindrical rhizome. The woody stem is erect, branched,
bluntly angular and hairy. The leaves are ovately pointed,
entire-margined, downy and up to 15 cm long. The lower
leaves are alternate. Near the inflorescence the leaves are in
pairs of 1 large and 1 small.
Characteristics: Belladonna has a strong narcotic smell, a
sharp and bitter taste, and is poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is found throughout western, central and
southern Europe, in the Balkans, southeast Asia, Iran,
northern Africa, Denmark, Sweden and Ireland. It is
cultivated in other countries, particularly England, France
and the U.S.
Production: Belladonna leaf consists of the dried leaves, or
the dried leaves together with the flowering branch tips, of
Atropa belladonna. The leaves are collected in the wild from
May to July. They are dried at a temperature not exceeding
60°C. Belladonna root consists of the dried roots and
rhizomes of Atropa belladonna. The roots of 2- to 4-year-old
plants are dug up in mid-October to mid-November or
shortly before the start of the flowering season. They are
cleaned and dried at a maximum temperature of 50°C.
V
Not to be Confused With: Belladonna leaf should not be
confused with Ailanthus altissimus, Phytolacca americana or
Scopolia carniolica. Belladonna root should not be confused
with Atropa acuminata. It is sometimes adulterated with
Phytolacca americana and Scopolia cariolica.
Other Names: Deadly Nightshade, Devil's Cherries, Devil's
Herb, Divale, Dwale, Dwayberry, Great Morel, Naughty
Man's Cherries, Poison Black Cherry
COMPOUNDS: BELLADONNA LEAF
Flavonoids
Hydroxycoumarins: including scopoline, scopoletine
Tannins
COMPOUNDS: BELLADONNA ROOT
Tropan alkaloids: chief alkaloid (-)-hyoscyamine, in drying
transformed to some extent during dehydration into atropine
as well as apoatropine, 3alpha-phenylacetoxytropane, tropine, cuskhygrine, scopolamine, pseudotropine
EFFECTS: BELLADONNA LEAF AND ROOT
The tropane alkaloids in the drug (atropine, scopolamine,
tropine etc.) are responsible for the anti-cholinergic-parasympatholytic, spasmolytic, positive, dromotropic and chronotropic effect. Atropa belladonna preparations act as a
parasympatholytic or anticholinergic via a competitive
antagonism of the neuromuscular transmitter acetylcholine.
This antagonism concerns mainly the muscarine-like effect
of acetylcholine and less the nicotine-like effects on the
ganglions and the neuromuscular end plate. Atropa belladonna preparations release peripheral effects targeted on the
vegetative nervous system and the smooth muscle system, as
well as the central nervous system. Because of the parasympatholytic properties, the drug can cause relaxation of organs
with smooth muscles and relieve spastic conditions, especially in the gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts. Additionally,
Belladonna use may result in muscular tremor or rigidity due
to effects on the central nervous system. Atropa belladonna
preparations have a positive dromotropic as well as a
positive chronotropic effect on the heart. The drug has
always been important in folk medicine for its hallucinogenic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BELLADONNA LEAF
Approved by Commission E:
• Liver and gall bladder complaints
Unproven Uses: Belladonna leaf is used for spasms and
colic-like pain in the gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts.
External uses include gout and ulcers. In folk medicine, the
drug is contained in medicinal plasters and is applied for
neuro-vegetative disorders, hyperkinesis, hyperhidrosis and
bronchial asthma.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include meningitis as
well as inflammations (accompanied by fever) of the tonsils,
7 0 /BELLADONNA
respiratory organs, the urogenital tract, the skin, the joints
and the gastrointestinal tract.
BELLADONNA ROOT
Approved by Commission E:
• Liver and gall bladder complaints
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for arrhythmia, cardiac
insufficiency NYHA I and II, nervous heart complaints, and
colic-like pains in the gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts. In
folk medicine, a drug from the leaves is preferred for pain in
the gastrointestinal area, for asthma, bronchitis and muscular
pain. (Also see Belladonna leaf.)
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include coated and uncoated tablets, drops, tea, juice,
syrup, ampules, capsules, suppositories, plaster and ophthalmic drops.
Daily Dosage: When using Belladonna powder (belladonnae
pulvis normatus-total alkaloid content 0.28% to 0.32%
German pharmacopoeia 10), the average single dose is 0.05
to 0.10 g. The maximum single dose is 0.20 g, which is
equivalent to 0.60 mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. The maximum daily dosage is 0.60 g, which is
equivalent to 1.8 mg total alkaloids, calculated as
hyoscyamine.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
B E L L A D O N N A L E A F AND R O O T
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
The following could occur as side effects, particularly with
overdoses: erubescence, dryness of the mouth, mydriasis,
and tachycardiac arrhythmias. These are early signs of
atropine poisoning. Other side effects may include hypocycloses, heat accumulation through reduction of perspiration,
micturation difficulties and obstipation. Because of potential
ramifications, Belladonna should be used only under the
supervision of an expert familiar with the appropriate use of
this substance.
Pediatric Use: The fatal dose in children is considerably less
than that of adults.
Drug Interactions: Tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine and
quinidine will increase the anticholinergic effect.
OVERDOSAGE
BELLADONNA LEAF AND ROOT
High dosages lead to central excitation that may produce
restlessness, compulsion to talk, hallucinations, delirium and
manic attacks, followed by exhaustion and sleep. The fatal
dose depends on me atropine content; asphyxiation can occur
with 100 mg atropine, which corresponds to 5 to 50 g of
Belladonna. Treatment of poisonings consists of gastric
lavage, application of wet cloths to reduce body temperature
(avoid antipyretics), oxygen respiration for breathing distress, intubation, parenteral physostigmine salts as an antidote, diazepam for spasm and chlorpromazine for serious
excitation. (Also see side effects listed under PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS, which may be early
signs of poisoning.)
For Belladonna extract, the average single dose is 0.01 g.
The maximum single dose is 0.05 g, which is equivalent to
0.73 mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. The
maximum daily dosage is 0.150 g, which is equivalent to 2.2
mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine.
Storage: Belladonna leaves and various leaf preparations
have specific storage requirements. Store leaves and powders
tightly sealed and protected from light. Extracts require
protection from moisture and light as well as a temperature
of approximately 30°C. Store tinctures tightly sealed without
exposure to direct sunlight or extreme heat to attain a shelf
life of approximately 3.5 years.
BELLADONNA ROOT
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted drug for infusions and dried extracts and as a powdered drug for other
galenic preparations for internal use.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 0.3 g, which is
equivalent to 1.5 mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. Single doses range from 0.05 g to a maximum of 0.1 g.
For Belladonna extract, the total alkaloids range from 1.3%
to 1.45% (German pharmacopoeia 10). Single doses of the
extract range from 0.01 g to 0.05 g. The maximum daily
dosage is 0.15 g, which is equivalent to 2.2 mg total
alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine.
For Belladonna tincture, a single dose of 0.5 to 2 ml is given
3 times daily.
BELLADONNA LEAF
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10
globules, 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
weekly sc. From D3: one suppository 2 to 3 times daily;
ointments 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1).
Mode of Administration: The comminuted drug is used for
decoctions and dried extracts, and the powdered drug is used
internally for galenic preparations. Due to the toxicity, the
drug must be handled with care.
Storage: Belladonna root should be stored for a maximum of
3 years in well-sealed containers protected from light and
insects.
DOSAGE
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LITERATURE
BELLADONNA LEAF AND ROOT
Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT
15(3): 137. 1994.
Hartmann Th et al., Reinvestigation of the alkaloid composition '
tf£ of Atropa belladonna plants, roots cultures, and cell suspension.
In: PM 53:390-395. 1986.
Phillipson JD et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14: 999-1003.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
w Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
" Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
BENNET'S ROOT/71
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopamika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Bellis perennis
See
Wild Daisy
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Bennet's Root
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Geum
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
f Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
BELLADONNA ROOT. ..
Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT
15(3): 137. 1994.
Hartmann Th et al., Reinvestigation of the alkaloid composition
of Atropa belladonna plants, roots cultures, and cell suspension.
In: PM 53:390-395. 1986.
Phillipson JD et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14: 999.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
urbanum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
dried flowering herb, the dried or fresh underground parts
and the roots.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a loose panicled,
umbelled cyme with a few terminal and erect flowers. The
pedicles are short-haired. The sepals are 3 to 8 cm long with
long tips, pubescent on the outside and glabrous on the
inside, except for a tomentose border. The epicalyx bracts
are half as long as the sepals, pubescent on both sides and
narrowly lanceolate. The yellow petals are 3 to 7 mm long,
slightly stemmed, and drop easily. The style is jointed and
the stigma flat The small fruits have no stems and are
pubescent.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a semi-rosette shrub
with a primary root mat dies off early and is replaced by
adventitious roots. The rhizome is simple, thick, cylindrical
and crooked. The stem is erect, soft-haired, 15 to 70 cm
high; it sprouts from the basal rosette. The basal leaves are
rosette-like and pinnate. The cauline leaves are trifoliate to
tri-pinnate and the stipules are small, fused wim the stem in
4
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
72/BENNET'S ROOT
the lower part, and ovate-lanceolate roughly dentate to
pinnatesect.
Characteristics: The plant's root has a clove-like scent.
Habitat: Bennet's Root is found in central and southern
Europe, central Asia and North America.
Production: Bennet's Root herb is the aerial part of Geum
urbanum. Bennet's Root (root) is the root of Geum urbanum,
which is usually harvested in May and then air-dried or dried
artificially at a maximum of 35° C.
Other Names: Avens Root, Colewort, Herb Bennet, City
Avens, Wild Rye, Way Bennet, Goldy Star, Geum, European
Avens, Blessed Herb, Star of the Earth, Yellow Avens
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BENNET'S ROOT HERB
Tannins: gallo tannins, ellagitannins, including sanguiin H-6,
casuarictin, pendunculagin, potentillin, tellimagrandin I
EFFECTS: BENNET'S ROOT HERB
The drug has an astringent effect.
COMPOUNDS: BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
In the freshly harvested rhizome:
Tannins
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
BENNET'S ROOT HERB
The herb is rarely used medicinally today. It is found in
some pharmaceutical preparations.
BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
Mode of Administration: Infusions are drunk or applied as an
external wash or poultice.
Preparation: To prepare an internal infusion, boil 1/2 to 1
teaspoon coarsely powdered drug in water for 10 minutes
and filter. Prepare an external infusion by adding 1 teaspoon
coarsely powdered drug to cold water, bringing it briefly to
the boil, leaving it to steep for 10 minutes and then straining.
Daily Dosage: Infusion (internal): 1 cup lukewarm several
times a day. Infusion (external): Use several times a day for
washes or poultices.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Gein (eugenol-vicianose): transformed through drying or
size reduction into eugenol
In the dried rhizome and the roots:
Volatile oil (traces): chief components - eugenol, additionally cis- and trans-myrtanal, cis- and trans-myrtanol
EFFECTS: BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
The drug has an astringent effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BENNET'S ROOT HERB
Unproven Uses: Although rarely used today, folk medicine
indications have included use of the drug for digestive
complaints and diarrhea, febrile illnesses, and for muscle and
nerve pain. Use as a bath additive for hemorrhoids seems
plausible due the astringent content.
BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
Unproven Uses: Internal folk medicine applications include
use for digestive problems such as loss of appetite and
diarrhea. The root of Bennet's Root has been used externally
as a gargle for gum and mucous membrane inflammations
and as a bath additive or poultice for frost bite, hemorrhoids
and skin diseases. Efficacy appears plausible due to the
astringent properties of the tannins.
BENNET'S ROOT HERB
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Psenak M et al., (1970) Planta Med 19(2): 154.
Vollmann C, Schultze W, Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ 135(14): 12381248. 1995.
Vollmann C, Untersuchung der Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ
131(40):2081. 1991.
BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994. c
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PsenaTc M et al., (1970) Planta Med 19(2):154.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Vollmann C, Schultze W, Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ 135(14): 12381248. 1995.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic applications include use
Vollmann C, Untersuchung der Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ
for inflammations of the bladder and urinary tract.
j 131(40):2081. 1991.
HERBAL MONOGRAPH S
Benzoin
BETA VULGARIS /73
connection with an "aroma,therapy," due to its vanilla
content).
Styrax benzoin
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
^| Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
balsamic resin obtained from the mechanically damaged
trunk.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal or axillary
panicled racemes. The flowers are fused and their structures
are in fives. The calyx is campanulate, weakly 5 toothed,
densely silky tomentose and red-brown on the inside. The
corolla is 6 to 11 mm long with 5 tips, brown-red, silky
tomentose on the outside and at the margin. There are 8 to 10
stamens fused below to a tube and a 1-chambered ovary
above and 2- to 3-chambered ovary below. The fruit is nutlike, appressed pubescent with a diameter of up to 3 cm. The
seeds are light brown with 6 longitudinal stripes and are up
to 2 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Styrax benzoin is an evergreen tree,
which grows up to 30 m high. The leaves are alternate and
the petioles are rust brown-downy pubescent. They are
W approximately 1 cm long. The lamina is 8 to 13 cm long, 2.5
to 5 cm wide, ovate or elongate with a rounded base and
irregularly curved-dentate margin. The lamina is covered
with white and brown star hairs beneath. The bark is winered and the wood is white.
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong fragrance.
Habitat: The plant is native to western Java and Sumatra.
Production: Sumatra benzoin (Gum benzoin) is the balsamic
resin from the damaged trunk of Styrax benzoin and Styrax
paralleloneurum. The optimal age of trees to be harvested is
7 years. The tree is cut, causing it to exude resin to heal the
cuts. The resin is then collected in a vessel and left to melt to
a homogenous mass in the sun.
Other Names: Benjamin Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Ester mixture (70 to 80%): composed of coniferyl benzoate
and cinnamyl benzoate, as well as cinnamyl cinnamoate
" (styracin), propyl cinnamoate
Phenylacrylic acids: cinnamic acid (10%)
Benzoic acid (to 30%)
Unproven Uses: Benzoin is "used for respiratory catarrh.
Chinese Medicine: In China, benzoin is used for stroke,
syncopes, post partal syncope due to heavy loss of blood,
and for chest and stomach pain.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations are for
internal use.
Storage: Benzoin should be tightly sealed and stored below
25°C.
LITERATURE
Bacchi EM, Sertie JA, Villa N. Katz H, delta7-stigrnasteryl-3
betaD-glucoside from Styrax officinalis. Part II. Planta Med,
61:221-2, 1976 Nov.
Bacchi EM, Sertie JA, Villa N. Katz H, Preliminary
investigations on the herba of Styrax officinalis. I. Planta Med,
61:290-3, 1973 Nov.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
James WD, White SW, Yanklowitz B, Allergic contact
dermatitis to compound tincture of benzoin. J Am Acad
Dermatol 11:847-50, 1984 Nov.
Berberis vulgaris
See Barberry
Bergenia crassifolia
See Elephant-Ears
Resins
EFFECTS
The expectorant effect with which the drug is credited could
not be proven experimentally (it possibly originated in
Beta vulgaris
See Beet
74/BETEL NUT
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Betel Nut
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Piper betle
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The main medicinal parts are the dried
leaves; the roots and the fruit are also used.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are compact, hanging,
cylindrical and 3.5 to 5 cm long spikes of yellow-green
flowers. There are 2 stamens in the male flowers. The female
stamens have an ovary, which is pubescent at the top and has
3 to 5 stigmas. The fruit is globular, fleshy and about 6 mm
in diameter. The fruit is yellow and becomes red when ripe.
The seeds are also globular.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a dioecious or
monoecious woody climber that can grow to 15 m. It has
numerous small and short adventitious roots. The stem is
thickened at the nodes, and the younger parts are glabrous.
The leaves have a 2.5 to 5 cm long petiole, are broadly
cordate, 5 to 18 cm long and half as wide. The leaves are
glabrous, light green and glossy on both surfaces with 5 to 7
radiating ribs.
Habitat: Piper betle is found in tropical southern Asia and
has been introduced to east Africa, Madagascar and the West
Indies.
Production: Betel Nut leaves are the leaves of Piper betle.
When the leaves are green, they are gathered, pressed and
dried.
Other Names: Betel
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.8-1.8%): chief components- chavibetol (betel
phenol), eugenol, additionally allylpyrocatechol (hydroxychavicol), allylpyrocatechol-mono and -diacetate, anethole,
chavibetolacetate, chavicol, methyl eugenol, safrol
Neolignans: including crotepoxide, piperbetol, piperol,
among others
EFFECTS
v
The essential oils are antimicrobial and immune-modulating.
The Betel leaf is centrally sedating.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Betel Nut is used for
coughs, as an expectorant for stomach ailments, diphtheria
and inflammation of the middle ear.
Indian Medicine: In India, Betel Nut is used to treat asthma,
bronchitis, coughs, dyspepsia, rheumatism, leprosy, severe
thirst, alcoholism, syncopes, toothache and impotency.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Today, the drug is obsolete.
LITERATURE
Das PC, Sarkar AK, (1979) Acta Physiol Pol. 30(3):389.
Rawat AKS et al., Ind Perf 31:146-149. 1987.
Sharma ML et al., Ind Perf 26:134-137. 1982.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Beth Root
Trillium
erectum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome and
the dried root and the leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has solitary, terminal, hanging
flowers. The 3 green, persistent sepals and the 3 large, white
to red or yellow, wilting sepals are characteristic.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, smooth herb
with an erect stem, which grows from 25 to 40 cm high. It
bears 3 whorled, terminal leaves under the flower, which are
broad, rhomboid and lightly curled. The rhizome is matte
brown, subcorneal, more or less compressed, 3 to 5 cm long
and 2 to 3 cm in diameter. It is often ringed with oblique
lines and with numerous wrinkled root fibres on the upper
surface.
Characteristics: The taste is sweetish then acrid and the odor
is characteristic.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the central and western
U.S.
Production: Beth Root Stock is the rhizome of Trillium
erectum, Trillium pendulum and other varieties.
Other Names: Birthroot, Indian Shamrock, Lamb's Quarters,
Wake-Robin, Indian Balm, Ground Lily, Coughroot, Jew'sHarp Plant, Milk Ipecac, Pariswort, Rattlesnake Root,
Snakebite, Three-Leaved, Nightshade
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
B I L B E R R Y / 75
Betonica officinalis
Steroid saponins: including among others, trillin (disogenin
monoglucoside), trillarin (disogenin diglucoside), aglycones
including cryptogenic chlorogenin, nologenin
See Wood Betony
Tannins
Betula species
EFFECTS
See Birch
The drug has astringent and expectorant properties. It can
severely irritate the area to which it has been applied; the
irritation can cause vomiting.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, Beth Root is used internally for
long and heavy menstruation and externally, it is used for
varicose veins, ulcers, hematoma, and hemorrhoidal
bleeding.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug should not be used during pregnancy.
Bidens tripartita
See Burr Marigold
Bilberry
Vaccinium
myrtillus
TRADE NAMES
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. In higher dosages, the drug is said to be nauseant,
and to have the effect of promoting labor and menstruation.
Bilberry, Bilberry Extract, Bilberry Herb (available from
numerous manufacturers,) Time Release Bilberry Power,
Standardized Bilberry Extract, Super Bilberry Plus, Bilberry
Power, Bilberry Leaf
DESCRIPTION
Pregnancy: In high dosages, the drug promotes labor;
therefore, it should not be used during pregnancy.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
the ripe, dried fruit and the ripe fresh fruit.
DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are axillary and solitary.
They are 4 to 7 mm long, short-pedicled, greenish and tinged
with pale pink. The calyx is fused to the ovary, persistent and
indistinctly 5-lobed. The corolla is globular-jug-shaped and
has 5 tips. There are 8 to 10 stamens, which are enclosed and
shorter than the styles. They have glabrous filaments that
widen toward the base and 2 horn-like yellow-brown anthers,
whose spurred appendage is erect. The fruit is a globular,
blue-black, frosted, many-seeded berry with purple pulp.
Mode of Administration: The ground drug and liquid extract
are used for infusions and poultices.
Daily Dosage: The usual dose is 2 to 4 gm dissolved in
liquid as an infusion.
LITERATURE
Fukuda N et al., (1981) Chem Pharm Bull 29 (2):325.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a deciduous, dwarf
shrub with sharp-edged, green branches 15 to 50 cm high.
The leaves are alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate
and finely serrate.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Habitat: The plant is common to central and northern
Europe, Asia and North America.
Nakano K et al., (1982) J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 789.
Production: The leaves and fruit of Bilberry are collected in
the wild from July to August and dried in the shade.
Nakano K et al., (1982) Yakugaku Zasshi 102(11):1031.
Nakano K et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22 (5):1249.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Wolters B, Zierpflanzen aus Nordamerika. In: DAZ
137(26):2253-2261. 1997.
Not to be Confused With: Myrtilli folium should not be
confused with the fruits of Vaccinium uliginosum.
Other Names: Whortleberry, Blueberry, Burren myrtle,
Dyeberry, Huckleberry, Hurtleberry, Wineberry, Black
Whortles, Hurts, Bleaberry, Airelle, Trackleberry
76 /BILBERRY
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : B I L B E R R Y LEAF
Catechin tannins (1 to 7%): including oligomeric proanthocyandins
Flavonoids: including among others, avicularin, hyperoside,
isoquercitrin, quercitrin, meratine, astragaline
Iridoide monoterpenes: asperuloside, monotropein
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
Phenolic acids: including among others, salicylic acid,
gentisic acid
Quinolizidine alkaloids: myrtine, epimyrtine (hybrids of
Vaccinium myrtillus x V. vitis-idaea contain arbutin [hydroquine glucosides]).
EFFECTS: BILBERRY LEAF
The drug is astringent and useful for treating diarrhea due to
the catechin tannin content. The drug is antiviral and, in
animal experiments, lipid-lowering.
It is thought that the chromium content of the drug is
responsible for a possible antidiabetic effect.
C O M P O U N D S : BILBERRY FRUIT
Fruit acids: including among others, quinic acid (3-5%),
malic acid, citric acid
Tannins (5-12%): chiefly catechin tannins, including oligomeric procyanidins
Anthocyanoides (0.1% -0.5%): chief components delphinidine-3-O-arabinoside, delphinidine-3-O-galactoside, delphinidine-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin,
malvidin
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Increased synthesis of connective tissue is one of the
contributing factors that may lead to blindness caused by
diabetic retinopathy. Anthocyanides have been shown to
slow the synthesis of polymeric collagen in diabetic patients
(Boniface, 1996.)
CLINICAL STUDIES
One case study involving 20 patients with diabetic retinopathy that were treated with 400 mg of Bilberry extract twice
daily demonstrated increased conjunctival capillary resistance in the subjects that were evaluated. The authors of the
study concluded that Bilberry provides protection against
hemorrhage of the retina (Sevin, 1996.)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BILBERRY L E A F
Unproven Uses: Bilberry has been used in Diabetes Mellitus
(for prevention and treatment); complaints of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and urinary tract, arthritis, gout and
dermatitis. External uses include inflammation of the oral
mucosa, eye inflammation, burns and skin diseases.
BILBERRY FRUIT
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Internally, Bilberry is used for nonspecific, acute diarrhea
(particularly in light cases of enteritis). Externally the berry
is used for mild inflammation of the mucous membranes of
mouth and throat.
Pectins
Unproven Uses: Well constructed clinical studies in humans
that give conclusive support for use of Bilberry in the
treatment of diabetic retinopathy or as a treatment for
inproving night vision are not available. There is moderate
support in animal model trials that support the vasoprotective
and anti-edema properties of Bilberry. The literature also
demonstrates efficacy in animal models for the treatment of
diabetes, hyperlipidemia and gastric ulcers. Folk medicine
uses include internal use for vomiting, bleeding and hemorroids and external use for poorly healing skin ulcers and
wound healing.
E F F E C T S : B I L B E R R Y FRUIT -
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Flavonoids: including among others, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, astragaline
Iridoids: including asperuloside, onotropein (only in the
unripe fruits)
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
The drug is an astringent and has anti-diarrheal action due to
the catechin tannin content which is also responsible for the
wound healing effect.
Limited data show that the bilberry anthranocyoside is antiexudative, vessel-protective, inhibits platelet aggregation in
human blood and has an anti-ulcer effect.
Several animal studies have demonstrated that anthocyanosides have a collagen stabilizing effect, and provide protection againts ischemia reperfusion injury (Bertuglia, 1995.)
BILBERRY LEAF
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Digestive complaints due to the high
tannin content are possible.
Drug Interactions: Bilberry has a platelet aggregation
inhibiting effect. There is a possiblility that the herb can
interact with other platelet aggregation inhibitors such as
aspirin and anticoagulants like warfarin.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
BILBERRY FRUIT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
^
OVERDOSAGE
BILBERRY LEAF
The signs of poisoning observed in animal experiments
(including cachexia, anemia, icterus) appeared only in
conjunction with the chronic administration of high dosages
and are presumably effects of the tannins.
DOSAGE
BILBERRY LEAF
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
1 g finely cut drug (1 teaspoonful = approximately 0.6g) and
strain after 10 to 15 minutes. Not to be taken over a long
duration.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage of tea is 1 cup 2 to 3 times
daily. For an infusion, a single dose is equal to 1 g per cup.
BILBERRY FRUIT
^
Mode of Administration: Tablets, capsules, macerated drug
for infusions for internal use and local application.
How
Supplied:
Most commercially available capsules and tablets are standardized at 25 to 36% anthocyanoside content.
Capsule — 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 125 mg, 160 mg, 310 mg,
400 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg
Tablet — 40 mg
BILBERRY/77
Bosio E et al., Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L.
extracts prevent photo-induced oxidation of low density
lipoproteins. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44m Ann Congress of
GA, 24. 1996.
Cignarella A, Bertozzi D, Pinna C, Puglisi L, Hypolipidemic
activity of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves on an model of
genetically hyperlipidemic rat. In: PM 58(Suppl. 7):A581. 1992.
Colantuoni A, Bertuglia S, Magistretti MJ, Donato L Effects of
Vaccinium Myrtillus anthocyanosides on arterial vasomotion.
Arzneimittelforschung, 84:905-9, Sep, 1991.
Dombrowicz E, Zadernowski R, Swiatek L Phenolic acids in
leaves of Arctostaphylos uva ursi L. Vaccinium vitis idaea L.
and Vaccinium myrtillus L. Pharmazie, 84:680-1, Sep, 1991.
Frohne D, Vaccinium myrtillus L.- Die Heidelbeere. In: ZPT
11(6):209-211. 1999.
Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suec. 23:101.
Sticher O et al., (1979) Planta Med 35:253.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
BILBERRY FRUIT
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 5 to 10 g mashed
drug in cold water, bring to a simmer for 10 minutes, then
strain (1 teaspoonful = 4 g drug). A 10% decoction is
prepared for external use.
Daily Dose: 20 to 60 g of unprocessed fruit for internal use.
Externally use a 10% infusion. For commercially available
tablets and capsules that are standardized to 36% anthocyanosides, the recommended dose is 60 to 160 mg three times
daily.
LITERATURE
m*
BILBERRY LEAF
Bertuglia S, Malandrino S.Colantuoni A Effect of Vaccinium
myrtillus anthocyanosides on ischaemia reperfusion injury in
hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Pharmacol Res, 84:183-7,
Mar-Apr, 1995.
Bettini V et al., (1984) Fitoterapia 55(6):323.
Bettini V et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56(1):3.
Bomser J et al., In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts
from Vaccinium species. In: PM 62(3):212-216. 1996.
Bertuglia S, et al. Effect of Vacciniu myrtillus anthocyanosides
on ischaema reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch
microcirculation. Pharmaol Res:31; 183-187. 1995.
Bettini V et al., (1984) Fitoterapia 55(6):323.
Bettini V et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56(1 ):3.
Bomser J et al., In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts
from Vaccinium species. In: PM 62(3):212-216. 1996.
Boniface R & Robert AM: Influence of anthocyanosides on
human connective tissue metabolism. Klin Monatsbl
Augenheilkd 209(6):368-372. 1996.
Bosio E et al., Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L.
extracts prevent photo-induced oxidation of low density
lipoproteins. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of
GA, 24. 1996.
Cignarella A, Bertozzi D, Pinna C, Puglisi L, Hypolipidemic
activity of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves on an model of
genetically hyperlipidemic rat. In: PM 58(Suppl. 7):A581. 1992.
Frohne D, Vaccinium myrtillus L.- Die Heidelbeere. In: ZPT
11(6):209-211. 1999.
Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suec 23:101.
78/BILBERRY
Sevin R, Cuendent JF. Effects d'unne association
d'anthocyanosides de myrtille et de beta-carotene sur la
resistance capillaire des diabetiques. Ophthalmologica: 152:109117. 1966.
Sticher O et al., (1979) Planta Med 35:253.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
a lighter gray-green below. They have serrate margins and
particularly tightly packed veins. The lamina are about 3 to 7
cm long by 2 to 5 cm wide, rhomboid-triangular, acuminate,
glabrous, densely covered in glands, and have a doubly
serrate margin. They are dark green and glabrous above and
a lighter green below; they are initially downy and later
pubescent in the vein axils.
Habitat: Betula pendula and Betula pubescens are indigenous to Europe from the northern Mediterranean regions to
Siberia and to temperate regions of Asia.
Production: Birch leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf of
Betula pendula (syn. Betula verrucosa), Betula pubescens, or
of both species. The leaves are collected in the wild during
the spring and dried at room temperature in the shade. Birch
tar (Betulae oleum empyreumaticum retificatum) is a clear,
dark brown oil obtained from Betula pendula or Betula
pubescens through a distillation process.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BIRCH LEAF
Triterpene alcohol ester with saponin-like effect: betulatriterpene saponins
Birch
Betula species
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark, leaves
and buds.
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers of Betula pendula are
sessile and oblong-cylindrical 6 to 10 cm long. The female
catkins are petioled, cylindrical and 2 to 4 cm long by 8 to 10
mm thick when fully grown. They are densely flowered, first
yellow-green, later light green. The fruit scales are brownish
and pubescent or glabrous. The middle lobes are small,
short-triangular and shorter than the broad, always revolute
side lobes. The fruit wings are half-oval and 2 to 3 times as
broad as the fruit.
Flavonoids: including hyperoside, quercetin, myricetin
digalactosides
Proanthocyan idins
Volatile oil: including sesquiterpene oxide
Monoterpene glucosides: including betula alboside A and B,
roseoside
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
Ascorbic acid
3,4'-dihydroxy propiophenone-3-beta-D-glucoside
EFFECTS: BIRCH LEAF
Birch leaves have a mild saluretic effect and are antipyretic.
In animal tests, they have been shown to increase the amount
of urine.
The male catkins of Betula pubescens are sessile and oblongcylindrical. They are initially upright, later hanging, 2.5 to 4
cm long and 6 to 10 mm thick, greenish to light brown. The
middle lobes of the fruit scales protrude clearly, are usually
linguiform-elogated and generally longer than the usually
sharp-cornered, clearly evolute side lobes. The fruit scales
are about as broad as the fruit.
Phenols (6%): including among others guaiacol, cresole,
catechol, pyrogallol, 5-propyl-pyrogallol dimethyl ether and
5-methyl-pyrogallol dimethyl ether
Leaves, Stem and Root: Betula pendula is a tree that grows
up to 30 cm high, witih a snow white bark that usually peels
off in horizontal strips or changes into a black, stony, hard
bark. Young branches are glabrous and thickly covered in
warty resin glands. The petioled leaves are dark green above,
The aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in birch tar are
irritating to die skin and have an antiparasitic effect. Its use
for diverse skin conditions and for parasitic infestation such
as scabies seems plausible.
COMPOUNDS: BIRCH TAR
EFFECTS: BIRCH TAR
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BIRCH LEAVES
Approved by Commission E:
• Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
• Rheumatism
Unproven Uses: The leaves are used in flushing-out therapy
for bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract
and for kidney gravel. They are also used in adjunct therapy
for rheumatic ailments, for increasing amount of urine. In
folk medicine, the leaves are used as a blood purifier, and for
gout and rheumatism. Externally, the leaves are used for hair
loss and dandruff.
BIRCH TAR
Unproven Uses: External birch tar uses include parasitic
infestation of the skin with subsequent hair loss, rheumatism
and gout (ointment); dry eczema and dermatoses (liquid
preparations), psoriasis and other chronic skin diseases.
Birch tar is a constituent of "Unguentum contra scabiem"
that is used for the treatment of scabies.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
BIRCH LEAF
The drug should not be used for edema when there is
reduced cardiac or kidney function.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BIRCH LEAF
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
BIRCH TAR
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Birch tar
can cause irritations on sensitive skin. Administration of the
drug is not advisable, due to the possible presence of
cancerogenic hydrocarbons.
DOSAGE
BIRCH LEAF
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb or dry extracts
are used for teas; other galenic preparations and freshly
pressed plant juices can also be used internally.
Preparation: Tea is prepared by pouring 150 ml hot water
over 1 to 2 dessertspoons of drug and then straining the
leaves out after 15 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 to 3 g drug
several times a day with a caution to ensure ample intake of
fluid (minimum 2 liters per day). A fresh cup of tea is taken
between meals 3 to 4 times a day
BIRCH 179
Storage: Birch leaf should be stored in sealed containers
protected from light and moisture.
BIRCH TAR
Mode of Administration: Birch Tar is used in combination
preparations as external ointments and liniments.
Storage: Birch tar should be stored in tightly sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
BIRCH LEAF
Anonym, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
bringen sie. In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
Bufe A, Spangfort MD, Kahlert H, Schlaak M, Becker WM,
The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 shows ribonuclease
activity. Planta, 175:413-5, 1996.
Cadot P, LeJoly M, Van Hoeyveld EM, Stevens EA, Influence
of the pH of the extraction medium on the composition of
birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen extracts. Allergy, 108:431-7,
1995 May.
Carnat A, Lacouture I, Fraisse D, Lamaison JL, Standardization
of the birch leaf. Ann Pharm Fr, 175:231-5, 1996.
Cirla AM, Sforza N, Roffi GP, Alessandrini A, Stanizzi R,
Dorigo N, Sala E, Delia Torre F, Preseasonal intranasal
immunotherapy in birch-alder allergic rhinitis. A double-blind
study. Allergy, 175:299-305, 1996 May.
Czygan FC, Betula pendula - Die Birke. Z Phytother 10(1989):
135-139.
Davidov MI, Goriunov VG, Kubarikov PG, Phytoperfusion of
the bladder after adenomectomy. Urol Nefrol (Mosk), 175:1920, 1995 Sep-Oct.
Fountain DW, Berggren B, Nilsson S, Einarsson R, Expression
of birch pollen-specific IgE-binding activity in seeds and other
plant parts of birch trees (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.). Int Arch
Allergy Immunol, 98:370-6, 1992.
Hasler A et al., High-performance liquid chromatographic
determination of five widespread flavonoid aglycones. J.
Chromatogr. 508, 1(1990): 236-40.
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Horhammer L, Wagner H, Luck R, Arch Pharm 290:338-341.
1957.
Karatodorof K, Kalarova R, (1977) Izn Durzh Inst Kontrol Lek
Sredstva 10:103-9.
Keinanen M, Comparison of methods for extraction of
flavonoids from birch leaves carried out using high-performance
liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41, 11(1993):
1986-90.
Kiiskinen M, Korhonen M, Kangasjaervi J, Immunological
study of- the HLA class II antigen associated wira birch pollen
allergy. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho, 35:541-50, 1992 Apr.
80/BIRCH
Lee MW et al., Phenolic compounds of the leaves of Betula.
Arch. Pharmaceutical. Res. 15, 3(1992): 211-14.
Olsen OT et al., A double-blind randomized study investigating
the efficacy and specificity of immunotherapy witii Artemisia
vulgaris or Phleum pratense/betula verrucosa. Allergol
Immunopathol (Madr), 23:73-8, 1995 Mar-Apr.
Ossipov V et al., HPLC isolation and identification of
flavonoids from white birch. Biochem Syst. Ecol. 23, 3(1995):
213-22.
Pietta PG et al., HPLC determination of the flavonoid
glycosides from Betulae folium. Chromatographia, 28, 56(1989): 311-12.
Pisha E et al., Discovery of betulinic acid as a selective
inhibitor of human melanoma mat functions by induction of
apoptosis. In: Nature Medicine 1:1046-1051. 1995.
Ramirez J, Carpizo JA, Ipsen H, Carreira J, Lombardero M,
Quantification in mass units of Bet v 1 the main allergen of
Betula verrucosa pollen by a monoclonal antibody basedELISA. Clin Exp Allergy, 27:926-31, 1997 Aug.
Rickling B, Glombitza KW, Saponins in the leaves of birch?
Hemolytic dammarane triterpenoids esters of Betula pendula.
Planta Med 59 (1993), 77.
Schilcher H, Boesel R, Effenberger ST Segebrecht S, Neuere
Untersuchungsergebnisse mit aquaretisch, antibakteriell und
prostatotrop wirksamen Arzneipflanzen. In: ZPT 10(3):77. 1989.
Schilcher H, Rau H, Nachweis der aquaretischen Wirkung von
Birkenblatter- und Goldrutenauszugen im Tierversuch. Urologe
B 28(1988): 274-280.
Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8.
1989.
Spangfort MD, Ipsen H, Sparholt SH, Aasmul-Olsen S, Osmark
P, Poulsen FM, Larsen M, M rtz E, Roepstorff P, Larsen JN,
Characterisation of recombinant isoforms of birch pollen
allergen Bet v 1. Adv Exp Med Biol, 175:251-4, 1996.
Tschesche R, Ciper F, Breitmeier E, Chem Ber 110:3111-3117.
1977.
Valenta R, Duchene M, Ebner C, Valent P, Sillaber C, Deviller
P, Ferreira F, TeJkl M, Edelmann H, Kraft D, et al., Profilins
constitute a novel family of functional plant pan-allergens. J
Exp Med, 175:377-85, 1992 Feb 1.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
BIRCH TAR
Kreitmair H, PA 8:534-536. 1953.
Nowak GA, Am Perf Cosmet 81:37-39. 1966.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Birthwort
Aristolochia clematitis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial portion
(when in blossom) and the root.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has dirty yellow flowers,
usually in axillary groups of 7. The perigone forms a straight
tube, which is bulbous beneath and has a linguiform, oblongovate, obtuse border. There are 6 stamens, the style is
upward growing, and the stigma is 6-lobed. The flower
briefly traps the insects that pollinate it. The fruit is a
globose, pear-shaped capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of 30 to
100 cm. The stem is erect, simple, grooved and glabrous.
The leaves are alternate, long-petioled, cordate-reniform,
yellow-green with prominent ribs.
Characteristics: The plant has a fruit-like fragrance and is
poisonous.
Habitat: Indigenous to Mediterranean regions, Asia Minor
and the Caucasus, but is also found in numerous other
regions.
Production: Birthwort is the aerial part of Aristolochia
clematitis.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Aristolochic acids {10-nitro-phenanthrene-l-acids):
ticular aristolochic acids I and II
in
par-
Isoquinoline alkaloids: including magnoflorin, corytuberin
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Volatile oil (0.03 to 0.2%): chief constituents alpha-pinene,
alpha-terpineol
EFFECTS
The aristolochic acids have a phagocytosis- and metabolismactivating effect. They are also thought to improve the
production of lymphokinins. Activation of phagocytes has
been demonstrated in animal tests in rabbits and guinea pigs,
along with an increase in serum bactericides and stimulation
of pMysine. In addition, in animal tests, immune resistance to
Herpes simplex viruses of the eye was proven. In the ring
test, stimulation and formation of granulation tissue was
demonstrated in rats. In mice, there was a clear increase in
the survival rate in cases of general infection. No significant
results were recorded in cases where infections had no or
only a low leucocytic immune reaction. The drug's pure
aristolochic acid acts similarly to colchicine; it is nephrotoxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Birthwort is used to stimulate the immune
system and in the treatment of allergically caused gastrointestinal and gallbladder colic. The plant is used in a wide
variety of ways in the folk medicine of nearly all European
countries.
Chinese Medicine: Uses in Chinese medicine include joint
pain, stomachache, malaria and abscesses.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic indications include gynecological disorders and climacteric symptoms, as well as the
treatment of wounds and ulcers. It is also used as a treatment
after major surgery and in ear-nose-throat treatments.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Birthwort is contraindicated during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Birthwort is highly toxic. The intake of acutely
toxic doses leads to vomiting, gastroenteritis, spasms, severe
kidney damage and eventually to death by kidney failure.
The chronic intake of low dosages among both humans and
laboratory animals led to the development of tumors.
Because of the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the
aristolochic acids, the drug is not to be administered even in
small dosages.
BISHOP'S W E E D / 8 1
Fanselow G, Der Einflu(3 von Pflanzenextrakten (Echinacea
purpurea, Aristolochia clematitis) und homoopathischen
Medikamenten auf die Phagocytoseleistung humaner
Granulocyten in vitro. In: Dissertation Berlin. 1981.
Henrickson CU, (1970) Z Immunitats Forsch 5:425.
Mengs U, Klein M, Genotoxic Effects of Aristolochic Acid in
the Mouse Micronucleus Test. In: PM 52(6):502. 1988.
Mix DB et al., (1982) J Nat Prod 45(6):657.
Siess M, Seybold G, Untersuchungen iiber die Wirkung von
Pulsatilla pratensis, Cimicifuga racemosa und Aristolochia
clematis auf den Ostrus infantiler und kastrierter weifier Mause.
In: Arzneim Forsch 10:514. 1960.
Strauch R, Hiller K, (1974) Pharmazie 29(10/11):656.
Tympner KD, (1981) Z Angew Phytother 5:181.
Further information in:
Chan H, But P (Eds.), Pharmacology and Applications of
Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 1, Ed. World Scientific Singapore
1986.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Bishop's Weed
Ammi Visnaga
DESCRIPTION
Pregnancy: Birthwort is not to be used during pregnancy.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit.
DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The rays are slender and patent in the
flower, becoming erect, thickened and indurate in the fruit.
The bracts are 1 to 2-pinnatisect, equaling or exceeding the
rays, and the bracteoles are subulate. The pedicles are erect,
stout and rigid in the fruit. The fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm long.
Mode of Administration: Birthwort is used as a tincture in an
ethanol solution. No further information is available.
How Supplied: Birthwort is available in homeopathic dilutions of D l l .
LITERATURE
Che CT et al., (1984) J Nat Prod 47(2):331.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Bishop's Weed is a robust annual or
biennial that grows up to 100 cm tall. The lower leaves are
8 2 / B I S H O P ' S WEED
pinnate, the others are 2 to 3 pinnate. All of the leaves have
narrow linear or filform lobes.
Habitat: The plant grows in the Mediterranean region, and is
cultivated in the U.S., Mexico, Chile and Argentina.
Production: Bishop's Weed fruit consists of the dried, ripe
fruits of Ammi Visnaga.
Other Names: Khella, Khella Fruits, Greater Ammi
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Furochromones: particularly khellin, visnagin, khellol and
khellol glucoside
Trunzler G, Phytotherapeutische Moglichkeiten bei Herz- und
arteriellen Gefa(3erkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(5): 147. 1989.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Pyranocoumarins: particularly visnadin and samidin
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Flavonoids: including quercetin and isohamnetin and their 3sulfates
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M: Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Volatile oil
Fatty oil
^
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
The drug intensifies coronary and myocardial circulation,
acting as a mild positive ionotrope. It has an antispasmodic
effect on smooth muscles.
Bistort
Persicaria bistorta
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Bishop's Weed has been used for angina
pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, paroxysmal tachycardia, extra
systoles, hypertonia, asthma, whooping cough and cramplike complaints of the abdomen.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Infrequently, a cholestatic jaundice (reversible) is observed
following administration of the drug. The drug also possesses a phototoxic effect.
OVERDOSAGE
Long-term use or overdose of the drug can lead to
queasiness, dizziness, loss of appetite, headache or sleep
disorders. Very high dosages, corresponding to over 100 mg
khellin, may cause elevated levels (reversible) of liver
enzymes in blood plasma.
DOSAGE
No information is available.
LITERATURE
Duarte J et al., Effects of visnadine on rat vascular smooth
muscle. In: PM 63(3):233-236. 1997.
Greinwald R, Stobernack HP, Ammi Visnaga - Das
Bischhofskraut. In: ZPT 11(2):65. 1990.
Le Quesne PW et al., JNP 48:496. 1985.
Martelli P et al., J Chromatogr 301:297. 1984.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and the
rhizome.
Flower and Fruit: The flowering stem terminates in a
compact, cylindrical, false spike of flesh-colored flowers
without a terminal bud. The pedicle is winged. The flowers
consist of 5 sepals, 8 stamens and an ovary with 2 to 3 styles.
The flowers are in pairs, one of which is complete, the other
only having a rudimentary ovary. Only the latter ripens. The
complete flowers can be cross-pollinated by insects. The
fruit is a three-seeded achene. The ripe seeds are small,
brown and glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 30 cm to 1
m high herb on a thick, somewhat flattened and twisted Sshaped rhizome. The radical, oval leaves grow out of the
rhizome to form basal rosette leaves with cordate bases,
which are blue-green above and somewhat undulate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, North America
and Asia.
Production: Bistort root and rhizome is the subterranean part
of Persicaria bistorta. The root-stocks of the older plants are
harvested, cleaned and freed from green parts and rootlets.
The stronger parts are then cut up, and this material is dried
in the sun.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Other Names: Adderwort, Dragonwort, Easter Giant. Easter
Mangiant, Oderwort, Osterick, Patience Dock, Red Legs,
Snakeweed, Sweet Dock
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
^fe
COMPOUNDS
BITTER
APPLE/83
External Dosage
Decoction—poultice applied every 2 hours.
LITERATURE
Gonnet JF, (1981) Biochem Syst Ecol 9(4):299.
Tannins (15-36%): chiefly catechin tannins, small quantity
of gallo tannins
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Starch (in the root 30%)
Penso G, Medico Farmaceutica, Milano, 1987.
EFFECTS
The active agents are the galenic tannin substance, starch,
catechin and silicic acid. Higher concentrations of the root
cause an increase in the formation of mucous. It is also an
astringent.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb is used in the treatment of
digestive disorders, particularly diarrhea and for internal
bleeding. Externally, it is used as a gargle for mouth and
throat infections and as an ointment for wounds.
Chinese Medicine: Preparations from the rhizome are used
for epilepsy, fever, tetanus, carbuncles, snake and mosquito
•j/t bites, scrofulous and cramps in the hands and feet.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally as a powdered drug for
infusion, or externally as an extract or ointment.
Preparation:
Infusion (internal) — Macerate 50 g drug in 1 1 water for 6
hours, percolate and sweeten as required (Penso, 1987).
Infusion (external) — Boil 60 g drug with 1 1 water for 15
minutes, percolate and cool (Penso, 1987).
Rao PRSP, Rao EV, (1977) Curr. Sci 48(18):640.
Bitter Apple
Citrullus colocynthis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried
pulp.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow and appear singly
in the leaf axils. The fruit is about the size of an apple. It is
yellow, smooth, dry and very bitter. When ripe, the fruit
contains white spongy flesh within the coriaceous peel, with
numerous ovate, white or brownish seeds. The seeds are 0.75
cm long and 0.5 cm wide, ovate, compressed, without an
edge, oily and somewhat shiny.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Bitter Apple is an annual similar to a
watermelon plant. The stems are leafy and rough-haired. The
leaves are alternate on long petioles. They are triangular,
divided, variously indented, obtuse and pubescent. The upper
surface is delicate green, the lower surface rough and pale.
Characteristics: Bitter Apple (the drug) is highly poisonous.
Habitat: Bitter Apple is indigenous to Turkey and southern
Mediterranean countries. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Egypt,
Syria and the Arabian Gulf.
Tincture — drug 1:5 in 25% ethanol (BHP83).
Production: Bitter Apples are the ripe fruits of Citrullus
colocynthis that have been removed from the harder outer
layer.
Daily Dosage:
Other Names: Colocynth Pulp, Bitter Cucumber
Liquid extract — drug 1:1 in 25% ethanol (BHP83).
f§K Internal Dosage
Powder—in the form of 0.25 g gelatine capsules, 2 to 4
capsules every 3 hours.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cucurbitacins: including cucurbitacin E-, J-, L-glucosides
Decoction—1 to 2 g for each decoction, 3 times a day.
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
Infusion—200 ml every 3 hours.
Fatty oil (in the seeds)
Liquid extract—1 to 2 ml 3 times daily.
EFFECTS
Tincture—1 to 3 ml 3 times daily.
Bitter Apple irritates the intestinal mucous membrane,
increasing liquid production.
84/BITTER APPLE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Bitter Apple are used as a
drastic purgative in fixed combinations in the treatment of
acute and chronic constipation with various causes. It is also
used in pregnancy and in the treatment of liver and
gallbladder disorders.
Indian Medicine: Acitis and elephantiasis are among the
conditions treated with Bitter Apple in Indian medicine.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely poisonous. It has a strongly irritating
(and painful) effect on mucous membranes due to its
cucurbitacin glycoside content, out of which cucurbitacins
are released in watery environments.
OVERDOSAGE
Vomiting, bloody diarrhea, colic, and kidney irritation
follow the intake of toxic dosages (0.6 to 1 g), and then
increased diuresis that progresses to anuria. Lethal dosages
(starting at 2 g) lead to convulsions, paralysis and, if
untreated, to death through circulatory collapse. The treatment for poisonings should proceed symptomatically following gastric lavage. Administration in allopathic dosages is no
longer defensible.
LITERATURE
Habs M et al., (1984) J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 108(1):154.
Konopa J et al., In: Advances in Antimicrobial and
Antineoplastic Chemotherapy, Vol. 2, Ed. M. Semonsky,
Avicenna Press Prague 1972.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bitter Candytuft
Iberis amara
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds and
the whole flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The stemmed flowers are arranged in
racemes; there are 4 orbicular, diagonally splayed sepals
approximately 2 mm long with white or reddish membranous
margins and 4 obovate-elongate white petals, the outer ones
approximately 6 mm, the inner ones 3 mm long. The plant
has 2 short and 4 long stamens and a superior 4-carpled
ovary; the carpels are fused. The fruit is a small pod, 4 to 5
mm long, almost circular with wide-winged fruit sides and a
tough margin. Each of the 2 chambers has only 1 seed. The
seeds are semi-ovoid, 2.5 to 3 mm long, flat and approximately 1 mm thick. They are usually narrow-winged at the
margin, brown and smooth.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an herb, occasionally
biennial, up to 40 cm high. The leaves are elongatecuneiform and obtuse. The lower leaves are often spatulate
and narrow toward the petiole. The upper leaves are sessile,
usually with 2 to 4 blunt teeth at wide intervals and a ciliate
margin. The stem is upright with splayed branches and
downy-haired at the edges.
Habitat: The plant is found in most parts of western, central
and southern Europe, in the Caucasus, and also in Algeria.
Rawson MD, (1966) Lancet 1:1121.
Production: Bitter Candytuft seeds are the ripe seeds of
Iberis amara, which are collected in the wild and cultivated.
Bitter Candytuft herb is the fresh, whole flowering plant of
cultivated Iberis amara.
Further information in:
Other Names: Clown's Mustard, White Candytuft
Lavie D et al., (1964) Phytochemistry 3:52.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytophannaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BITTER CANDYTUFT SEEDS
Cucurbitacins (0.2 to 0.4%): particularly cucurbitacins
E and I
Glucosinolates (1%): glucoiberin, glucocheiroline, glucoiberviridine
Fatty oil (12%): chief fatty acids are behenic acid (45%),
oleic acid (20%), palmitic acid (10%) and linolenic acid
(10%)
EFFECTS: BITTER CANDYTUFT SEEDS
The cucurbitacins contained in the seeds are toxic, cytotoxic
and generally irritating to die small and large intestines.
Furthermore, the seeds exhibit a mildly antimicrobial and
fungistatic effect.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
COMPOUNDS: BITTER CANDYTUFT HERB
Cucurbitacins: particularly cucurbitacins E and I
Flavonoids:
including
kempferol-3-0-arabinosido-7-0rhamnoside, kempferol-7-O-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-glucosido-7-O-rhamnoside (high concentration in the flowers)
EFFECTS: BITTER CANDYTUFT HERB
BITTER MILKWORT / 85
DOSAGE
BITTER CANDYTUFT SEEDS
How Supplied: Commercially prepared pharmaceutical compounds only.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules, every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 ml sc: 3 times daily (acute); 1 ml sc once a
day (chronic) (HAB1).
The chief active ingredients of the fresh plant are cucurbitacins. A significant anti-edematous effect was exhibited in
animal experiments. Its nature as a bitter substance makes its
administration both as a choleretic and for stimulating the
secretion of gastric juices appear plausible.
How Supplied: Only available in commercial pharmaceutical
compound preparations.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LITERATURE
BITTER CANDYTUFT SEEDS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses for the drug have
included problems with cardiac arrhythmia and
insufficiency.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include cardiac
arrhythmia and insufficiency.
BITTER CANDYTUFT HERB
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine usage includes digestion
problems.
BETTER CANDYTUFT HERB
Kowalewski Z, Wierzbicka K, Flavonoid compounds in the
blossoms of Iberis amara, L Planta Med, 20:328-39. 1971 Dec.
Uhlenbruck G, Dahr W, Studies on lectins with a broad
agglutination spectrum. XII. N-acetyl-D-galactosamine specific
lectins from the seeds of Soja hispida, Bauhinia purpurea. Iberis
amara, Moluccella laevis and Vicia graminea. Vox Sang,
21:338-51, 1971 Oct.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BITTER CANDYTUFT SEEDS
The drug is toxic, due to its cucurbitacin content. Symptoms
of poisoning could include vomiting, diarrhea, colic and
kidney irritation. Cases of poisonings, however, have not
been documented.
BITTER CANDYTUFT HERB
No risks are known in connection with the administration of
homeopathic dosages of the drug. The drug is mildly toxic
due to its (low) level of cucurbitacins. Symptoms of
poisoning could include vomiting, diarrhea, colic and kidney
irritation. Cases of poisonings have, however, never been
documented.
OVERDOSAGE
BITTER CANDYTUFT SEEDS
In case vomiting has not already occurred, gastric lavage
should be induced using burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution and sodium sulfate.
.Following gastrointestinal emptying and installation of
activated charcoal, begin therapy for poisoning. Diazepam
(i.v.) for muscle spasm may be necessary, along with
electrolyte substitution and treatment for possible cases of
acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In the event of
shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of kidney function is imperative. Intubation and
oxygen respiration also may be necessary.
Bitter Milkwort
Polygala amara
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering plant
with root.
Flower and Fruit: The blue or occasionally white or pink
flowers are in many-blossomed racemes. Of the 5 sepals, the
2 lateral ones are large, petal-like, patent and 3-veined. The
other 3 are smaller; die middle vein is green. The 3 petals are
fused together with die stamens. These form 2 clusters in 2
green pockets on the larger, lower petal. The 2 upper petals
form a kind of upper lip. The ovary is superior and bilocular
witfi a spoon-like style. The fruit is an obcordate capsule,
compressed at die sides and enclosed in the sepals.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 5 to 15 cm
high. The stems are branched at the base, decumbent or
ascending. The basal leaves form a rosette, while the cauline
leaves are alternate, oblong-cuneate or obovate-lanceolate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe.
Production: Bitter Milkwort herb, including its roots, is die
complete plant of Polygala amara.
86 /BITTER MILKWORT
Other Names: European Bitter Polygala, European Senega
Snakeroot, Evergreen Snakeroot, Flowering Wintergreen,
Little Pollom
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saponins (1-2%)
Bitter principles: polygalin (polygamarin)
Phenol glycosides: monotropitoside (methyl salicylic acidprimveroside)
Polygalite (acerite, 1.5-anhydrosorbite)
EFFECTS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: Bitter Orange is an evergreen tree
with a rounded crown and smooth grayish-brown bark. The
branches are angular when young, becoming terete and
glabrous soon after, with a few stout but flexible axillary
spines. The alternate leaves are 7.5 to 10 cm, broadly
elliptoid, subacute at the apex, cuneate or rounded below.
The upper surface is a shiny dark green and the underside
paler. Petioles are broadly winged, tapering to a wingless
base.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical Asia but is
widely cultivated in other regions today, such as the
Mediterranean.
Unproven Uses: Bitter Milkwort is used for conditions of the
respiratory tract, cough and bronchitis.
Production: Bitter Orange flower consists of the dried
flowers of Citrus aurantium. The oil is obtained by steam
distillation of the fresh, fully opened flowers. Bitter Orange
peel consists of the dried outer peel of ripe fruits of Citrus
aurantium separated from the white pulp layer.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Other Names: Orange, Neroli, Bigarade Orange
The drug is mildly expectorant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Preparation: The drug is contained in tea for the treatment
of bronchitis.
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
Volatile oil: chief constituents linalool, linalyl acetate, alphapinenes, limonene, nerol
Methyl anthranilate
Limonoids: (triterpenoide bitter principles)
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Flavonoids
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
EFFECTS: BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Bitter Orange
Citrus aurantiwn
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh and dried
fruit peel, the flowers, the seeds and the extracted essential
oil.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged singly or in
clusters in the axils, and are very fragrant. The calyx is cupshaped, and the 5 thick fleshy petals are an intense white and
revolute. The fruit is about 7.5 cm in diameter (similar in
size to a cherry), subglobose, slightly flattened at both ends,
10- to 12-locular. The peel is thick, rough and orange when
ripe. The fruit pulp is acidic. The core is hollow when ripe.
No substantiated information available. Efficacy of the use
of an extraction of the blossoms as a neurostimulant is not
confirmed.
COMPOUNDS: BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Volatile oil: chief constituents (+) -limonene, nerol, geraniol,
linalool, linalyl-, neryl-, geranyl- and citronellyl acetate,
typical constituent methyl anthranilate
Flavonoids: among them the bitter compounds neohesperidin dyhydrochalcone and naringin as well as the lipophilic
compounds sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin
Furocoumarins
EFFECTS: BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Bitter Orange has a mild spasmolytic effect on the gastrointestinal tract and increases gastric juice secretion.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Bitter Orange flower and
flower oil are used as a preventive measure for gastric and
nervous complaints, gout, sore throat, as a sedative, for
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
BITTER
nervous tension and sleeplessness. Fold medicine uses
include chronic bronchitis.
ORANGE/87
Stanley WL, Jurd L, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1106.
Tatum JH, Berry RE, (1977) Phytochemistry 16:109.
Chinese Medicine: Uses in Chinese medicine include pain in
the epigastrum, vomiting and anorexia.
-
Further information in:
BITTER O R A N G E PEEL
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Approved hy Commission E:
• Loss of appetite
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include loss of appetite
and dyspeptic symptoms.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Chinese Medicine: Bitter Orange peel is used for coughs,
colds, anorexia, to reduce apathy and for uterine and anal
prolapse.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Clavarano I, Essenze Deriv. Agrum 36:5. 1966.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. An elevation of UV-sensitivity is possible with
light-skinned individuals due to the phototoxic effect of the
furocoumarins. Frequent contact with the drug or with the
volatile oil (such as the exposure experienced by workers in
the liquor industry) can cause a sensitization that results in
erythema, swelling, blisters, pustules, dermatoses leading to
scab formation and pigment spots.
DOSAGE
BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Mode of Administration: Cut and coarsely powdered drug for
teas, other bitter-tasting galenic preparations for oral
application.
How Supplied:' Commercial pharmaceutical
include drops, tonics and tea mixtures.
preparations
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 1 tsp of drug to 150 ml of
hot water, let stand for 10 minutes, then strain.
Daily
Dosage:
Drug: 4 to 6 g
Extract: 1 to 2 g
Tea: 1 cup 1 hour before meals
Tincture (according to DAB 7): 2 to 3 g
LITERATURE
BITTER O R A N G E FLOWER AND OIL
Slater CA, (1961) J Sci Agric Food 12:732.
BITTER O R A N G E PEEL
Horowitz RM, Gentili B, Tetrahedron 19:773. 1963.
Slater CA, (1961) J Sci Agric Food 12:732.
Stanley WL, Jurd L, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1106.
Tatum JH, Berry RE, (1977) Phytochemistry 16, 109.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
88/BITTERSWEET
NIGHTSHADE
Bittersweet Nightshade
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Solanum dulcamara
Solasodin has a cortisone-like effect. A desensitizing and
cardiotonic effect has been observed in clinical trials with
patients suffering from rheumatic polyarthritis.
DESCRIPTION
Its use as an expectorant may be due to the saponin content.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the stem of the plant
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Flower and Fruit: The violet flowers are arranged in 10 to
20 blossomed, long-peduncled and hanging, panicle-like
forms. The calyx is fused, 5-tipped and does not drop. The
corolla has a very short tube and 5 long tips, which become
revolute when mature. At the base of each tip, there are 2
green spots surrounded by white. There are 5 stamens with
golden yellow anthers, which lean toward each other, and 1
superior ovary. The fruit is an oblong, scarlet and manyseeded berry.
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
Eczema
Furuncles
Acne
Warts
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Bittersweet Nightshade is
used internally for nose bleeds, rheumatic conditions, asthma
and bronchitis, and to stimulate the immune system;
externally for herpes, eczema, abscesses and contusions.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a subshrub from 30 to
150 cm in height with a creeping, branched rhizome. The
stem is twining or creeping, woody below, angular and
usually glabrous. The leaves are petiolate, the upper and
lower ones are usually cordate and acute. The middle leaves
are usually pinnatesect with 1 pair of lateral segments and a
large terminal segment.
Homeopathic Uses: Solanum dulcamara is used for inflammation of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the joints
and skin, and for febrile infections. Efficacy has not been
proven.
Habitat: The plant is common in Europe, northern Africa,
eastern and western Asia, and North America.
Bittersweet Nightshade is contraindicated in pregnancy and
nursing mothers.
Production: Bittersweet Nightshade consists of the dried, 2to 3-year-old stems of Solanum dulcamara harvested in
spring prior to leafing, or late autumn after the leaves have
dropped.
Other Names: Bittersweet, Dulcamara, Felonwort, Felonwood, Scarlet Berry, Violet Bloom, Blue Nightshade, Fever
Twig, Nightshade, Woody, Staff Vine
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloid glycosides: (0.07 to 0.4%) the alkaloid
spectrum varies widely with the variety
Tomatidenol variety—alpha-solamarine, beta-solamarine
Soladulcidine variety—soladulcidinetetraoside
Solasodine variety—solasonine, solamargine
Steroid saponins
Mixed varieties also occur.
EFFECTS
The main active principles are the steroid alkaloid glycosides
whose resorption is probably promoted by the saponins.
They stimulate phagocytosis, are hemolytic, cytotoxic,
antiviral, anticholinergic and have local anaesthetic
properties.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Toxic effects should not be seen in dosages under approximately 25 gm due to the low alkaloid content of the stem.
OVERDOSAGE
Poisonings among children are known through the unripe
berries. More than 10 berries cause nausea, vomiting, dilated
pupils and diarrhea. Lethal dosage is estimated to be 200
berries.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb is used in teas
and other galenic preparations for internal use. The drug is
also used externally in compresses and rinses.
Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 1 to 2 g of
drug to 250 ml water.
Daily Dosage: The average daily internal dose is 1 to 3 gm
of the drug. Externally, the herb is used as infusions or
decoctions that have strengths equivalent to 1 to 2 gm of the
drug per 250 ml of water.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml, sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LITERATURE
Frohne D, (1992) Solanum dulcamara L. - Der Bittersujie
Nachtschatten. Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. Z Phytother 14:
337-342.
BLACK ALDER/89
Black Alder
Alnus glutinosa
DESCRIPTION
Holzer I, (1992) Dulcamara-Extrakt bei Neurodermitis und
w chronischem Ekzem. Ergebnisse einer klinischen Priifung. Jatros
Dermatologie 6: 32-36.
JNP 56(3):430-431. 1993.
Kupchan SM et al., (1965) Science 150:1827.
Ronsch H, Schreiber K, Stubbe H. Naturwissenschaften 55:182.
1968.
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A):1.
Willuhn G, Kothe U, (1983) Arch Pharm 316(8):678-687.
Willuhn G, Phytopharmaka in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT
16(6):325-342. 1995.
Wolters B, Antibiotische Wirkung von Solanum dulcamara. In:
Naturwissenschaften 51:111. 1964.
Wolters B, Der Anteil der Steroidsaponine an der antibiotischen
-. Wirkung von Solanum dulcamara. In: PM 13:2. 1965.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
bark and leaves.
Flower and Fruit: Black Alder is monoecious. Male flowers
are arranged in stemmed catkins. Female flowers form ovoid
fruit, which turns woody and remains on the tree the whole
year.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plants grow as a shrub or tree
extending up to 25 m high. Black Alder has gray branches
and orange-colored wood. The obovate leaves have doubleserrate margins; the young leaves are very sticky.
Habitat: Black Alder originated in the damp regions of
Europe, Asia and North America. The plant now grows in
much of the Northern Hemisphere.
Production: Black (English) Alder bark is the bark and
branch rind of Alnus glutinosa. It is gathered from the shrubs
or trees growing wild.
Other Names: Common Alder, Owler, Tag Alder
tr
Wolters B, (1965) Planta Med 13:189.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
Flavonoids: in particular hypericin
Steroids: beta-sitosterol
Triterpenes: especially alpha-amyrenone, lupenone, taraxerol, glutenone
EFFECTS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
^r, Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
The decoction is a tonic and has astringent and hemostatic
properties, which may be due to the tannins (20%), flavone
glycosides and triterpenes.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Black Alder is used as a decoction for
gargles in the treatment of streptococcal sore throat and
pharyngitis, and for intestinal bleeding. The bark is considered to be effective for intermittent fever.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in, conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Leaves and bark are prepared as
infusions and decoctions for internal and local use. Mention
is made of an ophthalmic powder.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
90/BLACK ALDER
Preparations: The bark is prepared as a decoction.
LITERATURE
Freudenberg K, Weinges K, (1967) Tetrahedron Letters 17: 19.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Auff., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hoppe, HA (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Black Bryony
Tamus
communis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small greenish-white and
in loose clusters. They consist of 6 petals and are found on
various plants in fertile and infertile form. The fertile flowers
develop into crimson berries.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Tamus communis is a glabrous
climber. The stem dies back in winter but the root is
perennial. The leaves are cordate, smooth, acute and glossy.
The root is almost cylindrical with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm.
The root is 6 to 8 cm long and has scattered, thin root fibers.
Externally, the root is blackish-brown. Internally, it is
whitish and produces a slimy paste when it is peeled.
Characteristics: The taste of the root is acrid and the odor is
slightly earthy.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to parts of Europe.
Production: Black Bryony root is the root of Tamus
communis. Ths roots are gathered at the end of the
vegetation period. They are dug up and the bark is peeled off
and cut into slices or pieces. During this procedure, gloves
should be worn to protect the hands, as the fresh roots cause
serious reddening of the skin.
Other Names: Blackeye Root
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Histamine-oxalate: in the form of skin- and mucous membrane-irritating needles
Mucilages (2.5-5%)
Volatile oil (1%)
Phenanthrene derivatives
Steroid saponins, aglycone diosgenin
EFFECTS
Black Bryony stimulates die external nerve ends. A substance similar to histamine increases blood circulation in
areas of the skin to which it is applied.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The plant is used for agitation and redness
of the skin, bruises, strains, torn muscles, gout and other
rheumatic disorders. Black Bryony is also used for irritation
of the intestine mucous membrane and as an emetic. It is also
used as a tonic for hair loss, as it improves blood circulation
to the scalp.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Skin contact with the fresh plant leads to the formation of
rashes, swelling, pustules and wheals, due to the skin- and
mucous membrane-irritating oxalate needles and histamine.
Internal administration triggers signs of severe irritation in
the mouth, pharyngeal space and gastrointestinal tract,
combined with vomiting and intense diarrhea. Extracts from
the plant are toxicologically harmless. Skin lesions are
treated with cortisone foam and sterile coverings; tetanus
prophylaxis might be required. If taken by mouth, following
gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution and administration of activated charcoal, treat
spasms with diazepam (i.v.) and colic with atropine.
Monitoring of kidney function is essential. Intubation and
oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The ground root is applied externally as a lotion.
LITERATURE
Aquino R et al., (1985) J Nat Prod 48(3):502.
Aquino R et al., (1985) J Nat Prod 48(5):811.
Barbakadze V, Usov Al, Isolation and characterisation of
glucans from roots of Tamus communis L. In: PM 62,
Abstracts of die 44th Ann Congress of GA, 127. 1996.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apodieker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Ireland CR et al., (1981) Phytochemistry 20:1569.
Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
BLACK CATNIP/91
Black Catnip
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS "
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Phyllanthus amarus
^jf
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The whole, dried herb is the medicinal part.
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations for
internal and external use.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are axillary. The male flower
has 5, 0.5 mm long, acute, pale-green sepals with a white
margin. There are 3 stamens with the filaments forming a 0.2
mm high column. The female flowers have an apically
thickened pedicle and 5 ovate-elongate, up to 1 mm long,
yellowish-green sepals. The ovary is 0.3 mm in diameter and
3-chambered. The fruit is ochre to olive with 3 pressed lobes,
2 mm in diameter and 1 mm long.
Leaves and Stem: Black catnip is a monoecious, occasionally
dioecious, upright or ascending herb, which grows up to 60
cm high, or occasionally higher. The bracts and stipules are
linear-lanceolate, 1 mm long, cream with a brownish middle
rib. The stem is round, greenish or reddish, glabrous and
woody at the base.
Habitat: Africa, Asia and America.
#
Production: Black catnip herb is the aerial part of Phyllanthus amarus. The harvested herb is dried.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Phyllanthus
urinaria, P, niruri, P. debilis and P. fraternus.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins: gallotannins, including amarine, phyllanthusin D,
geraniine, corilagin, elaecarpusin
Flavonoids: including rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside
Lignans: phyllantin
phyllanthin
(0.8%,
extremely
bitter),
hypo-
EFFECTS
The drug, which contains tannins and lignans, is antiviral and
antimicrobial in effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^fr Unproven Uses: The herb is used for fever (Cuba, Nigeria),
for malaria (Cuba, Bahamas), diarrhea, tachycardia and
female sterility (Congo), constipation with spasms and colic,
as a diuretic (Nigeria) and for diabetes (Dominican
Republic).
Indian Medicine: Black catnip is used for stomach conditions, ascites, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, intermittent
fever, conditions of the urogenital tract, eye disease, scabies,
ulcers and wounds.
Preparation: Decoction: 10 plants to 1-liter water
Daily Dosage: No exact doses are known.
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K. Reichling J, Rimpler G.
Schneider G (Eds). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
Blumberg BS, Millman I, Venkateswaran PS, Thyagarajan SP,
Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma - treatment of
HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus. Cancer Detect Prev,
14:195-201, 1989.
Blumberg BS, Millman I, Venkateswaran PS, Thyagarajan SP,
Hepatitis B virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma:
treatment of HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus. Vaccine, 8
Suppl: 86-92, 1990 Mar.
Lee CD, Ott M, Thyagarajan SP, Shafritz DA, Burk RD, Gupta
S, Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA
transcription and replication. Eur J Clin Invest, 26:1069-76,
1996 Dec.
Leelarasamee A, Trakulsomboon S, Maunwongyathi P,
Somanabandhu A, Pidetcha P, Matrakool B, Lebnak T,
Ridthimat W, Chandanayingyong D, Failure of Phyllanthus
amarus to eradicate hepatitis B surface antigen from
symptomless carriers. Lancet, 2:1600-1, 1990 Jun 30.
Niu JZ, Wang YY, Qiao M, Gowans E, Edwards P,
Thyagarajan SP, Gust I, Locarnini S, Effect of Phyllanthus
amarus on duck hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Med
Virol, 32:212-8, 1990 Dec.
Ott M, Thyagarajan SP, Gupta S, Phyllanthus amarus
suppresses hepatitis B virus by interrupting interactions between
HBV enhancer I and cellular transcription factors. Eur J Clin
Invest, 27:908-15, 1997 Nov.
Srividya N, Periwal S, Diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic
effect of Phyllanthus amarus. Indian J Exp Biol, 74:861-4, 1995
Nov.
Thamlikitkul V, Wasuwat S, Kanchanapee P, Efficacy of
Phyllanthus amarus for eradication of hepatitis B virus in
chronic carriers. J Med Assoc Thai, 74:381-5, 1991 Sep.
Thyagarajan SP, Jayaram S, Valliammai T, Madanagopalan N,
Pal VG, Jayaraman K, Phyllanthus amarus and hepatitis B.
Lancet, 2:949-50, 1990 Oct 13.
Thyagarajan SP, Subramanian S, Thirunalasundari T,
Venkateswaran PS, Blumberg BS, Beneficial effects of
Phyllanthus amarus for chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol, 2:405-6,
1991 May.
92/BLACK CATNIP
Thyagarajan SP, Subramanian S, Thirunalasundari T,
Venkateswaran PS, Blumberg BS, Effect of Phyllanthus amarus
on chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Lancet, 2:764-6, 1988
Oct 1.
Thyagarajan SP, Subramanian S, Thirunalasundari T,
Venkateswaran PS, Blumberg BS, In vitro effect of Phyllanthus
amarus on hepatitis B virus. Indian J Med Res, 2:71-3, 1991
Mar.
Black Cohosh
Cimicifuga
racemosa
TRADE NAMES
Black Cohosh (available from a number of manufacturers)
and sometimes sold as Black Cohosh Root, Black Cohosh
Power, Wild Countryside Black Cohosh, NuVeg Black
Cohosh Root, Remifemin
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh and dried
root.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a long-peduncled,
drooping raceme, 30 to 90 cm long with white flowers.
There are 3 to 8 petals without nectaries, and the sepals
enclose the flower bud.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows 1 to 1.5 m high. It is
leafy, with a sturdy, blackish rhizome, which is cylindrical,
tough and knotty. The straight, strong, dark brownish roots
sprout from the underground rhizome and are roughly
quadrangular and grooved. The transverse root section shows
wedge-shaped bundles of white wood. The rhizome section
shows a large black medulla surrounded by a ring of paler,
woodier wedges. The leaves are double-pinnate, smooth and
crenate-serrate.
Habitat: Black Cohosh is native to Canada and the U.S.; it is
cultivated in Europe.
Production: The medicinally used part of die plant consists
of the dried rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa with attached
roots.
Other Names: Black Snake Root, Rattleroot, Rattleweed,
Squaw Root, Bugbane, Bugwort, Cimicifuga, Richweed
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpenes : triterpene glycoside, including actein, 27-deoxyactein, cimifugoside
Quinolizidine alkaloids: cytisine, methyl cytisine
Phenylpropane derivatives: including isoferulic acid
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
EFFECTS
The active ingredients in the root are the triterpine glycosides
such as cimifugaside, 27-deoxyactein and the actein. The
increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs as estrogen
levels decrease is implicated as the cause of menopausal
symptoms. Compounds of the rootstock of Cimicifuga
racemosa bind to the estrogen receptor where it selectively
suppresses LH secretion with no effect on FSH. The result is
an estrogenic effect, which will decrease climacteric symptoms such as hot flashes, diaphoresis and psychological
disturbances (Duker, 1991; Lehmann-Wilenbrock, 1988).
There have been conflicting reports stating Cimicifuga
racemosa has no estrogen-like action (Einer-Jensen, 1996;
Liske, 1998). The herb did not appear to have an effect on
levels of LH, FSH, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG),
prolactin and estradiol in a study that concluded the
therapeutic effects seen are not attributable to estrogenic or
other endocrine-system effects (Liske, 1998).
The improvement in premenstrual symptoms, dysmenorrhea
and menopause may be due to the relaxing of uterine tissue
(Tyler, 1997).
CLINICAL TRIALS
A placebo-control, open study was conducted to determine
the effects of commercially available Cimicifuga racemosa
extract (Remifemin) on LH and FSH secretion in 110
menopausal women. After 2 months of therapy with 8 mg
daily of the drug, FSH levels in the Remifemin treatment
group and placebo group were similar. LH secretion was
significantly reduced in the Remifemin treatment group,
which points to the estrogenic effect of Cimicifuga racemosa
preparations (Duker, 1991).
Sixty hysterectomized patients, under 40 years of age, with
at least one intact ovary were involved in a study to
determine the effect of Cimicifuga racemosa extract (Remifemen 8 mg), estriol (1 mg), conjugated estrogens (1.25 mg)
and an estrogen-gestagen product on menopausal symptoms.
The evaluation of menopausal symptoms was determined by
the Kupperman-Index. The study also included evaluation of
the trophic disorders of the genitals, including FSH and LH
serum concentration measurement. There was a significant
decrease in menopausal symptoms determined by the Kupperman-Index in all treatment groups. There was a moderate
decline in the serum gonadotropin concentration in each
group, with no significant therapeutic difference between the
groups. Cimicifuga racemosa was as effective as the estrogen
products in decreasing menopausal symptoms in young
patients who have undergone a hysterectomy (LehmannWillenbrock, 1988).
In an open study including 50 patients with menopausal
complaints, the effect of Cimicifuga racemosa extract
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
(Remifemen) 40 drops twice daily was determined after a
duration of 3 months. The participants had either refused
hormone treatment or had conditions where hormone treatment was contraindicated. The efficacy of the herb was
measured according to the Kupperman-Index, Profile of
Mood States (POMS) scale and the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale. A significant improvement in menopausal
complaints for all testing protocols were recorded. (Vorberg,
1984).
Note: Cimicifuga racemosa should not be substituted for
hormone replacement therapy with estrogen. There is no
information to date that the herb contains cardioprotective
effects or protective effects against osteoporosis, as those
seen with estrogen therapy.
BLACK COHOSH/93
flow Supplied:
Capsules — 60 mg, 80 mg, 450 mg, 540 mg, 545 mg
Drops
Solutions
Tablets — 60 mg, 120 mg.
Daily Dosage: Alcoholic-aqueous extracts (ethanolic-aqueous 40-60% (WV) or isopropanolic-aqueous 40% (V/V))
corresponding to 40 mg drug. The herb is not recommended
for treatment longer than 6 months unless advised by a
physician.
LITERATURE
Benoit PS et al., (1976) Lloydia 39:160.
Approved by Commission E:
Berger S, Junior P, Kopanski L, 27-Desoxyactein: a New
Polycyclic Triterpenoid Glycoside from Actaea racemosa. In:
PM 54:579-780. 1988.
• Climacteric complaints
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Beuscher N, Cimicifuga racemosa L. - Die Traubensilberkerze.
In: ZPT 16(5):301-310. 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Corsano S, Panizzi L, Sull' Acteina, principio attivo della
Actaea racemosa. In: Atti Acca Nazi Lincei, Rend, Classe Sci,
Fis. Mat. Nat 38:600-604. 1965.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the plant is used for
rheumatism, sore throats and bronchitis. The tincture is also
used as a sedative, for choreic states (involuntary, rapid
motions), fever, lumbago (pain in the lumbar region) and
snakebite. The herb is also available commercially in
combination with St. John's Wort for depressive moods
associated with premenstrual and menopausal symptoms.
Duke JA, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton: CRC,
1985.
Chinese Medicine: The Chinese have used Black Cohosh for
the above indications as well as for measles in the preexanthem stage.
Duker EM, Kopanski L, Jarry H, Wuttke W, (1991) Effects of
extracts from cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in
menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Med
57:420-424.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The use of Black Cohosh is contraindicated during pregnancy due to an increased risk of spontaneous abortion.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages, although occasional stomach complaints
have been observed.
Drug Interactions: Black Cohosh can potentiate the effect of
antihypertensive medications. The concomitant use of these
drugs may result in hypotension (Einer-Jensen, 1996;
Lehmann-Willenbrock, 1988).
OVERDOSAGE
An intake of very high dosages of die drug (5 g) or an extract
(12 g) leads to vomiting, headache, dizziness, limb pains and
lowered blood pressure.
Daiber W, Klimakterische Beschwerden: ohne Hormone zum
Erfolg! In: Arztl Praxis 35:1946-1947. 1983.
Einer-Jensen N, Zhao J, Andersen KP, Kristoffersen K.
Cimicifuga and Melbrosia lack oestrogenic effects in mice and
rats. In: Matuntas 25(1995):149-153. 1996.
Foldes J, Die Wirkungen eines Extraktes aus Cimicifuga
racemosa. In: Arzd Forsch 13:623-624. 1959.
Genazzani, E et al., (1962) Nature 194:544.
Gerhard I, Liske E, Wustenberg P, Behandlung von
psychovegetativen Beschwerden im Klimakterium mit
Remifemin(R)plus (Poster). In: ZPT 16(5, Supplemental, 6.
Phytotherapiekongrep* in Berlin. 1995.
Gorlich N, Behandlung ovarieller Storungen in der
Allgemeinpraxis. In: Arzd Praxis 14:1742-1743. 1962.
Harnischfeger G, Cillien N, Influence of Cimicifuga racemosa
extract fractions on the proliferation of human carcinoma cells
in vitro with regard to their estrogen receptor sensitivity. In:
PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 40. 1996.
DOSAGE
Harnischfeger G, Stolze H, Bewahrte Wirksubstanzen aus
Naturstoffen. Traubensilberkerze. In: Notabene medici 10:446450. 1980.
Mode of Administration: Galenic preparations for internal
use.
Jarry H, Gorkow Ch, Wutdce W, (1995) Treatment of
Menopausal Symptoms with Extracts of Cimicifuga Racemosa,
94/BLACK COHOSH
In vivo and in vitro Evidence for Estrogenic Activity. In, Loew
D, Netbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und
klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S 99-112.
Jarry H, Hamischfeger G, (1985) Studies on the endocrine
effects of the contents of Cimicifuga racemosa, 1. Influence on
the serum concentration of pituitary hormones in ovariectomized
rats. Planta Med 51:46-49.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Tyler VE, The bright side of black cohosh. Prevention
Magazine, April 1997.
Vorberg G, Treatment of menopausal symptoms. ZFA
1984;60:626-629.
Warnecke G, (1985) Beeinflussung klimakterischer Beschwerden
durch ein Phytotherapeutikum. Erfolgreiche Therapie mit
Cimicifuga- Monoextrakt. Med Welt 36:871-874.
Jarry H, Hamischfeger G, Diiker E, (1985) Studies on the
endocrine effects of the contents of Cimicifuga racemosa, 2. In
vitro binding of compounds to extrogen receptors. Planta Med
51:316-319.
Further information in:
Jarry H, Isolierung pharmakogologisch aktiver Substanzen aus
Cimicifuga racemosa. In: Dissertation, math.-naturwiss. 1984.
Chan EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Jarry H. Ludwig L, Stephan A, Wuttke W, Erste Beweise fur
eine direkte Wirkung von Inhaltsstoffen von Cimicifuga
racemosa auf die in-vitro- Steroidsekretion von porcinen
Granulosa- und Lutealzellen (Poster). In: ZPT 16(5,
Supplement):7-8, 6. Phytotherapiek.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Kesselkauf O, Uber die Behandlung klimakterischer
Beschwerden mit Remifemin. In: Med Monatsschr 11:87-88.
1957.
Kramer H, Geisenhofer H, Erfahrungen mit dem CimicifugaPraparat Remifemin. In: Therapie der Gegenwart 97:238-239.
1958.
Lauritzen C, Nichthormonale Therapie klimakterischer
Beschwerden. In: Gynakol Praxis 14:43-56. 1990.
Lehmann-Willenbrock E, Riedel HH, Clinical and
endocrinologic studies of the treatment of ovarian insufficiency
manifestations following hysterectomy with intact adnexa.
Zentralbl Gynakol 1988.110(10): 611-8.
Liske E, Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga
racemosa for gynecologic disorders. Adv Ther 1998 JanFeb;15(l):45-53.
Liske E, Wustenberg P, Therapy of climacteric complaints with
Cimicifuga racemosa: herbal medicine with clinically proven
evidence. Menapause. 1998 5:250.
Ne(3elhut T, Schellhase C, Dietrich R, Kuhn W,
Untersuchungen zur proliferativen Potenz von Phytopharmaka
mit ostrogenahnlicher Wirkung bei Mammakarzinomzellen. In:
Arch Gynecol Obstetrics 254:817-818. 1993.
Petho A, Umstellung einer Hormonbehandlung auf ein
pflanzliches Gynakologikum moglich? In: Arztl Praxis 47:15511553. 1987.
Radics L et al., (1975) Tetrahedron Letters 48:4287.
Winterhoff H, (1993) Arzneipflanzen mit endokriner
Wirksamkeit. Z Phytother 14:83-94.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Black Currant
Ribes nigrum
TRADE NAMES
Bio-EFA Black Currant, Black Currant, Black Currant Oil,
Black Currant Seed Oil
Shibata M et al., (1980) Yakugaku Zasshi 100:1143.
DESCRIPTION
Shibata M, (1977) J Chem Soc Jpn 97:911.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves collected
after the flowering season and dried, the fresh ripe fruit with
the tops and stems and the fresh leaves collected in summer.
Stoll W, (1987) Phytotherapeutikum beeinflufj atrophisches
Vaginalepithel, Doppelblindversuch Cimicifuga vs.
Ostrogenpraparat. Therapeutikon 1:23-32.
Stolze H, Der andere Weg klimakterische Beschwerden zu
behandeln. In: Gyne 1:14-16. 1982.
Suntry L, (1984) Pat. JP 84/20298 Japan.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers form richly blossomed
racemes. Each is in the axil of a pubescent bract, which is
shorter than the petiole. The petiole is pinnate has 2 small
bracteoles. The sepals are together with the 5 small stamens
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
on the campanulate flower axis within which the singlevalved ovary and the divided style is sunk. The hanging
flowers are self-pollinating. The multi-seeded, black, glandular punctuate berries develop from the ovary.
^ Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy perennial bush
^ up to 2 m high. The branches are pale, hard and initially
pubescent. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, becoming
quickly glabrous on the upper surface and have numerous
yellow resin glands on the undersurface. The 3- to 5-lobed
leaf blade has a cordate base and doubly dentate margin.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Eurasian forests as far as
the Himalayas, Canada and Australia and is cultivated in
many regions.
Production: Black currant leaves are the leaves of Ribes
nigrum collected during or shortly after the flowering season.
Leaves are harvested from cultivated crops during or shortly
after flowering. They are air-dried in the shade or carefully at
a maximum temperature of 60° C.
Black currant fruits are the ripe fruits, with stalks attached,
of Ribes nigrum. Fruits are harvested when fully ripe, and
utilized immediately or deep frozen.
£r
Other Names: Quinsy Berries, Squinancy Berries
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Flavonoids: including astragalin, isoquercitrin, rutin
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.1 to 0.27% of fresh weight)
Volatile oil (traces)
EFFECTS: BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
A salidiuretic effect is attributed to die drug through a
'diuretic factor' that is not closely defined. In animal
experiments, a hypotensive, anti-exudative and prostaglandin-release inhibiting effect has been proven.
COMPOUNDS: BLACK CURRANT FRUITS
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.1 to 0.3%)
Anthocyans: chiefly cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside
f* Phenol caroboxylic acid derivatives: caffeoyi-, p-cumaroyland feruloyl-quinic acids; p-cumaroyl and feruloyl glucoses
BLACK CURRANT / 95
COMPOUNDS: BLACK CURRANT SEEDS
Fatty oil (30%) with high gamma linolenic acid content
Monosaccharides: invert sugar
EFFECTS: BLACK CURRANT FRUIT AND SEEDS
The extract of the drug that contains anthocyane has a
hypotensive and spasmolytic effect in animal experiments. In
addition, an antimicrobial and xanthine-oxidase and lipoperoxidase inhibiting effect has been proven.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Black Currant leaves are used internally to
increase micurition. In folk medicine they are used internally
for arthritis, gout and rheumatism, diarrhea, colic, jaundice
and liver ailments, painful micturition, urinary stones,
convulsive coughs and whooping cough. Black Currant is
used externally for treatment of wounds and insect bites.
BLACK CURRANT FRUITS
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Black Currant fruit is used
internally to relieve colds, hoarseness and coughs, diarrhea
and stomachache. It is also used as a source of vitamin C.
Preparations are used on mucous membranes as a gargle for
hoarseness, strep throat and other inflammations of the oral
cavity.
Black currant dried berries are used for bladder complaints,
venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, bruising and petechiae
CONTRAINDICATIONS
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Contraindicated in edema resulting from reduced cardiac and
renal activity.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES AND FRUITS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Mode of Administration: Black currant leaves are available
as whole, crude and powder drug for internal use.
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 1 to 2 heaped teaspoons
(2 to 4 gm) Black currant leaves to boiling water (150 ml),
and strain after 10 minutes.
Flavonoids: chief components isoquercitrin, myricetin glucoside, rutin
Daily Dosage:
Tea — 1 cup to be drunk several times a day.
Fruit acids (3.5%): malic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid
Poultice — freshly rubbed Black Currant leaves or leaves
soaked in warm water are dried and used as a compress.
Place dried drug on wounds and fresh rubbed leaves on
insect bites.
Invert sugar
Pectins
96 /BLACK CURRANT
Storage: Should be protected from light and moisture
B L A C K C U R R A N T FRUITS
Mode of Administration: Black Currant fruit is available as
whole drug for internal use.
Daily
Dosage:
Syrup — 5 to 10 ml, by the tablespoon, taken several times
daily, or eaten as jelly or sweets.
Gargle — with the juice and equal parts of warm water.
LITERATURE
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suecica 23:101.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: Black Haw is a deciduous tree 5 m
tall. It has gray-brown bark and green, grooved branches.
The leaves are opposite, petiolate, 3 to 5 lobed, roughly
dentate, green on both surfaces and softly pubescent beneath.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern and central
U.S.
Production: Black Haw bark is the bark of the trunk and
branches of Viburnum prunifolium.
Other Names: Stagbush, American Sloe, European Cranberry, Cramp Bark, Guelder Rose, Snowball Tree, King's
Crown, High Cranberry, Red Elder, Rose Elder, Water Elder,
May Rose, Whitsun Rose, Dog Rowan Tree, Whitsun
Bosses, Silver Bells, Wild Guelder Rose
Lietti A et al., (1976) Arzneim Forsch 26(5):829.
Senchute GV, Boruch IF, (1976) Rastit Resur 12(1): 113.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: amentoflavon (a biflavone)
Triterpenes: including among others oleanolic acid, ursolic
acid as well as their acetates
Hydroxycoumarins: scopoletin, aesculetin, scoplin
Cajfeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic
acid
B L A C K C U R R A N T FRUITS
Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suecica 23:101.
Phenol carboxylic acids: salicylic acid, salicin
Lietti A et al., (1976) Arzneim Forsch 26(5):829.
Tannins
(2%)
Senchute GV, Boruch IF, (1976) Rastit Resur 12(1): 113.
Arbutin
(traces)
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
The drug has a spasmolytic and, to date, an undefined effect
on the uterus.
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Black Haw is used for complaints of
dysmenorrhea.
Black Haw
Viburnum prunifolium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bark of the trunk
and the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers of the Viburnum species are
white and in richly blossomed, flat, apical cymes. The
central florets are campanulate and fertile; the lateral ones
are much larger, rotate and infertile. The calyx margin is
small and 5-tipped. The corolla of the fertile florets is
campanulate and 5-petalled. There are 5 stamens, a semiinferior ovary and 3 sessile stigmas. The fruit of the Black
Haw is a shiny, black, juicy berry. The fruit of Viburnum
opulus is red.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: An extract is used as a constituent
of a tea mixture made from Black Haw bark, Camomile
flowers, and Peppermint leaves.
LITERATURE
Handjieva N et al., PH 27:3175. 1988.
Horhammer L, Wagner H, Reinhardt H, Chemistry,
pharmacology, and pharmaceutics of the components of
Viburnum prunifolium and V. opulus. In: Botan Mag (Tokyo)
79(Oct/Nov.): 510-525. 1966.
Jarboe CH et al., (1967) J Med Chem 10: 448.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Jarboe CH et al., (1969) J Org Chem 34: 4202.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Jensen SR et al., PH 24:487. 1985.
COMPOUNDS: HELLEBORUS FOETIDUS
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
0 CRC Press 1975.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steroid saponins: mixture known as helleborin
COMPOUNDS: HELLEBORUS NIGER
Steroid saponins: mixture known as helleborin
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolide): including
hellebrin, deglucohellebrin (only traces)
Alkaloids: celliamine, sprintillamine
COMPOUNDS: HELLEBORUS VIRIDIS
Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Steroid saponins: mixture known as helleborin
Black Hellebore
Alkaloids: celliamine, sprintillamine, sprintillin
Helleborus
The plant is said to have a typical saponin effect (irritates
mucous membranes) and is in general extremely toxic.
niger
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
dried rhizome with or without roots and the fresh under£p ground parts.
Flower and Fruit: The flower is white with a greenish
margin, reddish on the outside. It is hanging and splayed.
There are 5 broadly ovate, campanualate bracts with redbrown borders, which tend toward each other. The petals are
altered to nectaries. There are numerous yellow stamens. The
fruit is a pod-like, many-seeded follicle with a curved beak
and horizontal stripes. The seeds are matte black, ovate and
have a long swelling on them.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial subshrub up
to 50 cm high. The stem is erect, glabrous, branched, woody
at the base and almost leafless. The basal leaves are longpetioled, thickish, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green above
with a lighter underside.
Characteristics: The plant is poisonous; rhizome is blackbrown.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the forests of southern
and central Europe.
#.
m
BLACK HELLEBORE/97
Production: Black Hellebore root is the root of Helleborus
niger.
Not to be Confused With: Helleborus foetidus, Helleborus
niger and Helleborus viridis are different plants widn
different active compounds. They may be confused with the
subterranean parts of Trollius eurpaeus, Aconitum napellus,
Astrantia major, Actaea spicata and Adonis vernalis.
Other Names: Christe Herbe, Christmas Rose, Melampode
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolide): including
hellebrin, deglucohellebrin
EFFECTS: ALL SPECIES
Note that other varieties of Helleborus also contain hellebrin
with a digitalis-like effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Black Hellebore is used as
a laxative, for nausea, worm infestation, to regulate menstruation and as an abortifacient, as well as for acute nephritis.
Also used in the treatment of head colds.
Homeopathic Uses: Used to treat acute diarrhea, encephalitis, cephalitis, kidney inflammation and states of confusion.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The mucous membrane-irritating saponin effect of
the drug is the chief focus in cases of poisoning. Symptoms
include scratchy feeling in mouth and throat, salivation,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, shortness of breath,
possible spasm and asphyxiation. Disorders of cardiac
function (cardiac arrhythmias are to be expected with large
intakes of the rhizome of Helleborus viridis). Poisonings are
recorded among the animals that feed on the plant. Following stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium
sulfate) and the administration ofractivated charcoal, therapy
for poisonings consists of diazepam for spasm and electrolyte replenishment and sodium bicarbonate infusions for any
acidosis that may arise. Intubation and oxygen respiration
may also be necessary.
Pregnancy: In folk medicine, Black Hellebore is used as an
abortifacient.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Black Hellebore is obsolete and
dangerous as a drug in allopathic doses.
98/BLACK HELLEBORE
Daily Dosage: The average dose is 0.05 gm; the maximum
single dose is 0.2 gm; the largest daily dose is 1.0 gm. A
powder with a medium content of 10% is used for head
colds.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Glombitza KW et al., Do roots of Helleborus niger contain
cardioactive substances. In: PM 55:107. 1989.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
reddish-lilac, occasionally white. It contains a straight tube
that grows out of the calyx tube and has a ring of hairs at the
base. It has an elliptoid, slightly domed upper lip, which is
slightly compressed from the outside. There is an equally
long, downward hanging, white-marked lower lip, and an
obovate, often edged or weakly dentate middle lip. The
stamens are slightly hairy at the base and have small,
distinctly spreading pollen sacks. The plant produces a hard
fruit. The nuts are ovoid, 12 mm long and quite smooth.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Horehound is a perennial 0.30 to 1 m
high shrub with a short creeping rhizome and upright, sturdy,
angular, branched stems. The whole plant is pubescent and
fresh green. In the autumn, the plant is often tinged brownviolet. The opposite leaves have a 0.5 to 1 cm long petiole.
The lower leaves are larger and have an ovate to almost
round, 2 cm long by 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide leaf blade. They are
weakly cordate, blunt or wedge-shaped at the base and finely
crenate to roughly and unevenly serrate. Both sides are
pubescent, the upper surface often becoming glabrous and
somewhat glossy.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Characteristics: The whole plant has an unpleasant smell of
essential oil.
Petricic J et al.. Acta Pharm Jugosl 27:127. 1977.
Habitat: The plant is considered to be a weed in western,
central and northern Europe, but was intentionally introduced to the U.S.
Petricic J, Acta Pharm Jugosl 24:179. 1974.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and their effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Pub; HMSO,
UK 1984.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
WiPner W, Kating H, Botanische und phytochemische
Untersuchung an europaischen und kleinasiatischen Arten der
Gattung Helleborus. In: PM 26:128-143, 228-249, 364-374.
1974.
Production: Black Horehound is the aerial part of Ballota
nigra, gathered when in bloom. It is collected in the wild or
from cultivated plants propagated by sowing seeds or
planting cuttings at the end of winter. The harvest is in July
and August. There are no special conditions for drying.
Not to be Confused With: The drug can be confused with
Folia melissae. Adulterations with hybrids of Marubium
vulgare have been found on the market.
Other Names: Black (Stinking) Horehound
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Black Horehound
Diterpenes, marrubiin: 7-acetoxymarrubiin, ballotinon, ballotenol, ballonigrin (to some extent bitter principles)
Ballota nigra
Volatile oil (traces, unpleasant smell)
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The aerial parts of the plant are used
medicinally.
Flower and Fruit: The clearly stemmed flowers are 1 to 1.5
cm long. They are arranged in 4 to 10 fairly loose and often
short-stemmed cymes in the axils of the cauline leaves. The
bracteoles are arrow-shaped and soft. They are half as long
as the funnel-shaped calyx, which is downy to silky-shaggy
haired. The calyx has 5 awned tips. The corolla is usually
Caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic
acid
Tannins
EFFECTS
Horehound acts as a stimulant, antiemetic and antispasmodic; however, the mode of action has not been satisfactorily
explained. According to older literature, a drop in arterial
blood pressure and bradycardia occurred in a dog when it
BLACK MULBERRY/99
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
was injected intravenously with an infusion (2.5g infusion
per kg body weight). When a decoction of the fresh plant
was administered intravenously, the volume of gall secretions tripled within 30 minutes.
^ j F * INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, Horehound is used as a sedative
in cases of hysteria and hypochondria, as a spasmolytic for
stomach cramps and complaints, for whooping cough and to
increase bile flow. Horehound is also used to treat nervous,
upset stomach, nausea and vomiting. In France, it is
traditionally used in the symptomatic treatment of nervous
disorders in adults and children, especially for mila sleep
disorders and for the symptomatic treatment of coughs.
Furthermore, Horehound enemas and suppositories are used
against worm infestation. Externally, Horehound is used for
gout. The drug's efficacy has not been adequately proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
m
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally in the
form of liquid extracts and tinctures. It is also used
externally.
Preparation: Liquid extract: 1:1 in 25% ethanol. Tincture:
1:10 with 45% ethanol. Alcohol tincture from the fresh plant
with 90% alcohol.
Daily Dose: Single dose of the drug is 2 to 4 g (as an
infusion); Liquid extract: 1 to 3 ml; Tincture: 1 to 2 ml.
Black Mulberry
Morus nigra
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe berries and
the root bark.
Flower and Fruit: The plant is monoecious or dioecious. The
greenish flowers are in catkin-like inflorescences. The male
flowers are ovate to cylindrical; the female flowers ovate or
globular. The flowers have a 4-bract involucre, which
enlarges and becomes fleshy in the female flowers. The
female flowers have 2 stigmas, the male flowers have 4
stamens. All of the fruit from the catkins develops into
blackberry-like false berries, which are really a series of
fleshy drupes that are edible and pleasant-tasting.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree grows from 6 to 12 m high.
The bark is gray-brown. The leaves are alternate with flatgrooved, somewhat hairy petioles. They are cordate or ovate.
sessile, unevenly lobed, and serrate with short rough hairs on
the upper surface.
Habitat: The plant is cultivated worldwide in temperate
regions.
Other Names: Purple Mulberry, White Mulberry
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FRUIT
Fruit acids (1.9%): including malic acid, citric acid
Saccharose (10%)
Pectins
Ascorbic acid (0.17%)
LITERATURE
Flavonoids: including, among others rutin
Balansard J, Compt Rend Soc Biol 115:1295-1297. 1933.
COMPOUNDS: IN THE LEAVES
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Nederl 21 (4): 417.
Flavonoids: including among others rutin (2-6%)
Savona G et al., (1976) J Chem Soc (P) 1: 1607-1609.
Savona G et al., (1977) J Chem Soc (P) 1: 322-324 et 497499.
The constituents of the rhizome rind are not known.
£ Savona G et al., La chimica e h'ndustria 58:378. 1976.
Seidel V et al., Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ballota nigra.
In: PM 62(2): 186-187. 1997.
EFFECTS
The active agents are sugar, acids, pectin and rutin, but there
is no information available regarding their effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a mild laxative and in
the treatment of inflammations of the mucous membranes of
the respiratory system.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
100/BLACK MULBERRY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Production: Mustard seeds are the seeds of Brassica nigra.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as a
comminuted drug, juice or syrup.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 to 4 ml of syrup.
LITERATURE
Deshpande VH, (1968) Tetrahedron Lett 1715.
Kern W, List PR Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Glucosinolates: chiefly sinigrin (allylglucosinolates, 1-5%);
grinding the seeds into powder and then rubbing with warm
water (not with hot water because enzymes would be
destroyed), as well as chewing, releases the volatile mustard
oil allylisothiocyanate
Fatty oil (30-35%)
Kimura Y et aL (1986) J Nat Prod 94(4):639.
Proteins (40%)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Phenyl propane derivatives: including sinapine (choline
ester of sinapic acid, 1%)
Nomura T et al., (1983) Planta Med 47:151.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge 1986.
Black Mustard
Brassica
nigra
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds from
which oil is extracted.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are terminal or axillary
and compressed into a semi-sphere. The flowers have 4 free
sepals, 4 free petals, 6 stamens and 1 ovary. The sepals are
3.5 to 4.5 mm long and appear linear because of slits on the
edge. They are yellowish-green, usually glabrous, upright
and slightly splayed. The yellow petals are twice as long as
the calyx, obovate, rounded at the tip and narrowed to a stem
at the base. The ovary is on the receptacle. The style is thin
and has a semi-globose, cushion-like stigma. The fruit is an
erect pod, which is linear and rounded or angular with a thin
dividing wall. It is 10 to 25 mm long and pressed onto the
stem. The seed is globose, brown, matte and punctate.
EFFECTS
The hyperemic effect is the main effect and is employed for
various indications where increased blood flow is desired.
The drug contains glucosinolates whose main constituent,
sinigrin, is converted through enzymatic hydrolysis to allyl
mustard oil. This causes a stabbing pain and an intense
reddening of the skin. Upon contact with the skin, Allylsen
oil causes the severity of the inflammation to increase,
potentially to the extent were blisters and necrosis may
occur.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: External uses include bronchial pneumonia,
sinusitis, pleurisy, lumbago and sciatica for which a mustard
poultice is applied, sometimes to achieve an antirheumatic
effect (mustard spirit 2%). Foot baths and full baths are used
to prompt increased circulation (headaches and mild glaucoma) or to stimulate the cardiopulmonary system (frost bite
and vascular disease).
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include irritation of
the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of Black Mustard is contraindicated in individuals with
gastrointestinal ulcers or inflammatory kidney diseases.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Black. Mustard is an annual that
grows up to 1 m tall and is slim-branched with thin fusiform
roots. The stem grows up to 1 m. It is almost round and
bristly-haired at the base, with a bluish bloom toward the
top. The stem is glabrous with upright branches almost in
bushels. The leaves are petiolate, up to 12 cm long and 5 cm
wide. The lower leaves are grass-green and covered in 1 mm
long bristles. They are pinnatifid and densely dentate, with 2
to 4 obtuse lobes on each side and a large end section. The
upper stem and branch leaves are smaller, usually glabrous
and blue-green, ovate or lanceolate and slightly dentate.
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Gastrointestinal complaints (and, rarely,
kidney irritation) could occur following internal administration, due to fiie mucus-membrane-irritating effect of the
mustard oil. The drug possesses minimal potential for
sensitization; contact allergies have been observed. The
draining effect associated with the drug's administration
makes it inadvisable in the presence of varicosis and venous
disorder.
Habitat: Black Mustard grows in temperate regions
worldwide.
Sneezing, coughing and possible asthmatic attacks can result
from breathing the allylisothiocyanate that arises with the
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
HERBAL
W
preparation and application of mustard poultices. Eyes
should be protected when preparing or using the poultices
because the vapors can cause eye irritation. Long-term
external application or too-intensive reactions upon the skin
can lead to injury such as blister formation, suppurating
ulcerations and necroses. Mustard poultices are to be
removed after no more than 30 minutes.
Drug Interactions: Avoid concomitant use of preparations
containing ammonia, because ammonia with mustard oil
forms inactive thiosinamine.
Pediatric Use: Black Mustard should not be administered to
children under 6 years of age.
OVERDOSAGE
A
Internal overdosage can lead to vomiting, stomach pain and
diarrhea. In severe cases, these can be accompanied by
somnolence, cardiac weakness, breathing difficulties and
even to death through coma. Following installation of
activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (suitable body
position, quiet, warmth), the therapy for poisonings consists
of administering mucilaginosa for the protection of mucus
membranes and generous amounts of fluids. Possible cases
of acidosis should be treated with sodium bicarbonate
infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should
be infused. Cardiac massage, intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Used externally as a mustard
plaster, foot bath or full bath. On rare occasions, Black
Mustard is used as a constituent in antirheumatic preparations and cardiac ointments.
How Supplied: Allyl mustard oil: 1 to 3% solution,
ointments, emulsions and other rubs (including a rheumatism
liniment) are available from commercial sources.
Preparation: To prepare a mustard poultice, mix approximately 100 g mustard flour with lukewarm water and pack in
linen. Use on the chest should not exceed 10 minutes (with a
maximum of 3 to 5 minutes for children). Limit use on the
face to 3 to 4 minutes and take care to avoid the eye area.
When mustard paper is used, it is immersed in warm water
and then placed on the painful area of skin.
W
BLACK
MONOGRAPHS
To prepare a full mustard bath, mix 100 to 200 g mustard
flour with cold water and press through a cloth into the warm
bath. A mustard footbath should be prepared in a bucket or
other container that allows the warm water to extend up the
leg to the desired position. Add 1 to 3 dessertspoons of
mustard flour and stir.
Daily Dosage: The poultice is placed on the chest for about
10 minutes (with a maximum of 3 to 5 minutes for children).
Foot bath use should be limited to 10 minutes.
NIGHTSHADE/101
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute: 3 times daily; chronic once
a day (HAB34).
Storage: The stored drug should be protected from light.
LITERATURE
Halva S et al., Agric Sci Finl 58:157. 1986.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hill CB et al., J Am Soc Hort Sci 112(2):309. 1987.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Black Nightshade
Solanum nigrum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried herb
collected during the flowering season, the whole fresh plant
collected during the flowering season and the whole fresh
plant with berries.
Flower and Fruit: The small white flowers are in 6- to 10blossomed, umbel-like, nodding, axillary inflorescences. The
calyx is 5-tipped and does not drop. The corolla is 5-tipped
with a short tube. There are 5 stamens wim clavate anthers
inclining toward each other. The corolla is rotate and has 1
superior ovary. The fruit is a pea-sized black, occasionally
green or yellow, berry.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Solanum nigrum is an annual plant
10 to 50 cm in height. The stem is erect, leafy and angular
with outward-inclined branches. The leaves are fleshy,
petiolate, rhomboid or ovate. They narrow to a cuneate base,
which is crenate-dentate and glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
1 0 2 / B L A C K NIGHTSHADE
Characteristics: The plant has a musk-like odor when
wilting and is poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is found worldwide.
Production: Black Nightshade is the herb of Solanum
nigrum picked in uncultivated regions (the wild) and dried in
the open air.
Not to be Confused With: Black Nightshade was often called
Petty (a corruption of "petit") Morel, to distinguish it from
the Deadly Nightshade, or Great Morel, as it is also
poisonous but apparently less so.
Other Names: Garden Nightshade, Petty Morel, Poisonberry
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloid glycosides: in the foliage and in unripe fruits
(0-2.0%). Ripe fruits are, as a rule, free of alkaloids.
Chief alkaloids: solasonine, solamargine, P-solamargine
Steroid saponins: with tigogenin as an aglycone
EFFECTS
According to folk medicine, the herb should work as an
antispasmodic, pain reliever, sedative and narcotic; however,
there are no studies available. In animal experiments, the
steroid alkaloid glycosides have a local anesthetic effect,
increase sleep duration and significantly inhibit the occurrence of acetlysalicylic acid-induced stomach ulcers. The
effect is attributed to the inhibition of pepsin and hydrochloric acid secretion.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses resulting from the intake of large quantities of
fresh foliage with high alkaloid content could lead to
gastrointestinal signs of irritation, characterized by queasiness, vomiting, headache and, in rare cases, mydriasis.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is available as a ground
drug, tincture and liquid extract for internal and external use.
Preparation: To prepare a rinse or moist compress, add a
handful of drug to 1 liter of water and boil for 10 minutes. A
tincture is prepared in a ratio of 1:1 with 9 5 % ethanol.
Daily Dosage: Externally, use as a compress or rinse.
Internally, the dose is 10 drops of liquid extract 2 to 3 times
daily, or 5 to 10 gm of tincture daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34)
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Johnson R, Lee JS, Ryan CA, Regulation of expression of a
wound-inducible tomato inhibitor I gene in transgenic
nightshade plants. Plant Mol Biol, 45:349-56, 1990 Mar.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, Black Nightshade is used for
gastric irritation, cramps and whooping cough. Externally,
the herb is used for psoriasis, hemorrhoids, abscesses,
eczema and bruising.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Chinese Medicine: Black Nightshade is used for furuncles,
carbuncles, abscesses, erysipelas, sprains, strains, contusions,
chronic bronchitis and acute hepatitis.
Moundipa PF, Domngang FM, Effect of the leafy vegetable
Solanum nigrum on the activities of some liver drugmetabolizing enzymes after aflatoxin Bl treatment in female
rats. Br J Nutr, 45:81-91, 1991 Jan.
Indian Medicine: Black Nightshade is used for rheumatic
pain, coughs, asthma, bronchitis, wounds, swellings, ulcers,
flatulence, dyspeptic complaints, vomiting, dysuria, earache,
hiccups, eye disease, leprosy and skin diseases.
Ridout CL et al., PA 44:732. 1989.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schreiber K, Kulturpflanze 11:451-501. 1963.
Homeopathic Uses: Black Nightshade is used for cerebral
and meningeal irritation.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Sultana S, Perwaiz S, Iqbal M, Athar M, Crude extracts of
hepatoprotective plants Solanum nigrum and Cichorium intybus
inhibit free radical-mediated DNA damage. J Ethnopharmacol,
45:189-92, 1995 Mar.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Black Pepper
Piper nigrum
DESCRIPTION
<£. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the berries, which
have been freed from the pericarp, and the dried berry-like
fruit, which has been collected before ripening.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are pendulous, axillary
spikes 5 to 15 cm long containing over 100 inconspicuous
white florets. The florets have 1 large ovary with 3 stigmas,
2 stamens and a reduced perianth. Red berry-like drupes
form the 30 to 50 flowers, which are fertilized.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is actually a liane, which
in cultivation is trained on posts or wire. It can grow to over
6 m. The stem is strong and woody, and the leaves are
cordate, glossy and pale green. The leaves are 5 to 10 cm
wide, 8 to 18 cm long and are on 5 cm long petioles.
Habitat: The plant grows wild in southern India and is
cultivated in tropical Asia and the Caribbean.
™
Production: Black Peppers are the dried fruits of Piper
nigrum, harvested before ripening. The whole ears are
plucked and separated from the spindles that have been
dried, or the fruit is first brushed from the spindles and then
dried. Once the shell has been removed, the green stone-fruit
is sun-dried or roasted, after which it blackens.
Not to be Confused With: Foreign fruits of the Piperacae
family. It is most frequently confused with peppershells,
pepper spindles or stiles, i.e. by-products of the extraction of
white pepper from black pepper.
Other Names: Piper, Pepper Bark
BLACK
PEPPER/103
bial effect. It influences liver and metabolic functions, and
has an insecticidal effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include stomach disorders and digestion problems, neuralgia and scabies.
Chinese Medicine: Black Pepper is used for vomiting,
diarrhea and gastric symptoms in China.
Indian Medicine: Indian uses include arthritis, asthma, fever,
coughs, catarrh, dysentery, dyspepsia, flatulence, hemorrhoids, hiccoughs, urethral discharge and skin damage.
Homeopathic Uses: Piper nigrum is used for irritation of the
mucous membranes and galactorrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Black Pepper is used internally for
stomach disorders and externally as an irritant ointment for
neuralgia and scabies.
Daily Dosage: Single doses range from 0.3 to 0.6 gm. The
daily dosage is 1.5 gm.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times a day or from D4: 1 ml injection
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Atal CK et al., (1975) Lloydia 38:256.
Freist W, Der scharfe Geschmack des Pfeffers - Ein altes
Ratsel, nur teilweise gelost. In: Chemie i.u. Zeit 23(3): 135-142.
1991.
COMPOUNDS
Kapil A, Piperine. A Potent Inhibitor of Leishmania donovani
Promastigotes in vitro. In: PM 59(5):474. 1993.
Volatile oil (1.2-2.6%): chief components- sabinene (1525%), limonene (15-20%), caryophyllene (10-15%), betapinene (10-12%), alpha-pinene (8-12%), delta3-carene (5%)
Koul IB, Kapil A. Evaluation of the Liver Protective Potential
of Piperine, an Active Principle of Black and Long Peppers. In:
PM 59(5):413. 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Acid amides (pungent substances): chief components- piperine, additionally including among others piperylin, piperolein A and B, cumaperine
3,4-dihydroxy phenyl ethanol glycosides (substratum for the
enzymatic black colouring of the fresh fruits)
Polysaccharides (45%)
Fatty oil (10%)
EFFECTS
The drug stimulates the thermal receptors and increases
secretion of saliva and gastric mucous. It has an antimicro-
Raina ML et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:198.
Richard ML et al., (1976) J Food Sci 36:584.
Schroder, Buch. In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom,
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
Traxter JT, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1135.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed.
Pub. CRC Press Boca Raton 1975.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
104/BLACK
PEPPER
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Black Root
Leptandra virginica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried rhizome
with the roots. The roots have a very different action
according to whether they are used fresh or dry. The dried
root is milder.
Flower and Fruit: The stems end in terminal, 15 to 25 cm
long spikes of white flowers.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb, which
grows to about 120 cm high. The rhizome is horizontal,
cylindrical, branched and dark red to dark purple-brown on
the outside. The simple, erect stems grow in intervals of 1.2
to 3.2 cm from the rhizome. They are smooth and finely
downy. The leaves are whorled (4 to 7 in one whorl),
lanceolate, on short petioles, pointed and finely serrate.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Black Root is used for chronic constipation
and liver and gallbladder disorders. It is also used as an
emetic.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for diarrhea and
inflammation of the liver and gallbladder.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The emetic
and laxative effects of the drug are used therapeutically.
DOSAGE
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Veronica virginica).
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Habitat: Indigenous to the eastern U.S. but grows elsewhere.
Production: Black Root and its rhizome are the complete
underground parts of Leptandra virginica.
Other Names: Bowman's Root, Physic Root, Hini, Oxadoddy, Tall Speedwell, Tall Veronica, Whorlywort, Culveris
Root
Blackberry
Rubus fruticosus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, roots
and berries.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: composition unknown
Cinnamic acid derivatives: including among others 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid and their
esters
Tannins
The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated.
Flower and Fruit: The white or sometimes pale pink flowers
are in cymes. The calyx is 5-sepaled, the corolla is 5petalled. There are numerous stamens and ovaries. The small
fruit forms a black or reddish-black aggregate fruit, the
blackberry.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a fast-growing, thorny
bush up to 2 m high. The generally blunt stems are densely
covered in tough thorns that creep or curve backward. The
leaves are usually 5-paired pinnate, glabrous above, and gray
to white tomentose beneath.
EFFECTS
The drug has diaphoretic, carminative and cathartic effects.
It is also a cholagogue and a laxative.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and has
naturalized in America and Australia.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Production: Blackberry root bonsists of the underground
parts of Rubus fruticosus as well as its preparations.
Blackberry leaf consists of the dried, fermented or unfermented leaf, gathered during the flowering period, of Rubus
fruticosus as well as its preparations.
Other Names: Blackberry, American, Dewberry, Bramble,
Goutberry, High Blackberry, Thimbleberry
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BLACKBERRY ROOT
Saponins
Tannins
EFFECTS: BLACKBERRY ROOT
There is no reliable information available.
COMPOUNDS: BLACKBERRY LEAF
Fruit acids: including citric acid, isocitric acid
Flavonoids
Tannins (8 to 14%): gallo tannins, dimeric ellagitannins
BLADDERWORT
Daily Dosage: 2 to 5 gm drug. To prepare a tea, scald 1.5 gm
drug, steep for 10 to 15 minutes, strain (1 teaspoon
equivalent to approximately 0.6 gm drug).
LITERATURE
BLACKBERRY LEAF
Henning W, (1981) Lebensm Unters Forsch 173:180.
Gupta RK et al., J Chem Soc Perkin 1:2525. 1982.
Mukherjee M et al., PH 23:2881. 1984.
Wollmann Ch et al., PA 19:456. 1964.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS: BLACKBERRY LEAF
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Blackberry leaf has astringent and antidiarrheal effects due
to the high tannin content.
Henning W, (1981) Lebensm Unters Forsch 173:180.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BLACKBERRY ROOT
105
BLACKBERRY ROOT
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: Blackberry root is used in folk medicine &r.
a prophylaxis for dropsy. It is also used in gastrointestinal
conditions.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
BLACKBERRY LEAF
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Approved by Commission E:
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Bladderwort
Blackberry leaf is used for non-specific, acute diarrhea and
mild inflammation of the mucosa of the oral cavity and
throat.
Utricularia vulgaris
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole plant.
DESCRIPTION
BLACKBERRY ROOT AND LEAF
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Flower and Fruit: The vertical peduncle is 10 to 35 cm high
and bears 4 to 15 flowers in a loose raceme. The petioles are
short and campanulate, 13 to 20 mm long with a bilabiate
margin.
DOSAGE
BLACKBERRY ROOT
No information is available
BLACKBERRY LEAF
Leaves, Stem and Root: Utricularia vulgaris is a water plant,
which appears at flowering time. The water shoot is 60 cm
long with double-rowed leaves facing all directions. The
water leaves are 1 to 8 cm long and have 2 to 3 large lobes.
Each lobe is pinnatifid and ends in numerous tips. There are
8 to 209 tubes per leaf.
Mode of Administration: Balckbeny leaf is available as
crude drug for infusions and other preparations for internal
use, as well as for mouthwashes. The drug is a component of
various tea mixtures.
I Habitat: Europe
1 0 6 /BLADDERWORT
Production: Bladderwort is the whole plant of Utricularia
vulgaris.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried thallus
and the fresh thallus of Bladderwrack.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoids: including globularin, scutellarioside II
Phenylpropane derivatives: 1-p-cumaroyl-glucoside
EFFECTS
The plant has diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory
effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The drug was formerly used internally in the treatment of
urinary tract disorders and externally for burns. The active
substances in Bladderwort increase gallbladder secretions;
consequently, the drug is used to treat skin and mucous
membrane inflammation.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete in many parts
of Germany. Bladderwort is used internally and externally in
other parts of the world.
Preparation: To prepare a diuretic infusion for internal use,
add 2 gm of drug per 100 ml of water. To prepare an antiinflammatory infusion for external use, add 6 gm of drug per
100 ml of water.
Daily Dosage: Internally, as a diuretic infusion, drink two
small cups daily. Externally, the anti-inflammatory infusion
is used in mouthwashes, cleansers, cosmetics and face packs.
Flower and Fruit: Some thallus ends look grainy and it is
here that the reproductive organs are found. The fructifications consisting of 3 cm long ovoid receptacles are found in
the tips of these thalli. They are either cordate or ovately
flattened with grainy bladders.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is often over 1 m long,
olive green when fresh and black brown when dry. The stem
of the thallus is flat, repeatedly bifurcated and has a midrib
along the whole length. Beside this midrib there are often
scattered pores and numerous air-filled bladders.
Habitat: The plant is found on the North Sea coast, the
western Baltic coast, and on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.
Production: Bladderwrack consists of the dried thallus of
Fucus vesiculosus, of Ascophyllum nodosum, or of both
species, as well as their preparations. The algae are harvested
when the tide is out, then washed in fresh water and dried at
60° C.
Other Names: Sea wrack, Kelpware, Black-Tang, Bladder
Fucus, Cutweed, Fucus, Quercus marina, Kelp-Ware,
Rockwrack
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Inorganic iodine salts
Organically-bound iodine: in particular in proteins and
lipids, also present as diiodothyrosine
Polysaccharides: including alginic acid, fucane, fucoidine
(strongly sulfated)
Polyphenold: Phlorotannins
LITERATURE
Baumgartner DL, Laboratory evaluation of the bladderwort
plant, Utricularia vulgaris (Lentibulariaceae), as a predator of
late instar Culex pipiens and assessment of its biocontrol
potential. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 23:504-7, 1987 Sep.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Bladderwrack
Fucus vesiculosus
TRADE NAMES
Bladderwrack (available from numerous manufacturers and
as combination product)
EFFECTS
The drug is antimicrobial, has a hypoglycemic effect in
animal experiments and leads in vitro to hemaglutination of
human erythrocytes because of the polyphenolic substances.
Its use in the treatment of thyroid conditions associated with
hypethyrosis has merit because of the high iodine content.
There is information on its apparent usefulness in weight
reduction, which must be strongly criticized for the reasons
given above.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Bladderwrack are used
internally for diseases of the thyroid, obesity, overweight,
arteriosclerosis and digestive disorders and externally for
sprains.
H E R B A L M O N O G R A P HS
BLESSED THISTLE / 107
Homeopathic Uses: In Homeopathy Fucus vesiculosus is
used for obesity and goitre.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.*
General: Dosages above 150 gm iodide/day carry with them
the danger of induction or worsening of a hyperthyroidism.
For that reason, the drug should no longer be administered
due to its variable iodide content (0.03 - 1%). Allergic
reactions have been known to occur.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Drug Interactions: Bladderwrack has a hypoglycemic effect.
Theoretically, there may be an interaction with other antihyperglycemic medications. Monitor patients carefully if
they are concurrently using glucose lowering agents.
Cnicus benedict us
Blessed Thistle
DOSAGE
TRADE NAMES
Mode of Administration: Bladderwrack is available as drops
and fluid extract for internal use.
Blessed Thistle is available from a number of manufacturers.
How Supplied: Fluid Extract: 1:1
Medicinal Parts: The dried leaves and upper stems, including the inflorescence, and the flowering parts of the plant.
DESCRIPTION
Daily Dosage:
Infusion — single dose: 5 to 10 gm drug 3 times daily.
Extract — single dose: 4 to 8 ml 3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
Maximum daily intake of iodine is limited to 120 Llg.
Storage: Should be protected from light.
LITERATURE
Beress A, Wassermann O, Bruhn T, Beress L, A new
procedure for the isolation of anti-HIV compounds
(polysaccharides and polyphenols) from the marine alga Fucus
vesiculosus. In: JNP 56(4):478-488. 1993.
Criado MT et al., (1983) IRC Med Sci 11(3):286.
Curro F et al., (1976) Arch Med Interna 28(1): 19.
Frohne D, Phytotherapeutika und Schilddruse. In: Intern Praxis
32(1)158. 1992.
Glombitza KW et al., (1977) Planta Med 32(1):33.
Glombitza KW, Lentz G (198'i) Tetrahedron 37(22):3861.
Phillips DJH (1979) Environ Pollut 18(1):31.
Quang-Liem P, Laur MH (1974) Biochimie 56(677):925.
Quang-Liem P, Laur MH (1976) Biochimie 58(11/12): 1367,
Stahl E et al., DAZ 115:1893. 1975.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Flower and Fruit: The blossom is a pale yellow composite,
its solitary flower sessile on the tips of the twigs. The florets
are tubular. The few lateral florets are sterile, have 3-part
borders and are smaller than the numerous androgynous
florets. The epicalyx is ovate. The inner bracts end in a long,
rigid and pinnatifid thorn. The outer bracts terminate in a
simple thorn. They are broad, leafy and connected with the
cordate-oblong leaflets of the epicalyx by numerous web-like
hairs. The fruit has a tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The
high. The stems are heavily
and glutinous pubescent. The
to pinnatifid, thorny-dentate,
thistle grows to 30 to 50 cm
branched, thistle-like, villous
leaves are oblong, emarginate
and roughly reticulate.
Characteristics: The plant has a strong and bitter taste.
Habitat: The thistle comes from southern Europe but is
cultivated in other regions of the continent.
Production: Blessed Thistle herb consists of the dried leaves
and upper stems, including inflorescence, of Cnicus
benedictus.
Other Names: St. Benedicts Thistle, Cardin, Holy Thistle,
Spotted Thistle
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpene lactone-bitter principles: chief components
cnicin, additionally, salonitenolide, artemisiifolin
Lignans (also bitter):
tracheloside
trachelogenin,
arctigenin,
nor-
1 0 8 / B L E S S E D THISTLE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Volatile oil: components including n-nonane, n-undecane, n-i- , Harnischfeger G,
tridecane, dodeca-l,ll-dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain (polyyne), p-cyUrzua A, Acuna
mene, fenchon, citral, cinnamaldehyde
Vanhaelen-Fastre
Triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, multiflorenol
Vanhaelen-Fastre
Flavonoides:
astragalin
including
apigenin-7-O-glucoside,
luteolin,I,
EFFECTS
The main constituent is the amaroid cnicin, which iss
antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antitumoural. The amaroidss
stimulate the secretion of saliva and gastric juices. In animal1
tests an anti-edemic effect was demonstrated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Stolze H, notabene medici 11:652. 1981.
P, (1983) Fitoterapia 4:175
R, PM 24:165. 1973.
R, Vanhaelen M. (1976) Planta Med 29:179.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
Approved by Commission E:
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Unproven Uses: St. Benedict Thistle is used as a cholagogue.
Internal folk medicine applications include loss of appetite,
anorexia, fever and colds, and as a diuretic. External
application for wounds and ulcers is noted.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
St. Benedict Thistle is not to be used during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
drug exhibits a strong potential for sensitization (crossreactions with mugwort and cornflower, among others);
however, allergic reactions have been seen only rarely.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and dried
extracts for infusions or other bitter-tasting galenic preparations for internal use.
How
Supplied:
Capsules — 340 mg, 360 mg
Extract — 1:1
Tablets
Preparation: Infusions are prepared by pouring boiling water
over 1.5 to 2 gm of drug, allowing to set, then straining after
10 to 20 minutes.
Daily Dosage: Four to 6 gm of drug. The dosage for the
aromatic bitter is 1 cup 1/2 hour before meals. One cup of tea
is taken 3 times a day.
LITERATURE
Banhaelen M, Vanhaelen-Fastre R, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:
2709.
Farnsworth NR et al., (1975) J Pharm Sci 64(4):535.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Bloodroot
Sanguinaria canadensis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are roots and the whole
plant.
Flower and Fruit: The plant bears a white flower with 8 to
12 petals on a 15 cm long scape. It is wax-like and has
golden stamens. The seed is an oblong, narrow capsule
approximately 2.5 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows to about
15 cm high. The rhizome is thick, round, fleshy and slightly
curved at the end. It is 2.5 to 10 cm long and has orange-red
rootlets. The 1 basal palmately-lobed leaf appears when the
flower dies. The down-covered, grayish green leaf is
clasping, 15 to 25 cm long and has 5 to 9 lobes. Protruding
ribs are recognizable on the under surface.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the northeastern U.S.
Production: Canadian Bloodroot is the root-stock (rhizome)
of Sanguinaria canadensis.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Other Names: Indian Paint, Tetterwort, Red Root, Paucon,
Coon Root, Snakebite, Sweet Slumber, Indian Plant, Pauson,
Sanguinaria
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the benzophenanthridine type (47%): chief alkaloid sanguinarine, further including among
others, chelerythrine. oxysanguinarine: protoberberine-type:
berberine, coptisine: protopine-type: protopine. alpha- and
beta-allocryptopine
Resins
Starch
EFFF.CTS
The alkaloid sanguinarin is antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory. Its use as an antiplaque agent and for gingivitis is
plausible and has been documented in diverse studies. The
alkaloids initially act as a narcotic, causing severe cramping
that is followed by a local paralysis of sensitive nerve
endings.
BLUE COHOSH/109
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Blue Cohosh
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Caulophyllum
The drug was formerly used as an expectorant, as an active
antiplaque agent, and as a mouthwash.
TRADE NAMES
CONTRAINDICATIONS
thalictroides
Blue Cohosh Root Liquid (available from numerous manufacturers and as a combination product)
Bloodroot is not to be used during pregnancy.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
The drug has an emetic effect in dosages above 0.03 g, and
was previously used therapeutically. Higher dosages of the
drug severely irritate the mucus membranes. Overdoses can
cause vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal colic, and possible
collapse.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete in most
countries. Bloodroot is still used in homeopathic preparations, as an ingredient in some pharmaceutical preparations,
and as a component of toothpaste and mouthwashes.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Medizinische Mundpflege mit Sanguinaria-Extrakt. In:
DAZ 131(l6):XLH. 1991.
Collins KR, Pat. EP 25649 (1981) Europe.
Elliott JQ, Pat. US 4515779 (1985) USA.
Ladanyi P, Pat. CH 638973 (1983) Switzerland.
Maiti M et al., Febs Lett 142:280.
Medicinal Parts: Medicinal parts are the dried rhizome and
roots and preparations of the fresh roots.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence on the terminal leaf is
panicled, 3 to 6 cm long and surrounded by a leaf-like bract.
The flowers are yellowish-green to purple and are 1 cm in
diameter. The 6 sepals are arranged in 2 rows. The 6 petals
are markedly reduced, inconspicuous and gland-like. The 6
stamens are as long as the petals. The ovary opens before it
is ripe and contains 2 dark blue 5 to 8 mm long, roundish
seeds on solid stems. These resemble drupes because of the
fleshy seed-shell.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a leafy, 30 to 70 cm
high erect perennial with a brownish-gray, branched rhizome. The leaves are inserted in the middle of the shoot with
a large, almost sessile leaf, which is tri-pinnate and
resembles 3 foliage leaves. The leaflets are stemmed,
obovate, finely divided into 3 lobes, and wedge-shaped at the
base.
Characteristics: Taste is sweetish, then bitter; almost
odorless.
Habitat: The plant is found in the damp woods of the eastern
part of North America.
1 1 0 / B L U E COHOSH
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Production: Blue Cohosh is the dried root and root-stock of
Caulophyllum thalictroides. It is collected in the wild.
Preparation: Infusion (no specifications); liquid extract 1:1,
in ethanol 70% (V/V)
Other Names: Papoose Root, Squawroot, Blueberry Root,
Beechdrops, Blue Ginseng, Yellow Ginseng
Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 0.3 to 1 gm of
drug; 0.5 to 1 ml of liquid extract.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules 30 to 60
minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally:
1 to 2 ml 3 times a day sc (HAB34).
COMPOUNDS
Quinolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids (-)-anagyrines, (-)N-methyl-cytisines, and (-)-baptifoline
Isoquinoline alkaloids: magnoflorine
Triterpene saponins: caulophyllosaponin
Caulosapogenin
LITERATURE
Benoit PS et al., (1976) Lloydia 39:160.
Di Carlo FI et al., (1964) J Reticuloendothelial Soc 1:224.
Flom MS et al., (1967) J Pharm Sci 56:1515-1517.
Strigina LI et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 15:1583.
EFFECTS
Strigina LI et al., (1976) Khim Prir Soedin 5:619.
An unspecified glycoside, which has been localized from the
drug and then injected into the ears of rabbits, causes a
strong local irritation. Applying a solution into the rabbit's
eyes leads to inflammation. Glycoside is supposed to have an
oxytoxic effect.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
The weak estrogenic, spasmolytic effect is probably caused
by, as yet unknown constituents; the ensuing nicotine effect
is possibly caused by N-methylcytisine.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally it has been used for amenorrhoea,
dysmenorrhoea, threatened miscarriage, contraction-like
spasms, rheumatic symptoms, and in particular conditions
resulting from uterus atonia.
Indian Medicine: In India, die drug is known as a treatment
for gynecological disorders. In English and American
medicine, the drug has been used since the beginning of the
20th century for worm infestation, dehydration, menstrual
ailments, cramps, and mainly to stimulate contractions and
act as an antispasmodic during labor.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses include for problems of menstruation and labor, as well as rheumatism of the fingers and toes.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Pregnancy: The drug should not be taken during the first
three months of pregnancy due to its estrogenic effect and
possible teratogenic action of the anagyrines.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as a
decoction or a liquid extract.
How Supplied:
Liquid — 1:1
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Bog Bean
Menyanthes
trifoliata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried
herb.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white or reddish-white,
medium-sized and have many blossomed racemes on long,
leafless peduncles. There are 5 sepals. The corolla is fused
with 5 tips and is pubescent inside. There are 5 reddish
stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is an ovate capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Menyanthes trifoliata is a perennial
green, glabrous aquatic plant that grows from 15 to 30 cm
high. The herb has a small, finger-thick creeping rhizome.
The decumbent stem varies in length according to conditions. Leaf sheaths surround the stem. The leaves are on
long, fleshy, grooved petioles. They are trifoliate, 5 cm long
and 2.5 cm wide, and have obovate leaflets.
Characteristics: The herb has a strong bitter taste.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia and
| America.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
BOG B I L B E R R Y / 1 1 1
Production: Bog Bean leaf consists of the leaf of Menyanthes trifoliata.
Other Names: Buck Bean, Bog Myrtle, Brook Bean, Marsh
Clover, Moonflower. Trefoil, Water Shamrock
^
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for teas and
other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use.
COMPOUNDS
Preparation: Pour boiling water over 0.5 to 1 g of the finely
cut drug (1 teaspoonful = 0.9 g) or place the drug in cold
water and bring rapidly to a boil. Allow either preparation to
steep for 5 to 10 minutes, then strain.
fridoide monoterpenes (bitter principles): chief components
7', 8'-dihydrofoliamenthin, additionally including among
others sweroside, loganin, menthiafolin, foliomenthin
How Supplied: The drug is a component of standardized
preparations of various tonics.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Monoterpene alkaloids: including gentianin E
Flavonoids:
trifolin
including
Hydroxycoumarins:
among
others
rutin,
hyperoside,
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 1.5 to 3 g of the
drug. The dosage for the infusion is 1/2 cup, unsweetened,
before each meal.
LITERATURE
scopoletin
Battersby AR et al.. (1967) J Chem Soc Chem Commun. 1277.
Ciaceri G. (1972) Fitoterapia 43:134.
Caffeic acid derivatives
Pyrridine alkaloids: including gentianine, gentianidine
Triterpene glycosides: lupeol, beta-amyrenol, betulin, betulinic acid, alpha-spinasterol, stigmast-7-enol
Janeczko Z et al.. A triterpenoid glycoside from Menyanthes
trifoliata. In: PH 29(12):3885-3887. 1990.
Junior P, Weitere Untersuchungen zur Verteilung und Straktur
der Bitterstoffe von Menyanthes trifoliata. In: PM 32(12): 112.
1989.
Phillipson JD, Anderson LA. (1984) Pharm J 233:80 et 111.
^
EFFECTS
The drug stimulates saliva and gastric juice secretion. An
antimicrobial effect has been demonstrated in vitro.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
Because it is a bitter and promotes gastric secretion, the drug
is used for loss of appetite and peptic discomfort.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses, particularly in European countries, include diseases of the digestive system and
fevers.
Chinese Medicine: Insomnia, weak stomach and intestines,
spleen disorders, intermittent fever, headache, breathing
difficulties, amenorrhea, ear ache, jaundice, edema, gout,
scabies and furuncles are among the applications in Chinese
medicine.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
JP*
Use of the drug is contraindicated for patients with diarrhea,
dysentery or colitis.
Swaitek L et al., (1986) Planta Med 6:60P.
Tumon H et al.. The effect of Menyanthes trifolita L. on acute
renal failure might due to PAF-inhibition. In: Phytomedicine
1:39-45. 1994.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1., 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press Boca Raton 1975.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Oeorg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Bog Bilberry
OVERDOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Symptoms of overdose include vomiting and diarrhea.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried ripe fruit.
Vaccinium uliginosum
112/BOG
BILBERRY
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in axils of small
leaves at the end of short lateral branches. They are hanging
and white or reddish in color. The pedicle is encircled at the
base with a light brown bud husk. The calyx is fused with the
ovary. The fruit is a round or pear-shaped, blue-frosted, 7 to
10 cm long, multi-seeded berry. The light brown seeds are
sickle-shaped with sharp ends, and have a punctate-reticulate
skin.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an angular shrub up to
80 cm high with round, gray-brown, glabrous branches and a
creeping rhizome. The leaves are deciduous, obovate or
oblong, entire, tough and short-petioled. The undersurface
has a protruding, reticulate vein system and is blue-green.
The upper surface of the leaves is light matte-green to almost
white.
Habitat: The plant is common throughout the Northern
Hemisphere.
Production: Bog Bilberries and leaves are the ripe fruit and
leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum. The collection or picking
occurs in uncultivated regions. The drug is either air-dried in
the shade or dried artificially.
Not to be Confused With: The Bog Bilberry has smaller
flowers and berries than the common Bilberry (Vaccinium
myrtillus; see separate entry).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
OVERDOSAGE
Signs of poisoning following consumption of large quantities
of the fruits have occurred very rarely. Signs include
queasiness, vomiting, states of intoxication, feelings of
weakness and visual disorders. Presumably, these poisonmgs
can be traced back to the plant being infested with the lower
fungus Sclerotinia megalospora.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as a
liquid extract (tea).
Preparation: To prepare a tea, pour 250 ml of cold water
over 2 heaping teaspoons of drug; steep for 10 to 12 hours
and strain.
Daily Dosage: Drink 1 cup of the prepared tea, unsweetened,
once or twice a day.
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
C O M P O U N D S : IN THE LEAVES
Tannins: catechin tannins
Triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, friedelin, ursolic acid
Sterols: beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosteroI-3-O-beta-glucoside
Flavonoids: including hyperoside
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Giftstoffe mikrobieller Endo- und
Epiphyten. Gefahren fur Mensch und Tier. In: DAZ
I32(42):2231. 1992.
C O M P O U N D S : IN T H E F R U I T S
Anthocyans: including chief components: malvidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidine-3-O-glucoside, delphinidine-3-O-arabinoside
Organic acids: including benzoic acid
Flavonoids: including hyperoside, myricetin, myricetin-5'methyl ether
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Bog Bilberry is used for gastric and
intestinal catarrh, diarrhea and bladder complaints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Boldo
Peumus boldo
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are racemes of whitish
or pinkish campanulate flowers. The berries are small,
yellowish-green and edible.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a strongly aromatic,
heavily branched evergreen shrub 5 to 6 m tall. The leaves
are sessile, opposite, oval, about 5 cm long with an entire
and slightly revolute margin. They are rather thick and
coriaceous with a protruding midrib and a row of small
glands on the upper surface. Both surfaces are slightly
pubescent.
BONESET
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Characteristics: Boldo has a bitter, aromatic odor and a
camphoraceous, lemony taste.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Chile and Peru. It is
naturalized in mountainous Mediterranean regions and on the
western coast of the U.S.
Production: Boldo leaf consists of the dried leaves of
Peumus boldus.
Other Names: Boldu, Boldus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
113
LITERATURE
Belts TJ, J Chromatogr 511:373. 1990.
Bombardelli E et al., (1976) Fitoterapia 47:3.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Eds.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlas
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Kreitmar H, (1952) Pharmazie 7:507.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-5.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the aporphine type (0.25-0.5%):
main alkaloid boldine (0.1%)
Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und .Teil II).
In: ZPT 16(l):13-20 u. 77-89. 1995.
Volatile oil (2-39c): chief components are p-cymene, cineol,
ascaridiole
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzendfte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flavonoids: including rhamnetin-3-0-arabinoside-3'-0rhamnoside (peumoside), isorhamnetin-3-0-glucoside-7-0rhamnoside
(boldoside),
isorhamnetin
dirhamnoside
(fragroside)
EFFECTS
Boldo has been shown to be antispasmodic, choleretic and to
increase gastric secretions.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges..
Stuttgart 1997.
Urzua A, Acuna P, (1983) Fitoterapia 4:175.
Wichtl M (Eds.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsge-s.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wolters B, Arzneipflanzen und Volksmedizin Chiles. In: DAZ
134(39):3693. 1994.
• Dyspeptic complaints
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Boldo is contraindicated in patients with bile duct obstruction and those with severe liver diseases. Patients who have
gallstones should consult a physician before using the drug.
Boneset
Eupatorium perfoliatum
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The volatile oil should not be used, because it
contains up to 40% of the toxin ascaridole.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb after
flowering.
OVERDOSAGE
Signs of paralysis are reported to appear following intake of
very high dosages. A case is described in the older scientific
literature in which depression, color hallucinations, sound
hallucinations and partial motor aphasia occurred following
the consumption of boldine over a period of months.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and
other, virtually ascaridol-free preparations for internal application. Because of the ascaridol content, essential oil and
distillates of Boldo leaf should not be used.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 4.5 gm
Flower and Fruit: There are numerous flower heads in
terminal, large and slightly convex cymose-paniculate inflorescences. They consist of 10 to 12 white, inconspicuous
florets with bristly pappus whose hairs are arranged in a
single row. The fruit is a tufted achene.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Eupatorium perfoliatum is a
perennial herb with a horizontal hairy rootstock. The stems
are rough-haired and grow to about 1.5 m. The leaves are
opposite, 10 to 15 cm long, lanceolate, crenate, tapering to
narrow point and fused at the base. They have shiny yellow
points due to the resin glands, which are visible on the
undersurface.
Characteristics: The taste is astringent and persistendy
bitter.
114/BONESET
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Habitat: The herb is indigenous to the eastern U.S.
Production: Boneset is the complete aerial part of Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Other Names: Agueweed, Crosswort, Feverwort, Indian
Sage, Sweating Plant, Teasel, Thoroughwort, Vegetable
Antimony
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including eupatorin, astragalin, rutin, hyperoside
Sesquiterpene lactones: including eupafolin,
eufoliatin, eufoliatorin, euperfolide
Jmmunostimulating
polysaccharides
euperfolitin,
(heteroxylans)
EFFECTS
The herb acts as an antiphlogistic, a diaphoretic and a bitter,
in addition to stimulating the body's immune system. In a
comparative study of the homeopathic preparation Eupatorium D2 with aspirin in the treatment of feverish catarrh, a
similar positive tendency was observed. In vitro, the
phagocytic action of granulocytes was increased.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Woerdenbag HJ, Eupatorium perfoliatum L.- der
"durchwachsene" Wasserhanf. In: ZPT 13(4): 134-139. 1992.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Unproven Uses: On rare occasions, Boneset is used in folk
medicine.
Homeopathic Uses: Boneset is used as a treatment for flu
and febrile diseases.
Borage
Borago
officinalis
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Sensitization after skin contact with the plant is possible.
Older scientific literature (Lewin) calls attention to the fact
that the drug can lead to enhanced outbreaks of sweat and
diarrhea in therapeutic use.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Boneset is used in homeopathic
preparations and dilutions.
LITERATURE
Antibiotika und Immunabwehr. In: Symbiose 4(2):20. 1992.
Benoit PS et al., (1976) Lloydia 39:160.
Bohlmann F et al., (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1973.
Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch HH, Gallati H,
Schulte Monting J, Kleist von S et al., Cytokine production in
leukocyte cultures during therapy with echinacea extract. In: J
Clin Lab Analysis 10(6):441-445. 1996.
Herz W et al., (1977) J Org Chem 42(13):2264.
Vollmar A et al., (1986) Phytochemistry 25:377.
Wagner H (1972) Phytochemistry 11:1504.
TRADE NAMES
Borage Oil capsules
manufacturers.
are
available
from
numerous
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Borage
flowers and the dried or fresh foliage, stems and leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in separate, terminal,
erect, leafy racemes. The calyx is divided almost to the base
into 5 rough-haired tips. The 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide corolla is
usually sky blue (occasionally white) and has a short tube.
The scales of the tube are white. The 5 stamens have a
broadened filament and a violet, spur-like appendage. The
anthers are black-violet. The style is thread-like with a headlike stigma. The ovary is divided into 4 valves. The small nut
js elongate-ovate, about 7 to 10 mm long, light brown,
keeled, ribbed, warty and rough.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Borage is an annual, succulent,
bristly-haired herb, 15 to 60 cm high. The erect, vertically
grooved stems are covered in rough, whitish hairs. The
leaves are alternate, clasping, solitary, entire-margined and
hairy. They are also folded, curved in at the margins, green
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
on top and whitish on the underside. The leaves are 3 to 10
cm long and elliptoid to ovate.
Characteristics: Borage has a taste similar to cucumber.
Habitat: Borage originated in the Mediterranean region, but
<qfe is now found all over Europe and the U.S.
Production: Borage oil is the fatty oil of the seeds of Borago
officinalis. Borage leaves are the dried leaves and inflorescence of Borago officinalis. The herb most often grows wild,
but is cultivated on a small scale in Yugoslavia, Rumania,
Bulgaria and Turkey. Borage is harvested during the
flowering period. Due to the plant's very high water content,
it should be artificially dried at 40°C.
Not to be Confused With: The herb can be confused with
Echium vulgare.
Other Names: Burrage, Bugloss, Burage
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : B O R A GE OIL
Fatty oil: chief fatty acid is gamma-linolenic acid (17-25%),
linoleic acid
BORAGO O F F I C I N A L I S / 1 1 5
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BORAGE OIL
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
BORAGE L E A F
Even though the hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid content is small, the drug should not be
administered. External use may present less of a potential for
problems.
DOSAGE
B O R A G E OIL
Mode of Administration: In capsules, sometimes in combination with vitamins.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 500mg, 1000 mg
BORAGE LEAF
Storage: The drug should be protected from light and
moisture.
LITERATURE
E F F E C T S : B O R A G E OIL
^ The drug acts as an astringent and as a sequestering agent.
COMPOUNDS: BORAGE LEAF
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: supinin, lycopsamin, 7-acetyl-lycopsamin, intermedin, 7-acetyl- intermedine, amabiline,
thesinine
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Silicic acid (to some extent water-soluble)
Ippen H, Gamma-Linolensaure besser aus Nachtkerzen- oder aus
Borretschol? In: ZPT 16(3): 167-170. 1995.
Mucilages
Luthy J et al., (1984) Pharm Acta Helv 59 (9/10): 242.
Tannins
EFFECTS: BORAGE LEAF
The tannins in Borage leaves have an astringent effect and
the mucins a sequestering effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BORAGE OIL
Unproven Uses: The oil is used for neurodermatitis and as a
food supplement.
BORAGE LEAF
w
B O R A G E OIL
Fell KR, Peck JM, (1968) Planta Med 4: 411.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Borage is used as a
sequestering and mucilaginous agent for coughs and throat
illnesses and as a bronchial treatment. It is also used as an
anti-inflammatory agent for kidney and bladder disorders, as
an astringent and to treat rheumatism. Preparations using
Borage are also used for blood purification and dehydration;
the prevention of chest and peritoneal inflammation and
rheumatism of the joints; as a pain-relieving, cardiotonic,
sedative, sudorific; as a performance-enhancing agent; and
for phlebitis and menopausal complaints.
BORAGE LEAF
Dodson CD, Stermitz FR, JNP 49(4):727-728. 1986.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Larson KM, Stermitz FR, JNP 47(4):747-748. 1984.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Borago officinalis
See Borage
1 1 6 / B O S W E L L I A CARTERI
Boswellia carteri
See Frankincense
Boxwood
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine preparations were used
internally for rheumatism and constipation (decoction), as a
diaphoretic (aqueous extract), for malaria (tincture) and
pneumonia (ethanol extract), and externally for rashes, hair
loss, gout and rheumatic complaints (ointment)
Buxus sempervirens
Homeopathic Uses: Buxus sempervirens is used for greasy
scalp with dandruff and for hair loss.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Boxwood
tree leaves and the woody aerial parts of the plant.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Contact dermatitis, in particular through contact
with the freshly harvested plant, is possible.
Flower and Fruit: Clusters of axillary yellow flowers open
in early spring. The male flowers are evenly shaped and have
4 tepals, 4 stamens and a small rudimentary ovary. The
female flowers have 4 to 8 tepals, 3 fused carpels with 3 free,
short, thick styles. The fruit is a capsule with oblong. 5 to 6
mm long seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Boxwood is an evergreen monoecious shrub or tree growing to a height of 6 m with variable
forms and leaf shapes. The green branches are initially
pubescent, later glabrous, olive green, angular and densely
covered with ovate leaves, which are usually opposite. The
upper surface of the leaves is smooth, coriaceous, dark green
and very glossy. The lower surface is lighter in shade, and
the lamina margin is smooth.
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of toxic dosages of the drug leads to vomiting,
diarrhea, severe clonic spasms, eventually to signs of
paralysis and ultimately to fatal asphyxiation. The fatal
dosage in dogs is O.l gm of the alkaloid mixture/kg body
weight (approximately 5 to 10 gm of the drug/kg body
weight). The treatment for poisonings proceeds through
suppression of the spasms with diazepam or barbiturates (no
more than absolutely necessary) followed by gastric lavage
and possible oxygen respiration. Phenothiazines and analeptics are not to be administered.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Boxwood is obsolete as a drug.
Characteristics: The leaves have a nauseous taste.
Habitat: The plant is found mainly in southern and central
Europe with a clear division into east and west regions, i.e.,
northwest Spain and southern France in the west and the
Balkans to northern Greece and Asia Minor in the east. It is
otherwise extensively cultivated.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, l tablet or 5 to 10
globules, 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc
twice weekly. (HAB34)
LITERATURE
Atta-ur-Rahman et al., Alkaloids from Buxus species. In: PH
31(8):2933-2935. 1992.
Production: Boxwood leaves are the leaves of Buxus
sempervirens. They are collected from the wild.
Atta-ur-Rahman et al.. New alkaloids from Buxus sempervirens.
In: JNP 52:1319-1322. 1989.
Other Names: Dudgeon, Bush Tree
Atta-ur-Rahman et al., Steroidal alkaloids from leaves of Buxus
sempervirens. In: PH 30(4): 1295-1298. 1991.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und.Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloids: including cyclobuxine-D, cyclobuxine-B,
cycloprotobuxine-A, cycloprotobu
EFFECTS
The. cycloprotobuxine in the drug was shown to have a
cytotoxic effect in vitro as well as an inhibitory effect on the
growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis.
In animal tests, an inhibition of motility, including tetanus,
spinal paralysis and respiratory paralysis, was demonstrated.
A hypotensive effect has been described.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Khodshaev BU et al., (1984) Khim Prir Soedin 6:802.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Willaman JJ. Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A):1.
BRAZILIAN PEPPER T R E E / 1 1 7
harvested in winter (May to August) and then air- or freezedried.
Other Names: Christmas-Berry Tree, Florida Holly
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Brassica napus
See Oilseed Rape
Brassica nigra
See
Black
Mustard
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (2.0 to W.0%): chief components including
limonene, alpha-phellandrene, beta-phellandrene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, including as well p-cymol, sabinene,
terpinolene, in some chemical varieties up to 50% delta3carene
Alkyl phenols
cardolenes
(0.1%):
cardanols,
cardols,
2-methyl
Fatty oil (in the seeds 20 to 60%)
Brassica oleracea
See
Cabbage
Flavonoids:
including
amentoflavone
biflavonoids,
for
example
Triterpenes: masticadienonic acid, 3-epimasticadienonic acid
EFFECTS
* Brassica rapa
See
Wild Turnip
Brazilian Pepper Tree
Schinus terebinthifolius
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Medicinal properties have been attributed
to the bark, leaves, fruit and seeds.
Flower and Fnut: The flowers are in panicles up to 15 cm
long. The flowers are small, ivory white to greenish, and the
structures are in five. The calyx is 5-tipped. There are 5
petals, 10 stamens and a superior ovary developing from a
single carpel and a style in 3 sections. The fruit is a bright
pink to red, glossy, single-drupe with a diameter of
approximately 5 mm, a thin pergament-like exocarp, an oleoresin-rich mesocarp and a hard endocarp.
4&
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves are alternate, up to 40 cm
long, odd pinnate, with 7 to 13 leaflets up to 8 cm long, 1 to
2 cm wide, sessile, elongate, glossy, finely serrate or jaggededged. The branches do not hang down.
Characteristics: The fruit is aromatic and sweetish.
Habitat: Indigenous to Central America and South America.
Production: Brazilian peppers (Pink peppers) are the ripe
unpeeled seeds of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, which are
The "antibiotic activity" with which the drug is credited has
not yet been proven. Its use on wounds and inflammatory
alterations of the skin appears plausible, due to the antimicrobial, astringent and anti-inflammatory characteristics of
the gallic acid it contains.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internal folk medicine uses have included
treatment of tumors and as a diuretic. In Brazil, a liquid
extract and tincture are prepared from the bark and used
internally as a stimulant, tonic and astringent, and externally
for rheumatism, gout and syphilis. The leaf and fruit have
been added to baths for wounds and ulcers. (Hager, 1949.)
The effect seems plausible due to the gallic acid content but
has not yet been sufficiently clinically proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages, although
there is some danger of sensitization (alkyl phenols).
Sensitizations occur particularly frequently in North America. Stomach upset and vomiting have been observed
following the ingestion of a number of the fruits.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Should not be administered to individuals with a pre-existing
sensitivity to alkyl phenols.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole drug, tincture and extract for
internal and external use.
Daily Dosage: There is no information in the literature.
1 1 8 / B R A Z I L I A N PEPPER TREE
Storage: Store tightly sealed and protected from light in a
cool* dry place.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Haridbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hayashi T, Nagayama K, Arisawa M, Shimizu M, Suzuki S,
Yoshizaki M, Morita N, Ferro E, Basualdo I, Berganza LH,
Pentagalloylglucose, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor from a
Paraguayan crude drug, Molle-i (Schinus terebinthifolius). J Nat
Prod, 39:210-1, 1989 Jan-Feb.
Jain MK, Yu BZ. Rogers JM, Smith AE, Boger ET, Ostrander
RL, Rheingold AL, Specific competitive inhibitor of secreted
phospholipase A2 from berries of Schinus terebinthifolius.
Phytochemistry, 39:537-47, 1995 Jun.
Ramos Ruiz A, De la Torre RA, Alonso N, Villaescusa A,
Betancourt J, Vizoso A, Screening of medicinal plants for
induction of somatic segregation activity in Aspergillus
nidulans. J Ethnopharmacol, 39:123-7, 1996 Jul 5.
Brewer's Yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the mature, debittered, bottom-fermented Brewer's Yeast.
Flower and Fruit: The cells may be single, in pairs, in chains
or aggregate. On a suitable solid fertile base the individual
cell colonies have smooth margins, are slightly convex to flat
and are whitish to cream-yellow. Older individual colonies
are slightly raised, smooth or slightly lobed (sometimes in
sections), or folded, and are yellowish to light brown. The
vegetative reproduction is via multilateral budding. Ascospores are produced from the vegetative cells. There are
normally 1 to 4, occasionally more, round, smooth-walled
ascospores per ascus.
Characteristics: Brewer's Yeast is found extensively in the
wild, and it lives as a saprophytic parasite or symbiotically.
Habitat: Brewer's Yeast is grown worldwide.
Production: Medicinal yeast consists of fresh or dried cells
of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or of Candida utilis.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Vitamins of the B group (per 100 gm): thiamin 8-15 mg,
riboflavin 4-8 mg, nicotinic acid amide 45-90 mg, pantothenic acid 7-25 mg, pyridoxine 4-10 mg, biotin 20 jig, folic acid
1-5 mg, vitamin B-12 20 fig
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Polysaccharides: mannans, glucans
Proteins
Amines
Sterols: ergosterol, zymosterol
EFFECTS
The yeast is antibacterial and stimulates phagocytosis.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Eczema, furuncles, acne
• Loss of appetite
Unproven Uses: Brewer's Yeast is used for constipation and
itching skin diseases.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. The intake of large quantities can cause gas.
Allergic intolerance reactions are possible (itching, urticaria,
exanthema, Quinck's disease). Migraine headaches can be
triggered in susceptible patients.
Drug Interactions: The simultaneous intake of monoamine
oxidase inhibitors can cause an increase in blood pressure.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Medicinal yeast and galenic preparations are available for internal use. Pharmaceutical forms
include tablets and compound preparations.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 6 gm.
Storage: Store in air-tight containers protected from light.
LITERATURE
Aflmann C, Mikroorganismen:Bioth2rapeutika bei
Infektionskrankheiten. In: DAZ 136(46):4136-4137. 1996.
Anonym, Hefepraparate haben sich bewahrt. In: PTA 5(9):433.
1991.
Bockeler W, Thomas G, (1989): In-vitro-Studien zur
destabilisierenden Wirkung lyophilisierter Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Hansen CBS 5926-Zellen auf Enterobakterien. Lafk
sich diese Eigenschaft biochemisch erklaren? In, Miiller J,
Ottenjann R, Seifert J (Hrsg), Okosystem Darm, Springer
Verlag, S 142-153.
Czerucka D, Roux 1, Rampal P, (1994) Saccharomyces boulardii
inhibits sectretagogue-mediated adenosin-cyclic monophosphate
induction in intestinal cells. Gastroenterology 106:65-72.
Ewe K, (1983) Obstipation - Pathophysiologic Klinik, Therapie.
Int Welt 6:286-292.
Gedek B, Hagenhoff G, (1989) Orale Verabreichung von
lebensfahigen Zellen des Hefestammes Saccharomyces cerevisiae
BRITISH E L E C A M P A NE ( X U A N - F U - H U A ) / 1 1 9
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Hansen CBS 5926 ,und deren Schicksal wahrend der MagenDarm-Passage. Therapiewoche 38 (Sonderheft): 33-40.
Hochter W, Chase D, Hagenhoff G, (1990) Saccharomyces
boulardii bei akuter Erwachsenediarrhoe. Miinch Med Wschr
132: 188-192.
^ H o j g a a r d L, Arffmann S, Jorgeasen M, Krag E, (1981) Tea
consumption, a cause of constipation. Br Med J 282: 864.
Jahn HU, Zeitz M. (1991) Immunmodulatorische Wirkung von
Saccharomyces boulardii beim Menschen. In: Seifert J,
Ottenjann R, Zeitz M, Bockemuhl J (Hrsg) Okosystem Darm
III. Springer-Verlag, S 159-164.
Kollaritsch HH. Toburen D, Scheiner O, Wiedemann G, (1988)
Prophylaxe der Reisediarrhoe. Munch Med Wschr 130: 671-673.
Massot J, Desconclois M, Astoin J, (1982) Protection par
Saccharomyces boulardii de la diarrhee Escherichia coli du
souriceau. Ann Pharm Fr 40: 445-449.
Plein K, Hotz J, (1993) Therapeutic effect of Saccaromyces
boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of
Crohn's disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea - a
pilot study. Z Gastroenterol 31: 129-134.
Schmidt CH, (1977) Unspezifische Steigerung der
,^ Phagozytoseaktivitaten von Peritoneal-makrophagen nach oraler
™ Gabe verschiedener Hefepriiparationen. Dissertation Freie
Universitiit Berlin.
Sinai Y, Kaplan A, Hai Y et al., (1974) Enhancement of
resistance to infectious disease by oral administration of
Brewer's Yeast. Infection Immunol 9: 781-787
Surawicz Ch, Elmer GW, Speelman P, McFarland LV, Chinn J,
van Belle G, (1989) Die Prophylaxe Antibiotika-assoziierter
Diarrhoen mit Saccharomyces boulardii. Eine prospektive
Studie. Gastroenterol 96: 981-988.
Tempe JD, Steidel AL, Blehaut H, Hasselmann M, Lutun PH,
Maurier F, (1983) Prevention par Saccharomyces boulardii des
diarrhees de ralimentation enterale debit continu. La Semaine
des Paris 59: 1409-1412.
Weber R, Regio Seminar Pharma: Reisemedizinische Beratung.
In: DAZ 135(25):2352-2354. 1995.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
m (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992^* 1994 (unter Saccharomyces).
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
British Elecampane
(Xuan-Fu-Hua)
Inula
britannica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flower.
Flower and Fruit: The semi-globose composite flowers are
surrounded by bracts; they have a diameter of 2.5 to 5 cm,
are single or in umbelliferous racemes with bracts arranged
in a number of rows. The lingual florets are yellow and up to
1 mm wide, the tubular florets are 5-tipped, androgenous and
numerous. The anther has an appendage tail. The fruit is a
cylindrical, long-ribbed, 1.3 mm long achene. The pappus is
single-rowed, approximately 5 mm long and consists of fine,
rough bristles.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows up
to 60 cm high. The leaves are alternate and simple. The
lower leaves narrow into the short petiole, entire or dentate.
The upper leaves are sessile and rounded at the base,
lanceolate, sparsely pubescent above, and are covered below
in dense silky hairs or almost glabrous. The stem is upright,
round, weakly ribbed, silky-haired to almost glabrous. The
root is creeping.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Asia and Europe.
Production: Elecampane flowers are the inflorescences of
Inula britannica and Inula japonica, dried in the sun or shade
after harvesting.
Not to be Confused With: Arnicae flos
Other Names:
Alant-Okleuveasis
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpenes: sesquiterpene lactones, particularly gaillardin but also including britanin
Flavonoids: including isoquercitrin
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
EFFECTS
It has been reported that a watery extract of the sesquiterpene-containing drug inhibits in vitro cAMP-phosphodiesterase up to 60%, and prevents the infection of human embryo
muscle cells with the herpes simplex virus II. The drug is
also assumed to possess potential for sensitization, due to the
sesquiterpene lactones with exocyclic methylene groups it
contains. The secretolytic and emetic effect with which the
drug is credited has not been documented. The flower of the
East Asian species is used as a depurative.
120/BRITISH
E L E C A M P A N E (XUAN-FU-HUA)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA,
Unproven Uses: Indications in folk medicine include feelings of fullness in the chest and diaphragm area, vomiting,
coughs and symptoms of the efferent urinary tract.
Proteins
(26%)
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tannins
(2%)
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
EFFECTS
up to 8%)
Starch
No information is available.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug.
Preparation: The drug is roasted with a honey solution until
it is no longer sticky. A decoction is prepared by boiling 3 to
9 g drug in a sealed sachet.
Storage: Store in a dry place.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
lijima K, Kiyohara H, Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Cyong JC,
Yamada H Preventive effect of taraxasteryl acetate from Inula
britannica subsp, japonica on experimental hepatitis in vivo.
Planta Med, 61:50-3, 1995 Feb.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Formerly, Broad Bean flowers were used in
the treatment of coughs and kidney and genital complaints.
Externally, they are used as a poultice for skin inflammation,
warts and burns.
Homeopathic Uses: An essence of the fresh plant after
flowering is used in homeopathy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Following division of the glycosides in the intestine
resorption and oxidation through dehydration of SH-groups
in the erythrocyte membrane, the pyrimidine derivatives can,
in high dosages, lead to hemolysis.
OVERDOSAGE
Broad Bean
Vicia faba
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh flower.
Flower and Fruit: The white or bluish short-pedicled flowers
have black spots on the standard. They are arranged in
groups of 2 to 4 in the upper leaf axils. The calyx tips are
uneven, with the upper ones shorter than the lower. The pod
is leathery and velvety on the flat surface. The seeds are
large, flat, ovate or oblong, and brown.
Leaves, Stem
stem is erect
the leaflets
acutely. The
and Root: The plant is 60 to 125 cm high. The
and has no climbers. The leaves are pinnate and
elliptical, fleshy, blue-green and terminate
stipules are ovate and semi-saggitate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the temperate regions of
the world.
Production: Broad Beans are the seeds of Vicia faba.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyrimidine derivatives: vicine (vicioside, 0.4-0.8%), convicine (0.1-0.6%)
Lectins: The isolectins mixture is referred to as favine
The intake of large quantities of raw or only briefly cooked
seeds can lead to queasiness, vomiting, diarrhea and feelings
of vertigo. In severe cases, overdosage may lead to acute
hemolytic anemia with fever, icterus, hemoglobinuria, oliguria and anuria, particularly among individuals with genetically caused glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency
(inadequate protection of the erythrocytes by glutathione),
which is also known as favism. Favism is treated by
transfusion of washed erythrocytes and administration of
prednisone. Elevations in blood pressure are also possible
due to the L-DOPA content of the seeds.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Broad Bean preparations are now
obsolete.
LITERATURE
Chevion M, Maer J, Glaser G, Naturally occuring food
toxicant: favism-producing agents. In: CRC Handbook of
Naturally Occuring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Florida. 1983.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Vered Y et al., The influence of Vicia faca (Broad bean)
seedlings on urinary sodium excretion. In: PM 63(3):237-240.
1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
BROOM CORN / 1 2 1
Brooklime
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Veronica beccabunga
DESCRIPTION
^
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh flowering
plant freed from the root, the fresh aerial parts collected
during the flowering season and the whole plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in loose, axillary,
diagonal clusters. The accompanying leaves are linear, as
long as or shorter than the flowers. The peduncles and
pedicles are glabrous. The calyx is dorsiventral and divided
into 4. The sepals are lanceolate to spatulate and acuminate;
the front ones are larger than the back ones. The corolla is
rotate with a very short tube, 4 to 9 mm wide and azure blue.
The ovary is green and the stigma capitual-like. The fruit is a
cordate, almost globular, narrow-winged capsule. The seeds
are 0.6 mm long and 0.45 mm wide. They are yellow, oval
and flatly convex with a fairly smoo'h back.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial with a
creeping rhizome. The stem is ascending, up to 50 cm high,
round and filled with latex. The leaves are petiolate, ovate or
"W broad elliptical, obtuse, narrowly serrate, glabrous and
glossy.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe,
western and northern Asia and northern Africa, and is
naturalized in eastern North America.
Production: Brooklime is the aerial part of Veronica
beccabunga. The collection or picking occurs in uncultivated
regions in Europe, west and north Asia, North Africa and
North America.
Other Names: Beccabunga, Mouth-Smart,
Speedwell, Water Purslane, Water Pimpernel
Neckweed.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes: aucubin (0.8%)
Flavonoids: including among others scutellarin glycosides
£ The drug has not been extensively investigated.
EFFECTS
Brooklime has a diuretic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Brooklime is used to lessen the elimination
of urine. It is also used for constipation, liver complaints,
dysentery and lung conditions. The drug has also been
reported to be effective against bleeding of the gums.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Inouye H et ah, (1974) Planta Med 25:285.
Kato Y, (1946) Folia Pharmacol Jap 42:37 (via CA 47: I845i.
Swiatek L et al.. A<na Pol Pharm 25:597. 1968.
Broom Corn
Sorghum vulgare
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers and inflorescences are large
spadix-like and solitary. They may also be in pairs and
terminal on long, stiff, indistinct panicles. The panicles may
be bushy-branched or occasionally tangled-branched. The
individual spikelets are usually ovate to round, and the spelts
are usually broad-lanceolate. The spelts become hard, shiny
and dentated at the tip. The seeds are small, round and white.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is reed-like and similar to
maize but is not as tall.
Habitat: The plant is common in Spain, Italy and southern
Europe. It is widely cultivated in the U.S.
Production: Broom Corn seeds are the seeds of Sorghum
vulgare.
Other Names: Darri, Durri, Guinea Cora, Sorghum
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic glycosides: dhurrin (in the fruits, in contrast
with the foliage [250-700 mg/100 gm] only in very low
concentrations: 0.005-5 mg/100 gm)
Starch (70%)
Proteins (10%)
Fatty oil (3%)
Vitamins of the B group: thiamin (Bl), riboflavine (B2)
EFFECTS
Broom Corn is a demulcent that is soothing to the alimentary
tract.
1 2 2 / B R O O M CORN
•
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Iodine (0.1 to 0.5%): to some extent organically bound
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the seeds' are used for
digestive disorders, but it is mainly used as a cereal grain.
Proteins
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Cyclitols: laminitol (4-C-methyl-meso-inositol)
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Broom Corn can be administered as
an infusion, but is mostly used as a cereal grain.
LITERATURE
Erb N et al. PM 41:84. 1981.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Seigler D, Cyanogene Glykoside (Vortragsref.). In: DAZ
132(25): 1365. 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biclogie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Sugar alcohols:
mannitol
EFFECTS
Brown algae thallus serves chiefly as a source of iodine. The
drug has also been demonstrated to have an influence on the
immune system, as well as antiviral qualities. In a study with
400 women, the daily intake of 5.5 g of macrocystis powder
over a period of 6 to 8 weeks led to an elevation of
hemoglobin levels of 86% over normal values. Although
licensed as a substance to aid weight loss, no adequate
experimental data are available to support that effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include weight reduction. The drug is used as a commercial pharmaceutical
preparation in the U.S. for anemia in pregnancy. In Japan the
drug is used for hypertension.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Brown Kelp
Macrocystis pyrifera
CONTRAINDICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
Brown Kelp should not be used by individuals with a
familial disposition to thyroid illness or hyperthyroidism.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the thallus.
Flower and Fruit: This brown algae grows up to 100 m long.
Generations switch between sporophyte and gametophyte.
The haploid male or female gametophytes are tiny plantlets.
The 50 to 100 m long sporophyte is made up of root-like
rhizoids, a rope-like cauloid, and phylloids that are leaf-like,
coriaceous-thick sections with a large elongate to pearshaped air-bladder at the base. The rhizoids form a conical
adhesive disc of up to 1 m in diameter. The phylloids grow
up to 1 m long, are attached to the cauloid-like leaflets and
are covered with sporangia.
Habitat: Found along the west coast of United States
(primarily California) and along the coast of Chile.
Production: Brown algae thallus is the dried thallus, usually
only the phylloid, of Macrocystis pyrifera. (Macrocystis
integrifolia may be added.) The algae are harvested using
vessels called mowing ships.
Other Names: Giant Kelp, Long-Bladder Kelp, Sea Kelp
OVERDOSAGE
Long-term administration of daily dosages that exceed 150
micrograms iodine carry with them the danger of worsening
an existing hyperthyroidism. Quantities over 300 micrograms iodine per day can precipitate hyperthyroidism.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Brown
available for internal use.
Kelp
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
OOrogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Zeller SG, Gray GR, Analysis of Macrocystis pyrifera and
Pseudomqnas aeruginosa alginic acids by the reductive-cleavage
method. Carbohydr Res, 226:313-26, 1992 Mar 30.
Brunfelsia hopeana
Alginic acid (15 to 20%)
Polysaccharides:
fucoidan,
laminaran
are
Storage: Store in tightly sealed container.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
preparations
See Manaca
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
BUCKTHORN/123
Bryonia alba
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
See White Bryony
Anthracene derivatives (2 to 7%): anthranoids, chief components glucofrangulin A, diacetylglucofrangulin, frangulin A
COMPOUNDS
Bryonia cretica
Flavonoids (1 to 2%): including catharticin (rhamnocitrin-3O-rhamnoside), xanthorhamnine (rhamnetin-3-O-rhamnoside)
See Red Bryony
Tannins (3 to 4%): oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Buckthorn
The drug has a laxative effect because of the anthranoid
content. Anthranoids have an anti-absorptive hydrogogic
effect resulting in a more liquid stool and an increase in
volume of the content of the intestine.
EFFECTS
Rhamnus
catharticus
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole, ripe,
dried fruit and the fresh ripe fruit.
Approved by Commission E:
Flower and Fruit: The small, dioecious, greenish-yellow
flowers are in axillary cymes. The calyx is fused, has 4
segments and droops. The petals are small and are on the
edge of the calyx tube, which has short stamens. The ovary is
4-valved with a style that is divided in 4. The fruit is a peasized, black berry-like drupe. The seeds are 5 mm long and
triangular with a narrow split, which separates slightly at the
end and is surrounded by a cartiliginous margin.
Buckthorn is used internally for constipation and for bowel
movement relief in cases of anal fissures and hemorrhoids. It
is used after recto-anal surgery and in preparation for
diagnostic intervention in the gastrointestinal tract and to
achieve softer stool.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant occurs in a variety of
forms, usually as a bush that is up to 3 m in height, but
occasionally as a tree with a bent trunk that grows up to 8 m.
The boughs are usually stiffly spread; the branches are more
or less clearly opposite, glossy, glabrous or occasionally
pubescent and end in a thorn. The leaves are clustered on the
older branches, opposite on the younger ones. They are ovate
or elliptical, finely serrate with 2 to 3 lateral ribs curved
towards the midrib.
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant, the heartwood is
orange-red.
Habitat: The plant is common all over Europe, Western Asia
and North Africa.
Production: Buckthorn, consists of the dried ripe berries of
Rhamni catharticus and its preparations. Buckthorn is
harvested in uncultivated regions in autumn and dried.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with the fruit of
Frangula alnus.
Other Names: Hartsthorn, Common Buckthorn, Purging
Buckthorn, Way thorn, High way thorn, Ramsthorn
• Constipation
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine it is used as a diuretic (in
'blood-purifying' remedies).
Homeopathic Uses: Rhamnus catharticus is used for poor
digestion.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory
intestinal diseases, appendicitis and abdominal pain of
unknown origin. Use during pregnancy or while nursing only
after consulting a physician. The drug is not to be administered to children under 12 years of age.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints could occur
as a side effect to the drug's purgative effect. Long-term use
leads to loss of electrolytes, especially potassium ions. This
may lead to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal
motility and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive
steroids, which in rare cases may result in cardiac arrhythmias. Nephropathies, edema and accelerated bone deterioration may be the result of long term use.
Drug-Interactions: Resorption of other medications could be
reduced due to the laxative effect. In the case of chronic use/
overuse, a potassium deficiency leads to an increase in the
effect of cardiac glycosides as well as effecting heartbeatregulating drugs.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
124/BUCKTHORN
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of large quantities of the fresh berries could lead
to European cholera or kidney irritation. The question of the
increase in probability of developing colonic carcinomas
following long-term administration of anthracene drugs has
not yet been fully clarified. Recent studies show no
connection between the administration of anthracene drugs
and the frequency of carcinoma of the colon.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Buckthorn is available in solid
pharmaceutical forms and in commercial compounded preparations for oral intake. It is also available parenterally for
homeopathic use.
Preparation: To prepare a tea,
cut drug and strain after 10 to
cold water, bring to boil, boil
while still warm. (1 teaspoon
3.8 gm drug).
pour boiling water over 4 gm
15 minutes or put the drug in
for 2 to 3 minutes and strain
corresponds to approximately
Daily Dosage: 2 to 5 gm drug corresponding to 20 to 30 mg
hydroxyanthracene derivative per day calculated as glucofrangulin A
Thesen R. Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT
9(49): 105. 1988.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Thomson RH, Naturally Occuring Quinones, 2nd Ed., Academic
Press New York 1971.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Tea — 1 cup mornings and evenings.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
The individual dose is the minimum dose required to
produce a soft stool. Administration should be limited to a
few days.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Homeopathic Dosage: from D3: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day (HAB1)
Buckwheat
Fagopyrum
Storage: Buckthorn should be protected from light.
DESCRIPTION
LITERATURE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh aerial
parts, and the leaves and flowers collected during the
flowering season and later dried.
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
136(38):3253-2354. 1996.
Anonym, Anwendungseinschrankungen fur Anthranoid-haltige
Abfiihrmittel angeordnet. In: PUZ 25(6):341-342. 1996.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164.
1992.
Belkin M et al., (1952) J Nat Cancer Inst 13:742.
Coskun M, Int J Pharmacogn 30:151. 1992.
Demirezer LO, Glucofrangulinanthrone A/B, deren
Oxidationsformen und davon abgeleitete Zuckerester aus
Rhamnus-Arten. In: Dissertation Universitat Frankfurt/Main.
1991.
Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fur
die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In:
PUZ 26(1 ):33, Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997.
Rauwald HW Just, J-D, (1981) Planta Med 42:244.
esculentum
Flower and Fruit: Short, compact, long-peduncled thryses
form in the leaf axils and at the end of the branches. The
involucre is 3 to 4 mm long. It has 5 bracts, is pink or white
and usually green at the base. The floret has 8 stamens with
golden yellow nectaries at the base. The fruit is a sharply
triangular achaene.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Buckwheat is an annual 15 to 60 cm
high plant with an erect, usually red stem covered in
alternating, sagittate and sessile leaves. The lobes are obtuse
or rounded with sweeping borders. The lower leaves are
petioled, the upper ones less so. The root is fusiform. Tatar
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), which is used in the
pharmaceutical industry, is easily distinguishable from
Fagopyrum esculentum by its green flowers, usually green
stems, and curved, dentated and squat achaenes.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central Asia and is
cultivated in Europe.
Production: Buckwheat herb consists of the flower and
leaves of Fagopyrum esculentum, which are5 harvested
(Q* during flowering season and dried. The harvest takes place
50 to 60 days after sowing and before the fruit forms. There
is a slight loss of rutin if it is quickly dried (20 to 40
minutes) at high temperatures (105° to 135° C).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: rutin (up to 8% in the leaves), quercitrin,
hyperoside
^
Anonym, Nicht-Brotgetreidearten: Alternative Korner unter der
Lupe. In: DAZ B6(38):3229-2330. 1996.
Bassler R, PA 12:758-772 et 834-841. 1985.
Couch JF, Naghski J, Krewson CF, Science 103:197-198. 1974.
Gaidies I, Buchweizen, eine Venenhilfe. In: PTA 6(7):439.
1992.
Hagels H et al.. Two anthraquinones and a bianthraquinone
from Fagopyrum tataricum. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th
Ann Congress of GA. 125. 1996.
Ihme N et al.. Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb
tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: A single
centre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical
trial. In: European J Clin Pharmacol 50(6)443-447. 19%.
Anthracene derivatives (naphthadianthrones, chiefly in the
blossoms): fagopyrine (0.01%), protofagopyrine
Koscielny J, Radtke H, Hoffmann KH, Jung F, Miiller A,
Griitzner KI, Kiesewetter H, Fagorutin-Tee bei chronisch
venoser Insuffizienz (CVI). In: ZPT 17(3): 145-159. 1996.
EFFECTS
Buckwheat increases the venous tone (antiedematic, capillary sealing), which can be attributed to the rutin in the herb.
Samel D, de Witte P, Fagopyrins from Fagopyrum esculentum
and their PTK inhibitory activity. In: PM 61(Abstracts of 43rd
Ann Congr):67. 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used as a
venous and capillary tonic and as a prophylaxis to prevent
general hardening of the arteries. The drug alleviates venous
stasis and varicose veins.
Homeopathic Uses: Buckwheat is used to treat skin and liver
diseases with itching and headache.
Hiinsel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. (unter Buchweizen).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of large quantities of the Buckwheat plant leads
to phototoxicoses in animals due to the photosensitizing
effect of the naphthadianthrones. There are no dangers for
humans in the application of therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Bugle
Mode of Administration: Buckwheat is taken orally as tablets
and in teas.
Ajuga reptans
Preparation: Follow package instructions for making Buckwheat tea.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts
collected during the flowering season and dried.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); from
D6: parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute, 3 times daily; chronic:
once a day (HAB1).
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm long. The
flowers are in spikes. They are located in the axils of
undivided bracts at the end of the stem. The 5-tipped, hairy
calyx is short-stemmed, erect, labiate and campanulate. The
tips are triangular and about as long as the tube. The corolla
is bright violet-blue, pink or white. It is downy-haired on the
outside with a long straight tube, which has a circle of hairs
under the stamen. There are 4 stamens with yellow anthers.
The 4 mericarps are 2 mm long and finely reticulate.
I*
w
BUGLE/125
LITERATURE
Adamek B, Drozdzik M, Samochowiec L, Wojcicki J, Clinical
effect of buckwheat herb, Ruscus extract and troxerutin on
retinopathy and lipids in diabetic patients. In: Phytotherapy Res
10(8):659-662. 1996.
DESCRIPTION
126/BUGLE
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ajuga reptans is a shrub, up to 30
cm high with overground rooting runners sprouting from the
rosette-like basal leaves. The flower stem is quadrangular,
villous above and glabrous below. The rest of the plant is
glabrous. The basal leaves are large, long-petioled, spatulate
and dentate. The cauline leaves are crossed opposite, shortpetioled, small and oval. The lowest or at least the thirdlowest stem is flower-bearing. There are some upper false
whorls, which are compressed into a false spike.
Habitat: The plant is found in Europe, Britain, and parts of
Asia and northern Africa.
Production: The aerial parts of Ajuga reptans are picked
when in bloom and dried. Gathered in uncultivated areas (the
wild).
Other Names: Bugula, Middle Comfrey, Middle Confound,
Sicklewort, Carpenter's Herb
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoid glycosides and ajugols
Phytoecdysone:
Diterpene
ajugalactone
bitter principles
Caffeic acid derivatives: including rosemary acid
Both plants have
a deep
black
juice
PDR FOR
HERBAL
MEDICINES
which has traditionally been used
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992for fabric dyes. It derived its name
1994.
from
practice
ofSoedin
gypsy
fortuneKomissarenko
NF, etthe
al., (1976)
Khim Prir
11:109-110.
1976.
tellers in England, who used the
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Nederl. 21(4):417.
juice to darken their skin so that
Ruhdorfer J, Rimpler H, (1981) Z Naturforsch 36c:697-707.
they looked more like Africans to
1981.
make their tales more believable
Bugleweed
Lycopus virginicus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh or dried
herb collected during the flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, almost radial in
dense axillary whorls. The calyx is campanulate with a
glabrous tube and 4 or 5 regular, usually erect, tips. The
corolla is whitish with the tube only partly showing and a
few uneven lobes. The epicalyx and calyx sepals are shorter
than in the European variety. There are only 2 fertile stamens
with initially parallel, later spreading pollen sacs. The upper
stamens are reduced to staminoids or completely disappear.
The fruit is a flattened, rectangular, stunted, and smooth
nutlet.
EFFECTS
There is no information available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, Bugle is used as an astringent for
inflammation of the mouth and larynx. It is also used for
gallbladder and stomach disorders. Externally, the plant is
used for the treatment of wounds.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Bugle is used topically, in alcoholic
extracts, as a water infusion and in teas.
LITERATURE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial
with runners. The quadrangular, 60 cm high smooth stems
grow from the perennial creeping root. The stems bear pairs
of opposite, short-petioled leaves. The upper ones are dentate
and pointed; the lower ones wedge-shaped to entire-margined. They are glabrous and glandular-punctate on the
lower surface.
Habitat: The plant grows in North America. Lycopus
europaeus, Gypsywort, is a close European relative.
Production: Bugleweed consists of the fresh or dried, aboveground parts of Lycopus europaeus and/or Lycopus virginicus, as well as preparations collected in the wild and airdried.
Other Names: Sweet Bugle, Water Bugle, Virginia Water
Horehound, Gypsywort
Breschi M, Martinotti E, Catalano S, Flamini G, Morelli I,
Pagni A, Vasoconstrictor activity of 8-O-Acetylharpagide from
Ajuga reptans. In: JNP 55: H45-H48. 1992.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Camps F, et al., (1985) An Quim 8lC(l):74-75.
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmaric acid, lithospermic acid
and their oligomerics created through oxidation
Camps F, et al., (1981) Rev Latinoamj Quim 12:81-88. 1981.
Camps F, Coll J, (1993) Insect allochemicals from Ajuga
plants. In: PH 32:1361.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including acacetine-, apigenein-, luteolin glycosides, among them cosmosiin, genkwanin, pilloin, apigenin-,
acacetine- and luteolin-7-O-glucuronides.
Diterpenes: tetrahydroxy-delta8(9)-pimaric acid methyl ester
BUGLEWEED/127
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Volatile oil (0.1%)
EFFECTS
"^
Bugle weed has antigonadotropic and antithyrotropic effects.
It inhibits the peripheral de-iodination of T4. The phenolic
constituents of the drug have an atigonadotropic effect. They
cause a lowering of the prolactin level and have a depressant
effect on the thyroid as a result of an inhibition of iodine
transport and the release of preformed thyroid hormone.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1)
LITERATURE
Aufmkolk M, (1985) Endocrinology 116(5):1687.
• Nervousness and insomnia
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Bucar R et al., Flavonoid glycosides from Lycopus europaeus.
In: PM 6I(5):489. 1995.
Unproven Uses: Bugleweed is used for mild thyroid
hyperfunction associated with disturbances of the autonomic
nervous system. It is also used for tension and pain in the
breast (mastodynia). In folk medicine, it is used for
functional and organic cardiac conditions, liver and kidney
disease.
Frombling-Borges A, (1987) Intrathyreoidale Wirkung von
Lycopus europaeus, Pflanzensauren, Tyrosinen, Thyroninen und
Lithiumchlorid. Darstellung einer Schilddrusensekretionsblockade. Inauguraldissertation. Westfalische WilhelmsUniverstitiit Munster.
Homeopathic Uses: Lycopus virginicus is used to treat
hyperthyroidism in homeopathic preparations.
Frombling-Borges A, Intrathyreoidale Wirkung von Lycopus
europaeus, Pflanzensauren. Kaltumjodid und Lithiumchlorid. In:
ZPT 10(!):1. 1990.
Gumbinger HG et al., (1981) Contraception 23(6):661.
*
w
Each patient has his own individual optimal level qf thyroid
hormone. Only rough estimations of dosage are possible for
thyroid disorders, in which age and weight must be
considered.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in hypofunction of the thyroid
and thyroid gland enlargement without function disturbance.
There should not be any simultaneous administration of
thyroid hormone preparations.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Drug Interactions: No simultaneous administration of thyroid preparations. Administration of Lycopus preparations
disturbs the administration of diagnostic procedures with
radioactive isotopes.
OVERDOSAGE
Enlargement of the diyroid gland is possible only through
administration of the drug in very high dosage. Sudden
discontinuation of Lycopus preparation can lead to a rebound
phenomenon with increased TSH secretion and prolactin
£» secretion, as well as an increase of the hyperthyroid
symptom complex and mastodynia.
Hegnauer R, Kooiman P, (1978) Planta Med 33(1): 13.
Jeremic D et al.. (1985) Tetrahedron 41(2):357.
John M, Gumbinger HG, Winterhoff H, The oxidation of
caffeic acid derivatives as model reaction for the formation of
potent gonadotropin inhibitors in plant extracts. In: PM
59(3): 195. 1993.
Jung F, Kiesewetter H, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Heiden M,
Miyashita C, Wenzel E, Akutwirkungen eines zusammengesetzten Knoblauchpraparates auf die FliepTahigkeit des Blutes.
In: ZPT 10(3):87. 1989.
Kartnig T, Lycopus europaeus L. - Wolfsfup oder Wolfstrapp.
In: ZPT 10(1):31. 1989.
Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Auf!., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Neerl 21(4)417.
DOSAGE
Sourgens H et al., (1982) Planta Med 45:78.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, freshly pressed
juice and other galenic preparations for internal use.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 1 to 2 gm of the
drug for teas, and water-ethanol extracts containing the
equivalent of 20 mg of the drug.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
128/BULBOUS
BUTTERCUP
Bulbous Buttercup
Ranunculus bulbosus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the latex and the
fresh flowering herb with root.
Flower and Fruit: The large golden yellow flowers consist
of 5 sepals hanging down, 5 petals on grooved stems and
numerous stamens and ovaries. The small fruit has a short
curved beak.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 10 to 30 cm
high and has a tuber on the underground part of the stem.
The basal leaves are long-petioled, trifoliate with orbicular
and pinnasect leaflets. The middle one has a longer petiole
and is sheath-like at the base. The stems are branched and
tuberously thickened at the base. The plant is appressed
pubescent above and patently pubescent below.
Habitat: The plant grows in the northern parts of Europe and
in the northeastern U.S.
Production: Bulbous Buttercup is the whole plant in flower
of Ranunculus bulbosus with root.
Other Names: Crowfoot, Cuckoo Buds, Frogwort, King's
Cup, Meadowbloom, Pilewort, St. Anthony's Turnip, Frogsfoot, Goldcup
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
The glycoside ranunculin: changes enzymatically when the
plant is cut into small pieces, and probably also when it is
dried, into the pungent, volatile protoanemonine that quickly
dimerizes to non-mucous-membrane irritating anemonine.
When dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine
formation.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
difficult to heal due to the resulting protoanemonine, which
is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes. If taken
internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract,
combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the
urinary drainage passages, are possible. Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of mucilage, after
irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution; in
case of internal contact, activated charcoal should follow
gastric lavage.
Pregnancy: The administration of the drug during pregnancy
is absolutely contraindicated.
OVERDOSAGE
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in
animal experiments.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is used as an extract in
homeopathic dilutions.
LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
EFFECTS
The active agents cause signs of toxic irritation; the drug is
also said to cause symptoms of drowsiness and tiredness.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for skin diseases,
rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, influenza and meningitis.
Bupleurum chinense
See Chinese Thoroughwax (Chai-Hu)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The administration of the drug during pregnancy is absolutely contraindicated.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug.
Burdock
Arctium lappa
TRADE NAMES
Burdock Root (available from numerous manufacturers).
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe
Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised
plant can lead to blister formation and cauterizations that are j seed and the fresh or dried roots.
BURDOCK/129
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
_
Flower and Fruit: The crimson flowers grow in longpeduncled, loose cymes. The heads are fairly large, globose
and almost glabrous. All flowers are funnel-shaped and
androgynous. The bracts are green and coriaceous with a
barb-shaped inward-curving tip. The fruit is compressed arid
has a bristly tuft, which falls off easily. The fruits separate
from their stems on ripening.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of 80 to
150 cm. The stem is erect, rigid, grooved, branched and
downy to wooly. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, broad to
ovate-cordate. They are blunt and slightly wooly to hairy on
the underside. The lowest leaves are very large and have a
latex-filled stem.
Habitat: Burdock grows in Europe, northern Asia and North
America.
Production: Burdock root consists of the fresh or dried
underground parts of Arctium lappa, Arctium minus and/or
Arctium tomentosum. Roots are gathered in the autumn of
the plant's first year or the early part of the second year.
4p
Other Names: Bardana, Beggar's Buttons, Burr Seed, ClotBur, Cockle Buttons. Cocklebur, Fox's Clote, Great Burr,
Happy Major, Hardock, Hareburr, Lappa, Love Leaves,
Personata, Philanthropium, Thorny Burr
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (small amounts) of very complex make-up:
including, among others, phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde,
2-alkyl-3-methoxy-pyrazines
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Burdock Root are used for
ailments and complaints of the gastrointestinal tract, as a
diaphoretic and diuretic, and for blood purifying. Externally,
they are used for ichthyosis, psoriasis and seborrhea of the
scalp. The claimed efficacies have not been documented.
Chinese Medicine: Burdock is used to treat carbuncles,
ulcers and erythema of the skin as well as sore throats.
Efficacy has not been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There is a slight potential for sensitization via skin
contact with the drug.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Administered as a drug and, for
external use, in the form of burdock oil (extract with fat oil).
How Supplied:
Capsules — 460 mg and 475 mg
Fluid Extract — l:l
LITERATURE
Bryson PD et al., (1978) J Am Med Ass 239 (20):2l57.
Dombradi G, (1970) Chemotherapy 15:250.
Ichihara A et al., (1968) Tetrahedron 44:3961.
Ichihara A et al., (1978) Tetrahedron Letters 33:305.
Morita K et al., (1984) Mutat Res 129(1):25.
Naya K et al., (1972) Chem Letters 3:235.
Lignans: neoarchtiin A
Schulte K et al., (1967) Arzneim Forsch 17:829.
Sesquiterpene lactones
Takeda H, Kiriyami S, (1979) J Nutr 109(3):388.
Polyynes: chief components are trideca-l, ll-dien-3, 5,7,9tetrain, as well as sulfur derivatives
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid
Polysaccharides: insulin (fructose), mucilage's (xyloglucans, acidic xylans)
ff* Triterpenes: including alpha-amyrin, omega-taraxasterol,
present to some extent as acetic acid ester
Tsujita J et al., (1979) Nutr Rep Int 20(5):635.
Yamada Y et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14:582.
Yamanouchi S et al., (1976) Yakugaku Zasshi 96(12): 1492.
Further information in:
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Phytosterols: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and
their esters
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, 1980.
Tannins
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
Schulte KE et al Arzneim Forsch 17 (1967), 825.
In vitro, the drug shows mild antimicrobial activity. No other
information is available.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
130/BURNING BUSH
Burning Bush
Dictamnus albus
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
C O M P O U N D S : BURNING BUSH HERB
Volatile oil: chief components (according to breed) anethole
(+) estragole, anethole (+) myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, pcymene (+) estragole
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried and
occasionally the fresh leaves, the fresh or dried root, and the
fresh or dried root rind.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are terminal racemes and
pink with dark veins. They are large and irregular, with 5
sepals and 5 petals. There are 2 bracteoles that are slightly
zygomorphous. The 10 stamens are long, threadlike and bent
forward. The ovaries have 5 carpels fused at the base on a
short gynophore. The fruit is a capsule that bursts open into
mericarps ejecting the seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 0.5 to 1.5 m high
perennial. Numerous erect, unbranched and sticky-glandularhaired shoots grow from the root. The leaves are alternate.
odd, 7 to 11 pinnate and transparently punctuated with oil
glands.
Characteristics: The plant has a strong lemon or cinnamon
fragrance. The oil is easily inflammable.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central Europe and parts
of Asia, and is cultivated in the northern U.S.
Not to be Confused With: Burning Bush herb can be
confused with that of the herb Dictamni cretici. Previous
sources cite a confusion between Burning Bush root and
Carophyllaceen root.
Furoquinoline alkaloids: including skimmianine, gammafagarine, dictamnine
Furocoumarins: including psoralen, xanthotoxin, auraptene,
bergaptenE
Limonoids: including limonin, obacunone, obacunone acid
Flavonoids: including rutin, diosmin, isoquercitrin
EFFECTS: BURNING BUSH HERB
See Burning Bush root.
A 40% reduction in egg laying by Clonorchis sinensis
(Chinese liver fluke) was observed when infected rabbits
were given an evaporated extract of the drug.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BURNING BUSH ROOT
Unproven Uses: Infusion of the root is used to treat stomach
disorders, cramps and worm infestation, and to promote
menstruation.
In Greece, it is used as a tonic and a stimulant.
Chinese Medicine: Burning Bush root is used for jaundice,
inflammation of the skin, rheumatic ailments, fever, hemorrhage of the womb, thread fungus, as a sedative, tonic and
for nervous crying in children. It is also found in decoctions
for the external treatment of eczema, impetigo and scabies.
Other Names: Fraxinella, Dittany, Gas Plant, Diptam
Indian Medicine: Burning Bush root is used for amenorrhea
and the regulation of labor.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
BURNING BUSH HERB
COMPOUNDS: BURNING BUSH ROOT
Unproven Uses: In the Middle Ages, the drug was used as a
cure or remedy for wounds, to promote menstruation and to
aid the expulsion of afterbirth. It served as a urinary aid and
was used in the treatment of epilepsy, in combination with
mistletoe and peony.
Volatile oil: chief components are the fraxinellone derivatives, thymol methylether, beta-pinene, pregeijerene,
geijerene
Furoquinoline alkaloids: including skimmianine, gammafagarine, dictamnine
Limonoids: including limonin, obacunone, dictamdiol, limonin diosphenol
At the end of the 19th century, the drug was applied as an
ointment for rheumatism. The infusion is used as a remedy
for worm infestation, to treat stomach disorders and cramps
and to promote menstruation. In Greece, it is used as a tonic
and stimulant.
EFFECTS: BURNING BUSH ROOT
In vitro, a mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurum and a
phototoxic effect on bacteria and yeasts have been observed.
In animal tests, a contraceptive effect was observed through
the inhibition of implantation, as well as a slight increase in
hair growth of shaved mice after the application of an
alcoholic extract.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
BURNING BUSH ROOT AND HERB
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
plant can trigger phototoxicoses through skin contact. The
furoquinoline derivatives have a mutagenic effect in the
Ames test.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
DOSAGE
BURNING BUSH ROOT
Mode of Administration: Mostly obsolete as a drug. It is
occasionally used in tea mixtures.
Preparation: To prepare a tea infusion, add l teaspoon of
drug to 2 glasses of hot water.
Daily Dosage: Drink the tea preparation throughout the day.
BURNING BUSH HERB
Mode of Administration: Mostly obsolete as a drug. The herb
is sometimes used internally as an infusion.
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 20 gm 01"
dried herb to I liter of water; or l gm fresh or 2 gm dried
herb to l cup of water.
Daily Dosage: Drink one cup of the infusion 2 to 3 times
daily after meals.
LITERATURE
Kanamori H, Sakamoto I, Mizuta M. Chem Pharm Bull
34:1826. 1986.
Reisch J, PM 15:320. 1967.
Renner W, PA 12:763-776. 1962.
Renner W, PA 17:763. 1962.
Szenedrei K, Novak I, Varga E, Buzas G, PA 23:76-77. 1968.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
BURR MARIGOLD /131
green. The petals are brownish-yellow. The fruit is glabrous,
distinctly compressed, brownish-green, with thorny edges
and 2 to 4 awns.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Bidens tripartita is an erect annual
growing 15 to 100 cm high with a fibrous fusiform root. The
stem is erect, heavily branched, glabrous or somewhat
downy ,and often brownish-red. The leaves are dark green,
opposite and narrow to a short, winged petiole. The leaves
are usually 3 to 5 lobed, ovate-rhomboid to lanceolate with
pointed, roughly dentate tips and straight or narrowly curved
teeth.
Habitat: The plant is found in damp regions throughout
Europe.
Production: Burr Marigold is the aerial part of Bidens
tripartita.
Other Names: Water Agrimony
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including isookanin-7-O-glucoside and tridecane derivatives such as trideca-l,12-dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain
Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, scopoletin
Polyynes (tridecane derivatives): including trideca-i, 12dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain
Water-soluble polysaccharides
Bitter principles
Tannins
Volatile oil: including eugenol, ocimene, cosmene
EFFECTS
Astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic effects are attributed to
the plant, but remain unproven. In a study that has not been
described in detail, a choleretic effect caused by the flavones
and flavonoids was proven.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Burr Marigold
^ Bidens tripartita
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include gout, hematuria,
loss of hair, scurvy and toothache. The roots were used for
scorpion bites. It was used for other indications when a
diuretic, diaphoretic or astringent effect was desired.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The whole Burr Marigold plant is used
medicinally.
Flower and Fruit: The flower heads are solitary, erect or
inclined, 15 to 25 mm long and wide, generally with no
lingual blossoms. There are two rows of bracts. The inner
row is ovate and brownish-yellow; die outer is oblong and
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
No information is available.
132/BURR
MARIGOLD
LITERATURE
Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und
"Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer
Wirkung". In: ZPT l4(l):23-24. 1993.
Ben'ko GN, (1983) Rastit Resur 19 (4),516.
Morozova SS et al., (1981) Rastit Resur 17 (1),101.
Further information in:
Alvarez L, Marquina S, Villarreal ML, Alonso D, Aranda E,
Delgado G, Anti-inflammatory activity of Taiwan folk medicine
"ham-hong-chho" in rats. Am J Chin Med, 62:273-8, 1995.
Alvarez L, Marquina S, Villarreal ML, Alonso D, Aranda E,
Delgado G, Bioactive polyacetylenes from Bidens pilosa. Planta
Med, 62:355-7, 1996.
Alvarez L, Marquina S. Villarreal ML, Alonso D, Aranda E,
Delgado G, Constituents and biological activity of Bidens pilosa
L. grown in Egypt. Acta Pharm Hung, 62:317-23, 1991.
Brandao MG et al., Antimalarial activity of extracts and
fractions from Bidens pilosa and other Bidens species
(Asteraceae) correlated with the presence of acetylene and
flavonoid compounds. J Ethnopharmacol, 57:131-8, 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Flower and Fruit: The small greenish white flowers are
solitary or in a few clusters and grow from the middle of the
leaves. They are dioecious. The corolla is deeply divided into
6 segments. In one variety the stamens are fused at the base.
In fertile varieties the style is surrounded by a honey gland.
The fertile flowers develop into cherry-sized, scarlet berries,
which ripen in September and remain on the tree all winter.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial evergreen
subshrub that grows 20 to 80 cm high. The stems are erect,
woody and heavily branched. The leaves are small, brownmembranous, triangular to lanceolate, and scale-like. The
phylloclades (short shoots spread like leaves) are oblong,
stiff, double-rowed, up to 2.5 cm long and terminate in a
sharp tip.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe,
western Asia and North Africa.
Production: Butcher's Broom consists of the dried rhizome
and root of Ruscus aculeatus.
Other Names: Kneeholm, Pettigree, Sweet Broom, Knee
Holly, Jew's Myrtle
de Tommasi N, Pizza C, Aquino R, Cumanda J, Mahmood N,
Flavonol and chalcone ester glycosides from Bidens leucantha. J
Nat Prod, 60:270-3, 1997 Mar
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Geissberger P, Sequin U, Constituents of Bidens pilosa L.: do
the components found so far explain the use of this plant in
traditional medicine? Acta Trop, 57:251-61, 1991.
Steroid saponins (4-6%): chief components, ruscine, ruscoside, aglycones neoruscogenin, ruscogenin
Jaeger AK, Hutchings A, van Staden J, Screening of Zulu
medicinal plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors. J
Ethnopharmacol, 52:95-100, 1996.
COMPOUNDS
Benzofuranes: euparone, ruscodibenzofurane
EFFECTS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
In animal tests, there was an increase in venous tone and an
electrolyte-like reaction on the cell wall of capillaries.
Butcher's Broom is antiphlogistic and diuretic.
Martin Calero M et al., Healing process induced by a flavonic
fraction of Bidens aurea on chronic gastric lesion in rat. Role
of angiogenesis and neutrophil inhibition. Z Naturforsch C ,
51:570-7, 1996.
Approved by
Morozova SS et al Rastit Resur 17 (1981), 101 Further
information in: Kern, W.; List, P.H.; Horhammer, L. (Ed.):
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde.
1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969.
Butcher's Broom
Ruscus aculeatus
TRADE NAMES
Butcher's Broom (available from numerous manufactures),
Butcher's Broom Root, Curcu Capsules
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Commission E:
• Hemorrhoids
• Venous conditions
The herb is used as supportive therapy for discomfort of
chronic venous insufficiency, such as pain and heaviness, as
well as cramps in the legs, itching, and swelling. Butcher's
Broom also is used as therapy for hemorrhoid complaints,
such as itching and burning.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Stomach complaints and queasiness can occur in
rare cases.
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb and the
rhizome.
Mode of Administration: Extracts and their preparations for
internal use.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
134/BUTTERCUP
OVERDOSAGE
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in
animal experiments.
Other Names: White Walnut, Oil Nut, Lemon Walnut, and
Black Walnut
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
Fatty oil
Mode of Administration: Buttercup is available as a ground
dried herb and as an extract.
Tannins
LITERATURE
Juglone
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997
Juglandis folium
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde l-ll:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EFFECTS
Vermifuge, laxative, tonic.
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the bark are used for
disorders of the gallbladder, for hemorrhoids and in the
treatment of skin diseases. Juglone has antimicrobial, antineoplastic and antiparasitic properties as well as being a
gentle laxative.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U: Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Butternut
Juglans
cinerea
TRADE NAMES
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Black Walnut Hulls, Alcohol
Free Black Walnut Green Hulls
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark of the tree
and root.
Flower and Fruit: The tree has male catkins and female
flowers. The male catkins are 5 to 8 cm long. The fruit is 4 to
6.5 cm and ovoid-oblong. The fruit is pubescent, viscid and
strong smelling. The hard nut is ovoid-oblong with 4
prominent and 4 less prominent sharp ridges and many
broken grooves between them.
Mode of Administration: Available preparations include
liquid and dry extracts that are used internally and externally.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 95 mg, 500 mg, 3.5 gm
Fluid Extract - 1 : 1
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Buxus sempervirens
Leaves, Stem and Root: Butternut tree grows up to 30 m tall.
The bark is gray and deeply fissured. The leaf scars have a
prominent pubescent band on their upper edge. The 6 to 12
cm long leaflets are oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and
appressed-serrate. They are finely pubescent above, glandular and pubescent beneath.
Cabbage
Habitat: Butternut is indigenous to the forests of the U.S.
Brassica
Production: Butternut bark is the inner rind of Juglans
cinerea.
TRADE NAMES
See Boxwood
oleracea
Cabbage Tables (available from various manufacturers)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
How Supplied:
Capsules — 75 mg, 370 mg. 470 mg, 475 mg
Daily Dosage: Raw extract, equivalent to 7 to ll mg total
ruscogenin (determined as the sum of neoruscogenin and
ruscogenin obtained after fermentation or acid hydrolysis).
BUTTERCUP/133
pedicles are appressed and downy. The basal leaves are longpetioled and palmate with rhomboid tips, which are divided
into 2 or 3. The similar cauline leaves are shorter-petioled.
Characteristics: The fresh herb is spicy and poisonous; once
dried, it is no longer poisonous.
LITERATURE
Adamek B, Drozdzik M, Samochowiec L. Wojcicki J. Clinical
effect of buckwheat herb. Ruscus extract and troxerutin on
retinopathy and lipids in diabetic patients. In: Phytotherapy Res
l0(8):659-662. 1996.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern Europe.
Bombardelli E et al.. (1972) Fitoterapia 43:3.
Other Names: Acrid Crowfoot, Batchelor's Buttons, Blisterweed, Burrwort, Globe Amaranth, Gold Cup, Meadowbloom, Yellows, Yellowweed
Dunaouau CH et al.. Triterpenes and sterols from Ruscus
aculeatus. In: PM 62(2):189-190. !997.
Rauwald HW, JanpVn B. Desglucoruscin and Desglucoruscosid
als Leitstoffe des Ruscus-aculeatus-Wurzelstock. Analytische
Kennzeichnung mittel HPLC und DC. In: PZW l33(l):6l-68.
1988.
Schiebel-Schlosser G. Stechender Mausedorn. eine Venenhiife.
In: PTA 8(7):586. 1994.
Vanhoutte PM (1986) in: Advances in Medicinal
Phytochemistry, Ed. D Barton, WD OIlis, Pub. John Wiley
1986.
Further information in:
Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsa.). Hasers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde. I-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Production: Buttercup is the fresh herb Ranunculus acris.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Glycoside ranunculin: as protoanemonine-forming agent in
the freshly harvested plant (0.36-2.66% of the fresh weight)
that changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small
pieces, and probably also while it is drying, into the pungent,
volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to non-mucous-membrane-irritating anemonine. Once dried, the plant
may not be capable of protoanemonine formation.
Saponins
EFFECTS
The active agents are ranunculin, protoanemonin and anemonin. On contact with the skin, the juice of the plant causes
redness, swelling and blisters. If taken internally, it can lead
to burning in the mouth, vomiting, stomachache and pains in
the liver.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Buttercup is used for blisters, bronchitis,
chronic skin complaints, neuralgia and rheumatism.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Buttercup
Ranunculus acris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Flower and Fruit: The golden-yellow, medium-sized flowers
are on long, round pedicles. The 5 sepals and 5 petals are
close. There are numerous stamens and ovaries. The broad
obovate petals are very glossy and have a broad scale on the
surface. The small fruit is in an almost globular capitulum.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leafy plant grows from 30 to 80
cm. The erect stem has few branches. The petioles and
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with
the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister
formation and cauterizations that are difficult to heal due to
the resulting protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to
skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe
irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic
and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary drainage
passages, may occur.
Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of
mucilaginosa, after irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution. In case of internal contact, administration of
activated charcoal should follow gastric lavage.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
fresh cabbage head and juice derived from the fresh leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences have long-pedicled
flowers. The flowers are large and have 4 erect, narrowly
elliptoid sepals 6 to 12 mm long. The 4 petals are about
twice as long as the calyx and are sulphur yellow. The
margin broadens at the tip and narrows at the base to an
equally long wedge-shaped funicle stem. The stamens are
erect and close to the ovary. The central honey gland is
almost erect. The fruit is oblong, pod-like, almost cylindrical
and has a domed lid. The dividing wall of the fruit is thin as
well as pitted and folded between the dark brown seeds,
which have a diameter of 1.5 to 4 mm.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant can be annual, biennial or
perennial. It is about 2 m high and has thin roots. The stem is
woody from the first year and is covered in leaf nodes. It has
a bluish bloom and is branched toward the top. The leaves
are fleshy, blue-green and glabrous. The lower leaves are
petiolate. lyre-shaped, pinnatifid or simple. The upper leaves
are oblong to linear-oblong, usually entire-margined and
narrowed to rounded at the base and sessile.
Habitat: Wild Cabbage was originally found in the Mediterranean region. Today it grows wild as far north as southern
England and Helgoland, and cultivated varieties are found in
temperate and damp climates worldwide.
Production: White cabbage juice is the juice of Brassica
oleracea.
Other Names: Colewort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mustard oils (breakdown products of the glucosinolates
accompanying cell destruction): allyl mustard oil, methyl
sulfinyl alkyl isothiocyanates, 'methyl sulfonyl alkyl
isothiocyanates
3-kydroxy-methyl-indole
5-vinyl-oxazolidine-2-thion (goitrin)
Rhodanides
Alkyl nitriles
Amino acids: including S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide, Smethyl methionine sulphoxide and, when extracted from red
cabbage, also anthocyans, including cyanidine-5-0-glucoside-3-0-sophoroside
EFFECTS
Cabbage protects the mucous membrane of the stomach from
gastric hydrochloric acid. The gastroprotective effect of the
CABBAGE/135
juice is attributed to the regenerative ability of the mucous
membrane that is caused by an anti-ulcer factor (vitamin U).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include drinking the
juice for Roemheld syndrome, gastritis, gastric and duodenal
ulcers, gastralgia and subacidity.
Homeopathic Uses: Preparations of the flowering herb are
used for hypothyroidism.
Indian Medicine: Cabbage leaves are used for disorders of
the thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, itching and cough, as well
as for asthma, gout and hemorrhoids.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a standard
preparation or prepared from chopped and pressed Cabbage
for internal use. Also available in homeopathic preparations.
How Supplied:
Tablet — 500 mg
Preparation: White cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. Capitata) extract is prepared by processing leaves by mashing or
using a centrifuge. The resulting mass is pressed through a
linen cloth.
Daily Dosage: To augment a bland diet take 1 liter of juice
daily for at least 3 weeks but not more than 6 weeks as a
dietary additive.
For gastralgia and subacidity, the dose is 1 teaspoonful to be
taken before meals, 3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
Storage: The fresh juice will keep for approximately 24
hours if kept cool.
LITERATURE
Josefsson E, PH 6:1617-1627. 1967.
Kaoulla N et al., PH 19:1053-1056. 1980.
Larson KM, Stermitz FR, JNP 47(4):747-748. 1984.
Petroski RJ, Tookey HL, PH21:1903-1905. 1982.
Slominski BA, Campbell LD, J Agric Food Chem 37:12971302. 1989.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
136 /CABBAGE
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Gaesalpinia bonducella
See Divi-Divi
EFFECTS
In vitro, the drug has an antimicrobial and a rubefacient
effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
•
Rheumatism
Neurogenic pain
Temporary relief of muscular pain
Tendency to infection
Wounds and burns
Cajuput
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for painful muscles and
joints in rheumatic disorders, sciatica, lumbago, slipped disk
and low back pain. Cajuput is also used for muscular tension
and pain following sports injuries such as sprains, bruising,
and pulled muscles or ligaments.
Melaleuca leucadendra
CONTRAINDICATIONS
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oil distilled from
the fresh leaves and twigs.
Flower and Fruit: The tree has racemes of small, sessile,
creamy white flowers on long terminal spikes up to 15 cm
long, which themselves terminate in a tuft of leaves. The
flowers have numerous stamens extending to 15 mm.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Melaleuca leucadendra is a large tree
up to 40 m tall with a flexible trunk and irregular pendulous
branches. The tree is covered in a pale, lamellate bark, which
is soft and spongy and occasionally peels off its layers. The
leaves are alternate, entire-margined, oblong-lanceolate,
tapering, ash-colored and on short petioles.
Characteristic: It has an odor reminiscent of camphor and
eucalyptus.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Southeast Asia and the
tropical regions of Australia. It is cultivated elsewhere.
Production: Cajuput oil consists of the essential oil of
Melaleuca leucadendra. It is extracted from the fresh leaves
and twig tips of a number of varieties collected from the wild
or from cultivation, followed by air-drying and aqueous
steam distillation.
Other Names: White Tea Tree, Swamp Tea Tree, Paperbark
Tree, White Wood
No internal administration of the drug should take place in
the presence of inflammatory illnesses of the gastrointestinal
area or of the biliary ducts, nor in the presence of severe liver
diseases. Preparations containing the oil should not be
applied to the faces of infants or small children (glottal
spasm or bronchial spasm or even asthma-like attacks or
respiratory failure might occur).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages; however, contact dermatitis is possible.
Pediatric Use: The drug should not be applied to the facial
area, in particular not around the nose, of infants and small
children (glottal spasms could occur).
OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses of cajuput oil (more than 10 gm) could lead to
life-threatening poisonings, due to the high cineole content.
Symptoms include including loss of blood pressure, circulatory disorders, collapse and respiratory failure. Vomiting is
not to be induced in the case of poisoning, because of the
danger of aspiration. Following administration of activated
charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists of treating
spasms with diazepam (i.v.), treating colic with atropine,
electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis
with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen
respiration may also be necessary.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Chief constituents: cineol, (+)-alpha-terpineol, (-)-alpha-terpineol, (+)-alpha-terpineol valerate, (-)- alpha-terpineol valerate, furthermore alpha-pinenes and bicyclic sesquiterpenes,
non-rectified oils also contain 3,5-dimethyl-4, 6-di-O-methyl-phloroacetophenone
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cajuput oil is used only for external
purposes.
LITERATURE
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lowry JB, (1973) Nature 241:61.
Opdyke DU. (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 14.
Steinegger E. Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
CALABAR B E A N / 1 3 7
contract, thus reducing intraocular pressure. It is a glandular
stimulant and increases peristalsis of the gastrointestinal
tract. It reduces heart rate and is a curare antidote.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is frequently used in the treatment
of glaucoma. It is also a poison antidote. Its use in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease to reduce memory loss and
confusion is being investigated.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is only used in the extraction of physostigmine.
Symptoms of poisoning include: diarrhea, dizziness, nausea,
salivation, stupor, sweats and vomiting.
OVERDOSAGE
Calabar Bean
Physostigma venenosum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are pendulous racemes
^ o f bean-like flowers. The fruit is a dark brown pod up to 15
^ cm long containing two or three dark brown or blackish
kidney-shaped seeds that are about 2.5 cm long. They are
rounded at the ends, uneven and somewhat polished with the
hilum extending along the whole convex side. The cotyledons are whitish.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a large, perennial,
twining, woody climber with large, pinnate, trifoliate leaves.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to western Africa and is
cultivated in India and parts of South America.
Production: The Calabar Bean is the seed of Physostigma
venenosum.
Other Names: Chop Nut, Ordeal Bean
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloide (0.3 - 0.5%): main alkaloid physostigmine,
secondary alkaloids include physovenine, geneserine,
eseramine
mStarch (up to 50%)
Proteic substances
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
The main alkaloid, physostigmine, is miotic, spasmogenic,
negatively chronotropic and curare-antagonistic. It causes an
increase in tone in the parasympathetic system and the
striated muscles. In particular, it causes the pupils to
Lethal doses can cause muscle twitching, spasms, tachycardia and cyanosis through asphyxiation. Following gastric
lavage, poisonings are treated with atropine; in the case of
spasms, diazepam is also used. Forced diuresis can be useful.
The lethal dose for an adult is 6 to 10 mg of physostigmine
(corresponding to approximately 2 to 3 Calabar Beans).
Poisonings are possible through inappropriate administration
of physostigmine eye drops, due to drainage into the mouth
or nose.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As an eye medication, in drops and
ointments. It is used as an antidote in the form of an injection
solution. For gastrointestinal use, it has been replaced by
synthetic prostigmine.
Daily Dosage: Apply 1 to 2 eye drops 3 times daily to the
conjunctival sac.
LITERATURE
Die G, 125 Jahre Physostigmin. In: ZPT 11(2):7. 1990.
Morbus A, Was gibt es Neues aus der Forschung? In: DAZ
133(23):2090. 1993.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Eds.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
138/CALAMINT
Calamint
Kokkalo E, Stefanaou E, Flavour Fragrance J 5(l):23-26. 1990.
Calamintha nepeta
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage,
stems, leaves and flowers.
Flower and Fruit: The medium-sized to large flowers are 5
to 20 blossomed cymes. The pedicle is 0 to 22 mm long and
the tubular calyx is 3 to 7 mm by l to 1.5 mm in size and
slightly downy to very downy on the inside. The upper tips
are 0.5 to 1.5 mm and the lower ones are l to 2 mm, downy.
They occasionally have long, ciliate hairs. The corolla is
white to lilac and purple.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Calamint is a perennial, 30 to 80 cm
high, slightly to densely downy shrub. The leaves are oval,
obtuse, almost entire-margined or lightly to deeply crenateserrate, with 9 teeth on each side.
Habitat: Britain, Europe, northern Africa
Production: Calamint is the above-ground part of Calamintha nepeta. It is collected in the wild.
Other Names: Basil Thyme, Mountain Mint, Mountain
Balm, Mill Mountain
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.35%: including pulegone, menthone, menthol
and its ester, P-bisobolen, cineol, thymol
Triterpenes: including calaminthadiol, ursolic acid
EFFECTS
The drug is a diaphoretic and expectorant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Calamint has been used for febrile colds and
respiratory diseases. The drug is also used in folk medicine
for hiccups, tinnitus, as a diuretic and for stomach
complaints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Calamintha nepeta
See Calamint
Calamus
Acorus calamus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome after the
removal of all other material.
Flower and Fruit: Green flowers, like small dice, form a
tightly packed, slim, conical spadix. The plant is non-fruitbearing and propagates from the rhizome.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 60 to 100 cm
tall. The stem is triangular and sprouts from a horizontal,
round root-stock, which has the thickness of a thumb. The
upper shoot forms a grooved flower sheath. The leaves are
oblong, sword-shaped and arranged in two rows. The leaves
have no stems.
Characteristics: The rhizome has an intensely aromatic
fragrance and a tangy, pungent and bitter taste. The leaves
often undulate on the margins.
Habitat: Today Calamus is found all over the world. It
probably originated in India and North America.
Production: Calamus root-stock is the dried, coarsely ground
and mostly peeled, root-stock of Acorus calamus. Calamus
oil is extracted from the same plant.
Other Names: Sweet Flag, Sweet Sedge, Grass Myrtle,
Myrtle Flag, Sweet Grass, Sweet Myrtle, Sweet Rush, Sweet
Root, Sweet Cane, Gladdon, Myrtle Sedge, Cinnamon Sedge
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
No information is available.
LITERATURE
de Pooter HL, Goetghebeur P. Schamp P, PH 26(12):33553356. 1987.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Volatile oil: chief constituents are heavily dependent upon
the chemical strain (divtri-, tetraploid); beta-asarone (cisisoasarone), alpha- and gamma-asarone, beta- gurjuns, acorone (bitter), ZZ-Deca-4,7-dienal (odor-determining)
EFFECTS
Calamus is an aromatic, bitter stomachic, which stimulates
appetite and digestion. It has spasmolytic, carminative and
sedative effects, in addition to being externally hyperemic.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used in the form of teas, for
dyspeptic disorders, gastritis and ulcers. It is used externally
for rheumatism, gum disease and tonsillitis.
£ Indian Medicine: Calamus is used for dyspeptic complaints,
worms, pain syndrome and toothache.
Chinese Medicine: Acorus calamus stimulates peptic juices
for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is used externally
for fungal infections.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Long-term use of this drug should be avoided.
Malignant tumors appeared in rats that received Indian
Calmus oils over an extended period (tetraploid strain, over
80% f5-asarone in volatile oil).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Calamus preparations are for
internal and external use. Preparations are used as a bitter,
stomachic, carminative, digestant, sedative, rubefacient,
balneotherapeutic and corrigent. Calamus is available in tea
^mixtures, as an oil or extract and as a bath oil.
Preparation: Steep with hot water to make a tea. For use in a
bath, add 250 to 500 gm of the drug to the bath water.
Storage: Store for a maximum of 18 months. If in powder
form, however, do not keep for more than 24 hours.
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE / 1 3 9
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart. 1997.
Calendula officinalis
See Marigold
LITERATURE
Iguchi M et al., (1973) Tetrahedron Letters 29:2759.
Keller K et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(1):6.
California Peppertree
Keller K, Stahl E, Composition of the essential oil from betaasarone free calamus. In: PM 47(2):71. 1983.
Schinus molle
Keller K, Stahl E, Kalmus: Inhalsstoffe und (3-Asarongehalt bei
verschiedenen Herkunften. In: DAZ 122(48):2463-2466. 1982.
DESCRIPTION
Mazza G, Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies
of the constituents of the rhizome of calamus. In: J Chromatogr
328:179-206. 1985.
Rohr M, Naegeli P, (1979) Phytochemistry 18(2):279 and 328.
Saxena DB, Phenyl indane from Acorus calamus. In: PH
25(2):553. 1986.
•Schneider K, Jurenitsch J, Kalmus als Arzneidroge: Nutzen oder
Risiko. In: Pharmazie 47(2):79-85. 1992.
Stahl E, Keller K, Classification of typical commercial Calamus
drugs. In: PM 43(2): 128-140. 1981.
Taylor JM et al., Toxicity of oil of calamus (Jammu variety).
In: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 10:405 (Abstract). 1967.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al. (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Medicinal Parts: Medicinal properties have been attributed
to the plant's leaves, bark, fruit and gum resin.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in apical, heavily
branched, hanging, 5 to 30 cm long panicles. The flowers are
small, yellowish-white, and their structures are in fives. The
calyx is 5-tipped. The flower has 5 petals, 10 stamens and a
superior ovary that develops from a carpel. The style is
divided into 3. The fruit is a coral red, single-seeded drupe
with a diameter of approximately 7 mm, a thin pergamentlike exocarp, an oleo-resin-rich mesocarp and a hard
endocarp.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is an evergreen, up to 15 m
high. The leaves are alternate, up to 25 cm long and odd
pinnate. There are 17 to 35 leaflets, 1.6 to 6 cm long, 2 to 8
mm wide, sessile, linear-lanceolate, punctate with oil glands
and dentate. The branches hang down.
140/CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE
Characteristics: The leaves give off a pepper-like smell
when rubbed; the fruit is aromatic and somewhat sweet.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to Central America and
South America.
Production: California Peppertree (or Peruvian Peppertree)
leaves are the leaflets of Schinus molle. California Peppertree fruits are ripe unpeeled drupes of Schinus mollek, which
are air- or freeze-dried.
Not to be Confused With: Other Schinus species.
Other Names: Australian Pepper Tree, Brazilian Pepper
Tree, False Pepper, Peruvian Mastix Tree, Peruvian Peppertree, Weeping Pepper Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ings, loss of teeth, conjunctivitis (leaf juice), and as a
diuretic. External indications are considered to include uterus
prolapse, eye inflammations, joint pains, colds (used as
healing baths), as a vulnerary and for rheumatism.
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
Unproven Uses: Used internally as a stomachic, tonic, for
nausea, vomiting, anuria, gastric complaints, loss of appetite,
conditions of the respiratory tract, blennorrhagia, for muscular pain and as a diuretic. Preparations from the fruit are used
externally for rheumatism.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES AND FRUIT
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
COMPOUNDS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES
DOSAGE
Volatile oil (0.2 to 1.0%): chief components including alphaphellandrene, beta-phellandrene, limonene, including as well
T-cadinol, elemol, germacrene D, gamma-eudesmol
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 30 g drug to 500 ml
water.
Flavonoids: including kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin
Resins
Mucilages
EFFECTS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES
The leaves contain unknown bitter substances and tannins,
which make administration for inflammatory alterations of
the skin and oral mucous membranes plausible.
COMPOUNDS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES
Daily Dosage: For inflammation of the mucous membranes,
gargle with infusion 3 times daily. For wound cleansing,
wash wounds with infusion.
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug are used in
preparations for internal and external use.
Daily Dosage: No information is given in the literature.
Storage: Tightly sealed, cool, dry and protected from light.
Volatile oil (2.0 to 5.0%): chief components including alphaphellandrene, beta-phellandrene, limonene, alpha-pinene,
beta-pinene, including as well camphene, carvacrol, p-cymol, 4-ethyl phenol
Dikshit A, Naqvi AA, Husain A, Schinus molle: a new source
of natural fungitoxicant. Appl Environ Microbiol, 38:1085-8,
1986 May.
Triterpenes: including 3-epiisomasticadienolalic acid, 3-epimasticadienolic acid, isomasticadienonic acid, masticadienonic acid
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Fatty oil (in the seeds 6 to 14%)
Resins (with long-chained fatty acids, C22 to C28)
EFFECTS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
The fruit resin is purgative in effect. The essential oil is
fungicidal and is said to be excreted primarily through the
lungs and the kidneys. No experimental data are available for
the traditional areas of administration.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Internal uses in folk medicine include
infections of the pharynx, respiratory tract conditions,
rheumatism (decoction), for leucorrhea, suppuration of the
mucous membranes and hypertension (infusion), for swell-
LITERATURE
Vargas Correa JB, Sanchez Sol s L, Farfpn Ale JA, Noguchi
H, Moguel Ba~nos MT, Vargas de la Pe~na MI, Allergological
study of pollen of mango (Magnifera indica) and cross
reactiyity with pollen of piru (Schinus molle). Rev Alerg,
38:134-8, 1991 Sep-Oct.
California Poppy
Eschscholtzia californica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of Eschscholtzia
californica are the aerial parts collected during the flowering
season and dried.
CALOTROP1S/141
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The bright yellow-to-orange flowers are
solitary, axillary and long-pedicled. They are 2.5 to 4 cm in
diameter with a cup-shaped receptacle. The sepals are fused.
Four crenate petals, orange-red at the base, form an open
dish. The stigma is thread-like. There are numerous yellow
JP*stamens. The fruit is an oblong, 4 to 6 cm pod-like exploding
capsule, which spreads small globular seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Eschscholtzia californica is a bluishgreen annual or perennial that grows 30 to 60 cm high. The
leaves are sparse. The strongly pinnatifid leaves have linear
sections and taper to a thin tip.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is rarely prescribed, yet is
a component of some standardized preparations in combination with plant sedatives. Medical or clinical documentation
and other experimental material about phytotherapeutic
application of the Califomian Poppy herb are unavailable. As
the efficacy of the claimed uses has not been documented, a
therapeutic application cannot be justified.
Preparation: The tea is prepared using 2 gm herb per 150 ml
water. The liquid extract (Extractum Eschscholziae) should
be prepared according to the German Pharmacopoeia
(DAB) 10.
Habitat: The plant grows in California and is cultivated in
central Europe and southern France.
Daily Dosage: The tea is taken as a drink. The average
single dose for the liquid extract is 1 to 2 ml.
Production: The Califomian Poppy herb consists of the
aerial parts of Eschscholtzia californica. It is collected in
uncultivated regions.
Homeopathic Dosage: from D2: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); from D4: parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times
daily; chronic: once a day (PF X).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
lsoquinoline alkaloids: The main alkaloid is californidine.
Included are others, such as eschscholzine (escholzine),
^(rprotopine, alpha-allocryptopine. beta-allocryptopine.
Cyanogenic glycosides (in the freshly-harvested plant)
EFFECTS
The main active principle californidine has sleep-inducing,
sedative, anxiolytic and spasmolytic effects. In mice, a hot
water extract had a significant sleep-inducing effect. In other
animal experiments an anxiolytic and spasmolytic effect was
proven.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the drug are used for
insomnia, aches, nervous agitation, enuresis nocturna in
children, diseases of the bladder and liver, reactive agitative
and masked depressions, melancholia, neurasthenia, neuropathy, organic neuroses, vegetative-dystonic disorders, mood
swings, weather sensitivity, vasomotor dysfunctions, vegetative-endocrine syndrome, constitutional weakness of the
nervous system and vasomotor cephalgia. The tea is used as
a sedative.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Jain L et al., Alkaloids of Eschscholtzia californica. In: PM
62(2): 188. 1997.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Sturm S, Stuppner H, Mulinacci N, Vincieri F, Capillary zone
electrophoretic analysis of the main alkaloids from
Eschscholtzia californica. In: PM 59(7)25. 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Weischer ML, Okpanyi SN, Pharmakologie eines pflanzlichen
Schlafmittels. In: ZPT 15(5):257-262. 1994.
Calluna vulgaris
See Heather
m
Homeopathic Uses: Eschscholtzia californica is used to treat
insomnia.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Calotropis
Calotropis procera
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried root and
root bark. The bark with its outer cork layer removed is
known as Mudar, and is used medicinally.
142/CALOTROPIS
Flower and Fruit: The fragrant flowers are 2.5 cm in
diameter and form umbel-like flower clusters. The erect
petals are whitish and have purple spots on the upper half.
The bracts of the corolla are smooth or downy with a divided
tip. The ovate follicles are 7.5 to 10 cm long by 5 to 7.5 cm
wide. The seeds have a tuft of silky hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This upright herbacious perennial
normally grows to a height of 1.8 to 2.4 m. The leaves are
short-petioled, 6 to 15 cm long by 4.5 to 8 cm wide, oblongelliptoid to broadly ovate. The bark appears in irregular short
pieces, slightly quilled or curved and about 0.3 - 0.5 cm
thick. The external portion is grayish-yellow, soft and
spongy. The internal portion is yellowish-white. The fracture
is short.
Characteristics: The taste is acrid and bitter.
Habitat: Indigenous to parts of Asia, India, Africa, Pakistan
and on the Sunda Islands
Production: Calotropis bark is the dried root bark of
Calotropis procera.
Other Names: Mudar Bark, Mudar Yercum
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
i
OVERDOSAGE
The drug is highly toxic. Higher dosages cause vomiting,
diarrhea, bradycardia and convulsions. Very high dosages
may cause death. Following gastric lavage, treatment for
poisonings should proceed symptomatically (for further
measures, see Digitalis).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Calotropis is used in a ground form,
as a powder, as smoke (fume) and also topically.
Daily Dosage: As an expectorant and diaphoretic 200 mg to
600 mg; as an emetic 2 gm to 4 gm.
Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to
10 globules 1 to 3 times daily; from D6: 1 ml injection
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Seiber JN et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 21(9):2343.
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A):1.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroids (cardenolids): including calotropin,
calactin, uscharidin
EFFECTS
The cardenolid glycocides calotropine shows an anti-tumor
effect in vitro on human epidermoid carcinoma cells of the
rhinopharynx. It is also works as an expectorant and a
diuretic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The powdered root bark is used to treat
dysentery. It has a similar effect to that of the ipecacuanha
root. In Indian and African folk medicine, the bark is used to
treat epilepsy, hysteria, cramps, cancer, warts, leprosy,
elephantitis, worms, fever, gout and snake bites. In particular, the milky juice is used against boils, ulcers, swellings
and rheumatism. In Africa, it is used to treat toothache,
syphilis, digestive disorders and diarrhea.
Indian Medicine: The smoke (fumes) from the bark is used
for coughs and asthma and as a sudorific.
Calotropis gigantea
See Giant Milkweed
Calotropis procera
See Calotropis
Caltha palustris
See Marsh Marigold
Calystegia sepium
See Greater Bindweed
Homeopathic Uses: Calotropis procera is used for obesity.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Camellia sinensis
See Green Tea
CAMPHOR TREE/143
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Camphor Tree
Cinnamomum camphora
DESCRIPTION
j^Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is camphor oil extracted
from the tree.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, white and sessile
on 1 to 1.5 mm long pedicles. The petals are pubescent on
the inside. The flowers are caespitose, on long axillary
petioles. The 1.5 mm stamens form 3 circles and are
pubescent with broad, sessile-cordate glands. The fruit is a
purple-black, 1-seeded, 10 to 12 mm oval drupe.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen tree
growing up to 50 m tall and 5 m in diameter. The trunk is
erect at the lower part and knottily branched above. The
leaves are alternate on long petioles, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, grooved and glossy. They are light yellowish-green
above and paler beneath; they grow to 5 to 11 cm long by 5
cm across.
Habitat: Camphor trees are indigenous to Vietnam and an
Mpxzz extending from southern China to southern Japan.
Production: Purified camphor is obtained from the chipped
wood of the Cinnamomum camphora tree using steam
distillation followed by sublimation to yield the oil.
Other Names: Gum Camphor, Laurel Camphor, Cemphire
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Unproven Uses: External uses in folk medicine include
muscular rheumatism and cardiac symptoms. Among internal uses are hypotonic circulatory regulation disorders and
digestive complaints. Inflammation of respiratory-tract mucous membranes is treated with both internal and external
applications.
Indian Medicine: Uses include muscle pain, cardiac insufficiency and asthma.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Camphor should not be used during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Local administration can lead to skin irritation, as
well as to resorbent and/or airborne poisonings. Contact
eczema occasionally appears following the application of
oily salves containing camphor. The drug is sometimes used
as a hashish substitute because 6 to 10 g leads to
intoxication.
Pediatric Use: Camphor salves should not be administered
to infants.
OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisonings that have been seen, particularly in
children, include intoxicated states, delirium, spasms and
respiratory control disturbances. Treatment proceeds symptomatically. Less than 1 g can be a lethal dosage for young
children. For adults, the lethal dosage is considered to be
approximately 20 g. However, toxicity in adults has been
noted after use of as little as 2 g.
DOSAGE
Camphora is a single substance: D(+) -camphor ((1R,4R)l,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-on), extracted from
the volatile oil of the trunk of the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora. L(-)-camphor also occurs in nature. Synthetic camphor is DL-camphor.
Mode of Administration: As a liquid (camphor spirit) for
topical application or inhalation, and also semi-solid ointments and liniments. Internally, in liquid or solid
preparations.
EFFECTS
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
include creams, ointments, balms and gels.
Used externally, camphor acts as a bronchial secretolytic and
hyperemia Internally, the effect is that of a respiratory
analeptic and bronchospasmolytic. It should be noted that the
effect only sets in at dosages considered toxic. An antibacterial effect has been noted in vitro, with cineol the main active
J^trinciple.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
•
Arrhythmia
Cough/bronchitis
Hypotension
Nervous heart complaints
Rheumatism
Daily Dosage: Internal average daily dosage: 2 to 4 g drug;
0.05 to 0.2 g essential oil. For external use, camphor spirit
(DAB 10) 9.5 to 10.5% camphor to be rubbed in several
times a day: Depending on prescribed application, concentrations generally are not higher than 25% for adults and no
higher than 5% for small children.
Storage: Camphor should be stored in containers filled so
there is no empty air space left and also should be protected
from light.
LITERATURE
Bean NE, Camphora -curriculum vitae of a perverse terpene. In:
Chem in Brain 8(9):386. 1972.
144/CAMPHOR TREE
Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor,
eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and
nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161.
Stone JE, Blundell MJ, (1951) Anal Chem 23:771.
Takaoka D et al., (1975) Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 12:2192.
Further information in:
Bruchhausen F von, Ebel S, Frahm AW, Hackenthal E (Hrsg.),
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 79 (Stoffe), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York,
1993.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Canadian Fleabane
Erigeron canadensis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
parts of the plant and the fresh aerial parts of the flowering
plant.
Flower and Fruit: Canadian Fleabane has very small
yellowish-white composite flowers in long, terminal,
branched panicle-like inflorescences. The involucre is in a
number of rows. The composite head has numerous florets.
The ray florets are linguiform, female, white or reddish. The
disc florets are tubular and androgynous. The stamens are
fused. The fruit is an achaene, 1.2 to 1.5 mm long, brownish
and has short appressed hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Erigeron canadensis is an annual or
biennial 30 to 100 cm high. The root is thin and fusiform, the
stem erect, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish with paler ribs
and is covered in scattered patent hairs. It is branched from
the peduncle. The leaves are alternate, pointed, ciliate,
narrowly lanceolate and up to 10 cm wide and tapering to the
petiole.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to America but is found
globally today.
Production: Canadian Fleabane is the flowering plant and
seeds (without the root) of Erigeron canadensis. The plant is
collected in the wild in high summer, then hung in bundles to
dry.
Other Names: Coltstail, Flea Wort, Horseweed, Prideweed
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: including (++)-limonene, alpha-cis-bergamots,
beta-trans-famesene, beta-pinenes, myrcene, cis, cis-matricariamethyl ester (polyyne)
Tannins
EFFECTS
The drug is reported to have anti-edema and antiphlogistic
effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for diarrhea, dysentery, as
an antithelmintic, a mild hemostyptic, for uterine bleeding,
gout, rheumatic symptoms, dropsy, tumors, and bronchitis.
In African folk medicine, it is used in the treatment of
granuloma annulare, sore throats, urinary tract infections and
for medicinal baths.
Homeopathic Uses: Erigeron canadensis is used for bleeding
of the bladder, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia,
gastritis, hepatitis and cholecystitis
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically and in
alcoholic extracts.
Daily Dosage: Tea: 3 cups daily after meals; Liquid extract:
approximately 2 teaspoons.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Grancia D et al., (1985) Ceskoslov Farm 34(6):209.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Conyza).
Lasser B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaften 70:95.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD / 145
Volatile oil (0.6%): chief components curlone, germacrene
D, alpha-pinene, beta-sesquiphellandrene, limonene
Diterpenes of the trans-clerodane and ladanum types
Canadian Golden Rod
Carotenoids (as blossom pigments)
Solidago canadensis
Flavonoids (2.4%): rutin (1.4%), including as well hyperoside, quercitrin, astragalin
DESCRIPTION
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
parts collected during the flowering season, the fresh
inflorescences and the flowering twigs.
COMPOUNDS: CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD (GIGANTEA
Flower and Fruit: The yellow composite flowers are in erect
racemes facing all directions and are simple or compound.
They are medium-sized. The involucral bracts are imbricate
and arranged in numerous rows. The ray florets are narrow,
lingual and female. The disc florets are funnel-shaped, 5tipped and androgynous. The fruit is an achene, which is
cylindrical with numerous ribs. It is brown, sparsely
pubescent and 3.5 to 4.5 mm long with a tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that ranges
£| in size from a few centimeters to over 1 m. The rhizome is
cylindrical, noded, diagonally ascending and short. The stem
is erect, cane-like, angularly grooved above, usually redtinged beneath, and glabrous to loosely appressed pubescent
higher up. The basal leaves are long-petioled, elliptical,
acuminate and narrowing to the winged stem. The lower
ones are serrate and the upper ones entire-margined.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia and North
America.
Production: Golden Rod is the aerial part of Solidago
virgaurea. It occurs in the wild in Hungary, former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Poland. Golden Rod herb consists of the
above-ground parts of Solidago serotina (synonym S.
gigantea). Solidago canadensis and its hybrids are gathered
during the flowering season and carefully dried.
Not to be Confused With: Despite qualitative and quantitative differences in their effects, drugs containing Solidago
gigantea or Solidago canadensis are exchanged with Solidago virgaurea on the market; confusions with Senecio species
J ^ a r e also conceivable.
Other Names: Aaron's Rod, Woundwort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD
VARIETY)
Triterpene saponins (9%): bisdesmoside of the bayogenins:
GS1-GS4
Volatile oil (0.5%): chief components gamma-cadinenediterpenes of the cis-clerodane-type, including among others
6-deoxysolidagolactone IV-18,19-olide
Carotenoids (as blossom pigments)
Flavonoids (3.8%): quercitrin (1.3%), further including
among others hyperoside, rutin, isoquercitrin
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including among others chlorogenic
acid
EFFECTS: CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD
Canadian Golden Rod is diuretic, weakly spasmolytic and,
because of the saponin componant, antiphlogistic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
Unproven Uses: The herb is used as a flushing-out therapy
for inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Irrigation therapy is contraindicated in cases of edema
resulting from reduced cardiac and/or kidney function.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The drug possesses a weak potential for sensitization. Care must 1 be taken in patients with chronic renal
diseases, and the drug should be used in this patient
population only under the supervision of a doctor.
Triterpene saponins: bisdemosides of the bayogenin, bearing
acylglycosidically-bound arabino residue
DOSAGE
Polysaccharides (water-soluble): beta-l,2-fructans, acidic
polysaccharides
Mode of Administration: As chopped drug by itself or in
combination preparations.
SOLIDAGINIS VIRGAUREAE HERBA
1 4 6 / C A N A D I A N GOLDEN ROD
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 6 to 12 gm of
comminuted drug prepared as an infusion. Fluid intake of at
least 2 liters daily is recommended.
Storage: The drug must be protected from light and
moisture.
Cane-Reed
Costus specious
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
rhizome.
LITERATURE
Bader G et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42(2): 140.
Goswami A et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):837.
Metzer J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(12):869.
Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95.
Reznicek G et al., PM 55:623. 1989.
Reznicek G et al., Tetrahedron Lett 30:4097. 1989.
Reznicek G, Freiler M, Schader M, Schmidt U, Determination
of the content and the composition of the main saponins from
Solidago gigantea AIT. Using high-perfomance liquid
chromatography. In: J Chromatog" A 755(1): 133-37. 1996.
Tiansheng L et al., Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solida
canadensis. In: PH 32:1483. 1993.
Weyerstahl P, Marshall H, Christiansen C, Kalemba D, Gora J,
Constituents of the essential oil of Solidago canadensis
("Goldenrod") from Poland. In: PM 59(3):281. 1993.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is ovoid, apical and 4 to
7 cm long. The zygomorphic flowers are each supported by
one narrow, ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, thickly haired, red
to red-brown bract. There is a bracteole, which is approximately 2 cm long, violet to brown-red and sparsely
pubescent. The calyx is approximately 2.5 cm long, green to
red-brown and tubular. The 3 petals are approximately 6 cm
long, white to pale pink and silky haired. The corolla tube is
approximately 1.5 cm long. The lobes are elliptical to ovate
and 6 to 7 cm long. The lobes are white to pale pink, with a
yellow lip in the center made up of 5 stamens. When spread
out, the lobe is broad obviate and crenate. There is 1 fertile
stamen, which is white to yellowish and up to 5 cm long.
The style is thread-like and the ovary 3-chambered and
inferior. The fruit is a light red, loculicidal capsule. The
seeds are black, 2 to 4 mm wide, with a narrow, fleshy aril.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Costus specious is a herbaceous
perennial, upright, up to 3 m high. The leaves have tubular
sheaths, which are 0.7 to 1.2 cm in diameter and a pubescent
to glabrous. The ligula is 1 to 2 mm long; the leaves are 12 to
25 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, narrow elliptical, thorny-tipped,
glabrous above and downy-haired beneath. The stem is
upright. The rhizome is up to 50-cm long, 3 cm thick and
rich in starch.
Habitat: India
Production: Kust or costus root is the dried rhizome of
Costus speciosus.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion may occur with
Saussurea lappa and Canella winterana. The drug itself is
used to adulterate Gloroisa superba.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Steroid saponins (1 to 4%): chief components dioscin and
gracillin, aglycones diosgenin, tigogenin
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol
glucoside
Curcuminoids (3 %): including curcumin
EFFECTS
Canarium species
See Chinese Olive
The saponin fraction of the drug exhibits estrogenic,
antiexudative, spasmolytic, choleretic and anesthesia-proI longing effects.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS / 1 4 7
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Indian Medicine: for febrile conditions, coughs, skin conditions, retention of the placenta, post-partum bleeding,
threatening abortion, insufficient uterine contractility and
snake bites.
COMPOUNDS
I
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. It is
conceivable that gastric complaints and nausea might be
experienced, as well as kidney irritation, due to the high
level of saponin content.
OVERDOSAGE
Volatile oil (1%): chief components eugenol, cineol, pinene,
caryophyllene, myristicin
Resins (8%)
Sesquiterpenes: including muzigadial, warburganal (pungent-tasting dialdehydes)
Mannitol (6-8%)
Starch (12%)
EFFECTS
Overdose could lead to European cholera, increased diuresis
and shock.
Canella has a stimulant and tonic effect. The sesquiterpenes
contained in the bark have antimycotic and molluscacidal
effects.
DOSAGE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations, cut and
powdered drug for internal use.
Unproven Uses: In Central and South America, Canella is
used internally to treat upset stomach, fever and conditions
of the mouth and throat; it is used externally for rheumatism.
In the West Indies, it is used to treat scurvy and as a spice.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
^.Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Canella
Mode of Administration: Canella is available in whole, cut
and powdered forms.
Canella
LITERATURE
winterana
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bark of the tree.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small and seldom open.
They are violet and fused in clusters to the tips of the
branches. The involucre is sometimes fused at the base. The
stamens are fused to form a pollen tube. The fruit is an
elongate berry with 4 reniform seeds. The fruit changes color
from green to blue and then to a shiny black.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Canella winterana is a tree that
grows up to 15 m andis only branched at the top. The bark is
whitish-yellowish on the outside and chalk-like on the inside.
Jjjpie leaves are alternate, oblong, thick, and are a dark,
intense laurel-green shade.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to the Caribbean and Florida.
Not to be Confused With: It is often sold as the rarer Cortex
winteranus.
Other Names: Canella alba, White Cinnamon, White Wood,
Wild Cinnamon
El Feraly M et al., (1980) J Nat Prod 43:407.
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America,
Charles C. Thomas USA 1981.
Canella winterana
See Canella
Cannabis sativa
See Marijuana
Capsella bursa-pastoris
See Shepherd's Purse
1 4 8 / C A P S I C U M SPECIES
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
See Cayenne
Neto MM, Robl F, Netto JC, Intoxication by star fruit
(Averrhoa carambola) in six dialysis patients? (Preliminary
report) news. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 13:570-2, 1998 Mar.
Garambola
Caraway
Averrhoa carambola
Carum carvi
Capsicum species
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit.
Flower and Fruit: Cymose inflorescences grow from the
trunk. The flowers are radial, and their structures are
arranged in fives. The petals are free; there are 10 stamens
and a 5-chambered ovary. The fruit is a berry, approximately
10 cm long. The berry is acuminate, 5-sided and star-shaped
in cross-section. It is translucently amber-yellow.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Averrhoa carambola is a tree, that
grows up to 5 m high. The leaves are alternate, odd pinnate
and 10 to 12 cm long.
Habitat: India
Production: The fruit of the Carambola tree is the ripe fruit
of Averrhoa carambola.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Oxalic acid (0.3% of fresh weight)
Vitamin C (0.05% of fresh weight)
Monosaccharides/polysaccharides
Carotinoids
EFFECTS
No definitive data available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit and the oil
obtained from the squashed fruit when ripe.
Flower and Fruit: The main trunk and the side branches
each terminate in a compound flowering umbel of 8 to 16
umbel rays. The epicalyx and calyx are almost non-existent.
The florets are white or reddish and very small. The fruit is a
schizocarp that is glabrous, oblong and elliptoid. It consists
of 2 mericarps that are 3 to 6 mm long, sickle-shaped,
brownish with 5 lighter, angular main ribs (caraway seeds).
Leaves, Stem and Root: Carum carvi is usually a biennial, 30
to 100 cm high plant with a fleshy, fusiform tap root. The
stem is erect, angular, grooved, filled with latex, glabrous
and branched from the ground up. The rosette leaves and the
cauline leaves are glabrous and in part tri-pinnate. The lower
pinna are typically crossed.
Characteristics: The plant has a caraway taste and an
aromatic smell.
Habitat: Caraway is found in Europe, Siberia, the Caucasus,
the Near East, the Himalayas, Mongolia and Morocco.
Found wild in North America after being introduced.
Production: Caraway oil consists of the essential oil
extracted from the ripe fruits of Carum carvi. Caraway is
harvested when completely ripe and threshed 3 weeks later.
The oil is recovered from the crushed seeds by a process of
aqueous steam distillation.
Indian Medicine: Carambola is used for diarrhea, vomiting,
severe thirst, hemorrhoids, intermittent fever, scabies and
liver pain.
Not to be Confused With: Carvon is occasionally added in
synthetic form.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
There is no evidence of any health risks connected with
limited consumption of the fruit or the preserves made from
them. Nevertheless, due to the high oxalate content, which
corresponds approximately to that of rhubarb stalks, the
ingestion of large amounts over extended periods should be
avoided.
COMPOUNDS
In the berries: volatile oil, fatty oil, polysaccharides,
proteins, furocoumarins (traces)
In volatile oil: in particular D-(+)-carvone and D-(+)limonene
EFFECTS
DOSAGE
No information is available.
LITERATURE
Neto MM, Robl F, Netto JC, Depressant action of averrhoa
carambola. Med J Malaysia, 13:279-80, 1980 Mar.
In animal tests the drug had a spasmolytic effect. The
antimicrobial effect has been demonstrated against bacillus,
pseudomonas, and Candida; dermatomyces are also inhibited.
The choleretic effect has been described in a study which is
not accessible.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: Caraway is used for gastrointestinal cramps,
>4fc> flatulence and feelings of fullness, as well as nervous
cardiac-gastric complaints.
In folk medicine, Caraway is used to improve lactation in
nursing mothers, as an emmenagogue and to settle the
stomach. The essential oil is used as constituent in mouthwashes and bath additives.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
CARDAMOM/149
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
"
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Simon JE, Chadwick AF, Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
OVERDOSAGE
An intake of larger dosages of the volatile oil (see for
example in caraway liquor) for extended periods can lead to
kidney and liver damage.
Cardamom
Elettaria cardamomum
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations from the essential oil
4f are for internal use. The comminuted fresh drug is used for
infusions and other galenic preparations.
How Supplied: Powder, capsules, film tablets, coated tablets,
drops and tea.
Preparation: An infusion i.s prepared by pressing l to 2
teaspoonfuls of seeds before using and pouring 150 ml of hot
water over it, draining after 10 to 15 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average single dose of oil is 2 to 3 drops
on sugar; caraway, 1 to 5 gm. The average daily dose of oil
is 3 to 6 drops; caraway, 1.5 to 6 gm.
Storage: Protect from light and moisture in glass or metal
containers.
LITERATURE
Debelmas AM, Rochat J, (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23.
Harries N et al., (1978) J Clin Pharm 2:171.
Hopf H, Kandler O, (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1715.
Koedam A, Scheffer JJC, Barheim Svendsen A, Z Lebensm
g Unters Forsch 168:106-111. 1979.
Salveson A et al., Sci Pharm 46(2):93-100. 1978.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al. (Eds). Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
from the seeds and fruit plus seeds harvested shortly after
ripening.
Flower and Fruit: The flowering shoots grow on the stem
very close to the ground. The panicle branches can grow up
to 8 cm. The flowers are alternate and covered by sheath-like
bracts before opening. The calyx is slightly wider above,
finely striped, obtusely 3-tipped and does not droop. The
corolla is greenish white. The lobes are rounded, somewhat
curly, white with a yellowish border with blue veins and
lines in the center. The only fertile stamen is set into the edge
of the petals. The sterile stamens are arranged beside the
styles on the receptacle. The pollen is globular and prickly.
The ovary is inferior, oblong, obovate with 3 valves, each
with 12 horizontal ovules. The fruit is 6 to 18 mm long, 6 to
10 mm thick, short-stemmed, ovate or elliptical to oblong.
The seeds are light brown, gray or dark red brownish. They
are very roughly wrinkled, 4 to 5 mm long, irregular edged
and the whole seed is surrounded by an almost colorless seed
coat. Mysore and Malabar cardamoms are usually blanched
pale and have a smooth surface. They are sold commercially
less often than the Green Aleppy or Ceylon varieties.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Elettaria cardamomum is a perennial
with a thick, tuberous rhizome and numerous long roots.
There are up to 30 erect, glabrous, green stems that are 2 to 3
m high. The leaves are in 2 rows with a leaf membrane at the
end of a soft-haired sheath. The leaf surface is lanceolate,
clearly acuminate and up to 60 cm long. The leaves are
entire-margined, downy above, silky-haired beneath and
150/CARDAMOM
punctuated by numerous small oil cells. The seeds are about
4 mm diameter and dark-reddish-brown.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Characteristics: Cardamom has an aromatic and pleasant
odor. The taste is aromatic and pungent.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The drug can trigger gallstone colic, due to its
motility-enhancing effect.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous in southern India and Sri
Lanka and is cultivated in tropical regions in southeast Asia
and Guatamala.
Mode of Administration: Ground seeds, as well as galenic
preparations for internal use.
DOSAGE
Production: Cardamom consists of the dried, almost ripe,
greenish to yellow-gray fruit of Elettaria cardamomum.
Medicinal use is limited to the seed, which is removed from
its fruit capsule. The main harvest is in October and
November of the third year after planting. The fruit is then
dried either in the sun or in so-called 'curing houses' and
then sorted according to size, form, color etc.
Storage: Cardamom should be stored in a cool, dry place
protected from light in tightly sealed containers. The powder
can be stored for a maximum of 24 hours. Loose seeds
without the testa cannot be stored.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: composition varies according to the specific
strain, chief components cineol, alpha-terpinyl acetate,
linalyl acetate
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 1.5 gm of drug.
When using a tincture, the dosage range is l to 2 gm.
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. I, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Fatty oil
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Starch
Haginiwa H et al., (1963) Yakagaku Zasshi 83:623.
EFFECTS
The drug is a cholagogue and has virustatic properties. The
essential oil (monoterpene) of the drug is antibacterial and
antimycotic. In animal experiments the essential oil caused
an increase in the secretion of bile and a reduction of gastric
juice production.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common cold
Cough/bronchitis
Fevers and colds
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Liver and gallbladder complaints
Loss of appetite
Tendency to infection
Unproven Uses: Cardamom is also used for dyspepsia. In
folk medicine it is used for digestive complaints, vomiting
and diarrhea, morning sickness and loss of appetite as well as
Roemheld syndrome.
Chinese Medicine: Cardamom is used for stomachache,
nausea, vomiting and flatulence.
Indian Medicine: In Indian medicine, Cardamom is used for
disorders of the efferent urinary tract.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewis YS, Nambuduri ES, Philip T, Perfum Essent OH Res
57:623-628. 1966.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Carex arenaria
See German Sarsaparilla
Carica papaya
See Papaya
Carlina acaulis
See Carline Thistle
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Carline Thistle
Carlina acaulis
DESCRIPTION
£ Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are made up of individual
heads that are 7 to 13 cm in diameter. The disc florets are
androgynous, pink to violet, and have a 5-tipped radial
corolla. The outer bracts are thorny. The middle bracts
consist of glossy white, acuminate, 3 to 4 cm long leaves.
The stamens have bristly-tipped appendages. The styles are
cylindrical with short stigma lobes. The fruit is 5 mm long,
obclavate to cylindrical, and bluntly angular with bifurcated
hairs at the tip.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Carlina acaulis is a 30 cm high
thistle-like, leafy plant with milky latex. The stem is
compressed and under 5 cm long. The whorled to alternate
leaves are flat or slightly frilled and a little tough, 10 to 20
cm long, pinnatifid to pinnatisect with broad, thorny tips.
The rhizome is finger thick and has 1 or more heads.
9> Habitat: The plant extends from Spain, Italy and the Balkans
across central Europe to central Russia.
Production: Carline Thistle (Dwarf Thistle) is the root of
Carlina acaulis collected in autumn and dried. It is collected
in the wild.
Not to be Confused With: Sometimes Carline Thistle is
adulterated by addition of other Carlina species.
Other Names: Stemless Carlina Root, Dwarf Carline,
Ground Thistle, Southernwood Root
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components carlina oxide
CAROB/151
Externally, it is used as a wash for dermatosis, and to rinse
wounds and ulcers; as a mouthwash to alleviate symptoms
associated with cancer of the tongue.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Carline Thistle is used both
internally and externally.
Daily Dosage: Common preparations and doses are:
Decoction: Boil 3 gm of drug in 150 ml of water for 5
minutes, drink 3 cups daily.
Infusion: 2 teaspoons of the drug to be boiled in 1 cup of
water for 10 minutes, leave to draw for half an hour, take 3
to 4 cups daily between mealtimes.
Tincture: 20 gm of chopped drug, left to draw for 10 days in
80 gm of ethanol 60%, use 40 to 50 drops, 4 to 5 times daily.
Wine: Add 50 gm of the drug to 1 L of white wine, leave to
draw for a minimum of 12 days, then strain; drink one full
small glass before mealtimes.
Externally it is used as a decoction; 30 gm of the drug added
to I L of water.
Storage: Should be stored in tightly sealed containers.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Schilcher H, Hagels H, Carlinae radix. Verfalschung,
Verwechslung oder Ersatzdroge. In: DAZ 130(40):2186. 1990.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Inulin (18 to 20%) (fructosan)
Tannins
EFFECTS
Jf There is no valid data on the mode of action. The essential
oil hinders the growth of Staphylococcus aureus up to a
dilution of 1:2 X 105. Carline Thistle has mild diuretic,
spasmolytic and diaphoretic effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for cholecystopathy, digestive insufficiency and for spasms in the alimentary canal. In Spain, it is used to treat colds and illnesses
accompanied by fever.
Carob
Ceratonia siliqua
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fruit and the
bark.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is erect and lateral in
old wood. It is often bushy, clustered or catkin-like, and
unisexual with erect receptacles. There is no corolla. The
male flowers have 5 long filaments with long slits and
opening pollen tubes. The female flowers have short-
152/CAROB
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
stemmed ovaries. The pods are 10 to 20 cm by 2 cm, tough
leathery, brown-violet, flat and often rounded to a horn
shape. There are numerous, lumpy and glossy brown seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This walnut-like tree is usually
under 6 m high, broad-crowned, sparsely branched and with
cracked gray-brown bark. There are 2 to 4 paired pinnate
leaves. The leaflets are obovate, 4 to 5 cm long, curved,
glabrous, glossy dark green above and red-brown beneath.
Habitat: Indigenous to southeastern Europe and west Asia,
otherwise cultivated.
Production: Carob seed flour is the ground endosperm of the
seeds of Ceratonia siliqua.
Not to be Confused With: Carob Tree, Jacaranda procera or
Jacaranda caroba.
Other Names: St. John's Bread, Locust Bean, Locust Pods,
Sugar Pods
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages: chiefly made up of galactomannanes
Proteic substances
Flavonoids:
schaftoside
including
isoschaftoside,
neoschaftoside,
EFFECTS
In various test series and studies, the effect of carob gum on
the serum glucose level, the secretion and activity of
digestive enzymes, the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones
as well as on the serum lipid level was proven. The
hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect is attributed to an
increase in viscosity of the gastrointestinal content.
Effects on nitrogen balance, efficacy in infantile diarrhea, as
well as an anti-exudative, anticoagulant and antiviral effects
have been demonstrated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Carob is used in dietary agents for acute
nutritional disorders, diarrheal disorders, dyspepsia, enterocolitis, celiac disease and sprue. It is also used for habitual
vomiting in babies, acetonemic vomiting, rumination, retching cough and vomiting.
Carob seed flour is used in the production of glutin-free
starch bread, which is used for vomiting during pregnancy,
celiac disease and obesity.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: It is obsolete as a drug but is
included in thickening powders and as a baking aid for
glutin-free starch bread.
Preparation: As a baking aid or thickening agent, dissolve in
cold liquid, boil for 1 to 2 minutes, cool and mix into the
prepared baby food.
Daily Dosage: For a 3 to 10% arabon preparation, add 20 to
30 mg of drug to water, tea or milk, to be drunk during the
course of the day. As a baking agent in glutin-free bread for
babies, add 1/4 to 1/2 gm of drug (max. 2 gm) to 100 ml
liquid; adults 1% to 3% additive to low-calorie starters and
desserts.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
McLeary BV, Biomass A Cellulose and Hemicellulose 160:523.
1988.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Carrageen
Chondrus
crispus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of carrageen, the Irish
seaweed, is the thallus that has been freed from the adhesive
disc then dried and bleached in the sun.
Flower and Fruit: Gamatangia: The spematangia are colorless and are at the end of the younger thaljus lobes. The
spermatia are 7.5 to 10 p:m long and 4 to 5 p:m wide; the
carposporangia are 20 to 20 jim long and 14 to 25 \\m wide
and have no outer threads. The tetrasporangia, along with the
cruciform arranged tatra spores, are in the'medulla of the
short side branches.
Thallus: Chondrus crispus is a perennial red algae that grows
in waters up to 25 m deep. The thallus is usually yellowgreen to purplish-brown when fresh, white to yellow and
translucent after drying. Thallus fronds, are 10 to 30 cm long
on an adhesive disc, arising from a subcylindrical stem. They
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
CASCARA
then become flattened, curled and sometimes 'bifid. The
segments are linear and usually 3 to 8 mm wide. The margin
is linguiform, later repeatedly dividing into bifid thallus
lobes. The thallus is cartilaginous and double-layered. The
internal tissue is made up of reticulately linked cells. The
bark layer is at right angles to the thallus. The bifurcated cell
strings are like strings of pearls that are spread radially.
Habitat: Carrageen is found from the coast of Iceland to the
Baltic, from northern Russia to the south of Spain, Morocco
and the Cape Verde Islands, and also in parts of North
America and some Japanese coastal regions.
Production: Carrageen is the dried and bleached thalli of
Chondrus crispus as well as other varieties of Gigartina
species. After being cleaned, the algae are left to bleach in
the sun, then dried.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with related
species of Gigartina stellata and Gigartina pistillata.
Other Names:
Carrageennan
Irish
Moss,
Chondrus,
Carrahan,
SAGRADA/153
Preparation: Irish moss extract is prepared using a diluted,
almost boiling alkali solution. Filtration and vacuum inspissation follow prior to extensive dehydration. A decoction is
prepared by combining 1.5 g drug with 1 cup water.
Storage: The drug should be stored in tightly sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Chapman B, Chapman VJ, Chapman DJ, Seaweeds and their
uses. Chapmann and Hall, London, New York 1980.
Standoff DJ, Renn DW, (1975) A C S Symp Ser. 15:282.
Thomson AW, Home CHW, (1976) Brit J Exp Pathol 57:455.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Carrageenans: (carrageenine): in particular kappa-, iota- and
lambda-carrageenan (muciform galactane sulphates)
Carthamus tinctorius
Proteins
See Safflower
Mineral salts: including iodides and bromides
EFFECTS
Carum carvi
The drug contains hydrocolloids of the carrageenan type.
Carrageen is considered a mucilage because it hinders the
effect of peptides in digestive enzymes. It also acts as an
expectorant and secretory agent. In animal experiments the
drug was not absorbed. There are no studies available on
absorption in humans. The drug's purported demulcent and
antitussive effects have not been confirmed.
Rhamnus purshiana
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
TRADE NAMES
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine internal uses of Carrageen
include as roughage for constipation and as a mucilage for
diarrhea, as well as for peptic ulcers. Sometimes a decoction
is used for coughs, bronchitis and tuberculosis.
Cascara Sagrada (available from numerous manufacturers),
Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild Stimulant Laxative, Cascara
Sagrada Natural Laxative, Cascara Sagrada Bark
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Intracutaneous injections of solutions, however, can
trigger local inflammations.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Seldom used as a drug, but is
included in compound preparations as syrup and granules.
See Caraway
Cascara Sagrada
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in axillary richly
blossomed racemes. The receptacles are green and the sepals
are larger than the petals. Both receptacles and sepals are
white. The ovary is longer than the style and is trilocular.
The fruit is dark purple and top-shaped. The seeds are ovate,
black, glossy, domed on the outside and have a distinct line
on the inside.
154/CASCARA
SAGRADA
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is either a bush or a 6 to
18 m tall tree with branches which are gray tomentose when
young. The leaves are oblong-ovate, rounded at the base or
sometimes narrowing at the petiole. On the longer shoots
they are up to 17 cm long and 7.5 cm wide with an 8 to 18
mm long petiole. The margins are finely dentate and the
young leaves are tomentose, later becoming dark-green but
not coriaceous even in autumn.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the western part of North
America and is cultivated on the Pacific coast of the U.S.,
Canada and in eastern Africa.
Production: Cascara Sagrada bark consists of the dried bark
of Rhamnus purshiana.
Not to be Confused With: The bark of other Rhamnus
species.
Other Names: Purshiana Bark, Sagrada Bark, Sacred Bark,
Bitter Bark, Yellow Bark, Dogwood Bark, California Buckthorn, Chittem Bark, Cascara Buckthorn
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (8-10%): anthranoids, chief components cascarosides A and B (stereoisomeric aloin-8-glucosides), C and D (stereoisomeric 1 l-deoxy-aloin-8glucosides), E and F (C-glucosyl-emodin-anthron-8glucosides), further including aloin, 11-deoxyaloin
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
CLINICAL TRIALS ,
Bowel Preparation
The effectiveness and acceptability of three bowel-cleansing
regimens was determined in 271 patients for colonoscopy.
Senna laxative (X-prep), combined with a saline enema, a
polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (Golytely 4
liters) or combined regimen of Cascara-Salax laxative
(PicoSalax) and 1.51 Golytely was administered. No clinically important differences were found between the three bowel
preparation regimens (Borkje, 1991).
A prospective, randomized clinical trial was conducted to
determine the side effects, patient acceptance, residual liquid
and stool during colonoscopy and also quality of examination of three colon cleansing methods. Three hundred
ambulatory patients were randomly assigned to one of the
following three groups for colon preparation: Group 1, (4
liters of Golytely), group 2, (2 liters of Golytely combined
with Cascara-Salax), and group 3, (X-Prep (a Senna preparation) combined with an enema). X-Prep caused significantly
more abdominal cramps than Group 1 or Group 2. Vomiting
was most frequent with Group 1, and the patients preferred
X-Prep to 4 liters of Golytely. The cleanest colon was
obtained with 4 liters of Golytely; 2 liters of Golytely with
Cascara-Salax was least effective. The quality of the
examination was equal in groups 1 and 3, which were both
significantly better than group 2 (Hangartner, 1989).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Constipation
EFFECTS
Laxative Effects
The anthranoid compounds of Cascara are carried unabsorbed to the large intestine where the active aglycon is
released by bacterial hydrolysis of the sugar. The intestinal
bacterial flora reduces anthraquinone aglycons to the active
components of 1,8-dihydroxy-anthracene derivatives, which
have the laxative effect (de Witte & Lemli, 1990).
The anthranoids are anti-absorptive, hydrogogic and inhibit
the absorption of electrolytes and water from die colon. The
laxative effect is caused by an increase in the volume of the
intestinal contents with the resulting increase in pressure and
stimulation of intestinal peristalsis. In addition, stimulation
of the active chloride secretion into the intestine by nitricoxide-donating compounds or nitric oxide itself increases
water and electrolyte content (Izzo, 1998). Aloin and other
anthranoid derivatives stimulate prostaglandin production in
isolated segments of intestinal tissue, thus contributing to die
cathartic action (Cohen, 1982; Capasso, 1983).
Cascara Segrada is used for constipation, relief of defecation
with anal fissures, hemorrhoids, and as a recto-anal postopeiative treatment. The herb is also used in preparation of
diagnostic procedures of the gastrointestinal tract and to
obtain a soft stool.
Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Cascara is used as a tonic
and for cleaning wounds.
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for rheumatism and as
a digestive aid.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute
inflammatory intestinal disease (colitis, Crohn's disease,
irritable bowel), appendicitis and abdominal pain of unknown origin. Cascara drug is not to be administered to
children under 12 years of age.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints can occur as
a side effect to the drug's purgative effect. In rare cases,
prolonged use may lead to heart arrhythmias, nephropathies,
CASCARA SAGRADA / 1 5 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
£T
edema and accelerated bone deterioration. Intake of the fresh
rind could lead to European cholera, intestinal colic, bloody
diarrhea and kidney irritation.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 2 gm finely cut
drug to boiling water and strain after 10 minutes. (1
teaspoonful = 2.5 gm drug)
Electrolyte Abnormalies: Long-term use leads to loss of
electrolytes, in particular potassium ions. Hyperaldosteronism, albuminuria, hematuria, inhibition of intestinal motility,
and muscle weakness may occur. Enhancement of cardioactive steroids and antiarrythics may also occur as a consequense of hypokalemia.
Daily Dosage: Administer 20 to 30 mg hydroxyanthracene
derivatives daily, calculated as cascaroside A.
Carcinogenesis: The probability of carcinomas in the colon
following long-term administration of anthracene drugs has
not yet been fully clarified. Cascara glycoside may act as
weak promoters in colon carcinogenesis in animal models
(Mereto, 1996). One study determined aloin-enriched diets
did not promote incidence and growth of adenomas, carcinomas or significant hepatotoxicity after 20 weeks (Siegers,
1993a). Anthranoid laxative abuse is a relative risk factor for
colorectal cancer (Siegerss, 1993b).
Drug Interactions:
ftk
Thiazide Diuretics/Corticoadrenal Steroids/Liquorice Root
— These drugs may potentiate potassium deficiency when
used concomitantly with Cascara.
Antiarrythmics — Loss of potassium associated with prolonged use of Cascara may potentiate arrhythmias when
given concomitantly with antiarrhythmic medications.
Digitalis Glycosides — With prolonged use or abuse of
Cascara, loss of potassium may potentiate digitalis toxicity.
Indomethacin (NSAIDS) — Indomethacin given concomitantly with anthracene derivatives had a decrease in therapeutic effect due to the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (SEE
EFFECTS) (Cohen, 1982; Capasso, 1983).
Pregnancy: Use during pregnancy or while nursing only
after consulting a physician.
.
•*
Tea: Take 1 fresh cup mornings and evenings.
Homeopathic Dosage: from D3: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day (HAB34)
Note: The individually correct dosage is the smallest dosage
necessary to maintain a soft stool. Stimulating laxatives must
not be used over a period of more than 1 to 2 weeks without
medical advice.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
136(38):3253-2354. 1996.
Anonym, Anwendungseinschrankungen fur Anthranoid-haltige
Abfuhrmittel angeordnet. In: PUZ 25(6)341-342. 1996.
Borkje B; Pedersen R: Lund GM et al. Effectiveness and
acceptability of three bowel cleansing regimens. Scand J
Gastroenterol 1991 Feb:26(2): 162-6.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164.
1992.
Capasso F; Mascolo N; Autore G: Duraccio MR. Effect of
indomethacin on aloin and 1,8 dioxianthraquinone-induced
production of prostaglandins in rat isolated colon. Prostaglandins
1983 Oct;26(4):557-62.
Cohen MM. The effect of cathartics on prostaglandin synthesis
by rat gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982
Apr;8(4):389-97.
de Witte P, Cuveele J, Lemli J, Bicascarosides in fluid extracts
of Cascara. In: PM 57:440. 1991.
de Witte P; Lemli L. The metabolism of anthranoid laxatives.
Hepatogastroenterology 1990 Dec:37(6):601-5.
Nursing Mothers: Cascara has been identified by the
American Academy of Pediatrics as compatible with breastfeeding. (Hagemann, 1998).
Evans FJ et al., (1975) J Pharm Pharmacol 27.91P.
Pediatric Use: The drug is not to be administered to children
under 12 years of age.
Griffini A et al., Isolation and characterisation of pure
Cascarosides A, B, C, and D. In: PM 58(Suppl.7):A593. 1992.
DOSAGE
Hagemann TM. Gastrointestinal medications and breastfeeding. J
Hum Lact 1998 Sep;14(3):259-62.
Mode of Administration: Liquid or solid forms of medication
are exclusively for oral use. The drug is used as comminuted
drug, powder or dry extracts for infusions, decoction, and as
a cold maceration or elixir.
How Supplied:
Capsule — 425 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 850 mg
Fairbairn JW et al., (1977) J Pharm Sci 66:1300.
Fairbairn JW, Simic S, (1964) J Pharm Pharmacol 16:450.
Hangartner PJ; Munch R; Meier J et al. Comparison of three
colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical
trial with 300 ambulatory patients. Endoscopy 1989
Nov;21(6):272-5.
Helrnholz H, Ruge A, Piasecki A, Schroder S, Westendorf J,
Genotoxizitat der Faulbaumrinde. In: PZ 138(43):3478. 1993.
156/CASCARA SAGRADA
Izzo AA; Mascolo N; Capasso F. Nitric oxide as a modulator
of intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Dig Dis Sci 1998
Aug;43(8): 1605-20.
Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fur
die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In:
PUZ 26(1 ):33 Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997.
Manitto P et al., Studies on Cascara, part 2. Structure of
cascarosides £ and F. In: JNP 58(3):419-423. 1995.
Mereto E; Ghia M; Brambilla G. Evaluation of the potential
carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara glycosides for the
rat colon. Cancer Lett 1996 Mar 19;I01( 1 ):79-83.
Siegers CP; Siemers J; Baretton G. Sennosides and aloin do not
promote dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal tumors in mice.
Pharmacology 1993a Oct:47 Suppl 1:205-8.
Siegers CP; von Hertzberg-Lottin E; Otte M; Schneider B.
Anthranoid laxative abuse—a risk for colorectal cancer? Gut
1993b Aug;34(8): 1099-101.
Thesen R, Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT
9(49): 105. 1988.
Further information in:
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small tree that rarely
grows to more than 6 m. It has small, opposite, ovatelanceolate leaves about 5 cm long. Scales beneath densely
cover the leaves, giving them a silver-bronze appearance.
Above, the scales are scattered and white. The bark occurs in
short quilled pieces, usually with a chalky, more or less
cracked, white surface, with black dots due to the fruit of
lichens. The transverse fracture is reddish-brown.
Characteristics: The taste is aromatic and bitter.
Habitat: Indigenous to the West Indies, also grown in
tropical areas of America.
Production: Cascarilla bark is the bark of Croton eluteria.
Other Names: Sweet Wood Bark, Sweet Bark, Bahama
Cascarilla
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1.5 to 3%): chief components are p-cymene,
limonene, alpha-thujone, pinenes, linalool, myrcene, terpeninol-4
Hansel R, Keller K, kimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Resins
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Cascarilla is a stimulant and a tonic.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Diterpene bitter principles: including Cascarillin A (15%)
(25%)
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cascarilla is used for digestive disorders,
diarrhea and vomiting.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
DOSAGE
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Cascarilla
Croton eluteria
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Available as a powder,
extract or tincture.
liquid
LITERATURE
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark.
Mc Echean CE et al., J Chem Soc 166B:633. 1966.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, with white petals
and a pleasant fragrance.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Cashew
Anacardium occidentale
DESCRIPTION
«p» Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the finely chopped
bark, the cashew nut, the fresh leaves and extracted cashew
oil.
Flower and Fruit: Flowers are in terminal, cyme-like, 10 to
20 cm long panicles and are polygamous. The pedicles are 2
to 3 mm long. The calyx is deeply divided into five sepals,
which are lanceolate, erect, imbricate, glabrous inside and
covered on the outside with short, thick, gray hairs. The
corolla is 5-petaled. The petals are lineal-lanceolate, 7 to 8
mm long by 1 mm wide, acute, soft and gray-haired on the
outside. The petals are glabrous and yellow with a red stripe
on the inside that curls outward in the later stages. Seven to
10 stamens are fused at the base, but only one 8 to 9 mm
long stamen is fertile; the sterile ones are shorter. Anthers are
yellowish-white, oblong-ovate and burst open along a
vertical slit. The gynoecium is obovate, 2 mm long, onevalved and elongates to a 4 mm long wedge-shaped style
with a spot-like stigma. The flowers are followed by a
tw fleshy, edible receptacle, which partly encloses the fruit. The
fruit is reniform, with a smooth, pale grayish-brown drupe,
about 2 to 3 cm long and 1 cm thick.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The Cashew is a broad evergreen
tree from 6 to 10 m high with smooth glabrous branches,
densely leafed toward the tops. It has short-petioled leaves
that are alternate, coriaceous and entire-margined. The leaf
blade is obovate, 12 to 14 cm by 6 to 8 cm with a prominent
midrib and 10 to 14 veins that are almost parallel.
Habitat: The plant grows in the Caribbean and Central and
South America; it is cultivated everywhere in the tropics
especially in Africa and India.
Production: Fruit of the Cashew tree is harvested with the
stem removed.
Other Names: East Indian Almond
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: IN THE SEED CASE
* Alky I phenoles
Anacardic acid
Cardol
Methyl cardol
COMPOUNDS: IN THE SEEDS
Fatty oil
Chief fatty acids: oleic acid and linolenic acid
CASHEW / 1 5 7
Proteins
Starch
EFFECTS
It has been demonstrated in vitro that the dried extract
prepared with ethanol is effective against the gram-positive
bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. It also
acts as an astringent and cauterizing agent due to the
phenolic skin stimulant (anacardic acid) found mostly in the
skin of the fruit, but also in the fruit itself.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cashew is used for gastrointestinal ailments
in Brazil and Nigeria. Cashew shell oil and cashew fruit are
used as skin stimulants and cauterizing agents for ulcers,
warts and corns. In Brazil and Nigeria, the bark is used to
make an astringent decoction to treat toothache and inflammation of the gums. External uses in Haiti include amenorrhea, and internally cashew is used for dysentery. Young
leaves are used in the Philippines in the treatment of
diarrhea, dysentery and hemorrhoids; older leaves are used
as hot poultices for burns and skin disorders Efficacy for
these indications has not been documented.
Indian Medicine: Cashew bark is used for fevers, as a
laxative and anthelmintic, and to treat diabetes insipidus.
One particular form is used to treat snake bites. Cashew shell
oil is used as a runefacient and skin stimulant in the
treatment of leprosy, elephantitis, psoriasis and ring worm, in
addition to warts and corns.
Homeopathic Uses: Cashew is used to treat severely itching
rashes with blistering and also facial erysipelas.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The alkyl phenoles contained in the seed case of the nut are
strong skin irritants. Contact between the seed case and skin
can lead to erythemas with nodule and blister formation.
Frequent contact can lead to rimose exanthemas The roasted
seeds eaten as cashew nuts are free of alkyl phenoles, as is
the plant stalk.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available preparations include
acajou oil, cashew oil, oleum anacardiae and fatty oil
extracted from the seeds.
Preparation: Preparations are often compounds, particularly
in homeopathy.
Homeopathic Dosage: Daily dosage is 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10
globules, every 30 to 60 minutes for acute conditions; or one
of those options 1 to 3 times daily for chronic conditions.
Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily; Ointments, rinses and
poultices: 1 dessertspoon : 1/4L water 1 to 2 times daily
(HAB34).
158/CASHEW
LITERATURE
Banerjee S, Rao AR, Promoting action of cashew nut shell oil
in DMBA-initiated mouse skin tumour model system. Cancer
Lett, 47:149-52, 1992 Feb 29.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N ES
Kubo I, et al., Tyrosinase inhibitors from Anacardium
occidentale. J Nat Prod 57 (1994), 545.
Laurens A, Paris RR, Plant Med Phytother 11 (1976), 16.
Barroso MAT, Hort Sciences: 8:99. 1973.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Behl, Buch. In: Behl PN, Captain RM, Bedi BMS, Gupta S:
Skin Irritant and Sensitizing plants found in India, PN Behl,
India. 1967.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Kubo I, et al., Tyrosinase inhibitors from Anacardium
occidentale. In: JNP 57(4):545. 1994.
Laurens A, Paris RR, (1976) Plant Med Phytother 11:16.
Nagaraja KV, Plant Foods Hum Nutr 37:307-311. 1987.
Nagaraja KV, Qual Plat - Plant Foods Hum Nutr 37:69-75.
1987.
Neuwinger HD, Arzneipflanzen Schwarzafrikas. In: DAZ
134(6):453. 1994.
Ogunlana EO, Ramstad E, (1975) Planta Med 27:354.
Paul VJ, Yeddanapalli LM, J Am Chem Soc 78:5675-5678.
1956.
Samant SK, Rege DV, Lebensm-Wiss Technol 22:164-168.
1989.
Smit HF, Woerdenbag HJ, Singh RH, Meulenbeld GJ, Labadie
RP, Zwaving JH, Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible
cytostatic activity. J Ethnopharmacol, 47:75-84, 1995 Jul 7.
Sullivan JT, et al., (1982) Planta Med 44:175.
Mendes NM, de Oliveira AB, Guimaraes JE, Pereira JP, Katz
N, Molluscacide activity of a mixture of 6-n-alkyl salicylic
acids (anacardic acid) and 2 of its complexes with copper (II)
and lead (II). RJV Soc Bras Med Trop, 47:217-24, 1990 OctDec.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Smit HF, Woerdenbag HJ, Singh RH, Meulenbeld GJ, Labadie
RP, Zwaving JH, Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible
cytostatic activity. J Ethnopharmacol, 47:75-84, 1995 Jul 7.
Vijayalakshmi T, Muthulakshmi V, Sachdanandam P, Salubrious
effect of Semecarpus anacardium against lipid peroxidative
changes in adjuvant arthritis studied in rats. Mol Cell Biochem,
36:65-9, 1997 Oct.
Vijayalakshmi T, Muthulakshmi V, Sachdanandam P,
Semecarpus anacardium-induced facial oedema. Br J Dermatol,
58:338-9, 1996 Aug.
Tyman JHP, Anal Chem 48:30-34. »976.
Tyman JHP, Kiong LS. Lipids 13:525-532. 1978.
Further information in:
Franca F, Lago EL, Marsden PD, Plants used in the treatment
of leishmanial ulcers due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziiiensis in
an endemic area of Bahia Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop,
47:229-32, 1996 May-Jun.
Cassia fistula
See Golden Shower Tree
Cassia species
George J, Kuttan R, Mutagenic carcinogenic and cocarcinogenic
activity of cashewnut shell liquid. Cancer Lett, 47:11-6, 1997
Jan 15.
See Senna
Gil RR, Lin LZ, Cordell GA, Kumar MR, Ramesh M, Reddy
BM, Mohan GK, Narasimha AV, Rao A, Anacardoside from
the seeds of Semecarpus anacardium. Phytochemistry, 58:405-7,
1995 May.
Castanea sativa
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Jurberg P, et al., Effect of Niclosamide (Bayluscide WP 70)
Anacardium occidentale hexane extract and Euphorbia splendens
latex on behavior of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say 1818) under
laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 58:191-4, 1995
Mar-Apr.
See Spanish Chestnut
Castor Oil Plant
Ricinus
communis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
from the seeds, the fat extracted from the oil, the ripe seeds
and the dried seeds.
CASTOR OIL PLANT /159
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are terminal and
almost panicled and 15 to 50 cm long. The pedicled female
flowers are in the upper section and the male flowers are
clustered in the lower section of the inflorescence. The male
ones have a 3 to 5 part perianth with numerous, heavily
w* branched stamens which bear up to 1,000 separate bursting
anthers. The female perianth is divided in 5. The ovary is
trilocular. The style has 3 red, doubly split stigma branches.
The fruit capsule is soft prickly or smooth and grooved, 1 to
2.5 cm in diameter. The capsule bursts open when ripe
flinging out the large brightly speckled seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ricinus communis is an annual plant
in Central Europe, a bi- or -triennial shrub in Southern
Europe and a perennial tree in the tropics. There is a taproot
and lateral roots near the surface. The stem is erect and
hollow. As it grows older, the stem becomes green or
brownish-red. The leaves are petioled, greenish or reddish,
often frosted blue, and arranged in a spiral. The leaf blade is
peltate, 10 to 60 cm long and wide. The blade is usually
divided into palmate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate lobes. The
ribs are palmate and the margins are irregularly serrate.
Habitat: The plant is cultivated widely today in the tropics
and subtropics and in temperate latitudes where maize
thrives.
Production: Castor Oil is fatty oil obtained from the seeds of
Ricinus communis. It is obtained by mechanical harvesting
followed by sorting. Fruits that open by bursting when ripen,
must be harvested before ripening and then threshed.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with the
poisonous seeds of other Euphorbiaceae.
Other Names: Castor Bean, Mexico Seed, Castor Oil Plant,
Castor Oil Bush, Palma Christi
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
CASTOR OIL SEEDS
Fatty oil (42 to 55%, see below for constituents)
Proteic substances (20 to 25%)
Lectins (0.1 to 0.7%): including ricin D (RCA-60, severely
toxic), RCA-120 (less toxic)
Pyrridine alkaloids: ricinine (up to 0.3%)
Triglycerides: chief fatty acids ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoleic acid, 85 to 90%)
Tocopherols (vitamin E)
EFFECTS
The laxative principle of Castor Oil is the ricinolic acid.
Ricinolic acid is anti-absorptive and secretogogic. In animal
experiments, stimulation of PgE2 synthesis in the small
intestine was proven. The possible reason for effectiveness
of ricini semen is the antimicrobial activity of the seeds
(ricin is highly toxic).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Castor Oil is used internally in folk
medicine for acute constipation, intestinal inflammation, for
removal of worms, and as a form of birth control. The oil is
used externally for inflammatory skin disorders, furuncles,
carbuncles, abscesses, inflammation of the middle ear and
headaches (poultice.)
Chinese Medicine: In China, Castor Oil is used to treat sore
throat, facial paralysis, dry stool, furuncles, ulcers and
festering inflammation of the skin.
Indian Medicine: In India, the drug is used for dyspeptic
complaints and joint pains.
Homeopathic Uses: Ricinus communis is used to treat
diarrhea.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Castor Oil is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute
inflammatory intestinal diseases, appendicitis, abdominal
pain of unknown origin, during pregnancy and while
nursing. The drug is not to be administered to children under
12 years of age.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages of Castor Oil. Allergic skin rashes have
been observed in rare cases.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage can lead to gastric irritation with nausea,
vomiting, colic and severe diarrhea. Long-term use leads to
loss of electrolytes, especially potassium ions. This effect
may lead to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal
motility and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive
steroids.
Castor beans are severely poisonous due to the toxic lectin
content. The ricinus lectins disturb the function of ribosomes
and thereby prevent protein synthesis. 12 castor beans are
believed to be fatal for an adult. Symptoms include severe
gastroenteritis with bloody vomiting and bloodyv diarrhea,
kidney inflammation, loss of fluid and electrolytes and
ultimately circulatory collapse. Death is usually the result of
hypovolemic shock.
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) and installation of
1 6 0 / C A S T O R OIL PLANT
medicinal charcoal, the therapy for castor bean poisoning
includes treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.), generous
supplies of fluids, electrolyte substitution and treating
possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions.
In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be
infused. Monitoring of kidney function and blood coagulation is essential. Papain activated with H2-S has been
attempted as an antidote.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Castor Oil is available as whole
drug, in solid, semi-solid and in compounded pharmaceutical
preparations for internal and external use.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist" U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Preparation: Industrial production using specific procedures.
Daily Dosage:
Internally — for acute constipation or as a laxative against
worms, at least 5 (x2 g) or 10 (xl g) capsules must be taken;
Caster Oil is also available in compound preparations.
Externally — a paste made of ground seeds is applied to the
affected skin areas twice daily. A course of treatment takes
up to 15 days.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34)
LITERATURE
Anonym, Pharmaceutical Care: "Den Mi(3brauch von Laxanzien
vermeiden helfen". In: DAZ 135(20): 1867-1868. 1995.
BGA, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken:Poly-(oxyethylen)-35Rizinusol. In: DAZ 132(33): 1733. 1992.
Macfarlane N, Trop Sc 17:217-228. 1975.
Scarpa A, Guerci A, Various uses of the castor oil plant
(Ricinus communis L.), a review. In: ETH 5(2): 117. 1982.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Cat's Claw
Uncaria tomentosa
TRADE NAMES
Cai's Claw (available from numerous manufacturers), Cat's
Claw Power, Cat's Claw Inner Bark, Cat's Claw Bark
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root bark
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are bisexual and sessil. The
calyx is tubular 1 to 2 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter.
The corolla is 7-12 mm long, 4 mm in diameter and contains
5 roundish lobes. The stamens are in fives and fused. The
anthers are 1 mm in length; the stigma eliptical. The ovary is
inferior. The fruits are elliptical, 6-8 mm in length and 4-6
mm wide.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Uncaria tomentosa is a large woody
vine that sometimes reaches heights of 100 feet. The bark
has longitudinal fissures and range from yellow to yellowgreen in color. The leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic or
ovate. They range in size from 7 to 18 cm in length and from
4 to 13 cm wide. The margins of the leaf are entire, with a
roundish base.The spines are woody and occur in pairs. They
are curved like a cat's and thorn-like.
Characteristics: The sap of Uncaria tomentosa is watery and
has an astringent taste.
Habitat: Cat's Claw is indigenous to the rainforest areas of
Central and South America
Production: Cat's Claw is harvested in the wild.
Not to be Confused With: There are several plants with the
common name of Una de Gato. Confusion can occur with
Anadenanthera flava, Bauhinia aculeata, Berberis goudotii,
Celtis uguanae, Doxantha ungis catti, Mimosa albida,
Pisonia aculeata, Rubus urticaefolius, the various Smilax
species and Zanthoxylum panamensis (Obregon, 1995).
CAT'S C L A W / 1 6 1
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Other Names: Una de Gato, Paraguaya, Garbato, Tambor
hausca, Toron
inhibiting the calcium influx through voltage dependent
calcium channels in the rat aorta (Horie, 1992).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Contraceptive Effect — There is only anecdotal evidence of
the use of Cat's Claw in the prevention of pregnancy. In
Peru, it has been used for this purpose for years in some
rainforest tribes, but the amount of drug used would be
considered very high. A decoction prepared from 11 to 13
pounds of the root is reduced to about 1 cup and taken at the
time of menstruation. It is claimed that sterility can be
maintained for 3 to 4 years after one dose (Cabieses, 1994).
COMPOUNDS
Alkaloids: including 5-alpha-carboxystrictosidine, isoptero^* podine, mitraphylline, isomitraphyllin, isorynchophylline,
rynchophyllin
Triterpenes
Organic acids: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid
Glycosides: quinovic acid glycosides
Procyanidins: (-)-epicatechin, cinchonain l a, cinchonain lb
Sterols: beta-sitosterol (60%), stigmasterol, capesterol
EFFECTS
Anti-inflammatory/Immunostimulating Effects — The sterol
componants of Cat's Claw have been found to have antiinflammatory activity (Scnatore, 1989). Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema was shown to respond to per oral doses
of various extracts of Cat's Claw dried root bark (Aquino,
1991). The beta-sitosterol fraction, which accounts for 60%
^ of the total steroid content in the herb is thought to be
~ responsible for most of the anti-inflammatory effect (Senatore, 1989). Uncaria tomentosa extract has been found to
stimulate interleukin-l and interleukin-6 production by
alveolar macrophages (Lemaire, 1999).
Effects on Platelet Aggregation — Rhynchophylline, an
alkaloid present in Cat's Claw, has been found to inhibit
venous and cerebral thrombosis in rabbits. It has also
demonstrated platelet aggregation inhibition (Chen, 1992).
Effects on Serotonin and Dopamine — In one study,
rhynchophylline increased the serotonin levels in the hypothalamus and cortex of rat brain and reduced the dopamine
levels in the cortex, amygdala, and spinal cord. Rhynchophylline increased the release of endogenous dopamine from
4 brain regions. The release of serotonin was increased in 2
brain regions (Shi, 1993).
Hirsutine, an alkaloid present in Uncaria tomentosa has a
potent ganglion blocking effect. Hirsutine was found to
block nicotine induced dopamine release in rat pheochromoj^ cytoma cells. Hirsutine was found to be equipotent to
hexamethonium in blocking the inward current activated by
nicotine (Nakazawa, 1991).
Antihypertensive Effects — Hirsutine has antihypertensive
effects. This effect can partly be explained by die ability of
hirsutine to reduce intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting
calcium release from the calcium store and increasing
calcium uptake into the calcium store. Hirsutine was also
found to exhibit calcium channel blocking activity by
Effects on Cancer — Aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa
suppressed cell growth through induction of apoptosis in two
different human leukemic cell lines. Apoptosis was demonstrated by the fact that both DNA single and double strand
breaks increased within 24 hours of treatment with the
Uncaria tomentosa extract (Sheng, 1998).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The effects that have some scientific
evidence of efficacy include antiviral, immunostimulating,
and anti-inflammatory properties.
Cat's Claw has been used in folk medicine for rheumatic
complaints, diarrhea, gastritis, treatment of wounds, as an
adjunct to cancer treatment, asthma, menstrual irregularity
and as a contraceptive.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Cat's Claw is contraindicated in pregnancy and in nursing
mothers.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Serum estradiol and progesterone levels may be
reduced after long-term Cat's Claw use. In one study, long
term use (8 weeks) of Uncaria tomentosa resulted in a
precipitous drop in both estradiol and progesterone serum
levels (Rodriguez, 1998).
Uncaria tomentosa prevented estrogen from binding to
estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells (Salazar & Jay me,
1988).
There is one report of acute renal failure associated wim
Cat's Claw ingestion in a patient with systemic lupus
erythematosus. Though the patient was taking several other
medications at the time, Cat's Claw was the only agent that
was discontinued. Urinalysis results gradually returned to
baseline following discontinuation of the herb (Hilepo,
1997).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cat's Claw is available in a powder
form, capsules and liquid for internal administration.
Preparation: To prepare a decoction, add 30 g of powder to
800 ml water; allow to simmer on the stove for 45 minutes or
1 6 2 / C A T ' S CLAW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
until there is about 500 ml liquid remaining. Allow to cool,
then strain and refrigerate (Schauss, 1998).
extracts of Uncaria tomentosa. Anticancer Res 18(5A):33633368. 1998.
How Supplied:
Capsule — 250 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 440 mg, 500 mg, 505
mg, 540 mg
Shi J, et al., Effects of rhynchophylline on motor activity of
mice and serotonin and dopamine in rat brain. In: Chung Kuo
Yao Li Hsueh Pao, 14(2): 114-117, Mar, 1993.
Liquid — 4:1
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 250 to 1000 mg daily.
The total alkaloid equivalent should be 10 to 30 mg.
Decoction dosage is 60 ml once daily in the morning on an
empty stomach (Schauss, 1998).
Storage: Cat's Claw should be stored at room temperature
away from heat, moisture and direct light.
LITERATURE
Aquino R, De Feo V, De Simone F et al: Plant metabolites:
new compounds and anti-inflammatory activity of Uncaria
tomentosa. J Nat Prod 54(2):453-459. 1991.
Chen C, et al., Inhibitory effect of rhynchophylline on platelet
aggregation and thrombosis. In: Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao,
13(2); 126-30, Mar. 1992.
Cabieses, Fernando. The saga of the Cat's Claw, In: Via
Lactera Editores: Lima, Peru, 1994.
Cat's Foot
Antennaria
dioica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flower.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has bright red and white,
dioecious composite flowers. They are very small and are in
terminal cymes. The female flowers are bright red with
thread-like, cylindrical corolla. The male flowers are white
with a funnel-shaped corolla. The bracts of the male are
white, the female, pink. The fruit has a tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 7 to 20 cm tall, with
leafy rooting runners. The stem is erect with basal leaves that
are spatulate, green above, gray beneath, cauline, linear and
erect.
Hilepo JN, Bellucci AG & Mossey RT: Acute renal failure
caused by "cat's claw" herbal remedy in a patient with
systemic lupus erythematosus (letter). Nephron 77(3):36I-369.
1997.
Habitat: Cat's Foot is found in Europe, Asia and America as
far north as the Arctic.
Horie S, et al.. Effects of hirsutine, an antihypertensive indole
alkaloid from Uncaria rhynchophylla, on intracellular calcium in
rat thoracic aorta. In: Life Sci, 50(7):491-8, 1992.
Production: Cat's Foot flower consists of the fresh or dried
flowers of Antennaria dioica.
Lemaire I, Assinewe V, Cano P et al: Stimulation of
interleukin-1 and -6 production in alveolar macrophages by the
neotropical liana, Uncaria tomentosa (una de gato). J
Ethnopharmacol 64(2): 109-115. 1999.
Not to be Confused With: Occasional confusion occurs with
die flower heads of Helichrysum stoechas or Helichrysum
angustifolium.
Nakazawa K, et al.. Inhibition of ion channels by hirsutine in
rat pheochromocytoma cells. In: Jpn J Pharmacol, 57(4):507-15,
Dec, 1991.
Other Names:
Cudweed
Obregon LE: Identificacion correcta de "una de gato" (genero
Uncaria). Natura Medicatrix 40(summer):28-30. 1995.
Everlasting,
Life
Everlasting,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Rodriguez H, Massey PJ, Rodriguez K et al: Inhibition of
steroid hormone production by a nutrition supplement "una de
gato" or "cat's claw." Biol Reprod 58(1):208. 1998.
Anthracene
Salazar EL & Jayme V: Depletion of specific binding sites for
estrogen receptor by Uncaria tomentosa. Proc Western
Pharmacol Soc 41:123-124. 1998.
Bitter
Schauss AG: Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa). Nat Med J 1998;
1(2): 16-19.
Mountain
derivatives
Flavonoids: including luteolin and its glucosides
substances
Mucilages
Saponins
Senatore A, Cataldo A, Iaccarino FP et al: Ricerche
fitochimiche e biologiche sull? Uncaria tomentosa (Italian). Boll
Soc Ital Biol Sper 65:517-520. 1989.
EFFECTS
Sheng Y, Pero RW, Amiri A et al: Induction of apoptosis and
inhibition of proliferation in human tumor cells treated with
In animal tests, a mild spasmolytic and choleric effect has
been reported.
Tannins
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, preparations of Cat's Foot
flower are used as a diuretic, for diarrhea, and to treat
respiratory and intestinal diseases.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed
uses is not documented, a therapeutic application cannot be
recommended.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
l gm finely cut drug, then strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
LITERATURE
Delaveau P, et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49.
Didry N, et al.. (1982) Ann Pharm Fr 40 (1):75.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Swiatek L, et al., (1982) Planta Med 30:153, 12P.
Catechu
CATECHU/163
Not to be Confused With: Haematoxylon campechium and
the seeds of Areca catechu, tar products and admixtures of
earth, alumen, iron carbonate and sand.
Other Names: Cutch
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Catechins (2-12%): (+)- and (-)-catechin, (+)- and
(-)-epicatechin
Catechin tannins (20-60%)
EFFECTS
Catechu is an astringent and antiseptic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, Catechu is used for chronic
catarrh of the mucous membranes, dysentery and bleeding.
Externally, Catechu is a constituent of tooth tinctures, mouth
washes and gargles. It is used externally in hemostatic
powders, dressing solutions and injection solutions. It is also
used for colitis mucosa, gingivitis, stomatitis and
pharyngitis.
Indian Medicine: Catechu is a constituent of preparations for
mouth ulcers, throat infections and toothache.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for poorly healing
ulcers, weeping skin diseases, oral ulcers with bleeding and
traumatic injuries.
Acacia catechu
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Medicinal Parts: Black catechu is extracted from the
heartwood in a process of distillation and is used in a variety
of preparations.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in closely sitting spikes
from the leaf axils. The calyx is about 1 to 2 mm and
covered in gray hairs. The corolla is yellow. The pod is about
10 to 15 cm long, dark brown and veined with 6 to 8 seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Acacia catechu is a medium-sized
tree with brown bark and downy-haired branches. The leaf
stems of the double-pinnate leaves are about 15 cm long and
have glands at the base and between the upper 5 to 7 cm long
fronds. The leaflets are sessile, close, pale green and smaller
than 1 cm. There are a few short thorns in pairs.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to India and Burma.
Production: The heartwood is ground and boiled in water for
12 hours. The wood residue is removed and die extract
steamed to the consistency of a syrup. The syrup is stirred
and cooled in molds. The dried mass is broken up into
irregular pieces.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Catechu tincture can be painted on
mucous membranes or used for mouth washes.
Preparation: Catechu tincture.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug is 0.3 to 2
gm to be taken orally, 3 times daily; single dose is 0.5 gm.
Twenty drops of Catechu tincture is added to a glass of
lukewarm water for use as a mouthwash, or the tincture may
be applied with a brush in undiluted form to affected mucous
membranes.
LITERATURE
Sham JSK et al., (1984) Planta Med 2:177.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
164/CATECHU
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 'John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
nepetalactone, caryophyllene, camphor, thymol, carvacrol,
pulegone
EFFECTS
Catha edulis
See Khat
Active agents are bitter and tannin substances, as well as
essential oil. Catnip is considered to have antipyretic,
refrigerant, antispasmodic, sedative and diaphoretic effects.
The tea has a diuretic effect and increases gallbladder
activity.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Catnip
Nepeta cataria
TRADE NAMES
Catnip is available from numerous manufacturers, sometimes
as Catnip Leaf, Catnip Herb or Catnip Herb Liquid.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts of
the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is spike-like and the
lower verticillasters distant from each other. The small
individual flowers are on short pedicles. The bracts are 1.5 to
3 mm and linear-awl-shaped. The sepals are 5 to 6.5 mm
long and ovate. The tips are 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, linearlanceolate and patent. The corolla is 7 to 10 mm long,
slightly longer than the calyx and white with small purple
spots.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The root of the plant is perennial.
The stems are up to 1 m high, angular, erect and branched.
They are leafy and gray-pubescent to tomentose, which gives
the entire plant a whitish-gray appearance. The leaves are 2
to 8 cm, ovate, cordate at the base, crenate or serrate and
gray-tomentose beneath. The petiole is 0.5 to 4 cm in length.
Characteristics: The plant has a characteristic aromatic
scent, reminiscent of Mint and Pennyroyal.
Habitat: Catnip is indigenous to Europe and naturalized in
the U.S.
Production: Catnip is the aerial part of Nepeta cataria. The
harvesting'of uncultivated plants takes place during the
flowering season. The drug is manually cut during dry and
sunny weather. The woodless parts of the plant are sorted out
and the usable material is then left to dry in the shade.
Other Names: Catnep, Catnip, Catmint, Catswort, Field
Balm
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.2-0.7%): chief components are nepetalactone
(share 80-95%), additionally including among others epi-
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include treatment of
colds, colic and fevers. It is also used for nervous disorders
and migraine, since preparations from the mint have a
calming effect. It is also used in the treatment of gynecological disorders. Nepeta cataria has a long tradition in England
and France as a kitchen and medicinal herb and was used
occasionally as a stimulating drink until the introduction of
black tea.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Catnip is not to be taken during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Orally in ground and dried forms.
Flowers are usually ingested in tea form, because the
important constituent elements are to some extent volatile.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 380 mg
Fluid extract — 1:1
Liquid — 1:01
Preparation: To prepare an infusion (tea), add 10 dessertspoonfuls per liter of water, leave this to steep for 10
minutes, then strain.'
Daily Dosage: 2 to 3 cups of the tea daily.
LITERATURE
Harvey JW et al., (1978) Lloydia 41:367.
Hatch RC, (1972) Amer J Vet Res 33:143.
Margolis JS, In: Complete Book of Recreational Drugs, Cliff
House Books USA 1978.
Roitman JN, (1981) Lancet 1:944.
Sakan T et al., (1967) Tetrahedron 23:4635.
Sastry SD et al., (1972) Phytochemistry 11:453.
Sherry CJ et al., (1981) Quart J Crude Drug Res 19(1):31.
Tagawa M, Murai F, (1983) Planta Med 47:109.
CAYENNE/165
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Young LA et al.. In: Recreational Drugs, Berkeley Publishing
Co. USA I977.
has 5 to 7 tips. The corolla is wheel-shaped with a short tube,
varying in color from white to yellow, occasionally from
purple to violet with whitish-green or violet markings. There
are 5 to 6 stamens with violet anthers and 5 small papillous
staminoids. The ovary is superior. The dividing walls are
partially underdeveloped. The seed carriers at the top are
attached to the walls and fused to a column below. The berry
is 1.5 to 5 cm long and up to 9 cm thick; it varies in form.
The calyx remains. The wall of the fruit is tough and leathery
and may be red, yellow-green or brownish. The seeds are
numerous, light, yellowish-white, flat, disc, circular or
kidney-shaped and thickened at the margins. The surface is
pitted.
Further information in:
Clark IM, Forde BG, Hallahan DL, Spatially distinct expression
of two new cytochrome P450s in leaves of tfepeta racemosa:
'identification of a trichome-specific isoform. Plant Mol Biol,
33:875-85. Mar 1997.
Hallahan DL et al.. Purification and characterization of an
acyclic monoterpene primary alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase
from catmint (Nepeta racemosa). Arch Biochem Biophys,
33:105-12. Apr 1. 1995.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Capsicum annum is an annual
(perennial in the tropics) 20 to 100 cm high plant with an
erect stem, which is somewhat woody and angular. It is
sparsely branched higher up. The leaves are usually solitary,
long-petioled, oval, lanceolate to ovate, obtusely accuminate,
wedge-shaped at the base, entire-margined or slightly curved
and glabrous.
Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, Spinosa MS, Bernardi
MM Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of
catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice. Vef Hum Toxicol, 33:530-3.
Dec 1995.
Osterhoudt KC. Lee SK. Callahan JM, Henretig FM, Catnip
and the alteration of human consciousness. Vet Hum Toxicol,
33:373-5. Dec 1997.
Habitat: The herb is indigenous to Mexico and Central
America and is cultivated today in wanner regions of the
globe.
Simon E, Chadwick AF, Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80 Archon Books USA 1984.
Production: Paprika consists of the dried ripe fruit of
Capsicum anuum or Capsicum fructescens. The fruit is
harvested when completely ripe and dried at a maximum
temperature of 35° C.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of Capsicum
anuum.
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Other Names: Capsicum, Grains of Paradise, African Pepper, Bird Pepper, Chili Pepper, Sweet Pepper, Hungarian
Pepper, Red Pepper, Goat's Pod, Zanzibar Pepper, Paprika,
Tabasco Pepper, chilies, Chili
See Blue Cohosh
Cayenne
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Capsicum species
TRADE NAMES
Cayenne (available from numerous manafacturers), Cayenne
I Herbal, Cayenne Peppers, Cayenne 30,000 Heat Units,
Premium Cayenne, Cayenne Power Herb, Cayenne 40,000
BTU, Natural Herbal Cayenne, Zostrix
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The fresh or dried fruits of different
Capsicum species are used medicinally.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are usually solitary, but may
occasionally be in pairs or in threes. They are hanging and
long-pedicled. The calyx is semi-globose to campanulate and
;;
Capsaicinoids (amides of the vanillyl amine with C8 - CI 3fatty acids): chief components capsaicin (32-38%), dihydrocapsaicin (18-52%)
Carotinoids (0.3-0.8%): in particular capsanthin (dark red),
alpha-carotin, violaxanthine, free or as fatty acid esters
Flavonoids: including apiin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside
Steroid saponins: mixture referred to as capsicidine, in the
seeds
Volatile oil (0.1%): 2-methoxy-3-isobutyl pyrazine and N(13-methyl tetradecyl)acetamide (capsiamide)
1 6 6 /CAYENNE
EFFECTS
Pain Modulation
The most important active ingredient in the herb is the
capsaicin, which exerts hyperemic effects. Cutaneous nociceptors are also known as peripheral sensory neurons of
primary sensory neurons activated by noxious stimuli (Biro,
1997; Nakamura, 1999). Peripheral fibers produce a local
response consisting of edema, redness and vasodilation,
while afferent fibers relay nocioceptive information to the
central nervous system resulting in the perception of pain
and burning. Long-term desensitization of the fibers occurs
after repeated exposure to capsaicin, and results in a
subsequent loss of pain sensation (Appendino, 1997).
Capsaicin binds to the C-type vanilloid receptor (VR1) and
opens a cationic channel allowing the influx of calcium. The
calcium influx is an excitatory response, which initiates
release of neuropeptides (substance P). The neuropeptides
are responsible for chemogenic pain, thermoregulation and
neurogenic inflammation. By blocking the calcium channel,
there will be a depletion of substance P in the sensory nerves
and loss of pain (Appendino, 1997; Biro, 1997; Jung, 1999).
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Many documented trials are based on observations of various
extracts of the drug. The initial local effect is pain, then
warmth, then hypersensitivity; reversible or irreversible
peripheral nerve damage is possible.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Pain Modulation
The efficacy of topical capsaicin was determined in 22
patients with chronic severe painful diabetic neuropathy over
an 8-week study period. The randomized, placebo-controlled
study demonstrated a significant improvement with capsaicin
0.75% applied 4 times daily for the overall clinical improvement of pain status, as measured by physician's global
evaluation and by a categorical pain severity scale. The
capsaicin treatment group had a 16% decrease in mean pain
intensity by a visual analogue scale (VAS) versus 4.1%
decrease with the placebo group. The capsaicin treatment
group had a 44.6% decrease in mean pain relief on VAS
versus 23.2% decrease with the placebo group. Approximately 50% of subjects reported improved pain control or
were cured in a follow-up, open-label study, and 25% were
unchanged or worse (Tandan, 1992).
Antimicrobial
Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin have antimicrobial effects
against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium sporogenes, Clostridium tetani, and Streptococcus pyogenes
(Cichewicz, 1996). Capsaicin has shown bactericidal activity
against H. pylori and therefore, could have a protective effect
against H. pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease (Jones,
1997). A recent study using capsaicin from jalapeno peppers
did not support the role for jalapenos in the treatment of H.
pylori infection (Graham, 1999).
Antineoplastic
Capsaicin, once thought to be carcinogenic, has been shown
to not cause any significant increase in papilloma formation,
abnormal hyperplasia or inflammatory lesions. The drug
does not induce the epidermal ornithine decarboxylase
activity, suggesting that it lacks tumor-promotional activity
(Park, 1997; Park, 1998). Chemoprotective effects of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin include the inhibition of microsomal monooxygenases involved in carcinogen activation (Surh,
1995).
Detoxification/Gastroprotective/Thrombolytic Effects
Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin have detoxification activity
with pharmacologically active substances by interacting
irreversibly with hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes (Surh,
1995). Capsaicin has a gastroprotective effect against gastric
mucosal injury caused by aspirin (Yeoh, 1995). Capsicum
has been found to induce increased fibrinolytic activity and
simultaneously cause hypocoagulability of blood (Visudhiphan, 1982).
Gastroprotective Effects
The efficacy of capsaicin as a gastroprotective agent was
determined in 18 healthy volunteers with normal index
endoscopies. The volunteers underwent two studies four
weeks apart to evaluate the effect of capsaicin against
aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Each volunteer took
20 g chili orally with 200 ml water in one study and 200 ml
water in another study. After 30 minutes, each case was
followed with 600 mg aspirin with 200 ml water. Endoscopy
was repeated 6 hours later, and the gastroduodenal mucosal
damage was assessed by a previously validated scoring
system. The median gastric injury score in the chili group
was significantly less, demonstrating a gastroprotective
effect of chili in human subjects (Yeoh, 1995).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Muscular tensions
• Rheumatism
Unproven Uses: Cayenne is used for painful muscle spasms
in areas of shoulder, arm and spine. In folk medicine the herb
is used for frostbite, chronic lumbago and as a gargle for
hoarseness, sore throats and infected throats. The drug is also
used internally for gastrointestinal disorders, seasickness and
as prophylactic therapy for arteriosclerosis, stroke and heart
disease.
The herb is used in cream form for circulation and as a
female orgasm stimulant. Use should be limited to 2 days,
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
and should only be used again after 2 weeks. Longer usage
can cause festering dermatitis, blistering and ulceration (See
PRECAUTIONS).
Indian Medicine: Cayenne is used for gout, arthritis, sciatica,
coughs and hoarseness. It has been used for lowering the
"W temperature in malaria, yellow fever, scarlet fever and
typhus. It is used for cholera, edema and anorexia nervosa. It
is used in compound preparations for loss of appetite,
dyspepsia and diarrhea (tablets l:l:l; Cayenne pepper,
rhubarb and ginger root) and for alcoholism as an infusion
(Cayenne pepper with sugar and cinnamon) to reduce the
desire for alcohol.
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for inflammation of the
efferent urinary tract, the alimentary canal, the mouth and
throat, and middle ear infection.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
mt
•^
CAYENNE/167
Capsicum annuum extract, containing 100 mg of capsaicin
per gram as a result of the gastrointestinal effects of
capsaicin (Cruz, 1999).
OVERDOSAGE
Toxic dosages lead to life-threatening hypothemias by
affecting the thermoreceptors. High doses of the drug (or the
herb) administered over extended periods can cause chronic
gastritis, kidney damage, liver damage and neurotoxic
effects. The treatment for poisonings
proceeds
symptomatically.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations of Cayenne are
exclusively for external indications in antirheumatic ointments and plasters.
How Supplied:
Capsules—400 mg, 445 mg, 450 mg, 455 mg, 500 mg
General: There has not yet been a final determination of
possible health hazards or side effects in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Internal administration may increase gastrointestinal peristalsis resulting in diarrhea, intestinal and gallstone colics.
Besides the intended stimulating effect, external applications
can lead to blister and ulcer formation. Investigations into
mutagenicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity yielded
contradictory results. Warning: Use should be limited to 2
days and should only be used again after 2 weeks. Keep
away from the eyes!
Daily Dosage: External daily dose: 10 gm drug; Tincture:
(1:10); Semi-solid preparations: maximum 50 mg capsaicin
in 100 gm neutral base. The cream is applied to the affected
area not more than 3 or 4 times daily (Zostrix Package Insert,
1998).
Hematologic Effects: Capsicum has been found to induce
increased fibrinolytic activity and simultaneously cause
hypocoagulability of blood (Visudhiphan, 1982).
Internal application: Decoction: '/: liter water with 5 gm
powdered drug, 3 gm powdered Cascarilla bark and 5 gm
powdered rhubarb root; 2 cups per day.
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis and rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms have been associated with the herb due to its antigenic
components (Jensen-Jarolim, 1998; Vega de la Osada, 1998).
Contact dermatitis has been reported from the direct
handling of chili peppers containing capsaicin (Williams,
1995). A hypersensitivity reaction known as plasma cell
gingivitis may occur with the herb, and may cause severe
gingival inflammation, discomfort and bleeding (Serio,
1991). One study suggest the allergy is rarely an autonomous
sensitization, but rather a consequence of pollen allergy on
the basis of immunologic cross-reactivity (Ebner, 1998).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
ointment: once or twice daily (HAB1)
Respiratory Effects: Alveobronchiolitis and fibrotic changes
have occurred as a result oft a respirable paprika dust
preparation used after a single intratracheal dose (Tatrai,
1992). Chronic exposure to chili peppers has been associated
with an increase in cough (Blanc, 1991).
Drug Interactions: Aspirin and salicylic acid compoundsThe bioavailabilities of aspirin (acetylsalicyhc acid) and of
salicylic acid were reduced when given concomitantly with
Cream—0.25% capsaicin, 0.75% capsaicin
Preparation: A liquid extract is prepared by percolating 100
gm drug with 60 gm ethanol. Other formulations include:
Capsicum-oleoresin with 90% ethanol and a tincture with
90% ethanol.
Storage: Should be well sealed and protected from light.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Behandlung chronischer Schmerzen: Capsaicin Lichtblick fur Schmerzpatienten. In: DAZ 137(13): 1027-1028.
1997.
Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012^015. 1996.
Bascom R, Kageysobotka A, Prous D, Effect of intranasal
capsaicin on symptoms and mediator release. In: J Pharmacol
Exp Ther 259(3): 1323. 1991.
Biro T, Acs G, Acs P et al., Receptor advances in
understanding of vanilloid receptors: a therapeutic target for
treatment of pain and inflammation in skin. J Invest Dermatol
1997; 2:56-60.
Blanc P, Liu D, Juarez C, Boushey HA, Cough in hot pepper
workers. Chest 1991 Jan;99(l):27-32.
168 /CAYENNE
Camara B, Moneger R, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:91.
Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA. The antimicrobial properties of
chile peppers (Capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan
medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 52:61-70.
Cruz L, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Navarrete A et al., Ingestion
of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) reduces salicylate
bioavailability after oral aspirin administration in the rat. Can J
Physiol Pharmacol 1999 Jun:77(6):441-6.
Ebner C, Jensen-Jarolim E. Leitner A. Breiteneder H,
Characterization of allergens in plant-derived spices: Apiaceae
spices, pepper (Piperaceae), and paprika (bell peppers,
Solanaceae). Allergy 1998:53(46 Suppl):52-4.
Fusco BM, Fiore G. Gallo F et al., 'Capsaicin-sensitive'
sensory neurons in cluster headache: pathophysiological aspects
and therapeutic indication. Headache 1994 Mar;34(3): 132-7.
Gal IE, (1967) Pharmazie 22:120.
Graham DY, Anderson SY. Lang T et al.. Garlic or jalapeno
peppers for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J
Gastroenterol 1999 May;94(5): 1200-2.
Jensen-Jarolim E, Santner B. Leitner A et al.. Bell peppers
(Capsicum annuum) express allergens (profilin. pathogenesisrelated protein P23 and Bet v 1) depending on the horticultural
strain. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998 Jun:l 16(2): 103-9.
Jung J, Hwang S, Kwak J et al.. Capsaicin binds to the
intracellular domain of the capsaicin-activated ion channel. J
Neurosci 1999 Jan 15;19(2):529-38.
Kohane D, Kuang Y, Lu N et al., Vanilloid receptor agonists
potentiate the in vivo local anesthetic activity of percutaneously
injected site 1 sodium channel blockers. Anesthesiology 1999
Feb;90(2):524-34.
Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ
137(8):611-613. 1997.
Masada Y et al., (1971) J Food Sci 36:858.
Monsereenusorn Y et al., (1982) Crit Rev Toxicol 10:321.
Nakamura A, Shiomi H, Recent advances in neuropharmacology
of cutaneous nociceptors. Jpn J Pharmacol 1999 Apr;79(4):42731.
Park KK, Surh YJ, Effects of capsaicin on chemically induced
two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 1997 Mar
19; 114(1-2): 183-4.
Park K, Chun K, .Yook, Surh Y, Lack of tumor promoting
activity of capsaicin, a principal pungent ingredient of red
pepper, in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 1998
Nov-Dec;18(6A):4201-5.
Surh YJ & Lee SS, Capsaicin, a double-edged sword: toxicity,
metabolism and chemopreventive potential. Life Sci 1995;
56:1845-1855.
Surh YJ, Lee RC, Park KK, Mayne ST et al., Chemoprotective
effects of capsaicin and diallyl sulfide against mutagenesis or
tumorigenesis by vinyl carbamate and N-nitrosodimethylamine.
Carcinogenesis 1995 Oct;16(10):2467-71.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Surh YJ, Ahn SH, Kim KC et al., Metabolism of capsaicinoids:
evidence for aliphatic hydroxylation and its pharmacological
implications. Life Sci 1995 Mar 10;56(16):PL305-11.
Surh YJ & Lee SS, Capsaicin in hot chili pepper: carcinogen,
co-carcinogen or anticarcinogen? Fd Chem Toxic 1996; 34:313316.
Vega de la Osada F, Esteve Drauel P, Alonso Lebrero E, et al.,
Sensitization to paprika: anaphylaxis after intake and
rhinoconjunctivitis after contact through airways. Med Clin
(Bare) 1998 Sep 12;111(7):263-6.
Williams S, Clark R, Dunford J, Contact dermatitis associated
with capsaicin: Hunan hand syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 1995
May;25(5):713-5.
Yeoh KG, Kang JY, Yap I et al., Chili protects against aspirininduced gastroduodenal mucosal injury in humans. Dig Dis Sci
1995 Mar;40(3):580-3.
F U R T H E R I N F O R M A T I O N IN:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tandan R, Lewis G, Krusinski P et al., Topical capsaicin in
painful diabetic neuropathy. Controlled study with long-term
follow-up. Diabetes Care 1992 Oct; 15(10): 1434.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Ceanothus americanus
See New Jersey Tea
CELANDINE/169
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Cedar
Cedrus libani
Cedrus libani
See Cedar
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the
*•* wood and the oil.
Flower and Fruit: The male cones are 3 to 5 cm; the female
cones are 7 to 12 cm and almost cylindrical-truncate or
umbilicate at the apex.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The cedar is a majestic tree that
grows up to 40 m in height with a rigid leading shoot and a
flat crown. The young branches are glabrous. The needlelike leaves are dark green and 20 to 30 mm long.
Habitat: The Lebanon Cedar is indigenous to the Lebanese
mountains and the southwest of Turkey, Cyprus, the Atlas
Mountains and the Himalayas. The tree is also found in Asia
and Africa.
Production: Cedar oil is the essential oil extracted from the
leaves and wood of Cedrus libani.
^^
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
**
COMPOUNDS
When extracted from Cedrus libani (true cedarwood oil):
borneol
When extracted from Cedrus atlantica (atlas cedarwood oil):
cadinene, alpha- and gamma-atlantone
When extracted from Cedrus deodora (Himalayan cedarwood oil): alpha- and gamma-atlantone, p-methyl-delta-3tetrahydroacetophenone, (+)-longiborneol, himachalol, allohimachalol
EFFECTS
Chelidonium majus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal pans are the aerial parts that
have been collected during the flowering season and dried.
The root, which has been collected in late autumn and dried,
and the fresh rhizome are also used medicinally.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has yellow flowers arranged in
umbels. There are 2 sepals, 4 petals, numerous yellow
stamens and l ovary. The fruit is pod-like and many-seeded.
The seeds are black-brown and glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Celandine is a 30 to 120 cm high
plant with an erect stem. The stem has irregularly bifurcated,
thickened nodes. The leaves are alternate and indent-pinnatifid. The upper leaves are pinnatisect, dull green above, seagreen beneath. The plant contains a dark-yellow latex.
Characteristics: Celandine has a hot and bitter taste. The
latex has a narcotic fragrance.
Habitat: Celandine is found throughout Europe and the
temperate and subarctic regions of Asia.
Production: Celandine herb consists of the dried, above
ground parts of Chelidonium majus gathered during flowering season. The herb is collected in the wild during the
flowering season and dried at high temperatures.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Greater Celandine root is the root, harvested between August
and October, of Chelidonium majus. The herb is gathered in
uncultivated regions and harvested commercially.
Unproven Uses: Cedar wood oil is used for catarrhal
conditions of the respiratory tract.
Other Names: Tetterwort
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
COMPOUNDS: CELANDINE HERB
Cedar has an expectorant effect.
4p
Celandine
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Externally, the drug is used as a rub
(Bormelin balm). It is also used internally as an inhalation.
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protoberberine type: including
coptisine (main alkaloid), berberine
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the benzophenanthridine type:
including chelidonine, sanguinarine, chelerythrine
LITERATURE
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protopine type: including
protopin, cryptopine
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Caffeic acid derivatives: including 2-(-)-coffeoyl-D-glyceric
acid, coffeoyl-L-malic acid
1 7 0 /CELANDINE
E F F E C T S : CELANDINE HERB
Celandine has mild analgesic, cholagogic, antimicrobial,,
oncostatic and central-sedative effects. It also acts as a
spasmolytic on smooth muscles. In animal tests, Celandine is
a cytostatic. It also has a nonspecific immune-stimulating
effect.
Note: The blood pressure-lowering effects and the therapeutic efficacy for mild forms of hypertonia (borderline
hypertonia) need further investigation.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
sis, high blood pressure, stomach cancer, gout, edema and
hepatitis.
Chinese Medicine: Celandine is used for inflammation of the
rim of the eyelid, febrile and ulcerating dermatitis, warts,
edema, ascites, jaundice and stomach carcinomas
C E L A N D I N E ROOT
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the fresh roots are chewed
to alleviate toothache, and a powder derived from the roots is
applied to ease tooth extraction.
C O M P O U N D S : CELANDINE ROOT
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protoberberine type: including
coptisine (main alkaloid), berberine
Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for irregular
menstruation.
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the benzophenanthridine type:
including chelidonine. sanguinarine, chelerythrin
Homeopathic Uses: Chelidonium majus is used for inflammation, stones and chronic disorders of the hepatobiliary
system, rheumatism and inflammation of the lungs and
pleura.
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protopine-type: including
protopin, cryptopine
Caffeic acid derivatives: including 2-(-)-coffeoyl-D-glyceric
acid, coffeoyl-L-malic acid
E F F E C T S : CELANDINE ROOT
Only clinical studies and experiments on the fresh plants are
available. However, previous studies have shown that the
extract, with an alkaloid content of 80%, should have similar
effects to those of the fresh leaves. These effects include
immobilization in mice, when it was applied subcutaneously
and orally. On rabbit intestines it caused limpness; and in
higher doses, tone reduction. When applied to the rabbit
uterus, it caused contraction of the smooth muscle. Positive
inotropic effects were observed in isolated cat and frog
hearts; in a canine heart-lung preparation it stimulated the
heart, raised blood pressure and widened the arteries.
Experimental data are unavailable, therefore the results must
be considered unofficial.
An oncostatic effect was observed through the cytotoxic
results of Eagle's 9 KB carcinoma of the naso-pharynx in
cell cultures.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
C E L A N D I N E HERB
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Older scientific literature credits the
plant with toxicity (burning in the mouth, nausea, vomiting,
bloody diarrhea, hematuria, stupor), but recent studies offer
no clear proof of this; animal experiments yielded no results.
No symptoms of inflammation were observed in the eyes of
rabbits following introduction of the chyle. Nevertheless,
contact between it and the eyes should be avoided.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
C E L A N D I N E ROOT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Older scientific literature credits the plant with
toxicity (burning in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, bloody
diarrhea, hematuria, stupor), but recent studies offer no clear
proof of this. Animal experiments yielded no examples of
toxicity.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
CELANDINE HERB
DOSAGE
Approved by Commission E:
C E L A N D I N E HERB
• Liver and gallbladder complaints
Unproven Uses: Celandine is used for spasmodic pain of the
bile ducts and the gastrointestinal tract. In folk medicine, it
was used for skin conditions such as blister rashes, scabies
and warts. It is said to be effective in the treatment of
cholecystitis, chloelithiasis, catarrhal jaundice, gastroenteritis, and diffuse latent liver and gall bladder complaints. It has
also been used for intestinal polyps and breast lumps. Other
uses include angina pectoris, cramps, asthma, arteriosclero-
Mode of Administration: Comminuted and powdered drug
for infusions and decoctions; dried extracts for liquid and
solid medicinal forms for internal use.
Preparations:
Fluid extract — 1:1 in 25% ethanol.
Tincture — 1:10 in 45% ethanol (BHP83).
Tea — allow 1V2 dessertspoonfuls to draw in boiling water
for 10 minutes.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Infusion — 15 gm dried herb to 1 liter of water, leave to
draw for 15 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 to 4 gm of drug in
liquid or solid extracts, equivalent to 12 to 30 mg total
alkaloids calculated as chelidonine; fluid extract, 1 to 2 ml
three times daily; decoction, 3 cups daily; infusion, 3 cups
between meals.
Storage: Celandine herb should be protected carefully from
light.
C E L A N D I N E ROOT
Mode of Administration: Most standardized and compound
preparations contain the extract of Celandine herb; various
homeopathic preparations also contain dilutions of the fresh
herb Greater Celandine.
Daily Dosage: The standard dose is 0.5 gm of drug.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
daily (HAB1).
Storage: Preparations must be stored carefully.
CELANDINE/171
Kim DJ, Ahn B, Han BS, Tsuda H, Potential preventive effects
of Chelidonium majus L (Papaveraceae) herb extract on
glandular stomach tumor development in rats treated with Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and hypertonic
sodium chloride. In: Can.
.
Mitra S et al., Effect of Chelidonium majus L. on experimetal
hepatic tissue injury. In: Phytother Res 10(4):354-356. 1996.
Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und (Teil II).
In: ZPT 16(1): 13-20 u. 77-89. 1995.
Schilcher H, Pharmazeutische Aspekte pflanzlicher
Gallentherapeutika. In: ZPT 16(4):211-222. 1995.
Schmidt M, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Gallenwegstherapeutika.
In: DAZ 135(8):680-682. 1995.
Taborska E et al.. The alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. and
their variability. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann
Congress of GA, 145. 1996.
Vahlensiek U et al., The effect of Chelidonium majus herb
extract on the choleresis in the isolated perfused rat liver. In:
PH 61(3):267-270. 1995.
Vavreckova C, Gawlik I, Miiller K, Benzophenanthridine
alkaloids of Chelidonium majus: I. Inhibition of 5- and 12lipoxygenase by a non-redox mechanism. In: PM 62(5):397-401.
1996.
Willaman JJ and Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A):1.
LITERATURE
C E L A N D I N E HERB
Aberlein H et al., Chelidonium majus L, Components with in
vitro affinity for GABA A receptor. Positive cooperation of
alkaloids. In: PM 62(3):227-231. 1996.
Anonym, Brennpunkt ZNS. In: DAZ 137(25):2166-2167. 1997.
Amason JT, Gurein B, Kraml MM, Mehta B. Rehmond JC,
Scaiano JC, Phototoxic and photochemical properties of
sanguinarin. In: Photochemistry and Photobiology 55(1 ):35.
1992.
Baumann J, (1975) Ober die Wirkung von Chelidonium,
Curcuma, Absinth und Carduus marianus auf die Galle- und
Pankreassekretion bei Hepatopathien. Med Mschr 29:173.
Boegge SC et al., Reduction of ACh-induced contraction of rat
isolated ileum by Coptisin, Caffeoylmalic acid, Chelidonium
majus, and Corydalis lutea extracts. In: PM 62(2): 173-174.
1997.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Diener H, Schollkraut. In: PTA 8(2): 145. 1994.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Dostal J et al.. Structure of chelerythrine base. In: JNP
58(5):723-729. 1995.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Fulde G, Wichtl M, Analytik von Schollkraut, Hauptalkaloid
Coptisin. In: DAZ 134(12): 1031. 1994.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Hahn R, Nahrstedt A, Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives,
caffeoylmalic and new caffeoylaldonic acid esters, from
Chelidonium majus. In: PM 59(1):71. 1993.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hamacher H, Haben Phytopharmaka eine Zukunft? In: DAZ
131(42):2155. 1991.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
1 7 2 /CELANDINE
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
CELANDINE ROOT
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Literatur zu den Wirkungen der Inhaltsstoffe vgl. Chelidonii
herba.
Celastrus scandens
See American Bittersweet
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
cauline leaves are wedge-shaped and acuminate, also 3-lobed
or pinnate or lanceolate and entire-margined.
Characteristics: The plant has a strong odor.
Habitat: Celery is found in Europe from England and
Lapland to southern Russia. The plant also grows in western
Asia as far as eastern India; in northern and southern Africa
and South America; and is cultivated and grows wild in
North America, Mexico and Argentina.
Production: Celery seed consists of the fruit of Apium
graveolons; celery herb consists of the fresh or dried aboveground parts of the plant; and celery root is the plant's fresh
or dried underground parts.
Other Names: Smallage
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Celery
Apium
graveolens
TRADE NAMES
Celery Seed, Celery Seed-Power, Celery Liquid
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root, aboveground foliage and stems, the fruit (seeds) of the plant and
the oil extracted from the seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The umbels are greenish-white, small, 6 to
12 rayed, star-shaped and splayed. Some umbels are topheavy, short petioled or sessile, and some are terminal and
more or less long-petioled with no involucre. Petals are
usually 0.5 mm, white or greenish to yellowish, cordate at
the base and have indented tips. The fruit is almost spherical
and somewhat compressed at the side. The 5 mm mericarps
are rounded in section. They are 5-cornered with 5 equal,
weakly protruding, bow-shaped main ribs. The edge of the
ribs form the edge of the mericarps. The fruit axis is bristly
and slightly crenate at the tip.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The glabrous plant is a biennial and
reaches a height of 30 to 100 cm. The root of the wild variety
is fusiform, about 5 to 7 mm thick, branched and becomes
woody in the second year. The root of the cultivated variety
is fleshy, roundly tuberous and reaches a diameter of over 15
cm. The stem is erect, with edged grooves, often hollow and
branched. The leaves are glossy and rich green. The basal
and lower cauline leaves are more or less long-petioled and
pinnatifid. The upper cauline leaves are sometimes opposite.
They are on short white-membrane-edged sheaths and are
almost sessile and tri-pinnate. The lower leaves are roundish,
almost blunt at the base with broad, lozenge-shaped,
indented-serrate, blunt and short-thorned tips. The upper
C O M P O U N D S : C E L E R Y SEED (FRUIT)
Volatile oil: chief constituents ((:) - limonene, beta-selinene,
phthalides among them 3-butyliden phthalide, 3-butyl
phthalide, 3-isovaleryliden-3a, 4-dihydrophthaIid, 3-isobutyliden phthalide, sedanoid, neocnidilid)
Flavonoids: graveobioside A and B, apiin, isoquercitrin
Furocoumarins:
isopimpinellin
including
bergapten,
isoimperatorin,
Fatty oil
E F F E C T S : C E L E R Y FRUIT
In animal tests, a sedative and anticonvulsive effect was
demonstrated, a diuretic effect could not be proven. The
essential oil contained in the drug had a mildly inhibiting
effect on bacteria and fungi.
C O M P O U N D S : C E L E R Y HERB
Volatile oil): including (+)-limonene, myrcene, beta-selinene, alpha-terpineol, carveol, dihydrocarvone, geranyl acetate, phthalides (including 3-butyliden phthalid, 3-butyl
phthalid, 3-isobutyliden dihydrophthalid)
Flavonoids: including apiin, luteolin-7-O-apiosyl glucoside,
chrysoeriol glucoside
Furocoumarins:
isopimpinellin
including
bergaptene,
xanthotoxin,
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
E F F E C T S : C E L E R Y HERB
In animal tests, a sedative and anticonvulsive effect was
demonstrated, a diuretic effect could not be proven. The
essential oil contained in the drug had a mildly inhibiting
effect on bacteria and fungi.
CELERY / 1 7 3
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
COMPOUNDS: CELERY ROOT
Volatile oil: chief constituents (+)-limonene, beta-pinene, pcymene, cis-, 3-methyl-4-ethyl-hexane), phthalides (including 3-butyliden phthalid, 3-butyl phthalid, ligustilid,
neocnidilid)
Flavonoids: including apiin, luteolin-7-O-apiosyl glucoside
Furocoumarins: including bergaptene
How Supplied:
Capsules — 450 and 505 mg
Fluid Extract — 1:1
Preparation: To prepare a liquid extract, percolate 1 kg of
seed in a specula process to 1 liter of fluid extract. The
essential oil is removed after filtration with paper soaked in
alcohol.
Polyyne: including falcarinol, falcarindiol
For an infusion, pour boiling water on 1 g of the squeezed
drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
EFFECTS: CELERY ROOT
Decoctions are prepared in a 1:5 ratio.
In animal tests, a sedative and anticonvulsive effect was
demonstrated; a diuretic effect could not be proven. The
essential oil contained in the drug had a mildly inhibiting
effect on bacteria and fungi.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
CELERY FRUIT. HERB AND ROOT
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine use of celery and preparations of celery are used as a diuretic, for regulating the
bowels, for glandular stimulation, rheumatic complaints,
gout, gall and kidney stones. Other traditional uses include as
a prophylactic for nervous agitation, for loss of appetite and
exhaustion. Celery is also used as a cough treatment and as a
helminthic.
Homeopathic Uses: Celery preparations are used in homeopathy for ailments of the ovaries and rheumatism.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
CELERY SEED (FRUIT)
The drug should not be used during pregnancy. Also,
because of the kidney-irritating effect of the volatile oil, the
drug should not be administered to individuals with kidney
infections.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
CELERY FRUIT, HERB AND ROOT:
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Nevertheless, because of the kidney-irritating effect
of the volatile oil, the drug should not be administered in the
presence of kidney infections. Latent yeast infections of the
plant could cause the furanocoumarin content of the fresh
root to rise to 200 times its original level under storage
conditions. For this reason, the relatively large amounts of
furanocoumarins frequently to be found in stored celeriac
bulbs, or in incorrectly dehydrated drug samples, could lead
to phototoxicoses.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage of the seeds is 1.2 to 4 g and
as an infusion, 1 g drug.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
weekly sc (HAB34).
Storage: Celery seed should be kept tightly sealed, away
from light and moisture.
CELERY HERB
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug as well as a
variety of tea mixtures.
Preparation: Celery is contained in a variety of tea mixtures
(kidney and bladder teas).
Daily Dosage: Pressed juice of the fresh plant: 23 g (15 ml)
3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
weekly sc (HAB34).
Storage: The herb should be kept sealed, away from light
and moisture.
CELERY ROOT
Mode of Administration: The drug is available in a few
combination preparations for internal use.
Preparation: A cough mixture is prepared by boiling the root
juice with sugar.
Dosage: Pressed juice of the fresh plant: 23 g (15 ml) 3.
times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
weekly sc (HAB1).
DOSAGE
Storage: Celery root should be kept sealed, away from light
and moisture.
CELERY SEED (FRUIT)
LITERATURE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug, liquid
Beier RS, Oertli EH, Psoralen and other phytoalexins in celery.
extract, and as a component in a variety of tea mixtures. | In: PH 22(11):2595. 1983.
174/CELERY
Bjeldanes LF, Kim I, (1977) J Org Chem 42:2333.
Fehr D, (1979) Pharmazie 29(5):349 et 34 (10):658.
Garg SK et al., (1979) Phytochemistry 18:1580 et 1764.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Centaurium erythraea
See Centaury
Garg SK et al., (1980) Planta Med 38:363.
Gijbels MJM et al., Phthalides in roots of Apium graveolens,
A- graveolens var. rapeceum, Bifora testiculata and Petroselinum
crispum var. tuberosum. In: Fitoterapia 56:17. 1985.
Harborne JB, in "The Biology and Chemistry of the
Umbelliferae," Ed. V. N. Hey wood. Pub. Academic Press,
London 1971.
Lewis DA et al., (1985) Int J Crude Drug Res 28 (1):27.
Mac Leod G, Ames JM. Volatile components of celery and
celeriac. In: PH 28(7): 1817-1824. 1989.
Nigg HN. Strandberg JO. Beier RC, Petersen HD, Harrison JM,
Furanocoumarins in Florida celery varieties increased by
fungicide treatment. In: J Agricult Food Chem 45(4): 1430-1436.
1997.
Tsi D et al., Effects of aqueous celeiy (Apium graveolens)
extract on lipid parameters of rats fed a high fat diet. In: PM
61(0:18-21. 1995.
Uhlig, JW, Chang A, Jen JJ, Effect of phthalides on celery
flavor. In: J Food Sci 52(3):658-660. 1987.
Yu RS, You SQ, (1984) Acta Pharm Sinica 19 (8):566.
Centaury
Centaurium erythraea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried, aerial
parts of the flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The different-sized flowers form a dense
or loose cyme. They are purple to pink-red. seldom white.
The calyx tube is pentangular with awl-shaped tips. There
are 5 petals fused into a tube, 5 stamens mostly fused to the
corolla and 1 superior, narrowly linear ovary. The stigma is
2-lobed. The fruit is a large, yellow, many-seeded capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual that grows to
between 5 and 30 cm high. The stem is erect, quadrangular
and unbranched. The cauline leaves are crossed opposite,
fleshy, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, and sessile. The basal
leaves are rosette-like, obovate and narrowed to a petiole.
Further information in:
Characteristics: Centaury has a very bitter taste.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: The plant is found in the Mediterranean region and
as far as Britain and Scandinavia. It is cultivated in the U.S.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Production: Centaury consists of the dried aerial parts, in
flower, of Centaurium erythraea. The plant is harvested
during the flowering season and dried quickly to retain the
flower color.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Not to be Confused With: Other Centaurium varieties.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Other Names: Feverwort, Centaury Gentian, Filwort, Centory, Christ's Ladder, Bitter Herb, Bitterbloom, Bitter Clover,
Eyebright, Rose Pink, Wild Succory, Canchalagua
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Centaurea cyanus
See Cornflower
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Iridoide bitter principles
swertiamarin,
including
sweroside
(monoterpenes): in particular
among others gentiopicrin,
Pyrridine alkaloids: gentianine, gentianidine
Xanthones: including methyl bellidifoline
EFFECTS
Centaury increases gastric secretion and salivation because
of the typical bitter reaction, also antiphlogistic and antipyretic effects have been studied in various animal experiments. The effect for loss of appetite, stomach complaints
and dyspepsia can also be attributed to the amaroids.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
CETRARIA
ISLANDICA/175
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
van der Sluis WG et al., (1980) Planta Med 39:268.
Approved by Commission E:
van der Sluis WG, PM 41:221-231. 1981.
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
Further information in:
•
** Unproven Uses: The drug is used for loss of appetite,
dyspepsia and poor gastric secretion. In folk medicine, it is
used for fever, worm infestation and as a hypotensive. It is
also used for diabetes in Mallorca, and for expelling kidney
stones in Egypt. Externally, it is used in the treatment of
wounds.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Because of its secretion-activating effect, the drug should not
be administered in the presence of stomach or intestinal
ulcers.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and
^^ other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use.
Preparation: Tea: Brew 2 to 3 gm drug with 150 ml boiling
water and strain after 15 minutes; Centaurium Extract:
extract of 1 part drug to 10 parts water and 1 part 9 8 %
ethanol steamed till thickened (EB6).
Liquid extract: 1:1 25% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83).
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 6 gm of drug or 1 to
2 gm of extract; single dose is 1 gm.
The powdered drug is taken 3 times daily on a wafer with
honey; the infusion is taken 1/2 hour before meals.
The daily dose of extractum Centaurii fluidum is 2 to 5 ml.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Centella asiatica
See Gotu Kola
Centranthus ruber
See Red-Spur Valerian
Storage: Keep protected from light and moisture in sealed
containers.
Bishay DW et al., (1978) Planta Med 33:422.
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
D'Agostino M et al., (1985) Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 61 (2): 165.
See Ipecac
LITERATURE
Do T et al., PM 53:580. 1987.'"
% Lacroix R et al., (1973) Tunisie Med 51:327.
Ceratonia siliqua
Neshta NM et al., (1983) Khim Prir Soed 1:106.
Schimmer O, Mauthner H, Centaurium erythraea RAFN.
Tausendgiildenkraut. In: ZPT 15(5):299-304. 1994.
See Carob
Schimmer O, Mauthner H, Polymethoxylated xanthones from
the herb of Centaurium erythraea with strong antimutagenic
properties in Salmonella typhimurium. In: PM 62(6):561-564.
1996.
Getraria islandica
van der Sluis WG, Plant Syst Evol 149:253-286. 1985.
See Iceland Moss
176/CHAMAEMELUM
NOBILE
Chamaemelum nobile
See English Chamomile
Chaste Tree
Vitex agnus-castus
TRADE NAMES
Chasteberry Power, Vitex, Alcohol-Free Chaste Tree Bern'
DESCRIPTION
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
In older animal experiments, the drug was tested on the
ovaries and resulted in a reduction of cystic and bleeding
follicles. In other animal experiments, an inhibition of
lactation and a normalization of stress-induced hyperprolactin anemia was observed. In clinical studies, the positive
effect on symptoms resulting from hyperprolactin anemia
was proven.
A dopaminergic effect via bonding on D2-receptors was also
shown.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe dried fruit
and the dried leaves.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Menopausal complaints
Flower and Fruit: The 8 to 10 cm, blue, occasionally pink
flowers form terminal, branched, spike-like inflorescences.
The calyx and epicalyx of the bilabiate corolla are pubescent.
The fruit is a globular to oblong, 3 to 4 mm, reddish black, 4seeded drupe. It is surrounded up to two-thirds in cup-like
fashion by the calyx. The exocarp has short-stemmed.
glandular hairs.
Unproven Uses: Chaste Tree preparations are used to treat
irregularities of the menstrual cycle, premenstrual complaints, menstrual disturbances caused by corpus luteum
insufficiency, insufficient milk production and mastodynia.
It is also used to control libido, increase milk flow, reduce
flatulence, suppress appetite, and induce sleep. Additional
uses include the treatment of impotency, spermatorrhea,
prostatitis, swelling of the testes, sexual neurasthenia,
sterility, amenorrhea, uterine pain, and swelling of the
ovaries. Chaste Tree is also used to induce menstruation.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a l to 6 m high bush or
tree with quadrangular, gray, tomentose, young branches.
The leaves are deciduous, crossed-opposite, long-petioled
and palmate. They have 5 to 7 entire-margined, up to 10 cm
long, lanceolate leaflets. The under surface of the leaf is
white and tomentose.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
as far as western Asia.
Production: Chaste Tree fruits consist of the ripe, dried fruits
of Vitex agnus-castus.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoid glycosides: agnoside, aucubin
Flavonoids: including casticin, 3,6,7,4'-tetramethylether, 6hydroxy-kempferol -3,6,7,4'-tetramethylether, 6-hydroxykempferol-3,6,7-trimethylether (penduletin), quercetagenin3,6,7-trimethylether (chrysosplenol D)
Volatile oil (0.8-1.6%): including among others, 1,8-cineole,
lime, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, as well as bornyl acetate,
camphor, p-cymol, sabinene
Fatty oils
EFFECTS
The drug is dopaminergic and FSH-suppressive; it also
inhibits lactation (main active principles aucubin and agnoside). In addition, the drug represses the release of prolactin
and improves the symptoms of PMS.
Homeopathic Uses: Chaste Tree is used for male sexual
disturbances, disturbances of milk flow, and nervous
depression.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and in nursing
mothers.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Occasionally, the administration of the drug leads
to the formation of rashes.
Drug Interactions: Because of the dopaminergic effect of the
drug, a reciprocal weakening of die effect can occur in case
of ingestion of dopamine-receptor antagonists.
Pregnancy: The drug should not be administered during
pregnancy
Nursing Mothers: The drug should not be used by breastfeeding mothers.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug available as capsules, drops, film tablets, and compound
preparations.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 40 mg, 100 mg
Liquid Extract — 1:1
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Preparation: For the dried extract, preparations of 100 gm
contain 0.2 gm dried extract in a ratio of 1:5, in either
ethanol or water.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage of aqueous-alcoholic
j^ extracts is 30 to 40 mg of the drus.
m
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules, 1 to 3 times a day; parenterally: 1 ml injection
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Becker H. Hemmung der Prolaktinsekretion. In: T W
Gynakologie 6:2-10. 1991.
Bohnert KJ. Hahn G. Erfahrungsheilkunde 39:494-502c. 1990.
Dittmann FW. Bohnert KJ. Peeters M. Albrecht M. Lamertz M,
Schmidt U. Prumenstruelles Syndrom. Behandlung mit einem
Phytopharmakon. In: TW Gynakologie 5:60-68. 1992.
Feldmann HU. Albrecht M. Lamertz M. Bohnert KJ, Therapie
bei Gelbkorperschwache bzw. pramenstruellem Syndrom mit
Vitex-agnus-castus-Tinktur. In: Gyne 11:421-425. 1990.
Jarry H. Leonhardt S. Gorkow C. Wuttke W. (1994) In vitro
prolactin but not LH and FSH release is inhibited by
compounds in extracts of Agnus castus, direct evidence for a
^t dopaminergic principle by the dopamine receptor assay. Exp
~ Clin Endocrinol 102:448-454.
CHAULMOOGRA / 1 7 7
Doppelblindstudie gegen Pyridoxin.. In: ZPT, Abstract-Band,
S.7. 1995.
Roder D, Therapie von Zyklusstorungen mit Vitex agnus-castus.
In: ZPT 15(3):155-159. 1994.
Wichtl M, Phytopharmaka: Agnus castus - ein DopaminAgonist? In: DAZ 132(8):360. 1992.
Winterhoff H, (1993) Arzneipflanzen mit endokriner
Wirksamkeit. Z Phytother 14:83-94.
Winterhoff H, Gorkow C, Behr B, Die Hemmung der Laktation
bei Ratten als indirekter Beweis fur die Senkung von Prolaktin
durch Agnus castus. In: ZPT 12(6): 175-179. 1991.
Wuttke W, Gorkow Ch, Jarry J, (1995) Dopaminergic
Compounds in Vitex Agnus Castus. In, Loew D, Rietbrock N
(Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung.
Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 81-91.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Jarry H. Leonhardt S. Wuttke W. Behr B, Gorkow C. (1991)
Agnus castus als dopaminerges Wirkprinzip in Mastodynon N.
Z Phytother 12:77-82.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Kustrac D et al.. The composition of the essential oil of Vitex
agnus-castus. In: PM 58(7):A681. 1992.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Lehmann-Willenbrock E. Riedel HH. (1988) Klinische und
endokrinologische Untersuchungen zur Therapie ovarieller
Ausfallserscheinungen nach Hysterektromie unter Belassung der
Adnexe. Zent Gyniikol 110:611-618.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Loew D, Gorkow C, Schrodter A. Reitbrock S, Merz PG,
Schnieders M, Sieder C, Zur dosisabhangigen Vertraglichkeit
eines Agnus-castus-Spezialextraktes. In: ZPT 17(4):237-243.
1996.
Merz PG, Schrodter A, Rietbrock S, Gorkow Ch, Loew D,
(1995) Prolaktinsekretion und Vertraglichkeit unter der
Behandlung mit einem Agnus-castus-Spezialextrakt (B1095E1).
Erste Ergebnisse zum EinflufJ auf die Prolaktinsekretion. In,
Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und
klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 93-97.
Propping D, Bohnert KJ, Peeters M, Albrecht M, Lamertz M,
Vitex agnus-castus. Behandlung gynakologischer
Krankheitsbilder. In: Therapeutikon 5:581-585. 1991.
Reuter HD, Bohnert KJ, Schmidt U, (1995) Die Therapie des
pramenstruellen Syndroms mit Vitex agnus castus. Kontrollierte
Doppelblindsrudie gegen Pyridoxin. Z Phytother Abstractband,
S.7.
Reuter HD, Bohnert KJ, Schmidt U, Die Therapie des
pramenstruellen Syndroms mit Vitex agnus castus. Kontrollierte
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Chaulmoogra
Hydnocarpus species
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Chaulmoogra is found in all of the named
species. The expressed oil is known as Gynocardia oil in
Britain and Oleum Chaulmoograe in the U.S.
Flower and Fruit: The grayish seeds are about 2 to 3 cm
long and 1.5 cm in diameter. They are irregularly angular
with rounded ends. The kernel is oily and encloses two thin,
heart-shaped, three-veined cotyledons and a straight radical.
Characteristics: The taste is acrid and the odor disagreeable.
Habitat: Malaysia, Indian subcontinent.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
178/CHAULMOOGRA
Production: Chaulmoogra seeds are the seeds of various
Hydnocarpus varieties. Chaulmoogra oil is the fatty oil
extracted from the seeds.
C O M P O U N D S : C H A U L M O O G R A SEEDS
The seeds are severely poisonous due to their cynagenic
glycoside content. Injections of solutions of Dicobalt-EDTA
or of thiosulfates, or administration of methemoglobin-forming agents, such as amyl nitrite, are recommended as
antidotes. The triggering of vomiting and gastric lavage
should be carried out in a parallel fashion. Circulatory
support measures and artificial respiration may be required.
Fatty oil (30-40%, bitter-type consistency)
DOSAGE
Other Names: Hydnocarpus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Proteins (25%)
Cyanogenic glycosides
Flavolignans
E F F E C T S : C H A U L M O O G R A SEEDS
The chauimoogric acid in the drug is antimicrobial. The drug
has sedative, febrifuge and dermatic effects. The flavonol
lignans hydnocarpin, hydnowightin and neohydnocarpin
isolated from the seeds are lipid lowering, anti-inflammatory
and antitumoral in animal experiments.
C O M P O U N D S : C H A U L M O O G R A OIL
Triglycerides: chief fatty acids D-hydnocarpic acid, D-chaulmoogric acid, D-gorli acid (cyclopentene fatty acids)
E F F E C T S : C H A U L M O O G R A OIL
The chauimoogric acid in the drug is antimicrobial.
Mode of Administration: The seeds and oil in various
preparations, as powder, oil, emulsion and ointments.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
Lefort D et al., (1969) Planta Med 17:261.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Sleumer, (1947) Pharm Ztg 83:165.
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Externally, preparations of Hydnocarpus are
used in the treatment of various skin conditions such as
psoriasis and eczema. It is also used as an injection in the
treatment of leprosy.
Chinese Medicine: In China, Chaulmoogra is used for
leprosy, scabies and furuncles.
Indian Medicine: Uses include leprosy, skin diseases,
itching, leocodermia, eczema, flatulence and diabetes.
Cheiranthus cheiri
See Wallflower
Gheken
Eugenia chequen
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION
Coughing, dyspnea, laryngospasms, kidney damage, visual
disorders, head and muscle pain, and central paralyses are
side effects following intake of the oil. It is severely irritating
in local application.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves.
OVERDOSAGE
Following stomach and intestinal emptying (inducement of
vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium
permanganate solution, sodium sulfate), the treatment for
poisonings consists of the instillation of activated charcoal
and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth), and of electrolyte
substitution and the countering of any acidosis imbalance
that may appear through sodium bicarbonate infusions. In the
event of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused.
Monitoring of kidney function is necessary. Intubation and
oxygen respiration may also be required.
4|
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are usually solitary, occasionally in threes. The receptacle is top-shaped and pubescent.
There are 4 pubescent or ciliate sepals. The petals are white,
oval and 5 to 8 mm long. The stamens are numerous but
small. The ovary is glabrous. The fruit is a red or blackviolet, glabrous, globular berry, 6 to 8 mm in diameter. It has
2 to 3 seeds which are dark, lentil-shaped and are about 4
mm in diameter.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen tree, which
grows up to 15 m high and sometimes looks like a shrub.
The leaves are coriaceous, ovate, about 1 to 1.5 cm long, 0.5
to 1 cm wide, entire-margined, very shortly petioled with
numerous minute, round, translucent oil-cells.
j^
CHERRY LAUREL/179
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Characteristics: The leaves have a bitter taste that is
astringent and aromatic, reminiscent of bay leaves. The odor
is slight and they contain an essential oil.
Chenopodium vulvaria
See Arrach
Habitat: Eugenia chequen grows in Chile.
*^ Production: Cheken leaves are the leaves of Eugenia
chequen.
Cherry Laurel
Other Names: Arryan, Myrtus Chekan
Prunus laurocerasus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DESCRIPTION
COMPOUNDS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves.
Bitter substances
Volatile oil: including alpha-pinene, 1,8-cineol
EFFECTS
The ethanol extract inhibits xanthinoxydasis. The essential
oil has a similar effect on germinating salad seeds such as
auxin. An antibacterial and antimycotic effect has also been
demonstrated. In the agar diffusion test, the leaf oil was
effective against Pseudomonas acruginsosa, Trichophyton
mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger. It also affects fat
metabolism: the oil is used against hyperlipoprotinemia. It is
^^used as a tonic, a diuretic and an expectorant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In South American folk medicine, a
decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of diarrhea,
fever, gout, as a tonic, diuretic, an antihypertensive, and as a
digestive aid.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a decoction and as a liquid
extract.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are erect and in slender
racemes 10 to 12 cm long with 3 mm pedicles. The petals are
obovate, 3 mm long and white. The fruit is black and
globular-ovoid. The smooth kernel within the fruit is ovoid
and acute, with a long black weal.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen shrub or
tree, completely glabrous, and grows up to 6 m high. The
bud scales drop early. The petioles are 1 cm long and
glandless. The leaf blades are obovate-lanceolate and 8 to 15
cm long. They are curved, entire or with a finely serrate
margin, coriaceous and bright green. The upper surface of
the leaves is glossy. The lower surface has 1 to 4 protruding
nectaries in the axils of the ribs.
Characteristics: Poisonous. The fruit is similar to black
cherries, and smells of hydrocyanic acid.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to parts of Asia and is
cultivated in many temperate areas.
Production: Cherry Laurel leaves are the leaves of Prunus
laurocerasus.
Not to be Confused With: Other forms of Prunus species.
Other Names: Cherry-Bay
Chelidonium majus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
See Celandine
Cyanogenic glycosides: prunasin (corresponding to 0.52.5%, 50-210 mg HCN/100 gm)
Chelone glabra
The drug acts as a tonic for the stomach, an anti-irritant and a
sedative.
+
EFFECTS
See Balmony
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cherry Laurel is used to treat coughs and
the common cold.
Chenopodium ambrosioides
See Wormseed Oil
Homeopathic Uses: Cherry Laurel is used for dry coughs,
whooping cough, cyanosis and spasms.
180/CHERRY LAUREL
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh flowering or
dried herb.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses of Cherry Laurel water prepared from the drug
can lead to fatal poisonings. Ingestion of the leathery leaves
and the seeds is improbable; the fruit pulp is low in
cyanogenic glycosides (yielding 5-20 mg HCN/lOO gm). The
recommended antidotes include the injection of solutions of
Dicobalt-EDTA or thiosulfates, or the administration of
methemoglobin-forming agents, e.g., amyl nitrite, 4-dimethyl aminophenol. The inducement of vomiting or gastric
lavage should be done in parallel fashion. Circulatory
support and artificial respiration may also be required.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a watery
extract, an aromatic, a breathing stimulant and an
antispasmodic.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary white flowers are located in
the leaf or branch axils. They open at 9 am and, in good
weather, remain open for 12 hours. The 5 double petals are
shorter than the oblong-lanceolate sepals. There are 2 to 5
stamens and 3 stigma. The fruit is globular or ovate and
covered in teeth. It opens when ripe and the seeds are shaken
out through the movement of the plant.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 5 to 30 cm high. The
stem is decumbent and weak, heavily branched and often
grows to an impressive length. It creeps along the ground, is
fleshy, pale green, and slightly thickened at the nodes. The
leaves are opposite and orbicular-ovate. The lower ones are
long-petioled and the upper ones are sessile. They are 1.25
cm long and 0.70 cm wide and sit in pairs on the stem.
Characteristics: The stem is pubescent on one side.
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is found worldwide as a weed.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Production: Chickweed is the fresh herb in flower of
Stellaria media.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. I-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Sommer W, Dissertation Universitat Kiel. 1984.
Other Names: Adder's Mouth, Passerina, Satin Flower,
Starweed, Starwort, Stitchwort, Tongue-Grass, Winterweed
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including, among others, rutin
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C,
0.1-0.15%)
Alkaloids
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Unproven Uses: Internally. Chickweed is used for rheumatism, gout, stiffness of the joints, tuberculosis, and diseases
of the blood. Externally, it is used for poorly healing
wounds, hemorrhoids, inflammation of the eyes, eczema and
other diverse skin diseases.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Chickweed
Mode of Administration: The herb is used as a tea or in the
form of juice for poultices, and in baths for medicinal
purposes.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
DOSAGE
Stellaria media
TRADE NAMES
Chickweed Herbs, Wild Countryside Chickweed
LITERATURE
Tsotsoriya G et al., (1977) Kromatogr Met Farm 172 (via CA
90:51421).
HERBAL
CHICORY / 1 8 1
M O N O G R A P HS
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Watt JM. Breyer-Brandwijk MG. The Medicinal, Poisonous
Plants of Southern. Eastern Africa. 2nd Ed. Livingstone 1962.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpenes: sesquiterpene lactones, especially lactucin,
lactucopicrin, 8-desoxy lactucin, guaianolid glycosides, including chicoroisides B and C, sonchuside C
Caffeic acid derivatives: chiroric acid, chlorogenic acid,
isochlorogenic acid, dicaffeoyl tartaric acid
Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone
Flavonoids: including hyperoside
Polyynes
Chicory
Cic ho Hum intybus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
dried leaves and roots, which are collected in autumn; the
whole plant collected and dried in the flowering season; and
the fresh plant and root.
Flower and Fruit: Size: The numerous flower heads are 3 to
4 cm in diameter and are terminal or axillary, solitary or in
groups, sessile or short-pedicled. The epicalyx bracts are
bristly ciliate, often glandular-haired. The inner bracts are
oblong-lanceolate and erect, the outer ones ovate, splayed
and half as long as the inner ones. The androgynous lingual
florets are usually light blue, but occasionally white or pink.
The fruit is an achaene 2 to 3 mm in length. It has no hair
tuft and is ovate and straw yellow to blackish.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant can grow to a height of 2
m and has a hardy, 10 to 30 cm long, thick root. The stem is
rigidly erect, sparsely branched above and often bristly. The
leaves are 10 to 30 cm long and 1 to 5 cm wide. Diey are
obovate, oblong, shaped like a cross-cut saw or slit, with
numerous stiff hairs beneath. The lowest leaves in a basal
rosette are petiolate. The upper ones as well as those near the
inflorescences are alternate, oblong to lanceolate, crenatedentate and sessile.
Characteristics: Chicory has a bitter taste.
Habitat: The plant is found in Europe, the Middle East as far
as Iran, north and south Africa, all of America, Australia and
New Zealand.
Production: Chicory consists of the dried leaves and
underground parts of Cichorium intybus, which are collected
in autumn in the wild and air-dried.
Other Names: Succory, Hendibeh
EFFECTS
An anti-exudative, choleretic, negatively chronotropic and
negatively inotropic effect has been described due to the
plant's sesquiterpene lactones, cinnamic acid derivatives and
flavonoids. Animal studies have noted a distinct reduction of
pulse rate and contractility; a mildly cholagogic effect; and
lowered cholesterin level in rats' livers and plasma. Application for dyspeptic complaints seems plausible because of the
amaroid (guaianolide) content.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Loss of appetite
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, the herb is used
externally for liver complaints and as a gargle. Among
internal uses are sore throat, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis,
abdominal cramps, melancholy, deafness and rashes. The
juice of the chicory plant is also used as a laxative for
children.
Indian Medicine: Medicinal uses include headaches, dyspeptic symptoms, skin allergies, vomiting and diarrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There is a slight potential for sensitization via skin
contact with the drug.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions as
well as other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use.
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
include drops and compound preparations.
Preparation: Prepare an infusion by scalding 2 to 4 g drug
with boiling water, allowing it to stand for 10 minutes, then
straining. A tea is prepared by brewing 2 to 4 g of the whole
herb with 150 to 250 ml boiling water and then straining it
after 10 minutes.
182/CHICORY
Daily Dosage: 3 to 5 g comminuted drug. Single dose: 2 to 4
g whole herb for an infusion.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
l36(38):3253-2354. 1996.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): H64.
1992.
Balbaa S et al., (1973) Planta Med 24:133.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: This evergreen tree grows up to 7 m
tall with aromatic bark and angular branches. The bark is
brown, in quilled pieces, sometimes with the remains of the
outer layer present. The 7.5 to 10 cm long leaves are
oblanceolate and pubescent on 6 to 8 cm long petioles, more
or less tapered toward the base. They are coriaceous,
alternate and brown underneath.
Habitat: Indigenous and cultivated
Vietnam, Laos and Burma.
in southern China,
Benoit PS et al., (1976) Lloydia 39:160.
Kawabata S, Deki M, (1977) Kanzei Chuo Bunsek 17:63.
Miiller K, Wiegrebe W, Psoriasis und Antipsoriatika. In: DAZ
137(22): 1893-1902. 1997.
Noldenn U, Dissertation Universitat Bonn. 1989.
Proliac A, Blanc M, (1976) Helv Chem Acta 58:2503.
Wagner, H, In 'The Biology and Chemistry of the
Compositae," Eds V. N. Heywood et al. Academic Press,
London 1977.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Production: Chinese Cinnamon consists of the completely or
partly peeled, dried stem bark from the aboveground or thinbranched axis of Cinnamomum aromaticum. The drug, from
branches 2 to 3 cm thick, is peeled with horn knives, freed
from cork and outer rind, and dried in the sun for 24 hours.
Not to be Confused With: Chinese Cinnamon should not be
confused with waste products from the production process or
other barks and materials, nor with the skins of horse
chestnut seeds.
Other Names: Cassia, False Cinnamon, Bastard Cinnamon,
Cassia Lignea, Cassia Bark, Cassia aromaticum, Canton
Cassia
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components are cinnamaldehyde, weiterhin cinnamylacetate, cinnamyl alcohol, o-methoxycinnamaidehyde, cinnamic acid, coumarin
Diterpenes: cinnzeylanoles, cinncassioles A to E
Tannins: catechin tannins
Ghimaphila umbellata
Oligomere
See Pipsissewa
Mucilages
proanthocyanidins
EFFECTS
Chinese Cinnamon
Cinnamomum aromaticum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers
collected and dried after they have finished blossoming, and
the whole or partly peeled, dried bark of thin and young
branches, as well the oil extracted from them.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small on short, slender,
silky pedicles. They are arranged in threes in cymous
panicles in the leaf axils and in larger panicles at the end of
the branches. The perianth is slightly silky, about 3 mm long,
with oblong-lanceolate petals. The fruit is a juicy, pea-sized,
elliptoid, smooth drupe.
The essential oil and its main constituent cinnamaldehyde
are antibacterial, fungistatic, improve immune resistance in
animal tests (inhibiting allergic reactions Type I and II),
promote motility, inhibit ulcers and act on the digestive tract
(tannin content).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by
Commission E:
• Loss of appetite
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include symptomatic
treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (mild, colicky upsets
of the gastrointestinal tract, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea), as well as for temporary states of exhaustion and to
increase weight. Efficacy has been sufficiently proven for
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
gastric complaints and it is plausible for diarrhea, but the
evidence is not sufficient for the other indications.
Chinese Medicine: Among uses in Chinese medicine are
impotence, diarrhea, enuresis, rheumatic conditions, testicle
, hernia, menopause syndrome, amenorrhea, abortion and to
stabilize immunity.
Indian Medicine: Digestive complaints, vomiting and diarrhea are the most common uses in Indian medicine.
CHINESE MOTHERWORT
183
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 19S5.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1991
1994.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin.
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of medicinal preparations of Chinese Cinnamon is
contraindicated during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a medium potential
for sensitization, primarily due to the cinnamaldehyde.
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be administered in time of
pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted bark for infusions,
essential oil, as well as other galenic preparations for internal
use.
Preparation: To prepare a tincture of Chinese Cinnamon,
moisten 200 parts cinnamon bark evenly with ethanol and
percolate to produce 1000 parts tincture.
Daily Dosage: 2 to 4 g drug; 0.05 to 0.2 g essential oil. The
average single dose is 1 g.
Storage: Chinese Cinnamon should be stored in a cool, dry
environment in tightly sealed containers.
LITERATURE
Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I.,
Academic Press UK 1985.
Lockwood GB, Die Hauptbestandteile des atherischen Ols von
Cinnamomum cassia BLUME. In: PM 36(4):380-381. 1979.
Nagai H et al., (1982) Jpn J Pharmacol 32(5):813.
Nohara T et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 21(8):2130.
Nohara T et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(8): 1849.
Nohara T et al., Cinncassiol E, a diterpene from the bark of
Cinnamomum cassia. In: PH 24:1849. 1985.
Nohara T et al., PH 21:2130-2132. 1982.
Otsuka H et al., (1982) Yakugaku Zasshi 102:162.
Sagara K et al., J Chromatogr 409:365-370. 1987.
Chinese Motherwort
Leonurus japonicus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The fruit is said to have medicinal
properties.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is long with whorls of a
few flowers at some distance from each other. The bracts are
short and usually have a thorn-like awn. The flowers are
sessile and dorsiventral. The calyx is narrow clavate.
approximately 8 mm long, short-haired. The calyx teeth are
upright, the lower 2 are longer than the 3 upper ones. The
corolla is bilabiate, made up of 5 fused petals, approximately
10 mm long, lilac to pink. The upper lip has a purple middle
lobe and the lower lip is divided into 3. There are 2 long and
2 short stamens. The ovary is superior, 2-carpled and 4chambered. The fruit breaks up into 4 black. 3-edged
approximately 2 mm long, 1-seeded mericarps.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows to
a height of up to 1 m. The leaves are petiolate, 5 to 10 cm
long, ovate to cordate, narrowing cuneiformly at the base.
The lower leaves are palmately divided to the middle: the
sections are pinnatifid with linear-acuminate lobes. The
upper leaves are decussate opposite, simple, lanceolate.
entire and pubescent on both surfaces. The stem is graygreen, upright, branched and square; the surface is grooved,
and the ribs are pubescent.
Habitat: Leonurus japonicus is found in China, North and
South Korea, and Japan.
Production: Chinese Motherwort fruit is the dried fruit of
Leonurus japonicus.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Senayake UM et al., (1978) J Agric Food Chem 20:822.
Diterpenes: including leonurine
Structure of potent antiulcerogenic compounds from
Cinnamomum cassia, Tetrahedron 44:4703. 1988.
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids oleic acid and linolenic acid
1 8 4 /CHINESE MOTHERWORT
EFFECTS
When taken internally, the alkaloid-containing drug (chief
active ingredient leonurine) is said to have a contracting
effect upon the uterus and to have generally anti-inflammatory effects upon various organ systems.
Topical application is said to reduce edema connected with
injuries.
Watery drug extracts reduce blood pressure in animal
experiments.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Medicine: Chinese Motherwort is used internally for
inflammation of the kidney, the throat and the retina; for
disturbances of menstruation, and in obstetrics for lochiastase. Externally, the fruit is used for swelling of the tissue
after trauma.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used as a cardiac tonic, for
nervous cardiac disturbances, anxiety states and nervous
breathlessness.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Feelings of weakness, outbreaks of sweating, enhanced
sensitivity to pain and feelings of closeness in the chest can
all follow intake of higher dosages of the drug (starting at
30 g).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug. Preparations are administered internally and externally
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in helicoid or
scorpiod cymes; the structures are in threes. The 3 petals are
thick and often coriaceous; the 3 sepals are usually fused into
a cup- or jug-shaped calyx. There are 6 stamens, and the
ovary is 3-chambered with an ovule in each chamber; the
stigma is 3-lobed. The fruit is an ovoid drupe with a thin,
resin-rich mesocarp.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is monoclinous or diclinous,
reaching heights up to 15 m. The leaves are odd pinnate. The
leaflets are short-petiolate and very irregular. The stipules
are round or slit.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to the Spice Islands,
Philippines, China, Melanesia, and Moluccas.
Production: Elemi is the oleoresin (soft) exuding from fresh
cuts made in Canarium luzonicum and the residual resin
(hard) left to dry on the tree. The soft elemi is obtained by
cutting split secretion channels and, after knocking off the
hard elemi, collecting the resin which dries on that tree.
Other Names: Elemi
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpenes (70 to 80%): particularly alpha- and beta-amyrin, including alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-elemic acid, brein,
maniladiol
Volatile oil (20 to 30%): chief component limonene (25%),
also including alpha-phellandrene, elemol, eudesmol, carvacrol, methyl eugenol
EFFECTS
The resin is credited with promoting the healing of wounds.
An immunostimulating effect was demonstrated in animal
experiments. Topical administration causes skin irritation.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Daily Dosage: Not specified in the literature
Unproven Uses: The resin is used in folk medicine as an
expectorant for coughs as well as for gastric complaints,
ulcers and rheumatism (plaster).
LITERATURE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Preparation: Infusion: 4 to 10 g drug
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Chinese Olive
Canarium species
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the resin.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. According
to older sources, stomach complaints, kidney irritation and
hemorrhagic erosions have been observed following administration of the essential oil. Topical application causes skin
irritation.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the resin are used
topically.
Preparation: Elemi resin is prepared by melting the resin at
low heat and putting it through a filter. This cleaning process
CHINESE RHUBARB (DA-HUANG ) / 1 8 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
results in a somewhat darker elemi. Plasters are prepared
using 25% drug in ointment.
Storage: Store in well-sealed tins protected from light.
LITERATURE
•• Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
rhein, chrysophanol, physcion (together 60-80%), 8,8'-diglucosides of dianthrones (10-25%), including among others,
sennosides A and B
Tannins: gallo tannins, including among others galloyl
glucose, galloyl saccharose, lindleyine, isolindleyine
Flavonoids (2-3%)
Naphthohydroquinone glycosides
EFrECTS
Chinese Rhubarb
(Da-Huang)
Rheum palmatum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried underground parts, and most of the root bark in the dried form.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an erect panicle
foliated to the tip. The flowers have narrow, red, pink or
whitish yellow tepals. The tepals are curved and located far
^ • b a c k in the mature flowers to facilitate wind pollination. The
fruit is red-brown to brown, and oval. The fruit is angular,
about 10.2 mm to 7.8 mm wide and usually has scarious
wings. The nutlet is 6 to 10 mm long and 7 mm in diameter.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a large, sturdy
herbaceous perennial. The stem grows to over 1.5 m high.
The leaves are orbicular-cordate, palmate lobed, somewhat
rough on the upper surface and 3 to 5 ribbed. The lobes are
oblong-ovate to lanceolate, dentate or pinnatisect. The root
system consists of a tuber, which after a number of years
measures 10 to 15 cm in diameter and has arm-thick lateral
roots.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the western and northwestern provinces of China and is cultivated in many regions
around the world. The main producers are China and Russia.
Production: Chinese Rhubarb consists of the dried underground parts of Rheum palmatum, Rheum officinale or of
both species. Stem parts, roots and most -of the bark are
removed from the rhizomes.
Not to be Confused With: Other Rheum species such as
Rheum rhaponticum or Rheum rhabarbarum. Garden Rhubarb is Rheum ponticum.
Other Names: Rhubarb
Main active principles: hydroxyanthracene derivatives, tannins and a small proportion of flavonoids
The laxative effect is due to the hydrogogic and antiabsorptive properties of the anthranoids. This effect causes
an increase in the volume of the intestinal contents resulting
in pressure and stimulation of intestinal peristalsis.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Constipation
Unproven Uses: Rhubarb is used as an appetite stimulant and
for digestion problems, gastrointestinal catarrh and painful
teething (children). External uses include burn treatment and
skin conditions.
Chinese Medicine: In China, Rhubarb is used for delirium,
tenesmus, edema, amenorrhea and abdominal pain. Efficacy
for digestion problems is plausible because of the tannin
content but not without risk because of the anthranoids
(toxicity); efficacy for the other indications has not been
proven.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include diarrhea and
teething.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Chinese Rhubarb is contraindicated in cases of intestinal
obstruction, acute inflammatory intestinal disease, appendicitis and abdominal pain of unknown origin.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints can occur as
a side effect to the drug's purgative effect. Long-term use
leads to losses of electrolytes, in particular potassium ions.
The loss of electrolytes may lead to hyperaldosteronism,
inhibition of intestinal motility and enhancement of the
effect of cardioactive steroids. Long term use may lead to
heart arrhythmias, nephropathies, edema and accelerated
bone deterioration.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (3-12%): chief components 1- or 8O-fJ-glucosides of the aglycones rheumemodin, aloe-emodin,
The increased incidence of carcinoma of the colon following
long-term administration of anthracene drugs has not yet
been fully clarified. Recent studies show no association
1 8 6 / C H I N E S E RHUBARB (DA-HUANG)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
between the administration of anthracene drugs and the
frequency of carcinoma of the colon.
Stimulating laxatives must not be used over an extended
period (1 to 2 weeks)^ without medical advice.
Drug Interactions: Potassium deficiency can
increase in the effect of cardiac glycosides.
cause
an
Pregnancy: Use during pregnancy or while nursing only
after consulting a physician.
Pediatric Use: The drug is not to be administered to children
under 12 years of age.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid or solid forms of medication
are exclusively for oral use. The drug is available as
comminuted drug, powder or dry extracts for teas, decoctions, cold macerations or elixirs. Extracts of the drug are
often constituents of laxatives, cholagogics and gastrointestinal remedies, and are found in "slimming cures," "springtime tonics" and "blood purifying" teas.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion to be used as a laxative,
use 1.0-2.0 gm coarse powdered drug; for a stomachic, 0.1 to
0.2 gm powdered drug stirred with sufficient liquid (may be
flavored with cinnamon, ginger, or peppermint oil) or scald
and strain after 5 minutes. (1 teaspoonful = approximately
2.5 gm drug)
Daily Dosage: As a laxative, the dose is 1.0 to 2.0 gm of
drug prepared according to instructions above. As an
astringent and stomachic, the dose is 0.1-0.2 gm.
1.2 to 4.8 gm drug corresponds to 30 to 120 mg hydroxyanthracene derivatives/day, calculated as rhein.
Foust B, In: Foust MC. Rhubarb: The Wondrous Drug.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1992.
Friedrich H, Hohle J, (1966) Arch Pharm 299:857.
Iida K et al., Potent inhibitors of tyrosinase activity and
melanin biosynthesis from Rheum officinale. In: PM 61(5):425428. 1995.
Kashiwada Y et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(9):3461.
Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fiir
die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In:
PUZ 26(1 ):33, Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997.
Nonaka G et al., (1977) Chem Pharm Bull 25:2300.
Oshio H et al., (1974) Chem Pharm Bull 22:823.
Sanches EF, Feritas TV, Ferreiraalves DL, Velarde DT, Diniz
MR, Cordeiro MN, Agostinicotta G, Biological activities of
venoms from south American snakes. In: Toxicon 30(1 ):95.
1992.
Tsuboi et al., (1977) Chem Pharm Bull 25:2708.
Van Os FHL, (1976) Pharmacol 14(Suppl 1):7.
Zwaving JH, (1972) Planta Med 21:254.
Zwaving JH, (1974) Pharm Weekbl 109:1169.
Further information in:
Chan EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Tea — 1 cup mornings and/or evenings
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Extract — Single dose: 0.3 to 1 gm
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Laxatives should be used for the shortest possible time
(maximum 1 to 2 weeks)
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
136(38):3253-2354. 1996.
Anonym, Anwendungseinschrankungen fur Anthranoid-haltige
Abfuhrmittel angeordnet. In: PUZ 25(6):341-342. 1996.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164.
1992.
Fairbairn JW, (1976) Pharmacol 14(Suppl 1):48.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
| Stuttgart 1997.
HERBAL
M O N O G R A P HS
Chinese Thoroughwax
(Chai-Hu)
Bupleurum chinense
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a compound umbel.
The flower structures are arranged in fives. The flowers are
radial and small; the petals are yellowish, almost orbicular;
the calyx teeth are insignificant. The ovary is inferior and 2chambered. The fruit is a double achaene.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Thoroughwax is an upright herbaceous perennial, which grows about 30 to 70 cm high. The
leaves are alternate, arranged in spirals, simple and entire.
The stem is hollow, gnarled and branched.
Habitat: China, Japan and central Europe
Production: Bupleuri roots are the dried roots of Bupleurum
chinense. They are collected in the wild.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Bupleurum
4 F longiradiatum.
Other Names: Chai Hu
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins (saikosides.1.2 to 4.9%, content declining with the diameter of the root): saikosaponins a, bl, b2, c
and d, aglycones are the so-called saikogenins
Steroids: sterols, including alpha-spinasterol, stigmasterol
CHIRETTA
187
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be administered during
pregnancy.
OVERDOSAGE
The ingestion of larger dosages of the drug may lead to
gastroenteritis, intestinal colic and diarrhea, due to the
saponin content.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole drug and cut drug preparations for internal and external use.
Preparation: The drug is usually only used in Chinese and
Japanese medicine in compounded preparations.
Storage: Should be well sealed (to protect against insects),
and air dried.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL. Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Jin RL. Shi L, Kuang Y, Comparative studies on the roots of
wild and cultured Bupleurum chinense. DC Chung Yao Tung
Pao, 20:11-3, 61, 1988 Apr.
Ohtsu S, Izumi S, Iwanaga S, Ohno N, Yadomae T. Analysis
of mitogenic substances in Bupleurum chinense by ESR
spectroscopy. Biol Pharm Bull, 20:97-100, 1997 Jan.
Zhang J, Comparison on saikosaponin levels in the root of
Bupleurum chinense of various sizes. Chung Yao Tung Pao.
20:13-4, 1985 Apr.
Polyynes: saikodiine A, B and C
EFFECTS
The drug is not usually used alone, but rather used in various
drug mixtures.
The saiko saponins or saikogenins that the drug contains
have exhibited antipyretic, edema-protective and anti-inflammatory effects in animal experiments. At the same time, an
inducement of the depletion -of corticosterone and a liverprotective effect could be demonstrated, as could a sedative
A- and an analgesic effect. The drug is also credited with
antitussive, anti-ulcerogenic and blood-pressure lowering
characteristics.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Chinese Thoroughwax is used for inflammatory conditions (oriental regions).
Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for shivering and
fever, jaundice, chest pain, bitter taste in the mouth, nausea,
vomiting, malaria and deafness.
Chionanthus virginicus
See Fringetree
Chiretta
Swertia chirata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb, which is cut
and dried when the seed is ripe.
Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are small and form
a yellow panicle. The fruit is a single-valved capsule, which
tastes very bitter and is odorless.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grows up
to 90 cm high. The branching stem is brown or purplish. 2 to
1 8 8 /CHIRETTA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
4 mm thick, cylindrical below and becoming quadrangular
toward the top. The leaves are smooth, opposite, lanceolate
or ovate and entire-margined with 3 to 7 longitudinal ribs.
Ray S et al. Amarogentin, a naturally occuring secoiridoid
glycoside and a newly recognized inhibitor of topoisomerase I
from Leishmania donovani. In: JNP 59(l):27-29. 1996.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern India and Nepal.
Sharma PV (1982) Indian J Pharm Sci 44 (2): 36.
Production: Chiretta is the aerial part of Swertia chirata.
Other Names: Chirata, Chirayta, Indian Balmony, Indian
Gentian
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpines as bitter substances (1.3%): chief
components swertiamarin (0.4%), sweroside (0.2%), including as well gentiopicrin. amarogentin, amaroswerin
Xanthone derivatives: including mangiferin (0.12%), swerchirin (methyl bellidifoline), swertianin, 7-O-methyl swertianin, chiratol, swertiapunicoside, chiratanin
EFFECTS
Chiretta stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. In animal
experiments, an anticholinergic (due to swertiamarin), antiphlogistic, hypoglycemic (due to xanthone derivatives), and
centrally suppressing effect has been described.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl, Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Chives
Allium
schoenoprasum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried
aerial parts of the plant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Chiretta is used for dyspeptic disorders, loss
of appetite, problems with the production of gastric juices
and disorders of the digestive system.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug should not be used in patients who have gastric or
duodenal ulcers due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice
secretion.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is a constituent part of
various preparations, especially drops.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 15 to 20 drops, 3 times
daily before meals. For nervous disorders, 10 to 15 drops are
taken daily between meals.
LITERATURE
Dalai SR et al. (1953) J Ind Chem Soc 30: 455.
Flower and Fruit: The cyme has numerous florets. The
sheath of the inflorescence has 2 or 3 flaps. The flap is
broad-ovate and shorter than the inflorescence; it is white or
reddish. The florets are dense and globose with no bulbils.
The petals of the perianth are lanceolate-ovate and acute or
pointed. They are 7 to 11 mm long, bluish or white to
yellowish, and have a dark middle stripe. The stamens are
shorter than the perianth. They are awl-shaped and fused
with each other and the perianth petals at the base. The
perianth surrounds the capsule like a balloon.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Allium schoenoprasum is a perennial, 15 to 30 cm high plant. The base is branched with
numerous erect, closely packed leaves. Thin sheaths form
incomplete, oblong bulbs. The bulb skin is thin, white and
splitting when mature. The stem is round, usually smooth
and leafy from the lower third. The compact leaves are
completely hollow, round, somewhat elastic, and gray or
gray-green.
Habitat: Chives grow wild in the temperate regions of
Europe and North America and are cultivated in Europe,
Turkistan, North America and from Siberia to Japan.
Ghosal S et al. (1973) J Pharm Sci 62: 926.
Goyal H et al. (1981) J Res Ayur Siddha 2 (3): 286.
Production: Chives are the complete aerial parts of Allium
schoenoprasum, which are harvested before flowering.
Hikano H et al. (1984) Shoyakugku Zasshi 38: 359.
Komatsu M et al. (1971) Jpn Kokai 71 (27): 558.
Other Names: Cive Garlic, Civet, Chive
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Alliins (alkyl cysteine sulfoxides): in particular, methyl alliin
(S-methyl-L-(+)-cysteine sulfoxide) and pentyl alliin (Spentyl-L-(+)-cysteine sulfoxide), as well as their gammaW- glutamyl conjugates; in the course of cutting up the fresh
foliage, the alliins undergo a transformation (which is
triggered by fermentation) into the so-called alliaceous oils,
e.g., dimethyl-disulfide-mono-S-oxide
EFFECTS
The volatile and non-volatile sulphur bonds are said to be
anthelmintic. However, efficacy has not been documented in
scientific studies.
CHOCOLATE VINE (MU-TONG) / 1 8 9
black, ovoid, approximately 6 mm long and embedded in
jelly-like tissue.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Akebia quinata is a climbing shrub
that grows up to 10 m high. The shrub is deciduous,
diclinous and monoecious. The leaves are alternate and
arranged in fives. The petiole and the stems of the leaflets
are approximately 2 cm long. The leaflets are up to 2.5 cm
long, rounded at the base and entire. The trunk is silvery or
gray, with cork warts.
Characteristics: The fruit is edible.
Habitat: Japan, China, Korea
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Production: Chocolate vine is the dried stem of Akebia
quinata.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used to expel worms and
intestinal parasites.
Other Names: Five-Leaflet Akebia, Mu Tong
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The intake of large quantities can lead to stomach
irritation.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Chives are used fresh or dried, as a
cut drug.
LITERATURE
Kameoka H, Hashimoto S, Two sulfur containing constituents
from Allium schoenoprasum. In: PH 22:294-295. 1983.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Hashimoto S et al., Food Sci 48:1858. 1983.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: akebosides, aglycones oleanolic acid
and hederagenin
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol
glucoside, betulin
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides: saccharose
Cyclitols: meso-inositol
EFFECTS
Animal experiments have demonstrated an anti-edemic
effect attributed to the saponin mixture contained in the drug.
In addition, diuretic, uricosuric, centrally depressant, antipyretic, mild analgesic and motility-inhibiting (intestinal)
effects have been reported, although no results of controlled
clinical studies have as yet been published.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chocolate Vine (Mu-Tong)
Akebia quinata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The dried stems and fruits of the Akebia
£? quinata are frequently used in medicine.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is racemose, hanging, 5
to 9 cm long, with 1 to 3 female flowers. The pedicle is 3 to
5 cm long. There are 3 to 4 violet to pink-violet sepals up to
1.5 cm long and 5 to 7 apocarpic, blue-violet carpels. There
are 4 to 15 male flowers with 3 violet to lilac sepals and 6 to
7 violet to black stamens. The fruit is an elongate pome, 6 to
9 cm long, dark violet when ripe with white spots and a
coriaceous cupule. The seeds are numerous, red-brown to
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the plant have been used for
acute urinary tract infections and ascites.
Chinese Medicine: Mu Tong is used for laryngitis and dry
coughs, urinary stones, disturbances of bladder function,
galacturia, convulsions, anemia and hematuria.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The ingestion of larger dosages of the drug may lead to gastroenteritis,
intestinal colic and diarrhea, due to the saponin content. The
drug is not to be administered during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid preparations for internal use.
Daily Dosage: 3 to 9 gm in the form of a decoction.
1 9 0 / C H O C O L A T E VINE (MU-TONG)
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Yang DJ. The study of the constituents of Clematis and Akebia
spp. II. On the saponins isolated from the stem of Akebia
quinata Decne. (1) (authors transl) Yakugaku Zasshi, 9:194-8,
1974 Feb.
Yang DJ. Tinnitus treated with combined traditional Chinese
medicine and Western medicine. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa
Chin, 9:270-1, 259-60. 1989 May.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Cimicifuga racemosa
See Black Cohosh
Cinchona pubescens
See Quinine
Cinnamomum aromaticum
See
Chondrodendron
tomentosum
See
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum camphora
See
Camphor
Tree
Pareira
Chondrus crispus
See
Chinese
Cinnamomum verum
See
Cinnamon
Carrageen
Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium
See Pyrethrum
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum
verum
TRADE NAMES
Cinnamon bark liquid extract is available from several
manufacturers.
DESCRIPTION
Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum
See Ox-Eye Daisy
Cichorium intybus
See Chicory
Cicuta virosa
See European Water Hemlock
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the cinnamon oil
extracted from the bark, the cinnamon bark of younger
branches and the cinnamon leaf oil.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are whitish-green, inconspicuous and have an unpleasant smell. They are about 0.5 cm
long; arranged in loose, axillary or terminal panicles; and
covered in silky hairs. The fruit is berry-like, ovoid-oblong,
short-thomed and half-enclosed by the attached epicalyx.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a heavily foliated
evergreen tree 6.5 to 12 m tall with a pale brown bark in thin
quills, several rolled inside one another. The branches are
cylindrical with a gray-brown bark. The tough leaves, which
are opposite and splayed horizontally to leaning, are initially
red then turn green. They are about 12 cm by 5 cm,
roundish-ovate or ovate-lanceolate to oblong, more or less
acuminate and entire-margined. The leaves smell like cloves.
HERBAL
Habitat: Cinnamon is indigenous to Sri Lanka and southwest
India.
Production: Cinnamon consists of the dried tree bark,
"separated from the cork and outer rind, of young shoots
••K growing on the branches of Cinnamomum verum. The tree is
widely cultivated, and the harvested bark is dried in the
shade.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with other
powdered cinnamon varieties.
Other Names: Ceylon Cinnamon
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components - cinnamaldehyde, weiterhin
eugenol, cinnamylacetate, cinnamyl alcohol, o-methoxycinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid
Diterpenes: cinnzeylanol, cinnzeylanin
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions;
essential oil, as well as other galenic preparations for internal
use. Bath additives, drops and compound preparations for
external use.
How Supplied:
Extract — l:l
Preparation: To prepare a tea, pour hot water over 0.5 to 1 g
cinnamon bark and strain after 10 minutes. A tincture is
made from a maceration of 20 parts cinnamon bark + 100
parts 70% ethanol V/V (OAB90).
Daily Dosage: 2 to 4 g drug; 0.05 to 0.2 g essential oil. One
cup of tea/infusion is taken 2 to3 times daily at mealtimes.
Liquid extract is taken 3 times in 1.5 to 1 ml doses. Two to 4
ml of tincture are taken 3 times daily. The standard single
dose is 0.5 to 1 g of the drug.
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Storage: Protect from light and moisture in non-synmetic
containers.
Mucilages
LITERATURE
4f» EFFECTS
The cinnmaldehyde in the cinnamon bark's essential oil is
antibacterial, fungistatic and promotes motility. It has a
mildly positive estrogen effect on the genital system of
animals in tests, although the constituent responsible is
unidentified. Cinnamon increases gastric secretions slightly
and is an insecticide due to the diterpenes cinnzeylanin and
cinnceylanol.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Loss of appetite
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: In addition, folk medicine internal uses
include infantile diarrhea, chills, influenza and worm infestation. Cinnamon is used externally for. cleaning wounds.
Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine include toothache,
nausea and vomiting, and halitosis.
^
CINNAMON/191
M O N O G R A P HS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
* Use of the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a medium potential
for sensitization because of the cinnamaldehyde content.
Buchalter L, (1971) J Pharm Sci 60: 144.
Isogai A et al., (1977) Agric Biol Chem 41: 1779.
Kato Y, (1975) Koryo 113: 17, et 24.
Kaul R, Pflanzliche Procyanidine. Vorkommen, Klassifikation
und pharmakologische Wirkungen. In: PUZ 25(4): 175-185.
1996.
Schneider E, Cinnamomum verum - Der Zimt. In: ZPT
9(6): 193. 1988.
Schroder, Buch. In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom,
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
Further information in:
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.): Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be administered to pregnant
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
| Stuttgart 1997.
women.
1 9 2 /CINQUEFOIL
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Gallo tannins (3.5%), including agrimonine, pedunculagin,
levigatines B and F proanthocyanidins
Ginquefoil
Potentilla erecta
Tannins (17 to 22%)
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome freed
from the roots, the fresh underground parts collected in the
spring, the dried rhizome and the rhizome gathered in the
spring.
Flower and Fruit: The small, yellow, long-pedicled flowers
grow opposite the leaves or at branching points on the stem.
The 4 sepals have a 4-bract epicalyx. There are 4 free petals.
which are obcordate and somewhat darker at the base. There
are usually 16 stamens and numerous ovaries with threadlike styles. The receptacle is domed. The fruit is nut-like.
hard, 1 seeded, ovate, grooved and occasionally smooth.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 30 cm high and a
rhizomatus herbacious perennial. The rhizome is 1 to 3 cm
thick, irregular, gnarled to cylindrical, woody, dark-brown
outside and blood red inside. The stem is erect or decumbent.
never rooting, branching. The trifoliate rosette-like basal
leaves wilt early and are gone before flowering. The cauline
leaves are sessile, trifoliate and appear to be in fives because
of 2 stipules
Characteristics: The plant is odorless and has an astringent
taste.
Habitat: The plant is found as far north as Northern
Scandinavia and as far south as Northwest Africa, Italy.
Central Spain and the Balkans.
Production: Cinquefoil rhizome consists of the dried rhizome, freed from the roots, of Potentilla erecta (syn:
Potentilla tormentilla N.) and its preparations. After harvesting the rhizome is air-dried.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Radix
bistortae and the rhizomes of Geum species.
Other Names: Cinquefoil, Septfoil, Thormantle, Biscuits,
Bloodroot, Earthbank, Ewe Daisy, Flesh and Blood, Shepherd's Knapperty, Shepherd's Knot, English Sarsaparilla
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Catechins: including (-)-gallocatechin gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, dimerics and trimerics of the catechin
derivatives
Catechin tannins (15 to 20%), transformed under storage
conditions into non-water soluble tanner's reds
(phlobaphenes)
Flavonoids: including kaempferol
Triterpenes: including tormentoside, ursolic acid, e-epi-pomolic acid
EFFECTS
The drug is astringent, antimicrobial and molluscidal because of the tannin complex (gallic tannins and ellagic
tannins). In animal experiments an antihypertensive, antiallergic, immune-stimulating, antiviral and interferon-inducing effect has been demonstrated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Tormentil is used internally to treat non-specific acute
diarrhea. The drug is used externally for gingivitis, stomatitis
and pressure caused by prosthetic devices.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used internally
for acute and subacute gastroenteritis and diarrhea and
externally for poorly healing wounds, frostbite, burns and
hemorrhoids.
PRECAUTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. There are
reports in the literature of gastric complaints or vomiting
following intake of the drug or its extracts.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Tormentil is available in solid,
liquid and compounded preparations for internal and external
use.
Preparation: To prepare a tea, 2 to 3 gm finely cut or
coarsely powdered drug is added to cold water, and rapidly
brought to a boil, steep for some time and then strain. A cold
water decoction may be used to avoid loss of tannin strength
that occurs during the boiling process (1 teaspoon is
equivalent to approximately 4 gm drug).
To prepare a tincture, 1 part cut rhizome is percolated with 5
parts 70% ethanol (V/V) (DAB 10)
Daily Dosage: 4 to 6 gm drug
Tincture (1:10): 10 to 20 drops to one glass of water as a
rinse several times a day
Tea: 1 cup to be taken 3 to 4 times a day (acts as an antij diarrheal agent.)
CLEAVERS/193
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Wine decoction: For diarrhea soak 2 to 4 gm powdered drug
with red wine)
Storage: The herb should be protected from light.
Citrus limon
See Lemon
LITERATURE
'W* Bilia AR, Ctalano S, Fontana C, Morelli I, Palme E, A new
saponin from Potentilla tormentilla. In: PM 58(7)23. 1992.
Geiger C et al., EUagitannins from Alchemilla xanthochlora and
Potentilla erecta. In: PM 60(4):384. 1994.
Citrus sinensis
See Sweet Orange
Glasl H, DAZ 123:1979. 1983.
Lund K, Rimpler H, (1985) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 125(3): 105.
Lund K, Rimpler H, (1985) Tormenullwurzel. Dtsch Apoth Z
125:105-107.
Lund K, Tormentillwurzelstock. Phytochemische Untersuchungen
des Rhizoms von Potentilla erecta (L.) RAUSCHEL. In:
Dissertation Universitiit Freiburg. 1986.
Scholz E, Rimpler H, Osterr Apoth Ztg 48:138. 1994.
Vennat B et al., J Pharm Belg 47:485. 1992.
Cladonia pyxidata
See Cupmoss
Claviceps purpurea
See Ergot
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
^ Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R. Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Citrullus colocynthis
See Bitter Apple
t—
.—.—
Citrus aurantifolia
Cleavers
Galium
aparine
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts
collected during the flowering season and dried, as well as
the fresh, flowering herb and the fresh or dried whole plant.
Flower and Fruit: There are a few small white or greenish
flowers in axillary, peduncled cymes. The corolla is about
• 1.5 to 1.7 mm long and has a pointed tip. The pedicles do not
turn back before the fruit ripens. The 4 to 7 mm long
mericarps are covered in barbed bristles.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 60 to 150 cm high. The
stem is decumbent or climbing, sharply quadrangular even to
the point of being winged and branched. There are long
cauline leaves. The margins and midrib of the leaves are
thorny. The foliage leaves are arranged in false whorls of 6
or 8. They are lanceolate from a wedge-shaped base, 30 to 60
mm long and 3 to 8 mm wide, obtuse and thorny tipped.
Habitat: A common wild plant throughout Europe, in Asia
from Siberia to the Himalayas, and in North and South
America.
See Lime
Production: Cleavers is the flowering herb of the aerial part
of Galium aparine, which is garnered and then dried.
Citrus aurantium
Other Names: Clivers, Goosegrass, Barweed, Hedgeheriff,
Hayriffe, Eriffe, Grip Grass, Hayruff, Catchweed, Scratweed, Mutton Chops, Robin-Run-in-the-Grass, Love-Man,
Goosebill, Everlasting Friendship, Bedstraw, Coachweed,
See Bitter Orange
194/CLEAVERS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Cleaverwort, Goose Grass, Gosling Weed, Hedge-Burs,
Stick-a-Back, Sweethearts
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
monoterpenes:
asperuloside
Benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids: including protopine
Beta-carbolin
Clematis recta
DESCRIPTION
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide
Clematis
alkaloids:
harmine
Quinazoline alkaloids: l -hydroxydesoxypeganin, 8-hydroxy2,3-dehydrodesoxypeganin
Flavonoids
EFFECTS
No information is available.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh, flowering
plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in many blossomed
terminal cymes. The individual blossoms are white and
similar to Clematis vitalba, except that the bracts are only
downy on the edges. The nutlet is glabrous, with a thickened
edge and a long tail.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to about 50 to 125
cm high. The stem is non-climbing, erect, leafy and glabrous.
The leaves are pinnatifid. The leaflets are smaller than those
of Clematis vitalba.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The drug is used internally as well as externally for ulcers,
festering glands, lumps in the breast and skin rashes. It is
also used for lithuresis and calculosis and as a diuretic for
dropsy, bladder catarrh and retention of urine (ischuria).
Efficacy has not been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Characteristics: The plant is poisonous.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe.
Production: Clematis herb is the whole fresh flowering plant
of Clematis recta. The herb is gathered when the plant is in
full flower. It is turned regularly while being dried in the
shade.
Other Names: Upright Virgin's Bower
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Used topically in alcoholic extracts.
Internally as a tea and juice.
Daily Dosage: As a tea, add 4 teaspoonfuls (3.3 to 4.4 gm)
of the drug to 2 glasses of hot water. Drink in sips during the
course of the day.
LITERATURE
Berkowitz, WF et al., (1982) J Org Chem 47:824.
COMPOUNDS
Protoanemonine-forming agents in the freshly harvested
plant: presumably, the glycoside ranunculin changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small pieces (and
probably also when it is dried) into the pungent, volatile
protoanemonine that quickly dimerises to anemonine. Once
dried, the plant may not be capable of protoanemonine
formation.
Saponins
Bhan MK et al., (1976) Ind J Chem 14:475.
Buckova et al., (1970) Acta Fac Pharm Univ Comeniana 19:7.
Burnett AR, Thomsom RH, (1968) J Clin Soc (6):854.
Corrigan D et al., (1978) Phytochemistry 17:1131.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Inouye H et al., (1974) Planta Med 25:285.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
The fresh plant induces blistering on the skin and mucous
membranes and is a fungicide. Sun plants are more effective
than shade plants.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Clematis was formerly used as a remedy for
venereal diseases (syphilis), chronic skin conditions, gout,
rheumatism and bone disorders, as well as a diuretic. In the
pharmaceutical industry, it is used for rheumatic pains,
headaches and varicose veins. In folk medicine, it is used for
blisters and as a poultice for festering wounds and ulcers.
Homeopathic Uses: Clematis is used in homeopathic dilutions for ulcers and poor wound healing.
CLOVE/195
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with
the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister
V formation and cauterizations that heal poorly, due to the
released protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to the
skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe
irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic
and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary drainage
passages, are possible.
Symptomatic treatment for external contact consists of
mucilaginosa, after irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution. In case of internal contact, administration of
activated charcoal should follow gastric lavage.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Clematis recta
See Clematis
OVERDOSAGE
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in
animal experiments. The risk associated with use of this
plant is less than that of many other Ranunculaceae (e.g.,
Anemones nemorosae) due to the relatively low levels of
protoanemonine-forming agents.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is seldom used today. It is
available in the form of decoctions, which are used for
poultices, as well as extracts and drops.
Homeopathic Dosage: Clematis is used in homeopathic
dilutions D3 and D4.
Storage: The herb should be stored in tightly sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
Kizu H, Shimana H, Tomimori T, Studies on the constituents
of Clematis species. VI. The constituents of Clematis stans
Sieb. et Zucc. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 43:2187-94, 1995
Dec.
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
Shropshire CM, Stauber E, Arai M, Evaluation of selected
plants for acute toxicosis in budgerigars. J Am Vet Med Assoc,
0 200:936-9, 1992 Apr 1.
Southwell IA et al., Protoanemonin in australian Clematis. In:
PH 33:1099. 1993.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Clematis vitalba
See Traveller's Joy
Clove
Syzygium aromaticum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
from the whole or macerated flower buds, the pedicles and
leaves, the dried flower buds and the not quite ripe fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in triply-triple-branched
cymes. They are short-pedicled, whitish-pink, approximately
6 mm wide and have 2 scale-like bracteoles. The calyx tube
is 1 to 1.5 cm long and cylindrical. The 4 sepals are fleshy
and there are 4 petals. The fruit is 2 to 2.5 cm long, 1.3 to 1.5
cm wide and is crowned by 4 curved sepals. The fruit is 1seeded.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 20 m high, pyramid- shaped evergreen tree. The diameter of the trunk is 40 cm.
The branches are almost round. The leaves are 9 to 12 cm
long and 3.5 cm wide. They are coriaceous, elliptical to
lanceolate, short, obtusely tipped and narrowing in a cuneate
form to the petiole, which is 2.5 cm long. There is 1 main rib
and more than 20 lateral ones.
Characteristics: The taste and odor are characteristic.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Molucca Islands and
is cultivated there and in Tanzania, Madagascar, Brazil and
other tropical regions.
196/CLOVE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Production: Cloves consist of the hand-picked and dried
flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (syn. Jambosa caryophyllus, Eugenia caryophyllata).
Deiniger R, Gewiirznelken (Syzygium aromaticum) und
Nelkenol - aktuelle Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 12(6):205. 1992.
Kato Y, (1975) Koryo 113:17 and 24.
Narayanan CS, Matthew AG (1985) Ind Perf 29(1/2): 15.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (15-21%): chief components eugenol (70-90%),
eugenyl acetate (aceteugenol, up to 17%), beta-caryophyllene (5-12%)
Flavonoids: including astragalin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside,
quercetin-3,4'-di-0-glycoside
Tannins (10%): ellagitannins, including eugenin
Triterpenes: oleanolic acid (1%), crataegolic acid (maslic
acid, 0.15%)
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol
EFFECTS
Clove is antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, spasmolytic and a local anaesthetic.
Tanaka T, Orii Y, Nonaka GI, Nishioka I, Kouno I, Syziginins
A and B, two ellegitannins from Syzygium aromaticum. In: PH
43(6)1345-1348. 1996.
Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht.. In:
DAZ 132(37): 1873. 1992.
Further information in:
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, iNew York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
• Dental analgesic
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Unproven Uses: Clove oil is used internally for stomach
ulcers and externally for colds and headaches. It is also used
externally as a local analgesic and dental antiseptic.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for halitosis, toothache,
eye disease, flatulence, colic, gastropathy, and anorexia.
Club Moss
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Lycopodium
No health hazards or side effects are known in
with the proper administration of designated
dosages. Allergic reactions to eugenol occur
concentrated form, oil of clove may be irritating
conjunction
therapeutic
rarely. In
to mucosa.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a powdered, ground, or whole
herb for the recovery of the essential oil, and other galenic
preparations for topical use.
Daily Dosage: Aqueous solutions corresponding to 1 to 5%
essential oil are used externally for mouthwashes. In
dentistry, the undiluted essential oil is used.
Storage: Do not store the drug in plastic containers, and
protect it from light.
LITERATURE
Cai L, Wu ChD, Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum
possesing growth inihibitory activity against oral pathogens. In:
JNP 59(10):987-990. 1996.
Debelmas AM, Rochat J, (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23.
clavatum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the spores and the
fresh plant.
Flower and Fruit: Sulfur yellow, minute spores, carried in
large numbers in 2 to 3 cylindrical yellow-green cones,
develop in August at the ends of leafy, 15 cm high stalks
extending from aerial branches.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant has a 1 m long,
procumbent stem with only a few roots. It is covered with
yellowish-green leaves, densely arranged in spirals, which
are entire-margined, linear, smooth and end in a long, white,
upwardly bent hair tip. There are numerous erect, circular, 5
cm high branches on the mainstem.
Habitat: The plant is found worldwide, but it originated in
China and Eastern Europe.
Production: Club Moss is the aerial part Lycopodium
clavatum. It is collected in the uncultivated regions and airdried or dried artificially at a maximum of 40° C.
COCA/197
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Other Names: Stags Horn, Witch Meal, Wolfs Claw,
Vegetable Sulfur
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
^£ Alkaloids (0.2%): including among others those of the
lycopodine- and lycodan-types (derived from piperidine
alkaloids), chief alkaloids lycopodine and dihydrolycopodine, in traces also nicotine.
Triterpenes: including alpha-onocerin, lycoclavatol, lycoclavanol, serratendiol (demonstrated in plants of Japanese
origin)
Steroids: including
stigmasterol
beta-sitosterol,
campesterol
LITERATURE
Blumenkopf TA, Heathcock CH, The Alkaloids, Vol. 5, Ed.
SW Pelletier, John Wiley 1985.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
Leete E, The Alkaloids, Vol. 1, Ed. SW Pelletier, John Wiley
1983.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
and
Flavonoids: including among others chrysoeriol, luteolin
Cnicus benedictus
EFFECTS
See
Blessed
Thistle
Club Moss has a diuretic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
|0
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, it is used internally for
bladder and kidney complaints, also for pharyngeal catarrh
and tonsillitis, menstruation complaints, rheumatism and
impotence; externally for wounds, itching and suppurating
eczema of the skin.
Homeopathic Uses: Herb and spores are used in liver and
gallbladder complaints, general blood poisoning, inflammation of the respiratory tract, disorders of the intestinal tract,
varicose veins, metabolic diseases, chronic and acute skin
conditions, inflammation of the female genital organs and
menstruation complaints, as well as behavioral and mood
disturbances.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Irritations should be expected with extended used of
the drug.
OVERDOSAGE
Despite the toxicity of the alkaloids, no poisonings have
been, recorded.
g,
DOSAGE
*• Mode of Administration: In folk medicine, chopped drug is
used in teas.
Coca
Erythroxylum
coca
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves of the
coca bush.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small and greenish white.
They are in axillary clusters. The fruit is a red almost 1 cm
long drupe with 1 seed.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Erythroxylum coca is a small shrublike tree up to 5 m tall. The leaves are brownish-green, oval,
thin but tough, up to 5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide with two
lines on the surface parallel to the midrib. The margins are
entire, the apex rounded. There are 2 faint projecting lines on
the upper surface parallel to the midrib which stiffen the leaf.
There are small stipules in the leaf axils, which later become
brown and hard.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Andes region of
South America; it is cultivated in Indonesia, India and Sri
Lanka.
Production: Coca leaves are the dried leaves of Erythroxylum coca.
Other Names: Bolivian Coca, Cocaine, Cuca, Peruvian Coca
Daily Dosage: Single dose: 1.5 gm drug. Tea: 1 cup to be
taken 2 to 3 times daily.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally; 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1)
Tropane alkaloids: main alkaloid (-)-cocaine, including,
among others, cis-cinnamoyl cocaine, trans-cinnamoyl cocaine, also including alpha-truxillin, beta-truxillin,
benzoylecgonin
COMPOUNDS
198/COCA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
EFFECTS
Tuerner CE, Ma C, Elsohly MA, ETH 3:293. 1981.
The leaves act as a local anesthetic and stimulate the central
nervous system. In high doses, the drug causes paralysis of
motor neuron fibers.
Wiggins RC, Pharmacokinetics of Cocaine in pregnancy and
effects on fetal maturation. In: Clinical Pharmacokinetics
22(2):85. 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: The plant is used in the manufacture of the
local anesthetic cocaine hydrochloride. It is a model for
synthetic local anesthetics. Cocaine is still occasionally used
in ophthalmology.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Chewing an excessively large quantity of the
leaves can cause psychic disturbances and hallucinations.
Chronic use can lead to poor nutritional states and disinterest
in work, due to the suppression of feelings of hunger and the
resulting reduction in food intake. The enhanced vulnerability to illness and the reduced life expectancy are also
conditioned by the immunosuppressive effect of the drug.
Beyond that, the drug is probably carcinogenic in effect.
embryotoxic and sensitizing. The observed dependence on
the drug (cocoaism) is mainly psychically conditioned.
although withdrawal symptoms are also known (need for
sleep, bulimia, anxiety, irritability, tremor). For the toxicology of cocaine, consult publications (Lewin, Teuscher).
Pregnancy: Cocaine passes into the embryo or fetus and is
embryotoxic.
Nursing Mothers: Cocaine passes into the mother's milk.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Cochlearia officinalis
See Scurvy Grass
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Use of Erythroxylum
obsolete except for use in 2% eyedrops.
coca
is
LITERATURE
Cochlospermum gossypium
Aynilian G et al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:1938.
See Cotton Tree
Brustschmerzen und Atherosklerose durch Cocain. In: DAZ
130(49):2723. 1990.
Chen GJ, Pillai R, Erickson JR, Martinez F, Estrada ALO,
Watso RR, Cocaine immunotoxicity - abnormal cytokine
production in hispanic drug users. In: Toxicol Lett 59(1-3):81.
1991.
Evans WC, ETH 3:265. 1981.
Grieb G, Mipbildungen: Schadigt Cocain menschliche
Spermien? In: DAZ 132(12):578. 1992.
Homstedt B et al., (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1753.
Moore JM et al., 1-Hydroxytropacocaine: an abundant alkaloid
of Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and var.
truxillense. In: PH 36(2):357. 1994.
Novak M, Salemink C, (1987) Planta Med 53(1): 113.
Novak M, Salemink CA, Khan I, ETH 10:261. 1984.
Sukrasno N, Yeoman MM, Phenylpropanoid metabolism during
growth and development of Capsicum frutescens fruits. In: PH
32:839. 1993.
Cocillana Tree
Guraea rusbyi
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are radial, and their structures
are in fives. They are white to yellowish and inconspicuous.
The ovary is superior.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows as a tree, rising up
to 5 m high. The leaves are large and pinnatifid.
Habitat: Guraea rusbyi is indigenous to Cuba, Brazil and
Bolivia.
Production: Cocillana bark is the bark of the trunk of Guarea
rusbyi, which is collected in the wild.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
COCOA
COMPOUNDS
Cocoa
Volatile oil
Theobroma cacao
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol
DESCRIPTION
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Tannin
Alkaloids
EFFECTS
The drug is said to be expectorate, emetic and laxative in
effect. In higher dosages, it is said to be menstruationinducing. The emetic effect is credited to the alkaloid
fraction, which has not been more precisely defined.
Experimental data have not been made available. The bark of
the tree induces vomiting and can frequently bring on a
feeling of weakness and nausea. But it can also provide a
stimulatory expectorant and has been used successfully in
the treatment of bronchitis and respiratory illnesses.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Uses in folk medicine have included
treatment of chronic bronchitis and coughs and also as an
emetic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug is
said to induce vomiting and diarrhea in high dosages.
CONTRAINDICATION
Because it is said to induce menstruation, it should not be
administered to anyone who is pregnant.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug
preparations for internal use.
Preparation: Tinctures are prepared using drug 1:10 60%
ethanol (V/V) (BHP83). Liquid extracts contain drug 1:
60% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83).
Daily Dosage:
Decoction — from 0.5 to 1 g drug, 3 times daily
Liquid extract — 0.5 to 1 ml, 3 times daily
Tincture — 5 to 10 ml, 3 times daily
Syrup — 2 to 4 ml, 3 times daily
Dose for children — 1/4 to 1/3 of the above doses.
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
199
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seed skins that
remain after making cocoa and cocoa butter: the seeds which
have been partly freed from their skins and lightly roasted:
and the raw, dried, unroasted seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are on the main trunk
and thicker branches on a so-called "flower cup."" The
cyme-like branchlets are short, noded and persistent. There
are 5 sepals, which are narrow. The petals are cap-shaped
and stemmed with flag-like laminas. The stamen tube, wiih 5
fertile stamens and 5 awl-shaped staminoids. is short. Trie
fruit is a 15 to 25 cm long and 10 cm thick, large berry. It is
oblong or obovate, thick-skinned, yellow or reddish, grooved
and sometimes bumpy and cucumber-like. The 20 to 50
seeds are arranged in rows and embedded in a pink, fruity.
sweetish-sour pulp. They are pressed flat, almond-shaped.
reddish-brown and without endosperm.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 4 to 6 m. occasionally
up to 13 m, tall tree with an irregular knotty trunk and a
broad crown. The young branches are rounded. The leaves
are coriaceous or paper-like, alternate and in 2 rows on the
branches. The petiole is downy, cushioned, and 1.5 to 2 cm
long. The lamina is oval or elliptical, slightly asymmetrical.
rounded at the base with a conspicuous tip. The upper
surface is green and pale when dry. The lower surface is
paler green, glabrous or has a few, tiny, simple, branched
and scattered hairs.
Habitat: The plant is cultivated globally in tropical regions.
Production: Cocoa seeds consist of the seeds of Theobroma
cacao, which have been removed from their shells, fermented and lightly roasted. Cocoa consists of the testae of
Theobroma cacao. Cocoa butter is the hard fat obtained from
the ripe cocoa seeds of Theobroma cacao. After removal of
the germ-roots and the shell from the seeds, the seeds are
removed from the shell and crushed. The cocoa fat is
squeezed out at a temperature of 70° C to 80° C and allowed
to cool.
Other Names: Cacao, Chocolate Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: COCOA SEED
Purine alkaloids (3 to 4%): main alkaloid theobromine (2.8
to 3.5%), with a lesser amount of caffeine (0.1 to 0.4^)
Fat (50%): chief fatty acids oleic acid (33 to 39C7c). stearic
acid (30 to 37%), palmitic acid (24 to 31^)
Proteic substances (10 to 16%)
2 0 0 /COCOA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Starch (5 to 9%)
COCOA SEED COAT
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides
glucose, fructose
(2
to
4%):
saccharose,
Biogenic amines: including phenyl ethyl amine, tyramine,
tryptamine, serotonin
Isoquinoline alkaloids:
salsolinol
Catechin tannins (10%): including oligomeric proanthocyanidins (8%)
Oxalates (0.6 to 1%)
E F F E C T S : C O C O A SEED
Cocoa seeds can cause constipation because of the tannin
content. The drug contains methylxanthines, mainly theobromin, which have a diuretic, broncholytic, and vasodilatory
effect. They also stimulate cardiac muscle performance and
act as a muscle relaxant.
C O M P O U N D S : C O C O A SEED COAT
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid theobromine (0.4-1.2%)
with less caffeine (0.02%)
Preparations of cocoa seed coat are used for liver, bladder,
and kidney ailments, diabetes, as a tonic and general remedy
and as an astringent for diarrhea.
C O C O A BUTTER
Cocoa Butter is used by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic
industries as an inactive ingredient in dermatologic
preparations.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COCOA SEED
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with either the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages or the consumption of normal
amounts of chocolate products. Large dosages lead to
constipation due to the tannin content. Cocoa and cocoa
products can cause allergic reactions. The amines can trigger
migraine attacks.
Pediatric Use: Large quantities of chocolate products can
lead to overexcitability, racing pulse and sleep disorders in
children because of the caffeine content, which can be as
high as 0.2% in milk chocolate and 0.4% in bitter chocolate.
Fat (5%)
COCOA SEED COAT
Biogenic amine: including phenyl ethyl amine, tyramine,
tryptamine, serotonin
Catechin tannins: among them, proanthocyanidins
E F F E C T S : C O C O A SEED C O A T
Cocoa can cause constipation. Cocoa contains methylxanthines, which have a diuretic, bronchyolitic, and vasodilatory
effect. They also improve cardiac muscle performance and
act as a muscle relaxant.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Cocoa and cocoa products can cause allergic
reactions. Large dosages lead to constipation due to the
tannin content. The amines can trigger migraine attacks.
C O C O A BUTTER
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
C O M P O U N D S : C O C O A BUTTER
Triglycerides (melting temperature 31 to 35°C): chief fatty
acids oleic acid (33 to 39%), stearic acid (30 to 37%),
palmitic acid (24 to 31%)
Free fatty acids
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol
Purine alkaloids (0.001 to 0.1%)
DOSAGE
COCOA BUTTER
Mode of Administration: Cocoa Butter is used as a pharmaceutical base for suppositories and vaginal globules. It is an
additive for ointments and cosmetic preparations, such as
skin creams and lip balms.
Storage: Store in a cool, dark place.
LITERATURE
EFFECTS: COCOA BUTTER
The main constituents are triglycerides. High doses of cocoa
butter, in contrast to similar saturated fatty acids, do not
cause an increase of serum cholesterol and the LDL fraction.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COCOA SEED
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Cocoa seeds are used for
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
infectious intestinal disease, diarrhea and as a secretolytic. It
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
is also used to regulate the thyroid and as a mild stimulant
(in compound drinks containing caffeine.)
| Naturw R, 49:481. 1996.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
COCONUT PALM /201
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schroder B, In: Schroder R. Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom,
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
manual or mechanical opening of the kernel and then
followed by the extraction of the endosperm (known as
copra). It is dried in the sun, over a fire or in special drying
houses. The pressed oil is refined and cleaned.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Coconut Palm
Cocos nucifera
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in up to 1.5 m
long, spindle-shaped, branching axillary inflorescences,
which are surrounded by a woody spathe. On each of the 20
to 40 lateral branches of the inflorescence there is only one,
3 to 3.5 cm large, yellowish-green-white female flower.
There are 200 to 300 male flowers at the apex of the single
ff branches with their structures arranged in threes. The flowers
are up to 1.5 cm wide and yellowish; the ovary is 3-carpeled
and fused. The drupe is up to 30 cm long and weighs 1.5 to
2.5 kg. The exocarp is smooth and impervious to water. The
mesocarp is fibrous (certain floating ability, coconut fiber)
and the endocarp woody and hard. The stone kernel is
incorrectly called a nut. The inconspicuous embryo is
embedded in the fat rich endosperm (copra). Inside the
unripe fruit there is approximately 500 ml of clear, sweettasting liquid (coconut milk), which reduces when the fruit
ripens. At the side stem insert there are 3 shoot holes, only
one of which is covered with a membrane. These allow the
embryo to penetrate the surrounding fiber layer.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Coconut Palm is diclinous and
monoecious. The tree grows up to 30 to 35 m high. The
frond is up to 5 m long, 1 to 1.7 m wide (up to 15 kg in
weight) and clasps the trunk with a wide petiole. The bark is
thick and the surface is shaggy with remains of the leaf bases
of fallen leaves. The trunk is divided into nodes and
internodes. Adventitious roots arise from the base of the
HIT trunk.
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids lauric acid (45 to 50%), myristic
acid (13 to 20%), palmitic acid (7 to 10%), caprylic acid (5
to 10%), including as well stearic acid, linoleic acid, caproic
acid.
Free fatty acids (3 to 5%)
Delta-lactones of 5-hydroxy-fatty acids: particularly deltaoctalactone (as aroma compounds)
EFFECTS
Coconut oil is characterized by having a large quantity of
short-chained fatty acids and a rather small amount of
unsaturated fatty acids. It is chiefly used as a dietetic. An
immunomodulating effect was observed in animal experiments, as was an inhibiting effect upon the growth of
carcinoma cells of the colon in vitro.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The oil of Coconut Palm has been used for
poorly healing wounds and skin infections (Africa). Internally it is used for colds and inflammation of the throat (with
salt; Central America) and for tooth decay (southeast Asia).
Indian Medicine: Coconut Palm oil is used for dysuria,
coughs, bronchitis and to stop hair from turning gray.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the use of
the drug as a food or as a pharmaceutical vehicle or raw
substance (including its use in the extraction of short- and
medium-chained fatty acids and in the manufacture of soaps
and solubilizing agents).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations are intended for
internal and external use.
Storage: Protect from light in tightly sealed containers at a
maximum temperature of 25° C.
LITERATURE
Characteristics: One palm tree produces up to 70 ripe fruit
per year.
Habitat: The native country of this species is disputed, but is
believed to be the Pacific regions.
Production: Coconut oil is the fat extracted from the dried
solid part of the endosperm of Cocos nucifera through cold
pressing. Completely ripe fruit is harvested, followed by
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
Eghafona NO, Immune responses following cocktails of
inactivated measles vaccine and Arachis hypogaea L.
(groundnut) or Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) oils adjuvant.
Vaccine, 84:1703-6, 19% Dec.
202 /COCONUT PALM
Jaggi KS, Arora N, Niphadkar PV, Gangal SV,
Immunochemical characterization of cocos nucifera pollen. J
Allergy Clin Immunol, 84:378-85, 1989 Sep.
Karmakar PR, Chatterjee BP, Cocos nucifera pollen inducing
allergy: sensitivity test and immunological study. Indian J Exp
Biol, 84:489-96, 1995 Jul.
Nalini N, Sabitha K, Chitra S, Viswanathan P, Menon VP,
Antifungal activity of the alcoholic extract of coconut shell Cocos nucifera Linn. J Ethnopharmacol, 84:291-3, 1980 Sep.
Nalini N, Sabitha K. Chitra S, Viswanathan P, Menon VP,
Histopathological and lipid changes in experimental colon
cancer: effect of coconut kernel (Cocos nucifera Linn.) and
(Capsicum annum Linn.) red chilli powder. Indian J Exp Biol,
84:964-71, 1997 Sep.
Cocos nucifera
See Coconut Palm
Coffea arabica
See Coffee
Coffee
Coffea arabica
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ashy-white. The leaves are 6 to 20 cm long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide
and live for 2 to 3 years. They are glabrous, slightly
coriaceous, dark green, glossy and elliptoid-lanceolate, with
a distinct leaf tip. The border is occasionally extensively
ribbed.
Habitat: Coffee's area of origin is disputed, but it is now
cultivated in many tropical regions of the world, including
Brazil, Mexico, Columbia and Ethiopia.
Production: Coffee charcoal is produced by roasting the
outer seed parts of the green, dried fruit of Coffea arabica
(and other Coffea species) until almost black, then grinding
the carbonized product.
Coffee beans are the seeds of Coffea arabica, which are ripe
for harvest nine months after flowering. Thereafter, they are
processed using one of two methods. In the dry method, the
beans are dried for 3 to 4 weeks in the sun, or mechanically
with air-stream dryers. In the wet method, the beans are
placed in a water-filled tank, where only the ripe ones sink to
the bottom. The ripe fruit is then mechanically crushed and
subsequently fermented. Fermentation lasts for approximately 48 hours (for arabica varieties). Afterward, the coffee is
dried mechanically or in the sun.
Not to be Confused With: Coffee beans are not easily
confused with other drugs. However, ground and roasted
coffee may contain coffee substitutes such as chicory,
dandelion root, figs, sugar beet root, lupin seeds, rye kernels
and barleycorn.
Other Names: Arabica Coffee, Arabian Coffee, Caffea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the seed
in various forms and stages.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are axillary dense
clusters with 10 to 20 flowers. The sessile or very short
pedicled partial inflorescences bear dense, overlapping apical
leaves. The calyx is 2.5 to 3 mm long with a blunt 5-tipped
border. The corolla is white and fragrant. The stamens come
from the mouth of the tube and are exserted. The ripe fruit is
ellipsoid, 12 to 18 mm long by 12 to 15 mm wide with a 3 to
6 mm long stem. It is initially green, later yellow and dark
red when ripe. The exocarp is tough and the mesocarp fleshy
and slightly sweet. The endocarp is hard. The seeds are flatconvex with a groove on the flat adaxial side. They are 8 to
12 mm long, 5 to 8 mm wide and 3 to 5 mm thick. When
fresh, the seeds are gray-green. They turn brown after
roasting.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Coffea arabica is an evergreen shrub
or small tree up to 8 m high with many basal branches. The
young branches are glabrous and flattened, and the nodes
produce many shoots. The bark of the fruiting branches is
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: COFFEE CHARCOAL
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid caffeine
Trigonelline
Carbonization
products
of hemicelluloses
EFFECTS: COFFEE CHARCOAL
Coffee charcoal contains purine alkaloids, with caffeine as
the man constituent, and is absorbent and astringent.
COMPOUNDS: COFFEE BEANS (SEEDS)
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid caffeine (0.6 - 2.2%), with it
theobromine, theophylline
Caffeic and ferulic acid ester of quinic acid: in particular
chlorogenic acid
Trigonelline
Norditerpene glycoside
ester:
atractylosides
Diterpenes: including the diterpene alcohol fatty acid esters
kahweol and cafestol
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
In roasted coffee beans: numerous aromatic substances
yielded from carbohydrates, proteins, fats and aromatic acids
through pyrolysis
EFFECTS: COFFEE BEAN'S
^ Most of the indicated effects of coffee are due to the
presence of caffeine. The primary effects of caffeine can be
summarized as follows: Caffeine has a positive inotropic
effect. In higher concentrations, it has a positive chronotropic effect on the heart and CNS. It causes a relaxation of the
smooth muscles of blood vessels (except for cerebral blood
vessels) and the bronchial tubes. Moreover, caffeine works
as a short-lived diuretic and produces an increase of gastric
secretions and the release of catecholamines.
Caffeine works competitively to block adenosinal receptors
that lie on cell surfaces in the brain, fat tissue, liver, kidneys,
heart and erythrocytes.
Heart, circulation, vessels: People who normally do not
drink coffee react 1 hour after an intake of 250 gm, with an
increase of 10 mm Hg in their systolic blood pressure.
Habitual coffee drinkers are tolerant in this regard.
Blood: After 9 weeks of an average daily intake of 5.6 cups
W* of coffee (steeped for 10 min.), the overall and LDL
cholesterol increases significantly. The use of coffee filters
can reduce this by up to 80%.
Digestive tract: Oral intake of 200 mg of chlorogene acid
doubles gastric secretion, as does caffeine alone.
Miscellaneous: In animal studies, a diet consisting of 20%
green coffee impedes the growth of DMBA-induced tumors
in hamsters by 90%.
Outcome of the stimulating effects of caffeine commence a
few minutes subsequent to taking the drug. The maximum
plasma concentration of caffeine is reached between 15 and
45 minutes later. The plasma half-life amounts to 4 to 6
hours.
Coffee extracts made from roasted and unroasted seeds are
used analogously with other drugs containing caffeine for
physical and mental fatigue. The drink can also be used
therapeutically in cases of hypotonia, as an analeptic agent,
in the treatment of influenza (flu) and migraine and as an
£t additive to analgesia.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COFFEE CHARCOAL
Approved by Commission E:
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Unproven Uses: Coffee is used for nonspecific, acute
diarrhea, and local therapy of mild inflammation of the oral
COFFEE / 2 0 3
and pharyngeal mucosa. In folk medicine coffee is also used
for festering wounds.
COFFEE BEANS (SEEDS)
Unproven Uses: Coffee is used to treat hypotonia and as a
constituent of analgesics. In folk medicine coffee is also used
to increase performance capability as well as for anemia,
hepatitis and edema.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include insomnia
and neuralgias.
Indian Medicine: Unripe seeds are used in Indian medicine
for migraine and fever; ripe seeds for diarrhea; and strong
coffee to treat opium and alcohol intoxication.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COFFEE CHARCOAL
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded.
Drug Interactions: The drug can hinder the resorption of
other medicines.
COFFEE BEANS
General: Health risks following the proper administration of
designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Quantities
corresponding to as much as 500 mg caffeine daily (5 cups
of coffee) spread out over the day are toxicologically
harmless for healthy adults accustomed to drinking coffee.
Caution is advised for persons with sensitive cardiovascular
systems, kidney diseases, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland,
higher disposition to convulsions and certain psychic disorders (for example, panic anxiety states). Side effects of
coffee intake, mainly caused by its chlorogenic acid content,
can include hyperacidity, stomach irritation, diarrhea and
reduced appetite. Non-specific symptoms such as restlessness, irritability, sleeplessness, palpitations, dizziness,
vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and headache appear with
the long-term intake of dosages exceeding 1.5 g caffeine per
day. Caffeine can lead to psychic as well as physical
dependency (caffeinism). Symptoms of withdrawal can
include headache and sleeping disorders.
Pregnancy: Pregnant womerr should avoid caffeine, under no
circumstances exceeding a dosage of 300 mg per day (3 cups
of coffee spread out over the day).
Nursing Mothers: Infants nursing from mothers who take
drinks containing caffeine may suffer from sleeping
disorders.
OVERDOSAGE
Dosages exceeding 1.5 g caffeine per day can lead to
stiffness, arrhythmic spasms of different muscle groups,
opisthotonus and arrhythmic tachycardia. Fatal poisonings
204/COFFEE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
with the drug are not conceivable: The lethal dosage (LD50)
for an adult is approximately 150 to 200 mg caffeine per kg
body weight (for which 50 kg body weight = 7.5 g = 75 cups
of coffee), although there are cases of survival also with 106
g caffeine. The death of a child following the intake of 5.3 gof caffeine has been reported. The first signs of poisonings
are vomiting and abdominal spasms. The therapy for caffeine
poisoning should begin with the inducement of vomiting or
gastric lavage. Afterward, activated charcoal and sorbitol
should be given to retard resorption. Spasms are to be treated
with diazepam.
DOSAGE
COFFEE CHARCOAL
Mode of Administration: Powdered coffee charcoal and its
preparations intended for internal consumption or local
application.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose for internal use is 9 g
of ground drug. The average single dose is 3 g of powder.
Storage: Coffee charcoal should be stored in well-sealed
containers.
C O F F E E BEANS
Mode of Administration: The ground beans are
different types of infusion, i.e. cooked coffee (filter,
etc.). Caffeine is used in various combinations and
tions for numerous therapeutic uses. Commercial
ceutical preparations include tablets, coated
compresses and diverse compound preparations.
used in
espresso
preparapharmatablets,
Preparation: The dried seeds are roasted until they procure a
deep brown color and a characteristic aroma. This process is
usually carried out in the country of consumption. During
roasting, the beans float for 1.5 to 3 minutes in hot gas at
220°C to 270°C.
Daily Dosage: 15 g drug
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1)
Storage: The beans should be stored in sealed containers
away from light and moisture.
LITERATURE
COFFEE CHARCOAL
Kuhn A, Schafer G, (Kaffeekohle). In: Dtsch Med Wochenschr
23:922-923. 1939.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
COFFEE BEANS
Anonym, Wieviel Coffein ist in welchem Produkt? In: PTA
5(1):40. 1991.
Battig K, Kaffee in wissenschaftlicher Sicht. In: ZPT 9(3):95.
1988.
Bornkessel B, Sind Kaffeetrinker starker gefahrdet? In: DAZ
131(5):189. 1991.
Butz S, Nurses'-Health-Studie: Kaffe - kein Risikofaktor fur
koronare Herzkrankheit? In: DAZ 136(19): 1680-1582. 1996.
Coffein: Entzugssyndrom bei Kaffeetrinkern. In: DAZ
133(6):441. 1993.
Dieudonne S, Forero ME, Llano I, Lipid analysis of Coffea
arabica Linn, beans and their possible hypercholesterolemic
effects. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 159:135-9, 1997 Mar.
Ferre, Buch. In: Ferre F. Kaffee-Eine Kulturgeschichte. 1992.
Garattini, Buch. In: Caffeine, Coffee, and Health. Garattini S.
Monographs of the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological
Research, Milan. Raven Press, New York. 1993.
Martin E, Cholesterolspiegel erhohender Faktor in Kaffeelipiden.
In: DAZ 130(42):2376. 1990.
Mensink RP, Lebbink WJ, Lobbezoo IE, Weusten-Van der
Wouw MP, Zock PL, Katan MB, Diterpene composition of oils
from Arabica and Robusta coffee beans and their effects on
serum lipids in man. J Intern Med, 237:543-50, 1995 Jun.
Phillips R, Smith D, Characterization of coffea canephora alphaD-galactosidase blood group B activity. Artif Cells Blood
Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 103:489-502, 1996 Sep.
Ponepal V, Spielberger U, Riedel-Caspari G, Schmidt FW, Use
of a Coffea arabica tosta extract for the prevention and therapy
of polyfactorial infectious diseases in newborn calves. DTW
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 103:390-4, 1996 Oct.
Ratnayake WM, Pelletier G, Hollywood R, Malcolm S, Stavric
B, Investigation of the effect of coffee lipids on serum
cholesterol in hamsters. Food Chem Toxicol, 33:195-201, 1995
Mar.
Schroder, Buch. In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom,
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
Schroder-Rosenstock K, KaffeegenufJ - ein medizinisches
Problem. In: DAZ 130(35):1919. 1990.
Silnermann K et al., (Entzugssymptome nach regelmaf3igem
Kaffeegenup).Jn: New Engl J Med 327:1109. 1992.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
4/2 Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Cola
COLA / 2 0 5
Catechin tannins
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Starch
EFFECTS
Cola's purine (caffeine) content makes it a strong CNS
stimulant. In humans it acts as a respiratory analeptic,
lipolytic, mildly positively chronotropic and mild diuretic. In
addition, it stimulates gastric acid and increases motility of
the gastrointestinal tract. In animal tests. Cola is also
analeptic, lipolytic, stimulates production of gastric acid and
increases gastric motility.
Cola acuminata
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Approved by Commission E:
Medicinal Parts: The seeds are the medicinal parts of the
plant.
• Lack of stamina
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers with a diameter of 1.5
cm or the androgynous flowers with a diameter of 2.5 cm are
axillary or on branches in cymes of few flowers. The 5 part
chalice-shaped perigone is white to yellow and marked with
red on the inside. The star-shaped fruits have 5 coriaceous,
W thick, dark brown, unkeeled follicles arranged at right angles
to the stem. The fruits grow up to 20 cm long and 5 cm wide.
There are up to 14 ovate or square seeds of about 2.5 cm
diameter in 2 rows with a white fleshy seed shell. The seed
kernel is usually reddish or red, occasionally white.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen tree 15 to
20 m tall. The trunk is branched down as far as the base. The
bark is dark green, rough and breaks off in pieces as it ages.
Branches have leaves only at their ends. The tough
coriaceous leaves are 15 to 18 era long and 10 cm wide,
elliptoid to ovate, and end in a curled and spiraled tip. Both
sides are dark green and glossy.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Togo, Sierra Leone and
Angola. It is found today in all tropical regions and
cultivated widely.
Production: The ripe fruit is harvested and the seeds are
removed and dried. Cola nut is the endosperm freed from the
testa of various Cola species, particularly Cola nitida.
ft; Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of Cola, such as
Male kola which contains no caffeine.
Other Names: Kola Tree, Guru Nut, Cola Nut, Cola Seeds,
Bissy Nut
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid caffeine (0.6 - 3.7%),
additionally theobromine, theophylline
(+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin
Unproven Uses: Cola is used internally to decrease mental
and physical fatigue. In folk medicine it is chewed to treat
diarrhea, suppress hunger, thirst, morning sickness and
migraine. It is also used to promote digestion. It is ground
and made into poultices for wounds and inflammations. Cola
is also an indigenous cult drug.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of Cola is contraindicated during pregnancy. The drug
should not be administered in the presence of stomach or
duodenal ulcers, due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice
secretion.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages have not been recorded. Side effects
that may occur include difficulty falling asleep, hyperexcitability, nervous states of restlessness and stomach complaints.
Signs of poisoning following the intake of Cola drinks (20 to
60 mg caffeine per glass) or medications or stimulants
containing Cola extracts are not expected. Small children
should avoid the intake of large quantities of Cola drinks.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Powdered drug and other galenic
preparations for internal use.
How Supplied: Capsules, tablets, tonics.
Preparation: Dry extract: from the percolation 1:1 with 45%
ethanol; fluid extract: percolation with 70% ethanol (V/V);
Cola tincture: 1:5 with 70% ethanol; Cola wine: 50 parts
fluid Cola extract with 850 parts Xeres wine and 100 parts
sugar syrup.
Daily Dosage: 2 to 6 g of Cola nut drug, usually taken 1 to
3 g, 3 times daily; 0.25 to 0.75 g of Cola extract: 2.5 to 7.5 g
of Cola liquid extract; 10 to 30 g of Cola tincture; 60 to
180 g of Cola wine.
206/COLA
Storage: Cola should be protected from light in sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
leaves appear together with the fruit in spring. They are 8 to
25 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide and overlap at the base to form a
tube.
Characteristics: All parts of the plant are very poisonous and
have a disgustingly bitter and scratchy taste.
Not to be Confused With: The tubers are sometimes confused
with cooking onions.
Habitat: Colchicum autumnale is primarily a central European plant found in northern Ireland, England, northern
Germany, southern Poland, the Ukraine, Bulgaria, Turkey,
Albania and northern Spain. It also grows in central Asia.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Colchicum seeds are the dried seeds of Colchicum autumnale harvested in the wild in June or July and airdried. Colchicum bulbs are the cut and dried tubers of the
plant harvested in early summer. After the surrounding
leaves have been removed, the tubers are cut into slices and
dried at temperatures of 60°C or lower. Colchicum flowers
are collected from the wild in late summer and autumn and
then air-dried.
Steinegger E, Hansel R: Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Meadow Saffron, Meadow Saffran, Autumn
Crocus, Naked Ladies, Upstart
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Morton, JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America,
Charles C. Thomas USA 1981.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
C O M P O U N D S : C O L C H I C U M BULB
Tropolone alkaloids: colchicine, colchicoside and N-deacetyl-N-formyl-colchicine; companion alkaloids
include
demecolcine
Starch
Cola acuminata
C O M P O U N D S : COLCHICUM SEEDS
See Cola
Trupolone alkaloids: colchicine and colchicoside
Fatty oil
Colchicum
Colchicum autumnale
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The fresh flowers and the dried ripe seeds,
collected in early summer and then sliced, as well as the
tubers (fresh and dried) are the medicinal parts of the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The 5 to 20 cm flowers usually bloom in
autumn. They are a bright lilac-pink, and solitary or in pairs
from the corm. The 6 bracts of the involucre are fused into a
long, narrow tube. The flower has 6 stamens and 3 threadlike styles. The ovaries are on the side of the corm. The 3valved capsule is initially green, later becoming brown and
wrinkled, and contains black seeds with sticky appendages.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Colchicum can grow to 40 cm in
height. The 3 to 4 broadly lanceolate leaves are tulip-like;
C O M P O U N D S : C O L C H I C U M FLOWERS
Tropolone alkaloids: colchicine and N-deacetyl-N-formylcolchicine, additional alkaloids including demecolcine
E F F E C T S : C O L C H I C U M B U L B S , SEEDS AND F L O W E R S
Colchicum inhibits mitosis through the inhibition of motility,
particularly of the phagocytosing lymphocytes. This is of
.-therapeutic use for blocking the immigration and the
autolysis of phagocytes in inflammatory processes and
thereby producing an antiphlogistic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
C O L C H I C U M BULBS, S E E D S AND FLOWERS
Approved by Commission E:
• Gout
• Mediterranean fever
Unproven Uses: Due to the plant's toxicity, internal application is seldom used with the exception of acute attacks of
COLCHICUM A U T U M N A L E / 207
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
gout and familial Mediterranean fever. Efficacy for these
uses appears plausible. The drug was previously used for
skin tumors, condyloma, psoriasis, necrotic vasculitis, tendovaginitis, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, morbus
^ Behect, liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic leukemia; also for
lice, asthma, dropsy and rheumatism.
Homeopathic Uses: In addition to acute and chronic gout,
Colchici is also used for inflammation of the kidney and
gastrointestinal tract, bodily secretions, tendovaginitis and
acute joint rheumatism. Efficacy has not been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The drugs are severely poisonous. Signs of
poisoning, including stomachaches, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and, less frequently, stomach and intestinal hemorrhages,
can occur even with the administration of therapeutic
dosages.
Kidney and liver damage, hair loss, peripheral nerve
inflammation, myopathia and bone marrow damage with
their resulting symptoms (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
megaloblastic anemia, and, more rarely, aplastic anemia)
have been observed following long-term administration.
4
Pregnancy: Colchicum is not to be used during pregnancy
because of possible teratogenic damage. This also has been
noted following intake of the drug by the father before
conception.
OVERDOSAGE
Three to 6 hours following intake of acutely toxic dosages,
burning of the mouth, difficulty swallowing and thirst
appear. After 12 to 14 hours, the following appear: nausea,
severe stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea, bladder spasms,
hematuria, falling blood pressure and spasms, and later,
progressive paralysis. Death follows through exhaustion,
asphyxiation or circulatory collapse. The fatal dosage for an
adult is 5 g of the seeds, 1 to 1.5 g for a child. The fatal
dosage of an intake of colchicine lies between 7 mg and 200
mg.
^
The treatment for poisonings, following gastric lavage and
the administration of a saline purgative (such as sodium
sulfate), proceeds symptomatically (diazepam for convulsion, atropine for intestinal spasm) and includes possible
intubation and oxygen respiration.
DOSAGE
COLCHICUM BULBS, SEEDS AND FLOWERS
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, freshly pressed
juice and other galenic preparations taken orally.
How Supplied: Ampules, tablets.
Daily Dosage: For an acute attack of gout, an initial oral
dose corresponding to 1 mg colchicine, followed by 0.5 to
1.5 mg every 1 to 2 hours until pain subsides. Total daily
dosage must not exceed 8 mg of colchicine. For prophylactic
and therapeutic purposes, the dosage should correspond to
0.5 to 1.5 mg of colchicine.
Storage: All forms of the drug should be stored in containers
that protect them from light and dampness. In addition, the
seeds should be stored over lime.
LITERATURE
Fell KR. Ramsden D, (1967) Lloydia 30:123.
Gasisc O, Potesilova H, Santavy F, PM 30:75-81. 1976.
Grobner W, Wlater-Sack I, Gicht und ihre medikamentose
Therapie. In: DAZ 131(35):1789. 1991.
Heide L, Traditionelle Arzneipflanzen in der Gesundsheitsversorgung der Dritten Welt. Moglichkeiten und Grenzen. In: DAZ
133(23):2067. 1993.
Potesilova H, Coll Czech Chem Comm 32:141-157. 1967.
Santavy F, Reichstein T, Helv Chim Acta 33:1606-1627. 1950.
Santavy F, Talas M, Coll Czech Chem Comm 19:141-152.
1954.
Santavy F et al., PM 43:153-160. 1981.
Santavy F et al.. Coll Czech Chem Comm 48:2989-2993. 1983.
Santavy F, (1957) Pharm Zentralhalle 96:307.
Ulrichova J et al.. Biochemical evaluation of colchicine and
related analogs. In: PM 59(29): 144. 1993.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Colchicum autumnale
See Colchicum
208/COLLINSONIA
CANADENSIS
Collinsonia canadensis
See Stone Root
Colombo
Jateorhiza palmata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
roots cut in slices when fresh and then dried.
Flower and Fruit: The plant is dioecious. The male
inflorescences are 40 cm long and have green sepals, which
are 2.7 to 3.2 mm long and 1.2 to 1.6 mm wide. The stamens
are free and are fused at the base with the involuted margins
of the petals. The female inflorescence is 8 to 10 cm long
and has a 1 to 1.5 mm rust-red. pubescent ovary. The fruit is
a 2 to 2.5 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm wide globose drupe
containing a moon-shaped stone.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a woody, branched
liane, which can climb to tree height. The liane is initially
downy, then bristly to villous. The leaves are opposite and
have an 18 to 25 cm long petiole. The leaf blades are 15 to
35 cm long and 18 to 40 cm wide. They are bristly haired on
both surfaces, broadly rounded, deeply cordate at the base
and usually have 5 broad-ovate lobes. The root has a
diameter of 3 to 8 cm. It is greenish-black. The root has a
floury consistency, an indented center and a thick bark. The
transverse section is yellowish, with vascular bundles in
radiating lines.
Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and very bitter,
the odor is slight.
Habitat: Indigenous to Mozambique, east Africa and Madagascar. It is cultivated elsewhere.
Production: Colombo root is the root of Jateorhiza palmata,
which has been sliced horizontally and dried. The tuber
roots, stemming from the rhizome, are dug up in March,
washed and thinly sliced, and then dried quickly in the shade
to avoid ^decomposition.
Other Names: Calumba
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: main alkaloid palmatine, additionally
jatrorrhizines
(jateorhizine),
columbamine,
and
bisjatrorrhizines
Diterpene bitter principles: including palmarin, chasmanthin
and their glucosides (palmatoside A and B), columbin,
jateorin and their glucosides (palmatoside D and E)
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
EFFECTS
The drug is no longer used as a bitter (amarum). The
alkaloids have a narcotic effect. They act similarly to
morphine, increasing resting muscle tone in the smooth
muscle of the intestinal tract. Colombo alkaloids are said to
act as a CNS paralyzing agent in frogs, and palmatin has the
same effect on mammals. No further information is
available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine it is used for digestive
disorders accompanied by diarrhea, dyspeptic disorders,
chronic diarrhea in patients with lung disease, subacidic
gastritis and chronic entercolitis.
The drug is used in some European countries as an
antidiarrheal agent because of its morphine-like side effects.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Higher dosages of the drug may trigger vomiting and pains
in the epigastrium.
OVERDOSAGE
According to older sources, very high dosages can also lead
to signs of paralysis and unconsciousness (Lewin).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Due to its morphine-type action, its
use as an antidiarrheal agent is limited. Otherwise, the
chopped root is used (no preparations known).
Preparation: Colombo liquid extract is prepared with diluted
ethanol, according to the German pharmacopoeia. Colombo
wine is prepared using 100 parts coarsely powdered drug and
1000 parts xeres wine. The extract is pressed out after 8 days
and filtered.
Daily Dosage: The dose of the decoction is 1 dessertspoonful every 2 hours. The liquid extract standard single dose is
20 drops. Tincture of Colombo standard single dose is 2.5
gm. Colombo wine standard single dose is 5 gm.
Storage: Colombo must be kept dry at all times.
LITERATURE
Chan, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Overton KH, Wier NG, Wylie'A, J Chem Soc 1482-1490.
1966.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
COLTS FOOT 209
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: COLT'S FOOT FLOWER
Mucilages (7%): acidic polysaccharides
Tannins
Triterpenes: including beta-amyrin, arnidiol. faradiol
Colt's Foot
Steroids: including beta-sitosterol
Tussilago
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (traces, not in plants from all places
of origin): tussilagine, isotussilagine, senkirkine. senecionine
farfara
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried inflorescences, the dried leaves and the fresh leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The yellow compound flowers are in
small, solitary capitula at the end of the scapes. The lateral
florets are lingual, narrow and female. The disc florets are
tubular-campanulate, 5-petalled and male. The involucral
bracts are almost as long, linear-lanceolate and have a
scarious margin. The fruit is 3 to 11 mm long, cylindrical,
brown, glabrous and stemmed. The pappus is in a number of
rows and consists of long, glossy white hairs, which are
much lonser than the fruit.
*
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 10 to 30 cm
high. It has a broadly branched, underground shoot and root
system with a thin round, scaly base. There is also an up to
1.8 m long, far-reaching, creeping shoot. The flower stern is
a scaly, round, tomentose scape covered with lanceolate,
reddish scales, which is 30 cm long when the fruit ripens.
The leaves, which appear after flowering, are basal, coriaceous, cordate-round, angular, irregularly dentate, long-petioled and tomentose beneath. The leaves can reach a
diameter of up to 30 cm.
Characteristics: The taste and texture is slimy-sweet and the
leaves have a honey-like smell when they are rubbed.
Habitat: The plant grows wild in most of Europe, central,
western and northern Asia. It has spread to the mountains of
northern Africa and has been introduced into North America.
Production: Colt's Foot flower consists of the fresh or dried
flowers of Tussilago farfara. Colt's Foot herb consists of the
fresh or dried, above-ground parts of Tussilago farfara.
* Colt's Foot root consists of the fresh or dried, below-ground
parts of Tussilago farfara.
Not to be Confused With: The leaves of various Petasites
species, but petasine and flavonoids can be identified using
thin layer chromatography.
Other Names: British Tobacco, Bullsfoot, Butterbur, Coughwort, Rower Velure, Foal's-Foot, Horse-Foot, Horsehoof,
Hallfoot, Ass's Foot, Foalswort, Fieldhove, Donnhove
Flavonoids
C O M P O U N D S : C O L T ' S FOOT HERB
Mucilages (8%): acidic polysaccharides
Tannins (5%)
Triterpenes: including alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin
Steroids: including beta-sitosterol, campesterol
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (not in plants from all places of
origin): senkirkine (0.01%), senecionine. tussilagine,
isotussilagine
Flavonoids
COMPOUNDS: C O L T S FOOT ROOT
The roots have not been fully investigated. Only the presence
of triterpenes and sterols has been established.
EFFECTS: COLT'S FOOT FLOWER, HERB, AND ROOT
The mucin contained in the drug has a sequestering effect
and envelopes the mucous membrane with a layer that
protects the throat from chemical and physical irritation and
thereby reduces cough irritation. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids
are antibacterial, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic.
COMPOUNDS: COLT'S FOOT LEAF
Mucilages (8%): acidic polysaccharides
Tannins (5%)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (traces, not from all sources):
tussilagine, isotussilagine, senkirkine 0.01%), senecionin
Steroids: including beta-sitosterol, campesterol
Triterpenes: including alpha- and beta-amyrin
Flavonoids
EFFECTS: COLT'S FOOT LEAF
The pyrrolizidine alkaloids are antibacterial, carcinogenic,
and hepatotoxic. The mucin polysaccharides cause a demulcent, sequestering, and anti-inflammatory effect. In animal
experiments there was evidence of a stimulating effect on the
ciliated epithelium.
2 1 0 / C O L T ' S FOOT
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
C O L T ' S F O O T F L O W E R . H E R B , AND ROOT
Unproven Uses: When added to Colt's Foot leaf, the flower,
herb, and root are used to treat rheumatism.
Daily Dosage: The total daily dose is 4.5 to 6 gm of drug.
The maximum daily dosage must not be more than 1 meg of
total pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1.2 unsaturated necine
structure.
Approved by Commission E:
The tea is given several times a day. The dosage for the
extract is 2 ml 3 times daily; for the tincture, it is 8 ml 3
times daily.
• Cough
• Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Storage: Protect the drug from light and store it tightly
sealed.
C O L T ' S FOOT L E A F '
Unproven Uses: Colt's Foot leaf is used for inflammation of
the oraFand pharyngeal mucosa. In addition, cigarettes made
of the leaves are used to help cure smoking addiction.
LITERATURE
C O L T ' S FOOT F L O W E R , H E R B , AND R O O T
Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49.
Didry N et al., (1982) Ann Pharm Franc 40(1 ):75.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Engalycheva EI et al., (1982) Farmatsiya 31(2):37.
C O L T ' S FOOT F L O W E R . H E R B , ROOT. AND LEAF
Administration during pregnancy and while nursing
contraindicated.
is
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COLT'S FOOT FLOWER, HERB, AND ROOT
Franz G, PM 17:217. 1969.
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Hirono I et al., (1976) Gann 67(1): 125.
Because of the possible hepatotoxic and carcinogenic
pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, the administration of the
blossoms should be avoided.
Ihrig M, Pyrrolizidinalkaloidhaltige Drogen im Handverkauf? In:
PZ 137(40):3128. 1992.
C O L T ' S FOOT L E A F
Kraus C et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(2):89.
Colt's Foot leaves may no longer be brought into circulation
in Austria. In Germany, dosages cannot exceed an intake of
10 meg pyrrolizidine alkaloids with l .2-unsaturated necic
parent substances in the form of tea mixtures, and an intake
of l meg in the form of extracts.
Hirono I et al., (1979) J Natl Cane Inst 63(2):469.
Miething H, Steinbach RA, Ermittlung der Freisetzungsraten des
Pyrrolizidinalkaloids Senkirkin in Huflattich-Teegetranken. In:
PZW 135(4): 153. 1990.
PapVeiter CM, Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with
four isomeric tussilaginic acids in Arnica species and Tussilago
farfara. In: PM 58(7)94. 1992.
Because even traces of the alkaloids present some danger,
one should forgo any administration of the drug.
Roder E et al., (1981) Plant Med 43:99.
DOSAGE
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
COLT'S FOOT FLOWER, HERB, A N D ROOT
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally through
the use of tea and standardized remedies.
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add l .5 to 2.5 gm cut drug to
boiling water, then strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Storage: Protect the drug from light and store it tightly
sealed.
COLT'S FOOT LEAF
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut, and powdered drug
used in teas, infusions, extracts, and tinctures.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour hot water over 1.5
to 2.5 gm of drug and allow to draw for 10 minutes. Other
preparations are made as follows: liquid extract: 1:1 with
20% ethanol; extract: 1.1 with 25% ethanol; tincture: 1:5
with 4 5 % ethanol.
Wagner H, In: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1,
Academic Press, UK 1985.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
COLUMBINE/211
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
4t mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Columbine
COLT'S FOOT LEAF
Aquilegia vulgaris
Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49.
Didry N et al., (1982) Ann Pharm Franc 40(1 ):75.
Engalycheva El et al., (1982) Farmatsiya 3l(2):37.
Franz G, PM 17:217. 1969.
Hiller K. Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Hirono I et al., (1976) Gann 67(1): 125.
Hirono I et al., (1979) J Natl Cane Inst 63(2):469.
Ihrig M, Pyrrolizidinalkaloidhaltige Drogen im Handverkauf? In:
PZ 137(40):3128. 1992.
Kraus C et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(2):89.
Miething H, Steinbach RA. Ermittlung der Freisetzungsraten des
%" Pyrrolizidinalkaloids Senkirkin in Huflattich-Teegetriinken. In:
PZW 135(4): 153. 1990.
PapVeiter CM, Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with
four isomeric tussilaginic acids in Arnica species and Tussilago
farfara. In: PM 58(7)94. 1992.
Roder E et al., (1981) Plant Med 43:99.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Wagner H, In: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1,
Academic Press, UK 1985.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
jfe
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stems and
leaves, the aerial parts gathered and dried in flowering
season, and the seeds and preparations of the whole plant
also gathered in flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The long-stemmed flowers are terminal,
hanging, and either dark blue, dark violet, pink or white. The
5 sepals spread like petals. They are broadly ovate, and end
in a blunt, green tip. The 5 petals are hood-shaped with long,
inwardly hooked spurs. There are numerous stamens and
usually 5 ovaries. The follicle is oblong, erect and glandulardowny. The seeds are glossy black, oval, 2.2 to 2.5 cm long
by 1.5 cm wide. They are thick, blunt-tipped and anatropous.
The raphe forms a distinct line on the side of the plant.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The 30- to 60-cm high plant has a
many-headed, light brown and branched rhizome. The stems
are erect and usually branched. They are glabrous or softhaired. The basal leaves are long-petioled and trifoliate. The
leaflets are wedge-shaped to ovoid, blunt, irregularly crenate
to serrate, and bluntly lobed. The underside of the leaves are
usually light green and pubescent. The cauline leaves are
smaller than the basal leaves and simpler. The highest leaves
are usually made up of a few elongate-ovate, entire-margined
lobes.
Habitat: Columbine is indigenous to central and southern
Europe and is also found in the eastern U.S. and Asia.
Production: Columbine herb is the complete aerial part of
Aquilegia vulgaris harvested while in flower and dried.
Other Names: Culverwort, Capon's Feather, Culver Key
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic glycosides: trigloquinine, dhurrin (presumably
only traces)
EFFECTS
It is not known which constituents are responsible for the
herb's effects. The cyanogenic glycoside trigloquinine could
possibly be of toxicological interest but is probably only
present in traces.
212/COLUMBINE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Unproven Uses: Columbine is used internally for scurvy and
jaundice; the herb is also used to treat states of agitation due
to its supposedly tranquilizing effect.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh root and
the leaves.
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used to treat menopausal
vomiting and dysmenorrhea in young women. It is also used
to treat the sensation of a lump in the throat (globus
hystericus) and nervous shaking.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Poisonings from the leaves because of the cyanogenic
glycoside content have not been observed. The amount of
hydrocyanic acid that is released from the leaves is
apparently too small to cause toxicity.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Columbine is available in tablets
and capsules for internal use.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, l tablet or 5 to 10
globules l to 3 times a day or l ml injection solution sc twice
a week (HABl).
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are dull purple or violet. They
are arranged in crowded, apical, 2-fayed hanging cymes. The
calyx is fused and has 5 tips. The corolla is also fused and is
cylindrical-campanulate with a pentangular tube and 5tipped border. The tips are revolute and there are 5 awlshaped scales in the mouth of the tube. The scales close
together in a clavate form and have a glandular tipped
margin. There are 5 stamens and 1 style. The ovary is 4valved. The fruit consists of 4 smooth, glossy nutlets.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 30 to 120 cm
in height. The root is fusiform, branched, black on the
outside and white on the inside. The stem is erect and stiffhaired. The leaves are wrinkly and roughly pubescent; the
lower ones and the basal ones are ovate-lanceolate and
pulled together in the petiole; the upper ones are lanceolate
and broad.
Characteristics: The root is slimy and horn-like when dried.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and temperate
Asia and is naturalized in the U.S.
Fat LTS, Proc Kon Nederl Akad Wetensch Ser C82:l97. 1979.
Production: Comfrey herb consists of the fresh or dried
above-ground parts of Symphytum officinale. Comfrey leaf
consists of the fresh or dried leaf of Symphytum officinale.
Comfrey root consists of the fresh or dried root section of
Symphytum officinale.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Other Names: Ass Ear, Black Root, Blackwort, Boneset,
Bruisewort, Consound, Gum Plant, Healing Herb, Knitback,
Knitbone, Salsify, Slippery Root, Wallwort, Consolida,
Boneset
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
COMPOUNDS
Allantoin
Mucilages (Fructans)
Triterpene saponins: including symphytoxide A
Combretum micranthum
Tannins
See Opium Antidote
Silicic acid: to some extent water-soluble
Comfrey
Symphytum officinale
TRADE NAMES
Comfrey (available from numerous manufacturers)
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.03% in the leaves): including
echinatine, lycopsamine, 7-acetyl lycoposamine, echimidine,
lasiocarpine, symphytine, intermedine, symveridine.
EFFECTS
Anti-inflammatory
Effect—Comfrey suppresses
leukocyte
infiltration during the inflammation process (Shipochliev,
1981).
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Demultant Effect—The mucilages act as demultants for a
soothing and irritation reduction effect.
Hypotensive Effect—Symphytoxide A, a triterpene saponin,
exhibited hypotensive activity in anesthetized rats (Ahmad,
4P 1993).
Tissue/Nerve Stimulation—Allantoin, a component in Comfrey, stimulates tissue repair and wound healing through cell
proliferation (Rieth, 1968). Allantoin has also had significant
effect on cellular multiplication in degenerating and regenerating peripheral nerves (Loots, 1979).
CLINICAL TRIALS
The anti-inflammatory effects of Comfrey were studied in
musculoskeletal disorders. Forty-one patients with musculoskeletal rheumatism were treated with either a pyrrolizidine
alkaloid-free ointment or placebo for 4 weeks. The patient
illnesses consisted of epicondylitis, tendovaginitis, and periarthritis. Efficacy was determined by evaluation of different
pain parameters (tenderness on pressure, pain at rest, pain on
exercise). There was significant improvement with the
ointment compared to placebo at weeks 1, 2. and 4 in
patients with epicondylitis. There was improvement with
M. tendovaginitis at week 1 and 2, but not at week 4 with the
ointment compared to placebo. There was no improvement
in the peri-arthritis patients in either of the two treatment
groups (Petersen, 1993).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Blunt injuries
Externally, Comfrey is used for bruises, sprains and promotion of bone healing.
Unproven Uses: The root has been used externally as a
mouthwash and gargle for gum disease, pharyngitis, and
strep throat. Internally, the root has been used for gastritis
and gastrointestinal ulcers. In Folk medicine, the root of the
plant has been used for rheumatism, pleuritis, and as an antidiarrheal agent.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Jfr
Comfrey is contraindicated in pregnancy and in nursing
mothers.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hepatotoxicity: Internal administration of the drug, due to
the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, has resulted in
hepatocyte membrane injury with hemorrhagic necrosis and
loss of microvilli (Yeong, 1993). Hepatic veno-occlusive
disease and severe portal hypertension has been associated
with Comfrey ingestion, and in one case report, death
resulted by liver failure (Ridker, 1989; Yeong, 1990).
COMFREY /213
Carcinogenic/Mutagenic Effects: Mutagenic effects are associated with aqueous extracts of the alkaloid fractions
(Furmanowa, 1983). Hepatocelluar adenomas have been
reported in animal models receiving diets containing Comfrey roots and leaves (Hirono, 1978). Comfrey also has
chromosome-damaging effects in human lymphocytes (Behninger, 1989).
Gastrointestinal/Kidney/Pancreas Effects: Comfrey, through
the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, has been shown to produce
lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and renal
glomeruli in animal models (Winship, 1991).
Respiratory Effects: Pulmonary endothelial hyperplasia from
the pyrrolizidine alkaloids has been seen in animal models
(Miskely, 1992).
Use in Pregnancy: The drug is contraindicated during
pregnancy.
Use in Nursing Mothers: Use of the drug while nursing is
contraindicated.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The crushed root, extracts, and
pressed juice of the fresh plant are used as semi-solid
preparations and poultices for external use. The drug is a
component of standardized preparations of analgesics, antirheumatic agents, antiphlogistics, antitussives, and
expectorants.
How Supplied:
Cream—1.25 oz„ 2 oz.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 5
to 10 gm comminuted or powdered drug, steep 10 to 15
minutes, then strain (1 teaspoonful = 4 gm drug). For
external application, a decoction of 1:10 is used, or the fresh
roots are mashed.
Daily Dosage:
External Use—The daily dosage should not exceed 1 meg of
pyrrolizidine alkaloids for external preparations calculated
with 5 to 7% drug, maximum 1 ppm/gm for commercial
pharmaceutical preparations. The drug should be used for a
maximum of 4 weeks.
Tea—When using the infusion, take 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily,
but not for a long duration (SEE PRECAUTIONS).
LITERATURE
Ahmad VU; Noorwala M; Mohammad FV et al. Symphytoxide
A, a triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Symphytum
officinale. Phytochemistry 1993 Mar;32(4): 1003-6.
Behninger C; Abel G; Roder E et al. Studies on the effect of
an alkaloid extract of Symphytum officinale on human
lymphocyte cultures. Planta Med 1989 Dec;55(6):518-22.
214/COMFREY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bhandari P, Gray AI (1985) J Pharm Pharmacol 37:50P.
Taylor A, Taylor NC, (1963) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 114:772.
Branchlij et al., (1982) Experientia 38:1085.
Weston CFM et al., (1987) Brit Med J 295:183.
Culvenor CJJ et al., (1980) Experientia 36:377.
White RD et al., (1983) Toxicol Letters 15:25.
Franz G, (1969) Planta Med 17:217.
Winship KA: Toxicity of comfrey. Adverse Drug React Toxicol
Rev 1991; 10:47-59.
Furmanowa M, Guzewska J, Beldowska B. Mutagenic effects of
aqueous extracts of Symphytum officinale L. and of its alkaloid
fractions. J Appl Toxicol 1983 Jun;3(3): 127-30.
Furuya T, Araki K, (1968) Chem Pharm Bull 16:2512.
Garrett BJ; Cheeke PR; Miranda CL et al. Consumption of
poisonous plants (Senecio jacobaea, Symphytum officinale,
Pteridium aquilinum, Hypericum perforatum) by rats: chronic
toxicity, mineral metabolism, and hepatic drug-metabolizing
enzymes. Toxicol Lett 1982 Feb; 10(2-3): 183-8.
Gracza L et al., (1985) Arch Pharm 312(12): 1090.
Gray AI et al., (1983) J Pharm Pharmacol 35:13P.
Hirono I, Mori H, Haga M. carcinogenic activity of Syphytum
officinale. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978 Sep; 61(3):865-9.
Ihrig M, Pyrrolizidinalkaloidhaltige Drogen im Handverkauf? In:
PZ137(40):3128. 1992.
Kozhina IS et al., (1970) Rastit Resur 6:345.
Loots JM; Loots GP; Joubert WS. The effect of allantoin on
cellular multiplication in degenerating and regenerating nerves.
S Afr Med J 1979 Jan 13;55(2):53-6.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
Miskelly FG & Goodyer LI: Hepatic and pulmonary
complications of herbal medicines. Postgrad J 1992; 68:935-936.
Mohammad FV et al., Bisdesmosidic triterpenoidal saponins
from the roots of Symphytum officinale. In: PM 61(1):94.
1995.
Miitterlein R, Arnold CG, Untersuchungen zum
Pyrrolizidingehalt und Pyrrolizidinalkaloidmuster in Symphytum
officinale L. In: PZ-W 138(5/6): 119. 1993.
Noorwala M et al., A bisdesmosidic triterpene glycoside from
roots of Symphytum officinale. In: PH 36(2):439. 1994.
Petersen G et al., Anti-inflammatory activity of a pyrrolizidine
alkaloid-free extract of roots of Symphytum officinale. In: PM
59(7)A703. 1993.
Rieth H. Stimulation of tissue reparation with allantoin as
adjuvant of the antifungal treatment. Mykosen 1968 Jan
l;ll(l):93-4.
.
Ridker PN; McDermont WV. Hepatotoxicity due to comfrey
herb tea. Am J Med 1989 Dec;87(6):701.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Shipochliev T; Dimitrov A; Aleksandrova E. Anti-inflammatory
action of a group of plant extracts. Vet Med Nauki
1981;18(6):87-94.
Schoental R et al., (1970) Cancer Res 30:2127.
Stamford IF, Tavares IA, (1983) J Pharm Pharmacol 35:816.
Yeong ML, Wakefield SJ, Ford HC. Hepatocyte membrane
injury and bleb formation following low dose comfrey toxicity
in rats. Int J Exp Pathol 1993 Apr;74(2):211-7.
Yeong ML, Swinburn B, Kennedy M, Nicholson G. Hepatic
veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion. J
Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990 Mar-Apr;5(2):211-4.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.): Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York,
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M: Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York, 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Commiphora molmol
See Myrrh
Common Kidney Vetch
Anthyllis vulneraria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
flower.
COMMON STONECROP/215
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The many-floreted capitula are in the
upper bract axils. The papilonaceous flowers are almost
sessile and have an upright corolla up to 20 mm long. The
calyx is membranous and up to 17 mm long. It is tubularbottle-shaped and shaggy to felt-haired. The color is yellow
'4B to white at the bottom, turning violet toward the top. The
petals are whitish-yellow to yellow or occasionally crimson.
They have a free standard, slightly shorter wings, and an
acute, often red, carina. Ten stamens are fused into a tube.
The ovaries are stemmed with a thickened style and rounded
stigma. The pod-fruit is enclosed in the dried calyx. It is
ovate, reticulate, dark brown, single-seeded, and does not
spring open. The seed is ovate, smooth, shiny and checkered
yellow-green.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Anthyllis vulneraria is a 15 to 30 cm
high half-rosette shrub with a sturdy tap-root and a short,
entire or often branched rhizome. The stem is upright,
unbranched or branched, and tomentose. The leaves are
variously pinnate, depending on where they are on the stem.
All leaves are entire-margined, glabrous or slightly pubescent above, and thickly tomentose beneath. The stipules are
small and generally connected to a clasping sheath.
^ Characteristics: Kidney Vetch has a weak aromatic odor and
dry taste.
Unproven Uses: Kidney Vetch tea is used in the treatment of
ulcers and wounds both internally and externally. The drug is
also used in a tea for coughs that also contains ribwort, as an
ingredient of blood-purifying teas, and for exposure and
vomiting. It is used internally for diseases of the mouth and
throat.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations are available for
internal uses, often as teas, and external uses including
poultices, washes and rinses.
Preparation: To prepare tea, use 1 dessertspoonful of the
flowers per 250 ml of water.
LITERATURE
Czeczot H, Tudek B, Kusztelak J, Szymczyk T, Dobrowolska
B, Glinkowska G, Malinowski J, Strzelecka H, Isolation and
studies of the mutagenic activity in the Ames test of flavonoids
naturally occurring in medical herbs. Mutat Res. 240:209-16,
1990 Mar.
Sile A, Vanaga A, Nauka-Prakt Farm: 82-85. 1974.
Habitat: The plant is found all across Europe to the
Caucasus and the Middle East. It is found in the south to the
Sahara and Ethiopia.
Vetter J, Seregelyes-Csomos A, Magy Allatory Lapja 43(8):479482. 1988.
Further information in:
Production: Kidney Vetch are the flowers of Anthyllis
vulneraria wimout their stems.Woundwort is collected in the
wild and then dried quickly in the shade.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl, Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Other Names: Ladies' Fingers, Lamb's Toes, Kidney Vetch,
Staunchwort, Woundwort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Common Stoneerop
COMPOUNDS
Sedum acre
Tannins
Saponins
Flavonoids .
4f
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Isoflavonoids
Lectins
EFFECTS
Antiviral activity was demonstrated with an ethanol extract
of the plant. The flavonols quercetin and rhamnetin have a
mutagenic effect. The herb's use in the treatment of ulcers
and wounds may be due to the tannins (probably of the
catechin type).
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried
aerial parts collected during the flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are leafy, twining cymes on
short pedicles. There are 5 ovate sepals and 5 golden yellow
petals that are 7 to 9 mm long, lanceolate and twice as long
as the calyx. The fruit is a follicle, which splits after
flowering to form a 5-rayed star, which is 3 to 5 mm long
and has numerous seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows 2 to 15
cm high. It has many heavily branched shoots, which often
creep underground and form grass. The leaves are thick,
fleshy, almost round, acute, appressed and knobby-domed.
2 1 6 / C O M M O N STONECROP
They are rounded at the base and have no spur-like
appendage.
Characteristics: The texture is slimy and the taste hot and
pepper-like.
Habitat: Common Stonecap is common to all of Europe,
western Siberia, the Caucasus region and North America.
Production: The flowering parts of Sedum acre are picked
while in bloom and then dried, either in the sun or,
preferably, with the use of artificial heat.
Other Names: Wallpepper. Golden Moss, Wall Ginger, Bird
Bread, Prick Madam, Gold Chain, Creeping Tom, Mousetail,
Jach-of-the-Buttery
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Piperidine alkaloids (0.39c): chief alkaloids are sedinine,
sedinon
Flavonoids: including among others, glycosides of isorhamnetin, quercetin, limnocitrin
Tannins
(10%)
Hydroquinone glycosides:
Mucilages
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
vomiting and diarrhea. However, cases of poisoning have not
been recorded in recent times.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Decoctions or syrups for internal
use; poultice of fresh leaves for external use.
Preparation: A decoction is prepared using 1 teaspoonful of
the drug in 1 cup of water. Prepare a syrup by mixing 100 g
of plant juice with 180 g of sugar.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug as a
decoction is 3 g (approximately 2 teaspoonfuls). Average
syrup dosage is 1 dessertspoonful every 3 hours. In external
application as a poultice, the fresh plants are crushed and
placed on the wart or skin area exhibiting eczema.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
LITERATURE
Francis LPS, Francis GW, PM 32:268-274. 1977.
Halin F et al., Tetrahedron 41:2891. 1985.
Arbutin
(30%)
EFFECTS
In animal experiments, the drug displayed both motilityinhibiting and motility-stimulating effects. The alkaloids and
tannins may make use of the drug in the treatment of wounds
plausible, but no reliable documentation is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for coughs
(Spain) and high blood pressure (central Europe), edema and
febrile conditions. Externally, it is used for wounds and
ulcers resulting from burns, hemorrhoids, warts, eczema, and
oral ulcers.
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, Common Stonecap is
used for hemorrhoidal pain and anal fissures.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug should not be administered in the presence of
inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or of the
urinary drainage passages.
Hootele C et al., Tetrahedron 41:5563. 1985.
Niklon B et al., Acta Pharm Jugosl 40:555. 1980.
Van der Wal R et al., PM 43:97. 1981.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teusch'er E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Condurango
Marsdenia condurango
OVERDOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Dosages consisting of over 10 g of the juice or 1 to 3.5 g of
the dried foliage of the fresh plant result in queasiness,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark of the
branches and trunks.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in umbel-like inflorescence. The calyx and the campanulate to funnel-shaped
corolla have 5 sepals and petals. Pollination is only possible
by insects. The fruit is a follicle containing the seeds, with a
tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climbing shrub with
pubescent shoots. The trunk can have a diameter of 10 cm.
The transverse section shows granular, yellowish-white,
scattered, fine and silky fibers. The outer surface is
brownish-gray, often warty, with patches of lichen. The
tough, ovate, 8 to 11 cm long and 5 to 8 cm wide leaves are
very pubescent. They are crossed opposite.
Characteristics: The taste is bitter and acrid. The odor is
faintly aromatic.
Habitat: The plant grows on the western slopes of the Andes
in Ecuador, Peru and Columbia.
Production: Condurango bark consists of the dried bark of
branches and trunk of Marsdenia condurango.
Not to be Confused With: Asclepias umbellata or Elcomarrhiza amylacea
Other Names: Eagle Vine
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pregnane- and pregn-5-ene glycosides (mixture known as
condurangin): including condurango glycosides A, A0, Al,
BO, C, CI, DO, E0, E2
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid
Flavonoids: including trifoliin, hyperoside, quercitrin, rutin,
and saponarin
EFFECTS
The drug contains bitter condurango glycosides (condurangin). As with other amaroid drugs, a reflexive increase of
saliva and gastric juice secretion is to be expected. The drug
stimulates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices. It has an
antitumoral effect in animals.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
CONDURANGO / 2 1 7
Homeopathic Uses: Condurango is used for cracked skin,
constriction of the alimentary canal, and for ulceration of the
lips and anus.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions and
other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use.
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 1.5 gm
comminuted drug to cold water and bringing to a boil; strain
when cold. The drug is also added to wine; 50 to 100 gm of
the drug per liter.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of aqueous extract is
0.2 to 0.5 gm; tincture, 2 to 5 gm; liquid extract, 2 to 4 gm;
bark, 2 to 4 gm; Infusion and wine: 1 cup or 1 liquor glass 30
minutes before meals.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day. Apply ointment 1 to 2 times a day (acute and chronic)
(HAB1).
Storage: Condurango should be kept tightly sealed and
protected from light.
LITERATURE
Berger S et al., Arch Pharm 320:924. 1987.
Berger S et al., PH 27:1451. 1988.
Hayashi K et al., (1980) Chem Pharm Bull 28:1954.
Hayashi K et al., (1981) Chem Pharm Bull 29:2725.
Steinegger E, Koch H, Pharm Acta Helv 56:244 et 57:211.
1982.
Takase M et al., (1982) Chem Pharm Bull 30:2429.
Tschesche R, Kohl H, Tetrahedron 24:4359. 1968.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, .-New York, 19921994.
Approved by Commission E:
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Unproven Uses: Condurango is used for loss of appetite. In
folk medicine, it is used for atonia of the stomach, painful
nutritional disorders, for stomach cancer to alleviate nausea,
as an appetite stimulant and to increase tolerance of food.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
218/CONGOROSA
Congorosa
Maytenus
ilicifolia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried
leaf.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in clusters in the leaf
axils; the bracts have a reddish border. The flowers are
radial; their structures are in fives. The calyx is reddish and
5-tipped. The petals are free, oval to elliptical and yellow.
The male flowers have 5 stamens approximately 2 mm long
with their ovary covered by a disc. The female flowers have
1 mm long stamens and a 2-carpeled, fused ovary on a thick
fleshy disc. The fruit is a reddish, 2-chambered capsule. The
seeds are reddish with a thin aril.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
PRECAUTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Animal
experiments revealed embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of
maytansines (no detailed description of dosage or experimental procedure available). Should not be used during
pregnancy.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Congorosa
pregnancy.
preparations
are
Mode of Administration: Preparations are available for
internal and external use.
How Supplied: Capsules
Daily Dosage:
Infusion/decoction (2 to 5%) — 100 to 400 ml internally.
Externally as required.
Liquid extract — 5 to 20 ml
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to South America.
Extract — 1 to 4 g
Production: Congorosa leaves (Argentinean name) are the
dried leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia.
Tincture — 25 to 100 ml
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Macrocyclic alkaloids (0.00005%): maytansinoides, including maytansine, maytanprine, maytanbutine
EFFECTS
The quinoid triterpene maytenin contained in the drug
exhibits antimicrobial and tumor-inhibiting properties, particularly in topical administration for the treatment of basal
cell carcinomas. Maytansine exhibits significant cytotoxic
and antitumoral efficacy (similar to that of vinca alkaloids).
Additionally, an ulcer-preventing effect has been demonstrated in both animal and human studies.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
during
DOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: Congorosa grows as a dioecious
evergreen shrub or tree, reaching up to 5 m high. The leaves
are alternate, 2 to 15 cm long and 1 to 7 cm wide. They are
elliptical to lanceolate, coriaceous and covered on both sides
with 4 to 7 prickly teeth. Sometimes the leaves are
completely entire, with very narrow, dropping stipules.
Not to be Confused With: Congorosa is sometimes confused
with (and adulterated with) Verba Mate.
contraindicated
Powder — 5 to 20 g
Elixir/wine/syrup — 50 to 100 ml
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lima OG de, Coelho JS, Weigert E, Albuquerque IL d', Lima
D de A, Moraes e Souza MA, Antimicrobial substances from
higher plants. XXXVI. On the presence of maytenin and
pristimerine in the cortical part of the roots of Maytenus
ilicifolia from the South of Brazil. Rev Inst Antibiot (Recife),
11:35-8, 1971 Jun.
Conium maculatum
See Hemlock
Unproven Uses: Congorosa is used mainly in South American folk medicine. In Brazil, external uses focus primarily on
skin conditions such as eczema and skin ulcers. Internal uses
include skin cancer, gastrointestinal complaints, gastrointestinal ulcers, hyperacidity, flatulence, gastralgia, dyspepsia,
pain, states of exhaustion and anemia.
Dorstenia
In Argentina, Congorosa is used for asthma, alcoholism and
as a vulnerary. Other varieties are also used for inflammatory
swelling and eye conditions.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the roots of a
number of species.
Contrayerva
contrayerva
DESCRIPTION
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The plant has long-pedicled, greenish
flowers.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, growing to
a height of up to 30 cm. It is stemless with palmate leaves.
The rhizome is about 2 to 4 cm long and 1 cm thick. It is
reddish-brown on the outside, paler on the inside and rough
with leaf scars. The rhizome is nearly cylindrical and tapers
suddenly at the end into a tail-like root with numerous
curled, wiry rootlets.
Characteristics: The taste is slightly aromatic, then acrid.
Habitat: Contrayerva is found in Mexico, Peru and the West
Indies.
Production: Contrayerva root is the rhizome of Dorstenia
contrayerva and related varieties.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroids (cardenolides): syriogenin
Furocoumarins
Volatile oil
EFFECTS
Diaphoretic and stimulant.
COOLWORT/219
Convallaria majalis
See Lily-of-the-Valley
Coolwort
Tiarella cordifolia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has inconspicuous white
flowers in racemes. The buds are pink-tinged. The few seeds
are somewhat clavate. They have a light acrid taste and are
odorless.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 15 to 20 cm high
herbaceous perennial, which produces runners. The simple
leaves are usually slightly 5-lobed and cordate. The basal
leaves are often deep red-orange. The cauline leaves have
deep red spots and veins, although the latter are often
lacking.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America from
Virginia to Canada.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the root are used as a
stimulant and to treat low stamina. It has also been used as
an antidote for snakebite (uncertain mechanism).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
plant can trigger phototoxicoses through skin contact.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground root as an infusion.
Production: Coolwort is the aerial part of Tiarella cordifolia.
Other Names: Foam Flower, Mitrewort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
The effective agents of the plant are unknown.
EFFECTS
The herb is a diuretic and a tonic.
LITERATURE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Casagrande C et al., Tetrahedron 30:3587. 1974.
Unproven Uses: Coolwort is used for conditions of the
urinary tract and digestive disorders.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kanamori H, Sakamoto I, Mizuta M, Chem Pharm Bull
34:1826. 1986.
Renner W, PA 17:763. 1962.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
witii the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Reisch J, PM 15:320. 1967.
Szenedrei K, Novak I, Varga E, Buzas G, PA 23:76-77. 1968.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is ground for infusions.
Renner W, PA 12:763-776. 1962.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
LITERATURE
No literature is available.
220/COPAIBA
BALSAM
Copaiba Balsam
Copaifera langsdorjfi
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the resin- oil
(containing resin and essential oil) tapped from drillings in
the trunk.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small and yellow.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
vesicular rash, urticaria and petechias. Occasionally, the
rashes leave brown spots after healing.
LITERATURE
Delle Monache G et al., (1971) Tetrahedron Letters 8:659.
Ferrari M et al., (1971) Phytochemistry 10:905.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed.
CRC Press 1975.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Copaifera langsdorffi is an evergreen
tree up to 18 m high with compound leaves.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Characteristics: The resin oil consists of resin and essential
oil. The resin oil (oleoresin) ranges in viscosity from very
liquid to a resin-like substance, and in color from a pale
yellow to a red or fluorescent tint. The taste is unpleasant
and there is a characteristic smell. A single tree can yield up
to 40 liters.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Habitat: Copaiba Balsam is indigenous to tropical regions of
South America and South Africa.
Production: Copaiba Balsam is extracted from Copaifera
reticulata and other varieties from cavities drilled into the
tree trunk.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Copaiva
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief constituent alpha- and beta-caryophyllene,
beta-bisabolene, L-cadinene, ~)-aIpha-copaene
Resins: in particular, diterpenoid oleoresins including eperu8(20)-en-15,18-dicarboxylic acid, (-)-16beta-kaurane-19-carboxylic acid, copaiferic acid, (+)-hardwickiic acid, copalic
acid
Copaifera langsdorffi
See Copaiba Balsam
Goptis trifolia
See Goldthread
EFFECTS
Possible bacteriostatic effect on the urinary tract. The
sesquiterpenes give the drug an antimicrobial effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The obsolete drug is still used in some
homeopathic preparations. Folk medicine employed Copaiba
Balsam as a stimulant, laxative and diuretic for conditions
such as infections of the urinary tract, chronic inflammation
of the mucous membranes of the lungs, kidney stones and
gonorrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is irritating to the mucous membranes and toxic in
large amounts. Stomach pains appear after the intake of 5 g
of the drug. Repeated doses bring about summer cholera,
shivers, tremor, pains in the groin and insomnia. Skin contact
can lead to contact dermatitis such as erythema, papular or
Coral Root
Corallorhiza odontorhiza
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the roots of the
parasite.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has 10 to 20 flowers in terminal
panicles. The flower heads are hood-like, reddish or purplish
on the outside, paler and flecked with purple lines on the
inside. One petal forms a lip with purple spots and a purple
rim. The fruit is a large, bent-back, ribbed, long capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Coral Root is a perennial found
growing around the roots of trees in woodlands. The rhizome
is small, brown, coral-like, about 2 to 3 cm long and 2 mm in
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include gastritis,
coughs, skin impurities, edema and worm purging.
Homeopathic Uses: Dilutions are used for gastritis.
^
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated homeopathic dosages of the
drug.
OVERDOSAGE
2 to 3 gm of the seeds are considered harmless to humans;
poisonous levels are reached between 3 and 5 gm, due to the
toxic triterpene saponin content. Dosages over 5 gm are
considered lethal. Signs of poisoning include local irritation
of mucous membranes (sneezing, lacrimation, conjunctivitis,
salivation, nausea, vomiting, colic, diarrhea). The ingestion
of toxic levels leads to headache, dizziness, restlessness,
circulatory disorders, deliria and possible spasms. Death
occurs through asphyxiation. Long-term ingestion of acute
non-toxic dosages can cause chronic signs of poisoning. The
toxins are not affected by baking or cooking.
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit^ ing, gastric lavage, sodium sulfate) and the instillation of
activated charcoal, the treatment for poisoning includes
diazepam or barbital (i.v.) for spasms. In the event of shock,
plasma volume expanders shou'd be infused. Monitoring of
kidney function is necessary. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations for
internal, external and parenteral uses.
Homeopathic Dosage: Parenterally: Can be given 1 ml sc, 3
times daily for acute use; and once a day for chronic use but
only from D2 (HAB34). Orally: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10
globules, every 30 to 60 minutes for acute use; and 1 to 3
times daily for chronic use.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kende H, Shen TC, Nitrate reductase in Agrostemma githago.
Comparison of the inductive effects of nitrate and cytokinin.
Biochim Biophys Acta, 216:118-25, 1972 Nov 24.
Siepmann C, Bader G, Hiller K, Wray V, Domke T, Nimtz M,
New saponins from the seeds of Agrostemma githago var.
githago. Planta Med, 216:159-64, 1998 Mar.
Smith RA, Miller RE, Lang DG, Presumptive intoxication of
cattle by corn cockle, Agrostemma githago (L) Scop. Vet Hum
Toxicol, 216:250, 1997 Aug.
CORN
POPPY/223
Stirpe F, Gasperi-Campani A, Barbieri L, Falasca A,
Abbondanza A, Stevens WA, Ribosome-inactivating proteins
from the seeds of Saponaria officinalis L. (soapwort), of
Agrostemma githago L. (corn cockle) and of Asparagus
officinalis L. (asparagus), and from the latex of Hura crepitans
L. (sandbox tree). Biochem J, 216:617-25, 1983 D.
Corn Poppy
Papaver rhoeas
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
flowers and seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary, terminal or
axillary, and have a diameter of 10 cm. The pedicles are
bristly, irregularly curved and usually axillary. The two
sepals are green, bristly and fall off. The 4 petals are
orbicular, usually scarlet or crimson (though occasionally
white or violet) with a round, shiny, often white-bordered
deep-black mark at the base. The fruit capsule is broadelliptical, dark brown and reticulate-pitted.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Poppy is an annual, occasionally
biennial, multiple-stemmed plant 25 to 90 cm high. The
stems are erect to semi-erect, simple or branched with stiff,
protruding hairs. They have basal rosette lanceolate leaves
and deeply indented cauline leaves. The foliage leaves are
oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect and very bristly.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, northern Africa
and temperate regions in Asia, and has been introduced in
North and South America.
Production: Corn Poppy flower consists of the dried petals
of Papaver rhoeas as well as its preparations.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can occur with Papaver
dibium and Papaver argemone.
Other Names: Copperose, Corn Rose, Cup-Puppy, Headache, Headwark, Red Poppy
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (0.1%): chief alkaloids rhoeadine,
isorhoeadine, rhoeagenine, coptisine, isocorydine, stylopine
Anthocyans: including among others mecocyanin (cyanidin3-isosophoroside), cyanin
Mucilages
224/CORN
POPPY
EFFECTS
No information is available other than that the drug, which
contains alkaloids (not opium alkaloids), is said to be
convulsive.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Corn Poppy flower is used for diseases and
disorders of the respiratory tract, for disturbed sleep, as a
sedative and for the relief of pain. In folk medicine, it is used
to make a cough syrup for children, as a tea for insomnia, for
pain relief and as a sedative.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathy uses Corn Poppy flower
for states of agitation and excitation and also for spasms of
the hollow organs.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The drug itself is non-toxic due to the low level of
alkaloid content, but reports exist in the scientific literature
of children being poisoned by intake of the fresh foliage
(with blossoms). Poisoning symptoms include vomiting and
stomach pain.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a component of "metabolic"
teas.
Preparation: To prepare a tea, use 1 g of the flowers to 1 cup
hot water. To make an infusion, scald 2 teaspoonfuls drug,
steep for 10 minutes and strain (1 teaspoonful is equal to
approximately 8 g drug). A poultice is prepared using 1 to 2
teaspoonfuls of tincture to 250 ml of water. (Prepare tincture
in accordance with HAB1 guidelines.)
Daily Dosage: As an expectorant for inflammation of the
bronchial mucous membranes, drink 1 cup infusion 2 to 3
times a day. The infusion may be sweetened with honey.
Homeopathic Dosage: Full bath: 2/3 dessertspoon tincture in
a bath (correspondingly less for partial baths).
Storage: Corn Poppy flower should be thoroughly dried
before storing in a tightly sealed container that protects it
from light.
LITERATURE
El-Masry S et al., (1981) Planta Med 41:61.
Fairbairn JW, Williamson EM, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:2087.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Gasic O et al., Hem Pregl 33:23. 1992.
Kalaw Y, Sariyar S, PM 55:488. 1989.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Vedagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1.
Corn Silk
Zea
mays
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the seed.
Flower and Fruit: The plant is monoecious. The male
flowers form terminal racemes of spikes with 2-flowered
husks. The female flowers are axillary. The spikes are at
varying distances from the ground and are enclosed in a
number of thin leaves, the sheath-like maize husk. The
spikes consist of a cylindrical substance, the cob, on which
the seeds are arranged in 8 rows of 40 or more. Single
whitish-green threads of a silky appearance grow from the
eyes of the seeds and hang outside the husk, where they
catch the pollen. The Maize seeds are usually yellow but can
be darker to almost black.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 1 to 3 m high and sturdy
with a solid stem covered in alternate, over 4 cm wide, linear
leaves.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to America and is cultivated
all over the world as green fodder or as a cereal crop.
Production: Corn Silk flowers are the styles and stigmas
Zea mays. The styles of the female flowers, as they begin
grow out of the pillow-lace, are gathered for medicinal
therapeutic purposes. They are removed by hand and dried
the shade.
of
to
or
in
Other Names: Indian Corn, Maize, Stigmata maydis
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.2%): including among others carvacrol, alphaterpineol, menthol, thymol
Flavonoids: including among others may sin, maysin-3'-etiiyl
ether
HERBAL
CORIANDER / 221
MONOGRAPHS
thickness, with minute warts and transverse scars. The
fracture is short and horny.
Characteristics: The taste is sweetish, then bitter. The odor
is strong and peculiar when fresh.
W-- Habitat: The parasite is indigenous to the U.S.
Production: Coral Root is the rhizome of Corallorhiza
odontorhiza.
Other Names: Crawley Root. Scaly Dragon's Claw, Chicken
Toe, Crawley, Fever Root, Turkey Claw
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Unknown
EFFECTS
Coral Root has diaphoretic, febrifuge and sedative effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Coral Root is used for colds. It is very
efficient at inducing perspiration. Its scarcity prevents its
wider use.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
A- Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally as a liquid extract.
The stem is erect, round, glabrous and branched above. The
leaves are light green, entire below and double-pinnate
above.
Characteristics: The fresh herb and unripe fruit have a buglike smell. Ripe fruit has a pleasant, tangy smell and taste.
Habitat: The herb is found in the Mediterranean region.
central and eastern Europe, eastern Asia, and North and
South America.
Production: Coriander consists of the ripe, dried, spherical
fruit of Coriandrum sativum and its varieties vulgare A. and
microcarpum. The fruit is threshed when it is rust red and is
dried in lofts.
Not to be Confused With: Grains and legumes.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.4 to 1.7%): chief components D-(+)-linalool
(coriandrol, share 60 to 75%). including in addition borneol.
p-cymene, camphor, geraniol, limonene, alpha-pinene: me
unusual, bug-like smell is caused by the trans-tridec-2-enale
content
Fatty oil (13 to 21%): chief fatty acids petroselic acid, oleic
acid, linolenic acid
Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, scopoletin
EFFECTS
No references are available
The essential oil of coriander stimulates the secretion of
gastric juices and is a carminative and spasmolytic; in vitro it
has antibacterial and antifungal effects.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza
Approved by Commission E:
See Coral Root
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
LITERATURE
Coriander
Coriandrum sativum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the coriander oil
and dried ripe fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white, compact, 3 to 5
blossomed umbels with no involucre. The floret has a 3-bract
epicalyx. The border of the calyx has 5 tips. The corolla of
the androgynous lateral florets is splayed. The fruit is
globular and has a diameter of 3 cm, is straw yellow to
brownish, and drops without dividing.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Coriandrum sativum is a 20 to 70 cm
high plant with a bug-like smell. The root is thinly fusiform.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Coriander is used for dyspeptic complaints.
loss of appetite and complaints of the upper abdomen.
In folk medicine, Coriander is also used for digestive and
gastric complaints; in other cultures for coughs, chest pains.
bladder complaints, leprosy rash, fever, dysentery, externally
for headaches, oral and pharyngeal disorders, halitosis, postpartum complications; the folk indications have not been
proven.
Chinese Medicine: Coriander is used in China for loss of
appetite, the pre-emptive phase of chickenpox and measles.
hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse.
Indian Medicine: In India, Coriander is used to treat nose
bleeds, coughs, hemorrhoids, scrofulous, painful micturation.
edema, bladder complaints, vomiting, amoebic dysentery and
dizziness.
2 2 2 /CORIANDER
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
drug possesses a weak potential for sensitization.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Crushed and powdered drug, as
well as other galenic preparations for internal indication.
Preparations: Coriander extract 1:2 is prepared by percolating 1 weight part of the drug with 4 5 % ethanol so that 2
weights tincture is produced. The infusion is prepared by
pouring 150 ml of boiling water over 2 tsp. of crushed drug
and straining after 15 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3.0 gm of drug. The
single dose is 1 gm.
Infusion — 1 fresh cup between meals.
Tincture — 10 to 20 drops after meals.
Storage: The non-comminuted drug is stored at a maximum
temperature of 25°C, protected from light in well-sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Calcandi V. Ciropol-Calcandi I. Georgescu E, PA 16(6):331334. 1961.
Diedreichsen A et al., Chemotypes of Coriandrum sativum L. in
the Gatersleben Genebank. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th
Ann Congress of GA, 82. 1996.
Formacek. Buch. In: Formacek, V, Kubeczka KH: Essential
Oils Analysis by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Carbon-13NMR Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, Chicester, New York,
Brisbane, Toronto. Singapore 1982.
Gijbels MJM et al.. (1982) Fitoterapia 53(1/2):17.
Coriandrum sativum
See
Coriander
Corn Cockle
Agrostemma
githago
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the herb is the seed.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are apical or arranged in twos
or threes like a curled cyme; the 5 sepals of the calyx have 2
to 4 cm long tips that project above the corolla; the flower
tube is 14 to 18 mm. The 5 petals are 30 to 35 mm long, dark
purple and occasionally whitish. There are 5 styles and 10
stamens. The ovary is superior, undivided and has a central
placenta. The fruit capsule is 15 to 18 mm long with
numerous 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, warty seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Agrostemma githago is an annual
herb that grows upright, up to 100 cm high. The leaves are
opposite, linear-lanceolate, acuminate and up to 10 mm
wide. The stem is upright, usually unbranched, shaggy-graypubescent. The primary root is spindle-shaped and heavily
branched.
Habitat: Europe and Asia
Ram AS, Devi HM, (1983) Indian J Bot 6(1):21.
Schratz E, Quadry SMJS, PM 14(3):310-325. 1966.
Production: Corn cockle seed is the dried seed of Agrostemma githago.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New
York 1980.
Mascolo N et al., Phytother Res 1 (1987), 28.
Other Names: Cockle
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: chief component is githagoside (0.04%,
gypsogenine tetraglycoside), additional components are gypsogenin and quillaic acid gylcosides
Fatty oil: 6%
Steroids: sterols, including alpha-spinasterol
Unusual amino acids: orcyl alanine (0.4%)
Simon JE, Chadwick AF, Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984.
EFFECTS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
The drug exhibits an antimycotic effect. Cornflower seeds
are toxic in higher dosages.
HERBAL
M O N O G R A P HS
Bitter substances
Saponins (2-3%)
Tannins: the main one is probably proanthocyanidins
Mt Sterols: including among others beta-sitosterol, ergosterol
Alkaloids (0.05%)
6-methoxybenzoxazolinone
Fatty oil (2%)
EFFECTS
The active agents are saponin, essential oil and tannin. Maize
stimulates the cardiac muscles, increases blood pressure, acts
as a diuretic and sedates the digestive tract.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Maize is used for disorders of the urinary
tract.
Chinese Medicine: Maize is used in the treatment of liver
disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
^ with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
CORNFLOWER / 2 2 5
Cornflower
Centaurea cyanus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fast-growing
ray flowers and the dried ray florets, which have been
separated from the receptacle and epicalyx, and to a lesser
extent the tubular florets, which have usually been separated
from the ovaries.
Flower and Fruit: The 3 cm wide flowers are solitary and
terminal. The tubular flowers are blue, the cultivated ones
are usually all purple-violet, pale pink or white. The lateral
florets are larger, in rays and funnel-shaped. The oblong gray
fruit is an achaene with the remains of a tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Growing 20 to 70 cm high, the
annual or biennial plant contains fusiform, pale tap roots. It
has a rosette of basal leaves and an erect, branched, spiderweb-pubescent angular stem, covered in alternate, faintly
linear-lanceolate leaves. The basal leaves are lyre-shaped,
pinnatafid and long-petioled. The upper leaves are noncompound.
Habitat: The plant is probably indigenous to the Middle
East, but is cultivated worldwide because of grain
production.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract, in medicinal preparations and combinations.
Preparation: Prepare an infusion using 2 teaspoons of drug
per cup of water. A tincture is prepared by adding 20 gm of
drug to 100 ml of 20% alcohol (leave to stand for 5 days).
Daily Dosage: Drink 1 cup of infusion every other day. Take
2 to 3 teaspoons of tincture per day.
LITERATURE
Chan H, But P, Pharmacology. Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica, Vol 1, World Scientific Singapore 1986.
Hahn SJ, (1973) K'at'ollick Taehak Uihak Nonmun J 25:127
(via [51).
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
" Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Paris F, Schauenberg P, Guide des Plantes Medicinales,
Delachaux et Niestle Switzerland 1969.
Production: Cornflower consists of the quickly dried flowers
of Centaurea cyanus. The plant is harvested during the
flowering season from June to August.
Other Names: Centaurea, Bachelor's Buttons, Bluebonnet,
Bluebottle, Blue Centaury, Cyani, Bluebow, Hurtsickle, Blue
Cap, Cyani-flowers
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthocyans: chief components succinylcyanin (centaurocyanin, cyanidine - 3 - 0 - ( 6 - 0 - succinyl - beta- D- glucosyl)-5-0beta-D-glucoside)
Flavonoids
Bitter principles (structure unknown)
EFFECTS
The drug has an antibacterial effect in vitro (centaurocyanin),
but only for the aerial parts of the plant without the flowers.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cornflowers and their preparations are used
internally for fever, constipation, leucorrhea, menstrual
disorders and vaginal Candida, and as a laxative, tonic and
bitter. The flowers are also used as a diuretic and an
expectorant, or as a stimulant for liver and gall bladder
function. Externally, Cornflowers are used in preparation of
226/CORNFLOWER
eye washes for eye inflammation and conjunctivitis, and for
eczema of the scalp.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
drug possesses a weak sensitization potential.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cornflower is rarely used today.
Occasionally, it is used as an inactive ingredient in tea
mixtures.
Preparation: The infusion is prepared by adding 1 gm of
drug per cup.
Dosage: The tea should be drunk several times daily.
Storage: Store carefully and protect from light.
LITERATURE
Bandyukova V, Khalmatov K, (1967) Khim Prir Soedin 3:57.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kakegawa K et al., PH 26:2261-2263. 1987.
Suljok G, Laszló-Bencsik A, PH 24:1121-1122. 1985.
Takeda K et al., PH 27:1228-1229. 1988.
Cornus florida
See Dogwood
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Flower and Fruit: Flowers first appear in the fourth.or fifth
year. There are 4 to 5 racemes of 6 to 12 blooms, which are
symmetrically 2-sided. There are 2 entire-margined bracts
under the racemes. The flowers are dull red or yellowishwhite, seldom lilac, brown-red or dark blue. The sepals are
very small. The upper petal is drawn out into a downward
curved spur; the front end is curved upward like a lip. The
inner petals form a hood-like protective cover for the 6
stamens fused into 2 bundles. There is one ovary. The fruit is
a pale green pod 20 to 25 cm long. The seeds are 3 mm wide,
black, round, smooth and glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and grows to
about 15 to 30 cm. A number of erect- stems grows from the
tuberous rhizome, which quickly becomes hollow. The stems
bear the racemes and the 2 leaves. The 2 leaves under the
racemes are long-petioled, double trifoliate, sea green above,
and whitish green beneath.
Characteristics: The flowers have a slight fragrance of resin.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern and central
Europe.
Production: Corydalis tubers are the rhizomes of Corydalis
cava. The tubers are dug up in autumn or in spring, once the
ground has thawed. They are thoroughly cleaned, the roots
and greenery are removed, and the remainder is sliced. The
material is dried in a well-aired place, turned regularly and
kept in temperatures not exceeding 40°C.
Other Names: Early Fumitory, Turkey Corn, Squirrel Corn,
Yan-Hu-Suo
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cornus officinalis
See Asiatic Dogwood
Isoquinoline alkaloids: very complex, breed-specific mixture
of approximately 40 alkaloids, including (+)-bulbocapnine and (+)-corytuberin (aporphine-type) as well as (-)corydaline (berberine-type)
EFFECTS
Corydalis cava
See
Corydalis (Yan-Hu-Suo)
The full extract has a mildly sedative, sleep-inducing,
spasmolytic, tranquilizing and hallucinogenic effect. It
suppresses the CNS, reduces blood pressure and impedes
movement of the small intestine.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Corydalis (Yan-Hu-Suo)
Corydalis
cava
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the tubers collected
and dried when the plant is dormant. The fresh tuber
collected just before flowering is also used.
Unproven Uses: Formerly, Corydalis was used for hyperkinetic conditions. Today, it is occasionally used for treat
melancholia, pathological neuroses and mild forms of
depression, as well as for severe nerve damage, trembling
limbs and emotional disturbances.
Folk medicine: Corydalis was used in the past for worm
infestation, menstruation disorders, Menier's disease and
COSTUS
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Parkinson's. Externally, the plant was used for poorly
healing wounds and ulcers.
Homeopathic Uses: Used for inflammations of the respiratory tract and the eyes, rheumatism, hyperorexia, diarrhea
*£ and furunculosis.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Poisonings among humans have not yet been observed.
OVERDOSAGE
Clonic spasms
overdosages.
with
musculature tremor occur with
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a full
extract in ready-made preparations.
Daily Dosage: Externally: as a compress, 3 to 5 gm of drug
to 1/8 Liter of water.
Homeopathic Dosage: Oral: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules
A every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day; eye drops 1 to 3 times daily; liquid
dilutions D2 to D6: 20 to 60 drops; D12 to D30: 15 to 45
drops (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl, Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
r
Santavy F, in Manske RHF (Ed.), The Alkaloids, Vol XII,
Academic Press New York, p. 333-354. 1970.
Slavfk J, Slavfkova L, Collect Czech Chem Commun 44:22612273. 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
1221
Corynanthe pachyceras
See Hwema Bark
Costus
Saussurea costus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in tough, orbicular,
axillary or apical capitula with a diameter of 2.5 to 3.8 cm
surrounded by an involucre. The epicalyx sepals are in a
number of rows, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, stiff and
revolute. The tubular florets are dark blue to black-violet.
The fruit is an achene up to 8 mm long with a brownish,
feather-like pappus that is up to 1.7 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Saussurea costus is a herbaceous
upright perennial growing to a height of up to 2 m. The
leaves are alternate, the lamina simple, irregular dentate,
basal, 0.5 to 1.2 m long and triangular. The petiole is lobedwinged. The cauline leaves are smaller, petiolate or sessile
with 2 clasping lobes at the base. The plant has a strong, hard
root up to 6 cm thick.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to India and China.
Production: Indian Costus roots are the dried roots of
Saussurea costus, which are harvested in September and
October when the concentration of essential oils is highest.
Not to be Confused With: Because of the similarity in name,
confusion sometimes occurs with Costus speciosus. The
plant is also confused with Inula racemosa. In the past,
confusion existed with many plants such as Byronia or
Galanga, which went under the name of Kostus. However,
differentiation has been established.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1 to 6%): chief components dehydrocostus
lactone (35%) and costunolid (15%), including as well
alpha-, beta- and gamma-costol, elemol, cyclocostunolide;
aroma bearers include acetic acid, 4-ethyl octanoic acid,
heptanoic acid, 3-methyl butyric acid, 7-octenoic acid,
isopropyliden pentanoic acid
Resins (6%)
Polysaccharides: inulin (18%)
Lignans: including olivil-4"-0-beta-D-glucoside
Sesquiterpenes: saussureamines A to E
228/COSTUS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol
Cotton
EFFECTS
Gossypium
The drug contains large quantities of essential oil with the
sesquiterpene lactones, costunolid and dehydrocostus lactone. Various drug extracts exhibit antimicrobial and fungistatic efficacy, and have an influence over liver metabolism
and liver sugar levels. The saussure amines it contains inhibit
the formation of stress-related stomach ulcers. A bronchospasmolytic effect has also been described. A dry extract of
the drug administered in 500 mg dosages p.o. 3 times daily
over a 3-month period led to a statistically significant
reduction of angina pectoris attacks among patients with
coronary heart disease.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Indian Medicine: The root has been used in India since
ancient times as a universal antidote and as a contraceptive
(Tschirch manual). It was also used medicinally as an
aromatic and stimulant (according to Hoppe's work on drugs
- 1958).
Chinese Medicine: Internal uses include gastric complaints,
flatulence, coughs, cholera, loss of appetite and asthma.
Externally, it has been used for poorly healing wounds and
skin conditions. Efficacy for these indications has not yet
been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. It is
conceivable that the plant could cause allergic reactions due
to its sesquiterpene lactone content, but no cases of this have
as yet been documented.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug preparations for internal and external use.
LITERATURE
Cheminat A, Stampf JL, Benezra C, Farrall MJ, Fr chet JM,
Allergic contact dermatitis to cosrus: removal of haptens with
polymers. Acta Derm Venereol, 61:525-9, 1981.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Costus specious
See Cane-Reed
hirsutum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds.
Flower and Fruit: Single axillary, radial flowers are
structured in fives. The calyx is approximately 4.5 cm long,
fused, divided into 5 and surrounded by 3 large, deeply
dentate, epicalyx sepals. The 5 petals are 5 to 7 cm long,
free, white to cream-yellow. The stamens are numerous, and
the filaments are fused into a tube. The ovary is superior, and
the carpels are fused. There is 1 style, with 3 to 5 stigmas
that project through the stamen tube. The fruit is a walnutsized capsule that opens on 3 to 5 sides and has 8 to 10
reniform, 3 to 5 mm thick, black seeds. These are covered in
single-celled hair up to 46 mm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This evergreen shrub grows up to 2
m high and is typically cultivated as an annual. The leaves
are alternate, long-petiolate, 3- to 7-lobed, with serrate
margins, a rounded base and stipules that drop.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the U.S., China,
Commonwealth of Independent States, India, Pakistan and
Egypt.
Production: Cotton seeds are the ripe seeds of Gossypium
hirsutum, Gossypium oleum and Gossypium herbaceum, as
well as other cultivated Gossypium species. Cotton seed oil
is the refined, fatty oil from the seeds. The oil is extracted
using solvents or pressing followed by refinement with a
yield of approximately 19%. Gossypium semen is derived
from the industrial extraction of cottonseed oil.
Not to be Confused With: Mistaken identity can occur with
sesame and kapok oil, which are sometimes used to
adulterate Cotton oil preparations.
Other Names: American Cotton Plant, Cotton Seed
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: COTTON OIL
Fatty oil: chief fatty- acids include linoleic acid (55%),
palmitic acid (22%), oleic acid (15%), myristic acid (5%), as
well as stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, di- cyclopropene-fatty
acids malvalic acid and sterculiac acid
Lignans: gossypol (traces)
Steroids: sterols, particularly beta-sitosterol, as well as
campesterol, stigmasterol, delta7-stigmasterol, 24-methyl
cycloartenol
Tocopherols (vitamin E): including 0.04% alpha-tocopherol,
0.04% gamma-tocopherol
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
COTTON T R E E / 2 2 9
EFFECTS: COTTON OIL
men. After feeding sheep and cattle a total of 2 to 3 kg of
Cotton seed press cakes over a period of 3 to 4 weeks,
gastroenteritis, kidney damage with hematuria and icterus
were observed. Death occurred 24 to 48 hours after first
appearance of symptoms. Eye damage (Cotton seed
blindness) was also noted.
The oil contains large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and
is chiefly used as a dietetic.
COMPOUNDS: COTTON SEED
^ Fatty oil (20 to 30%): chief fatty acids include linoleic acid
(55%), palmitic acid (22%), oleic acid (15%), myristic acid
(5%), as well as stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, the cyclopropene-fatty acids malvalic acid and sterculic acid
Protein (20 to 25%)
Lignans: (+)-gossypol and (-)-gossypol (0.1 to 6.0%, yellow
to red in color); there are also cultivated forms that are low
in gossypol (gossypol content < 0.01%)
Flavonoids
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (7%): saccharose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, fructose
DOSAGE
COTTON OIL
Preparation: Emulsion 10 to 15%: sterilization is carried out
at 150° C for 1 hour.
Daily Dosage: Emulsion 40%: 60 ml p.o. in a single dose.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
EFFECTS: COTTON SEED
The pigment substance gossypol contained in the seeds
inhibits enzymes of the energy metabolism, decouples the
respiratory chain from the oxidative phosphorylation, reduces the cellular ATP concentration, lessens membrane
fr potentials and inhibits the acrosomal sperm proteinase
acrosine (anti-fertility effect). A cytostatic effect has been
demonstrated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COTTON OIL
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications for Gossypii
oleum have included hypercholesteremia and vitamin E
deficiency. It is also used when a non-nitrogenous or
parenteral nourishment is required.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
C O T T O N SEED
Indian Medicine: Among indications in Indian medicine are
headache, coughs, dysentery, constipation, gonorrhea, chronic cystitis, fever, poor lactation, epilepsy and snake bites.
Reference is also made to use as an abortifacient and
aphrodisiac. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been
proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COTTON OIL
4p^No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Animal
experiments over a period of several weeks involving the
administration of cyclopropene-fatty acids led to elevated
cholesterol and triglyceride blood levels in rabbits and to a
delayed sexual development in young female rats.
COTTON SEED
Cotton Tree
Cochlospermum
gossypium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant is the root,
which yields a laxative, and the hard exudate of the aromatic
bark.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in apical, sparsely
flowered panicles. Flowers are 11 to 15 cm in diameter with
4 to 5 free silky-haired sepals, 4 to 5 gold-yellow petals and
numerous stamens. The superior ovary has 5 carpels with
many ovules attached to the walls. The fruit is an oval, darkbrown, hanging capsule 5 to 10 cm long, 4 cm thick and
loculicidal. The seeds are reniform, approximately 7 mm
long, 5 mm wide and villous.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cochlospermum gossypium grows
as a tree, rising up to 10 m high. The leaves are 10 to 20 cm
wide and palmate-lobed. The 3 to 5 lobes are acuminate, or
digitate; the petioles are 6 to 17 cm long. The young
branches are velvet-haired and tinged reddish, the older ones
are glabrous and ash gray.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to India, Southeast Asia,
Kenya and Mauritius.
Production: Cotton Tree gum is made up of the irregularly
formed, leathery clumps of the exudate from the bark of
Cochlospermum gossypium.
The drug is toxic, due to its gossypol content. Chronic
ingestion of Cotton seed will lead to fertility disorders in I Other Names: Cotton Shell
2 3 0 / C O T T O N TREE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Water-soluble polysaccharides:
heteroglycans
partially-acetylated,
acidic
EFFECTS
The drug (acetylized acid polysaccharide) is laxative in
effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used in folk medicine for
constipation and sluggishness of the bowels.
Indian Medicine: Uses include coughs, diarrhea, dysentery,
pharyngitis and venereal disease.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages, nor with
the drug's use as a pharmaceutical vehicle.
j Production: Cowhage bean pods are the bean pods of
Mucuna pruriens. The drug is derived from the hair of the
pods.
Other Names: Cowitch, Couhage, Kiwach
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Serotonin:
5-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine
EFFECTS
Externally, Cowhage is a cutaneous stimulant and rubefacient. Internally, the drug has an anthelmintic effect.
Carminative, hypotensive, hypoglycemic and cholesterolreducing effects have also been described.
Experiments carried out on frogs demonstrated that prurieninin slowed down the heart rate, lowered blood pressure and
stimulated intestinal peristalisis. The reduction in blood
pressure was caused by the release of histamines; the
spasmolysis of smooth muscle by indole bases.
DOSAGE
Preparation: There is no information in the literature.
Daily Dose: A single dose of 3 g drug with plenty of liquid
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgeb nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
Gowhage
Mucuna pruriens
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
hairs on the pod and the seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in racemes in twos and
threes. They are large and white, with a bluish-purple
papilionaceous corolla. The pod is pubescent, thick and
leathery and averages about 10 cm in length. Pods have the
shape of the sound opening in a violin. They are dark brown,
covered with 0.25 cm long stiff hairs and contain 4 to 6
seeds. The seeds are made up of conical, sharply acuminate
cells less than 1 mm in diameter and barbed at the apex.
They are extremely irritating to the skin and must be handled
with caution.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climbing legume with
long, thin branches and opposite, lanceolate leaves 15 to 30
cm in length. The petioles are pubescent.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical regions, especially India and the West Indies.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used externally for rheumatic
disorders and muscular pain, and internally for the treatment
of worm infestation.
Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine include gonorrhea, sterility and general debility.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Once in contact with the skin, the stinging hairs lead to
extremely aggressive itching and burning, accompanied by
long-lasting inflammation, caused by the injection-like
introduction of serotonin and proteins (mucunain, proteolytic
enzyme). The intake of the hairs for the purpose of fighting
intestinal worms should be avoided. Internal administration
of the drug in the form of extracts may be harmless due to
the difficulty involved in resorbing the active ingredients.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally in
extract form and powder form.
LITERATURE
Bell EA, Jansen DH, (1971) Nature 229:136.
Ghosal S et al., (1971) Planta Med 24:434.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Infante ME, Perez AM, Simao MR, Manda F, Baquete EF,
Fernandes AM, Cliff JL, Outbreak of acute toxic psychosis
attributed to Mucuna pruriens. Lancet, 29:1129. Nov 3, 1990.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Manyam BV, Paralysis agitans and levodopa in 'Ayurveda :
ancient Indian medical treatise. Mov Disord, 29:47-8. 1990.
Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America,
Charles C Thomas USA 1981.
4£ Revilleza MJ, Mendoza EM. Raymundo LC, Oligosaccharides
in several Philippine indigenous food legumes: determination
localization and removal. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 29:83-93. Jan,
1990.
Roth L. Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. AufL Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Woerdenbag HJ. Pras N, Frijlink HW, Lerk CF, Malingre TM,
Antidiabetic evaluation of Mucuna pruriens Linn seeds. JPMA J
Pak Med Assoc, 29:147-50. Jul, 1990.
Production: Cowslip flower consists of the dried, whole
flowers with calyx of Primula veris and/or Primula elatior as
well as their preparations. Cowslip root consists of the dried
. rhizome with roots of Primula veris and/or Primula elatior as
well as their preparations. Cowslip root is harvested at best
in the third year of growth.
•
Other Names: Oxlip, True Cowslip, Peagles, English Cowslip, Butter Rose, Herb Peter Paigle, Key Flower, Key of
Heaven, Fairy Caps, Petty Mulleins, Buckles, Crewel.
Palsywort, Plumrocks, Mayflower, Password. Primrose.
Arthritica, Our Lady's Keys
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: COWSLIP FLOWER
Flavonoids (3%): including rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside; isorhamnetin rhamnosyl
robinoside, isorhamnetin robinoside, isorhamnetin rutinoside, kaempferol robinoside, limocitrin-3-O-glucoside. quercetin gentiobioside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin
robinoside
Primine
Triterpene saponins
Cowslip
Primula
veris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the roots and
flowers.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in richly blossomed
umbels with a short peduncle. The flowers are turned to one
side and grow in clusters (up to 25) from the center of the
leaf rosette. The calyx is cylindrical and appressed with a
green margin. The remaining part of the calyx is yellow and
it is 12 to 15 cm long. The corolla is odorless, usually sulfur
yellow and has a tube with 5 triangular, orange spots. The
fruit is an oval capsule with 1.5 to 2.5 mm-long brown,
warty seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This 10 cm high plant is a
herbaceous perennial with a short sturdy rhizome. The green
plant parts are covered in 2 mm long segmented hairs. The
4£ leaves are revolute in the bud. They are wrinkled, ovate or
ovate-oblong and are rounded at the base. They narrow
quickly to the winged stems. During the flowering season
they are irregularly dentate with blunt teeth. They are 3 to 6
cm long during the flowering season, but grow larger later.
The upper side of the leaf is glabrous.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to all of Central Europe as
far as the Southern European mountains. There are many
subspecies.
EFFECTS: COWSLIP FLOWER
The drug has an expectorant effect, which is due to the
flavonoid and saponin content. An increase of the volume of
bronchial secretion has been demonstrated in animal
experiments.
COMPOUNDS: COWSLIP ROOT
Phenol glycosides (0.2 to 2.3%, high values in the Spring):
primulaverin (3%, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy- benzoic acid
methyl ester-O-xyloglucoside) changing over during dehydration into the characteristic-smelling 5-methoxy-methyl
salicylate
Triterpene saponins (5 to 10%): chief components primulic
acid A (chief aglycone protoprimulagenin)
EFFECTS: COWSLIP ROOT
The saponin content gives the drug expectorant and diuretic
effects. Recent studies on these effects are not available. The
mode of action is postulated to be due to vagal stimulation.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COWSLIP FLOWER
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/Bronchitis
Unproven Uses: Cowslip flower is used internally for catarrh
of the respiratory tract. In folk medicine it is used for
insomnia, anxiety states, as a cardiac tonic for feelings of
dizziness and cardiac insufficiency. It is also used as a nerve
tonic for shaking limbs, headaches and neuralgia.
2 3 2 /COWSLIP
Homeopathic Uses: Primula veris is used to treat headaches
and skin rashes
C O W S L I P ROOT
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/Bronchitis
Unproven Uses: Cowslip root is used internally for catarrh of
the respiratory tract. In folk medicine it is used internally for
whooping cough, asthma, gout, rheumatic arthritis, bladder
and kidney disease, migraine, dizziness, stomach cramps,
scurvy and neuralgia. Externally it is used for headaches and
skin impurities.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
C O W S L I P FLOWER
Contraindicated in known allergies to Cowslip.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
C O W S L I P FLOWER
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The epigeal organs of the Primula species possess a
very high potential for sensitization due to the primine
content. In the cases of Primula veris and P. elatior, the
primine content is quite low, but sensitizations are nevertheless possible.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Liquid extract — 1 to 2 ml 3 times a day
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: i to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34); different doses for children.
Storage: Should be protected from light and moisture.
C O W S L I P ROOT
Preparations: Tea: 0.2 to 0.5 gm finely cut drug are added to
cold water and brought to the boil, left to draw for 5 minutes
and strained (1 teaspoon corresponds to approximately 3.5
gm drug).
Extract: Percolation with 50 parts water and 50 parts ethanol,
then filtration and vacuum drying. The residue is dissolved
in 60 parts ethanol and 40 parts water and neutralized with
ammonia. It is then cooled for 24 hours and filtered again. It
is finally dehydrated to produce a dry extract under low
pressure. (OAB90)
Liquid extract: the Primula extract is dissolved in a mixture
of ethanol (30 parts), glycerol 85% (20 parts) and water (20
parts) and filtered when cool. (OAB90)
C O W S L I P ROOT
Tincture: 20 parts root and 100 parts diluted ethanol are
processed to a tincture in accordance with the OAB VII
maceration procedure.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Syrup: 1.5 parts Cowslip are dissolved in 20 parts water
while being heated. It is then mixed with 10 parts 85%
glycerol and 68.5 parts simple syrup. (OAB90)
OVERDOSAGE
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 1 gm of drug. The
single dose is 0.5 gm of drug.
C O W S L I P FLOWER
Overdose could lead to gastric complaints and nausea.
Tincture: The daily dose is 7.5 gm.
C O W S L I P ROOT
Overdose could lead to queasiness, nausea, gastric complaints and diarrhea.
DOSAGE
C O W S L I P FLOWER
Extract: The single dose is 0.1 to 0.2 gm.
Liquid extract: The single dose is 0.5 gm.
Tea: as an expectorant, 1 cup every 2 to 3 hours, sweetened
with honey
Mode of Administration: Cowslip preparations are available
as solid and liquid pharmaceutical forms for oral intake and
also available parenterally for homeopathic use.
Storage: Cowslip should be protected from light.
Preparations: Tea: boiling water is poured over 2 to 4 gm
drug and strained after 10 minutes (1 teaspoon corresponds
to approximately 1.3 gm drug).
Biiechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische
Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Liquid extract — drug 1:1 with 25% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83)
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 gm of drug. The
single dose is 1 gm of drug.
Tea — 1 cup several times a day. As a bronchial tea, several
cups a day, possibly sweetened with honey
LITERATURE
C O W S L I P FLOWER
Busse WW et al., (1984) J All Clin Immunol. 73:801.
Calis I, YCiriiker A, Ruegger H, Wright AD, Sticher O,
Triterpene saponins from Primula veris ssp. macrocalyx and
Primula elatiro ssp. meyeri. In: JNP 55:1299-1306. 1992.
Grecu VL, Cucu V, (1975) Planta Med 25:247.
Karl C et al., (1981) Planta Med 41:96.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
CRANESBILL/233
Middleton E, Drzewiecki G, (1984) Biochem. Pharmacol.
33:3333.
Cranesbill
Thieme H, Winkler HJ, (1971) Pharmazie 7:434.
Geranium maculatum
Further information in:
4Qf Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharmakoiogie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4.'Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
COWSLIP ROOT
Biiechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische
£ Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Busse WW et al., (1984) J All Clin Immunol. 73:801.
Calis I, Yuruker A, Riiegger H. Wright AD. Sticher O,
Triterpene saponins from Primula veris ssp. macrocalyx and
Primula elatiro ssp. meyeri. In: JNP 55:1299-1306. 1992.
Grecu VL, Cucu V, (1975) Planta Med 25:247.
Karl C et al., (1981) Planta Med 41:96.
Middleton E, Drzewiecki G, (1984) Biochem. Pharmacol.
33:3333.
Thieme H, Winkler HJ, (1971) Pharmazie 7:434.
Wagner H et al., Radix-Primulae-Extrakte. HPLC-Analyse. In:
DAZ 126:1489-1493. 1986.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
£' Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the plant's dried
rhizome and the leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a terminal, cymose
umbel. The flowers are radial with the structures arranged in
fives with a 2.5 to 4 cm diameter. There are 5 free, pubescent
sepals, 5 free purple petals and 10 stamens. The ovary is
formed from 5 carpels, which are fused to the sides of the
central column with their long awns. The fruit is a
schizocarp, which breaks up into 5 mericarps with beak-like
extensions and 1 seed each.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The herbaceous perennial grows
upright, rising to 60 cm high. The leaves are opposite, in
fives with cuneiform lobes and whitish-green spots when
older. Leaves growing from the rhizome are large with long,
pubescent petioles: those growing from the trunk have short
petioles; stipules are present. The stem is upright, green,
pubescent and dichotomously branched. The rhizome is
thick, cylindrical and branched.
Habitat: The plant is found throughout Europe, but also in
North America from Newfoundland to Manitoba and as far
south as Georgia and Missouri. It grows in shady and moist
ground in mixed and deciduous forests.
Production: American Cranesbill herb is the dried aerial
herb of Geranium maculatum harvested during the flowering
season. American Cranesbill root is the dried rhizome of
Geranium maculatum, which is collected in late summer and
autumn.
Other Names: Alumroot, Crowfoot, Geranium, Spotted
Cranesbill, Spotted Geranium, Storksbill, Wild Cranesbill
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: CRANESBILL HERB
Tannins (30%): gallotannins
COMPOUNDS: CRANESBILL ROOT
Tannins (10 to 28%): gallotannins
EFFECTS
The tannins give the drug astringent, hemostyptic and tonic
properties.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications have included
hemorrhoids, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, metrorrhagia, heavy
menstruation and dysmenorrhea. Efficacy for these internal
use indications has not yet been proven.
234/CRANESBILL
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for stomach ulcers and
bleeding of the mucous membranes, but efficacy for these
indications has not yet been proven.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Croton eluteria
See Cascarilla
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Because of
its high tannin content, the intake of preparations of the drug
could lead to digestive disorders. Individuals with sensitive
stomachs could experience nausea and vomiting.
DOSAGE
C R A N E S B I L L HERB
Daily Dosage: Powder/Infusion: 1 to 2 g, 3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: Literature notes the drug's importance as a homeopathic medicine, but does not state dosage.
C R A N E S B I L L ROOT
Preparation: Liquid extract - drug 1:1 45% ethanol (V/V)
percolated (BHP83).
Croton Seeds
Croton tiglium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Paris: The seeds are the medicinal parts. The oil
is extracted from the seeds and is toxic; 1 ml can be fatal.
Flower and Fruit: Croton tiglium is a shrub or tree that
grows up to 6 m. The leaves are alternate, smooth, ovate or
acuminate. They are dark green above and paler beneath,
with an unpleasant smell. There are inconspicuous flowers in
terminal racemes. The seeds have a brown, mottled appearance. The outer layer of the seed is easily removed, leaving a
hard, black coat.
Decoction — 1 to 2 g drug, 3 times daily
Characteristics: Croton Seed oil is yellowish or reddishbrown and rather viscid, with an unpleasant odor. It is toxic
and should be handled with extreme care.
Liquid extract — 1 to 2 ml, 3 times daily
Habitat: The tree is found throughout Asia and China.
Tincture — 2 to 4 ml, 3 times daily.
Production: Croton oil is extracted from the seeds of Croton
tiglium.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules, 1 to 3 times daily, or 1 ml injection solution sc
twice weekly (HAB34).
Other Names: Tiglium, Tiglium Seeds
Daily Dosage:
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
Handbuch der harmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Diterpenes: phorbol ester, including 12-O-tridecane olyphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, myristoylphoarbolacetate, MPA)
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
Crataegus laevigata
See English Hawthorn
Grithmum maritimum
Croton Seed oil is a laxative, skin-irritant, co-carcinogenic,
nephrotoxic. It is a drastic irritant. TPA is a carcinogen,
affecting prostaglandin metabolism.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: At present, it is used only in Chinese
medicine and in very small doses as a remedy for gall
bladder colic, obstruction of the bowels and malaria. The
drug is obsolete in Europe.
See Samphire
Chinese Medicine: In China, Croton Seed oil is used for
edema, furuncles, constipation, chest and stomach pain,
worm infestation and sore throat.
Crocus sativus
Indian Medicine: Indian uses include constipation, abdominal disorders, worm infestation, convulsions and attacks of
dizziness.
See Saffron
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The phorbol esters of the oils are severe co-carcinogenics.
Therapeutic uses as well as skin or mucous membrane
.contacts with the drug are to be strictly3 avoided. The drug
A possesses acute toxicity. When applied to the skin, it brings
about itching, burning and after a time, blisters. If taken
internally, it leads to burning in the mouth, vomiting,
dizziness, stupor, painful bowel movements and ultimately to
collapse.
OVERDOSAGE
One to 2 drops are already acutely toxic; the lethal dosage is
put at 20 drops. After stomach and intestinal emptying,
treatment of poisonings can only proceed symptomatically.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Croton Seed oil is obsolete as drug
LITERATURE
Berenblum I, Shubik P. (1947) Brit J Cancer 1:379.
Evans FJ (Ed.), Naturally Occurring Phorbol Esters, CRC Press
1986.
Evans FJ. Taylor SE, (1983) Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 44:1.
& Hecker E, (1968) Cancer Res 28:2338.
McEchean CE et al., J Chem Soc 166B:633. 1966.
Nishizuka Y, (1984) Nature 308:693.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al., (Eds): Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
CUBEB/235
Cubeb
Piper cubeba
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried, not fully
ripe fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The male flowering spikes are about 4 cm
long and have 2 or 3 stamens. The female spikes are made up
of about 50 individual flowers, which mostly consist of the
oblong ovary of 4 fused carpels with 4 sessile stigmas. The
infructescence is 4 to 5 cm long. When ripe, the base of the
ovary grows into a stem-like, cylindrical lower part. The
upper portion of the fruit is globular and holds the seed,
which contains a tiny embryo in a small cavity at the apex.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 5 to 15 m high
dioecious climbing shrub. The branches are initially pubescent, later glabrous. The leaves are glabrous, entire-margined, coriaceous, ovate to oblong-elliptical and up to 15 cm
long and 6 cm wide.
Characteristics: The odor is warm and reminiscent of
turpentine.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Indonesia and is
cultivated in Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia.
Production: Cubebs are the fruit of Piper cubeba. The fruit is
harvested when still green and dried in the sun.
Other Names: Java Pepper, Tailed Cubebs, Tailed Pepper
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (10 to 20%): chief constituents alpha- and betacubebenes (11%), copaene (10%), cubebol (10%), deltacadinene (9%), humulenes
Lignans: chief components (-)-cubebin, additionally (-)cubebinin, dihydroclusin, (-)-dihydrocubebin, hinokinin
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Resins
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Fatty oil (12%)
4^ Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
EFFECTS
The sesquiterpene-rich essential oil is said to be expectorant
in chronic bronchitis. The resinous acids in the drug are said
to have an antiseptic and astringent effect on the urinary
tract. There is no information on the mode of action.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Croton tiglium
See Croton Seeds
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include treatment for
urinary tract diseases, flatulence and stomach complaints,
headaches (dizziness), chronic bronchitis, to increase libido
and for poor memory.
236/CUBEB
Homeopathic Uses: Piper cubeba is used for inflammation of
the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Cucurbita pepo
See Pumpkin
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
OVERDOSAGE
High dosages (over 8 gm) cause irritation of the urinary
passages, kidney and bladder pains, albuminuria and urination problems. Beyond this, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac pain
and skin rashes can occur. After stomach and intestinal
emptying, treatment of poisonings should proceed
symptomatically.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cubeb is contained in medicinal
preparations, such as bath additives.
Daily
Dosage:
Powder — 2 to 4 g daily for internal administration
Extract (1:1) — daily dose: 2 to 4 ml
Tincture (1:5) — daily dose: 2 to 4 ml
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
weekly (HAB1); children's dosage does not equal adult dose.
LITERATURE
Batterbee, J E et al., (1969) J Chem Soc (c), 2470.
Ikeda RM, (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
Koul SK et al., Phenylpropanoids and (-)-ledol from Piper
species. In: PH 32:478. 1993.
Lawrence BM, Perfum Flavor 5:28. 1980.
Ohta Y et al., (1966) Tetrahedron Letters 52:6365.
Cudweed
Gnaphalium uliginosum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The aerial parts are the medicinal parts of
the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The composite flower heads are 3 to 4
mm by 5 mm, sessile and in terminal racemes of 3 to 10.
They are shorter than the leaves growing from the leaf axil.
The involucral bracts are oblong to linear and brownish.
There are 50 to 150 female florets, 5 to 8 hermaphrodite
florets. The achaene is 0.5 mm oblong-cylindrical. The
pappus is 1.5 mm.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The stems are 5 to 20 cm high and
branched. The leaves are 10 to 50 mm by 2 to 5 mm, linearlanceolate to oblong-obovate. They are downy and greenish
above; whitish and even more downy beneath.
Habitat: The plant is native to many parts of Europe, the
Caucasus and west Asia. It has been introduced into
America.
Production: Cudweed is the aerial part of Gnaphalium
uliginosum.
Other Names: Cotton Weed, Dysentery Weed, Everlasting,
Mouse Ear, Wartwort, Cotton Dawes
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Opdyke DU, (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol 14.
COMPOUNDS
Prabhu BR, Mulchandani. NB, (1985) Phytochemistry 24 (2),
329.
Volatile oil
Tannins
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
The constituents of the drug have not been extensively
investigated.
EFFECTS
Cudweed is an astringent and a stomachic. According to
unconfirmed sources, the drug also has antidepressive,
aphrodisiac and hypotensive effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a gargle and rinse in the
treatment of diseases of the mouth and throat.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlaa Landsberg Lech 1993.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
CUMIN / 2 3 7
DOSAGE
EFFECTS
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract used as a gargle and
rinse.
Antimicrobial: The drug contains fatty oil (mainly petroselic
acid and oil acid) and has an antimicrobial effect. A powder
suspension of the drug has diverse inhibitory effects; it stunts
mycelium growth, toxin production or afla-toxin production
in Aspergillus ochraceus, C. versicolor, and C. flavus.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
W Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Cumin
Cuminum cyminum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the Cumin oil
extracted from the ripe fruit and the ripe, dried fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in umbels radiating in
groups of 3 to 5. The petals are white or red, oblong and
deeply bordered with a long indented tip. The involucral
bracts are long and simple. The style is short and turned
outward at the end. The ovary is inferior and 3-Iocular. The
fruit is a schizocarp, about 6 mm long and 1.5 mm wide and
crowned with awl-shaped calyx tips. The mericarp is almost
' round in transverse section, with 5 thread-like, bristly main
ribs and bristly secondary ribs.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a delicate, glabrous
annual 10 to 50 cm high. The stem is bifurcated at the base
and glabrous. The leaves are glabrous and finely pinnatifid
with oblong-linear tips, of which the lower are mostly
doubly trifoliate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Turkestan (Hager) or
northern Egypt (Grieve), but is cultivated today in the whole
of the Mediterranean region as well as in Iran, Pakistan,
India, China, the U.S. and South America.
Production: Cumin is the dried ripe fruit of Cuminum
cyminum.
Not to be Confused With: Certain Indian products, such as
Carum carvi and the fruit of the earth chestnut, Bunium
bulbocastanium can be mistaken for or confused with
Cumin. Synthetic coloring is frequently added to Turkish
products.
Influence on blood-clotting: A dried Cumin ether extract
inhibits (in vitro) arachidon acid-induced plate aggregation
in platelet-rich human plasma.
Mutagenic effect: In comparison to Salmonella thyphimurum
TA 100, a mutagenic effect of the polar fractions of
chloroform extract and methanol extract of Cumin did
appear.
Influence of pharmacological metabolism: An injection of a
dried ether extract prolonged the phenobarbituate hypnosis
of female albino mice, up to 120%; a higher dose shortened
it to 83%.
Estrogenic effect: An acetone extract of cumin, administered
to female albino rats (ovariectomised, ovaries have been
removed) led, depending on the dosage, to an increase in the
weight of the uterus, an increase in the amount of protein in
the endometrium and an increase of alkali phosphates.
Other effects (for which there are no experimental results)
include the following: obstructive influence on fertility,
galactogen, antispasmodic, diuretic and aphrodisiac.
Cumin also has carminative, stimulant and analgesic effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Cumin is used as a
carminative for stomach disorders, diarrhea and colic,
particularly in veterinary medicine.
In America, Africa and India the drug is used as an abortive
and as an emmenagogue.
In Indonesia, Cumin is used in cases of bloody diarrhea and
headache (paste is applied to the forehead). It is also taken
orally for rheumatic ailments.
Indian Medicine: In India, Cumin is used as an abortifacient,
for kidney and bladder stones, chronic diarrhea, leprosy and
eye disease.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (2 to 5%): chief components cuminaldehyde,
gamma-terpenes, beta-pinenes, p-cymene, 1,3-p-menthandial
Fatty oil (10 to 15%): chief fatty acids petroselic acid,
palmitic acid
Proteic substances (15 to 20%)
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated dierapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cumin is used both internally and
externally in ground form and as a pressed oil.
Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 300 to 600 mg of
drug (equivalent to 5 - 10 fruits).
238/CUMIN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
LITERATURE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Unproven Uses: Cup Plant has been used for digestive
disorders.
Harborne JB, Williams CE, (1972) Photochemistry 11:1741.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
York 1980.
Tassan CG, Russel GF, J Food Sci 40:1185-1188. 1975.
Varo PT, Heinz DE, (1970) J Agric Food Chem 18:234 et 239.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cup Root is not used in modern
medicine.
LITERATURE
Davidyants ES et al.. (1984) Khim Prir Soedin. 5:666.
Cuminum cyminum
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
See Cumin
Gup Plant
Silphium
Cupmoss
Cladonia pyxidata
perfoliatum
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 5 to 8 cm wide, longpedicled and clustered. The sepals are overlapping, and the
petals are egg-yolk yellow. The disc-like flowers are
androgynous with long thread-like styles. The lateral flowers
are female and lingual. The double-winged fruit is compressed and has a pappus of lateral awns.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant is a 1.25 to 2.5
m high plant with a branched rhizome. The erect, angular,
smooth stem is branched higher up and foliated up to the tip.
The leaves are opposite, rough, ovate, acuminate, crenate,
dark green above and blue-green beneath. The lower leaves
are up to 30 cm long, and the upper ones are oblong-ovate,
sessile and fused at the base to a cup form.
Medicinal Parts: The wineglass-shaped scyphi of Cladonia
pyxidata are used medicinally.
Flower and Fruit: Cupmoss is a lichen, not a moss as the
name suggests. The scyphi are grayish-white, about 2.5 cm
long, wineglass-shaped, with hollow stems and terminal
cups.
Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and slightly
sweet. There is no odor.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America and is
also common in other areas including Great Britain.
Other Names: Chin Cups
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the western U.S., Oregon
and Texas.
Lichen acids: including fumaroprotocetraric acid, barbatic
acid, psoromic acid
Other Names: Ragged Cup, Indian Gum, Prairie Dock, Pilot
Plant, Polar Plant, Rosinweed, Turpentine Weed
Mucilages
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins
Sesquiterpenes: including among others silphinene, silphiperfolen, 8-hydroxy-presilphiperfolane
EFFECTS
The drug is a tonic and has a diaphoretic effect.
EFFECTS
Cupmoss has the effect of an expectorant and antitussive.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cupmoss is used for coughs, bronchitis, and
also in the treatment of whooping cough.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
CURCUMA / 2 3 9
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cupmoss is used internally as an
infusion with honey.
LITERATURE
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987): Drogenkunde. 8. AufL, Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Curcuminoids (0.8
demethoxycurcumin
to
2%):
including
curcumin,
Non-phenolic diarylheptanoids: alnustone
Starch (30-40%)
EFFECTS
Curcuma acts in a manner similar to turmeric root but is
mainly choleretic and antitumoral (animal testing).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Cupressus sempervirens
See Cypress
Curcuma
Curcuma
xanthorrhizia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried, tuberous
™ rhizomes cut into slices.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is large; it is purple or
crimson. The corolla has a red margin. Otherwise it is very
similar to Curcuma domestica.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 1.75 m high
and leafy. The leaves are in long thin sheaths on the rhizome.
The leaf blades are broadly lanceolate or oblong and have a
narrow, purple mark on the midrib. The main rhizome is
thickened like a tuber, ovate, the size of a fist with numerous
roots and thin lateral rhizomes. The roots terminate partially
in ovate tubers.
Habitat: Curcuma is indigenous to the forests of Indonesia
and the Malaysian peninsula. It is cultivated mainly on Java,
in Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.
Production: Japanese turmeric consists of the sliced, dried,
tuberous rhizomes of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Curcuma is
cultivated and harvested in the second year of growth. After
the rhizome has been washed, die main mick root is isolated,
fa cut and dried at a temperature of 50°C.
Not to be Confused With: The rhizome of Curcuma
domestica.
Other Names: Tewon Lawa, Temu Lawak
• Liver and gallbladder complaints
• Loss of appetite
Unproven Uses: Curcuma is used for dyspepsia, particularly
feelings of fullness after meals and meteorism.
In Indonesia it has long been used for liver and gallbladder
complaints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Stomach complaints can occur following extended use or in
the case of overdose. Because of the stimulating effect of the
drug on the biliary tract, it should not be administered if
there is a bile duct blockage. Colic can occur when the
patient suffers from gallstones.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions and
other galenic forms for internal use.
Preparation: The infusion is prepared by pouring 1 cup of
boiling water over 1/2 tsp. of drug and straining after 10
minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 gm of drug;
infusion: 2 to 3 times daily between meals.
Storage: It should be protected from light.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Brennpunkt ZNS. In: DAZ 137(25):2166-2167. 1997.
Baumann J, (1975) Tiber die Wirkung von Chelidonium,
Curcuma, Absinth und Carduus marianus auf die Galle- und
Pankreassekretion bei Hepatopathien. MedMschr 29:173.
Claeson P et al., Non-phenolic linear diarylheptanoids from
Curcuma xanthorrhiza: a novel type of topical anti-inflammatory
agents: Structure-activity relationship. In: PM 62(3):236-240.
1996.
COMPOUNDS
Guttenberg A, (1926) Das Cholagogum Curcumen. Klein Wschr
5:1998-1999.
Volatile oil (3 to 12%): chief components ar-curcumene
(alpha-curcumene), xanthorrhizol, beta-curcumene, germacrene, furanodien, furanodienone
Maiwald L, Schwantes PA, (1991) Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.,
eine Heilpflanze tritt aus dem Schattendasein. Z Phytother
12:35-445.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
240/CURCUMA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und (Teil II).
In: ZPT 16(0:13-20 u. 77-89. 1995.
Cyclamen
Sabieraj J, Wirkung von Curcuma xanthorrhiza. In: DAZ
131(13):609. 1991.
Cyclamen
Schilcher H, Pharmazeutische Aspekte pflanzlicher
Gallentherapeutika. In: ZPT 16(4):211-222. 1995.
Schmidt M, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Gallenwegstherapeutika.
In: DAZ 135(8):680-682. 1995.
Veit M, Beeinflussung der Leukotrien-Biosynthese durch
Curcumin. In: ZPT 14(1 ):46. 1993.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
europaeum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried rhizome
with the roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are pinkish-red, solitary and
nodding on erect stems. The 5 sepals are ovate, pointed and
dentate. The corolla is a short campanulate tube with 5
revolute tips; it is darker at the base. There are 5 stamens and
1 ovary. The fruit is a capsule, which opens on 5 sides.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from about 5 to 10
cm. The rhizome is a disc-like tuber. The leaves are longpetioled, orbicular or cordate, crenate, glabrous, with a white
edge above and red beneath. The petioles and pedicles are
roughly glandular.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and poisonous.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Habitat: The plant is found in the Alps and the alpine
regions of southern Europe.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. W'iss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Other Names: Groundbread, Sowbread, Swinebread, IvyLeafed Cyclamen
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: including cyclamine, deglucocyrlamine
I, deglucocyclamine II
Curcuma domestica
EFFECTS
See
No information is available.
Turmeric
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Curcuma xanthorrhizia
See Curcuma
Curcuma zedoaria
See Zedoary
Unproven Uses: The drug is used to treat menstrual
complaints, emotional disorders/nervous states and digestive
problems.
Homeopathic Uses: Cyclamen is used for migraine and its
accompanying autonomic symptoms, and for the treatment
of premenstrual syndrome.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The intake of even small dosages (0.3 gm) can lead to
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain.
OVERDOSAGE
Cuscuta epithymum
See Dodder
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
See Guar Gum
High dosages can cause spasm and asphyxiation. Following
gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal,
the treatment for poisoning should proceed symptomatically
(e.g., treatment of convulsions with diazepam, treatment of
colic with atropine).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cyclamen is used in homeopathic
treatments. It is also used topically and in alcoholic extracts.
CYPRESS/241
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
LITERATURE
Braccini I, Herve du Penhoat C, Michon V, Goldberg R,
Clochard M, Jarvis MC. Huang ZH, Gage DA, Structural
analysis of cyclamen seed xyloglucan oligosaccharides using
cellulase digestion and spectroscopic methods. Carbohydr Res,
^ 276:167-81, 1995 Oct 16.
w Calis I, Satana ME, Yrker A, Kelican P, Demirdamar R,
Alacam R, Tanker N, Ruegger H. Sticher O, Triterpene
saponins from Cyclamen mirabile and their biological activities.
J Nat Prod, 60:315-8, 1997 Mar.
Calis I, Yrker A, Tanker N, Wright AD. Sticher O, Triterpene
saponins from Cyclamen coum var. coum. Planta Med,
276:166-70, 1997 Apr.
Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Guirguis-Oeschger M, Gossweiler
B, Meier-Abt PJ, Serious plant poisonings in Switzerland 19661994. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information
Center. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 60:1085-98, 1996 Jun 22.
Tschesche R. Mercker HJ, Wulff G. Liebig Ann Chem 721:194.
1969.
Tschesche R, Striegler H. Fehlhaber HW, Liebig Ann Chem
691:165. 1966.
Gymbopogon citratus
See Lemongrass
Gynanchum vincetoxicum
See German Ipecac
Gynara scolymus
See Artichoke
Cynoglossum officinale
See Hound's Tongue
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
^ Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Cyperus articulatus
See Adrue
Cypress
Cupressus sempervirens
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the cones, branches
and oil.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cupressus sempervirens is a tree that
grows up to 30 m tall. The leaves are 0.5 to 1 mm, dark
green and obtuse. The male cones are 4 to 8 mm, the female
are 25 to 40 mm. They are elliptical-oblong (rarely globose),
green when young and shining yellowish-gray when ripe,
with 8 to 14 short and obtusely spiked scales. There are 8 to
20 seeds on each scale,
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Turkey and is cultivated
throughout the Mediterranean region.
Cyclamen europaeum
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
See Cyclamen
COMPOUNDS
Chief components: alpha-pinene, D-camphene, D-silvestrene, p-cymene, L-cadinene, cedrol, terpinenol-4, terpineol,
acetyl- and isovalerianyl esters of monoterpene alcohols
Cydonia oblongata
EFFECTS
See Quince
Cypress acts as an expectorant.
242/CYPRESS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EFFECTS
Unproven Uses: The drug is used externally for head colds,
coughs and bronchitis.
The diterpene esters in the drug are severely toxic, a strong
irritant, drastically purgative and encourage growth of
tumors.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Kidney irritation is likely with intake of larger dosages.
In animal tests and in vitro there are indications of a
cytotoxic, non-specific immune-stimulating, antiphlogistic
and strongly laxative effect.
DOSAGE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mode of Administration: Occasionally, Cypress is used
externally as an ointment.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Cypress Spurge is used
internally for constipation, toothache and as a diuretic
(macerate). It is used externally for warts and corns
(ointment).
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Homeopathic Uses: Euphorbia cyparissias is used for
diseases of the respiratory organs, diarrhea, and skin
diseases.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Cypress Spurge
Euphorbia cypahssias
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
flowering plant with the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal cymes. They
are yellow-green but usually red after flowering. What
appear to be flowers are in fact inflorescences. In the jugshaped invulucres there is 1 hanging pistil with a 3 valved
ovary and 3 styles each with 2 stigmas and numerous
stamens. Four half-moon-shaped nectaries are at the edge.
The fruit is covered in small papilla.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 15 to 30 cm high.
The stem is erect, unbranched, and glabrous. The leaves are
alternate, sessile, linear, entire-margined and very narrow on
the non-flowering branches.
Characteristics: The entire plant contains white latex, which
is poisonous.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe and Mediterranean.
Production: Cypress Spurge herb and root is the whole plant
in flower and root of Euphorbia cyparissias.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Diterpenes: ingenan-di- and triester, for example 13-hydroxy-ingenol-3-(2,3-dimethylbutyryl)-13- dodecanoate, 13hydroxy - ingenol - 5 - (2,3-dimethylbutyryl)-13-dodecanoate,
13-hydroxy-ingenol-3-(2,3-dimethylbutyryl)-13-decanoate
Triterpenes
The Ingenan esters are severely inflammatory in their effect
and cocarcinogenic. Administration of the drug should be
avoided because of the cocarcinogenic effect.
A particular danger exists with the chyle of the freshly
harvested plant, but the ingenan ester retains its efficacy
even after drying, which means that the drug also is acutely
toxic. If it gets on the skin, the chyle causes reddening,
itching, burning and blisters.
In the eye, the chyle leads to swelling of the lids,
conjunctival inflammation and corneal defects. If taken
internally, the chyle in the drug causes burning in the mouth
and vomiting. Very high dosages cause pupil enlargement,
dizziness, stupor, painful bowel movements, cardiac rhythm
disorders and ultimately collapse. Skin contact with the chyle
requires thorough cleaning. Contact with the eye requires
thorough rinsing with water. Following stomach and
intestinal emptying, the treatment of poisonings is carried out
symptomatically.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Cypress Spurge is used only in
homeopathic dilutions.
Daily Dosage: Macerate/decoction: 0.5 to 1 gm daily
Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); From D6 parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times
daily; chronic: once a day. Children should be given a
weaker dose (HAB1)
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
DAFFODIL/243
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin-L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug
^Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
margin. The stamens are fused to the tube. The ovary is
inferior, the style is thread-like and the stigma obtuse.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 15 to 30 cm
high. The leaves are basal, sprouting from an ovate, brown
bulb. They are erect, linear, flatly grooved, and have 2
grooves rather than a keel.
Oksuz S et al., Biological active compounds. In: PM 60(6):594596. 1994.
Characteristics: Daffodil has a weak unpleasant odor and is
poisonous.
Ott HH, Hecker E, Experientia 37:88. 1981.
Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe and is cultivated
elsewhere.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Production: Daffodil is the flowering plant Narcissus
pseudonarcissus without the root.
Other Names: Lent Lily
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Cypripedium calceolus
See
Nerve
Root
•Cytisus laburnum
See Laburnum
COMPOUNDS
Amaryllidacae alkaloids (0.08-0.15% in the bulb, with
considerably less in the foliage): including, among others,
hemanthamine, galanthine, galanthamine, pluviine, masonine, homolycorine
Chelidonic acid
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Cytisus scoparius
See Scotch Broom
Unproven Uses: Daffodil is used for irritation of the mucous
membranes, such as bronchial catarrh, whooping cough,
colds and asthma.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Daemonorops draco
See Dragon's Blood (Xue-Jie)
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The plant possesses a weak potential for sensitization, a condition called "daffodil itch."
OVERDOSAGE
Daffodil
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
DESCRIPTION
W Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bulb, die leaves
and the flowers, or the whole flowering plant without the
roots.
Overdosage or accidental intake of the bulbs (e.g., confusing
them with cooking onions) can lead to poisoning. Symptoms
include vomiting, salivation, diarrhea and central nervous
disorders following resorption.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Daffodil is available ground and as
an extract. It is also found in homeopathic remedies.
LITERATURE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary and bending on
compressed 2-edged pedicles. They are pale yellow. At the
base of the flower there is a dry, membranous sheath that is
split higher at the side. The perigone is 6-tipped and splayed
like a plate. The secondary corolla is egg-yolk yellow and
cylindrical, with an undulating, folded, unevenly crenate
Furusawa E, Suzuki N, Ramanathan S, Furusawa S, Cutting W,
Effect of long-term administration of Narcissus alkaloid on
Rauscher leukemia and combinations with standard drugs. In:
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 140:1034-1040. 1972.
Moraes-Cerdeira RM et al., Alkaloid content of different bulb
parts of Narcissus cv. Ice follies. In: PM 63(l):93-94. 1997.
2 4 4 /DAFFODIL
Suzuki N, Tania S, Furusawa S, Furusawa E, Therapeutic
activity of narcissus alkaloids on Rauscher leukemia: Antiviral
affect in vitro and rational drug combination in vivo. In: Proc
Soc Expl Biol Med 145:771-777. 1974.
Tojo E, (+)-Narcidine, a new alkaloid from Narcissus
pseudonarcissus. In: JNP 54: 1387. 1991.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.5-0.9%): chief components 1,8-cineole, alphaand beta-pinene, p-cymene, as well as thymol, alpha-copene,
gamma-cadinene, calamene
Tannins
Resins
(4%)
(7%)
Hydroquinone glycosides:
arbutin (0.2-0.7%)
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Cyanogenic glycosides: tetraphylline B (barterin)
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.): Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
No information is available.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Damiana preparations are used as an
aphrodisiac and for prophylaxis and treatment of sexual
disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Damiana
How
Turnera diffusa
Capsules — 380 mg, 384 mg, 395 mg, 450 mg
TRADE NAMES
Fluid Extract — 1:1
Damiana Leaves (from various manufacturers), Wild Countryside Damiana Leaves
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves harvested during the flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow, solitary and
axillary. The fruit is a small, globular, many-seeded capsule,
which breaks up into 3 parts. It is aromatic and resinous.
Supplied:
LITERATURE
Auterhoff H, Haufel HP, (1968) Arch Pharm 301:537.
Dominguez XA, Hinojosa M, (1976) Planta Med 30:68.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3: W de
Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small shrub that grows
up to 60 cm high. The leaves are 1 to 2.5 cm long and up to 6
mm wide. They are smooth and pale green on the upper
surface and glabrous with a few scattered hairs on the ribs
underneath. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled
and have 2 glands at the base. They have a few serrate teeth
and recurved margins.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Habitat: The plant is found mainly in the region of the Gulf
of Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Africa.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Production: Damiana leaf consists of the leaf of Turnera
diffusa and its variations. Damiana herb consists of the herb
of Turnera diffusa and its variations.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Jin J, (1966) Lloydia 29(3):250.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale
TRADE NAMES
k
Dandelion Root (available from various manufacturers)
Alcohol-Free Dandelion, Wild Countryside Dandelion Root
DANDELION
245
Triterpenes and sterols: beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol-glucosides, taraxasterol, psi-taraxasterol, taraxerol, taraxol
Flavonoids: including among others, apigenin-7-O-glucosides, luteolin-7-O-glucosides
Mucilages
Inulin (2-40%, high values in autumn)
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves
harvested before the flowering season, the dried root
collected in autumn, the dried aerial parts with the rhizome
harvested before the flowering season and the whole fresh
plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flower is a golden yellow composite
flower. The composite head is solitary and has a diameter of
3 to 5 cm. All the florets are lingual and androgynous. The
epicalyx is oblong-campanulate. The tepals are arranged in 3
imbricate rows, 2 of which are turned back. The inner one is
long acuminate with a white margin and erect. The
receptacle has no bracts. The fruit is small, long-beaked,
light gray-brown, ribbed and has a parachute-like tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial, hardy and is
found in a number of forms. It grows to about 30 cm tall and
has a short rhizome. The rhizome turns into a many-headed,
20 to 50 cm long and 2 cm thick taproot. The hollow stem is
erect or ascending. The basal leaves are glabrous or villous,
usually deeply notched, lanceolate and lobed like a saw.
They narrow to a red-violet tinged petiole and end in a large
deltoid tip.
Characteristics: The flower opens in the morning and closes
in the evening remaining closed all night and in dull weather.
The plant parts contain bitter latex.
Habitat: Dandelion grows in most temperate regions of
Europe and Asia.
Production: Dandelion root with herb consists of the entire
Taraxacum officinale plant gathered while flowering. It is air
dried.
Not to be Confused With: Cichorium intybus and the leaves
of various Leontodon species.
Other Names: Blowball, Cankerwort, Lion's Tooth, Priest's
Crown, Swine Snout, Wild Endive
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpene lactones (bitter substances): including, among
others, taraxinacety 1 - 1 ' - O - glucosides, 11,13- dihydrotaraxinacetyl - 1 ' - O - glucosides, taraxacolide - 1 ' - O - glucosides,
4alpha, 15,11 beta, 13 - tetrahydroridentin B
EFFECTS
The amaroids in Dandelion are cholagogic and secretolytic
in the upper intestinal tract. The saluretic effect demonstrated
in animal experiments requires further investigation.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
Dyspeptic complaints
Infections of the urinary tract
Liver and gallbladder complaints
Loss of appetite
Unproven Uses: Dandelion is used internally for disturbances in bile flow, inflammatory conditions of the efferent
urinary tract, and dyspepsia. It is also used for liver and
gallbladder disorders, hemorrhoids, congestion in the portal
system, gout, rheumatic disorders, eczema, and other skin
disorders. The drug has a diuretic effect and is used for
kidney and bladder complaints and kidney stone formation.
A diabetic infusion is made from the roots and leaves.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for acute mastitis.
urinary disorders, and agalactia.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for chronic ulcers.
tuberculosis, flatulence, colic, kidney disease, gout, jaundice.
and biliary stones.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications include closure of the biliary ducts.
gallbladder empyema, and ileus. Consultation with a doctor
is necessary in the presence of biliary ailments.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Superacid
_ gastric complaints are possible due to the drug's secretionstimulating effect. The drug possesses weak potential for
sensitization reactions.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut, and powdered drug is
available in the form of drops, tinctures, juice, and in
compound preparations.
How Supplied:
Capsules—425 mg, 475 mg, 515 mg, 520 mg,
Liquid—1:1
2 4 6 /DANDELION
Preparation: To make a tea, use 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls finely
cut drug with 150 ml rapidly boiled water; strain after 15
minutes and drink warm.
To make a decoction, use 3 to 4 gm cut and powdered drug
per cup of water. To make an infusion, use 3 to 4 gm cut
drug per 1 cup of water.
For an extract, mix 1 part coarsely powdered Dandelion root
with 8 parts of water and 1 part spirit of wine.
Daily Dosage: When using a tincture, the recommended
dosage is 10 to 15 drops 3 times daily. A cup of the freshly
made tea can be taken mornings and evenings.
Storage: The drug should be protected from light and
moisture.
LITERATURE
Baba K et al., (1981) Yakugaku Zasshi 101(6):538.
Bohm K, (1959) Untersuchungen iiber choleretische Wirkungen
einiger Arzneipflanzen. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 9:376.
Budzianowski J, Coumarins, caffeoyltartaric acids and their
artifactual estres from Taraxacum officinale. In: PM 63(3):288.
1997.
Czygan FC, Taraxacum officinale WIGGERS - Der Lowenzahn.
In: ZPT 11(3):99. 1990.
Hansel R et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:857.
Kotobuki Seiyaku KK, (1981) Pat. JP 81/10117 Japan.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
• Stuttgart 1997.
Daphne mezereum
See Mezereon
Date Palm
Phoenix
dactylifera
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are androgynous and are in
branched, cob-like inflorescences. The 3 carpels form 1
ovary. The fruit is a 1-seeded berry about 5 cm long (the date
with the characteristic seed).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The Date Palm is a woody plant
growing primarily in girth. The leaves form a large longpetioled tuft at the top of the trunk. The lamina are frond-like
pinnatifid.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
Habitat: Date Palm is found from India to northern Africa.
Rauwald HW, Huang DT, (1985) Phytochemistry 24(7): 1557.
Production: Dates are the fruits of Phoenix dactylifera.
Further information in:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FRUIT PULP
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leucoanthocyanidine
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Piperidine derivatives: pipecolic acid, 5-hydroxy-pipecolic
acid, baikiaine
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Sugar (50%): saccharose, inverted sugar
COMPOUNDS: IN THE SEEDS
Fatty oil (10%)
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Indian Medicine: Date Palm is used for bronchitis, clouding
of the cornea, headaches, inflamed wounds, kidney disease
and gastric complaints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
DOSAGE
Preparation: Honey made from dates is produced in Algeria
using juice-rich dates, which are dried in the sun; the leftover
liquid results in date honey. Date honey is used to treat chest
complaints.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8. Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Wylegalla R, Biblische Botanik: Pflanzen und F-iichte aus dem
gelobten Land. In: DAZ 137(11):867-869. 1997.
Datura stramonium
See Jimson Weed
Daucus carota
See Wild Carrot
DEVIL"S CLAW / 2 4 7
capsules contain about 50 dark oblong seeds with a rough
surface.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and leafy. It
has a branched root system and branched, prostrate shoots 1
to 1.5 m long. The leaves are petiolate and lobed, and may be
opposite or alternate. The aerial parts of the plant die back in
the dry season. The tuber (storage) roots are formed from the
main and lateral roots. The main roots have obtuse,
quadrangular, upright collar-like sections, 10 to 20 cm long
and 30 to 60 cm thick, which are covered in a fissured cork
layer. The nodes of the lateral roots are up to 60 mm thick
and 20 cm long, and are light-brown to red-brown on the
outside. The roots extend out to an area of about 150 cm
around the plant and grow down to a depth of 30 to 60 cm.
Characteristics: The dried, pulverized secondary tubers and
roots are yellowish-gray to bright pink and horn-like in their
hardness. They have a bitter taste.
Habitat: The plant originated in South Africa and Namibia,
and has spread throughout the Savannas and the Kalahari.
Delphinium consolida
Production: Devil's Claw root consists of the dried lateral
roots and secondary tubers of Harpagophytum procumbens.
The lateral roots are cut into slices or pieces, or pulverized
immediately after digging because they harden and become
very difficult to cut once dry.
See
Other Names: Grapple Plant, Wood Spider
Larkspur
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Delphinium staphisagria
See Stave sac re
Devil's Claw
Harpagophytum procumbens
Liridoide monoterpenes: including harpagoside (extremely
bitter), harpagide, procumbide
Phenylethanol derivatives: including acteoside (verbascoside); isoacteoside
Oligosaccharides: stachyose
Harpagoquinones (traces)
EFFECTS
TRADE NAMES
Devil's Claw (available from a number of manufacturers),
Devil's Claw Secondary Root, Devil's Claw Root Tuber
DESCRIPTION
* Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried tubular
secondary roots and the thick lateral tubers.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow on short pedicles in the
leaf axils and are solitary, large and foxglove-like. The petals
are pale-pink to crimson. The seed capsules are bivalvular,
compressed at the sides and ovate. The capsules are 7 to 20
cm long, 6 cm in diameter, and very woody with longitudinally striped rind. They have a double row of elastic, armlike, branched appendages with an anchor-like hook. The
Devil's Claw stimulates gastric juice secretion and is
choleretic. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic (and tiius anti-arthritic) effect has been shown in animal experiments.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
• Rheumatism
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Devil's Claw is used as an
ointment for skin injuries and disorders. The dried root is
used for pain relief; pregnancy discomforts; arthritis; allergies; metabolic disorders; and kidney, bladder, liver and
2 4 8 / D E V I L ' S CLAW
gallbladder disorders. In South Africa it is used for fevers
and digestive disorders. Devil's Claw is also used for
supportive therapy of degenerative disorders of the CNS
system.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Eichler O, Koch C, (1970) Arzneim Forsch 20(1): 107.
Erdos A et al., (1978) Planta Med 34:97.
Haag-Berrurier, M et al., (1978) Plant Med Phytother 12(3): 197.
Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ
137(8):611-613. 1997.
Homeopathic Uses: Chronic rheumatism is the primary use
for Devil's Claw in homeopamy.
Lichti H, Von Wartburg A. (1964) Tetrahedron Letters 15:835.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Sticher O, (1977) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 32:1279.
The drug should not be used in the presence of stomach or
duodenal ulcers, due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice
secretion.
Tunmann P, Stierstorfer N. Tetrahedron Letters 15:1697.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
drug has a sensitizing effect.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As comminuted drug for infusions
and other preparations for internal use, as an ointment for
external use.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 405 mg, 480 mg, 510 mg, 520 mg
Tablets
Preparation: To make an infusion, use 1 teaspoonful
(equivalent to 4.5 g) comminuted drug with 300 ml boiling
water. Steep for 8 hours and strain.
Daily Dosage: For loss of appetite, the recommended dosage
is 1.5 g of drug; otherwise 4.5 g of drug is used. The infusion
can be taken 3 times a day.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times a day, or from D3 1 ml injection
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1). The ointment is applied 1
to 3 times a day. For external use, 1 dessertspoon of the
tincture should be diluted with 250 ml and used for washes
or poultices.
Wenzel P, Wegener T, (1995) Teufelskralle. Ein pflanzliches
Antirheumatikum. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 135(13): 1131-1144.
Wolf E. Teufelskralle hat Entzundungen im Griff. In: PZ
142(14): 1122. 1997.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Dicentra cucullaria
See Turkey Corn
Storage: Store Devil's Claw in a container that protects it
from light and moisture. ,
Dictamnus albus
LITERATURE
See Burning Bush
Abramowitz M, (1979) Med Letters 21:30.
Amling R, Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT
12(1):9. 1991.
Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
bringen sie? In: DAZ1136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
Baghdikian B et al., An analyticyl study, anti-inflammatory and
analgesic effects of Harpagophytum procumbens and
Harpagophytum zeyheri. In: PM 63(2): 171-176. 1997.
Carle R, Pflanzliche Antiphlogistika und Spasmolytika. In: ZPT
9(3):67. 1988.
Circosta C et al., (1984) J Ethnopharmacol 11:259.
Digitalis
Digitalis purpurea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves (in
powder form), the ripe dried seeds, the fresh leaves of the 1year-old plant or the leaves of the 2-year-old plant collected
at the beginning of flowering. In the past, the drug of
Digitalis purpurae was the raw material employed in
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
DIGITALIS/249
isolating the cardiac glycosides. Today, Digitalis lantana is
used.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are carmine red with whiteedged spots on the inside. The flowers appear in long
> hanging racemes. They have 5 free, short-tipped sepals. The
corolla is about 4 cm long, campanulate, bilabiate with an
obtuse upper lip and an ovate tip on the lower lip. The flower
is glabrous on the outside and has a white awn on the inside.
There are 2 long and 2 short stamens, and 1 superior ovary.
The fruit is a 2-valved, ovate, glandular, villous capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a biennial with a
branched tap root. In the first year it develops a leaf rosette.
In the second it produces a 2 m high, erect, unbranched,
gray, tomentose stem. The leaves are alternate, ovate,
tapering upward and petiolate. Almost all leaves are crenate;
only the highest ones are entire-margined.
Characteristics: The plant is very poisonous; it tastes hotbitter with a slightly unpleasant odor.
Habitat: Digitalis is indigenous to Europe. It was introduced
to the east and the American continent.
Production: Digitalis leaves are the leaves of Digitalis
purpurea or of Digitalis lanata. Digitalis lanata corresponds
to Digitalis purpurea but has a milder effect. The rose leaves
are harvested during the first period of vegetation in early
autumn. The drying period is decisive for the content of
cardenolide glycosides. The temperature for drying is 30° C
to 50° C.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion seldom occurs due to
cultivation under controlled conditions.
Other Names: Foxglove, Dead Men's Bells, Dog's Finger,
Fairy Fingers, Fairy Gloves, Finger Rower, Folks' Glove,
Lion's Mouth, Ladies' Glove, Witches' Gloves, Gloves of
Our Lady, Fairy Caps, Fairy Thimbles, Virgin's Glove
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides 0.5 to 1.5%):
including ones of the - A-sequence (aglycone digitoxigenin): purpurea glycoside A (primary glycoside), digitoxin (secondary glycoside)
- B-sequence (aglycone gitoxigenin): purpurea glycoside
B (primary glycoside), gitoxin (secondary glycoside), Digitalinum verum
Steroid saponin: including desgalactotigonin. digitonine,
purpureagitoside
Anthracene derivatives: anthraquinones
EFFECTS
The drug contains cardioactive cardenolide glycosides that
are positively inotropic, negatively chronotropic and improve
the contraction power of cardiac muscle.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug's use originated
in Ireland, then came to Scotland and England and finally to
central Europe. It was used to treat ulcers in the lower
abdomen, boils, headaches, abscesses and paralysis. Externally, the drug was used for the granulation of poorly healing
wounds and to cure ulcers. Furthermore, the drug was used
for cardiac insufficiency, especially high blood pressure.
Use of the raw product has become obsolete because the
effect is not reproducible. The use of pure glycosides is
recommended instead. Digitoxin is available in mono
preparations (extract) and is used as an isolated pure
substance.
Homeopathic Uses: Digitalis purpurea is used for cardiac
insufficiency and migraine.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Because of the narrow therapeutic range of digitalis
glycosides, a certain percentage of patients may experience
side effects immediately upon administration of therapeutic
dosages: hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite,
vomiting, diarrhea and headache.
Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of
arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methylxanthines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the
risks of cardiac arrhythmias.
OVERDOSAGE
With overdosage, in addition to the already-mentioned
symptoms, the following can also occur:
Heart: cardiac rhythm disorders, all the way up to lifethreatening ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia with
atrioventricular block
Central nervous system: stupor, visual disorders, depression,
confused states, hallucinations, psychoses
- E-sequence (aglycone gitaloxigenin): glucoverodoxin,
glucogitaloxin, gitaloxin
Lethal dosages lead to heart failure or asphyxiation. Administration over extended periods leads in rare cases to
gynecomastia. Because of the difficulties in standardizing
the drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be
preferred (digitoxin).
Pregnane glycosides:
digitalonin
The first measures to be taken in case of poisoning are
gastric lavage and activated charcoal instillation. All other
including
digipurpurin,
diginin,
2 5 0 /DIGITALIS
measures proceed according to the symptoms. For loss of
potassium, careful replenishment is necessary. For ectopic
irritation build-up in the ventricle, administration of phenytoin as an antiarrhythmatic is recommended. Lidocaine
should be used in cases of ventricular extrasystole, and for
partial atrioventricular block, atropine is recommended. The
prophylactic installation of a pacemaker is often necessary.
For elimination of the glycosides hemoperfusion is possible,
the administration of cholestyramine for interrrupting the
enterohepatic circulation and/or the application of digitoxin
antibodies (antigen-binding fragments, digitalis antidote
{Boehringer Mannheim}, is very likely only fully effective
with digitoxin poisoning).
The drugs and pure glycosides should be administered in the
following situations (among others): atrioventricular block of
the 2nd and 3rd degree, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia,
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm, WPWsyndrome.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Today, the drug is obsolete. Due to
the lack of reproductivity of content, the use of appropriate
pure glycosides is advisable. Digitoxin is contained in mono
preparations (extract) and used as an isolated pure substance.
Preparation: Tincture: shaken for 1 day in 25% ethanol at a
ratio of 1:10.
The manufacture of the digoxin and digitoxin is a complicated process that involves fermentation, extraction and
evaporation.
Storage: Store carefully away from sources of light.
LITERATURE
Brisse B, Anwendung pflanzlicher Wirkstoffe bei kardialen
Erkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(4): 107. 1989.
Buschauer A, Entwicklung neuer positiv inotroper Arzneistoffe:
Suche nach einm "Digitalisersatz". In: PZW 134(1)3. 1989.
Cohn JN, (1974) J Am Med Ass 229: 1911.
Holtje HD, Molecular Modelling von Digitaloiden. In: PZ
137(37):2812. 1992.
Ikeda Y et al., Quantitative HPLC analysis of cardiac
glycosides in Digitalis purpurea. In: JNP 58(6):897-901. 1995.
Lichius JJ, Weber R, Kirschke M, Liedtke S, Brieger D, Neues
vom Fingerhut und seinen Kaffeesaureestern. In: DAZ
135(40):3794-3800. 1995.
Lustenberger, B, In: Lustenberger J (Basler Dissertationen zur
Geschichte der Pharmazie und Naturwissenschaften, Bd. 4), Der
Weg zur Etablierung der Reinglykoside in der Digitalistherapie.
Juris Druck - Verlag Dietikon. 1993.
Rail B, Herzinsuffizienz: Was bringt die Digitalis-Therapie? In:
DAZ 137(3): 126-27. 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Thomas R e t al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:1649.
Tschesche R, Briigmann G, Tetrahedron 20:1469-1475. 1964.
Voigt G, Hiller K, Sci Pharm 55:201-207. 1987.
Wichtl M, Buhl W, Huesmann G, DAZ 127:2391-2400. 1987.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Digitalis Lanata
Digitalis lanata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The leaves are the medicinal part of the
plant.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is long and densely
flowered, with racemes facing all directions. The bracts are
glandular-haired with ciliate edges. The flower structures are
in fives. The sepals are fused, the calyx tubular. The petals
are fused to a campanulate corolla, which is glandular-haired
on, the outside, white with yellow-brown spots, 18 to 25 mm
long and unevenly bilabiate. The upper lip has 4 points, and
is flat and hem-like. The lower lip is almost as long as the
corolla tube and is turned away from it. There are 4 stamens,
often stretching out of the corolla tube. The ovaries are
superior, 2-chambered, clavate, glandular-haired, gradually
merging into the stigmas. The fruit is a 10 mm long
septicidal, brittle capsule. The seeds are approximately 1.5
mm long and red-brown.
DIGITALIS
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Digitalis lanata is a herbaceous
biennial or perennial, upright, up to 1.2 m high. The leaves
are sessile, simple, narrow-lanceolate, 15 to 35 cm long,
entire and ciiiate in the upper area of the shoot axis. The
stem is upright, usually green, grooved-edged, usually
glabrous below and long woolly-haired in the upper half.
The plant has a primary root with no shoot-bearing roots.
Habitat: The plant's habitat extends from Greece and the
Balkans across the northern coast of the Black Sea to the
Caucasus and the Caspian Sea.
Production: Woolly foxglove leaves are the dried leaves of
Digitalis lanata. Annual cultivation begins with sowing in
April; harvesting is between September and November. The
roughly cut leaves are dried for 10 to 12 hours at 50° C.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides) (0.5 to 1.5%)
of the following series, including:
A-series (aglycone digitoxigenin): including lanatoside A
(0.05 to 0.25%) glucodigifucoside (0.01 to 0.15%), glucoeM* vatromonoside (0.02 to 0.05%), digitoxin, alpha- and betaacetyldigoxin
LANATA/251
qualities, the drug is now obsolete and has been replaced by
pure cardenolide glycosides.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Because of the unsatisfactory reproducibility during production, this drug is obsolete today; the pure cardenolide
glycosides are used. The simultaneous administration of
arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methyl xanthines, phosphodiestrase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the
risk of cardiac arrhythmias.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Because of the difficulties involved in standardizing the drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be
preferred (digitoxin, digoxin, alpha-acetyldigoxin, beta-acetyldigoxin, lanatoside C, deslanoside). Patients receiving no
more than therapeutic dosages might experience the following side effects: hypertonias in gastrointestinal area, loss of
appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and headache.
Drug Interactions: Neither the drug nor pure glycosides
should be administered in the presence of first- and seconddegree AV-Block, hypercalcemia, hypokaliemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ventricle
tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm or WPW syndrome.
OVERDOSAGE
B-series (aglycone gitoxigenin): lanatoside B (0.01 to
0.15%), glucogitoroside (0.02 to 0.12%), Digitalinum verum
(0.02 to 0.12%), gitoxin, alpha- and beta-acetylgitoxin
With overdosage, in addition to the symptoms above, the
following can also occur:
C-series (aglycone digoxigenin): lanatoside C (0.08 to
0.24%), desacetyl lanatoside C, digoxin
Heart: Cardiac rhythm disorders as serious as life-threatening ventricular tachycardias and atrial tachycardias with
atrioventricular block.
D-series (aglycone diginatigenin): lanatoside D, diginatin,
diginatigenin gitaloside
Central nervous system: Dizziness, vision disorders, depressions, states of confusion, hallucinations, psychoses.
E-series (aglycone gitaloxigenin): lanatoside E, glucoveredoxin (0.01 to 0.14%), glucoverodoxin (0.02 to 0.12%),
gitaloxin
Pregnane derivatives: including digifolein, glucodigifolein,
diginin, digipronin, lanafolein, gitonine
Steroid saponins: including lanagitosides I and II, tigonin,
desglucolanatigonin, aglycones including tigogenin, digalogenin, digitogenin, gitogenin
EFFECTS
The cardioactive cardenolide glycosides contained in the
drug are positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic.
Digitalis lanata is known to be highly resorbent when
administered orally. It produces rapid results and wideranging effects; has strong diuretic properties; is quickly
abating; and demonstrates good tolerability. Digitalis lanata
has three times the physiological effect of Digitalis purpurea
and is preferred for its fast-acting effect. Despite these
Lethal dosages (for humans, 2 to 3 g of the drug) initially
lead to signs of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea caused by
irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Slowed pulse, extrasystoles and conduction disturbances result from resorption.
These are followed by ventricular fibrillation and later death
from cardiac arrest.
The first-aid measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric
lavage and instillation of medicinal charcoal. All otherr
measures proceed according to the symptoms: careful
potassium substitution for potassium; phenytoin as an
antiarrhythmic for ectopic stimulation formation in the
ventricle; lidocaine for ventricular extrasystole; atropine for
partial atrioventricular block.
The prophylactic insertion of a cardiac pacemaker is
recommended. Hemoperfusion for the elimination of the
glycosides and cholestyramine administration for the interruption of the enterohepatic circulation are possible.
2 5 2 / D I G I T A L I S LANATA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Mode of Administration: The drug is not used today. The
following preparation and supply information is for historical
reference.
The stem is branched above, with a bluish bloom. The leaves
are double and more pinnate, feathery, white-tipped leaflets
with a deep groove on the upper surface. The leaf sheath is
oblong with a thick-skinned edge.
How Supplied: Whole and powdered drug.
Characteristics: Dill has an aromatic scent.
Preparation: Tincture; powder: ethanol 25%; 1:10; succussed for 24 hours.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean
region, southern Russia, and cultivated throughout Europe as
well as North and South America.
DOSAGE
Storage: Store securely and protect from light.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kallfelz HC, Reinhardt D, Treatment of heart insufficiency in
infancy and childhood with a combined drug made of digitalis
lanata glycosides, Thei Ggw, 110:357-8 passim, 1971 Mar.
Production: Dill herb consists of the fresh or dried leaf and
upper stem of Anethum graveolens. Dill seed consists of the
dried fruit of Anethum graveolens.
Other Names: Dilly
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : DILL HERB
Volatile oil (0.5 to 1.5%): chief constituents are carvone, dill
apiole, (+) limonene
Pitra J, Hor(3k P. Cardiac glycosides. XII. Digoxin, the
fermented drug of undulating foxglove (Digitalis lanata EHRH)
Cesk Farm, 21:142-4. 1972 May.
Phthalides
Schneider KW, Gattenlohner W, Different changes of central
hemodynamic: due to Digitalis purpura and ianata preparations,
Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med, 77:980-2, 1971.
No information is available.
E F F E C T S : DILL HERB
C O M P O U N D S : DILL FRUIT
Digitalis lanata
See
Digitalis
Lanata
Volatile oil (2.5 to 4.0%): chief constituents are carvone
(approximately 50%), dill apiole, (+) — limonene
Phtalides
Fatty oil
Digitalis purpurea
See Digitalis
Furanocoumarins: including bergaptene
Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone
E F F E C T S : DILL F R U I T
Dill
Anethum graveolens
The fruit of the Dill plant has an antispasmodic effect on the
smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, and a bacteriostatic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
DILL H E R B
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the seed, the fresh or
dried leaves and the upper stem.
Unproven Uses: Dill herb is used for prevention and
treatment of diseases and disorders of the gastrointestinal
tract, kidney and urinary tract, for sleep disorders and for
spasms.
Flower and Fruit: The yellow flowers are in large, 20 to 50
rayed umbels. There is no involucre or calyx. The petals
have an inward-curving point, which is not indented. The
fruit is flattened and oval with a rib on the back, which is
sharp-edged. Ribs that appear on the edge have a winged
edge.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 40 to 120 cm tall. The
stem is erect, round, smooth, dark-green and white-striped.
DILL FRUIT
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic Complaints
Indian Medicine: Dill is used for halitosis, worm infestation,
complaints of the repiratory tract and syphilis.
DIVI-DIVI / 2 5 3
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DILL HERB
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DILL FRUIT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Photodermatosis is possible after contact with the
juice of the freshly harvested plant.
Poggendorf A, Gockeritz D, Pohloudek-Fabini R, Der Gehalt an
atherischem 01 in Anethum graveolens, m: PA 32(10):607.
1977.
Varo PT, Heinz DE. (1970) J Agric Food Chem. 18:234 et 239.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979
DOSAGE
DILL F R U I T
Mode of Administration: Whole seeds and crushed fruits are
used to make teas and other galenic preparations for internal
application.
Dionaea muscipula
See
Venus
Flytrap
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage of the seeds is 3
gm; essential oil daily dose is 0.1 to 0.3 gm.
LITERATURE
DILL HERB
Badoc A, Contribution a 1'etude du genre Anethum. In:
Memoire Diplome superieur Rech Biol et Physiol, Univ Sci
£ Techn Lille Flandres Artois No. 122. Dec. 1986.
Dioscorea villosa
See
Wild Yam
Debelmas AM, Rochat J. (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23.
Dipsacus silvestris
Dranik LI. (1970) Khim Prir Soed 6:268.
See
Teazle
Gijbels MJ et al., (1983) Sci Pharm 51:414.
Harborne JB. (1969) Phytochemistry 8:1729.
Kosawa M et al., (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:220.
Poggendorf A, Gockeritz D, Pohloudek-Fabini R, Der Gehalt an
atherischem 01 in Anethum graveolens. In: PA 32(10):607.
1977.
Varo PT, Heinz DE, (1970) J Agric Food Chem 18:234 et 239.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
DILL FRUIT
A* Badoc A, Contribution a 1'etude du genre Anethum. In:'
Memoire Diplome superieur Rech Biol et Physiol, Univ Sci
Techn Lille Flandres Artois No. 122, Dec. 1986.
Debelmas AM, Rochat J, (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23.
Dranik LI, (1970) Khim Prir Soed 6:268.
Gijbels MJ et al., (1983) Sci Pharm 51:414.
Harborne JB, (1969) Phytochemistry 8:1729.
Kosawa M et al., (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:220.
Dipteryx odorata
See
Tonka
Beans
Divi-Divi
Caesalpinia bonducella
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is seed.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are dorsiventrally zygomorphous and arranged in dense clusters. The sepals are free or
fused at their base, or fused to the base of the petals and
stamens to form the corolla. The petals are separate from
each other but have an ascending bud covering. There are
twice as many stamens as petals, usually 10. The ovary
always has only 1 carpel. The fruit is indehiscent or a legume
with yellow nuts.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Divi-Divi is a tree or shrub that
grows to a height of 9 m, with alternate entire-margined or
double-pinnate thorny leaves.
254/DIVI-DIVI
Habitat: Sri Lanka, Brazil, South America
Production: Nikkar nuts are the seeds of Caesalpinia
bonducella.
- Other Names: Nikkar Nuts, Nichol Seeds, Gray Nicker
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil (20 to 25%, bonduc nut oil): chief fatty acids are
linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid
Proteins
Starch
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a leafless parasite up to
150 cm high. The stem is yellow or reddish, thread-like,
branched, with sucking roots, and climbing.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe, Asia and South Africa.
Production: Dodder
epithymum.
whole
plant
Saponins
A purgative principle
The drug has been subjected to very little investigation.
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Dodder has hepatic and laxative effects.
Indian Medicine: The roasted seeds are used in febrile
illnesses and in the treatment of diabetes.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Seeds are ground and roasted for
internal use.
LITERATURE
Balmain et al., Tetrahedron 1967:5027. 1967.
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Cuscuta
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Saponins
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
of
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
Divi-Divi is a febrifuge and tonic.
the
Other Names: Lesser Dodder, Dodder of Thyme, Devil's
Guts, Beggarweed, Hellweed, Strangle Tare, Scaldweed
Diterpenes: including, among others, alpha-, beta-, gamma-,
eta-caesalpine
EFFECTS
is
Unproven Uses: Dodder is used for disorders of the urinary
tract, spleen and liver.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration ot designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. It is
conceivable that the drug triggers intestinal colic in cases of
overdosage.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Pagnani F, Ciarallo G, (1974^ Boll Chim Farm 113(1):30.
Dog Rose
Rosa canina
Dodder
Cuscuta epithymum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts of
the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are reddish, wax or fleshcolored. They are arranged in small clusters. The calyx is
divided into 5 and the corolla is fused to a 4 to 5 tipped tube
with fringed scales inside. There are 5 stamens and 1 ovary.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the petals, the Rose
hips with and without seeds and die seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The pink flowers are usually solitary or in
clusters of 2 or 3. The receptacle deepens to form a cup
whose upper edge the 5 pinnatifid sepals and 5 petals and
numerous stamens sit. There are long white silky hairs in ffie
receptacles and numerous ovaries. The ovaries grow into
stiff-haired nuts surrounded by the receptacle and become
the scarlet 'rosehip'.
DOG ROSE 255
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an approximately 1 to 3
m high shrub with hanging branches and erect root shoots
that are covered in tough, sickle-shaped prickles that are
appressed below. The leaves are pinnatifid with 5 to 7
ft, leaflets. They are markedly petiolate, obovate, smooth-margined, glabrous, glossy and dark green above, lighter and
simple-serrate beneath.
Characteristics: The sepals revolute at the end of the
flowering period and drop when the fruit ripens.
Habitat: Rosa canina grows in Europe and North Africa and
is extensively cultivated.
Production: Dog Rose fruit consist of the ripe, dried fruit
(nutlet) of various species of the genus Rosa particularly
Rosa moschata. The fruits are secondary products of Dog
Rose shells. Dog Rose shells consist of the ripe, fresh or
dried, opened seed receptacle, whole or cut and freed from
hairs, of Rosa canina, Rosa pendulina, Rosa rugosa, Rosa
moschata and other Rosa species. The ripe receptacles are
harvested by hand and dried in the air, sun or in drying plants
at a maximum temperature of 80° C. The dry Dog Roses are
broken up and the fruit and skins are separated by sieving.
\
Other Names: Brier Hip, Hip, Rose Hip, Sweet Briar, Brier
Rose, Eglantine Gall, Hogseed, Dog-Berry, Sweet Brier,
Wild Brier, Witches' Brier
A C T I O N S A N D PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: DOG ROSE FRUITS
Fatty oil (8 to 10%)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOG ROSE FRUITS
Unproven Uses: Dog Rose fruits are used in folk medicine
for disorders of the efferent urinary tract and the kidneys.
kidney stones, rheumatic conditions such as rheumatism, and
gout, colds, scurvy and febrile conditions.
DOG ROSE SHELLS
Unproven Uses: Dog Rose shells are used in folk medicine
for colds and 'flu,1 intestinal conditions, digestive complaints, vitamin C deficiency, gallstones, subacidic-stomach.
infectious diseases, conditions of the efferent urinary tract.
edema, rheumatism and gout, bleeding and leucorrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOG ROSE FRUITS AND SHELLS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
DOG ROSE FRUITS
Mode of Administration: Dog Rose fruits are available as
whole and powdered drug.
Daily Dosage: The single dose is 2 gm drug.
Storage: Dog Rose should be stored in a dry and dark place.
DOG ROSE SHELLS
Mode of Administration: Dog Rose shells are available as
whole, crude and powdered drug.
Tocopherol (vitamin E)
Daily Dosage: Tea: 2 to 5 gm drug added to 1 cup and
steeped for 10 to 15 minutes
Volatile oil (0.3%)
Storage: Should be stored in dark place.
Proteic substances
EFFECTS: DOG ROSE FRUITS
The pectin and fruit acid content are responsible for the
diuretic and laxative effect.
COMPOUNDS: DOG ROSE SHELLS
LITERATURE
DOG ROSE SHELLS
Czygan FC, Rosa canina L. - Die Hunds- oder Heckenrose. In:
ZPT 10(5): 162. 1989.
Jaretzky R, Pharm Zentralh 82:229. 1941.
Flavonoids
Kurucu S, Coskun M, Kartal M, High pressure liquid
chromatographic determination of ascorbic acid in the fruits of
some Rosa species growing in Turkey. In: PM 58(7)75. 1992.
Fruit acids: malic acid, citric acid
Luckner M, BepMer O, PA 21:197. 1966.
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (12 to 15%): invert sugar, saccharose
Further information in:
Carotinoids
Pectins
Tannins
Vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.2 to 2.4%)
EFFECTS: DOG ROSE SHELLS
The drug is a vitamin C supplement
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients U«d
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
2 5 6 / D O G ROSE
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
DOG ROSE FRUITS
Czygan FC, Rosa canina L. - Die Hunds- oder Heckenrose. In:
ZPT 10(5): 162. 1989.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Dog-Tree, Box Tree, Boxwood, Budwood,
False Box, Cornelian Tree, Cornel, Bitter Redberry, Green
Ozier, Swamp Dogwood, Silky Cornel, Osier, Rose Willow
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Steroid saponins: including sarsapogenin-O-beta-D-galactoside, sarsapogenin-0-beta-D-xylosyl-( I (2)-beta-D-galactoside
Iridoide monoterpenes: cornin (verbenalin)
Tannins
Jaretzky R. Pharm Zentralh 82:229. 1941.
EFFECTS
Luckner M, Bepler O. PA 21:197. 1966.
Effect on mollusks: The drug destroys the biomphalaria
glabratus snails (carrier of bilharziose).
Further information in:
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Cardiac effect: Heart activity, at different levels up to the
cessation of heartbeat, is examined depending on the
concentration of the methanol extract.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New York
1980.
Antiplasmodic effect: Induced malaria on chicks and Peking
ducks was treated for 5 days with a water-insoluble fraction.
As a result, antiplasmodic activity toward P. cathemerium
could be observed, similar to that deployed by quinine and
sulfadiazine. To date, the results cannot be sufficiently
assessed.
Dogwood
Comus florida
The bark works as a tonic, an astringent and a stimulant.
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark. Fresh
bark is also used occasionally.
Unproven Uses: In North America, the dried bark was used
in folk medicine for strength, to stimulate appetite, for fever
and for chronic diarrhea. It is used externally as an astringent
for wounds and boils. Formerly, it was in use as a
replacement for quinine. It is still used for headaches and
fatigue.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are sessile, small, greenish,
and in clusters of 12 to 20 at the splayed end of a tough, 3
cm long stem. The bracts are white or pale reddish, ovate to
long and are longer than the inflorescence. The petals are
about 4 mm long. The fruit is a scarlet berry.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a deciduous shrub or a 4
to 9 m high tree, which is heavily branched and has a dark
gray, thick and rough bark. The branches are smooth and
covered in leaf scars. The leaves are 7 to 10 cm long,
opposite, petiolate, entire, ovate acuminate at both ends, and
somewhat rough. The upper surface is dark green. In autumn
the upper surface is bright red to violet. The underside is
always whitish-green. The leaves are slightly pubescent
when young.
Habitat: Cornus florida is indigenous to eastern and southern
North America; other varieties are found in Europe.
Production: American Boxwood bark and root-bark are the
dried and occasionally fresh bark and root-bark of Cornus
florida. It is collected in the wild.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses include for poor digestion and
chronic attacks of fever.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Formerly the drug was used
internally as a tincture as an alternative to quinine and
externally as a liquid extract.
Homeopathic Dosage: Oral: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules
every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day (HAB34).
Preparation: Decoction or infusion (no specifications).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
D R Y O P T E R I S FILIX-MAS / 2 5 7
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Caetano-Anolles G, Trigiano RN, Windham MT, Sequence
signatures from DNA amplification fingerprints reveal fine
population structure of the dogwood pathogen Discula
destructiva. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 145:377-83, 1996 Dec 15
COMPOUNDS
4f._ Jacobs, B, In: Jacobs ML. Burlage HM: Index of Plants of
North Carolina with Reputed Medicinal Uses, USA. 1958.
Jensen SR, Kjaer A, Nielsen BJ, Biochem Syst Ecol 3:75-78.
1975.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hostettmann K. Hostettmann-Kaldas M, Nakanishi K, Helv
Chim Acta 61:1990. 1978.
Ester resins (dracoresin): benzoyl ester of dracoresinotannol
Dracoresen
Flavane quinones: including dracorubin (dracocarmin), dracorhodin, both colored an intense red
EFFECTS
Dragon's Blood has an astringent effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The resin is used for diarrhea, digestive
disorders and as a coloring agent.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Dorema ammoniacum
See
Ammoniac
Gum
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The resin is used in a powder form.
LITERATURE
* Dorstenia contrayerva
See
Contrayerva
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Merlini L, Gasini G, J Chem Soc Perkin I 1976:1570. 1976.
Dragon's Blood (Xue-Jie)
Daemonorops
Rao SR et al., JNP 45:646. 1982.
draco
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the red resin from the
fruit, which is extracted from both Daemonorops draco and
Daemonorops propinquis.
See Winter's Bark
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged along the
branch. The fruit is a cherry-sized berry ending in a point.
When the fruit are ripe, they are covered in a reddish,
resinous substance, which is separated in various ways.
Drosera ramentacea
Leaves, Stem and Root: Dragon's Blood is a tree with long,
thin, flexible stems, which are inclined to climb when they
are older. The leaves have thorny petioles, which grow into
long appendages. The bark is covered in hundreds of
flattened thorns.
Habitat: Malaysia, Indonesia.
Production: Dragon's Blood resin is the resin of Daemonorops draco.
Other Names: Dracorubin, Sanguis Draconis, Draconis
Resina, Xue-Jie
Drimys winteri
See Sundew
Dryas octopetala
See Mountain Avens
Dryopteris filix-mas
See Male Fern
258/DUCKWEED
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Duckweed
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The plant is available as fresh or
ground herb and as an extract.
Lemna minor
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant.
Flower and Fruit: The plant flowers infrequently. The tiny
inconspicuous flowers have 2 unevenly sized stamens and 1
pistil. A delicate membranous bract surrounds 3 flowers,
which are located on the edge of the stem. The fruit is
tubular with 1 ovule. The seeds have longitudinal ribs.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic:
once a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Lemna minor is a water plant with
leaf-like organs that are 2 to 6 mm long. They are flat, have 3
to 5 ribs, and are sometimes pigmented with red. Two to six
leaf-like shoots stick together, and each bears a root with a
rounded root cover.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Characteristics: The plant has leaf-like shoots with 1 root
per leaf.
Dusty Miller
Habitat: The plant is found worldwide in cooler, oceanic
climates. The plant is not found in east Asia and South
Africa.
Production: Duckweed is the fresh plant Lemna minor.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: in particular C-glucosyl-flavone, including
among others orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, lutonarin, vicenin-1; also O-glycosides, including among others
apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glycoside
Cyclopentane fatty
prostaglandin
acids,
with
structure
resembling
Polysaccharides: apiogalacturonans
Cardiac steroids (cardenolides)
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Duckweed is used internally for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and externally for gout and
rheumatism.
Chinese Medicine: Duckweed is used for measles, edema,
joint pain, dysuria, acne, erysipelas and epilepsy.
Homeopathic Uses: Duckweed is used for chronic colds.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Senecio bicolor
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh plant
harvested before flowering, the herb of the flowering plant,
and the whole fresh, flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous yellow capitula,
12 to 15 cm in diameter, on short peduncles. The calyx only
has a few sepals. There are 10 to 12 lingual florets. The fruit
is striped.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Senecio cineraria is a semi-shrub
that grows up to 80 cm high. The stem is erect, heavily
branched at the base, and sometimes snow-white tomentose.
The leaves are densely pubescent beneath and more or less
cobwebbed on the upper surface. They may have sparse
greenish hairs. The lower leaves are oval to lanceolate,
pinnatifid, and the outer lobes are usually longer than they
are wide.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to die Mediterranean
region, naturalized in North America and cultivated as an
ornamental plant in many countries.
Production: Cineraria juice is the juice of the whole Senecio
cinerarian plant.
Other Names: Cineraria Maritima
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.9% in the blossoming foliage):
including, among others, jaconine, jacobine, otosenine,
retrorsine, senecionine, seneciphylline
Polyynes
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EFFECTS
The active agents are the alkaloids jacobin, senecionin, and
otosenin These pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic and
carcinogenic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Though no longer recommended, the plant
previously was administered for ailments of the eye, as an
emmenagogic, and in cataplasms and oral rinses.
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, the juice is used to treat
eye-sight problems (for the treatment of spots before the
eyes), migraine, and as an emmenagogue.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Dusty Miller should not be taken internally (except in
homeopathic dosages) because of the potential hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids and the
1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances.
DWARF E L D E R / 2 5 9
Flowers and Fruit: The reddish-white flowers are in a
terminal, umbrella-like, richly blossomed, paniculate cyme
with 3 main branches. The calyx margin is 5-tipped. The
corolla has fused petals and is rotate with 5 acuminate tips.
The 5, stamens have dark red anthers and an inferior, 3valved ovary with 3 stigmas. The fruit is a black, globular,
berry-like drupe with at least 3 to 4 ovate seeds. When ripe,
the fruit stems are erect and violet or crimson.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Dwarf Elder is a perennial, herb-like
plant 0.5 to 2 m high with a sturdy, finger-thick, branched
rhizome that creeps deeply and horizontally. The stems are
leafy, erect, sturdy and branched above. They die off in
autumn. The leaves are crossed opposite, odd-pinate with 3
to 4 pairs of ovate-lanceolate leaflets and 2 large, ovatelanceolate, and serrate stipules.
Characteristics: The fragrance is similar to that of sunflowers or almond.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The use of the sterilized juice is no
longer recommended for internal use, nor is any other
preparation of Dusty Miller.
Habitat: The plant is found from southern Sweden throughout central and southern Europe, in northern Africa, in
western Asia as far as Iran, and in North America.
LITERATURE
Production: Dwarf Elder root is the root of Sambucus
ebulus, which is collected in the spring or late autumn and
then air-dried.
Adams R et ah, J Am Chem Soc 71:1953-1956. 1941.
Barger G et al., J Chem Soc:584. 1937.
Habib AM, PM 26:279. 1974.
Klasek A et al., Coll Czech Chem Comm 40:2524. 1975.
Nachmann RJ, PH 22:780-782. 1983.
Resch JF et al., PM 47:255. 1983.
Roder E, DAZ 132:2427. 1992.
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A):1.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 19921994 (unter Senecio bicolor).
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter
Cineraria maritima).
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994 (unter
Senecio bicolor).
Other Names: Dane wort, Wale wort, Blood Elder, Blood
Hilder
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoides: ebuloside, 6'-0-apiosyl-ebuloside, 7,7-0-dihydroebuloside, secoebuloside, isoswer-oside
Nauseant, purgative resins with unresolved structure
EFFECTS
The drug is said to be a mild diuretic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Dwarf Elder is used in folk medicine as an
ingredient in different teas prepared to assist in weight
reduction and alleviate rheumatism. The drug also is used for
constipation and as an emetic and to treat edema and kidney
disease.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Dwarf Elder
Sambucus ebulus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
the ripe, dried or fresh fruit and the dried roots.
Healtii risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
OVERDOSAGE
According to older scientific reports, large quantities of all
parts of the plant, (in particular the raw berries) leads to
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, cyanosis, dizziness, headache,
and unconsciousness. Cases of death are also mentioned.
2 6 0 / D W A R F ELDER
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Dwarf Elder is obsolete as a drug in
most countries. It is found in some tea mixtures, but is not
used in medicinal preparations.
LITERATURE
Gross GA, Phytochemische Untersuchungen von Inhaltsstoffen
der Zwergholunderwurzel, Dissertation Ziirich. 1985.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Petkov V, Markovska V, (1981) Plant Med Phytother 15(3): 172.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Dyer's Broom
Genista
tinctoria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The entire plant has medicinal applications.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in short, terminal
racemes. They are golden yellow and bean-shaped, 1.5 to 2
cm long and are on pedicles, which are shorter than the
calyx. The petal stems of the 4 lower petals are initially
straight, but in moments of tension, when for instance, they
are touched by an insect, they curl down suddenly and the
flower opens. The fruit is a smooth pod 2.5 to 3.5 cm long. It
is brown, compressed at the sides, and contains 5 to 10
seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 30 to 60 cm high,
always thornless subshrub with a creeping, woody rhizome.
The florescent green stems are smooth and produce fairly
rigid, smooth or pubescent forked branches, which sprout
lanceolate leaves. The leaves are alternate, glabrous, entiremargined, 1.25 to 2.5 cm long, nearly sessile, and with a
ciliate margin. The stipules are linear-awl-shaped.
Habitat: Dyer's Broom is indigenous to the Mediterranean
region, the Canary Islands, Europe and western Asia, and
cultivated elsewhere, including the eastern U.S.
Production: Dyer's Broom leaves are the green leaves of
Genista tinctoria.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Other Names: Dyer's Weed, Dyer's Greenwood, Dyer's
Whin, Furze, Green Broom, Greenweed, Wood Waxen
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Quinolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids — cytisine, methylcytisine, anagyrine, as well as isosparteine, lupanine,
tinctorin
Flavonoids: in particular luteolin glycosides
Isoflavonoids: genistein, genistin
Lectins
EFFECTS
The drug acts as a purifier, cathartic, diuretic, purgative and
emetic. It increases heart rate, strengthens the walls of blood
vessels, stimulates kidney blood circulation and affects
metabolism.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Formerly, the drug was used as a purgative
and to remove bladder stones, as well as for digestive
disorders and gout. Once an infusion has been taken,
breathing deepens and pain in the lumbar and pelvic region
is alleviated.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. Overdosage can lead to diarrhea and to symptoms
of a cystine poisoning. Anagyrine has exhibited teratogenic
effect in animal experiments.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as an
infusion.
Preparations: To prepare an infusion, use 1 teaspoonful of
the ground drug per cup of water.
Daily Dosage: Drink 1 to 2 cups of infusion daily.
LITERATURE
Atkinson JE et al., (1969) Tetrahedron 25:1507.
Bricout J, (1974) Phytochemistry 13:2819.
Harborne JB, (1969) Phytochemistry 8:1449.
Hrochova V, Sitaniova H, Farm Obz 51:131. 1982.
Inouye H et al., (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 4429.
Inouye H et al., (1970) Chem Pharm Bull 18:1856.
Lewis JR, Gupta P, (1971) J Chem Soc Chem Comm 4:629.
Rulko F, (1976) Pr Nauk Akad. Med Wroclawin 8:3.
Sadritdinov F, (1971) Farmakol Alkaloidov Serdechnykh
Glikozidov 146.
ECHINACEA / 261
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Swietek L, Dombrowicz E, (1984) Farm Pol 40(12):729.
Ulubelen A et al., (1971) Lloydia 34(2):258.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
J^, Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Characteristics: The taste is slightly sweet then bitter
leaving a tingling sensation on the tongue. The odor is faintly
aromatic.
Habitat: Echinacea purpurea and Echinaceae pallida grow in
the middle or eastern U.S. and is cultivated in Europe.
Production: Echinacea purpurea herb consists of the fresh,
above-ground parts, harvested at flowering time. The root
consists of the fresh or dried underground part, gathered in
autumn. Echinacea pallida herb consists of the fresh or dried
above-ground parts, collected at the time of flowering.
Echinacea angustifolia herb and root consist of the fresh or
dried roots, or above-ground parts collected at the time of
flowering.
Not to be Confused With: The herbs and roots of Echinacea
purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida have
different medicinal properties. Some Echinacea species may
be confused with or adulterated with Parthenium
integrifoium.
Other Names: Black Sampson, Niggerhead, Rudbeckia,
Sampson Root, Purple Coneflower, Hedgehog, Red
Sunflower
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Echinacea
Echinaceae
species
TRADE NAMES
Water-soluble immunostimulating polysaccharides (4-O-methylglucuronylarabinoxylans, acidic arabinorhamno-galactans)
Echinacea (available from numerous manafacturers), Echinacea Root, Echinacea Standardized, Echinacea Root Herbal,
Echinacea angustifolia Herb, Echinacea purpurea Root
Volatile oil (under 0.08-0.32%): components including
germacrene alcohol, borneol, bornylacetate, pentadeca-8-en2-on, germacrene D, caryophyllene, caryophyllene epoxide
DESCRIPTION
Flavonoids: ferulic acid derivatives including cichoriic acid,
cichoriic acid methyl ester, 2-0- caffeoyl-3-O-feruloyl-tartaric acid, 2,3-O-diferuloyl tartaric acid 2-O-caffeoyl tartaric
acid
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are, depending on
varieties, the roots, leaves or the whole plant in various
stages of development.
M
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
Flower and Fruit: The flower-heads are large and solitary on
terminal peduncles with spreading ray florets. The bracts are
in a number of rows. The bracts are leafy, rigid, thorny
tipped, and longer than the conical erect disc florets. The
reddish or occasionally white florets are conspicuous. The
Hgual florets are usually sterile and 3 cm long. The pappus is
small or absent.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Echinacea is usually a perennial herb
and grows up to 45 cm. in height. The leaves are large,
solitary, opposite or alternate and are smooth-margined.
They are 7 to 20 cm long and have a rough surface. The
leaves are entire-margined and are on slender petioles. A
transverse section of the rhizome shows a thin bark and a
yellowish, porous wood, which is flecked with black.
Alkamides: including undeca-2E,4Z-dien-8,10-diin acid- and
dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z- tetraen acid isobutylamide
Polyenes: trideca-l,ll-dien-3,5,7,9,-tetraine, trideca-1-en3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, trideca-8,10,12-trien-2,4,6-triine, pontica epoxide
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
Water-soluble immunostimulating polysaccharides
Water-soluble immunostimulating glycoproteins
Volatile oil (0.2%): components including caryophyllene,
humules, caryophyllene epoxide, dodeca-2,4-dien-l-yl-isovalerate, germacrene D, palmitic acid, linolenic acid
262/ECHINACEA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives (0.6-2.1%): including
cichoriic acid, cichoriic acid methyl ester, 2-0- caffeoyl
tartaric acid
Alkamides (0.01-0.04%): including undeca-2E,4Z-dien-8,10diinacetyl- and dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z-tetracetyliso-butylamide
Polyynes (0.01 mg/%): including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11 -pentain, trideca-1,1 l-dien-3,5,7,9,-tetraine, trideca-8,10,12-trien2,4,6-triine, pontica epoxide
Effective pyrrolizidine alkaloids: tussilagine, isotussilagine
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PALLIDA HERB
Volatile oil (0.1%)- including 1,8-pentadecadien
Flavonoids: in particular rutin
Caffeic acid derivatives: Cichoriic acid, chlorogenic acid,
isochlorogenic acid, verbascoside
Alkamides: including
butylamide
dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E-tetracetyliso-
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PALLIDA ROOT
Water-soluble immunstimulating polysaccharides (arabinorhamnogalactans)
Volatile oil (0.2 - 2%): chief components include pentadeca8Z-en-2-on, pentadeca-1,8Z-dien, 1 -pentadecan
Caffeic acid derivatives: echinacoside
Alkamides: including isomeric dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z-tetraenic acid-isobutylamide
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentain, pontica
epoxide
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB
Volatile oil (under 0.1%): typical components consist of
epishyobunol, beta-farnesene, alpha- and beta-pinenes, myrcene, carvomenthene, caryophyllene
Flavonoids
Caffeic acid derivatives: cichoriic acid, chlorogenic acid,
isochlorogenic acid, verbascoside, echinacoside
Alkamides:
including
isobutylamide
dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E-tetracetyl-
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, pontica
epoxide
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA ROOT
Volatile oil (under 1%): components include dodeca-2,4dien-1-ylisovalerate, as well as palmitic acid, linolenic acid
Flavonoids
Caffeic acid derivatives (0.3 to 1.3%): echinacoside, cynarin
Alkamides (0.01%): including dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z- tetracetyl isobutylamide
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, pontica
epoxide, in dehydrated roots only traces
EFFECTS: ALL VARIETIES
General
Echinacea activity is directed towards the nonspecific
cellular immune system. The herb exerts anti-inflammatory,
immunostimulating, bactericidal, and wound healing actions,
depending on the type of plant species. The main active
principles of the immunostimulating, antibacterial and virostatic drug are the alkamides, glycoproteins, caffeic acid
derivatives (cichoriic acid and echinosides) and
polysaccarides.
Immunostimulating
Ethanolic root extracts of the Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea
pallida and Echinacea angustifolia were shown to cause a
23% increase of the phagocytosis rate in granulocyte smears
in vitro (Jurcic, 1989; Melchart 1995). Confirmed by the
carbon clearance test and granulocyte tests, the ethanolic root
extracts significantly enhance phagocytosis (Bauer, 1988).
The ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea exert immunostimulatory effects
also through metabolic and bactericidal activities of peritoneal macrophages. The ethanolic extracts of both Echinacea
plants also increase the total weight of the spleen (Bukovsky,
1993).
Anti-Inflammatory
Polyunsaturated alkamides in Echinacea angustifolia exert
anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase (Muller-Jakic, 1994). The polysaccharide fraction of Echinacea angustifolia exerts antiinflammatory effects (Tubaro, 1987), and the polysaccharide
from Echinacea purpurea induces an acute phase reaction.
The acute phase reaction occurs with enhancing the spontaneous motility of PMN and increasing the ability of these
cells to kill bacteria such as staphylococci. (Roesler, 1991).
Cytokine Stimulation
Arabinogalactan, a highly purified polysaccharide from plant
cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea, is effective in activating
macrophage cytotoxicity actions against tumor cells and
microorganisms (Leishmania enriettii). This polysaccharide
induces macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor
(TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (TL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-beta. The component also
induces a slight increase in T-cell proliferation (Burger,
1997; Luettig, 1989; Roesler, 1991). Extracts of Echinacea
purpurea stimulate cell-mediated immunity through the
ECHINACEA / 263
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
production of lymphokines by lymphocytes (Coeugriiet,
1987). Echinacea purpurea herb has shown some short-term
viral resistance against influenza, herpes, and vesicular
stomatitis viruses, which has been credited to an interferonlike effect (Wacker, 1978).
Collagen Protectant
The caffeic acid derivatives exert a protective effect on the
free-radical-induced degradation of Type HI collagen. Collagen degradation was inhibited the greatest by echinacoside
and chicoriic acid, then cynarine and chlorogenic acid. The
collagen protection from free radical damage is through a
scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species and/or C-, N-,
S-centered secondary radicals. These activities may be useful
for the treatment/protection of photodamage of the skin by
UVA/UVB radiation, in which oxidative stress plays a
critical role (Facino, 1995).
CLINICAL TRIALS
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial evaluated the effect of a fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the
incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections.
There were 109 patients with a history of more than 3 colds
jtL or respiratory infections in the previous year included in the
study. The fluid extract, given 4 mL twice daily for 8 weeks,
did not significantly decrease the incidence, duration or
severity of colds and respiratory infections compared to
placebo (Grimm, 1999).
The efficacy and safety of Echinaforce® (Echinacea purpurea preparation from 95% herb and 5% root), Echinacea
concentrate (same preparation at 7 times higher concentration), and special Echinacea purpurea root preparation were
evaluated in the treatment of the common cold. There were
559 volunteers with a common cold included in the study.
The participants received 2 tablets 3 times daily. The
primary endpoint was the relative reduction of the complaint
index, which is a group of 12 symptoms that occur during
common cold. Echinaforce® and its concentrated preparation were significantly more effective than the special extract
or placebo treatment group. All treatments were well
tolerated with the frequency of adverse events not significantly higher than in the placebo group (Brinkeborn, 1999).
m The safety and efficacy of Echinacea angustifolia and
Echinacea purpurea ethanolic root extracts for the prevention
of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) was determined
in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The time until
the first URTI (time and event) and adverse effects were
evaluated in 302 patients. The root extract dosages were 50
drops twice daily for 12 weeks from Monday to Friday. The
time until occurrence of a URTI was 66 days in the
Echinacea angustifolia group, 69 days in the Echinacae
purpura group and 65 days in the placebo group. Though the
results do not prove efficacy of prophylaxis, the authors
conclude that Echinacea may reduce the risk of developing a
URTI by 10 to 20% (Melchart, 1998).
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was
conducted to determine the effect of an extract of Echinaceae
pallidae root with influenza infections of the upper respiratory tract. A dose of 900 mg daily was evaluated for the
relief of symptoms, including shortening of the illness period
and curing cough and hoarseness. The length of the illness
period was reduced significantly with the extract from 13 to
9 days compared with placebo. The strongest effects on the
clinical symptoms were achieved after 8-10 days (Brauning.
1993).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Common cold
Cough/bronchitis
Fevers and colds
Infections of the urinary tract
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Tendency to infection
Wounds and burns
Echinacea purpurea herb is used internally as supportive
therapy for colds and chronic infections of the respirator)
tract and lower urinary tract. It can also be applied locally to
poorly healing superficial wounds.
ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
Unproven Uses: Echinacea purpurea root is used for acute
and chronic respiratory tract infections (of viral and bacterial
origin); increased susceptibility to infection due to temporarily lowered resistance, treatment of leukopenia following
radio and cytostatic therapy and in support of anti-infectious
chemotherapy.
ECHINACEA PALLIDA ROOT
Approved by Commission E:
• Fevers and colds
Echinacea pallida root is used as a supportive therapy for
influenza-like infections.
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB AND ROOT
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, native Americans use the
drug externally for burns, swelling of the lymph nodes, and
insect bites. The drug is used internally for pain associated
with headaches and stomach aches, measles, coughs and
gonorrhea. The drug has also been used for rattlesnake bites.
Today the drug is used for prophylaxis and treatment of 'flu'
infections, sepsis, and mild to moderate cold infections.
Externally, the drug is used for treatment of poorly healing
264 /ECHINACEA
wounds and inflammatory conditions such as abscesses and
leg ulcers.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ALL VARIETIES AND FORMS
Because of a possible activation of autoimmune aggressions
and other overreactive immune responses, the drug should
not be administered in the presence of multiple sclerosis,
leukosis, collagen disease, AIDS or tuberculosis. Parenteral
administration should not be used in patients with tendencies
to allergies, especially allergies to members of the composite
family (Asteraceae). Echinacea should not be used during
pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions
and galenic preparations.
Daily Dosage: When using the tincture, 30 to 60 drops
should be taken three times a day.
Storage: Echinacea should be protected from light sources,
and, if possible be uncomminuted.
ECHINACEA PALLIDA HERB AND ROOT
Mode of Administration: As a liquid preparation for oral use.
Preparation: A 1:5 tincture is made using 50% (V/V)
ethanol and native dried extract (50% ethanol in a 7 to 11:1
proportion)
ALL VARIETIES AND FORMS
General: When used parenterally, dose-dependent short-term
fever reactions, nausea and vomiting can occur. Caution
should be exercised if the drug is administered parenterally
to people with diabetes. Hypersensitivity reactions with
anaphylaxis have been reported (Mullins, 1998). Rashes,
itching, occasional swelling of the face, breathing difficulties, dizziness and a drop in blood pressure have been
observed after administration of preparations containing
Echinacea.
Fertility: High concentrations of Echinacea had adverse
effects on oocytes in animal models (Ondrizek, 1999).
Pregnancy: Parenteral administration should be avoided
during pregnancy.
Drug Interactions: The immune-stimulating effect of echinacea may interfere with drugs that have immunosuppressant
effects. Interaction may occur when using cyclosporine or
other anti-rejection drugs. Echinacea may also interfere with
the cancer chemotherapeutic effect of corticosteroids.
DOSAGE
ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
Daily Dosage: The daily dose is 900 mg of drug. The drug
should be used for a maximum of 8 weeks.
Storage: Protect from light sources. If possible, store
uncomminuted.
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB AND ROOT
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy in the claimed
areas of application has not been documented, therapeutic
application cannot be recommended. Because of the risks,
the use of parenteral preparations is not justified.
How Supplied:
Capsule — lOOmg, 125mg, 250mg, 380mg 390mg, 400mg,
430mg, 450mg, 500mg
Liquid — 120mg/5mL
Preparation: The root tea is prepared using 1/2 teaspoonful
of comminuted drug with boiling water. Strain after 10
minutes.
Daily Dosage: For colds, drink 1 cup freshly made tea
several times daily.
Mode of Administration: Pressed juice and galenic preparations for internal and external use.
Storage: Protect from light sources. If possible, store
uncomminuted.
Preparation: The pressed juice is prepared in a concentration
of 2.5:1 and is stabilized with 22% alcohol. Other complicated methods of preparation are known.
LITERATURE
Daily Dosage: When used internally, the recommended
dosage is 6 to 9 ml of the expressed juice. The recommended
dosage for parenteral administration should be individualized, depending on the seriousness of the condition as well as
the specific nature of the respective preparation. Parenteral
application requires a gradation of dosage, especially for
children. The manufacturer is required to show this information for the respective preparation. When used externally,
semi-solid preparations containing at least 15% pressed juice
are used for a maximum of 8 weeks.
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Bauer R, Jurcic K, Puhlmann J, Wagner H, Immunologische in
vivo- und in vitro Untersuchnugnen mit Echinacea-Extrakten.
In: Arzneim Forsch 38:276-281. 1988.
Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und
"Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer
Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(l):23-24. 1993.
Bauer R, Remiger P, Jurcic K, Wagner H, Beeinflussung der
Phagozytoseaktivitat durch Echinacea-Extrakte. In: ZPT 10:4348. 1989.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Bauer R, Remiger P, Wagner H, Echinacea-Vergleichende DCund HPLC-Analyse der Herba-Drogen von Echinacea purpurea,
Echinacea pallida und Echinacea angustifolia. In: DAZ 128:174180. 1988.
Bauer R~ Wagner H, Echinacea - Der Sonnenhut - Stand der
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Bauer R, Wagner H, Echinacea-Drogen - Who is who? In: ZPT
9(6):191. 1988.
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Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart 1990.
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korpereigenen Immunabwehr durch polymere Substanzen aus
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Masihi KN. Lange W. Springer, Heidel.
Beuscher N, Uber die medikamentose Beeinflussung zellularer
Resistenzmechanismen im Tierversuch. Aktivierung von
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Bodinet C, Beuscher N, Antiviral and immunological activity of
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2 6 6 /ECHINACEA
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Echinaceae species
See Echinacea
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Elecampane
Inula
helenium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried or fresh
rhizome.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are yellow composite
flowers in loose, terminal, panicled cymes. They are 7 to 8
cm in diameter. The involucre is imbricate and cup-shaped.
The inner bracts are dry at the tip and splayed, the outer ones
are like leaves and ovate. The female lateral florets are
narrowly linguiform. The androgynous disc florets are
tubular. The receptacle is flat, slightly pitted and glabrous.
The flowers are a bright yellow. The achaenes are cylindrical, 4 to 5 mm long, brown, glabrous and have 4 tips. The
pappus is 8 to 10 mm long and consists of brownish, fine,
rough, brittle bristles.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 80 to 180
cm high. The rhizome is short with compact branches. It is
tuberous and has sturdy, 1 cm thick and 50 cm long roots.
The stem is erect, branched above and villous. The leaves are
large, tomentose beneath and irregularly dentate. The cauline
leaves are cordate-acute. The basal leaves are oblong and
petiolate.
Characteristics: The rhizome has a strong odor, the taste is
pungent, bitter and tangy.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, introduced to the U.S. and China.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Production: Elecampane root is the root of Inula helenium. It
is harvested in autumn. The roots are then cut and hung up to
dry or dried artificially at 50° C.
Other Names: Alant, Elfdock, Elfwort, Horse-Elder, Horseheal, Scabwort, Wild Sunflower, Yellow Starwort, Velvet
Dock
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components alantolactone, isoalantolactone, 11,13- dihydroisoalantolactone, 11,13- dihydroalantolactone (the mixture of alantolactone derivatives is also
known as helenalin or elecampane camphor)
Polyynes
Polysaccharides: above all inulin (fructosan)
EFFECTS
The main active principles are alantolacton, isoalantolacton
and other sesquiterpenlactones. Compounds of this kind have
an antiphlogostic and antibiotic effect. Antifungal activity
has also been demonstrated.
The antimicrobial and anthelmintic effect results from the
sesquiterpene lactones. Alantolactone and isoalantolactone
are antitumoral, and helenin shortens clotting time. Alantolactone and heler.in lead to complete paralysis of the
spontaneous contraction of the intestine in animal studies.
The plant has mild antiseptic and expectorant effect due to
the essential oil, which contains sesquiterpene.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the rhizome are used to treat
bronchitis, whooping cough and bronchial catarrh. In folk
medicine, Elecampane is used as a stomachic, diuretic,
carminative and cholagogue, as well as for menstrual
complaints.
Homeopathic Uses: Inula helenium preparations are used for
stomach ulcers and chronic cough.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: The drug is severely irritating to mucous membranes and strongly sensitizing.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
OVERDOSAGE
Larger administrations of the drug lead to vomiting, diarrhea,
spasms and signs of paralysis. Following gastric lavage,
intestinal emptying (sodium sulfate) and the administration
of activated charcoal powder, poisoning is treated with the
antimetic trifluopromazine.
ELECAMPANE/267
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The comminuted drug is used in tea
mixtures. The extract is used as a constituent in numerous
pharmaceutical preparations, including gastrointestinal remedies, alterants, gout remedies, diuretics and in numerous
expectorants.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, boiling water is poured
over 1 gm of ground drug and left to draw for 10 to 15
minutes, after which time it is strained through a tea strainer
(1 teaspoonful corresponds to about 4 gm drug).
Daily Dosage: Average single dose 1 gm.
Tea—1 cup is drunk 3 to 4 times daily as an expectorant;
may be sweetened with honey.
Helenium Extract—The single dose is 0.5 gm.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic once a
day (HAB34).
Storage: Store in a cool place, protected from light, not in
plastic containers.
LITERATURE
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Lauro L, Rolih C, Observations and research on an extract of
Inula viscosa Ait. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper, 66:829-34, 1990 Sep
Pazzaglia M, Venturo N, Borda G, Tosti A, Contact dermatitis
due to a massage liniment containing Inula helenium extract.
Contact Dermatitis, 61:267, 1995 Oct
Rosik GH et al., Khim Farm Zh 21:632-634. 1987.
Tripathi YB, Chaturvedi P, Assessment of endocrine response
of Inula racemosa in relation to glucose homeostasis in rats.
Indian J Exp Biol, 61:686-9, 1995 Sep
Vishnakova SA et al., (1977) Rasut Resur 13:428.
Zinchenko V et al., Rastit Res 19:544-548. 1983.
Further information in:
Alonso Blasi N, Fraginals R, Lepoittevin JP, Benezra C, A
murine in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis to
sesquiterpene alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactones. Arch
Dermatol Res, 284:297-302, 1992
Fokina GI, Frolova TV, Roikhel VM, Pogodina W,
Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr
Virusol, 36:18-21, 1991 Jan-Feb.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Veriag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
268/ELECAMPANE
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Iijima K, Kiyohara H, Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Cyong JC,
Yamada H, Preventive effect of taraxasteryl acetate from Inula
britannica subsp. Japonica on experimental hepatitis in vivo.
Planta Med, 61:50-3, 1995 Feb.
Jiang B, Liao X, Jia X, Ye X, Ding J, Yu X, Wu Y, Studies
and comparisons on chemical components of essential oils from
Clematis hexapetala Pall, and Inula nervosa Wall. Chung Kuo
Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 15:488-90 512, 1990 Aug.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wang Q, Zhou BN, Zhang RW, Lin YY, Lin LZ, Gil RR,
Cordell GA, Cytotoxicity and NMR spectral assignments of
ergolide and bigelovin. Planta Med, 62:166-8, 1996 Apr
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Elephant-Ears
Bergenia crassifolia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: Whole plant has medicinal properties.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in curled cymes.
Their structures are arranged in fives and tfiey are radial with
the 2 to 3 ovaries joined only at the base. The petals are red
or pink-violet and up to 1.5 cm long. The ovary is superior,
and the fruit has numerous seeds. The seeds are brown to
brown-black, edged, up to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm thick.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Bergenia crassifolia is a herbaceous
perennial that grows up to 50 cm high. The leaves are basal,
oval, up to 20 cm long, over 10 cm wide, orbicular, fleshy,
glabrous, with indented glands and slightly dentate. The
rhizome is up to 3 cm thick, above ground and covered with
the sheaths of the previous year's leaves.
Habitat: Russia, Mongolia
Production: Bergeniae rhizoma are the dried rhizomes of
Bergenia crassifolia. They are collected in the wild and airdried for 2 weeks.
Other Names: Learner Bergenia, Siberian Tea
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (1.8 to 2.3%)
Phenol carboxylic acids: bergenin (6.7 to 10.1%, lactones)
Tannins
(28%)
EFFECTS
The watery extracts of the drug have astringent, bacteriostatic, local hemostyptic and antiphologistic effects, due to the
tannin content and that of other phenolic constituents. The
arbutin they contain exhibits urine-disinfecting effect (comparable to Uva ursi). A shortening of blood coagulation time
could be demonstrated in animal experiments.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Elephant-Ears have been used for fever,
tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea, intestinal disease and
rheumatism. The drug is also used for skin leishmaniosis and
as a hemostyptic.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Preparations are contraindicated in pregnancy, breast-feeding
and children under 12 years of age.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction wim the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Because of
its high tannin content, the intake of preparations of the drug
could lead to digestive disorders; individuals with sensitive
stomachs may experience nausea and vomiting.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdose could lead to inflammatory irritation of the
mucous membranes of the bladder and urinary tract,
accompanied by urgency and blood in the urine. Long-term
administration of the drug could lead to liver damage, due to
the possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinone released,
particularly among children.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole
internal and external use.
drug
preparations
for
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kindl H, Conversion of (4-3H)L-phenylalanine into (43H)pyrocatechol and (3-3H)hydroquinone in leaves of Bergenia
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
crassifolia. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem, 350:1289-90, 1969
Oct.
Elettaria cardamomum
See Cardamom
ENGLISH A D D E R S T O N G U E / 2 6 9
Tannins (3%)
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
Sterols: including, among others, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol
EFFECTS
The drug has diuretic and astringent properties.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Eleutherococcus senticosus
See Siberian Ginseng
Unproven Uses: Internally, the drug is used for digestive
disorders and severe cases of diarrhea. Externally, it is used
to treat open wounds.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Elm Bark
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Ulmus minor
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Elm bark is used both internally
and externally in various preparations.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the inner bark of the
young branches.
Flower and Fruit: The reddish brown flowers appear before
the leaves. They are androgynous, short-pedicled and in
globular clusters. The perigone is campanulate-top-shaped
and greenish with a purple margin. There are 3 to 4 stamens
witii dark violet anthers. The tree is wind pollinated. The
fruit is a broad-winged, almost circular, oval or elliptical and
glabrous achaene. The reddish nutlet reaches to the front
margin of the notch.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ulmus minor is a 40 m high tree
with black-brown, finely fissured bark. The branches, which
develop long grooves, have alternate, petiolate, 6 to 10 cm
long leaves with 8 to 12 lateral ribs. The leaves are ovate.
The lamina is irregular and the margin double-serrate. The
petioles are 8 to 15 mm longer than the buds, which develop
in spring on short branches and form into clusters before
flowering.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe as far as the
Mediterranean.
Production:. Smooth-leaved Elm bark is the bark of Ulmus
minor. The bark is gathered for therapeutic or medicinal
purposes. It is manually cut in circles and the bark is
removed from the young (new) twigs (the diameter of the
twig should not be more than 1 cm). The long grain and the
upper layer of the bark must be removed, then the bark is
dried.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilage: yielding mainly D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-galacturonic acid after hydrolysis
Preparation: The ground bark is used for infusions. A
decoction from the bark can be prepared using 2 teaspoons
of the drug per cup of water. Externally, a 20% decoction is
used, which is diluted 1:1 with water, for the treatment of
festering and open wounds.
Daily Dose: The dosage of the decoction prepared from die
bark is 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily. In powder form, a dose of 2
to 5 gm may be taken daily.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
English Adder's Tongue
Ophioglossum vulgatum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
root and leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The plant's 12 to 40 ripe yellow sporangia
on either side of the middle panicle form an acuminate spike.
The tip contains no sporangia.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This fern grows from 8 to 25 cm
high. The stems, covered in the remains of leaves, grow
singly from the underground roots. The stems consist of a
few sturdy, yellow fibers and are round, hollow and
2 7 0 / E N G L I S H A D D E R ' S TONGUE
succulent. Each bears a smooth, oblong-oval, acuminate,
entire frond.
Characteristics: Though a member of the Fern family, the
appearance of English Adder's Tongue is not at all typically
fern-like.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Britain.
Production: English Adder's Tongue is the aerial part of
Ophioglossum vulgatum.
Not To Be Confused With: English Adder's Tongue is not
related to American Adder's Tongue (Erythronium
americanum).
Other Names: Serpent's Tongue, Christ's Spear
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including among others quercetin-3-methyl
ether-7-diglucoside-4' glucoside
The constituents of the drug have not been thoroughly
investigated.
EFFECTS
See Erythronium americanum.
receptacle is clavate, filled with latex, and covered at the
edge with slit bracts. The linguiform florets are female and
silver-white. The tubular florets are androgynous and yellow.
The corolla of every floret has a short appendage at the base,
which surrounds the tip of the fruit. The achaenes are 2 mm
long, light brown and almost triangular with vertical ribs.
The achaenes are smooth and have no pappus.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The 15 to 30 cm high plant has a
deeply buried rhizome. The rhizome sprouts numerous,
ascending, occasionally upright, simple or branched, rounded, vertically grooved, pubescent stems. The stems are
covered in alternating, heavily segmented, gray-green to
rich-green leaves that are 2 to 4 cm long.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern and western
Europe and northern Africa, and is cultivated all over
Europe. The main exporters are Belgium, France, Great
Britain and Italy, as well as Poland, the Czech and Slovakian
Republics, North America and Argentina.
Production: English Chamomile consists of the dried flowers
of the cultivated double flowered variety of Chamaemelum
nobile. The plant is harvested in June and July, then dried at
temperatures of 35°C.
See Erythronium americanum.
Other Names:
Chamomile
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
COMPOUNDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: See Erythronium americanum.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Ground
Apple,
Whig
Plant,
Roman
Volatile oil: chief components include ester of angelic- or
tiglic acid with isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol or 3-methylpentan-1-ol, to some extent present as hydroperoxides
Sesquiterpene lactones: in particular nobilin, besides 3epinobilin, 1,10-epoxynobilin, 3-dehydronobilin that is
present to some exient as hydroperoxides, including 1-betahydroperoxy-isonobilin and 4-alpha-hydroperoxy-manolide
Flavonoids: including anthemoside, cosmosioside, luteolin7-0-glucoside
English Chamomile
Caffeic and ferulic acid ester
Chamaemelum nobile
Polynes: Including cis- and trans-dehydromatricaria ester
"DESCRIPTION
EFFECTS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the English
Chamomile oil extracted from the fresh or dried filled or
unfilled flower heads and the dried aerial plant parts; the
dried flower heads of the cultivated, filled varieties; and the
fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant.
In contrast to true chamomile, few studies are available. The
essential oil is active against gram-positive bacteria and
dermatomyces. The drug is also cytostatic and acts on the
CNS, causing a reduction of aggressive behavior in animal
tests. Efficacy in dyspepsia (including flatulence) may be
due to the amaroids.
Flower and Fruit: The stems end in 12 to 18 fruit-bearing,
white florets, which are about 2 to 2.5 cm wide. The epicalyx
is semi-globose. The bracts are in a number of rows and are
lanceolate to spatulate with a broad membranous border. The
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the French use English
Chamomile mainly for feelings of fullness, bloating and mild
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
spasmodic gastrointestinal disturbances and sluggishness of
the bowels. It is also used for menstrual complaints,
nervousness, hysteria and general debility. It is used
topically for inflammation of the mouth and throat, rhinitis,
toothache, earache, headache and influenza. The oil is used
in mouthwashes.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathy to treat
nervous gastrointestinal disorders, but efficacy has not been
proven.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of the drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a small potential for
sensitization.
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed
uses is not documented and there is a certain risk involved, a
therapeutic application cannot be recommended. English
Chamomile is used in folk medicine as a fluid extract,
tincture, elixir, wine, syrup, ointment and powder.
Preparation: To prepare a decoction, add 3 g drug to 100 ml
water. An infusion is prepared using 7 to 8 capitula per cup.
A liquid rub is prepared using 1 dsp diluted in 250 ml water.
Daily Dosage: The average single dose of the drug is 1.5 g at
the main meals. The average daily dose of an infusion is 50
ml to 200 ml. When used as a bath additive, add 50 g to 10
liters of water. Liquid rubs are applied as poultices or washes
2 to 3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes for acute conditions. For chronic conditions: 1 to 3 times daily; Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute 3
times daily; Chronic: once a day (HAB1)
Storage: Store in well-sealed glass or metal containers
protected from moisture.
LITERATURE
Damiani P et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 54:213.
ENGLISH
HAWTHORN/271
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
English Hawthorn
Crataegus
laevigata
TRADE NAMES
Hawthorn, Hawthorn Extract (available from numerous
manufacturers and as a combination product), Hawthorne
Berries, Hawthorn Flowers, Leaves & Berries, Standardized
Hawthorn Extract, Hawthorn Extract, Hawthorn Power,
Time Release Hawthorn Power, HeartCare
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are generally white
thorn flowers, leaves, fruit, and various mixtures of different
plant parts.
Flowers and Fruit: The white flowers are in richly-blossomed cymes. The sepals are usually short, more or less
triangular, entire-margined or, particularly the American
variety, fairly long with glandular tips. The petals are usually
separate, orbicular, crenate, white or occasionally red. There
are 10 to 20 stamens and 1 to 5 carpels, which are more or
less fused to the receptacle. There are 2 ovules, the upper one
is sterile and covers the lower fertile one like a cap. There is
1 seed in each chamber. The false fruit is ovoid or globose
and crowned by the remains of the sepals. It is red, black, or
yellow and mealy.
Herisset A et al., (1974) Plant Med Phytother 8(4):306 and 287.
Holub M, Samek Z, (1977) Collect Czech Chem Commun 42:
1053.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hawthorn is a bulky shrub or small
tree, 1.5 to 4 m high with hard wood and usually thorny
branches. The leaves have many forms. They are shallow, 3
to 5 lobed, with the lobes pointed forward. The leaves are
unevenly serrate, obovate, yellowish-green, and glossy.
Isaac O, Chamaemelum nobile (L.) Allioni - Rdmische Kamille.
In: ZPT 14(4):212. 1993.
Characteristics: The flowers have an unpleasant smell and a
slightly bitter taste; the fruit has a sour taste.
Herisset A et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5(3):234.
2 7 2 / E N G L I S H HAWTHORN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
=
.- Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern temperate zones
of Europe, Asia, and North America.
Production: Hawthorn consists of the leaves and flowers of
Crataegus laevigata and. occasionally other species. The
medicinal parts of the Hawthorn plant are collected in the
wild and dried at room temperature.
Not to be Confused With: Hawthorn is sometimes mistaken
for the flowers, leaves, and fruit of Robinia pseudoacacia,
Sorbus aucuparia or Prunus spinosa.
Other Names: Haw, May, Whitethorn, Hawthorn
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoides (1.8%): O-glycosides, including hyperoside
(0.28%), rutin (0.17%)
6-C- and 8-C-glycosyl compounds,
(0.02%), vicenin-1, orientin
including
vitexin
6-C- and 8-C-glycosyl compounds, linked O-glycosidically
as well as with other monosaccharides, including vitexin-2"O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (0.53%),
vitexin-2"-0-alpha-Lrhamnoside-4'"-acetate
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (2.4%)
Biogenic amines, including tyramine
Triterpenes ( 0.6%): including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 2alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid (crataegolic acid)
EFFECTS
The active principles are procyanidins and flavonoids. They
cause an increase in coronary blood flow due to dilatory
effects resulting in an improvement of myocardial blood
flow. The drug is positively inotropic and positively chronotropic. The cardiotropic effect of Crataegus is said to be
caused by the increased membrane permeability for calcium
as well as the inhibition of phosphodiesterase with an
increase of intracellular cylco-AMP concentrations. Increased coronary and myocardial circulatory perfusion and
reduction in peripheral vascular resistance were observed.
High doses may cause sedation. This effect has been
attributed to the oligomeric procyanidins (Anonym, 1994).
Crataegus extract has been found to prolong the refractory
period and increase the action potential duration in guinea
pig papillary muscle. One study demonstrated that a Crataegus extract blocked the repolarizing potassium currents in
ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs. This effect is similar to
that of class HI antiarrhythmic drugs and may explain the
antiarrhythmic effect of Hawmorn (Muller, 1999).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Decrease in cardiac output (Stage II NYHA)
Hawthorn is used for senile heart, chronic cor pulmonale,
and mild forms of bradycardia! arrhythmias.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Hawthorn is also used as a
cardiotonic, for hypertension, ischemia of the heart, arrhythmia and as a sedative. Hawthorn has a high flavonoid content
and is used to prevent collagen destruction in joints and
decrease inflammation and decrease the fragility of capillaries. Hawthorn has shown some effectiveness in lowering
cholesterol levels in at least one study. Several extracts from
different componants of the plant have demonstrated antioxidant effects.
Chinese Medicine: In China, Hawthorn is used to reduce
food stagnancy and blood stasis (Chen, 1995).
Homeopathic Uses: Therapeutic dilutions are used for
cardiac insufficiency, senile cardiac insufficiency, dysrhythmia, and angina pectoris.
CLINICAL STUDIES
Cardiac Effects
Several studies that have used animal models demonstrate
the cardiac effects of Hawthorn. The influence of the main
flavonoids from Hawthorn on coronary flow, heart rate, left
ventricular pressure and the velocity of contraction and
relaxation was investigated on isolated guinea pig hearts
maintained at a constant perfusion pressure was the focus of
one study. The study recorded an increase in coronary flow
of 186% for one of the main glycosides, luteolin-7-glucoside; 66% for the hyperoside component and 66% for the
rutin flavonoid. Coronary relaxation velocity increased by
104% in the luteolin-7-glucoside arm, 62% for hyperoside
and 73% for rutin. Positive inotropic and chronotropic
effects were noted for all of the above extracts as well. The
beta adrenergic effects of the flavonoids were prevented by
the addition of propranolol. The authors postulate that the
mechanism of action for the cardiac effects of Hawthorne is
due to the inhibition of the 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme (Schussler, 1995). It
should be noted that in a more recent study, the positive
inotropic effect of Hawthorn was not attributed to phosphodiesterase inhibition or to a beta-sympathomimetic effect
(Muller, 1999).
Another small, placebo controlled, randomized double-blind
study was performed to test the efficacy of a special extract
(WS 1442) of Hawthorn in a group of 30 patients with stage
II NYHA cardiac insufficiency. Treatment duration was 8
weeks. Primary parameters were alteration in the pressure-x-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
rate product (PRP) under standardized loading on a bicycle
ergometer, and the score of a subjective questionnaire on
improvement of complaints. Secondary target parameters
included exercise tolerance and the change in heart rate and
arterial blood pressure. A statistically significant improvement in both primary and secondary parameters were noted
in the WS 1442 group over that of the placebo group
(Leuchtgens, 1993).
ENGLISH HAWTHORN/273
OVERDOSAGE
The LD50 via intraperitoneal injection in the mouse model
has been reported at a single dose of 1,170 mg/kg and 750
mg/kg in the rat. In both species, signs of overdose included
sedation, dyspnea, tremor and piloerection (Schlegelilch &
Hey wood, 1994). The same authors reported that an oral
dose if 3,000 mg/kg in mice and rats was well tolerated with
no negative clinical signs or death reported in the animal
models.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hawthorn is contraindicated in children under 12 years of
age. Use of Hawthorn during the first trimester of pregnancy
is contraindicated.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: It is recommended that Hawthorn supplements be
prescribed and monitored by a physician. During treatment
with Hawthorn, the clinician should monitor heart rate and
blood pressure on a regular basis.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The dried and comminuted drug for
decoctions as well as liquid or dry extracts for oral intake.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 80 mg, 100 mg, 300 mg, 450 mg, 455 mg, 480
mg, 500 mg, 510 mg, 565 mg
Liquid — 250 mg/ml
Tablets — 80 mg
Higher doses can produce hypotension, cardiac arrhythmia,
and sedation. Less serious adverse effects include dizziness
and tremor.
Accidental corneal scratches caused by thorns of hawthorn
bushes have resulted in blindness in 88 out of 132 reported
cases in Ireland (Duke, 1985).
Drug Interactions Hawthorn may potentiate the effects of
cardiac glycosides. If Hawthorn therapy is initiated in
patients taking digoxin, digitoxin or g-strophanthin, the
dosage of standard cardiac glycosides should be adjusted
downward.
Hawthorn may cause a hypertensive effect when used in
combination with beta-blockers (Murray & Pizzorno, 1996).
Because Hawthorn has an action similar to Class III
antiarrhythmics, use with other antiarrhythmics should be
discouraged.
Hawthorn has been found to inhibit the inward flow of
potassium channels resulting in an increased action potential
in cardiac ventricular cells. Drugs that act in a similar
manner such as cisapride are likely to interact with Hawthorn
and should therefore not be taken in conjunction with
Hawthorn.
Pregnancy: Hawthorn is contraindicated during the first
trimester of pregnancy.
Nursing Mothers: There are no warnings in the literature
regarding use of Hawthorn in nursing mothers.
Pediatrics: Hawthorn is not recommended for children under
the age of 12 years.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 5 gm of drug or 160
to 900 mg extract administered in divided doses, 3 times
daily, (ethanol 45% V/V or methanol 70% V/V) standardized
on procyanidin or flavonoids; single dose: 1 gm of drug
several times daily. The duration of treatment is minimum 6
weeks.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
a week; ointment 1 to 2 times a day (HAB1)
Storage: Hawthorn should be protected from light and
moisture in well-sealed containers at temperatures below
25° C.
LITERATURE
Ammon HPT, Handel M, (1981) Crataegus, Toxikologie und
Pharmakologie. Teil 1, Toxizitat. Planta Med 43:105-120.
Ammon HPT, Handel M, (1981) Planta Med 43:105, 209 et
313.
Anonym, 5. KongreJJ fur Phytotherapie: Phytoforschung
intensiviert. In: DAZ 133(48):4593. 1993.
Anonym, Behandlung der leichten Herzinsuffiziens:
Weijklornextrakt und ACE-Hemmer im Vergleich. In: DAZ
134(39):3749. 1994.
Anonym, Phytopharmaka fur altere Menschen: Ginkgo, Kava,
Hypericum und Crataegus. In: DAZ 135(5):400-402. 1995.
Anonym, Weipdorn bei Herzinsuffiziens und Angina pectoris.
In: Symbiose 4(3): 16. 1992.
Bahorun T, Gressier B, Trotin F, Brunet C, Dine Th, Luyckx
M, Vasseur J, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Pinkas M, Oxygen species
scavenging activity of phenolic activities, fresh plant organs and
pharmaceutical preparations. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(11): 10861089. 19%.
2 7 4 / E N G L I S H HAWTHORN
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bahorun T, Trotin F, Pommery J, Vasseur J, Pinkas-M,
Antioxydant activities of Crataegus monogyna extracts. In: PM
60(4):323-328. 1994.
Leuchtgens H, Cratagus Special Extract WS 1442 in NYHA II
heart failure. A placebo controlled randomized double-blind
study. In: Fortschr Med 20;111(20021: 352-4 Jul 20,1993.
Beretz A et al., (1980) Planta Med 39(3):241.
Loew D, (1994) Crataegus-Spezialextrakte bei Herzinsuffizien.
Kassenarzt 15:43-52.
Chen JD, WU YZ, Tao ZL et al: Hawthorn (shan zha) drink
and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and
rats. World Rev Nutr Diet 77:147-154. 1995.
Ciplea AG, Richter KD, (1988) The protective effect of Allium
sativum and Crataegus on isoprenaline-induced tissue necroses
in rats. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 38:1588-1592.
Czygan FC, Crataegus-Arten- WeipMorn. Portrait einer
Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 15(2): 117. 1994.
Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo,
Hypericum und Kava-Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995.
Duke JA: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd ed. CRC Press,
Inc, Boca Raton, FL, pp 146-147. 1985.
Eichstadt H, Bader M, Danne O, Kaiser W, Stein U, Felix R,
(1989) Crataegus-Extrakt hilft dem Patienten mit NYHA IIHerzinsuffizien Therapiewoche 39: 3288-3296.
Ficarra P et al.. (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(10)342.
Ficarra P et al., (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(5)148.
Fischer K, Jung F, Koscielny J, Kiesewetter H, (1994)
Crataegus-Extrakt vs. Methyldigoxin. EinfluP auf Rheologie und
Mikrozirkulation bei 12 gesunden Probanden. Miinch Med
Wschr 136 (Suppl 1), 35-38.
Forster A, Forster K, Buhring M, Wolfstadter HD, (1994)
Crataegus bei ma(3ig reduzierter linksventrikularer
Auswurffraktion. Ergospirometrische Verlaufsuntersuchung bei
72. Patienten in doppelblindem Vergleich mit Plazebo. Miinch
Med Wschr 136 (Suppl I). 21-26
Iwamoto M et al., (1981) Planta Med 42(1 ):1
Joseph G, Zhao Y, Klaus W (1995) Pharmakologisches
Wirkprofil von Crataegus-Extrakt im Vergleich zu Epinephrin,
Amrinon, Milrinon und Digoxin am isoliert perfundierten
Meerschweinchenherzen. Arzneim Foisch/Drug Res 45: 12611265
Kaul R, Pflanzliche Procyanidine. Vorkommen, Klassifikation
und pharmakologische Wirkungen. In: PUZ 25(4): 175-185.
1996.
Klensch O, Nagell A, Die Darreichungsform Tee am Beispiel
Weipdornblatter mit Bluten. In: DAZ 134(32):3005. 1994.
Krzeminski T, Chatterjee SS, (1993) Ischemia and early
reperfusion induced arrhythmias, beneficial effects of an extract
of Crataegus oxyacantha L. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 3:45-48.
Kurcok A, (1992) Ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cardiac
injury; effects of two flavonoids containing plant extracts
possessing radical scavenging properties. NaunynSchmiedebergs's Arch Pharmacol 345 (Suppl RB 81) Abstr
322.
Kurzmann M, Schimmer O, Weifkiorn - Flavonoidmuster und
DC-Identitatspriifung. In: DAZ 136(33):2759-2764. 1996.
Loew D, Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):9296. 1997.
Meier B, Neue Erkenntnisse zur Analytik und Wirksamkeit von
Wei|3dorn. In: DAZ 136(44):3877-3879. 1996.
Murray M & Pizzorno J: A Textbook of Natural Medicine, 2nd
ed. Batyr University Publications, Seattle, WA, USA, ppV
Cratag-1-4. 1996.
Muller A, Linke W, Klaus W: Crataegus extract blocks
potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiac myocytes.
In: Planta Med 65(4): 335-9 May, 1999.
Popping S, Rose H, Ionescu I, Fischer Y, Kammermeier H,
(1995) Effect of a Hawthorn Extract on Contraction and Energy
Turnover of Isolated Rat Cordiomyocytes. Arzneim Forsch/Drug
Res 45:1157-1161.
Rehwald A et al., HPLC analysis of the flavonoids of Crataegi
folium cum flore. In: PM 59(7)28. 1993.
Reuter HD, Crataegus als pflanzliches Kardiakum. In: ZPT
15(2):73. 1994.
Rewerski W et al., (1971) Arzneim Forsch 21:886.
Schlegelmilch R, Heywood R, (1994) Toxicity of Crataegus
(Hawthorn) Extract (WS 1442). J Am Coll Toxicol 13:103-111.
Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Ploch M, Hubner WD, (1994)
Wirksamkeit des Extraktes LI 132 (600 mg/Tag) bei 8wochiger
Therapie. Plazebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie mit Weifklorn
an 78 herzinsuffizienten Patienten im Stadium II nach NYHA.
Munch Med Wschr 136(Suppl 1): 13-20.
Schussler M et al., Effect of flavonoids from Crataegus species
in Langendorf perfused isolated guinea pig heart. In: PM
58(7)46. 1992.
Schuessler M et al., Cardiac effects of flavonoids from
Crataegus species. In: PM 59(7)88. 1993.
Schussler M, Holzl J, Fricke U, Myocardial effects of
flavonoids from Crataegus species. In: Arzneimittelforschung
45(8): 842-5, Aug, 1995.
Siegel G, Casper U, (1995) Crataegi folium cum flore. In,
Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und
klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 1-14.
Siegel G, Casper U, Walter H, Hetzer R, (1994) WeipMornExtrakt LI 132. Dosis- Wirkungs-Studie zum Membranpotential
und Tonus menschlicher Koronararterien und des
Hundepapillarmuskels. Miinch med Wschr 136(Suppl l):45-56.
Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988.
Sticher O, Rehwald A, Meier B, (1994) Kriterien der
pharmazeutischen Qualitat von Crataegus-Extrakten. Miinch Med
Wschr 136(Suppl l):69-73.
ENGLISH I V Y / 2 7 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Tauchert M, Loew D, (1995) Crataegi folium cum flore bei
HerzinsuffizienZ In, Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg)
Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung.
Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 137-144.
^ Tauchert M, Ploch M, Hubner WD, (1994) Wirksamkeit des
~* Weipdorn-Extraktes LI 132 im Vergleich mit Captopril.
Multizentrische Doppelblindstudie bei 132 Patienten mit
Herzinsuffizienz im Stadium II nach NYHA. Munch Med
Wschr 136(Suppl l):27-34.
Tauchert M, Siegel G, Schulz V, (1994) Weipdom-Extrakt als
pflanzliches Cardiacum (Vorwort). Neubewertung der
tfierapeutischen Wirksamkeit. Miinch Med Wschr
136(Suppl l):3-5.
Trunzler G, Phytotherapeutische Moglichkeiten bei Herz- und
arteriellen Gefafkrkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(5): 147. 1989.
Wagner H, Grevel J, (1982) Planta Med 45:98.
Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
0Q Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotiierapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
densely covered in 1- or more-celled tomentose hairs with
few glands and a mild odor. The stem is erect, simple or
branched, up to 1 m high, tough and obtusely angular. The
leaves are sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, usually acuminate, with 6 to 12 pairs of curved pinnate veins. The
underside of the leaves are gray to white tomentose.
Production: English Horsemint is the aerial part of Mentha
longifolia, the dried herb.
Habitat: The plant is common in all of Europe to southern
Sweden.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components piperitone (share 60-80%),
furthermore beta- caryophyllene (5-15%), germacren D (515%), 1,8-cineole (2-7%), limonene (1-8%), with other
chemotypes chief components D-carvone, piperitone, isomenthone + menthofurane, menthone, piperitol, menthol or linalool
Flavonoids: including among others diosmin, hesperidin,
quercitrin, thymonin, apigenine-7-glucuronide
EFFECTS
English Horsemint has carminative and stimulant effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders,
particularly for flatulence. Historically, it has been used for
all kinds of pain, headaches in particular.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The ground drug is used internally
as an infusion; it is used externally as a bath additive.
English Horsemint
Mentha longifolia
DESCRIPTION
£k
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried herb.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are sometimes interrupted
lower down by 1 cm thick, gray to white, downy, panicled,
false spikes. The false spikes are arranged with linear, villous
bracts, which are longer than the flowers. The calyx is fluffy
and woolly pubescent with awl-shaped tips. The corolla is
lilac to flesh-colored. The fruit is a finely speckled nutlet
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial. It has a
sturdy rhizome with underground runners. The shoots are
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogdh), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
English Ivy
Hedera
helix
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
berries.
2 7 6 / E N G L I S H IVY
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are greenish-yellow
umbels, which form dense, semi-globular clusters. The calyx
tips are short, almost triangular, tomentose and drooping.
The 5 petals are oblong and slightly involute. There are 5
stamens and 1 inferior ovary with 5 valves. The style is fused
into a column. The fruit is a globular, usually 5-valved berry,
which becomes black and ripens in spring. It contains 3 to 5
reniform, triangular, acute seeds, which are reddish-violet
when young, later dark brown, and finally black.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen perennial,
which creeps or, by means of adventitious roots, climbs to a
length of 3 to 15 m. The stem is branched, the leaves are
alternate, petioled, glabrous, glossy, coriaceous. Younger
leaves are 5-lobed; the leaves of older flowering plants are
ovate-rhomboid.
Characteristics: The berries and leaves have a bitter taste.
Habitat: English Ivy is indigenous to the temperate regions
of Europe, and also north and central Asia. It is cultivated in
the U.S.
Production: English Ivy leaf consists of the dried leaves of
Hedera helix.
Other Names: Gum Ivy, True Ivy, Woodbind
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: aglycone hederagenin, oleanolic acid,
bayogenin, chief components hederosaponin C (hederacoside
C, slightly transforming into alpha-hederin, aglycone hederagenin), additionally hederosaponin B (hederacoside B)
Volatile oils: including some with methylethylketone,
methylisobutylketone
Polyynes: including falcarinol, 11,12-didehydrofalcarinol
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol
Flavonoids: including rutin
EFFECTS
English Ivy is an expectorant and antispasmodic. In animal
experiments, the drug is anti-exudative and cytotoxic.
Hedera saponin C exhibits an antiviral, antibacterial, antimycotic, anthelmintic and mollusicidal, as well as an antiflagellate, effect. The fresh leaves are an irritant to the skin and
mucosa and can have an allergenic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
m Cough
• Bronchitis
English Ivy is a respiratory catarrh used for the symptomatic
treatment of chronic inflammatory bronchial conditions.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, English Ivy is used
internally for liver, spleen and gallbladder disorders and for
gout, rheumatism and scrofulosis. Externally, it is used for
burn wounds, calluses, cellulitis, inflammations, neuralgia,
parasitic disorders, ulcers, rheumatic complaints and
phlebitis.
Homeopathic Uses: English Ivy is administered in homeopathy for rachitic states.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or sid^ effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
drug has a medium potential for sensitization through skin
contact.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: English Ivy is available as comminuted drug and other galenic preparations for internal
external use.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops, suppositories and tablets.
Preparation: Prepare a tea by adding 1 heaped teaspoonful
of drug to 1/4 liter of hot water and steeping the mixture for
10 minutes. A poultice is prepared by mixing fresh Ivy
leaves 1:3 with linseed meal. To make an infusion, add 1
heaping teaspoonful of drug to one-quarter cup boiling water
and steep for 10 minutes.
Daily Dosage: Tea and other infusions can be taken
internally 3 times daily. The average daily dose is 0.3 to 0.8
g of drug. Fresh leaves may be laid upon festering wounds
and burns; a decoction of fresh leaves (200 gm/liter water)
may be used externally for rheumatism. The daily dose of a
tincture is 40 to 50 drops; single dose: 5 to 10 drops.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Balansard G et al., (1980) Planta Med 39:234.
Czygan FC, Hedera helix L. - Der Efeu. In: ZPT 11 (4): 133.
1990.
Elias R et al., JNP 54:98-103. 1991.
Gladtke E, Zur Wirksamkeit eines Efeublatterpraparates
(Prospan).1 In: Intern Praxis 32(1)187. 1992.
Hansen L, Boll PM, (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):285.
Julien J et al., (1985) Planta Med (3):205.
Mahran GH et al., (1975) Planta Med 29:127.
Trute A, Gross J, Mutschler E, Nahrstedt A, In vitro
antispasmodic compounds of the dry extract obtained from
Hedera helix. In: PM 63(2): 125-129. 1997.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPH S
Trute A, Nahrstedt A, Identification and quantitative analysis of
phenolic dry extracts of Hedera helix. In: PM 63(2): 177-179.
1997.
Tschesche R, Schmidt R, Wulff G, Z Naturforsch 20B:708-709.
1965.
^* Wulff G, DAZ 108:797-807. 1968.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. AufL, Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 -6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
*fc Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
ENGLISH L A V E N D E R / 2 7 7
is amethyst-colored, tomentose and after flowering it is
closed by a lidlike appendage of its upper tip. The corolla is
longer with a cylindrically fused base, the lips are flat, and
the upper lip is larger with 2 lobes. The lower lip is 3-lobed
with even* tips. The stamens are enclosed in the tube. The
ovary consists of 4 carpels and has a nectary below it. The
fruit is a glossy brown nutlet.
Leaves, Stem and Root: English Lavender is a 60 cm high
subshrub and is heavily branched with leafy, erect, rod-like,
gray-green, young branches. The leaves are sessile, oblonglanceolate, entire-margined, involute, gray, later green with
glandular spots beneath.
Characteristics: The flowers have a fresh aromatic
fragrance.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
but is common in most of southern Europe and is cultivated
extensively.
Production: English Lavender flower consists of the dried
flower of Lavandula angustifolia, gathered shortly before
fully unfolding, as well as its preparations. Flowering shoots
are harvested when the middle section of the spike is
flowering; it is cut 10 cm beneath the insertion of the spike.
The most valuable part is the receptacle.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of lavender such as
Lavendula intermedia (Lavendin) and Lavendula latifolia.
The varieties are often mixed commercially. When the drug
material has a high proportion of stem and leaf material, it is
considered less valuable.
English Lavender
Hydroxycoumarins: including among others, umbelliferone,
herniarin
Lavandula angustifolia
Tannins (13%)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
the
Great 2.Plague
in London
in the
17th century,
Pharmakologie.
Aufl., Fischer
Verlag Stuttgart
1994.
Other Names: French Lavender, Garden Lavender, Lavender
when
it Wiesenauer
was suggested
that Phytopharmaka
a bunch of
Wagner H,
M, Phytotherapie.
undlavender
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
pflanzliche Homoopathika,
Stuttgart,
Jena, New
fastened
to each Fischer-Verlag,
wrist would
protect
the wearer
C
OMPOUNDS
York 1995.
against
the deadly disease. Furthermore,
Volatile
oil (1-3%): chief components (-)-linalool (making
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
grave-robbers
were
known
to
wash
in
Four
Thieves
Vinegar,
up 20-50%)
and linalyl acetate (30-40%), furthermore,
Stuttgart 1997.
including
amongthey
others, cis-ocimene, terpinene-4-ol, betawhich contained lavender, after doing their dirty
work;
caryophyllene,
lavandulyl
acetate
rarely contracted the disease
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil
extracted from the fresh flowers and/or the inflorescences,
the flowers collected just before opening and dried, the fresh
flowers and the dried flowers.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 6 to 10
blossoms forming interrupted terminal spikes. The pedicles
are 10 to 15 cm long downy stems. The bracts are 5 mm
long, ovate to broadly triangular, often brown and brownviolet or violet-tinged. The tubular calyx has 5 uneven tips, it |
Cqffeic acid derivatives: including among others, rosmaric
acid
EFFECTS
The drug contains essential oil. The main active constituents
are linalyl acetate and linalool.
In a 1936 study, a choleretic and cholagogic effect was
described. In addition, an antimicrobial effect has been
demonstrated in vitro. In animal experiments a neurodepressive effect was demonstrated (shortening of the falling-
278/ENGLISH
LAVENDER
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
asleep period and lengthening of sleep duration) and a
reduction of motor activity.
Guillemain J, Rousseau A, Delaveau P. (1989) Effets
neurodepresseurs de l'huile essentielle de Lavandula angustifolia
Mill. Ann Pharmaceutiques Francaises 47:337-343.
In humans, after inhalation of the drug, an effect on the
limbic cortex (similar to nitrazepam) was demonstrated.
Herisset A et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5:305.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
Loss of appetite
Nervousness and insomnia
Circulatory disorders
Dyspeptic compaints
Internally, English Lavender is used for mood disturbances
such as restlessness or insomnia, functional abdominal
complaints (nervous stomach irritations, Roehmheld syndrome, meteorism, nervous intestinal discomfort).
Ianova LG et al., (1977) Khim Prir Soedin 1:111.
Kaiser R, Lamparsky D, (1977) Tetrahedron Lett 7:665.
Meyer A, Der Duft des Monats: Lavendel. In: DAZ
133(40):3667. 1993.
Mukherjee BD, Trenkle RW, (1973) J Agric Food Chem
21:298.
Schilcher H, Pflanzliche Psychopharmaka. Eine neue
Klasbifizierung nach Indikationsgruppen. In: DAZ 135(20): 18111822. 1995.
Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit
Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997.
Ter Heide R et al., (1970) J Chromatography 50:127.
Externally, English Lavender is used in balneotherapy for
treatment of functional circulatory disorders.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, English Lavender is used
for migraine, cramps and bronchial asthma. Externally, it is
used for rheumatic conditions (the drug as an extract in
liniments), as a sedative in cases of tension, exhaustion; also
for poorly healing wounds (lavender baths) and for sleep as
aroma therapy (herb pillow).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The volatile oil possesses a weak potential for
sensitization.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The whole drug is used for
infusions, as an extract and as a bath additive. Combinations
with other sedative and/or carminative herbs may be
beneficial.
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 5 to 10 ml of
drug per cup of hot water (150 ml), draw for 10 minutes, and
strain. For external use as bam additive, 100 g of drug is
scalded or boiled with 2 liters of water and added to the bath.
Daily Dosage: A tea prepared as indicated above can be
administered 1 cup three times daily. One to 4 drops of
Lavender oil may be placed on a sugar cube.
LITERATURE
Atanassova-Shopova S, Roussinow KS, (1970) On certain
central neurotropic effects of lavender essential oil. Bull Inst
Physiol 8:69-76.
Buchbauer G, Jirovet L, Jager W, Dietrich H, Plank C,
Karamat E, (1991) Aromatherapy: Evidence for Sedative Effects
of the Essential Oil of Lavender after Inhalation. Z Naturforsch
46c: 1067-1072.
Timiner R et al., (1975) J Agric Food Chem 23:53.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
English Plantain
Plantago lanceolata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
the dried herb and the fresh plant.
Flower and Fruit: The globular or shortly cylindrical spikes
are on erect or ascending, 5-grooved, appressed pubescent
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
peduncles. The flowers are small, almost colorless behind
scarious, narrow-acuminate bracts. The scarious calyx is
deeply divided into 4 parts and has a cylindrical tube and a
margin with 4 ovate tips. There are 4 long stamens with
yellowish-white filaments and anthers and 1 superior ovary.
The fruit is a bivalvular, 3 to 4 mm long capsule. The seeds
are oblong, 2 mm long and blackish.
ENGLISH PLANTAIN/279
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
•
Common cold
Cough/bronchitis
Fevers and colds
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Inflammation of the skin
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and grows
from 5 to 50 cm high. It has a very fibrous root. All the
leaves are in basal rosettes and are lanceolate or linearlanceolate, deeply 3 to 5 ribbed, entire-margined or shortdentate.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the pressed juice of
English Plantain is used internally for conditions of the
respiratory tract, cystitis, enuresis, liver disease, stomach
cramps, diarrhea and as a diuretic.
Habitat: The plant is widespread in the cool temperate
regions of the world.
Externally the plant is used for wounds, furuncles, conjunctivitis and as a hemostyptic.
Production: English Plantain herb consists of the fresh or
dried above-ground parts of Plantago lanceolata, harvested at
flowering season (May to September) and dried quickly at 40
to 50° C.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Not to be Confused With: the similar Digitalis-lanata leaves.
Other Names: Buckhorn, Chimney-Sweeps, Headsman,
Narrow-Leaved Plantain, Ribgrass, Ribwort, Ripplegrass,
Soldier's Herb
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb and other
galenic preparations for internal and external use. It is
available as macerations, liquid extracts, lozenges, syrup and
pressed juice of the fresh plant. The drug is available in
many standardized preparations of antitussives and
expectorants.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes (2-3%): chief components are aucubin (rhinantin) and catalpol as well as asperuloside
Mucilages (2-6%): glucomannans, arabinogalactane, rhamnogalacturonane
Flavonoids: including among other chief components apigenine-6,8-diglucoside, luteolin-7-glucuronide
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 2
to 4 gm cut drug (or put in cold water brought to a boil) and
strain after 10 minutes (1 teaspoonful = approximately 0.7
gm drug).
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 to 6 gm of herb.
Tea—1 cup of freshly made tea to be drunk several times a
day.
Cqffeic acid esters: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid,
acteoside (verbascoside)
LITERATURE
Tannins
Brautigam M, Franz G, Schleimpolysaccharide aus
Spitzwegerichblattem. In: DAZ 125:58. 1985.
Hydroxycoumarins: aesculetin
Davini E, The quantitative isolation and antimicrobial activity
of aglycone of aucubin. In: PH 25:2420. 1986.
Saponins (traces)
Silicic acid
EFFECTS
Liquid extract and the pressed juice of fresh Plantain herb
have a proven bactericidal effect. The aucubigenin (hydrolised acubin) and an antimicrobial saponin are believed to be
responsible for the antibacterial effect. In addition, acceleration of blood clotting has been demonstrated and a possible
epithelization effect has been mentioned.
Elich J, Die antibakterielle Aktivitat einiger einheimischer
Plantago-Arten. In: Disseration Universitat Berlin. 1962.
Koedam A, Plantago - history and use. In: Pharm Weekbl
112(10):246-252. 1977.
Murai M et al., Phenylethanoids in the herb of Planatago
lanceolata and inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid-induced
mouse ear edema. In: PM 61(5):479-480. 1995.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
280/ENGLISH
PLANTAIN
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Ephedra sinica
See Ma-Huang
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
of the fungus begins with the infection of the ovary by an
ascospore. The spore, usually deposited by a visiting insect,
germinates on the stigma, and the hyphae grows down into
the ovary where it appropriates food destined for the grain.
When the ovary has been completely destroyed, the mycelium grows. Horizontal walls are formed and fat vacuoles
become visible. The hyphae of the skin layer store purple
pigment 3 weeks after the infection a long, curved, black
sclerotium develops. It reaches a length of up to 8 cm and
bears minute condia, which are made up of the remains of
the ovary and the style embedded into the loose mycelium.
The sclerotium usually falls to the ground before harvest and
survives the winter. In the spring, 1 to 3 cm long redstemmed, capitula-like, pink fruiting bodies grow out of it,
which in turn produce 50 to 70 u.m long thread-like
ascospores.
*f£
Habitat: Claviceps purpurea grows as a parasite on rye
(occasionally on other grasses), and is found in all areas of
the world where rye is cultivated.
Production: Ergot consists of the sclerotium of Claviceps
purpurea, a parasitic fungus harvested after it has grown on
cultivated rye.
Other Names: Cockspur Rye, Hornseed, Mother of Rye,
Smut Rye, Spurred Rye
*
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Epigae repens
See Trailing Arbutus
Epilobium species
See Willow Herb
Equisetum arvense
See Horsetail
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids (ergot alkaloids, varying by variety of ergot)
Chief alkaloid of the lysergic acid amide type: ergometrine
(ergobasine)
Chief alkaloid of the lysergic acid ergopeptine type:
ergotamine, ergovaline, ergosine, ergocristine, ergocornine,
alpha- and beta-ergocryptine, further alkaloids of the clavine
type: including among others agroclavine, elymoclavine,
festuclavine
Peptide alkaloids (ergopeptine group): especially ergotamine, as well as ergovaline, ergosine, ergocristine, ergocornine, alpha- and beta-ergocryptine
Xanthone derivatives (ergochromes): including, among others, secalonic acid A to C, ergoflavin
Ergot
Claviceps purpurea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the fungus is the
sclerotium, which grows on rye plants and is later dried.
Flower and Fruit: Ergot is a permanent form of a fungus that
is a parasite on ripening rye, wheat and other grasses. It is
black, hard and much larger than the grains of rye. The cycle
Anthracene derivatives: including, among others, clavorubine, endocrocine
Amines: including,
methylamine
among
others,
trimethylamine,
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
The drug contains ergoline alkaloids of which only ergometrin and ergopeptine have a therapeutic and toxic effect. The
«*
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
action of ergot is traceable to its stimulation of the smooth
musculature. However, therapeutic use cannot be recommended because of the risks involved.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^|
Unproven Uses: Although the risk involved is too high to
recommend therapeutic use, ergot and ergot preparations
were previously used in gynecology and obstetrics. Uses
included hemorrhages, climacteric hemorrhages, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia, before and after miscarriage, for
removal of the placenta and shortening of the afterbirth
period, for atonia of the uterus and also for migraine.
ERGOT/281
Drug overdose is managed by1 gastrointestinal emptying
through inducement of vomiting and gastric lavage with
burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium
sulfate. That is followed by installation of activated charcoal
and shock prophylaxis (quiet and warmth). The therapy for
poisonings consists of treating angiospasms with Nitrolingual-spray and vascular massage, sedatives for spasm (diazepam or chloral hydrate), administration of blocking
agents, electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of
acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and
oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
DOSAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include uterine and
muscle spasm, convulsions, paralysis, circulatory problems
accompanying arterial disease and a tendency to bleed.
Efficacy has not been proven.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc: acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Storage: Ergot must be stored in tightly sealed containers
and kept in a cool place, protected from light. The powdered
form should not be stored.
Ergot is now contraindicated for all therapeutic use, but
especially in the presence of peripheral blood flow disorders
such as Raynaud's disease. Thrombangitis obliterans, severe
arteriosclerotic vascular changes, liver function disorders,
severe coronary insufficiency, kidney damage, pregnancy,
£- nursing, infectious diseases, sepsis, hypertonia and severe
hypotonia.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages, but therapeutic use is not recommended because of the many side
effects. Among side effects that may occur are queasiness,
vomiting, feeling of weakness in the legs, muscle pain,
numbness in the fingers, angina complaints, tachycardia or
bradycardia, localized edema and itching.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage or long-term administration can lead to thrombosis, damage to the vessels of the retina (combined with
optic atrophy) gangrene of the extremities, hemiplagia and
convulsions.
fc
Symptoms of acute poisonings include queasiness, vomiting,
diarrhea, thirst, skin coolness, itching of the skin, rapid and
weak pulse, paresthesia, numbness of the extremities,
confusion or unconsciousness.
Chronic poisonings appear as:
Ergotismus gangrenosus: characterized by painful arterial
blood flow disorders of the extremities with dry gangrene,
angina complaints, field of vision losses, aphasias.
Ergotismus convulsivus: characterized by muscle twitching,
later clonic spasm and ultimately tonic spasms, hemiplagia,
loss of consciousness and death.
LITERATURE
Anon., Ergotamin. Deutsche Apotheker Ztg 134 (1994), 1887
Anon., Hepetitis C - Hohes Riskiko fur Medizinberufe. In: PUZ
25(6):344. 1996.
Anon., Parkinson-Krankheit: Mehe Lebensqualitat bei
(Combination von L-DOPA mit Dopaminagonisten. In: PUZ
24(2): 101. 1995. Anon
Anon. Vom Ergolin-Pharmakophor zu selektiven Arzneistoffen.
Deutsche Apotheker Ztg 132 (1992), 1235
Crespi-Perellino N et al., JNP 50:1065-1074. 1987.
Ergotamin. In: DAZ 134(20): 1887. 1994.
Flieger M et al., JNP 47:970-976. 1984.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kobel H, Sanglier JJ, Biotechnology 4:569-609. 1986.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Marshall M, Wiistenberg P, Klinik und Therapie der
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz. In: Klinik und Therapie der
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz, Braun Fachverlage, Karlsruhe
1994. 1994.
Milhahn HC et al., Contributions to the dissociation between
antineoplastic and mutagenic activities of the ergot minor
282/ERGOT
alkaloid festucalavine by substitution at C-2. In: PM
59(7): A&83. 1993.
Militz M, Antoniusfeuer, Mutterkron und Isenheimer Altar. In:
PZ 141(9):720-721. 1996.
Neurotransmitter: Serotoninagonisten und -antagonisten in der
Pharmakotherapie. In: DAZ 133(51/52):4895. 1993.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Eryngium campestre
See Eryngo
Eryngo
Perellino NC, et al., Identification of ergobine, a new natural
peptide ergot alkaloid. In: JNP 56(4):489-493. 1993.
Eryngium campestre
Pertz H, Naturally occuring clavines: Antagonism/partial
agonism at 5-HT2alpha receptors and antogonism at alpha 1adrenoceptors in blood vessel. In: PM 62(5)387-392. 1996.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
dried flowers and dried roots.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schlenger R, 50 Jahre LSD. In: DAZ 133(32):2903. 1993.
Schmidt M, LSD, Psilocybe, Ololiuqui. In: PTA 8(3): 186. 1994.
Seeger R, Neumann HG, D-(+)-Lysergsaurediethylamid
(LSD). In: DAZ 132(42):2244. 1992.
Seiffer B, Therapie der Akromegalie. In: Med Mo Pharm
15(5): 159. 1992.
Stadler PA, PM 46:131-144. 1982.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The plant bears small terminal cymes on
oval to globular capitula on sweeping inflorescences. The
linear-lanceolate to awl-shaped bracts terminate in sharp
thorns. The sepals are lanceolate, terminate in thorny tips and
are twice as long as the white or gray-green petals. The fruit
is compressed obovate with lanceolate, pointed scales.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 15 to 60 cm high,
perennial, with a whitish or yellow-green color. The
bifurcated stem is erect, thick, grooved and spare. The stem
forms a round bush with the branches. The leaves are tough,
short-petioled or sessile. The upper leaves are clasping,
double pinnatesect and thorny dentate. The root is cylindrical, thick, brown and woody.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Characteristics: The root is spicy.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: The plant grows in most parts of Europe and
northern Africa and has been introduced into North America.
Vom Ergolin-Pharmakophor zu selektiven Arzneistoffen. In:
DAZ 132(23): 1235. 1992.
Production: Eryngo root is the root of Eryngium campestre,
which is gathered and dried in the spring and autumn. It is
gathered in uncultivated regions. The roots are halved and
air-dried. Eryngo herb is the dried leaves and blossoms of
Eryngium campestre.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wang BH, Polya GM, The fungal teratogen secalonic acid D is
an inhibitor of protein kinase C and of cyclic AMP-dependent
protein kinase. In: PM 62(2): 111-114. 1997.
Wenzlaff H, Dihydroergotamin. In: DAZ 136(26):2179-2181.
1996.
Other Names: Eringo, Sea Holly, Sea Holme, Sea Hulver
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: ERYNGO ROOT
Triterpene
saponins
Furanocoumarins
Erigeron canadensis
See Canadian Fleabane
Pyranocoumarins: including egelinol and its angeloyl-,
senecionyl- or benzyl-esters agasyllin, grandivetin and egelinol benzoate
Monoterpene glycosides of the cyclohexenol type: including
3-(beta-D-glucosyloxymethyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one
Eriodictyon californicum
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid
See Yerba Santa
Oligosaccharides:
1-kestose
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EFFECTS: ERYNGO ROOT
The root is said to be mildly expectorant and spasmolytic;
however, there is no scientific evidence to support this.
COMPOUNDS: ERYNGO HERB
^TTriterpene saponins
EUCALYPTUS
283
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Hiller K, In "The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae"'.
Ed. V. N. Hey wood, Academic Press London 1971.
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid
Hiller K, Linzer B PA 22:321. 1967.
Flavonoids
Kartnig T, Wolf J. Flavonoide aus den oberirdischen Teilen von
Eryngium campestre. In: PM 59(3):285. 1993.
EFFECTS: ERYNGO HERB
Lisciani R et al., (1984) J Ethnopharmacol 12(39):263.
The herb is said to be a mild diuretic and an expectorant;
however, there is no scientific evidence to support this.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ERYNGO ROOT
Unproven Uses: The root is used in the treatment of bladder
and kidney stones, renal colic, kidney and urinary tract
inflammation, urinary retention and edema. It is also used for
coughs, bronchitis, skin disorders and respiratory disorders.
ERYNGO HERB
Unproven Uses: The herb is used in the treatment of urinary
tract infections and as an adjuvant to treat inflammation of
• the efferent urinary tract, prostatitis and bronchial catarrh.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ERYNGO ROOT AND HERB
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-5.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Erysimum diffusum
See Gray Wallflower
Erythronium americanum
See American Adder's Tongue
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
ERYNGO ROOT
Mode of Administration: The comminuted root is contained
in tea mixtures, extracts, decoctions, liquids and tinctures.
Preparation: To make a tea, use 1 level teaspoonful of the
ground root per cup of boiling water (30 to 40 gm per liter
boiling water). Allow to draw until cold. To make a
decoction, boil 4 teaspoonfuls of the ground root in 1 liter of
water for 10 minutes and allow to draw for 15 minutes. The
tincture is prepared by soaking 20 gm ground drug in 80 gm
of 60% alcohol for 10 days.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 3 to 4 cups of the tea; 2 to
3 cups of the decoction; 50 to 60 drops of the tincture in 3 or
divided doses; or 2 to 3 gm of the liquid extract.
ERYNGO HERB
Mode of Administration: The herb is administered as an
extract and in homeopathic dilutions (from E. yuccifolium).
LITERATURE
Bhargava SK, Dixit VP, (1985) Plant Med Phytother 19(1):29.
Erdelmeier CAJ, Sticher O, (1985) Planta Med 51(5):407.
Gracza L et al., (1985) Arch Pharm 312(12): 1090.
Erythroxylum coca
See Coca
Eschscholtzia californica
See California Poppy
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus globulus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
from the fresh leaves and branch tips as well as the dried
leaves.
Flower and Fndt: The flowers are solitary on short pedicles.
They have a somewhat pointed, but low operculum stretching over the surface of the stamens. There are no sepals but
there are numerous long stamens turned inward, which open
along the whole length in 2 splits. The fruit is 10 to 15 by 15
284/EUCALYPTUS
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
to 30 mm and is a depressed-globose, somewhat tapering
toward the base, with 4 main ribs.
gamma-terpenes,
valerenaldehyde)
Leaves, Stem and Root: Eucalyptus is a deciduous tree up to
40 m tall with silver-gray bark, which has scattered warts.
The trunk is twisted. The juvenile leaves are 7 to 16 by 4 to 9
cm, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cordate, very glaucus. The
mature leaves are 10 to 13 by 3 to 4 cm, lanceolate to
falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, asymmetrical rounded and
glossy green.
Euglobale: macrocarpale (with acylphloroglucinol-monoterpene or else sesquiterpene- parent substances)
Habitat: Eucalyptus is indigenous to Australia and Tasmania. It is cultivated today in some subtropical regions of
southern Europe, Africa, Asia and America.
Production: Eucalyptus oil consists of the volatile oil from
various cineol-rich species of Eucalyptus, such as Eucalyptus
globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum (syn. Eucalyptus polybractea) and/or Eucalyptus smithii. The oil is obtained by
steam distillation, followed by rectification of the fresh
leaves and branch tops. Eucalyptus leaf consists of the dried,
mature leaves from older trees of Eucalyptus globulus. To
harvest eucalyptus, the trees are cut down; drying takes place
in the shade.
Not To Be Confused With: Camphor oil and by-products of
turpentine manufacture: the oil is also blended with other
expensive oils, such as rosemary and thyme. The properties
of Eucalyptus leaves vary from species to species.
Other Names: Blue Gum, Fever Tree, Gum Tree, Red Gum,
Stringy Bark Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : EUCALYPTUS OIL
Chief constituent of the rectified volatile oil: 1,8-cineol (over
80%), furthermore p-cymene, alpha-pinenes, limonene, geraniol, camphene
E F F E C T S : EUCALYPTUS OIL
Some of the subsequent properties mentioned refer to
isolated cineole. As the standardized commodity, the drug
contains 80 to 90% cineole.
In vitro, eucalyptus oil has an antibacterial and fungicidal
effect. The drug inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis and has a
mild hyperemic, expectorant and secretolytic motor effect
when used topically. In animal experiments eucalyptus was
demonstrably cough relieving and displayed a surfactant
effect. In vitro, the oil was enzyme inducing and improved
pulmonary compliance. It is secretolytic, expectorant, mildly
antispasmodic, and a mild local hyperemic.
COMPOUNDS: EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Volatile oil: chief constituent 1,8-cineol (45-75%), in additions myrtenol, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, pinocarvon,
aliphatic
aldehydes
(butyr-,
capron-,
Flavonoids: rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin
E F F E C T S : E U C A L Y P T U S LEAF
The drug has been shown to be secretolytic, expectorant,
weakly antispasmodic, deodorizing, cooling and diuretic. In
animal experiments the blood-sugar level of uninfluenced
plasma insulin was reduced. The euglobulin is said to have
an anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect in animal
experiments and inhibits in vitro TPA-induced EBV-EA
activity.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
E U C A L Y P T U S OIL
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/bronchitis
• Rheumatism
Eucalyptus oil is used internally and externally for catarrh of
the respiratory tract and externally for rheumatic complaints.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the oil is used for asthma,
coughs, diseases of the frontal sinuses, fever, flu, gastric
complaints, hoarseness, incipient scarlet fever and measles,
worm infestation and as an intestinal antiseptic.
EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/bronchitis
Eucalyptus leaf is used internally as a catarrh of the
respiratory tract.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, it is used internally for the
treatment of bladder diseases, asthma, fever, flu, whooping
cough, liver and gallbladder complaints, loss of appetite and
diabetes. It is used externally for wounds, acne, poorly
healing ulcers, stomatitis, bleeding gums, pain and rheumatism, neuralgia, gonorrhea and as a gastrointestinal remedy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
EUCALYPTUS OIL
General: The administration of the drug leads in rare cases
to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It should not be taken
internally with inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and
the biliary ducts or with severe illnesses of the liver.
Pediatric Use: Infants and small children should not have
preparations containing the oil applied to their faces as this
practice can lead to glottal or bronchial spasms, asthma-like
attacks or even death by asphyxiation.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EUCALYPTUS LEAF
General: The administration of the drug leads in rare cases
to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It should not be taken
internally with inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and
the biliary ducts or with severe illnesses of the liver.
Poisonings occur with the volatile oil but are not likely with
administration of the leaf drug.
Pediatric Use: Infants and small children should not have
preparations containing the oil applied to their faces as this
practice can lead to glottal or bronchial spasms, asthma-like
attacks or even death by asphyxiation.
OVERDOSAGE
EUCALYPTUS OIL
Overdoses can lead to life-threatening poisonings. Severe
poisonings are possible for children after a few drops;
poisonings have been known in adults with 4 to 5 ml.
Symptoms include drop in blood pressure, circulatory
disorders, collapse and asphyxiation. Because of the danger
of aspiration, vomiting should not be induced. Following the
administration of activated charcoal, therapy consists of
diazepam for spasms, atropine for colic, electrolyte replenishment and sodium bicarbonate infusions for any acidosis
that may arise. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also
be necessary.
EUCALYPTUS/285
tions for internal and external application. The drug may also
be administered by inhalation.
Preparations:
Eucalyptus tincture — 1:5 70% ethanol (V/V)
Eucalyptus liquid extract — 60% 1:1
Eucalyptus syrup — pour 1500 ml on 100 gm cut drug and
leave to draw for 6 hours and strain. 180 gm sugar is added
to 100 ml infusion, brought to a simmer and filtered.
Tea — pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2 gm of the finely cut
drug, cover and leave to draw for 5 to 10 minutes, strain.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 gm of drug,
divided up every 3 to 4 hours. Single dose: 1.5 gm several
times a day
The average dose for the tincture is 3 to 4 gm.
Eucalyptus tea — 1 cup up to 3 times a day.
Eucalyptus syrup — 2 to 5 dessertspoons daily.
Eucalyptus powder — daily dose 4 to 16 gm; divided over 3
to 4 hours.
DOSAGE
Storage: Eucalyptus must be kept in appropriate, tightlysealed, non-synthetic containers; different consignments
must be stored separately.
EUCALYPTUS OIL
LITERATURE
Mode of Administration: Essential oil and other galenic
preparations are available for internal and external
application.
Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
EUCALYPTUS OIL
Preparation: 1,8-cineole is recovered through a renewed
fractional distillation of the oil.
Boland B, In: Eucalyptus leaf oils. Boland DJ. Brophy JJ,
House APN (Eds.). Inkata Press, Melbourne, XII + 252 pp.
1992.
Daily Dosage: For internal use, the average daily dose is 0.3
to 0.6 gm eucalyptus oil.
Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN, Eucalyptus leave oils. In:
Inkata Press Melbourne. 1991.
Inhalation: 2 to 3 drops in boiling water, inhale the steam
(single dose: 0.2 gm corresponding to 10 drops). Oil: 3 to 6
drops added in 150 ml water, to be taken several times a day.
When used externally, the concentration is 5 to 20%
essential oil,.in oil and semi-solid preparations and 5 to 10%
essential oil, in aqueous-alcoholic preparations. If the
essential oil is used, several drops may be nibbed into the
skin.
Storage: Eucalyptus must be kept in appropriate, tightly
sealed containers protected from light; different consignments must be stored separately.
EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Mode of Administration: Eucalyptus leaf is administered as
the comminuted leaf for infusions and other galenic prepara-
Boukef K et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:24, 30:119.
Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor,
eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and
nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161.
Fox N, (1977) Effect of Camphor, Eucalyptol and Menthol on
the vascular state of the mucos membrane. Arch Otolaryngol 6:
112-122.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und
Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen
Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H. Heuss D, (1995)
Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2:
93-102.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995)
Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2:
93-103.
286/EUCALYPTUS
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint
and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and
experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 14:
228-234.
Gobel H, Stolze H, Dworschak M, Heinze A, (1995) Oleum
menthae piperitae, Wirkmechanismen und klinische Effektivitat
bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N
(Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung.
Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 177-184.
Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der ArzneimitteltJherapie im
Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995.
Ikeda RM et al., (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
Linsenmann P, Hermat H, Swoboda M. (1989) Therapeutischer
Wert atherischer Ole bei chronisch-abstruktiver Bronchitis.
Atemw Lungenkrankh 15:152-156.
Linsenmann P, Swoboda M. (1986) Therapeutische Wirksamkeit
atherischer Ole bei chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis.
Therapiewoche 36:1161-1166.
Osawa K et al., Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the leaves of
Eucalyptus globulus. In: JNP 59(9):824-827. 1996.
Patel S, Wiggins J, (1980) Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Arch Dis
Childh 55:405-406.
Rommelt H, Schnizer W, Swoboda M, Senn E, (1988)
Pharmakokinetik atherischer Ole nach Inhalation mit einer
terpenhaltigen Salbe. Z Phytother 9:14-16.
Ziinker KS, Bliimel G. (1983) Terpene-induced lowering of
surface tension in vitro. In: A rationale for surfactant
substitution. Resp Exp Med 182:33-38.
Zanker KS, Bliimel G, Probst J, Reiterer W, (1984) Theoretical
and experimental evidence for the action of terpens as
modulators in lung function. Prog Resp Res 18:302-304.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Anonym, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
Boland B, In: Eucalyptus leaf oils. Boland DJ, Brophy JJ,
House APN (Eds.). Inkata Press, Melbourne, XII + 252 pp.
1992.
Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN, Eucalyptus leave oils. In:
Inkata Press Melbourne. 1991.
Boukef K et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:24, 30:119.
Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor,
eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and
nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161.
™
Fox N, (1977) Effect of Camphor, Eucalyptol and Menthol«M*C"*»^,.
the vascular state of the mucous membrane. Arch Otolaryngol
6: 112-122.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und
Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen
Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995)
Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine
2:93-102.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995)
Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine
2:93-103.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint
and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and
experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 14:
228-234.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Gobel H, Stolze H, Dworschak M, Heinze A, (1995) Oleum
menthae piperitae, Wirkmechanismen und klinische Effektivitat
bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N
(Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung.
Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 177-184.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der Arzneimitteltherapie im
Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Ikeda RM et al., (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
^i
Linsenmann P, Hermat H, Swoboda M, (1989) Therapeutischer
Wert atherischer Ole bei chronisch-abstruktiver Bronchitis.
Atemw Lungenkrankh 15:152-156.
^
W
EUROPEAN E L D E R / 2 8 7
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Linsenmann P, Swoboda M, (1986) Therapeutische Wirksamkeit
atherischer Ole bei chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis.
Therapiewoche 36:1161-1166.
Eugenia chequen
See Cheken
Osawa K et al., Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the leaves of
Eucalyptus globulus. In: JNP 59(9):824-827. 1996.
Patel S, Wiggins J, (1980) Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Arch Dis
Childh 55:405-406.
Eugenia uniflora
Rommelt H, Schnizer W, Swoboda M, Senn E, (1988)
Pharmakokinetik atherischer Ole nach Inhalation mit einer
terpenhaltigen Salbe. Z Phytother 9:14-16.
See Surinam Cherry
Zanker KS, Blumel G, (1983) Terpene-induced lowering of
surface tension in vitro. In: A rationale for surfactant
substitution. Resp Exp Med 182:33-38.
Zanker KS, Blumel G, Probst J, Reiterer W, (1984) Theoretical
and experimental evidence for the action of terpens as
modulators in lung function. Prog Resp Res 18:302-304.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Euonymus species
See Wahoo
Eupatorium cannabinum
See Hemp Agrimony
Eupatorium perfoliatum
See Boneset
Euphorbia cyparissias
See Cypress Spurge
Euphorbia resinifera
See Spurge
Schulz R, Hansel R. Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbli Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Eucalyptus globulus
See Eucalyptus
Euphrasia officinalis
See Eyebright
European Elder
Sambucus nigra
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark peeled
from the branches in spring and freed from the cork, the airdried flowers, the fresh and dried leaves, the fresh and dried
ripe fruit, the dried roots, and the fresh leaves and
inflorescences in equal parts.
288/EUROPEAN ELDER
Flower and Fruit: The strongly perfumed, yellowish-white
flowers are in large, flat, apical, richly and densely blossomed erect cymes with 5 main branches. The edge of the
calyx is small and 5-tipped. The corolla is rotate, deep, and
has 5 petals. There are 5 stamens and 1 inferior ovary. The
fruit is a black-violet, berry-like drupe with blood-red juice.
The seeds are brownish, ovate, and domed on the outside.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a shallow-rooted, up to
7 m high tree or bush with spreading branches containing dry
white latex. The bark of the trunk is light brown to gray, and
fissured. The bark on the young branches is green and
covered with gray lenticles. The leaves are odd 3 to 7
pinnate. They are matte green above and light blue-green
beneath. The leaflets are ovate or oblong acuminate, and
densely serrate.
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong, somewhat
numbing perfume.
Habitat: European Elder is indigenous to almost all of
Europe.
Production: Elder flowers consist of the inflorescence of
Sambucus nigra, which are collected in the wild, sifted and
dried.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion sometimes arises with
the flowers of Sambucus ebulus.
Other Names: Black Elder, Black-Berried Alder, Boor Tree,
Elder, Bountry, Ellanwood, Ellhorn
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
mouthwash and for respiratory disorders such as coughs,
head colds, laryngitis, flu, and shortness of breath. Elder is
used occasionally by nursing mothers to increase lactation.
Externally, herbal pillows are used for swelling and
inflammation.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy is inflammation of the respiratory tract.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb and other galenic
preparations for infusions.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, brew 2 teaspoonfuls (3
to 4 g) of elder flowers in 150 ml of boiling water and strain
after 5 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug is 10 to 15
gm. The infusion (tea) should be freshly prepared and drunk
in doses of 1 to 2 cups several times—especially in the
afternoon and evening.
Homeopathic Dosage: For adults, 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
chronic once a day (HAB1). Adjust dosages for children.
Storage: Elder should be stored where it is protected from
light and moisture.
Flavonoids (up to 3%): chief components are rutin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, hyperoside, astragalin, nicotoflorin
LITERATURE
Volatile oil (0.03-0.14%): higher share (65%) of free fatty
acids, including among others palmitic acid (share 38%)
Czygan FC, Holunder wird wieder gesellschaftsfahig. In: ZPT
15(2): 111. 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives (3%): chlorogenic acids
Eberhardt R, Pfannhauser W, Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 181:97.
1985.
EFFECTS
Bauer R et al., (1985) Helv Chim Acta 68:2355.
Inoue T, Sato K, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1871.
Animal tests have shown that Alder increases bronchial
secretion. A diaphoretic effect is apparent, but the mechanism is unknown.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Paulo E, (1976) Folia Biol 24(2):213.
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/bronchitis
• Fevers and colds
The drug is used for colds and coughs. It is a sweatproducing remedy for the treatment of feverish colds.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Elder flowers are used
internally as a sudorific tea and for colds and other feverish
conditions. Elder is also used as an infusion, as a gargle/
Lawrie W et al., (1964) Phytochemistry 3:267.
Petitjean-Freytet C et al., J Pharm Belg 46:241. 1991.
Richter W, Willuhn G, DAZ 114:947. 1974.
WiUuhn G, Richter W, PM 31:328. 1977.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
EUROPEAN GOLDEN ROD / 289
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients; Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Other Names: Cinquefoil, Five Fingers, Five-Finger Blossom, Sunkfield, Synkfoyle
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
jf? Schuiz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Tannins (6 to 12%)
Flavonoids: including quercetin-3,7-diglucuronide
EFFECTS
The drug is astringent and has wound healing effect due to
the tannin content.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: European Five-Finger Grass is used internally for diarrhea and fever; externally for inflammation of
the mucous membranes of mouth and gums, toothache, and
heartburn.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
European Five-Finger Grass
Potentilla
^
reptans
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh flowering
plant and the roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary or in pairs on
long thin pedicles opposite the leaves. The calyx has 5
segments and is 10 to 25 mm across. The golden yellow
petals are obcordate and up to twice as long as the calyx. A
ring-like swelling at the base of the stamens exudes a kind of
honey. The small fruit is oblong-ovate and wrinkled.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial
with a thin, divided rhizome and rosettes of basal leaves. The
basal leaves produce 30 cm to 100 cm-long flowering stems
from their axils, which are rooted at the nodes. The stems are
pubescent or almost glabrous, have no glands and are often
tinged red. The cauline leaves are long-petioled and 5 to 7
digitate. The basal stipules are fused to the petiole. The
leaflets are obovate, 10 to 70 mm long, dentate to serrate and
pubescent or almost glabrous.
^
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There have been complaints of gastrointestinal
upset in conjunction with the drugs use reported in the
literature.
Habitat: Europe. The plant is common in Europe, Western
Asia, North America, Ethiopia and the Near East. Potentilla
canadensis is indigenous to Canada and the U.S. and is very
similar.
Production: European Five-Finger Grass and root is the
complete plant of Potentilla reptans.
The drug is a mixture of green and brown in color and has no
particular smell or taste. The roots are dug up in September/
October and then dried in a sunny, airy place.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available as crude drug and as an
infusion for internal and external use.
Preparation: A decoction for internal use is prepared by
adding 3 gm of drug per 100 ml of water. A decoction using
6 gm of drug per 100 ml of water is used for external
application and mouth rinses.
Daily Dosage: Internally, 2 to 3 cups of a decoction prepared
according to the formula above are administered daily.
Externally, a decoction using the formula above is administered as a gargle, mouthwash or rinse. Moist compresses may
be applied to affected areas of the skin.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
European Golden Rod
Solidago virgaurea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
parts collected during the flowering season, the fresh
inflorescences and the flowering twigs.
2 9 0 / E U R O P E A N CrOLDEN ROD
Flower and Fruit: The yellow composite flowers are in erect
racemes facing all directions and are simple or compound.
They are medium-sized. The involucral bracts are imbricate
and arranged in numerous rows. The ray florets are narrow,
lingual and female. The disc florets are funnel-shaped, 5tipped and androgynous. The fruit is a cylindrical achene
with numerous ribs. It is brown, sparsely pubescent and 3.5
to 4.5 mm long with a tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that ranges
in size from a few centimeters to over 1 m. The rhizome is
cylindrical, noded, diagonally ascending and short. The stem
is erect, cane-like, angularly grooved above, usually redtinged beneath, and glabrous to loosely appressed pubescent
higher up. The basal leaves are long-petioled, elliptical,
acuminate and narrowing to the winged stem. The lower
ones are serrate and the upper ones entire-margined.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Carotinoids (as blossom pigments)
Flavonoids (I.I to 2%): chief component rutin (0.8 %),
including as well hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-robinoside, astragalin, nicotiflorin, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-galactoside, kaempferol3-0alpha- arabinoside, kaempferol - 3 - O - beta - D - robinobioside,
isorhamnetin - 3 - O - beta - D- galactoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O beta - D - glucoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - beta - D - rutinoside,
rhamnetin - 3 - O - glucorahamnoside
Phenol glucosides (hydroxy benzylbenzoyte diglucosides, 0.2
to 1.0%): leicarposide (0.2 to 1%), virgaureoside A (0.01 to
0.14%), benzyl-2,6-dimethoxy-benzoate
Caffeic acid derivatives (0.2 to 0.4%): including chlorogenic
acid, neochlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia and North
America.
Phenol carboxylic acids: salicylic acid (0.1%), as well as
vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid,
sinapineic acid—free, estered or glycosylated
Production: Golden Rod is the aerial part of Solidago
virgaurea. It occurs in the wild in Hungary, former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Poland
Polyynes (in the roots): 2,8-cis-trans-matricaria ester, 2,8cis-cis-matricaria ester, cis-lachnophyllum ester, matricaric
acid lactone, lachnophyllum lactone
Not to be Confused With: Despite qualitative and quantitative differences in their effects, drugs containing Solidago
gigantea or Solidago canadensis are exchanged with Solidago virgaurea on the market; confusions with Senecio species
are also conceivable.
Other Names: Aaron's Rod, Woundwort, Goldenrod
EFFECTS
The drug has a diuretic effect due to the leiocarposide and
the phenol glycosides. Golden Rod also inhibits the formation of urinary calculi. Leiocarposide displays an analgesic
effect. The saponin is antimicrobial, weakly spasmolytic and
anti-exudative.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
COMPOUNDS
Approved by Commission E:
Triterpene saponins (0.2 to 0.3%):
In the European form—3,28-bisdemosidic ester saponins,
including acyl-virgaurea saponins 1, 2 and 3; the acid
components are acetic acid and beta-hydroxy butyric acid;
aglycone is polygalic acid.
• Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
In the Asian fonn—bi- or tridemosidic solidago saponins I to
XXIX, acyl-virgaurea saponin 1, acylvirgaurea saponin 2,
bellis saponin BA2
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Golden Rod is used
internally for rheumatism, gout, diabetes, hemorrhoids,
prostatic hypertrophy, nervous bronchial asthma, internal
bleeding, enlargement of the liver, acute exacerbation of
pulmonary tuberculosis; externally for inflammations of the
mouth and throat as well as festering wounds
Volatile oil (0.4 to 0.5%, in the stored drug less than 0.2%):
chief components
Homeopathic Uses: Solidago virgaurea is used for renal
insufficiency and liver disorders.
In the European form—alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, limonene,
delta-elemene, gamma-cadinene, beta-phellandrene, myrcene
CONTRAINDICATIONS
In the Asian form—limonene, germacrene-D, germacrene-B
and beta-caryophyllene
Polysaccharides (water-soluble, 6 to 8%)
Diterpenes: cis-clerodane-derivatives, presumably only in
the Asian variety
Irrigation therapy is c6ntraindicated in cases of edema
resulting from reduced cardiac and/or kidney function.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The drug possesses a weak potential for sensitization. Care must be taken in patients with chronic renal
EUROPEAN
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
diseases, and the drug should be used in this patient
population only under physician supervision.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As chopped drug by itself or in
. combination preparations.
Preparation: To make an infusion, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls (3 to
5 gm) of drug is scalded with simmering water (150 ml) and
strained after 15 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 6 to 12 gm of
comminuted drug prepared as an infusion. The infusion
dosage is one cupful, 2 to 4 times daily between meals. The
recommended dosage for the liquid extract is 0.5 to 2 ml
liquid extract (1:1) in 25% ethanol 2 to 3 times daily. A
dosage of 0.5 to 1 ml tincture (1:5) in 45% ethanol, 2 to 3
times daily is commonly used. Ample fluid intake should be
ensured. In folk medicine, 0.5 to 2 gm drug as an infusion is
taken 3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1)
Storage: The drug must be protected from light and
moisture.
MISTLETOE/291
Vonkruedener S et al., Effects of extracts from Populus tremula
L., Solidago virgaurea L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. on various
myeloperoxidase systems. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(8):809-814.
1996.
Further information in:
*
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997,
LITERATURE
Bader G et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42(2): 140.
Bader G, Plohmann B, Franz G, Hiller K, Saponins from
Solidago virgaurea L. - Possible agent for therapy of cancer?
In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 21.
1996.
Bader G, Wray V, Hiller K, The main saponins from the aerial
parts and the roots of Solidago virgaurea subsp, virgaurea. In:
PM 61(2);158-161. 1995.
Goswami A et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):837.
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewerrung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Hiller K, Bader G, Goldruten-Kraut Portrait einer Arzneipflanze.
In: ZPT 17(2): 123-130. 1996.
Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A, Studies on the constituents of
Solidago virga-aurea L. 1. Structural elucidation of saponins in
the herb. In: Chem Pharm Bull 39: 2037. 1991.
Kalemba D, Phenolic acids in four Solidago species. In: PA
47:471-472. 1992.
Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95.
Metzer J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(12):869.
Schilcher H, Boesel R, Effenberger ST Segebrecht S, Neuere
Untersuchungsergebnisse mit aquaretisch, antibakteriell und
prostatotrop wirksamen Arzneipflanzen. In: ZPT 10(3):77. 1989.
Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8.
1989.
European Mistletoe
Viscum album
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
twigs collected before the berries form, the fresh herbs of
certain host plants, the fresh leafy twigs with fruit collected
in the autumn, the whole fresh plant collected from apple
trees, the leaves and the berries.
Flower and Fruit: The flower is yellowish-green, dioecious
and appears in insignificant, small, 3 to 5 flowered clusters.
The perigone of the male flower is 4 tipped. The stamens are
fused with the tips. The female flower is smaller and has 4
tepals with a thick stigma sitting on die short style. The fruit
is a glossy, white, globular, pea-sized berry with thick sticky
flesh. When ripe, it is white to yellowish or orange and has 1
to 2 oval or angular seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a semi-parasitic, almost
round bush growing on deciduous trees, which are 30 to 80
cm in diameter. The round branches are repeatedly bifurcated and thickened to knots at the joints and are the same
yellowish-green as the leaves. The leaves are alternate,
sessile, lanceolate or lanceolate-spatulate, coriaceous and
evergreen.
292/EUROPEAN
MISTLETOE
Habitat: European Mistletoe is found mostly in Europe and
as far as Iran. It is not found in America or Australia. It is
cultivated in central Europe and China.
Production: European Mistletoe berries are the fresh or dried
fruit of Viscum album. Mistletoe stem is the fresh or dried
stem of Viscum album. Mistletoe herb consists of fresh or
dried younger branches with flowers and fruits of Viscum
album. The drug is collected in the wild during the spring
and is air-dried or put in driers at a maximum temperature of
40° C.
Other Names: Mistletoe, Mystyldene, All-Heal, Birdlime,
Devil's Fuge
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E FRUIT
Mucilage (2%, referred to as Viscin): The mock berries of
the Mistletoe have not been fully investigated. Presumably,
they lack the toxic lectins and viscotoxins.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lignans: including among others syringaresinol and its
glycosides
Triterpenes: including among others alpha-amyrin (alphaviscol), beta-amyrin acetate, betulic acid, oleanolic acid,
ursolic acid
*
.^
%
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E AN M I S T L E T O E HERB
The Mistletoe lectins in the drug are hypotensive, cytotoxic
and immune-stimulating. It causes significant improvement
of the symptoms of chronic joint conditions, and a significant lengthening of survival times of cancer patients as well
an improvement of quality of life.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E FRUIT
Unproven Uses: The fruit acts on circulation by regulating
blood pressure. It is also an expectorant and a tonic. In
addition, the fruit is used to treat internal bleeding, epilepsy,
arteriosclerosis, cramps, gout, hysteria and major blood loss.
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N MISTLETOE FRUIT
No information is available.
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
The Mistletoe stems contain the same constituents as the
Mistletoe foliage (Visci alhi herba), but because of the high
percentage of support elements lacking any effective ingredients, these constituents exist only in very low concentrations.
E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
Unproven Uses: The stem of European Mistletoe is used for
its calming effect; in the treatment of mental and physical
exhaustion; and as a tranquilizer against nervous conditions
such as agitation, anxiety and increased excitability.
41
EUROPEAN M I S T L E T O E HERB
Approved by Commission E:
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
No information is available.
• Rheumatism
• Tumor therapy (adjuvant)
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E HERB
Lectins (glycoproteins with 11% carbohydrate): Mistletoe
lectin I (ML I, VAA 1, viscumin), mistletoe lectin II (ML II),
mistletoe lectin III (ML III, VAA II), the lectin fractions
named are isolectin mixtures
Polypeptides (built up out of 46 amino acids, 0.05-0.1%):
viscotoxins A2, A3, B, Ps 1Mucilages (knovm as viscin, 4-5%): including among others
galacturonans, arabino galactans
Sugar alcohols: including among others mannitol, quebrachitol, pinitol, viscumitol
Flavonoids: including glycosides of quercetin, quercetin
methyl ethers, isorhamnetin, sakuranetin and homoeriodictyol; in the subspecies V. album ssp. platyspermum:
homoeriodictyol - 7 - O - glucoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-[apiosyl (l->6)]-glucosyl-7-0-rhamnoside, 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone-4'-0-glucoside, 3',5,7trimethoxyflavanone-4' - O-glucoside
Phenyl alyl alcohols: including among others syringin
(syrigenin-4'-0-glucosides), coniferyl-4'-[apiosyl (1-2')]
glucoside
Unproven Uses: For treating degenerative inflammation of
the joints and as palliative therapy for malignant tumors
through nonspecific stimulation. Other uses include longterm therapy for cases of mild high blood pressure and as an
arteriosclerosis prophylactic.
European Mistletoe tea may be used for high blood pressure,
epilepsy, whooping cough, asthma, vertiginous attack, amenorrhea, diarrhea, chorea, nervous tachycardia, hysteria and
nervousness.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for joint pain, tendon
and muscle pain, lumbago, back pain, vaginal bleeding
during pregnancy and agalactia.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for dizziness, high and
low blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia and joint
degeneration.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
Contraindications for parenteral administration of the herb
include protein oversensitivity, chronic-progressive infections, e.g., tuberculosis, and conditions of high fever.
™
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE/293
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE FRUIT
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE FRUIT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper ^administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The berries are said to have emetic and evacuant
effects and to have caused the death of children. However,
unambiguous proof for these effects does not exist.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE STEM
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The drug is
non-toxic with peroral administration. Local reactions can
occur with parenteral administration of European Mistletoe
extracts such as wheal formation, possibly also necrosis,
chills, fever, headache, anginal complaints, orthostatic circulatory disorders and allergic reactions.
The wheal formation and the elevation of body temperature
are considered signs of immune system stimulation and
therefore as positive therapeutic effects.
DOSAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB AND STEM
Anonym, Allergie auf Mistelextrakt. In: ZPT 13(3):96. 1992.
Anonym, Die Mistel. In: DAZ 136(48):4330-4332. 1996.
Anonym, Integrative Konzepte in der Onkologie: Misteltherapie
(S. 19). In: NGM Suppl. 1/94:1-36. 1994.
Anonym, Misteltherapie aus schulmedizinischer Sicht. In: DAZ
131(37):1894. 1991.
Anonym, Optimale Misteldosierung. In: PZ 140(35):3082. 1995.
Anonym, Phytotherapie: Einsatz von Mistelextrakten in der
Tumortherapie. In: DAZ 135(1):73. 1995.
Anonym, Sind Mistelpraparate mehr als nur Adjuvanzien in der
onkologischen Therapie? In: ZPT 15(6):353-355. 1994.
Becker H, Exner J, (1980) Z Pflanzenphysiol. 97
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
Berg P, Stein G, Ein Inhaltsstoff allein geniigt nicht, s. auch
folgenden Artikel. In: ZPT 16(5):282. 1995.
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered herb are
available in the forms of juice, coated tablets, drops, oil
preparations, ampules and compound preparations.
Beuth HJ, Mistel: "In der Onkologie nur Praparate einsetzen,
die auf Mistellektin standardisiert sind!" In: ZPT 16(1):40-41.
1995.
Preparation: A medicinal tea is prepared using 2.5 gm (1
teaspoonful) finely cut drug with 1 cup cold water, steeped
for 12 hours at room temperature, then strained. European
Mistletoe wine is prepared by adding 40 gm drug to 1 liter
wine; the preparation is ready for use after 3 days.
A liquid extract is made in the ratio of 1:1 with diluted
ethanol; a tincture is made in the ratio of 1:5 with 4 5 %
ethanol.
Daily Dosage: The recommended daily dose is 10 gm drug.
The dosage of medicinal tea is 1 to 2 cups daily. European
Mistletoe wine dosage is 3 to 4 glasses daily, liquid extract
dosage is 1 to 3 ml 3 times daily, and the tincture dosage is
0.5 ml 3 times daily.
The dosage for the treatment of hypertonia and as an
arteriosclerotic prophylactic is 2 to 6 gm of European
Mistletoe powder 3 times daily by mouth.
Storage: European Mistletoe must be stored away from the
light over an appropriate drying agent.
Beuth J, Ko HL, Gabius HJ, Burrichter H, Oette K, Pulverer
G, (1992) Behavior of lymphocyte subsets, expression of
activation markers in response to immunotherapy with
galactoside-specific lectin from Mistletoe in breast cancer. Clin
Invest 70:658-661
Beuth J, Ko HL, Pulverer G, Angewandte Lektinologie. In:
DAZ 134(25):2331. 1994.
Beuth J, Lenartz D, Uhlenbruck G, Lektionoptimierter
Mistelextrakt. In: ZPT 18(2):85-91. 1997.
Bloksma N et al., (1982) Planta Med 46:221.
Dumont S et al., Lectins from Mistletoe (Viscum album L.)
induce the production of cytokines by cultured human
monocytes. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann Congr):57. 1995.
Franz G, Phytotherapie in der Tumorbehandlung. In: DAZ
130(26): 1443. 1990.
Franz H, (1985) Pharmazie 40(2):97.
Franz H et al., (1981) Biochem J 195:481.
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Die Misteltherapie auf dem
naturwissenschaftlichen Priifstand. In: PZ 139(22): 1745. 1994.
Hamacher H, Mistel (Viscum album L.) - Forschung und
therapeutische Anwendung. In: ZPT 18(l):34-35. 1997.
2 9 4 / E U R O P E A N MISTLETOE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Joshi SS, Koch B, Schroeder M, Manzke
WM, Westerhausen M, (1994) From ill-defined extracts to the
immunomodulatory lectin: Will there be a reason for
oncological application of Mistletoe? Planta Med 60:2-7.
Schwarz T et al., Stimulation by a stable, standardised
Mistletoe preparation of cytokine production in an in vitro
human skin bioassay. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann
Congress of GA, 1996.
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Miinchner-Phytotherapietagung 1992.
Neues iiber die Misteltherapie. In: ZPT 14(1): 17. 1993.
Stirpe F et al., (1982) J Biol Chem 257(22): 13271.
Gabius HJ, Mythos Mistel: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. In: PZ
140(12): 1029-1030. 1995.
Hajto T, Hostanka K, Frei K, Rordorf Chr, Gabins H-J. (1990a)
Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor interleukin 1: und
interleukin 6 by Heiman mononuclear cells exposed to
galactoside - specific lectin from clinically applied Mistletoe
extract. Cane Res 50:3322.
Hajto T, Hostanka K. Gabius HI. (1989) Modulatory potency of
the galactoside-specific lectin from Mistletoe extract (Iscador),
the host defense system in vivo in rabbits, patients. Cane Res
49:4803.
Hajto T, Hostanka K, Gabius HI. (1990) Zytokine als Lectininduzierte Mediatoren in der Misteltherapie. Therapeutikon
4:136-145.
Hamacher H. Mistel (Viscum album L.) - Forschung und
therapeutische Anwendung. In: ZPT 18(l):34-35. 1997.
Hamacher H. Scheer R, Anthroposophie/Phytotherapie: MistelForschung und therapeutische Anwendung. In: DAZ
136(34):2904-2905. 1996.
Hassauer W et al., (1979) Onkologie 2(1):28.
Hauser SP. (1993) Mistel - Wunderkraut oder Medikament?
Therapiewoche 43(3):76-81.
Keine H, (1989) Klinische Studien zur Misteltherapie
karzinomatoser Erkrankungen. Eine Obersicht. Therapeutikon
3:347-353.
Kleijnen J, Knopschild P, (1994) Mistletoe treatment for cancer.
Review of controlled trials in humans. Phytomedicine 1:255260.
Timoshenko AV et al., Influence of the galactoside-specific
lectin from Viscum album and its subunits on cell aggregation
and selected intracellular parameters of rat thymocytes. In: PM
61 (2): 130-133. 1995.
Uhlenbrock S, Weihnachten, Miraculix und die Anthroposophie.
In: PZ I40(5I/52):4602-4603. 1995.
Wagner H et al., (1986) Planta Med (2): 102.
Wagner H, Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie. In: DAZ
132(20): 1087/1088. 1992.
Wagner H, Jordan E, (1986) Structure, properties of
polysaccarides from Viscum album (L). Oncology (Suppl 1):815.
Wagner H. Pflanzliche Immunstimulanzien. In: DAZ
131(4): 117. 1991.
Wasielewski S, Krebserkrankungen: Streit um alternative
Heilverfahren in der Onkologie. In: DAZ 135(24):2234-2235.
1995.
Woynarvski JM et al., (1980) Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem
361(10): 1525 et 1535.
Further information in:
Frohne D. Pfiinder HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kwaja TA et al., (1980) Experientia 36:599.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Loew, B, In: Loew D, Rietbrock N: Phytopharmaka II:
Forschung und klinische Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag,
Darmstadt, 1996.
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Luther P et al., (1980) Int J Biochem 11:429.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Muller J, (1962) Ger Offen DE 1:130:112.
Olsn'es S et al., (1982) J Biol Chem 257:1371.
Rentea R et al., (1981) Lab Invest. 44(1 ):43.
Saenz MT, Ahumada MC, Garcia MD, Extracts from Viscum
and Crataegus are cytotoxic against larynx cancer cells. In: Z
Naturforsch C 52(l-2):42-44. 1997.
Salzer G, Havelec L, (1978) Onkologie 1(6):264.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Samuellson G et al., (1981) Acta Pharm Sueca 18:179.
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Schmidt S, Unkonventionelle Heilverfahren in der
Tumortherapie. In: ZPT 17(2): 115-117. 1996.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Salzer G, Muller H, (1978) Prax Klein Pneumol 32(11):721.
EUROPEAN PEONY/295
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
European Peony
COMPOUNDS: EUROPEAN PEONY ROOT
Monoterpenes: monoterpene ester glucosides of the pinanetype: chief component paeoniflorine (1.5 to 3.5%)
Paeonia officinalis
EFFECTS* EUROPEAN PEONY ROOT
DESCRIPTION
A Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried ripe
seeds, the fresh underground parts harvested in spring and
the fresh root.
Flower and Fruit: The large flowers are solitary at the ends
of the stems. The calyx consists of 5 green, partly corollalike sepals. The wild species has 5 to 8 ovate, red petals that
are 4 to 5 cm long; the cultivated forms have many more.
The stamens are light-red with long yellow anthers. The 2 or
3 ovaries have red stigmas and develop into tomentose
follicles containing numerous, dark, glossy, pea-sized seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: In its winter state, the plant has a
turnip-like rhizome and close, gnarled root fibers that are
brown on the outside and white inside. The stem is leafy,
erect, lightly branched and glabrous, with a stalk about 50
cm high. The leaves are alternate, more or less petiolate with
a dark green glossy upper surface and a light green finely
pubescent undersurface.
m
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the mountains ot
southern Europe from Portugal to Albania and Hungary, as
far as Asia Minor. It is widely cultivated as a garden plant.
Production: European Peony flower consists of the petals of
Paeonia officinalis and/or Paeonia mascula. European Peony
root consists of the dried secondary roots of Paeonia
officinalis and/or Paeonia mascula. The cultivated Peony
roots are dug up in spring, cleaned and dried in the sun or
artificially. The flowers are harvested in dry weather shortly
after the end of flowering and dried quickly in the shade or
in moderate sunshine.
Other Names: Peony, Piney
The plant contains anthocyanin glycosides and tannins (main
active principle: paeonidin-3, 5-diglucoside*. Animal tests
have demonstrated strong uterine contraction, tone reduction
in the gastrointestinal tract and a drop in blood pressure.
Anticonvulsive and analgesic effects could not be
demonstrated.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EUROPEAN PEONY ROOT
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine. European Peony root is
used for neurasthenia and neurasthenia syndrome, neuralgia,
migraines and allergic disorders such as excitability, epilepsy
and whooping cough.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are hemorrhoids and other anal conditions.
EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
Unproven Uses: The flowers were formerly used as a folk
medicine remedy for epilepsy, as an emetic, emmenagogue
and abortifacient, for diseases of the skin and mucous
membranes, fissures, anal fissures associated with hemorrhoids, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and ailments of the
respiratory tract.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include hemorrhoids
and other anal conditions.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Side effects that may occur, particularly in cases of overdosages,
include gastroenteritis with vomiting, colic and diarrhea.
Because efficacy has not been documented, therapeutic use
cannot be recommended.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS: EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
Anthocyans:
diglucoside)
in
particular
paeonin
(paeonidin-3,5-
Tannins (pentagalloyl glucose)
£
Flavonoids: in particular kaempferol glycosides
EFFECTS: EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
The plant contains anthocyanin glycosides and tannins (main
active principle: paeonidin-3, 5-diglucoside). Animal tests
have demonstrated strong uterine contraction, tone reduction
in the gastrointestinal tract and a drop in blood pressure.
Anticonvulsive and analgesic effects could not be demonstrated, although hypertonia has been reported in animal
tests.
EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS
Mode of Administration: Therapeutic use cannot be recommended because efficacy has not been proven.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops and compound preparations.
Preparation: To make an infusion, use 1 g Tree Peony
flowers per cup water.
Daily Dosage: Drink one cup of infusion per day.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops. 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic).
Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute. 3 times daily: chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
2 9 6 /EUROPEAN
PEONY
Storage: Store protected from light and moisture for no
longer than 1 year.
E U R O P E A N PEONY ROOT
Mode of Administration: European Peony root is administered as a tincture. European Peony flowers are used as an
inactive ingredient in cough and fumigant teas and as a
coloring agent in cough syrup.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops and compound preparations.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial, plant grows 20 to 40
cm high. The short rhizome is solid, horizontal, multisegmented, broken off and covered in thick fibers. It has
scales formed by leaf stalk remnants at the neck and has a
number of segments. The stem is usually undivided, erect,
grooved, and has only 1 to 2 sessile leaves. The leaves are
basal, long-petioled, and palmate with 5 lobes. The tips are
3-lobed. The lateral tips are divided in 2 and especially
glossy underneath.
Characteristics: The taste is slightly salty, bitter and dry.
Daily Dosage: Tincture: 30 to 50 drops daily.
Storage: Store protected from light and moisture for no
longer than 1 year.
LITERATURE
Caesar W, Die Pfingstrose. In: DAZ 130(23): 1339. 1990.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia Minor, the
Caucasus, western Siberia, northern Africa, and in the
mountains of tropical Africa.
Production: European Sanicle consists of the dried, aboveground parts of Sanicula europaea, which is collected in the
wild.
Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I.,
Academic Press UK 1985.
Not to be Confused With: Commercially, the herb may be
mixed with leaves of Cardamine enneaphylos. In some areas,
Astrantia major is labeled as sanicle and used accordingly in
folk medicine.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Poolroot, Self-Heal, Sanicle
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins (up to 13%): including among others,
acyl-saniculosides A-D, aglycones including A1-barrigenol,
Rl-barrigenol, barringtogenol
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid
Flavonoids: chief components rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin
EFFECTS
European Sanicle
Sanicula europaea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh flowering
herb and the basal leaves collected during the flowering
season and dried.
Flower and Fruit: The white or reddish inflorescences form
a cyme with small head-like umbels with 4 to 6 linear bracts.
The calyx is 5-tipped and there are 5 petals. The androgynous florets are in the center of the small umbel surrounded
by 10 to 20 male florets. The ribless fruit is densely covered
with barbed thorns and almost globular, with long styles that
curve downwards. The mericarps are distinctly domed and
almost flat at the narrow groove. There are numerous oil
lines.
The drug has a mild astringent and expectorant effect. It also
reduces edema in animal experiments. The saponin complex
has been shown to be antimicrobial and antifungal.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/bronchitis
European Sanicle is used for mild inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
Unproven Uses: Past external uses in folk medicine have
included wounds and contusions, and European Sanicle has
been used internally for stomach inflammations and bloody
vomiting, among other applications.
Homeopathic Uses: The primary application of European
Sanicle in homeopathy is for diarrhea.
HERBAL
E U R O P E A N WATER H E M L O C K / 2 9 7
MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
3 dosages.
DOSAGE
w* Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions
and other preparations for oral application.
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
include juices, tablets and compound preparations.
Preparation: No information is available.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 g of the herb.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (Chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily: chronic once a
day (HAB34).
Storage: The drug must be kept in sealed containers,
protected from light.
Characteristics: The rhizome has a bad odor and is
extremely poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and Asia.
Other Names: Cowbane
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Polyynes: including cicutoxin (0.07-0.2^ in the fresh
rhizome tuber), isocicutoxin, cicutol, cicudiole. falcarindiol
Furanocoumarins
Alky I phthalides
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathic
dilutions for migraine, painful menstruation, worm infestation and inflammation of the skin.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE
Engel S, Horn K, Phytodermatosen (lurch Dictamnus albus.
Sanicula europaea und Philodendron consanguineum. In: Dermat
j£ Mschr 158(l):22-27. 1972.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hiller K et aL PA 24:178. 1969.
Hiller K et al., PA 22:220-221. 1967.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
European Water Hemlock
The freshly harvested root stock is extremely poisonous due
to its cicutoxin content. The plant itself is weakly poisonous.
OVERDOSAGE
Two to 3 gm of the root stock are said to be fatal for an
adult. The toxicity of the drug declines through dehydration
and storage. Symptoms of poisoning, following the initial
stupor and nausea, include severe tonic-clonic spasms,
unconsciousness, canosis and extremely widened pupils.
Death occurs through asphyxiation at the peak of a convulsive attack or through heart failure.
Forced diuresis, hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are initiated as treatment for poisonings. Gastric lavage should only be
carried out under anesthetic because of the danger of
convulsion. Benzodiazepine or barbiturates are used to
lessen the effects of the spasms.
Cicuta virosa
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically and
internally as a dilution of the mother tincture.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome with
roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flower is a white umbelliferous
blossom with distinct calyx tips. The petals have indented
tips. The style cushion is flat. The fruit is brown-yellow, 2.5
mm by 3 mm, and has dark-brown stripes.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of 30 to
120 cm. The leaves are 2- to 3-pinnate. The leaflets are
lanceolate and sharply serrate. The whole plant is glabrous.
The rhizome is tuberous, fleshy and hollow. The stem is
erect, round, hollow, glabrous, branched above, and forms
adventitious roots at the nodes.
LITERATURE
Bilia AR, Ctalano S, Fontana C, Morelli I, Palme E. A new
saponin from Potentilla tormentilla. In: PM 58(7)23. 1992.
Strauss U, Wittstock U, Schubert R, Teuscher E, Jung S, Mix
E, Cicutoxin from Cicuta virosa—a new and potent potassium
channel blocker in T lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res
Commun, 219:332-6. 1996.
Wittstock U, Hadacek F, Wurz G, Teuscher E, Greger H.
Polyacetylenes from water hemlock, Cicura virosa. In: PM
61(5):439-445. 1995.
Wittstock U, Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E, Effects of cicutoxin
and related polyacetylenes from cicuta virosa on neuronal action
2 9 8 / E U R O P E A N WATER HEMLOCK
potentials: a comparative study on the mechanism of the
convulsive action. In: PM 63(2): 120-124. 1997.
Wittstock U. Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E, Effects of
polyacetvlenes from Cicuta virosa on the electrical activity of
molluscan giant neurones. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann
Congr):84. 1995.
Wittstock U. Wurz G. Hadacek F, Greger H, Teuscher E,
Biocative polyacetylens from Cicuta virosa. In: PM 58(7)22.
1992.
FDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: This biennial grows up to 1 m and
has a spindle-shaped, fleshy, turnip-like root, which produces leaf rosettes in the first year. The stem is erect,
unbranched or branched higher up and angular. The ovary is
a capsule covered in short glandular hairs, with simple, light
hairs on the purple papilla. The cauline leaves are shortpetioled or sessile, often hanging, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, irregular and finely dentate.
Further information in:
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and open in the
evening.
Frohne D. Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: Originally indigenous to North America, it is now
naturalized throughout most of Europe and parts of Asia.
Lewin L. Girte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Production: Evening Primrose oil is the fatty seed oil of
Oenothera biennis. The oil is extracted by means of a coldextraction process, which involves hexane in steel or glasslined tanks. The extract is washed and the solvent removed
using low pressure.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Other Names: Fever Plant, King's Cureall, Night Willowherb, Scabish, Sun Drop
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4.Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie.
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttaart 1997.
Evening Primrose
Oenothera biennis
TRADE NAMES
Evening Primrose Oil Capsules (available from numerous
manufacturers), Mega Primrose Oil, Oil of Evening Primrose. Original Primrose for Women, Royal Brittany Evening
Primrose Oil
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fatty oil
extracted from the ripe seeds and the fresh plant gathered at
the beginning of the flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The fragrant flowers are 2 to 3 cm long
and are solitary in the leaf axils. The open ones are lower
than the buds. The sepals are lanceolate, acuminate, turned
down, thin, more or less pale green and smooth on the
outside with a few scattered hairs. The petals are obovate.
The ovary is inferior. The style has a 4-sectioned stigma. The
fruit is a linear-oblong, quadrangular, downy-villous capsule
that's up to 3 cm long. The seeds are 1.5 mm long, dark gray
to black with irregular sharp edges.
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids linoleic acid (65-80%), gammalinolenic acid (8-14%), oleic acid (6-11%), palmitic acid (710%)
EFFECTS
Gamma-linolenic acid (a component in Evening Primrose
oil) is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and then to
prostaglandin El (PGE1) in-vivo by the enzyme delta-6desaturase. PGE1 has anti-inflammatory and cell membrane
stabilizer activity in the body. Evening Primrose oil supplements provide increased levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic
acid in the blood of people with a deficiency of the enzyme
delta-6-desaturase. Gamma-linolenic acid is also a component in breast milk, but is not added to infant formulas. It has
been postulated that gamma-linolenic acid may be beneficial
to neural development in breast-fed infants (Newall, 1996).
A review of the literature involving human trials shows that
EPO has not been effective in the treatment of atopic asthma,
weight loss, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, attention deficit
disorder, diabetes or premenstrual syndrome. Animal studies
have demonstrated benefits in treating hypertension, thrombosis, hypercholesterolemia and platelet aggregation.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Mastalgia
A retrospective study covering seven years involving 566
women with cyclical breast pain (mastalgia) was performed.
Most women were first treated with Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine
HCL) 100 mg daily for a 3-month period. Those that did not
EVENING PRIMROSE / 2 9 9
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
w
respond were given 3 g of Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) daily
for a one-month period followed by 2 g daily for an
additional two months. Other women were given the
Evening Primrose oil regimen as first-line treatment. 5 8 % of
the pyridoxine/EPO treatment group reported pain relief and
59% of the EPO first-line group reported relief. The author
concluded that good responses can be obtained from
products devoid of significant side effects, such as EPO and
Vitamin B-6 as a first line treatment (McFayden, 1992).
Tamoxifen and danazol should be reserved for those patients
who do not respond to EPO or pyridoxine.
Premenstrual
Syndrome
A meta-analysis of 7 placebo-controlled trials involving the
use of EPO for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome
(PMS) was carried out in 1996. The authors note that two
well-constructed studies in the group failed to show any
statistically relevant beneficial effects with EPO in treating
PMS symptoms. The scoring in the remaining studies was
not consistent and therefore the authors were not able to pool
the results for statistical analysis (Budeiri, 1996).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^
Mastalgia
(breast pain)
3 to 4 grams daily in divided doses
Storage: Evening Primrose oil is rinsed in nitrogen and
stored in cooled tanks lined with polyethylene. Commercial
products should be stored at room temperature in an area that
is dry and not in direct sunlight.
LITERATURE
Berth-Jones J, Placebo controlled trial of essential fatty acid
supplementation in atopic dermatitis. In: Lancet 341:1557-1560.
1993.
Budeiri D, Li Wan Po A, Doman JC, Is Evening Primrose oil
of value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome? Control
Clin Trials 17:60-68. 1996.
Haslett C et al., (1983) Int J Obesity 7(6):549.
Horrobin DF. (1983) J Reprod Med 28(7):465.
Ihrig M, Blume H, Nachtkerzenol-Praparate: Ein
Qualitatsvergleich. In: PZ 139(9):668. 1994.
Ippen H, Gamma-Linolensaure besser aus Nachtkerzen- oder aus
Borretschol? In: ZPT 16(3): 167-170. 1995.
Unproven Uses: Evening Primrose oil is used for neurodermatitis, premenstrual syndrome and as a dietary aid. The
drug is also used to treat hyperactivity in children, high
cholesterol levels, menopausal hot flashes and mastalgia.
McFayden IJ. Forrest AP, Chetty U, Cyclical breast pain some observations and the difficulties in treatment. BJCP
46:161-164.1992.
Capsules containing 500 mg of Evening Primrose oil have
been approved for use in Germany, in the treatment of and to
relieve the symptoms of atopic eczema.
Pye J K et al., (1985) Lancet II, 373.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
There are case reports of seizures in schizophrenic patients
that were being treated with Evening Primrose oil along with
phenothiazine medications. Practitioners should be aware
that Evening Primrose oil has a potential to lower the seizure
threshold in patients with seizure disorders or those being
treated with drugs that lower the seizure threshold.
_
Pediatric—2 to 4 grams daily in divided doses
Midwinter RE et al., (1982) Lancet I, 339.
Seaman GVF et al., (1979) Lancet 1:1139.
Ten Hoor F. (1980) Nutr Metab 24(Suppl. 1):162.
Willuhn G, Phytopharmaka in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT
16(6):325-342. 1995.
Wright S, Burton JL, (1982) Lancet II, 1120.
Further information in:
DOSAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Mode of Administration: Evening Primrose oil is available in
capsules for oral administration.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
How Supplied:
Capsules—500 mg, 1300 mg.
Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD, Herbal Medicines.
The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 110-113.1996.
Most commercial products (capsules) are standardized for
gamma linolenic acid content of 9%.
Daily Dosage: Treatment with Evening Primrose oil may
require up to 3 months duration before positive results are
attained for all indications listed below (Newall, 1996).
Atopic
eczema
Adult—6 to 8 grams daily in divided doses
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
300/EYEBRIGHT
Eyebright
Euphrasia officinalis
TRADE NAMES
Eyebright (Available from numerous manufacturers) Eye-bright Herb, Herbal Eyebright, NuVeg Eyebright
DESCRIPTION
In folk medicine, Eyebright is used for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, styes, eye fatigue symptoms, functional eye disorders
of muscular and nervous origin, coughs and hoarseness.
The efficacy of the herb for its^ claimed uses is not
documented.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering plant.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Flower and Fruit: White, bluish or reddish-violet flowers are
in spike-like inflorescence in the axils of the upper leaves.
The calyx has 4 tips and is glabrous to short bristly. The
corolla is bilabiate and is 8 to 12 mm long. The upper lip is
domed, helmet-like and revolute at the tips. The lower lip
has 9 dark violet long stripes. There are 4 stamens and 1
superior ovary. The fruit is a narrow, oblong capsule with a
ciliate edge. The seeds are numerous and grooved.
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy of the claimed
uses is undocumented, and external eye application is not
absolutely hygienic,
therapeutic
use cannot be
recommended.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 30 cm high. It is
annual. The stem is rigid, erect, lightly branched below. The
leaves are opposite, sessile and grass-green. They are ovate
or oblong-ovate and twice as long as wide. The involucral
bracts have 4 to 7 teeth.
DOSAGE
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 2 to 3 gm of finely cut
drug to boiling water; strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Decoction — 2%.
Daily Dosage: A decoction is used 3 to 4 times daily for eye
rinses.
Characteristics: Eyebright is odorless and has a bitter and
salty taste. It is semi-parasitic.
LITERATURE
Habitat: Europe.
Luczak S, Swiatek L, Plantes Med Phytother 24:66. 1990.
Production: Eyebright consists of the whole plant of
Euphrasia officinalis gathered during flowering season.
Eyebright herb consists of the fresh or dried, above-ground
parts of Euphrasia officinalis.
Salama O et al., PH 20:2603. 1981.
Sicher O, Salama O, PM 39:269. 1980.
Other Names: Euphrasia
Sicher O, Salama O, PM 42:122. 1981.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Further information in:
Harkiss KJ. Timmins P. (1973) Planta Med 23:342.
Salama O, Sticher O, (1983) Planta Med 47:90.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes: aucubin, catalpol, euphroside, ixoroside, veronicoside, verproside, mussaenoside, ladroside
Lignans: dehydrodiconiferyl-4-beta-D-glucoside
Flavonoids: including apigenin-, chrysoeriol- and luteolin-7O-galactosides and -rhamnogalactosides
Tannins
EFFECTS
No documentation available.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. "
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Eyebright preparations are used externally
as lotions, poultices, and eye-baths, for eye complaints
associated with disorders and inflammation of the blood
vessels, inflammation of the eyelids and conjunctiva, as a
preventive measure against mucus and catarrh of the eyes.
Fagopyrum esculentum
See Buckwheat
FALSE UNICORN ROOT/301
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
False Schisandra
Kadsura japonica
DESCRIPTION
LITERATURE
^pt Medicinal Parts: The fruit of the plant is considered to have
medicinal value, but efficacy has not been documented.
Flower and Fruit: Single axillary flowers on up to 4 cm
long, purple stems; there are 9 to 15 white, reddish or yellow
tepals. Male flowers have numerous stamens; female flowers
have numerous carpels and a superior ovary. The fruit is a
berry-like, globose aggregate fruit.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This dioecious climbing shrub has
leaves that are 6 to 11 cm long, elliptical to lanceolate,
simple, pergament-like with a slightly crenate margin.
Habitat: Indigenous to Japan.
Production: False Schisandra fruit are the dried fruits of
Kadsura japonica. They are collected in the wild.
Not to be Confused With: Schisandra chinensis
Other Names: Kadsura fruit
"
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: including germacrene C
Lignans: dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene lignans, including binankadsurin-A-ester
EFFECTS
Although clinically unsubstantiated, False Schisandra fruit is
credited in classical Chinese-Tibetan medicine with an
efficacy analogous to that of Schisandra fruit. That drug
exhibits liver-protective, inflammation- and tumor-inhibiting, neuroleptic and anti-convulsive effects, as well as a nonspecific enhancement of physical performance ability.
Experimental documentation regarding analogous efficacy of
kadsura fruit has not been forthcoming, however.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The fruit is used for chronic coughs and
asthma, chronic diarrhea, enuresis, spermatorrhoea, night
sweats and insomnia.
H Chinese Medicine: The fruit is used as an analgesic for pains
in the bones, ligaments, stomach and during menstruation, as
well as for spontaneous, painful local swellings.
DOSAGE
Preparation: Before being dried and cut, the fruits are
simmered in vinegar.
Daily Dosage: 1.5 to 6 g
Chinese Dosage: 9 to 15 g drug daily
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York,
l992-1994.
False Unicorn Root
Veratrum luteum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are numerous, greenishwhite, without covering leaves. They are dioecious and
arranged in terminal racemes of 15 cm with nod-like
feathers. The petals are narrow and shorter than the stamens,
while the filaments taper to a point. The anthers are terminal
and 2-lobed. The petals of the female flowers are linear, the
stamens short, and the ovary ovate, deltoid and grooved. The
stigmas are oblong, have 3 grooves and open upward. The
fruit is numerous and capsule-like, compressed and acute.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial with a strong
leafy stem 30 to 90 cm high. The stem is undivided, smooth
and angular. The foliage leaves are alternate; the lower ones
spatulate and the upper ones lanceolate. The basal leaves are
20 cm long, 1.25 cm wide, narrow and whorled at the base.
The rhizome is tuberous and stunted. It is approximately 1.25
cm long.
Characteristics: False Unicom Root has a bitter taste.
Habitat: The plant grows in the Mississippi Delta region.
Production: False Unicorn Root is the rhizome of Veratrum
luteum.
Other Names: Starwort, Helonias Root, Blazing Star, FairyWand
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Steroid saponins: (mixture is referred to as chamaelirin, ca.
10%), aglycone diosgenin
EFFECTS
Oxytocic, diuretic, anthelmintic
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: False Unicom Root is used for menstrual
disturbances, dysmenorrhea and pregnancy complaints.
302 /FALSE UNICORN ROOT
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The appearance of gastric complaints is
conceivable with the drug, due to the high saponin content,
particularly in cases of overdosage.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
LITERATURE
Atta-Ur-Rahman, Ali RA, Choudhary MI, New steroidal
alkaloids from rhizomes of Veratrum album. In: JNP 55:565570. 1992.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston, Berlin 1962-1997 (unter
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) GRAY).
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter
Helionas dioica).
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Fennel seed consists of the dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum
vulgare.
Other Names: Large Fennel, Sweet Fennel, Wild Fennel,
Fenkel, Bitter Fennel
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: FENNEL OIL
When extracted from bitter fennel the chief components are:
Trans-anethols (50-75%)
Fenchone (12-33%)
Estragole (2-5%?)
Additional components are - alpha-pinenes. camphene, pcymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
gamma-terpenes, terpinols, cis-ocimene
When extracted from sweet fennel the chief components are:
Trans-anethole (80-90%)
Fenchone (1-10%?)
Estragole (3-10%c)
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the Fennel oil
extracted from the ripe fruit and the dried ripe fruit and
Fennel seeds of Foeniculum vulgare.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is fairly large umbels
almost 15 cm across on very irregular rays. The flowers are
fairly small and usually androgynous. The petals are a rich
yellow, broadly ovate and have an involute lobe at the tip.
The style is very short and almost wart-like. The fruit is
glabrous, brownish or greenish-gray. They are 6 to 10 mm
long, somewhat cylindrical with blunt ribs and strongly
domed.
Leaves, Stem and Fruit: The plant is biennial to perennial,
about 80 to 15.0 cm high, glabrous, sea-green to glaucous and
has a strong spicy smell. The stem is erect, round, glabrous,
smooth and filled with latex. The lower leaves are petiolate
and have long sheaths.
Characteristics: Fennel has a spicy aroma.
Habitat: Fennel is indigenous to the Mediterranean region,
has spread to England, Germany, South Tyrol and Argentina.
Fennel is also found today in Iran, India and China.
Production: Fennel oil is the essential oil obtained from the
dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare by steam distillation.
Additional components are - alpha-pinenes. camphene, pcymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
gamma-terpenes, terpinols, gamma-fenchen
EFFECTS: FENNEL OIL
Stimulation of gastrointestinal motility; in higher concentrations, antispasmodic; experimentally, anethole and fenchone
have shown a secretolytic action on the respiratory tract. In
vitro, it is antimicrobial.
COMPOUNDS: FENNEL SEED
Volatile oil
With bitter fennel the chief components are:
Trans-anethole (50-75%)
Fenchon (12-33%)
Estragole (2-5%)
Additional components - alpha-pinenes, camphene, p-cymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
gamma-terpenes, terpinols cis-ocimene
With sweet fennel the chief components are:
Trans-anethole (80-90%)
Fenchon (1-10%)
Estragole (3-10%)
Additional components - alpha-pinenes, camphene, p-cymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
gamma-terpenes, terpinols, gamma-fenchen
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Hydroxycoumarins
(traces):
umbelliferone,
scopoletine,
osthenol, scoparin, Furocoumarins traces) including bergapten, columbianetin, psoralen, xanthotoxin
FENNEL/303
FENNEL SEED
Mode of Administration: Crushed or ground seeds for teas,
tea-like products, as well as other galenic preparations for
internal use.
Pyranocoumarins
Daily Dosage: 5 to 7 gm of drug
Flavonoids
Fatty oil
LITERATURE
Betts TJ, J Pharm Pharmacol 20:469-472 et 61S-64S. 1968.
Czygan FC. ZPT 8:82. 1987.
EFFECTS: FENNEL SEED
The seed promotes gastrointestinal motility. In higher
concentrations, Fennel has an antispasmodic effect. Experimentally, anethole and fenchone have been shown to have a
secretolytic effect in the respiratory tract of frogs. Aqueous
Fennel extracts raised the mucociliary activity of the ciliary
epithelium.
El-Khrisy EAM et al.. (1980) Titoterapia 51:273.
Forster HB et al., (1980) Planta Med 40(4):309.
Gershbein LL, (1977) Food Cosmet Toxicol 15(3):173.
Harborne JB, Williams CE, (1972) Phytochemistry 11:1741.
Harries N et al., (1978) J Clin Pharm 2:171.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
FENNEL OIL
Karlsen J et al., (1969) Planta Med 17:281.
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough
• Bronchitis
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: Peptic discomforts, such as mild, spastic
disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, feeling of fullness,
flatulence; catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. Fennel
honey is used for catarrh of the upper respiratory tract in
children.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. Allergic reactions following intake of Fennel have
been only very rarely observed. Cross Sensitivity among
patients with celery allergy appear to be possible.
Pregnancy: Preparations, excluding the drug itself and tea
infusions are not to be administered during pregnancy.
Pediatric Use: Preparations, excluding the drug itself and tea
infusions are not to be administered to small children.
DOSAGE
FENNEL OIL
Mode of Administration: Essential oil and galenic preparations for internal use.
Note: Diabetics must check the sugar content of available
preparations.
Daily Dosage: 0.1 to 0.6 ml of Fennel oil
Duration of administration: Maximum of 2 weeks.
Karlsen J et al., PM 17:281-293. 1969.
Kunzemann J, Hermann K, (1977) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch
164:194.
Massoud H, Study on the essential oil in seeds of some fennel
cultivars under egyptian environmental conditions. In: PM
58(7):A681. 1992.
Parzinger R, Fenchel. In: DAZ 136(7):529-530. 1996.
Rothbacher H, Kraus A, (1970) Pharmazie 25:566.
Shah CS et al., PM 18:285-295. 1970.
Stahl E, (1980) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 45:2324.
Trenkle K, PA 27:319-324. 1972.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
304/FENNEL
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997
Fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecum
TRADE NAME
Fenugreek Seed (from various manufacturers) Premium
Fenugreek Seed
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe, dried
seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The 0.8 to 1.8 cm long flowers are solitary
or in pairs in the leaf axils. They are almost sessile. The
calyx tube is membranous and usually longer than the
lanceolate tips. The corolla is usually pale yellow, occasionally darker or violet and about double the length of the calyx.
The wings are about half as long as the standard and the
carina is very obtuse, round and barely longer than the calyx.
The fruit is a 2.5 to 10 cm long and 0.5 to I cm wide, erect,
leaning, linear and appressed pubescent pod with a long lip.
The 4 to 20 seeds are flattened, divided into 2 uneven halves
by a deep groove, ovate to di-shaped. yellow-brown, or
brown-red and very hard when dry.
Leaves, Stern and Root: The plant is an annual, 10 to 50 cm
high herb with a long vertical taproot. The stem is sturdy,
round, erect or decumbent and branched. The leaves are
trifoliate and the petioles are 0.5 to 2 cm long. The leaflets
are 1 to 3 cm long, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtusely
deltoid to rounded. The stipules are fairly large, membranous, ovate, acute and more or less softly pubescent.
Habitat: The species is common all over the Mediterranean
region as far as India and China and southward as far as
Ethiopia. The main regions of cultivation are southern
France, Turkey, northern Africa, India and China.
Production: Fenugreek consists of the ripe, dried seed of
Trigonella foenum-graecum.
Other Names: Greek Hay Seed, Bird's Foot
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages (25-45%, mannogalactans)
Proteins (25-30%)
Proteinase inhibitors
Steroid saponins (1.2-1.5%): including trigofoenosides A to
G (to some extent bitter), aglycones including diosgenin,
yamogenin, gitogenin, smilagenin, tigogenin, yuccagenin
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Steroid saponin-peptide ester: including foenugraecin
Sterols: chief constituents 24xi-ethyl-cholest-5-en-3beta-ole
(65%), sterols that are to some extent estered
Flavonoids: including isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, orientin arabinoside, isoorientin arabinoside, saponaretin, vicenin1, vincenin-2, vitexin
Trigonelline (coffearin, N-methylbetaine of the nicotinic
acid, 0.4%)
Volatile oil (0.01%): aroma bearer 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl2(5H)-furanone
EFFECTS
Externally, the drug acts as an emollient. Internally, Fenugreek reduces blood sugar, but the mode of action is unclear.
In addition, a lipid-lowering effect attributed to the saponin
fraction has been proven as well as a hydrogogic effect.
There is no indication of a lactation-promoting effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Loss of appetite
• Inflammation of the skin
Unproven Uses: Internal uses include upper respiratory
catarrh, diabetes, and to increase milk production. Externally, the drug is used as poultice for local inflammation, ulcers,
and eczema.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used to treat cold pain in the
lower abdomen, impotence, and hernia (said to be due to
cold 'chi').
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for fever, vomiting,
anorexia, coughs, bronchitis, and colitis.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug should not be used during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. Sensitization is possible through repeated external
administration of the drug.
Drug Interactions: Fenugreek has hypoglycemic effect.
There is a potential for the herb to interact with hypoglycemic drugs that are used to treat diabetes resulting in an
exaggerated hypoglycemic effect.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug is
available in the form of teas and compound preparations.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 575 mg, 610 mg, 626 mg
FEVER BARK/305
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
Preparation: To prepare a tea, leave 0.5 gm drug to steep in
cold water for 3 hours, then strain; the tea may be sweetened
with honey. A poultice is prepared as a thick paste made
from the powdered seeds: add 50 gm of powdered drug to lU
liter of boiling water for 5 minutes. To make a cold
maceration, soak 0.5 gm of drug in cold water, then filter.
Daily Dose: The daily internal dose ot the drug is 6 gm. One
cup of the tea may be taken several times a day. For loss of
appetite, take 2 gm of cut drug with fluid 3 times daily,
before meals. The cold maceration can be drunk several
times a day.
Ferula foetida
See Asa Foetida
Ferula gummosa
See Galbanum
LITERATURE
Ferula sumbul
Abdo MS. Al-Khafawi AA, (1969) Planta Med 17:14.
See Sumbul
Adamska M. Lutomski J, (1971) Planta Med 20:224.
Al-Meshal IA et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56 (4):232.
Ali L et al.. Characterization of the hypoglycemic effect of
Trigonella foenum graecum seed. In: PM 61(4):358-360. 1995.
Bohlmann MB et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:1513.
Fever Bark
AI st on ia constrict a
Girardon P et al.. (1985) Planta Med 51 (6):533.
DESCRIPTION
Girardou P et al., PM 51:533. 1985.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark of the root
and trunk.
Gupta RK. Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 23:2605. 1984.
Gupta RK. Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 24:2399. 1986.
Gupta RK, Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 25:2205. 1986.
Hardman R et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:698.
Ribes G et al.. (1986) Ann Nutr Metab. 28:37.
Ribes G et al., (1986) Phytother Res 1(1):40.
Ribes G et al.. (1986) Proc. Soc Exp Biol Med 183:159.
Sood AR et al., (1976) Phytochemistry 15:351.
Weder JK. Heufiner K, Z Lebensm Untersuch Forsch 193:242
et 321. 1991.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
# York 1980.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are creamy white and starshaped.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Alstonia are evergreen trees, which
grow to a height of 15 m. The leaves are glossy, oblong and
petiolate. The tree has a 2 to 7 cm rusty-brown, rugose
periderm, which is deeply fissured. The inner surface is
yellowish brown and coarsely striated longitudinally, fracture fibrous.
Characteristics: The tree is a protected species in some
countries. The taste is very bitter, the odor is slightly
aromatic.
Habitat: Alstonia constricta is indigenous to Australia;
Alstonia scholaris is indigenous to India and the Philippines.
Production: Alstonia bark is the trunk and branch bark of
Alstonia constricta.
Other Names: Australian Quinine, Australian Febrifuge,
Alstonia Bark, Devil Tree, Dita Bark, Pale Mara, Devil's Bit,
Australian Fever Bush, Pali-Mara
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Indole alkaloids: including reserpine, deserpidine, alstonine,
tetrahydroalstonine, alstonidine, yohimbine
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
The drug is said to be a febrifuge, antispasmodic and
antihypertensive. The antihypertensive effect is due to the
reserpine and echitamin content.
EFFECTS
3 0 6 / F E V E R BARK
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a febrifuge and
stimulant and for its reserpine content. In the past, it was
used to treat rheumatism.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb of the
plant.
Chinese Medicine: In the Far East, Fever Bark is used for
diarrhea and malaria. It has also been used as a uterine
stimulant.
Flower and Fruit: The 5 to 20 composite flower heads are in
a dense corymb. The epicalyx has a diameter of 6 to 8 mm.
The lingual florets are white and female. The ray florets are
2.5 to 7 mm. The achenes are 1.2 to 1.5 mm and 5- lo 8ribbed.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Due to the presence of pharmacologically active
indole alkaloids of the beta-carbolin type, side effects may
resemble those of Rauwolfia. Symptoms of poisoning
following the intake of higher dosages are conceivable.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a strongly aromatic
perennial. The leaves are pinnatisect to pinnatifid and
yellowish-green. The basal and lower cauline leaves are
more or less ovate with 3 to 7 oblong-elliptical to ovate
segments, which are subpinnately divided. They are crenate
or entire-margined.
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant originated in southeastern Europe and is
now found all over Europe, Australia and North America.
Mode of Administration: The forms available are powder,
liquid extract, infusion and tincture. Up-to-date information
on usage is not available.
Preparation: Fever Bark is available as an infusion, 1:20, a
tincture, 1:8 or 1:10 and as a liquid extract, 1:1.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the infusion is 15
to 20 ml; tincture, 2 to 4 ml; liquid extract, 4 to 8 ml.
Production: Feverfew leaves are the leaves of Tanacetum
parthenium. The plant is cut before full flowering. It is dried
in thin layers in the shade, at temperatures not exceeding 35°
C.
Other Names: Featherfew, Featherfoil, Midsummer Daisy
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Atta-ur-Rahman AM, et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24:2771.
Chopra RN, et al., (Eds.) Chopra's Indigeneous Drugs of India,
Vol 1, Dhur and Sons Calcutta 1938.
Goyal H, et al., (1981) J Res Ayur Siddha. 2 (3):286.
Khan I. Qureshi Z, (1967) J Pharm Pharmacol 19:815.
Kucera MV, et al., (1973) Afric J Pharm Pharm Sci: 3228.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986.
Sharp TM, (1934) J Chem Soc 287.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Feverfew
Tahacetum parthenium
TRADE NAMES
Feverfew (available from numerous manufacturers), Feverfew Extract, Herbal Sure Feverfew, NuVeg Feverfew Leaf,
Premium Feverfew Leaf, Feverfew Traditional Herb, Standardized Feverfew Extract, Feverfew Leaf, Mygrafew
Volatile oil (0.75%): chief constituents are L-camphor, transchrysanthyl acetate, including, camphene, p-cymene, gamma-terpinene,
D-germacrene,
linalool,
borneol,
terpinenes-4-ol
Sesquiterpene lactones: especially parthenolide, and also 3beta-hydroxy-parthenolide, costunolid, reynosin, 8-beta-hydroxy-reynosin, tanaparthin-alpha-peroxide, canin, artecanin,
secotanapartholide A
Flavonoids: including apigenin-7-0-glucuronide, chrysoeriol-7-0-glucuronide, luteolin-7-0-glucuronide, luteolin-7-0glucoside, tanetin
Polyynes: presumably only in fresh plants
EFFECTS
Sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide, are the
active compounds in Feverfew (Groenewegen, 1986; Sumner, 1992). Parthenolide, although a key determinant of
biological activity for Tanacetum parthenium leaf extracts, is
not the sole pharmacologically active constituent (Brown,
1997). Other sespuiterpene lactones such as 3-beta-hydroxyparthenolide, secotanapartholide A, canin and artecanin,
contain an alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit responsible
for anti-secretory (anti-inflammatory) activity (Groenewegen, 1986). Physiochemical methods were used to measure
partholide in several purported commercial Feverfew products. The results found a wide variation in partholide content
FEVERFEW/307
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
and in some products, partholide was not detected (Heptinstall, 1992).
ag
Crude chloroform extracts of fresh Feverfew leaves (rich in
sesquiterpene lactones) and of commercially available powdered leaves (lactone-free) produce a dose-dependent inhibition of thromboxane B2 and leukotriene B4 (eicosanoids) for
an anti-inflammatory effect (Sumner, 1992). Anti-inflammatory properties of Feverfew also consist of inhibition of
cellular phospholipases. which prevents release of arachidonic acid (Makheja, 1982). Parthenolide and chrysanthenyl
acetate have also been shown to inhibit prostaglandin
synthetase (Pugh, 1988). Extracts of Feverfew also inhibit
granule secretion in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear
leukocytes (Heptinstall. 1985).
Major flavonol and flavone methyl ethers (tanetin) of the
herb inhibit the major pathways of arachidonate metabolism
in leukocytes (Williams, 1999).
Feverfew extract and parthenolide inhibit human blood
aggregation and serotonin (5-HT) secretion by platelets
(Groenewegen, 1990). The extract does this through neutralizing cellular sulfhydryl-affecting substances, which are
fm properties of monocyte adherence (Krause, 1990). The
chloroform extract of the Feverfew leaf contains an unidentified substance capable of producing a selective, openchannel block of voltage-dependent potassium channels,
which results in an anti-spasmodic effect (Barsby, 1993).
Feverfew extract inhibited anti-IgE-induced histamine release in a unique way, which concludes that Feverfew extract
contains a novel type of mast cell inhibitor (Hayes, 1987).
CLINICAL TRIALS
ffr
treatment group, thus suggesting that Feverfew may be taken
prophylactically to prevent attacks of migraines (Johnson,
1985).
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the use
of dried chopped Feverfew (70-86 mg) in patients with
symptomatic rheumatoid arthritis. There were 41 patients
involved in the study, and they were observed during a 6week period. Variables assessed in the study included
stiffness, pain (visual analogue scale), grip strength, articular
index, full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urea,
creatinine, C reactive protein, complement breakdown products, rheumatoid factor titre, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA,
IgM), functional capacity, and patient and observer global
opinions. There were no important differences in clinical or
laboratory variables between the groups during the study
period (Pattrick, 1989).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Feverfew is used mainly for migraine, arthritis, rheumatic
diseases and allergies.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Feverfew is used for
cramps, as a tonic, a stimulant, a digestive agent and a blood
purifier. Other uses in folk medicine include migraine
prophylaxis, digestion problems, intestinal parasites and
gynecological disorders. The herb is also used as a wash for
inflammation and wounds, as a tranquilizer, an antiseptic,
and following tooth extraction as a mouthwash. The infusion
is used for dysmenorrhea. In post-natal care, Feverfew is
used to reduce lochia. The drug is used externally as an
antiseptic and insecticide.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The herb is not to be used during pregnancy or during breastfeeding.
The efficacy of dried Feverfew leaves for migraine prophylaxis was assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled,
double-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of 72
patients with classic or common migraine headaches for over
2 years. The effect of 1 capsule daily of Feverfew was
determined by the use of diary cards and visual analogue
scores. Duration of treatment was 4 months. After this time,
Feverfew was associated with a reduction in number and
severity of attacks in each 2-month period. The degree of
vomiting was also reduced in the Feverfew treatment group.
A significant improvement in the visual analogue scale was
also observed in the Feverfew treatment group (Murphy,
1988).
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The drug has a high potential for
sensitization via skin contact. Feverfew has been known to
cross-react with Tansy, Yarrow, Marguerite, Aster, Sunflower, Laurel and Liverwort (Schmidt, 1986). A post-Feverfew
syndrome has been reported in about 10% of migraine
patients who abruptly stopped taking Feverfew. Rebound
headaches, insomnia, muscle stiffness, joint pain, fatigue,
nervousness and tension have occurred (Miller, 1998).
Patients already taking Feverfew for migraine prophylaxis
were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
The placebo groups had a significant increase in the
frequency and severity of headache, nausea and vomiting
with the emergence of untoward effects during the early
months of treatment. There was no change in the frequency
or severity of symptoms of migraine in the Feverfew |
Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal irritation and abdominal
pain or heartburn have been reported (Johnson, 1985;
Murphy, 1988; O'Hara, 1998). Glossitis and stomatitis are
significant problems if they do occur (Brown, 1996). The
occurrence of glossitis and stomatitis with encapsulated
products has not been shown to be more common than
placebo (Johnson, 1985; Murphy, 1988).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
308 /FEVERFEW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Skin: There are reports of allergic dermatitis on exposure to
the leaves and petals of Feverfew (Schmidt, 1986). Two
elderly individuals suffering from acute recurrent photodermatitis were shown to be allergic to Feverfew (Mensing,
1985). Eczema was reported in greenhouse workers exposed
to various members of the Compositae family, including
Feverfew (Paulsen, 1998). A recent investigation does not
support the theory of airborne sesquiterpine lactone-containing plant parts, or of direct release of sesquiterpene lactones
from living plants as the only explanations for airborne
Compositae dermatitis (Christensen, 1999).
Musculoskeletal: Feverfew contains sesquiterpenes (parthenolide and cynaropicrin), which have been shown to induce
toxic and irreversible inhibition of smooth muscle contractility when there are high concentrations in the tissue (Hay,
1994).
Drug Interactions: Although reports are sketchy, and most
involve animal subjects and in vitro research, there is a
strong possibility that Feverfew may interact with thrombolytics, anticoagulants and platelet aggregation. The mechanism of action is believed to be inhibition of arachidonic
acid, which is a precursor for prostaglandins that are
involved in the clotting mechanism.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Feverfew preparations are
both internally and externally.
How
used
Supplied:
Capsules — 80 mg, 380 mg, 384 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 1000
mg
Tablets — 12mg (standardized to 600 meg sesuiterpine
lactone content)
Preparation: To make an infusion, use 2 teaspoonfuls of the
drug per cup, allow to draw for 15 minutes. To make a
strong infusion, double the amount and allow to draw for 25
minutes.
Daily
Dosage:
Capsules — 200 to 250 mg daily for the treatment of
migraines; the usual standardization level is 0.2% parthenolide content (Brown, 1996). Freshly dried powdered Feverfew of 25 mg is approximately equal to 0.1 mg of
sesquiterpine lactones (SL) (Mervyn,1986).
Fresh leaf — 1 to 3 leaves (25 to 75 mg) once or twice daily
has been recommended (Johnson et al, 1985; O'Hara, 1998).
Unproven uses — 3 cups of the infusion are taken per day.
The stronger infusions are used for washes.
Storage: Store the herb in sealed containers.
LITERATURE
Abad MJ, Berjemo P, Villar A, Phytother Res 9:79-92. 1995.
Anderson D, Jenkinson PC, Dewdney RS, Blower SD, Johnson
ES, Kadam NP, Human Toxicol 7:145-152. 1988.
Anonym, Naturmedizin: Mutterkraut gegen Migrane. In: DAZ
137(28):2424. 1997.
Awang DVC, Dawson BA, Kindack DG, Crompton CW,
Heptinstall S, JNP 54:1516-1521. 1991.
Barsby RW, Knight DW, McFadzean I, A chloroform extract of
the herb Feverfew blocks voltage-dependent potassium currents
recorded from single smooth muscle cells. J Pharm Pharmacol
1993 Jul;45(7):641-5.
Berry MI, (1984) Pharm J 232:611.
Bohlmann F, Arndt C, Bomowski H, Kleine KM, Herbst P,
Chem Ber 97, 1179-1192. 1964.
Bohlmann F, Zdero C, (1982) Phytochemistry 21(10):2543.
Brown AMG et al., Inhibition of human neutrophils by aqueous
and organic extracts of Tanacetum ssp. In: PM 62, Abstracts of
the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 66. 1996.
Brown AM, Edwards CM, Davey MR et al., Pharmacological
activity of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip):
assessment by inhibition of human polymorphnuclear leukocyte
chemiluminescence in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997
May;49(5):558-61.
Christensen LP; Jakobsen HB; Paulsen E et al. Airborne
Compositae dermatitis: monoterpenes and no parthenolide are
released from flowering Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
plants. Arch Dermatol Res 1999 Jul-Aug;291(7-8):425-31.
Collier HOJ et al., (1980) Lancet 11:922.
Deweerdt CJ, Bootsma HPR, Hendricks H, Herbal medicines in
migraine prevention. In: Phytomedicine 3(3):225-230. 1996.
Govindachari TR et al., (1964) Tetrahedron 21(6): 1509.
Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S, A comparison of the effects
of an extract of Feverfew and parthenolide, a component of
Feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro. J Pharm
Pharmacol 1990 Aug;42(8):553-557.
Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S, Lancet, No 8471, 44-45.
1986.
Groenewegen WA, Knight DW, Heptinstall S. J Pharm
Pharmacol 1986 Sep;38(9):709-712.
Groenewegen WA, Knight DW, Heptinstall S, Progr Med Chem
29:217-238. 1992.
Guin JD, Skidmore G, Arch Derm 123:500-503. 1987.
Hay AJ, Hamburger M, Hostettmann K et al., Toxic inhibition
of smooth muscle contractility by plant-derived sesquiterpenes
caused by their chemically reactive alphamethylenebutyrolactone functions. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 112:912.
Hayes NA, Foreman JC, J Pharm Pharmacol 1987
Jun;39(6):466-70.
Heptinstall S et al., (1985) Lancet 1:1071.
FICUS CARICA / 3 0 9
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
Heptinstall S. Awang DVC, Dawson BA, Kindack D, Knight
DW, May J, J Pharm Pharmacol 44:391-395. 1992.
Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J
Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-456. 1984.
Heptinstall S. Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J
& Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-465. 1987.
Heptinstall S. Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J
Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-465. 1987.
Heptinstall S. J R Soc Med 81:373. 1988.
Heptinstall S. White A. Williamson L, Mitchell J, Extracts of
Feverfew inhibit granule secretion in the blood platelets and
polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lancet 1985 May
ll;l(8437):1071-4.
Hylands PJ. Hylands DM. Dev Drugs Mod Med 100-104. 1986.
Johnson ES. Kadam NP. Hylands DM et al., Efficacy of
Feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Brit Med J
1985 Aug 31:291(6495) 291:569.
Krause S, Arese P. Heptinstall S. Losche W. Influence of
substances affecting cell sulfhydryl/disulfide status on ahderence
of human monocytes. Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Jun;40(6):68992.
g|
Losche W. Mazurov AV et al.. An extract of Feverfew inhibits
interaction of human platelets with collagen substrates. Thromb
Res. 1987; 48(5):511-518.
Pattrick M, Heptinstall S, Doherty M, Feverfew in rheumatoid
arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum
Dis 1989 Jul;48(7):547-9.
Paulsen E. Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and
greenhouse workers (II). Etiological factors. Contact Dermatitis
1998 Jan:38(l):14-9.
Pugh WJ. Sambo K. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in
Feverfew. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988 Oct;40(10):743-5.
Romo de Viva A, Jiminez H, (1965) Tetrahedron 21(7): 1742.
Schmidt RJ, Plant dermatitis. Compositae. Clin Dermatol 1986
Apr-Jun:4(2):46-61.
Sumner H. Salan U, Knight D. Hoult J, Inhibition of 5lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase in leukocytes by feverfew.
Involvement of sesquiterpene iactones and other components.
Biochem Pharmacol 1992Jun 9:43(11):2313-20.
Voyna-Yasenetskaja TA. Losche W, Groenewegen WA,
Heptintall S, Repin VS, Till U, J Pharm Pharmacol 40:501-502.
1988.
Warren RG. Austr J Pharm 67:475. 1986.
Losche W, Mazurov AV, Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA,
Repin VS, Till U, Throm Res 48:511-518. 1978.
Williams CA, Harborne JB, Geiger H, Hoult JR, The flavonoids
of Tanacetum parthenium and T. vulgare and their antiinflammatory properties. Phytochemistry 1999 Jun;51(3):417-23.
Losche W. Mazurow AV. Voyno-Yasenetskaja TA.
Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall. Repin VS. Folia Haematol
115:181184. 1988.
Williams CA, Hoult JR, Harborne JB et al., A biologically
active lipophilic flavonol from Tanacetum parthenium.
Phytochemistry 1995 Jan;38(l):267-70.
Losche W, Michel E. Heptinstall S, Krause S, Groenewegen
WA, Pescarmona GP, Thielmann K, Plant Med 54:381-384.
1988.
Willuhn G, Parthenolid - Sesquiterpenlacton zur
Migriineprophylaxe. In: DAZ 133(37):3292. 1993.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM, (1981) Lancet 11:1054.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM, A platelet phospholipase inhibitor
from the medicinal herb Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium).
Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982 Jun;8(6):653-60.
Makheja AN. Bailey JM. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 8:653-660.
1982.
Mensing H, Kimmig W & Hausen BJ, Airborne contact
dermatitis. Hautarzt 1985; 36:398-402.
r
OHara MA, Kiefer D, Farrell K et al., A review of 12
commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med 1998; 7:523536.
Mervyn L, Standardized Feverfew preparations. Lancet 1986;
1:209.
Miller LG, Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations
focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch
Intern Med 1998; 158:2200-2211.
Further information in:
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte =- Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Mitchell JC, Geissman TA, Dupuis G, Towers GHN, Invest
Dermatol 56:98-101. 1971.
Murphy JJ, Heptinstall S, Mitchell JRA, Randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled trial of Feverfew in migraine
prevention. Lancet 1988 Jul 23:2(8604): 189-192.
Ficus carica
See Figs
3 1 0 / F I E L D SCABIOUS
Field Scabious
Knautia arvensis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leafy stem
including the flower heads and the fresh aerial parts of the
flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flat-domed, composite flowers are on
long, pubescent, glandular or non-glandular pedicles. The
androgynous heads are 2 to 4 cm in diameter and contain 85
to 100 florets. The female capitula are smaller and contain 55
to 60 florets. The florets are blue-lilac, occasionally red-lilac
or yellowish-white to pure white. The lateral florets are raylike. The 2- to 3-rowed involucre bracts are lanceolate,
compressed and long-haired. The edge of the calyx has 8 to
16 bristles. The corolla is fused and 4 tipped. There are 4
stamens and 1 inferior ovary. The fruit is a nutlet 5 to 6 mm
long and about 2 mm wide. The fruit is thickly covered in
vertical hairs.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 30 to 150
cm high. The rhizome is branched and has a strong taproot.
The rhizome produces a flowering stem from the leaf rosette,
which survives the winter. The stem is erect, lightly
branched and has short gray hairs. The leaves are opposite,
gray-green and matte. The lower ones are petioled, oblong
and entire-margined. The upper leaves are sessile, pinnatisect
and have lanceolate tips.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for chronic skin diseases,
eczema, anal fissures, pruritus ani, urticaria, scabies, favus,
and for the cleansing and healing of ulcers. It is also used to
treat coughs and throat complaints, as well as cystitis.
Homeopathic Uses: Field Scabious is used in homeopathic
remedies to treat respiratory tract inflammations and poor
digestion.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Decoction and infusion preparations are used both internally and externally.
Preparation: For preparation of the drug, use approximately
30 gm infusion or decoction, add to 1 liter of hot water,
strain and cool.
Daily Dosage: For chronic eczema, add 4 teaspoonfuls to 2
glasses of water, leave to draw for 10 minutes and drink
during the course of the day.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic:
once a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe except the
Arctic. It is also found in the Caucasus and western Siberia.
Production: Field Scabious herb consists of the leafy stems
and flower heads and also occasionally the root of Knautia
arvensis.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Other Names: Devil's Bit, Seabridge
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins: knautioside (1.1-1.7%)
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol glucoside, knautiosides A and B
Iridoide monoterpenes: including dipsacan
Flavonoids: including leucanthoside, luteoloside
Tannins
EFFECTS
The drug is said to have an astringent, antiseptic, expectorant
and even purgative effect. None of these effects have been
proven.
Figs
Ficus carica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fruit and the
tree sap latex.
Flower and Fruit: In its known form, the fig is neither a fruit
nor a flower. It is a hollow, fleshy receptacle enclosing
numerous flowers, which are never exposed to sunlight, but
nevertheless develop fully and produce seeds. The inflorescence is hidden in the body of the fruit. The edge of the pearshaped receptacle is curved inwards forming an almost
closed hollow space. The numerous fertile and sterile florets
are on the inner surface. When it ripens, the receptacle
FIGWORT/311
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
enlarges and the one-seeded fruit becomes embedded in it. It
appears as a single purple-brown fruit.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ficus carica is a deciduous, heavily
branched tree growing to 4 m or more. The leaves are downy
A. beneath and are 10 to 20 cm long, broad-ovate to orbicular
with 3 to 5 deep lobes.
Habitat: Indigenous to Asia Minor, Syria and Iran. It is
cultivated or grows wild in many subtropical regions.
Production: Figs consists of the dried fruits of Ficus carica.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Furanocoumarins: including psoralen, bergaptene
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows from 50
to 100 cm high. The root capitula have ovate, tuberous
nodes. The stem is erect, sharply quadrangular, often purple,
glabrous, and has a row of hairs at the nodes. The leaves are
crossed opposite, dark green, oblong, double serrate and
often cordate at the base.
Fruit acids: citric acid, malic acid
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, central Asia, and
North America.
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (approximately 50%), to
some extent transformed into inverted sugar
Other Names: Throatwort, Carpenter's Square, Kernel wort,
Heal-All Scrofula Plant, Rosenoble
Mucilages
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Pectin
Vitamin B and C
^
Flower and Fruit: The reddish-brown or greenish-yellow
flowers are in terminal panicles. The calyx has 5 segments,
with ovate, narrow-tunicate margined cusps. The corolla is a
bilabiate, swollen, almost globular tube. The upper lip is
divided into 2 and the lower lip is 3-lobed with revolute
lobes. There are 4 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is
an ovate, many-seeded, and pointed green capsule.
EFFECTS
No information is available
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fig preparations are used as a laxative.
Chinese Medicine: In China, figs are used for dysentery and
enteritis.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoides: including monoterpenes
Flavonoids: including among others, diosmin
Tannins
Saponins
EFFECTS
Figwort has a diuretic and mildly laxative effect. (No new
research is available.)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Siewek F et al. (1985) Z NaturForsch 40 (1/2): 8.
Unproven Uses: External uses as folk remedies have
included skin rashes, venereal warts, hemorrhoids, lacrimation and earache. According to English sources, the plant
was used as a remedy for rabies.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for low resistance,
chronic tonsillitis, and tonsillar hypertony as well as for
lymphedema.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Figwort
Preparation: Homeopathic preparations of the mother tincture are derived from the whole Figwort plant in dilutions.
Scrophularia nodosa
Homeopathic Dosage: 15 to 20 drops to be taken orally 3
times daily. Scrophularia nodosa can be administered by
injection for long-term treatment
«
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
dried herb harvested before flowering, the herb with the root,
and the root alone.
LITERATURE
Inouye H et al., (1974) Planta Med 25:285.
3 1 2 /FIGWORT
Jerznanowska Z, Pijewska L, (1954) Acta Polon. Pharm l l : l .
Kato Y, (1946) Foha Pharmacol Jap. 42:37 (via CA 47:1843)
Pauli GF, Ofterdinger-Daegel, S, Teborg D, Digitalis,
Scrophularia & Co. In: DAZ 135(2): 111.1995.
Pethes E et al., (1973) Herba Hung 12:101.
Swann K, Melville C, (1972) J Pharm Pharmacol 24:170P.
Weinges K, Von der Eltz H. (1978) Justus Liebigs Ann Chem
1968.
Further information in:
Fernandez MA. Garcia MD. Saenz MT Antibacterial activity of
the phenolic acids fractions of Scrophularia frutescens and
Scrophularia sambucifolia. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:11-4, Jul 26
1996.
Fernandez MA. Garcia MD. Saenz MT Anti-inflammatory
effects of different extracts and harpagoside isolated from
Scrophularia frutescens L. Farmaco. 53:443-6, Jun 1996.
Fernandez MA, Garcia MD. Saenz MT Gas chromatographic
determination of chlorothalonil in leaves and roots of
Scrophularia and in soil. J AOAC Int. 53:587-8, Mar-Apr 1996.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliehe Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
of about 30 to 35 anthers. The pollen is round and
tricolporate. The female flowers have 3 tepals as well as
small staminoids. The 3 or 4 carpels are set sideways on a
central, erect fruit axis that becomes conically oblong when
the fruit ripens. The style is inserted in the side and the
stigma is turned back. The drupes are globose to reniform, 9
to 11 mm long, glabrous, and sit on the short, spreading
branches of the fruit axis. The fruit is about 1 cm long,
blackish, and contains a horseshoe-shaped seed.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Anamirta cocculus are hardy, woody
lianas with ash-gray to straw-yellow striped bark. The leaves
are ovate to cordate. The leaf blade is 16 to 28 cm long and
10 to 24 cm wide and coriaceous. The main veins are
arranged in palmate fashion at the base with parallel
secondary veins. The 6 to 18 cm petiole is thickened at both
ends.
Characteristics: The fruit shell is tasteless, the seed is bitter
and oily.
Habitat: The plant grows in India. Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
Production: Fish Berry seeds are the fruit of the false myrtle
Anamirta cocculus. They are collected in the wild and sundried after harvesting.
Other Names: Levant Nut, Crow Killer, Fish Killer, Indian
Berry, Cocculus Indicus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpens: picrotoxin, a mixture of picrotoxinine and its
by product picrotin, picrotoxin acid methyl ester
Isoquinoline alkaloids:
Filipendula ulmaria
See Meadowsweet
Fish Berry
Anamirta cocculus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the ripe,
dried fruit.
Flower and Fruit:' The plant's petiolate inflorescences are
panicle-like, 16 to 40 cm long and usually inserted in the
stem. Male flowers are occasionally axillary. The two outer
petals are smaller and about 1 mm long. The inner ones are
whitish or yellowish-green, broad-elliptoid, 2 to 3 mm long,
in 2 alternating, triple whorls and are imbricate. The
synandria are formed from a short-stemmed, globose cluster
menispermine, paramenispermine
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
The effect of the drug is due to the picrotoxin content.
Picrotoxin paralyzes presynaptic blocking mechanisms and,
like strychnine, has an analeptic effect in low doses. The
central ends of the parasympathetic nerves are stimulated, as
is the medulla oblongata. Breathing frequency is initially
increased and subsequently decreased. The pulse slows due
to the stimulation of the vagus and an increase in blood
pressure. Central nervous system-stimulated vomiting along
with an increase in perspiration and saliva are probably also
due to the action of picrotoxin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In the past, the drug was used as an
insecticide in powder form for scabies. Its use against skin
parasites and lice, while not substantiated, seems plausible. It
was also used in cases of barbituric acid poisoning. In more
recent times, it has been used in the treatment of peripheral
and vestibular nystagmus, and in both long and short-term
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
therapy for peripherally based dizziness as well as travel
sickness.
FLAX/313
Storage: Because they are poisonous, preparations should be
secured in tightly closed containers, protected from light and
unauthorized access.
Indian Medicine: The seeds have been used externally in
India and on the Malaysian archipelago for gout, skin
diseases and parasites. The tender leaves are used as a
contracting agent for the womb after birth.
Frohne D, Pikrotoxin - Renaisssance eines "obsoleten""
pflanzlichen Arzneistoffes. In: ZPT 10(3): 101. 1989.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for nervous exhaustion,
attacks of dizziness, cramps, paralysis, dysmenorrhea and
occipital headaches. Efficacy has not been proven.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is very poisonous. Mild poisonings cause headache, dizziness, nausea, coordination disturbances, general
depression and spastic twitching.
OVERDOSAGE
With high dosages, the symptoms above are followed by
frequent vomiting, sleepiness and tonic-clonic spasms. Death
follows, often not until days later, through asphyxiation and
heart failure. Two to three Cocculus kernels can be fatal.
Treatment consists of inducing vomiting and/or gastric
lavage, purging with sodium sulphate, instillation of activated charcoal and forced diuresis. The spasms should be
suppressed with diazepam, but only as much as is absolutely
necessary. In case of fever, the patient should be wrapped in
ice packs, administered high-caloric infusions and possibly
given oxygen respiration. Phenothiazines and analeptics
should be avoided.
LITERATURE
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl.. Bde 1-3. W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart. Jena. New
York 1995.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In combination preparations.
How Supplied: Commercial preparations include ampules,
drops and tablets.
Preparation: Liquid extract is prepared using a l:l ratio of
the drug and 90% ethanol A mixture of the extract and
coconut oil is prepared using a ratio of 1:8
Flax
Linum
usitatissimum
TRADE NAMES
Bio flax, Flaxseed Oil, New Energy
DESCRIPTION
Tincture: 1:10 tincture: 70% ethanol
Unguetum cocculi: 125 g extract plus 650 g coconut oil plus
50 g beeswax and 250 g paraffin
Picrotoxin extraction is made using special procedures;
maximum yield 1.5%
Daily Dosage: One to 5 mg can be taken by healthy patients
who do not experience side effects. For peripheral states of
dizziness: 1 mg to 5 mg (picrotoxin) slow intravenous
infusion. As a long-term treatment: 1 mg suppositories for 3
weeks.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stem as a sterile
linen thread, the oil extracted from the seeds, the dry ripe
seeds, the linseed cakes and the fresh flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are panicle-like loose cymes
on long peduncles in the leaf axils of the upper part of the
stem. They have 5 ovate, acuminate, finely ciliate sepals and
5 obovate petals, which are sky blue and longer than the
sepals. There are 5 stamens fused at the base and 1 ovary.
The fruit is an almost globular, 6 to 8 mm long capsule on an
erect or slightly bent stem. The seeds are flat, brown and
glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grow>
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
from 20 to 150 cm high. The root is short, fusiform and light
30 to 60 minutes (for acute conditions), or 1 ml twice a week
sc or ointment 1 or 2 times daily for chronic conditions. I| yellow. The stem is unbranched, erect or ascending in shon
314/FLAX
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
curves. The leaves are smooth edged, gray-green, sessile and
almost awn-like acuminate.
Characteristics: The plant flowers only in the morning.
Habitat: The plant is cultivated in temperate and tropical,
regions the world over.
Production: Flaxseed consists of the dried, ripe seed of the
collective variations of Linum usitatissimum as well as its
preparations. The various cultivars of Linum usitatissimum
are equally acceptable for the indications listed. The plant is
cultivated. The ripe seeds are recovered from the capsules by
threshing. The oil contained within the seeds is perishable.
Processing of the seeds should take place by cold pressing at
a temperature below 40° C.
Not to be Confused With: Lolium temulentum and weed
seeds.
Other Names: Flaxseed, Lint Bells, Winterlien, Linseed
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
• Inflammation of the skin
Unproven Uses: Internally, Flax is used for irritable colon,
diverticulitis and as mucilage for gastritis and enteritis. A
decoction is used for bladder catarrh and inflammation,
gastritis.
Externally, Flaxseed is used for removing foreign bodies
from the eye. A single Flaxseed is moistened and placed
under the eyelid, the foreign body should stick to the mucous
secretion of the seed; as cataplasm for local skin
inflammation.
Indian Medicine: Flax is used in India as a tea for coughs,
bronchial conditions, urethritis, diarrhea and gonorrhea;
externally for skin infections. The seeds are also used in
Indian veterinary medicine.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Flaxseed is contraindicated in the following conditions:
ileus, stricture of the esophagus and in the gastrointestinal
area, acute inflammatory illnesses of the intestine, of the
esophagus and of the stomach entrance.
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages (3-10%, in the epidermis, high swelling capacity):
including arabinoxylans, galactans, rhamnogalacturonans
Cyanogenic glycosides (0.05-0.1%): linustatin and neolinustatin (yielding under optimal conditions 30-50 mg HCN per
100 gm)
Fatty oil (30-45%): chief fatty acids linolenic acid (40-70%),
linoleic acid (10-25%), oleic acid (13-30%)
Proteins (20-27%)
Lignans: secoisolariciresinol-diglucoside
Phenylpropane
linusitamarine
derivatives:
including
among
others,
EFFECTS
The bulk material and mucins (swelling agent and mucilage)
are responsible for the laxative effect.
In animal experiments a reduction of cholesterol levels in the
liver was observed (due to the unsaturated fatty acids). A
blood sugar lowering effect was also proven. The antitumoral effect is attributed to the lignans (lignans are antimycotic,
anti-oxidative and anti-estrogenic).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The use of large quantities of the drug
as a laxative with too little fluid intake can lead to an ileus.
The cyanogenic glycosides present no danger with the intake
of therapeutic dosages; the glycosides are broken down only
to a limited extent in the body. An elevation in the
concentration of cyanide ions and of the detoxification
product thiocyanic acid in the blood could not be
demonstrated.
It is recommended that if flaxseed is taken for inflammatory
bowel conditions, that the flaxseed be preswollen before use
(Bisset & Wichtl, 1994).
Drug Interactions: The absorption of other drugs taken
simultaneously may be delayed.
Food Interactions: The absorption of Flaxseed oil is
facilitated when taken with food.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally, the cracked or coarsely
ground seed, in which only the cuticle and mucilage
epidermis are damaged is used. Linseed gruel and other
galenic preparations are also available for internal use.
Externally, as linseed meal or linseed expellent.
Toxic principle: there is a discussion on the toxic effect of
the cyanogenic glycosides in the drug which may cause
prussic acid poisoning in humans. However, neither high
single doses nor chronic intake of linseed have caused any
signs of poisoning in humans.
Capsules — 1000 mg, 1300 mg
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Oil
Approved by Commission E:
Seeds (whole or crushed)
• Constipation
Powder
How Supplied:
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
FOENICULUM
VULGARE/315
Preparation: To prepare a demulcent for use in gastritis and
enteritis, allow 5 to 10 gm of whole seeds to stand in cold
water for 20 to 30 minutes, then pour off the liquid (Bisset &
Wichtl, 1994).
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Daily
Schulz V, (1984) Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nitroprusside,
Cyanide, Thiosulphate and Thiocyanate. Clinical
Pharmacokinetics 9:239-251.
Dosage:
Constipation — l dessertspoon of whole or bruised (not
ground) seed with at least 150 ml of liquid 2 to 3 times daily.
Lower Cholesterol — 35 to 50 gm daily of the crushed
seeds. May be incorporated into muffins or breads (Arjmandi
et al, 1998).
Decrease platelet aggregation — l to 2 tablespoonfuls
flaxseed oil daily (Allman et al, 1995).
Gastritis and enteritis — 2 to 4 tablespoons of milled linseed
prepared as recommended above (the seeds should not be
taken in the dry state, should be pre-hydrated.)
External — 30 to 50 gm Flaxseed flour for a hot moist
cataplasm or compress.
Storage: Flaxseed oil must be processed and stored properly
(see "Production" above). Flaxseed meal is less vulnerable
to rancidity when exposed to light and heat than the
processed oil. The seeds should be protected from light and
stored in a sealed container. The oil should also be protected
from light and should be refrigerated.
LITERATURE
Allman MA, Pena MM & Pang D: Supplementation with
flaxseed oil versus sunflower seed oil in healthy young men
consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and
function. In: Eur J Clin Nutr 49(3): 169-178, 1995.
Anonym, Leinol als diatetisches Adjuvans. In: DAZ
135(16): 1501. 1995.
Anonym, Leinsamen (Semen Lini) ist ungiftig. In: ZPT 5:770.
1984.
Anonym, Pharmaceutical Care:"'Den Mifjbrauch von Laxanzien
vermeiden helfen." In: DAZ 135(20): 1867-1868. 1995.
Arjmandi BH, Khan DA. Juma S et al., Whole flaxseed
consumption lowers serum LDL-cholesterol and lipoprotein(a)
concentrations in postmenopausal women. In: Nutr Res
18(7): 1203-1214, 1998.
Bisset NG & Wichtl M (eds): Lini semen. Herbal Drugs and
Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific
Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, CRC Press, Stuttgart,
Germany, pp 298-300. 1994.
Curry CE, (1982) Laxative products. In: Handbook of
Nonprescription Drugs. Am Pharmac Assoc, Washington, S 6992.
Ecker-Schlipf B, Ostrogensubstitution mit Leinsamen und
Sojamehl. In: DAZ 131(19):953. 1991.
Schiebel-Schlosser G, Leinsamen - die richtige Wahl. In: PTA
8(4):300. 1994.
Schulz V, Loffler A, Gheorghiu Th, (1983) Resorption von
Blausaure aus Leinsamen. Leber Magen Darm 13:10-14.
Sewing KFR, (1986) Obstipation. In: Fulgraff G, Palm D
(Hrsg) Pharmakotherapie. Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Auflage.
Fischer, Stuttgart, S 162-168.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfiinder HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
potheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachvedag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York, 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Foeniculum vulgare
See Fennel
316/FOOL'S
PARSLEY
Fool's Parsley
Aethusa cynapium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the entire fresh
plant and the dried aerial parts (herb).
Flower and Fruit: The plant has white long-stemmed umbels
with many florets and no involucre. The calyx has 5 fused
sepals. There are 5 white, sometimes reddish, obcordate,
irregular petals. The flowers have 5 stamens and a 2-valved
ovate ovary. The fruit is a 3 to 5 mm wide, globose
schizocarp, straw yellow when ripe with red-brown stripes; it
opens easily. Each section has 5 triangular ribs with l or 2
oil grooves in the hollow and 2 in the joints.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a leafy, 60 cm high
annual or biennial plant. The root is thin, spindle-shaped and
whitish. The stem is erect, round, grooved, hollow, glabrous
and usually forked with a bluish bloom, which rubs off when
handled. The leaves are glossy, dark green above and light
green beneath. Leaflets are serrate with a triangular outline
and double to treble pinnatifid. They give off an unpleasant
garlic odor when rubbed.
Characteristics: The plant is poisonous. The plant can be
mistaken for Parsley because of its similar appearance, but
the plant is poisonous and can have fatal consequences. This
similarity has resulted in its being given the name Fool's
Parsley. It also bears a resemblance to Hemlock, though it is
not as poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern and central
Europe, introduced into North America; cultivated and used
as an ornamental plant for meadows in southern Germany.
Not to be Confused With: Young garden parsley is very
similar. However, it differs in the glossiness of the underside surface of the leaf and pungent, burning, garlic-like
smell of the leaves when rubbed.
Other Names: Dog Poison, Fool's-Cicely, Small Hemlock,
Dog Parsley, Lesser Hemlock
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Polyynes: (only in freshly-harvested leaves) including aethusin, aethusanol A, aethusanol B
Flavone glycosides: including rutoside, narcissine, camphor
oil-3-glucorhamnoside
Ascorbic
acid
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fool's Parsley has been used for gastrointestinal complaints in children, infantile cholera, summer
diarrhea and convulsions.
Homeopathic Uses: Aethusa cynapium is used for milk
intolerance in children, pylorus cramp, acute diarrhea with
vomiting and poor concentration (HABl).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Fool's Parsley is considered a toxic plant. The older
literature contains descriptions of poisonings, sometimes
fatal, occurring as a result of confusing garden parsley with
the freshly harvested drug. Probably, however, these had to
do with poisonings by spotted hemlock. Caution should
nevertheless be exercised.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The juice of the fresh drug is used
in poultices; also available as alcoholic extracts.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, l tablet or 5 to 10
globules, I to 3 times daily; injection solution l ml twice
weekly sc (HABl).
LITERATURE
Bohlmann F, et al., Chem Ber 93:981. 1968.
Bohlmann F, et al., Chem Ber 88:1245. 1960.
Teuscher E. et al., PA 45:537. 1990.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Forget-Me-Not
Myosotis arvensis
EFFECTS
DESCRIPTION
No information is available.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering plant.
HERBAL
FRANGULA / 3 1 7
MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The blue flowers are in leafless racemes.
The calyx is fused and leaf-like with 5 tips. The corolla is
shaped like a stemmed plate, has 5 tips, and is glabrous with
yellow scales in the tube. The tube is enclosed in the calyx.
There are 5 stamens and a 4-valvular ovary. The fruit stems
^g* are twice as long as the caylx and stand out. The calyx is
closed when the fruit ripens. The fruit is composed of 4
nutlets.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is leafy and grows from 15
to 40 cm high. The stem is erect or ascendent and pubescent.
The leaves are alternate. The lower leaves are petiolate and
oblong-obovate, the upper ones sessile and lanceolate to
lanceolate-oblong.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe.
Production: Forget-Me-Not is the flowering plant Myosotis
arvensis.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid
#
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Forget-Me-Not is used in the treatment of
respiratory disorders and nose bleeds.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity are possible consequences when taken internally, due to the presence of
pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent
substances. Therefore, the drug should not be taken
internally.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is administered ground
and as an extract for external use.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
£ Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Frangula
Rhamnus frangula
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried bark of
the trunk and branches and the fresh bark of the trunk and
branches.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2 to 10 axillary
blossomed cymes on pedicles that are 1 to 3 times as long.
The flowers are greenish white, infundibular, 3 to 4 mm long
with 5 sepals and 5 petals, which are initially pubescent. The
sepals are 3 mm long, oblong-triangular and acute. The
petals are whitish, erect and stemmed. The petals enclose the
stamens. The stamens are somewhat shorter than the petals
and have large anthers and short filaments. The fruit is a
globular, initially green, later red when ripe. The blackpurple drupe is about 8 cm wide containing 2 to 3 seeds. The
seeds are wide, flat triangular-lentil-shaped with a longer,
very narrow groove.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a thornless, 1 to 3 m
high bush or a 7 m high weedy tree. The branches are piled
on the boughs and densely foliated. The bark is initially
green later gray-brown and covered in gray-white lenticles.
The leaf buds are pubescent. The leaves are thin, soft when
young later becoming stiffer. They are broadly elliptical to
obovate and about 3.5 to 5 cm long. The leaves are usually
entire-margined and pubescent on the ribs of the under
surface.
Characteristics: The heartwood is bright yellow-red. The
odor is somewhat foul and the taste is disgustingly bitter.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to all of Europe, Western
Asia, Asia Minor and the Caucasus; it has spread to the wild
in North America.
Production: Frangula bark consists of the dried bark of the
trunks and branches of Rhamnus frangula. The bark is peeled
in May and June, then either dried and stored for 1 year to
dry or heated for 1 hour at 100° C.
Other Names: Buckthorn, Frangula, Alder Buckthorn, Black
Alder, Dog Wood, Black Dogwood, Black Alder Tree,
European Black Alder, Black Alder Dogwood, Arrow Wood,
European Buckthorn, Persian Berries, Alder Dogwood
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (4 to 6%): anthranoids, chief components glucofrangulin A, glucofrangulin A-diacetate (estered
at rhamnose remnant), as well as frangulin A, frangulin C
Fragaria vesca
Naphthalene derivatives: naphthoquinones
See Strawberry
Peptide alkaloids (traces): including frangulanine
318/FRANGULA
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
EFFECTS
Preparations:
The bark contains anthracene derivatives and their aglycones
which have an anti-absorptive and hydrogogic effect. The
anthracene derivatives induce active secretion of electrolytes
and water in the intestinal lumina and inhibit the absorption
of electrolytes and water from the colon by stimulating
propulsive contractions. This results in accelerated intestinal
passage time. In this manner, the increased water and
subsequent volume of the intestinal content raise pressure
and stimulate intestinal peristalsis.
Tea — scald 2 gm finely cut drug and strain after 15
minutes. The drug may also be left to steep in cold water for
12 hours.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Constipation
Unproven Uses: Frangula bark is used to ease bowel
evacuation in the case of anal fissures, hemorrhoids and after
rectal-anal surgery. It may also be used in preparation for
exploratory surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
Homeopathic Uses: Rhamnus frangula is used for weak
digestion with a tendency to diarrhea.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not to be used with intestinal obstruction, acute
inflammatory intestinal diseases, appendicitis or with children under 12 years of age. The drug is not to be
administered during pregnancy or while nursing.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Long-term use leads to loss of electrolytes,
especially potassium ions. This may lead to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal motility and enhancement of the
effect of cardioactive steroids, which may lead to arrhythmias. Nephropathies, edema and accelerated bone deterioration are possible after long term use.
The question of an increased incidence of carcinoma of the
colon following long-term administration of anthracene
drugs has not yet been fully clarified. Recent studies show no
definite connection between the administration of anthracene
drugs and the frequency of carcinoma of the colon.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
OVERDOSAGE
Vomiting and spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints could
occur as side effects to the drug's purgative effect or with
overdosages.
Dry extract — percolation of 100 gm bark with methanol,
after 1 day 400 gm to 500 gm percolate are extracted. The
liquids (percolate and pressed juice) are left to stand for 8
days at 2 to 8° C before being filtered and dried. The
glucofrangulin content must be stabilized at 15 to 17%.
Daily
Dosage:
20
anthracene derivatives
mg
to
180
mg
hydroxy-
Tea — 1 cup mornings and evenings
The correct dosage for each individual is the smallest dosage
necessary to maintain a soft stool. Frangula bark should not
be used continuously for more than 1 or 2 weeks.
Homeopathic Dosage: from D3: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day (HAB1)
Storage: Frangula may be stored for at least 1 year if
protected from light and moisture.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
136(38):3253-2354. 1996.
Anonym. Pharmaceutical Care: "Den MiJ3brauch von Laxanzien
vermeiden helfen". In: DAZ 135(20): 1867-1868. 1995.
Demirezer LO. Glucofrangulinanthrone A/B, deren
Oxidationsformen und davon abgeleitete Zuckerester aus
Rhamnus-Arten. In: Dissertation Universitat Frankfurt/Main.
1991.
Helmholz H, Ruge A, Piasecki A, Schroder S, Westendorf J,
Genotoxizitiit der Faulbaumrinde. In: PZ 138(43):3478. 1993.
Pailer M, Haslinger E, (1972) Monatsh. Chem 103:1399.
Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL, Rosier KHA, Blosmster RN,
Inactivation of enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted
from plants. In: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:2463-2466.
1991.
Van Os FHL, (1976) Pharmacology I4(Suppf 1)7:18.
Wagner H et al., (1978) Planta Med 33:53.
Further information in:
DOSAGE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Mode of Administration: Frangula Bark is available in solid
pharmaceutical form and in commercial compounded preparations for oral intake. It is also available parenterally for
homeopathic use.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
^tk 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
#
Frankincense
Boswellia
carteri
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the resin
gum exuded when incisions are made in the bark of the
trunk.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary on short stalks
and single axillary inflorescences. The calyx is small, 5toothed and perennial. The corolla has 5 elongated petals,
and there are 5 stamens. The long anthers fall early. The fruit
is a capsule divided into 3 parts with a seed in each section.
The seeds are surrounded by a wide membranous leaf.
*
Leaves, Stem and Root: Boswellia carteri is a richly foliated
tree whose leaves alternate unevenly on the branches to the
tips. The 10 pairs and one leaflet are short-stalked, elongated, blunt, serrate, finely pubescent and mostly alternate. The
base of the leaf is a fleshy cup-shaped disc that is larger than
the corolla. The plant grows on few roots, which appear to be
fused with the stony soil via an inert mass.
Habitat: Boswellia carteri is found in Somalia and parts of
Saudi Arabia.
Production: (Indian) Frankincense or Olibanum is the
hardened gum resin of Boswellia carteri, which exudes when
incisions are made in the trunk. It is collected after being
allowed to harden in the open air for about three weeks.
Not to be Confused With: The exuded gum resin of the trunk
of Boswellia serrata also is called Frankincense or Olibanum.
FRANKINCENSE / 3 1 9
Other Names: Olibanum
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (5-9%): chief components 1-octyl acetate (sliare
60%), 1-octanol (share 12.7%), including as well alphapinene (3.5%), incensol (2.7%)
Resins (60%): components including among others alphaboswellic acid, beta-boswellic acid, methyl ester of 3-acetylpVboswellic acid
Mucilages
(12-20%)
EFFECTS
Externally, Frankincense can cause mild irritation of the
skin. Internally, it is a mild carminative.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The drug is considered obsolete for medicinal use because its
mode of action has not been documented. In vitro, the alpha
and beta boswellic acids showed antimicrobial activity and
inhibited the complementary system. The mucin, triterpene
and essential oil content make application for respiratory
conditions and its use for wounds seem plausible.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is considered obsolete, even though no health
hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the
proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Preparation: The Frankincense resin is obtained by tapping
the bark and leaving the exudate for about three months,
during which time it hardens slightly, allowing the resin to
be collected.
LITERATURE
Ammon HPT, Entziindliche Darmerkrankungen: Weihrauch bei
Colitis ulcerosa, siehe auch folgenden Artikel. In: DAZ
137(3): 125. 1997.
Ammon HPT, Hemmstoffe der Leukotrienbiosynthese. In: DAZ
137(3): 139-40. 1997.
Ammon HPT, Weihrauch - ein neuer Weg in der Therapie der
•"Entziindungen. In: DAZ 132(45).2442. 1991.
Ammon S, Ein pflanzliches Antirheumaticum. In: DAZ
131(19):972. 1991.
Ammon T, Lipoxygenasehemmer aus Weihrauch. In: DAZ
133(37):3295. 1993.
Anonym, Weihrauchtherapie. In: DAZ 134(4):324-325. 1995.
Hoernlein RF et al., Die Hemmung der 5-Lipoxygnesae durch
Acetyl-11-keto-P-Boswelliasaure (AKBA): StrukturWirkungsbeziehungen. In: 8. Fruhjahrstagung der DPhG, Salzau,
Abstracts, in PUZ 25(3): 140. 1996.
320
/FRANKINCENSE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ
137(8):611-613. 1997.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Martinetz D, Der Indische Weihrauch - neue Aspekte eines
alten Harzes. In: ZPT 13(4): 121. 1992.
Miiller-Bohn T, Chemie und Pharmakologie des Weihrauchs:
Boswelliasauren gegen chronische Polyarthritis und Colitis
ulcerosa. In: DAZ 136(48):4324-4325. 1996.
Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatric In: ZPT
18(3): 165-162. 1997.
Rail B et al., Boswellic acids and protease activity (s.auch
foigende Abstracts). In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann
Congr):105. 1995.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wasielewski S, Maligne G, Weihrauchextrakt bei bosartigen
Hirntumoren. In: DAZ 137(26):2250-2251. 1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
which are bushily branched with flowering branches at the
top. The leaves are simple, lanceolate-linear, 2 to 10 cm by 2
to 10 mm, thorn-tipped, entire or slightly serrate, and
somewhat glossy.
Characteristics: The odor is aromatic and intense.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Germany, Russia and
southern Europe.
Production: French Tarragon leaves or herbs are picked
when in bloom and carefully dried.
Other Names: Little Dragon, Mugwort, Estragon
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil of complex, variety-specific composition (0.253.1%): chavicol methyl ether dominates in German species,
accompanied by ocimene, myrcene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, linalool
Flavonoids: including quercetin and patuletin glycosides
Hydroxycoumarins: including herniarin, scopoletin
hocoumarins:
including artemidin
Polyynes
EFFECTS
Fraxinus excelsior
The essential oil of the drug is an appetite stimulant.
See Ash
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: French Tarragon is used as an appetite
stimulant.
Fraxinus ornus
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Manna
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
French Tarragon
Mode of Administration: Both the fresh and dried plant is
used, mostly as a culinary herb.
DOSAGE
Artemisia dracunculus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
parts of the plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are drooping, almost globular
and 2 to 3 mm across. They are whitish, later reddish, and
clustered in loose panicles. The sepals of the epicalyx are
oblong-elliptic and mostly green; the inner ones are ovate
with a broad membranous edge. The ray florets are female.
The disc florets are androgynous and infertile. The corolla is
yellow with a glabrous receptacle.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a glabrous, 60- to 120cm high herbaceous perennial. There are numerous stems,
LITERATURE
Balza F, Jamieson L, Towers GHN, Chemical constituents of
the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus. In: JNP 48:339. 1985.
Greger H, Bohlmann F, Zdero Ch, Neue Isocumarine aus
Dracunculus. In: PH 16:795. 1977.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lakupovic J, Tan RX, Bohlmann F, Jia ZJ, Huneck S,
Acetylenes and other constituents from Artemisia dracunculus.
In: PM 57:450. 1992.
Marco JA et al., Sesquiterpenes lactones from Artemisia
species. In: PH 32:460. 1993.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
Schormiiller B, In: Schormiiller J: Alkaloidhaltige Genuf5rriittel,
Gewiirze, Kochsalz, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New
York. 1970.
Thieme H, Nguyen XT, PA 27:255-265. 1972.
4Kb Vostrowsky O et al., Uber die Komponenten des atherischen
Ols aus Estragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.). In: Z Lebensm
Untersuch Forsch 173:365-367. 1981.
Fringetree
Chionanthus virginicus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root or tree
bark.
Flower and Fruit: The tree bears long peduncles of white,
snowdrop-like flowers with fringed petals the same size as
magnolia flowers. The flowers are androgynous, but on some
stalks the flowers are almost exclusively male or female. The
calyx is short and consists of four parts. The four petals are
fused at the base. They are initially green but turn snow
white and extend about 2.5 cm. Two stamens are enclosed in
the short tube. The fruit is 1.5 to 2 cm across, dark blue to
black, and oval and with a hard stone.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Fringetree is a deciduous shrub or
tree up to 10 m tall. The leaves are smooth or downy, oblong
or oval, 7.5 to 20 cm long and opposite. The root bark is
about 3 mm thick and consists of irregular, quilled pieces up
to about 8 cm long. The exterior of the bark is dull brown
with concave scars. The inner surface is smooth and buff
colored. The fracture is short and dense with projecting
bundles of stone cells.
Characteristics: Fringetree is almost odorless and very
bitter. The bark is so dense that, unlike most other barks, it
sinks in water.
Habitat: Fringetree grows in the central and southern U.S.
and also in eastern Asia.
Production: Fringetree root bark is the root bark of
Chionanthus virginicus.
Other Names: Gray Beard Tree, Old Man's Beard, Poison
Ash, Snowflower, White Fringe, Chionanthus, Snowdrop
Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Lignane glycosides: phillyrin (chioanthine)
Saponins
FROSTWORT/321
EFFECTS
Fringetree, because of its saponin content, is said to have
hepatic, cholagogue, diuretic and tonic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fringetree is used in treatment of the liver
and gallbladder conditions (including gallstones). North
American folk uses include jaundice, hepatatrophy, wounds
and ulcers.
Homeopathic Uses: Although mention is made of significant
homeopathic use, no details are given.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract and preparations are
administered internally.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AutL. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Jacober H, Pharm Acta Helv 34:585. 1959.
Frostwort
Helianthemum canadense
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Flower and Fruit: The plant flowers twice each season, once
early and again near the end. The first flowers are flat with
large, bright yellow petals. The second flowers are in
terminal clusters.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that grows 3
to 6 cm high and has a simple, erect and sparsely branched
white stem. The few branches are slender and purplish-green
with opposite leaves and leaf scars. The leaves are linear, up
to 1.5 cm long, grayish-green and downy.
Characteristics: The taste is astringent and bitter. The plant
is odorless.
Habitat: Frostwort is indigenous to the eastern U.S., but is
now also found in Europe.
Production: Frostwort is the aerial part of Helianthemum
canadense.
3 2 2 /FROSTWORT
Other Names: Frost Plant. Frostweed, Rock-Rose, Sun Rose
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
Glycoside:
helianthinin
The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated.
EFFECTS
Frostwort is astringent and tonic.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
crimson to pink. But like the inner petals they are dark-red to
black at the tip and have a green keel. The fruit, which
appears in the flowering season, is nut-like, globular, slightly
flattened at the side, green and has a dent in the top.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 50 cm high and
has a tender, erect, angular, branched, hollow and glabrous
stem which, like the leaves, is bluish green. The leaves are
alternate and divided into 3-pinnate sections. They are
petiolate, double pinnate, soft with petioled palmate or
pinnatifid pinna.
^
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The herb is used internally for digestive disorders and
externally for ulcers.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Frostwort is administered as a
liquid extract.
Characteristics: The herb has a bitter, salty taste.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
to northern Africa and in all of Europe and Siberia. The herb
has been introduced into North and South America.
Production: Common Fumitory herb consists of the dried,
above ground parts of Fumaria officinalis, gathered during
the flowering season.
LITERATURE
Not to be Confused With: The very similar species F.
vaillanti and F. schleicheri.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.h Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Other Names: Earth Smoke, Hedge Fumitory, Beggary,
Fumus, Vapor, Wax Dolls
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Flavonoids: including rutin
Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives:
acid
including caffeoylmalic
Isoquinoline alkaloids: some of them include -
Fucus vesiculosus
Protoberberine-type: including (-)-scoulerine
See Bladderwrack
Protopine-type: including protopine; main alkaloid
Spirobenzylisoquinoline-type: fumaricine, (+)-fumariline
Fumaria officinalis
See Fumitory
Indenobenzazepine-type: including fumaritine, fumarofine
Organic acids: fumaric acid
EFFECTS
Fumitory
Fumaria officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried herb and
the aerial parts of the fresh flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The short pedicled flowers are in erect,
dense, terminal racemes opposite the leaves and are 5 to 8
mm long. The outer petals are rounded at the front and are
Fumitory has a light, antispasmodic effect on the bile ducts
and the gastrointestinal tract. It is also amphicholeretic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Liver and gallbladder complaints
Spastic discomfort in the area of the gallbladder and bile
ducts, as well as the gastrointestinal tract.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb has been used for
skin diseases, constipation, cystitis, arteriosclerosis, rheuma-
^
G A L B A N U M /323
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
tism, arthritis, as a blood purifier, hypoglycemia and for
infections.
Homeopathic Uses: for chronic, itching eczema resulting
j ^ t from liver disease.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
See Snowdrop
Galbanum
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Ferula gummosa
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and its galenic
preparations for internal use.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oily gum-resin.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
2 to 3 gm drug and strain after 20 minutes.
Daily Dosage: 6 gm of drug. Infusions for gallbladder
complaints, drink 1 warm cup 30 minutes before meals.
Pressed juice—2 to 3 teaspoons (2.4 to 3.5 gm drug) daily as
a cold or hot infusion.
Grated fresh plant—1 teaspoon 3 times daily (about 50%
plant material).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
Storage: Protect from light and moisture.
LITERATURE
Duke JA, (1985) Die amphocholeretische Wirkung der Fumaria
officinalis. Z Allg Med 34: 1819.
Two types of Galbanum are used: Levant or Soft Galbanum
is more viscous and often contains small root pieces. Persian
or Hard Galbanum sometimes contains pieces of stem and is
friable in texture.
Flower and Fruit: The plant bears yellowish-white flowers
in a few flat umbels. The fruit is thin and flat. The seeds are
glossy.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ferula gummosa is a perennial plant
with a firm, smooth and hollow stem that grows up to 1.75 m
tall. The leaflets are glossy, ovate, wedge-shaped and have
sharply serrate margins.
Characteristics: The gum-resin occurs in translucent, yellowish or bluish-green masses of tears. Soft Galbanum
(Levant) is more viscous and may contain small pieces of
root. Hard Galbanum (Persian) is friable and may contain
pieces of stem. The odor is similar to musk or turpentine.
Habitat: The plant is found in central Asia, Iran, the
Mediterranean region and also at the Cape of Good Hope.
Hahn R, Nahrstedt A, High Content of Hydroxycinnamic Acids
Esterified with (+)-D-Malic-Acid in the Upper Parts of
Fumaria officinalis. In: PM 59(2): 189. 1993.
Production: Galbanum is the resin from the roots and trunk
of Ferula gummosa and other related varieties. The exuding
resin is collected from the pith without wounding the plant.
Mardirossian ZH et al.. PH 22:759. 1983.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1.
Further information in:
W
Galanthus nivalis
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
COMPOUNDS
Resinous substances (60%): chiefly galbaresenic acid and
galbanic acid
Mucilages
(40%)
Volatile oil (10-20%): including among others, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, myrcene, cadinenes, guaiazulene, aroma
bearer undecatriene
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The drug acts as stimulant, expectorant, and vulnerary. In
vitro an antimicrobial effect has been proven.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Unproven Uses: Internally, Galbanum is used for digestive
disorders and flatulence; externally it is used in the treatment
of wounds.
324/GALBANUM
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations for internal and
external use.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.l. Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Autl. Bde 1-8. Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Galega officinalis
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are single or in loose, globose
inflorescences. The flowers are fused and grow in fives. The
corolla is funnel-shaped, the 2-part ovary is inferior. The
fruit is a loculicidal capsule opening on 2 sides. The seeds
are long-winged at both ends.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This woody liana or climbing shrub
has leaves that are opposite and short-petiolate. Young
branches are 4-sided or orbicular and have pairs of stipules.
Using Uncaria gambir as a prototype, the calyx is 5-tipped,
the corolla light purple. The leaves are 6 to 11 mm long with
a I to 2 cm long petiole, coriaceous, lanceolate to oval,
entire, pubescent at the veins. After the leaf-axillary flower
branches drop, a barbed tendril, which is 1 to 2 cm long and
woody, is formed.
See Goat's Rue
Habitat: Indonesia and Malaysia
Galeopsis segetum
Production: Yellow catechu is the dried aqueous extract of
the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria gambir. Cultivated
stock is harvested, then the leaves and shoots are boiled with
water to form a decoction that is pressed and evaporated to
the consistency of syrup. The resulting lumps are dried in the
sun.
See Hempnettle
Not to be Confused With: Acacia
Galipea officinalis
See Angostura
Other Names: Yellow Catechu
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Galium aparine
See Cleavers
Galium odoratum
Catechin tannins (20 to 50%): among them gambirines Al to
A3 (astringently active flavanol dimers)
Flavanols (JO to 50%): particularly (+)-catechin, gambirines
Bl to B3 (dimers)
Indole alkaloids of the beta-carboline type (presumably only
traces in the drug): including gambirtanine, dihydrogambirtanine
See Sweet Woodruff
EFFECTS
Galium verum
The drug is astringent in effect because of the tannins it
contains, which are also said to exhibit antibacterial and
algicidal efficacy. The flavonoid fraction (cyanidanol = (+)catechin) is said to be hepatoprotective in effect.
See Lady's Bedstraw
Gambir
Uncaria species
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Catechu tincture is used in folk medicine for
diarrhea, nausea and gastrointestinal disturbances. Decoction
is used for ulcers of the stomach and oral mucosa, and also
asthma. The effect for diarrhea appears plausible because of
the tannin content.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
young shoots of the plant.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and powdered drug for
internal use.
,
Preparation: Tincture: 200 g drug (pounded), 50 g cut
cinnamon to 1 liter 45% ethanol, macerated (BP88)
Daily Dosage: 0.5 to 2 g drug; Catechu Tincture: 2.5 to 5 ml
LITERATURE
Balz JP. Das NP. Uncaria elliptica a major source of rutin.
Planta Med, 25:174-7, 1979 Jun.
Blaschek W. Hansel R. Keller K. Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgeb nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
Chang CC. Tung LH. Chen RR. Chiueh CC, A study on the
antihypertensive action of uncarine A, an alkaloid of Uncaria
formosana used in Chinese herb medicine. Taiwan I Hsueh Hui
Tsa Chih. 25:61-9, 1979 Feb.
Chang P. Koh YK. Geh SL. Soepadmo E. Goh SH. Wong AK,
Cardiovascular effects in the rat of dihydrocorynantheine
isolated from Uncaria callophylla. J Ethnopharmacol, 25:213-5,
1989 Apr.
Endo K. Oshima Y, Kikuchi H. Koshihara Y, Hikino H,
•r Hypotensive principles of Uncaria hooks. Planta Med, 25:18890, 1983 Nov.
Haginiwa J. Sakai S. Takahashi K, Taguchi M, Shujiro S,
Studies of plants containing indole alkaloids. I. Alkaloids in
Uncaria genus. Yakugaku Zasshi, 25:575-8, 1971 May.
Law KH. Das NP, Initiation and maintenance of callus tissue
culture of Uncaria elliptica for flavonoid production. Prog Clin
Biol Res. 25:67-70, 1988.
Lin CC. Lin JM, Chiu HF, Studies on folk medicine 'thangkau-tin' from Taiwan. (I). The anti-inflammatory and liverprotective effect. Am J Chin Med, 57:37-50, 1992.
Lin JM, Lin CC, Chen MF, Ujiie T, Takada A, Studies on
Taiwan folk medicine, thang-kau-tin (II): Measurement of active
oxygen scavenging activity using an ESR technique. Am J Chin
Med, 57:43-51. 1995.
Mimaki Y, Toshimizu N, Yamada K, Sashida Y, Anticonvulsion effects of choto-san and chotoko (Uncariae Uncis
cam Ramlus) in mice, and identification of the active principles.
Yakugaku Zasshi, 57:1011-21, 1997 Dec.
ML Yamanaka E, Kimizuka Y, Aimi N, Sakai S, Haginiwa J,
Studies of plants containing indole alkaloids. IX. Quantitative
analysis of tertiary alkaloids in various parts of Uncaria
rhynchophylla MIQ. Yakugaku Zasshi, 25:1028-33, 1983 Oct.
Yano S. Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K,
Alkaloids from the leaves of Uncaria homomalla. Planta Med,
57:749-52, 1980 Sep.
Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K,
Alkaloids of Uncaria pterppoda. Isolation and structures of
GAMBOGE/325
pteropodine and isopteropodine. J Chem Soc Perkin 1, 57:22459, 1966.
Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K,
Ca2+ channel blocking effects of hirsutine, an indole alkaloid
from Uncaria genus, in the isolated rat aorta. Planta Med,
57:403-5, 1991 Oct.
Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K,
Gambirine, a new indole alkaloid from Uncaria gambier roxb.
Tetrahedron Lett, 57:1571-4, 1967 Apr.
Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K,
Studies on flavonoid metabolism. Biosynthesis of (+)14Ccatechin by the plant Uncaria gambir Roxb. Biochem J,
57:73-7, 1967 Oct.
Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S, Watanabe K,
Studies on Uncaria alkaloid. XXI. Separation of rhynchophylline
and corynoxeine (author's transl.). Yakugaku Zasshi, 57:758-9,
1975 Jun.
Yano S, Horiuchi H, Horie S, Aimi N, Sakai S. Watanabe K,
The antihypertensive effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla in
essential hypertension (author's trans!.). Taiwan I Hsueh Hui
Tsa Chih, 57:749-52, 1980 Sep.
Zhu M, Bowery NG, Greengrass PM, Phillipson JD,
Application of radioligand receptor binding assays in the search
for CNS active principles from Chinese medicinal plants. J
Ethnopharmacol, 57:153-64, 1996 Nov.
Gamboge
Garcinia hanburyi
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the resin
extracted from the plant.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree grows to about 15 m and
has a diameter of about 30 cm. The bark is usually in the
form of cylindrical sticks, deep orange-brown and opaque.
The transverse fracture is smooth and almost conchoidal.
Characteristics: The taste is innocuous at first, then becomes
very acrid and causes an unpleasant stinging sensation
shortly after being placed in the mourn. The powder is highly
sternutatory.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Indochina and Sri Lanka.
Production: Gamboge is the gum-resin from the trunk of
Garcinia hanburyi harvested from trees that are at least ten
years old.
Other Names: Camboge, Gutta Cambodia, Gutta Gamba,
Gummigutta, Tom Rong, Gambodia
326/GAMBOGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Resins (70-75%): consisting mainly of yellow or red-colored
benzophenones and xanthones, including morellic acid,
isomorellic acid, alpha-gambogic acid (alpha-guttic acid)
Mucilages
(25-30%)
EFFECTS
The drug's mucilage content produces a strong laxative
effect. The beta gutteriferine componant acts as a strong
irritant to intestinal mucous membranes and also exhibits
antimicrobial properties.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The racemes are terminal or axillary. The
sepals are elliptical, 1 to 1.5 mm long and bristly downy. The
petals are longer than the calyx, white or reddish, oblongspatulate and indistinctly stemmed. The anthers are often
violet. The fruit is a compressed, orbicular-ovate, 5 to 6 mm
long, clearly winged small pod on an erect stem. The seeds
are ovate, almost smooth and red-brown.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Garden Cress is a 20 to 40 cm high
herb with a glabrous bluish bloom. The stem is erect, round
and branched. The leaves are light green and thin. The basal
leaves are usually lyrate-pinnatesect. The lower cauline
leaves are usually doubly or singly pinnatesect. All leaves
have dentate to prickly segments.
Unproven Uses: Gamboge is used for the treatment of
digestive disorders, in particular constipation, and is used in
combination with other laxatives.
Characteristics: Garden Cress has a radish-like taste. The
seeds have a slimy skin and swell in water.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The herb is grown worldwide.
As little as 0.2 g of the drug can lead to abdominal pain and
vomiting.
OVERDOSAGE
Fatalities have been observed with administration of 4 g.
Production: Garden Cress is the fresh plant (aerial part) of
Lepidium sativum, harvested during the flowering season or
shortly afterward. The fresh herb has a spicy odor. It is rarely
dried, either naturally or artificially, since the fresh plant is
used most often.
DOSAGE
No information is available in the literature.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11.
Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Lu GB et al., (1984) Yao Hsueh Husueh Pao 19 (8): 636.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
%
*
Not to be Confused With: Adulterations rarely occur, since it
is usually cultivated.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : IN THE FRESH FOLIAGE
Glucosinolates: chief components glucotropaeolin, yielding
benzyl isothiocyanate (benzyl mustard oil) and its autolysis
products (including benzyl cyanide, 3-phenyl propionitrile,
benzaldehyde) when the plant is bruised
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 37%)
C O M P O U N D S : IN THE SEEDS
Glucosinolates (3.5 to 5.3%): glucotropeolin
Cucurbitacins
Cardiac
Garcinia hanburyi
See Gamboge
Garden Cress
Lepidium sativum
steroids
(cardenolides)
EFFECTS
The antibacterial action of Garden Cress has been demonstrated in various tests. It was completely inhibitory in the
case of 3 microorganisms, although the antibacterial characteristics depended largely on the age of the plants used. An
antiviral effect against the encephalitis virus Columbia SH,
was demonstrated in tests on mice. Its diuretic action has not
been proven through experiments.
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh or dried
herb harvested during or shortly after the flowering season.
Unproven Uses: The herb is used for coughs, vitamin C
deficiency, constipation, poor immunity and as a diuretic.
W
GARLIC / 3 2 7
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Indian Medicine: Garden Cress is used for vitamin C
deficiency, liver disease, asthma, hemorrhoids and as an
abortifacient.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
*/*• No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The mustard oil contained in Garden Cress can
cause skin blisters and necrosis in higher concentrations. It is
sometimes misused as an abortifacient because the internal
administration of mustard oil causes severe anemia of the
internal organs.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Garden Cress is administered as a
freshly cut herb in oral preparations.
LITERATURE
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Iori R, Rollin P, Streicher H. Thtem J, Palmieri S, The
myrosinase-glucosinolate interaction mechanism studied using
some synthetic competitive inhibitors. FEBS Lett, 385:87-90,
# 1996 Apr 29.
Rao KV. Beach JW, Streptonignn and related compounds. 5.
Synthesis and evaluation of some isoquinoline analogues. J Med
Chem, 19:1871-9, 1991 Jun.
Ugazio G et al., co-toxicological study conducted with a battery
of biological and phytological tests on sediments carried out on
a series of 24 tributaries of the Po in 1994 and 1995. G Ital
Med Lav Ergon, 19:10-6, 1997 Jan-Mar.
Garlic
Allium sativum
TRADE NAMES
Garlic (available from numerous manufacturers), Garlicin,
Garlique, Garlic Oil, Garlic Power, Triple Garlic, High
Potency Garlic Oil, Garlic Odorless, Chinese Tian Shan
Garlic, Deodorized Garlic, Kyolic Reserve Aged Garlic
Extract, Odor Free Concentrated Garlic, Aged Garlic Extract, Kyolic Hi-Po Formula, High Alicin Garlic, Standardized Garlic, Natural Garlic Oil
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole fresh
bulb, the dried bulb and the oil of garlic.
Flower and Fruit: The plant consists of a cluster of long
flowers where the floral axis terminates in a single flower
and contains few florets (small flowers or buds). There are
numerous 1 cm deciduous bulbs capable of producing new
plants, which shed simultaneously. The flowers usually
remain in bud form and often do not produce any seed. The
petals are reddish or greenish-white and longer than the
stamens. The anthers of the middle stamens are spread at the
base and have fan-shaped tips.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Allium sativum is a perennial plant
that grows 25 to 70 cm high. The plant contains an erect,
rigid or curved stem, which is leafy in the middle. The leaves
are flat, 4 to 25 mm, straight and broad, with a wedge-shaped
tip; they can be rough or smooth-edged. The sheath, or lower
part of the leaf surrounding the stem, is pointed and longer
than the flower cluster. The garlic bulb is usually a
compound bulb, and the secondary bulbs are oval in shape.
The bulb skin color is either silky white or green.
Habitat: Central to southern Asia is considered the region of
origin; garlic has been introduced to the Mediterranean with
cultivation worldwide.
Production: Garlic bulbs, either fresh or carefully dried,
consist of the main bulb with several secondary bulbs
(cloves). Garlic may be harvested in September and October
when the leaves and bulbs are dry.
Other Names: Poor Man's Treacle, Clove Garlic, Common
Garlic, Allium, Stinking Rose
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Alliins (alkylcysteine sulfoxides): in particular allylalliin,
propenyl alliin and methylalliin (including their gammaglutamyl conjugates. Once cut, the alliin in the freshly
harvested bulbs is converted to allicin (diallyl-disulphidemono-S-oxide). Bulbs that have been dried and then remoistened, ferment into alliaceous oils. These oils are
oligosulfides, ajoens (dialkyl-trithlaalkane-monoxides) and
vinyl dithiins.
Fructosans (polysaccharides)
Saponins
EFFECTS
The alliin in the drug is antimicrobial, lipid-reducing, antioxidative and fibrinolytic. The antibacterial, antimycotic and
lipid-reducing effects have been well-documented. Inhibition
of thrombocyte aggregation, increased bleeding time and
clotting time, and enhancement of fibrinolytic activity have
been demonstrated in clinical trials.
A study of the lipid-lowering effect with isolated hepatocytes
suggest that garlic extracts are responsible for early inhibition of sterol synthesis due to their sulfur-containing
compounds. Alliin, the main sulfur-containing compound of
garlic, when coverted to allicin, exerts inhibitory effects on
3 2 8 /GARLIC
key enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis, including HMG
CoA reductase (Gebhardt, 1993; Gebhardt, 1996).
Garlic tablets studied in vitro were found to enhance natural
killer (NK) cells, which are an important part of the immune
system in fighting cancers, viruses and certain bacteria.
Antioxidative effects of garlic, determined by an increase in
intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, are responsible for
decreasing poor cellular function and premature aging.
Antiviral activity was also noted in vitro with garlic tablets
(See, 1999).
Ajoen is the antithrombotic compound that inhibits fibrinogen receptors on platelets (Robbers, 1996). The allicin and
oligosulfides in garlic oil have antiplatelet activity through
inhibition of adenosine diphosphate, collagen and betathromboglobulin release after collagen stimulation. The
compounds also exert antithrombotic effects through inhibition of platelet thromboxane formation (Bordia, 1998;
Legnani 1993).
CLINICAL TRIALS
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study involving 42 outpatients was conducted over a 12-week period
to assess the effects of standardized garlic powder tablets on
serum lipids and lipoproteins, glucose and blood pressure.
Standardized garlic powder administered 900 mg daily
produced a significantly greater reduction in serum total
cholesterol (262+/- 34mg/dL to 247 +/-40mg/dL with garlic
compared to 276+/-34mg/dL to 274+/- 29mg/dL with
placebo). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was
significantly reduced with garlic treatment by 11% compared
to 3% with placebo treatment. No significant change was
demonstrated in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glucose, blood pressure and other monitored
parameters (Jain, 1993).
The lipid-lowering effect of garlic powder tablets was tested
by administering a dose of 900 mg daily (equivalent to
approximately 2.7 grams or 1 clove of fresh garlic daily) to
28 outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. After 12 weeks of
treatment, there were no significant lipid or lipoprotein
changes in either the placebo- or garlic-treated groups
(Isaacsohn, 1998).
A 5 mg dose of steam distilled garlic oil was administered
twice daily to 25 outpatients with moderate hypercholesterolemia in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
The hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic oil was determined
after a 12-week period. The commercial garlic oil preparation did not have a significant effect on serum lipoproteins,
cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis (Berthold,
1998).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Note: There are contradicting results regarding the lipidlowering effect of garlic, which may be attributed to lack of
manufacturing standardization of the products used in the
studies. The fresh garlic may contain higher amounts of the
active ingredient, allicin, which is inactivated upon cooking.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Arteriosclerosis
• Hypertension
• Raised levels of cholesterol
Garlic is used internally as an adjuvant to dietetic measures
for elevated lipid levels. The herb is also used for prevention
of age-related vascular changes and arteriosclerosis.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, garlic is utilized internally
for inflammatory respiratory conditions, whooping cough
and bronchitis. Garlic is also used for gastrointestinal
ailments, particularly digestive disorders with flatulence and
gastrointestinal spasms. Other uses consist of menstrual
pains, treatment of diabetes, and as a tonic for diverse
illnesses and debilities. Externally, garlic is used for corns,
warts, calluses, otitis, muscle pain, neuralgia, arthritis and
sciatica.
Indian Medicine: Garlic is used in bronchitis, constipation,
joint pain and fever.
Homeopathic Uses: Garlic is used in conditions such as
inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, digestive complaints and muscle rheumatism in the lumbar region.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Adverse effects such as headache, myalgia, fatigue
and vertigo have been seen with therapeutic doses of garlic
(Holzgartner, 1992).
Allergic Reactions: Frequent contact with the drug may
result in allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis and
asthma (Asero, 1998; Lee, 1991).
Burns: Garlic associated partial thickness burns and necrosis
have been reported in several case studies in which the herb
remained in contact with the skin for a minimum of 6 to 18
hours (Roberge, 1997; Garty, 1993; Parish, 1987).
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea and a feeling of fullness have occurred with garlic
therapy (Holzgartner, 1992; Berthold, 1998)
Hematologic: A significant decrease in hematocrit values
and plasma viscosity have been associated with the administration of garlic powder (Jung, 1991). There has been risk of
postoperative bleeding with TURP (trans-urethral resection
of prostate) or mammaplasty surgery (Burnham, 1995;
H E R B A L MONOGRAPH S
German, 1995). Also, spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma
has been reported with garlic (Rose, 1990).
Hypersensitivity: Occupational asthma induced by inhalation
and ingestion of garlic5 has been observed (Lybarger, 1982).
if Ocular: The alliin, S-alkyl cysteine sulfoxide, which decomposes into a variety of thiosulfinates and polysulfides via
allinase upon extraction (crushing), produces a lacrimation
effect (Augusti, 1996).
Olfactory: Garlic therapy is associated with body odor or
halitosis (Berthold, 1998).
Nursing: Not to be used while nursing.
Drug Interactions: Concomitant use of garlic with anticoagulants such as Coumadin and antiplatelets such as aspirin
and dipyridamole could increase the risk of bleeding due to
the effect of garlic on platelet aggregation and fibrinogen.
(Agerwal, 1996; Bordia, 1998; Legnani, 1993; Newall, 1996;
Robbers, 1996). NSAID's, such as indomethacin, could
increase bleeding time by decreasing platelet aggregation
(Agerwal, 1996; Bordia, 1998; Legnani, 1993).
^
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The minced bulb and preparations
are for internal use and external treatment. Garlic oil
maceration or garlic oil resulting from steam distillation is
widely available.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 3 mg, 100 mg, 270 mg (total allicin 5000 meg),
300 mg, 500 mg, 580 mg (total allicin 3 mg), 600 mg (total
allicin 2500 meg or standardized to 500 meg allicin), 1000
mg, 1500 mg, 5000 mg
Dried powder
Oil macerations
Tablets — 300 mg, 400 mg (total allicin 3 mg), 500 mg, 600
mg (total allicin 5000 meg), 810 mg
Preparation: Garlic oil maceration — Bulbs are homogenized and stirred in fatty oil (1:1) for 48 hours, then filtered.
£. Solid garlic extract — An extraction of the chopped bulbs
with ethanol or methanol is allowed to evaporate.
Aqueous extract — Fresh bulbs are macerated in cold water
(1:1).
Fermented garlic — The minced drug is soaked over a long
duration in a water-ethanol mixture, volatile agents escape,
and the garlic becomes odorless. Steam distillations and
tinctures are also possible.
GARLIC / 3 2 9
Daily Dosage:
General — The average daily dose is 4 gm of fresh garlic or
8 mg of essential oil. One fresh garlic clove, 1 to 2 times
daily.
Arteriosclerosis — Daily doses of 600-800 mg of garlic
powder and dried garlic have been shown to be effective
(Harenberg, 1988: Kiesewetter. 1991).
Hyperlipidemia — A total daily dose of 600-900 mg of
garlic powder (standardized to 1.3% of alliin content) has
been shown effective (Holzgartner, 1992; Isaacsohn, 1998;
Mader, 1990; Simons, 1995).
Hypertension — The effective dose is garlic powder taken
200-300 mg three times daily (Auer, 1990; Sigagy, 1994).
External — Fresh garlic applied to the skin as an antimicrobial dressing should not be left for more than a few hours
due to case reports of burns (Garty, 1993; Parish, 1987:
Roberge, 1997).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 times daily sc; ointment 1 to 2 times
daily (HAB1)
Storage: Garlic should be hung in plaits in a dry place.
LITERATURE
Agarwal KC, Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Med
Res Rev 1996; 16(1): 111-124.
Anonym, Knoblauch. Blockade der Cholesterinsynthese in der
Leber. In: DAZ 134(45):4468. 1994.
Apitz-Castro R et al., (1983) Thromb Res 32:155.
Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D et al., A case of garlic
allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 Mar;101(3):427-8.
Augusti KT, Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and
garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian J Exp Biol 19%
Jul;34(7):634-40.
Augusti KT, Benaim ME, (1974) Clin Chim Acta 60:121.
Augusti KT, Mathew PT, (1974) Experientia 30:468.
Block E et al., (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:8295.
Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K, Effect of garlic oil
preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a
randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998 Jun 17,279(23): 1900-2.
Bordia A et al., Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on blood
lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in
patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot
Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Apr;58(4):257-63.
Brahmachar MD, Augusti KT, (1962) J Pharm Pharmacol 14:
254 and 617.
Burnham BE, Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative
bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995 Jan;95(l):213.
Chaudhuri BN et al., (1984) Biomed Biochim Acta 41:1045.
330/GARLIC
Garty BZ, Garlic Burns. Pediatrics 1993 Mar;91(3):658-9.
Gebhardt R, Multiple inhibitory effects of garlic extracts on
cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Lipids 1993;28:613-619.
Gebhardt R, Beck H, Differential inhibitory effects of garlicderived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in
primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Lipids 1996 Dec;31(12):126976.
German K, Kumar U, Blackford HN, Garlic and the risk of
TURP bleeding. Br J Urol 1995 Oct:76(4):518.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Koch HP, Saponine in Knoblauch und Kiichenzwiebel. In: DAZ
133(41):3733. 1993.
Koch HP. Wie "sicher" ist Knoblauch? Toxische, allergische
und andere unerwiinschte Nebenwirkungen. DAZ (1992)
132(27):1419.
Koch B, In: Koch HP, Lawson.LD: Garlic - The Science and
Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related
Species, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 1996.
Kubitschek J, Knoblauch blockiert Cholesterolsynthese in der
Leber. ZPT (1995) 16(2):74, s. auch (3):146.
Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmermann R. Effect of dried garlic on
blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum
cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia.
Atherosclerosis 1988 Dec;74(3):247-9.
Lawson LD, Wang ZJ, Pre-hepatic fate of the organosulfur
compounds derived from garlic (Allium sativum). PM (1993)
59(7)88.
Holzgartner H, Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Comparison of the efficacy
and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate.
Arzneimittelforschung 1992 Dec;42( 12): 1473-7.
Lee TY, Lam TH, Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment
with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991
Mar;24(3): 193-6.
Ide N et al., Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit
Cu+-induced oxidative modification of low density
lipoproteins.PM (1997) 63(3):263-264.
Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G et al., Effects of a dried
garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in
healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993 Feb;43(2): 119-22.
Imai J et al., Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged
garlic extracts and its constituents. PM (1994) 60(5):417.
Lybarger JA, Gallagher JS, Pulver DW et al., Occupational
asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic. J Allergy
Clin Immunol 1982 May;69(5):448-54.
Isaacsohn JL, MoserM, Stein EA et al.. Garlic powder and
plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized.
placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1998 Jun
8:158(11): 1189-94.
Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG, Can garlic
reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. Am J
Med (1993) 94:632-635.
Jain RC, Vyas CR, (1974) Brit Med J 2:730.
Jung EM, Jung F, Mrowietz C et al.. Influence of garlic
powder on cutaneous microcirculation. A randomized placebocontrolled double blind cross-over study in apparently healthy
subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1991 Jun;41(6):626-30.
Jung F, Kiesewetter H, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Heiden M,
Miyashita C, Wenzel E, (1989) Akutwirkungen eines
zusammengesetzten Knoblauchpraparates auf die Flie(3fahigkeit
des Blutes. ZPT 10(3):87.
Kabelik J, (1970) Pharmazie 25:266.
Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Pindur G et al., Effect of garlic on
thrombocyte aggregation, microcirculation, and other risk
factors. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991 Apr;29(4):1515.
Koch HP, Der lange Weg zum "geruchlosen Knoblauch." PUZ
(1996) 25(4): 186-191. <
Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidemia with garlic-powder
tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General
Practitioners' multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study.
Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Oct;40(10): 1111-6.
Miitsch-Eckner M, Erdelmeier CAJ, Sticher O, A novel amino
acid glycoside and three amino acids from Allium sativum. JNP
(1993) 56(6):864.
Nagae S et al., Pharmacokinetics of the garlic compound Sallylcystein. PM (1994) 60(3):241.
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD, Herbal Medicine: A
Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The
Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
Parish RA, Mclntire S, Heimbach DM, Garlic burns: a
naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr Emerg Care 1987
Dec;3(4):258-60.
Reuter HD, 6. Kongrep der Gesellschaft fur
Phytotherapie:Satelliten-Symposium "International Garlic
Research". ZPT (1996) 17(l):13-25.
Reuter HD, Chemie, Pharmakologie und medizinische
Anwendung von Knoblauch. ZPT (1989) 10(4): 124.
Reuter HD, II. Internationales Knoblauch-Symposium. ZPT
(1991)12(3):83.
Koch HP, Epidemiologic der Knoblauchforschung. DAZ
(1992)132(40):2103.
Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE, Pharmacognosy and
Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins,
1996.
Koch HP, Hormonwirkungen bei AIlium-Arten. ZPT
(1992)13(6):177.
Roberge RJ, Leckey R, Spence R, Krenzelok EJ, Garlic burns
of the breast. Am J Emerg Med 1997 Sep;15(5):548.
Koch HP, Metabolismus und Pharmakokinetik der Inhatsstoffe
des Knoblauchs. Was wissen wir dariiber? ZPT (1992) 13(3):83.
Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB.
Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet
GERMAN C H A M O M I L E / 3 3 1
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
dysfunction from excessive garlic consumption: a case report.
Neurosurgery 1990:26:880-82.
Schiewe FP, Hein T, Knoblauch bei Hyperlipidamie. ZPT
(l995)16(6):343-348.
^Schoetan A et al.. (1984) Experientia 40(3>:26I.
See, D, Gurnee K. LeClair, M. An in vitro screening study of
196 natural products for toxicity and efficacy. JAN A 1999
Winter:2( 1 ):25-39.
Sendl A, Phytotherapie: Biirlauch und Knoblauch im Vergleich.
DAZ (I993)133(5):392.
Siegers CP. Neues zur arteriosklerotischen Wirkung des
Knoblauchs. ZPT (1993)14(1):21.
Simons LA. Balasubramaniam S. von Konigsmark M et al.. On
the effect of garlic on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild
hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1995 Mar; 113(2):219-25.
Walper A et al.. Effizienz einer Diatempfehlung und einer
zusiitzlichen Phytotherapie mit Allium sativum bei leichter bis
mapiger Hypercholesteriniimie. Medwelt (1994) 45(7/8):327.
Gaiiltheria procumbens
See Wintergreen
Gelidium amansii
See Agar
Gelsemium sempervirens
See Yellow Jessamine
Genista tinctoria
See Dyer's Broom
Wenkert E et al.. (1971) Experientia 28:377.
Whitaker JR. (1976) Adv Food Res 22:73.
Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Pille fiir die ewige Jugend. DAZ
(1991)131(17):837.
Gentiana lutea
See Yellow Gentian
Further information in:
Chan H. But P. Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese
Materia Medica Vol 1. World Scientific, Singapore 1986.
Geranium maculatum
Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
See Cranesbill
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Geranium robertianum
Hausen BM, Allergiepflanzen - Pflanzenallergene. Ecomed
Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1988.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
See Herb Robert
German Chamomile
Matricaria Recutita
TRADE NAMES
Chamomile Flowers (available from numerous manufacturers), Standardized Chamomile Extract, Wild Chamomile,
Kid Chamomile
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts consist of the entire
flowering herb or only the flowers.
Flower and Fruit: The flower heads are terminal and longpedicled. The flower is white with a yellow center. The
margin flowers are obtuse with a tunicate margin. The ray
florets are white, linguiform, female and 3-toothed. The disc
332/GERMAN
CHAMOMILE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
florets are tubular, androgynous, 5-toothed, with a hollow
receptacle.
kines. This activity is through a mechanism unrelated to free
radical scavenging or leukocyte formation (Panes, 1996).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 20 to 40 cm high herb
with an erect, glabrous stem, which is branched above. The
leaves are 2 to 3 pinnatisect and have a narrow thorny tip.
Antioxidant Effects
Characteristic: The receptacle of the compound head of
German Chamomile is hollow which distinguishes it from
other types of chamomile.
Habitat: German Chamomile is indigenous to Europe and
northwest Asia, naturalized in North America and elsewhere.
Production: German Chamomile consists of the fresh or
dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita and their
preparations.
Other Names: Pin Heads, Chamomilla. Chamomile, Single
Chamomile, Hungarian Chamomile
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil {0.4-1.5%): chief components (-)-alpha-bisabolol
(levomenol), bisabolol oxide A, bisabolol oxide B, bisabololone oxide A, beta-trans-farnesene, trans-en-yne-dicycloether
(polyyne spiroether, adjoining cis-en-yn-dicycloether), chamazulene (blue in color, arising from the non-volatile
proazulene matricin after steam distillation), spathulenol
Flavonoids: flavone glycosides: aglycones apigenin, luteolin,
chrysoeriol, chief glycosides apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin glucoside acetate, - flavonol glycosides, aglycones
including quercetin, isorhamnetin, patuletin, for example
rutin, hyperoside
Unbound, Highly Methoxylized Flavonoids: jaceidinem
chrysospenol, chrysosplenetin
Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, herniarin
Mucilages: (10% in the mucilage ribs, fructans) including
rhamanogalacturonane
EFFECTS
Gastrointestinal Effects
The proteolytic activity of pepsin is reduced by (-)-alphabisabolol in the gastrointestinal tract (Isaac, 1975). The (-)alpha-bisabolol exerts a protective effect from gastric
toxicity produced by acetylsalicylic acid (Torrado, 1995).
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Chamazulene exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of leukotriene B4 formation (Safayhi, 1994). The enyne dicycloether inhibits degranulation of mast cells to
prevent histamine release (Miller, 1996). Apigenin, a flavonoid, effectively blocks intercellular adhesion molecule-1
upregulation and leukocyte adhesion in response to cyto-
Chamazulene, a volatile oil, exerts antioxidant
through inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Rekka,
Chamazulene also blocks chemical peroxidation of
donic acid for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
(Safayhi, 1994).
effects
1996).
arachieffects
Antineoplastic Effects
Apigenin applied topically has effects on skin tumorigenesis
through inhibition of skin papillomas and a tendency to
decrease the conversion of papillomas to carcinomas (Li,
1996; Wei, 1990). Apigenin inhibits UV-induced tumorigenesis when applied topically via G2/M and Gl cell-cycle
arrest in keratinocytes (Lepley, 1996; Lepley, 1997). The
chemoprevention mechanisms occur through inhibition of
the mitotic kinase activity, perturbation of cyclin Bi levels,
and inhibition of protein kinase C (Lepley, 1996; Lin, 1997).
Apigenin suppresses transcriptional activation of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages, which is important for the prevention of
carcinogenesis and inflammation (Liang, 1999).
Anxiolytic Effects
Flavonoids are CNS-active molecules and the chemical
modification of the flavone nucleus dramatically increases
the anxiolytic potency (Paladini, 1999). Apigenin is a ligand
for the central benzodiazepine receptors exerting anxiolytic
and slight sedative effects (Viola, 1995).
Miscellaneous Effects
Apigenin has been associated with an increase in atrial rate
as a result of a reduction in noradrenaline uptake and a
reduction in monoamine oxidase activity (Lorenzo, 1996).
The herb exerts antibacterial and drying effects on weeping
wound areas, which increase healing (Glowania, 1987).
Chamomile oil has antimicrobial activity against some skin
pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Candida species
(Aggag, 1972).
CLINICAL TRIALS
A Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated
chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-fluorouracil(5FU) chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. There were 164
patients included in the study at the time of their fist cycle of
5-FU based chemotherapy, All patients received oral cryotherapy for 30 minutes with each dose of 5-FU. Chamomile
mouthwash was administered three times daily for 14 days in
the treatment group. Stomatitis scores determined by health
care providers and by patients suggested no difference of
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
stomatitis between the chamomile and placebo-treatment
group (Fidler, 1996).
The efficacy of Kamillosan cream (topical chamomile
cream) was compared to steroidal (0.25% hydrocortisone,
"ffe 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester) and non-steroidal (5% bufexamac) deramatologic agents for the maintenance therapy of
eczematous disease. There were 161 patients suffering from
inflammatory dermatoses on hands, forearms, and lower legs
included in the study. The patients had initially been treated
with 0.1% difluocortolone valerate. The Kamillosan cream
was slightly less effective as 0.25% hydrocortisone and
superior to 5% bufexarnac and 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester
(Aertgeerts, 1985).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
GERMAN C H A M O M I L E / 3 3 3
Contact Dermatitis: Chamomile, a Compositae plant, is
associated with allergic contact dermatitis (Hausen, 1996;
Pereira, 1997; Rodriguez-Serna, 1998).
Allergic Conjunctivitis: Chamomile tea eye washing to treat
ocular reactions has induced allergic conjunctivitis witii lid
angioedema (Subiza, 1990).
Drug Interactions:
Coumarin Anticoagulants — Due to the content of hydroxycoumarins in chamomile, there may be an additive effect
when taken with warfarin.
Alcohol/Benzodiazepines — Chamomile has week anxiolytic properties at benzodiazepine receptor sites, thus concomitant use of alcohol and benzodiazepines should be avoided.
Approved by Commission E:
DOSAGE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cough/bronchitis
Fevers and colds
Inflammation of the skin
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Tendency to infection
Wounds and burns
Chamomile is used internally for inflammatory diseases of
the gastrointestinal tract associated with gastrointestinal
spasms, irritation of the oral pharygeal mucous membrane
and upper respiratory tract. Externally, the drug is used for
skin and mucous membrane inflammations, pulpitis, gingivitis, respiratory catarrh, and ano-genital inflammation.
Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, the herb is used internally
for diarrhea and flatulence. The herb is used externally for
furuncles, hemorrhoids, abscesses, and acne.
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for inflammation and
cramps in the gastrointestinal tract, teething symptoms,
severe pain, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, and
dysmenorrhea.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Chamomile should not be taken by anyone with a known
allergy to its components or other members of the Compositae family (eg, arnica, yarrow, feverfew, tansy, artemesia)
(Hausen, 1996). A case report indicates chamomile may
precipitate severe anaphylactic reactions in patients with hay
fever and bronchial asthma caused by a variety of pollens
(grass, olive, and mugwort) (Subiza, 1989).
Mode of Administration: Liquid and solid preparations are
available for external and internal application.
How Supplied:
Capsule — 125 mg, 350 mg, 354 mg
Liquid — 1:4
Oil — 100%
Preparation: An infusion for internal use is prepared by
pouring boiling water (150 ml) over 3 gm of chamomile,
cover for 5 to 10 minutes and strain. (1 teaspoonful = 1 gm
drug).
An infusion for external poultice application is prepared by
pouring one and one-half cups of hot water over 2 dessertspoons of the drug, cover, leave to draw for 15 minutes and
then strain. Ointments and gels are available in strengths of 3
to 10%.
Daily Dosage: An internal single dose is approximately 3 gm
as an infusion. Liquid extract 1-4 ml or 1 cup of freshly
made tea is administered 3-4 times daily. Externally as a bath
additive, 50 gm is added to 1 Liter of water or 6 gm of drug
for a steam bath. Washes and gargles may be administered
several times a day.
Homeopathic Dosage: Internally, the herb is given as 5-10
drops, 1 tablet, or 5-10 globules. Externally, dilute 1
dessertspoon with 250 ml water and use 2-3 times daily in
poutices or washes (HAB1).
LITERATURE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Achterrath-Tuckerman U et al., (1980) Planta Med 39(1 ):38.
Anaphylactic Reactions: Ingestion of chamomile-tea infusion
has precipitated an anaphylactic reaction in an 8 year old
male with hay fever and broncial asthma caused by a variety
of pollens (Subiza, 1989).
Aertgeerts P, Albring M, Klaschka F, Nasemann T, PatzeltWenczler R, Rauhut K, Weigl B, (1985) Vergleichende Priifung
von Kamillosan(Creme gegeniiber steroidalen (0,25 %
Hydrocortison, 0,75 % Bluocortinbutylester) und nichtsteroidalen
3 3 4 / G E R M A N CHAMOMILE
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
(5 % Bufexamac) Externa in der Erhaltungstherapie von
Ekzemerkrankungen. Z Hautkr 60:270-277.
umstrittener Memoden. Deutscher Arzte-Verlag Koln, S 197212.
Aggag M, Yousef R. Study of antimicrobial activity of
chamomile oil. Planta Med 1972 Sep;22(2): 140-4.
Lepley DM; Pelling JC. Induction of p21AVAFl and Gl cellcycle arrest by the chemopreventive agent apigenin. Mol
Carcinog 1997 Jun;19(2):74-82.
Albring M, Albrecht H, Alcorn G, Liicker PW, (1983) The
measuring of the anti-inflammatory effect of a compound of the
skin of volunteers. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 5:75-77.
Ammon HPT, Kaul R. (1992) Pharmakologie der Kamille und
ihrer Inhaltsstoffe! Dtsch Apoth Z 132(SuppI 27):3-26.
Dorsch W, Neues iiber antientziindliche Drogen. In: ZPT
14(1 ):26. 1993.
Fidler R, Loprinzi C, O'Fallon J et al. Prospective evaluation of
a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-FU-induced oral
mucositis. Cancer 1996 Feb l;77(3):522-5.
Fuller E et al.. Anti-inflammatory activity of Chamomilla
polysaccharides. In: PM 59(7)66. 1993.
Fuller E, Franz G, Neues von den Kamillenpolysacchariden. In:
DAZ 133(45 ):4224. 1993.
Gasic O et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 2:51.
Glowania HJ; Raulin C; Swoboda M. Effect of chamomile on
wound healing—a clinical double-blind study. Z Hautkr 1987
Sep 1:62(17): 1262, 1267-71.
Habersang S, (1979) Planta Med 37(2): 115.
Hausen HM, Busker E, Carle R. (1984) Ober das
Sensibilierungsvermogen von Compositenarten. VII.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen mit Ausziigen und Inhaltsstoften
von Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert und Anthemis cotula L.
Planta Med 50:229-234.
Heilmann J, Kamillenflavonoide: Nur Aglyka dringen in die
Haut ein. In: DAZ 133(37):3296. 1993.
Isaac D, (1980) Die Kamillentherapie - Erfolg und Bestatigung.
Dtsch Apoth Ztg 120:567-570.
Isaac O, (1979) Planta Med 35(2):3, 118.
Isaac O; Thiemer K. Biochemical studies on camomile
components/Ill. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of
(-)-alpha-bisabolol. Arzneimittelforschung 1975 Sep;25(9):13524.
Jakovlev V et al., (1979) Planta Med 35(2):3.
Jakovlev V et al., (1983) Planta Med 49(2):67.
Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E, (1983) Pharmakologische
Untersuchungen von Kamillen-Inhaltsstoffen. VI.
Untersuchungen zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Chamazulen
und Matricin. Planta Med 49:67-73.
Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E, Pharmakologische
Untersuchungen von Kamilleninhaltsstoffen VI. Untersuchungen
zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Chamazulen und Matricin.
In: PM 49:67. 1983.
Jenss H, (1985) Zur Problematik funktioneller Magen-DarmKrankheiten am Beispiel des Colon irritabile. In: Oepen I
(Hrsg) An den Grenzen der Schulmedizin, eine Analyse
Lepley DM; Li B; Birt DF; Pelling JC. The chemopreventive
flavonoid apigenin induces G2/M arrest in keratinocytes.
Carcinogenesis 1996 Nov;17(l l):2367-75.
Li B; Pinch H; Birt DF. Influence of vehicle, distant topical
delivery, and biotransformation on the chemopreventive activity
of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, in mouse skin. Pharm Res 1996
Oct; 13(10): 1530-4.
Liang YC; Huang YT; Tsai SH et al. Suppression of inducible
cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase by apigenin
and related flavonoids in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis
1999 Oct;20( 10): 1945-52.
Lin JK; Chen YC; Huang YT; Lin-Shiau SY. Suppression of
protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible
molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin
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Lorenzo PS; Rubio MC; Medina JH; Adler-Graschinsky E.
Involvement of monoamine oxidase and noradrenaline uptake in
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some components of the essential oil of chamomile,
Chamomilla recutita, on histamine release from mast cells.
Planta Med 1996 Feb:62(l):60-61.
Nissen HP, Blitz H, Kreysel HW. (1988) Profilometrie, eine
Methode zur Beurteilung der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit von
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519-2.
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upregulation in vivo. Microcirculation 1996 Sep;3(3):279-86.
Pereira F; Santos R; Pereira A. Contact dermatitis from
chamomile tea. Contact Dermatitis 1997 Jun:36(6):307.
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Rodriguez-Serna M; Sanchez-Motilla JM; Ramon R; Aliaga A.
Allergic and systemic contact dermatitis from Matricaria
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GERMAN IPECAC / 3 3 5
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Safayhi H et al., Chamazulene: an antioxidaht-type inhibitor of
leukotriene B4 formation. In: PM 60(5):410. 1994.
Schilcher H, (1987) Die Kamille. Handbuch fur Arzte,
Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler. Wissenschaftliche
Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart Ammon HPT, Sabieraj J, Kaul R,
™ Kamille - Mechanismus der antiphlogistischen Wirkung von
Kamillenextrakten und -inhaltsstoffen. In: DAZ 136(22): 18211834. 1996.
Sorkin B, Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit von Kamille am
Menschen. In: Seifen, Ole. Fette. Wachse 108(1):9-10. 1982.
Subiza J; Subiza JL; Hinojosa M et al. Anaphylactic reaction
after the ingestion of chamomile tea: a study of cross-reactivity
with other composite pollens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989
Sep;84(3):353-8.
Subiza J, Subiza JL, Alonso M et al. Allergic conjunctivitis to
chamomile tea. Ann Allergy 1990 Aug;65(2): 127-32.
Szelenyi I et al., (1979) Planta Med 35(3):218.
Torrado S; Torrado S; Agis A et al. Effect of dissolution
profile and (-)-alpha-bisabolol on the gastrotoxicity of
acetylsalicylic acid. Pharmazie 1995 Feb:50(2): 141-3.
Vilagines P et al., (1985) C R Acad Sci (111)301(6):289.
Viola H: Wasowski C: Levi de Stein M et al. Apigenin, a
£ component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central
benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta
Med 1995 Jun;61(3):213-6.
Wei H, Tye L, Bresnick E. Birt D. Inhibitory effect of
apigenin, a plant flavonoid. on epidermal ornithine
decarboxylase and skin tumor promotion in mice. Cancer Res
1990 Feb l;50(3):499-502.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Chamomilla recutita).
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988 (unter Chamomilla
recutita).
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
m
w
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
German Ipecac
Cynanchum vincetoxicum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
leaves or rhizome with the attached roots.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has small white flowers in
peduncled cymes, 5 sepals and a wheel-shaped corolla.
There is a 5-lobed secondary corolla. There are 5 stamens
whose anthers are fused to a 5-sectioned wreath. The 2
superior ovaries have a common stigma. The fruit is a 5 cm
long, glabrous, striped, clavate follicle. The seeds have silky
tufts of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 30 to 100 cm.
The underground creeping rhizome has heavily branched
runners. The stem is unbranched, thin and erect. The leaves
are opposite, short petioled, ovate to oblong and entiremargined.
Characteristics: The fresh rhizome has an intensive odor.
The taste is sweet, then bitter-hot. It is poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe.
Production: German Ipecac herb and rhizome are the leaves
and rhizome (including attached roots) of Cynanchum
vincetoxicum. The subterranean rhizome, including parts of
the roots, are dug up in autumn, cleaned and quickly dried at
temperatures of up to 50° C.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saponin-like
15-oxasteroide glycosides (mixture
termed
vincetoxin): aglycones including hirundigenin, anhydrohirundigenin, vincetogenin
Isoquinoline alkaloids: including tylophorine
EFFECTS
The drug has diuretic, diaphoretic, digestive and emmenagogic effects. The alkaloids have an antitumoral effect, and
the chloroform extract has an antimicrobial effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug was formerly used as a diuretic,
diaphoretic and emetic, and for the treatment of kidney
complaints, edema, the plague, snake bite and dysmenorrhea.
Today, it is used in the treatment of digestive and kidney
disorders and for dysmenorrhea. The poultices heal swellings
336/GERMAN
IPECAC
and bruising. The drug can also be found in homeopathic
preparations.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
According to older scientific literature, "vincetoxin" in high
dosages causes vomiting, apnea and cardiac paralysis in
animal experiments. Seed extracts led to advancing paralysis
of the central nervous system. Poisonings of humans have
not been found in recent reports.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As an infusion, powdered drug.
alcoholic extract and homeopathic dilution.
Preparation: The drug is prepared as an infusion.
Daily Dosage: The infusion should be administered under
medical supervision.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
both ends, and the tube has a winged edge. The flowers form
many blossomed spikelets, which in turn form a terminal,
oblong ear. The middle spikelets contain male flowers at the
tip and female flowers at the base. The upper spikelets are
male.
"
Leaves, Stem and Root: German Sarsaparilla is a 15 to 45 cm
high plant with a 2 to 5 mm thick, horizontally creeping
rhizome, which produces extremely long runners. The plant
has black-brown basal leaves, which break up into long
fibers. The stem is sturdy, upright and about 1 mm thick. It is
sharply triangular, rough above, and surrounded by brown
leaf sheaths at the base. The leaves are linear and usually
grooved. The lamina are rigid and gradually tapering forward
to the involute tip. The roots form such a thick mass that they
prevent water from getting in and thus prevent the washing
away of dykes and dams.
LITERATURE
Froiine D, Plunder HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Autl. Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Kennard O et al.. Tetrahedron Letters 3799-3804. 1968.
Lewin L. Gifte und Vergihungen. 6. Autl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Characteristics: The rootstock has an aromatic-turpentine
odor.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe mainly on the Atlantic,
Baltic and southern Scandinavian coasts as far as central
Germany. It was introduced to the American Atlantic coast.
Production: German Sarsaparilla consists of the dried,
underground parts of Carex arenaria. The root is dug up in
March and April, dried and cut into pieces for sale.
Not to be Confused With: Other Carex varieties
Other Names: Red Sedge, Sand Sedge, Red Couchgrass, Sea
Sedge
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Saponins
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Volatile oil: contents include methyl salicylate and cineol
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: including tricine
German Sarsaparilla
Car ex arenaria
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried rhizome.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is somewhat hanging
and consists of 6 to 16 ovoid, 1 cm long, terminal, straight,
greenish spikes. The lower ones are female; the middle ones
are female at the base and male at the tip. The upper ones are
only male. These are simple greenish unisexual flowers
without a corolla. They have 1 husk with an ovary
surrounded by a tubular-like involucre. The style has 2
stigmas, 3 stamens and a fruit oval. It is somewhat acute at
Tannin: (8 to 10%, catechin tannins)
EFFECTS
There are no studies available on efficacy. The main
constituents, saponins, essential oil and flavones, as well as
the tannins, are most likely responsible for the effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: There are no documented indications to
date. In folk medicine, preparations of German Sarsaparilla
are used for the prevention of gout, rheumatism, inflammation of the joints, for skin ailments and as a diaphoretic and
diuretic; further, for venereal disease, flatulence, colic, liver
disorders, diabetes, edema,
lung tuberculosis and
amenorrhea.
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed
uses are not documented, a therapeutic application cannot be
recommended. The cold maceration and the decoction are
used in folk medicine.
GERMANDER / 3 3 7
Production: Germander is the aerial part of Teucrium
chamaedrys.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.07%): chief components beta-caryophyllene
(20%), humulene (15%)
Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, harpagide,
acetyl harpagide
Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 3 gin drug
to 1 cup water. A cold maceration is made by adding 2
teaspoonfuls drug to 1/4 liter water.
Diterpenes: including among others, teugin. teuflin, teuflidin, dihydroteugin, teucrin A, B, E, F, G, marrubiin
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 gm drug as a
decoction. The cold maceration is dosed 1 cup, 2 to 3 times
daily.
Flavonoids: including among others, cirsiliol, cirsimaritin,
luteolin
LITERATURE
The drug, which contains strong amaroids, is said to have a
cholagogic effect, but this has not been scientifically proven.
The toxic principle is therefore unknown. Higher doses or
poisoning results in hepatitis-like symptoms, which may
include liver cell necrosis.
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including among others, teucroside
EFFECTS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Germander is used as a digestive aid, as a
rinse for gout, as weight-loss aid and for fever.
Germander
Teucrium
chamaedrys
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb collected
during the flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 10 to 12 mm long and are
erect. They are arranged on long pedicles in l-to-6 blossomed, false racemes inclined to one side. The calyx is
tubular-campanulate, often tinged with red-violet and is
pubescent. The corolla is usually carmine red, occasionally
white. The stamens and styles are exserted. The nutlet is
ovoid, 1.5 to 2 cm long, smooth, finely reticulate and has a
large, circular, attaching surface.
Leaves, Stem.and Root: The plant is a subshrub with a shortlived main root from which grow long-reaching, branched,
jm, thin woody roots and a stem-producing runner. The stems
are usually erect and branched. The older branches are
decumbent; the younger ones erect, tough, round and lanate.
The branches are occasionally covered in glandular hairs,
which are often red-violet. The leaves are in close pairs and
are always covered in teeth. They are summer-green and
have distinctly protruding pinnatifid ribs.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
as far as Anatolia and the Urals.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is highly toxic and should not be used (see
PRECAUTIONS).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Liver cell necrosis has been observed following intake of the
drug. Symptoms include jaundice and an elevated level of
aminotransferase in the blood. One case of death has been
recorded. For that reason, the drug is not to be administered.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Germander is occasionally used in
tea mixtures (see PRECAUTIONS).
Daily Dosage: Dosages of more than 600 mg daily can cause
toxic effects.
LITERATURE
Chialva F et al., J High Res Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun
5:182. 1982.
Fikenscher LH, Hegnauer R, Plant Med Phytother 3(3): 183.
Malakov PY et al., PH 24:301-303. 1985.
Reinbold AM, Popa PD, (1974) Khim Prir Soedin. 589.
Rodriguez MC et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(7): 1467.
Rodriguez MC et al., PH 23:2960-2961. 1984.
Rovesti P, (1957) Ind Perf. 12:334.
Savona G et al., PH 21:721-723. 1982.
3 3 8 /GERMANDER
Sticher O, Lahloub MF, (1982) Planta Med 30:124.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Geum rivale
See
Water Avens
Geum urbanum
See Bennet's Root
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides
calactin and uscharidin
(cardenolids):
calotropin,
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, taraxasterol
EFFECTS
The drug contains cardioactive cardenolide glycosides and
exhibits an emetic-cathartic effect resembling that of Ipecacuanha. The calotropin demonstrates anti-tumor qualities
against human epidermoid carcinoma cells of the nasopharynx, in vitro.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Giant Milkweed has been used for dysentery, vomiting, toothache, syphilis, convulsions, warts,
leprosy and digestion problems.
Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for skin conditions,
intestinal worms, coughs, ascites and anasarca.
Homeopathic Uses: Calotropis gigantea is used for obesity.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Giant Milkweed
Calotropis
gigantea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
bark and roots.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in umbels. The
flower structures are arranged in fives. The corolla is fused
and campanulate, 3 to 5 cm wide and split up to two-thirds of
the length. The lobes are greenish with purple tips. The
paracorolla is composed of 5 cap-like points. The 5 stamens
and the 2 styles are fused to a stemmed gynostegium and the
pollen sticks together to form to a pollinium. The sepals are
ovate and the ovary superior. The fruit is a swollen follicle, 9
to 10 cm long and turned back. The seeds have a silky tuft of
hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Calotropis gigantea is a shrub,
occasionally tree-like, which grows up to 3 m high. The
leaves are sessile with the base clasping th&stem, fleshy, 10
to 20 cm long and 4 to 10 cm wide, elongate-ovate or
elliptical. The stem is woody.
Habitat: India, China, and Malaysian archipelago
Other Names: Giant Swallow Root, Swallow Wort, Crown
Flower
OVERDOSAGE
Higher dosages cause severe mucous membrane irritation,
characterized by vomiting and diarrhea, as well as bradycardia and convulsions, sometimes leading to death. It is not
known whether those compounds found in the plant that
belong chemically to the cardioactive steroid glycoside
group are indeed cardioactive, because of their unusual
structure (the sugar remnant is bound to the aglycone both as
a glycoside and as an ether). Mucilaginous drinks are
recommended to treat the symptoms of inflammation;
morphine and atrophine for treating pain.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug preparations
for internal use.
Daily Dosage: As an emetic: 2 to 4 gm; As a diaphoretic and
expectorant: 200 to 600 mg.
Homeopathic Dosage: (from D4) 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to
10 globules, 1 to 3 times daily or from D6 1 ml injection
solution sc. twice weekly (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Kiuchi F, Fukao Y, Maruyama T, Obata T, Tanaka M, Sasaki
T, Mikage M, Haque ME, Tsuda Y, Cytotoxic principles of a
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Bangladeshi crude drug, akond mul (roots of Calotropis
gigantea L.). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 46:528-30, 1998 Mar.
Sen S, Sahu NP, Mahato SB, Flavonol glycosides from
Calotropis gigantea. Phytochemisjry, 232:2919-21, 1992 Aug.
4£ Sengupta A, Bhattacharya D, Pal G, Sinha NK, Comparative
studies on calotropins DI and DII from the latex of Calotropis
gigantea. Arch Biochem Biophys, 232:17-25, 1984 Jul.
GINGER/339
Aryl alkanes
Gingerols: chief components [6]-gingerol (pungent substances), [8]-gingerol, [10]-gingerol
Shogaols: chief components [6]-shogaol (pungent substane),
[8]- shogaol, [10]- shogaol (artifacts formed during storage.
arising from the gingerols)
Gingerdiols
Gillenia trifoliata
Diarylheptanoids: including among others, gingerenone A
and B
See Indian Phasic
Starch (50%)
EFFECTS
Ginger
Zingiber officinale
TRADE NAMES
Ginger Root (available from numerous manufacturers,)
Ginger Kid, Alcohol Free Ginger Root, Ginger Power,
Caffeine-Free Ginger Root, Quanterra Stomach Comfort
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Flower and Fruit: The flower scape grows directly from the
root and terminates in a long, curved spike. A white or
yellow flower grows from each spike.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ginger is a creeping perennial on a
thick tuberous rhizome, which spreads underground. In the
first year, a green, erect, reed-like stem about 60 cm high
grows from this rhizome. The plant has narrow, lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate leaves 15 to 30 cm long, which die off each
year.
Characteristics: The fracture is short and fibrous. The odor
and taste are characteristic, aromatic and pungent.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southeastern Asia, and is
cultivated in the U.S., India, China, the West Indies and
tropical regions.
Production: Ginger root consists of the peeled, finger-long,
fresh or dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale.
Compounds isolated from the Ginger rhizome have been
studied in numerous in vitro and animal experiments. Other
studies show that Ginger root is positively inotropic.
antithrombotic; has anti-oxidant, anti-migraine and anti-lipidemic effects, and promotes secretion of saliva, gastric juices
and bile.
Anti-Emetic Effects
The components in Ginger that are responsible for the antiemetic effect are thought to be the gingerols and shogaols.The mechanism of action is not due to a nystagmus
response or vestibular stimulation (Holtmann, 1989). In
contrast to most anti-emetic medications that act on the CNS.
the anti-emetic effect of Ginger is thought to be due to local
gastrointestinal actions (Mowrey & Clayton, 1982).
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
The anti-inflammatory effect of Ginger is thought to be due
to inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase, results
in reduced leukotriene and prostaglandin synthesis (Kiuchi.
1992; Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992).
Miscellaneous Effects
In humans, Ginger increases the tone and peristalsis of the
intestine (Bisset, 1994; Iwu, 1993). The root of Zingiber
officinale has also shown immune system stimulation
(Chang, 1995) and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity
(Verma, 1993).
CLINICAL TRIALS
Motion Sickness
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (2.5-3.0%): chief components vary greatly,
depending upon country of origin: (-)-zingiberene and arcurcumene, beta-bisabolene and ar-curcumene, neral and
geranial, D-camphor, beta-phellandrene, geranial, neral and
linalool, (E)-alpha-farnesene, important as aroma carrier
zingiberol (mixture of cis- and trans-beta-eudesmol)
One double-blind, randomized, non-placebo controlled study
compared the effectiveness of Ginger and six other commonly used non-herbal drugs (scopolamine, dimenhydrinate with
caffeine, cyclizine, cinnarizine, cinnarizine with domperidone, meclizine with caffeine) in 1489 participants during
whale-watching voyages off the coast of Norway. 78.3% of
those that took 500 mg of Ginger root 2 hours prior to a boat
340 /GINGER
trip were symptom-free for the 6-hour duration. The =
incidence of severe vomiting did not differ in a statistically
significant way between Ginger and any of the other test
groups (Schmid, 1994).
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 120
females that underwent gynecologic outpatient surgery was
performed. The participants were randomly given either 1
gm of powdered Ginger root or 10 mg of metoclopramide
orally and evaluated for incidence of postoperative nausea
and vomiting. Ten percent of the patients in the Ginger group
had one or more episodes of vomiting. 17.59c of the
metoclopramide arm and 22.5% of the placebo group had
one or more episodes of vomiting. Fifteen percent of the
Ginger group and 32.5% of the metoclopramide group
required antiemetic treatment compared to 37.5% of the
placebo group. The authors concluded that the Ginger group
had a statistically significant lower incidence of nausea and
vomiting when compared to placebo (Phillips, 1993).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Loss of appetite
• Travel sickness
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine. Ginger is used as a
carminative, expectorant, and astringent.
Chinese Medicine: In China. Ginger is used to treat colds,
nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath.
Indian Medicine: Indian medicine uses include anorexia,
dyspeptic symptoms and pharyngitis.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The German Commission E contraindicates the use of
Ginger in morning sickness associated with pregnancy. Most
research provides evidence that Ginger can be used and is
effective in the treatment of morning sickness. It is
recommended that excessive doses are avoided for this
purpose (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Because of its cholagogic effect, the drug should not be
taken in the presence of gallstone conditions except after
consultation with a physician.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
It has been reported that administration of 6 grams of dried
powdered Ginger has been shown to increase the exfoliation
of gastric surface epithelial cells in human subjects. It is
postulated that this action may possibly lead to ulcer
formation. Therefore, it- is recommended that dosages on an
empty stomach be limited to 6 grams (Desai, 1990).
There have been reports that Ginger can cause hypersensitivity reactions resulting in dermatitis. Large overdoses can
cause central nervous system depression and cardiac
arrhythmias.
Pregnancy: A study in 27 pregnant patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (persistent vomiting occurring prior to the
20th week of pregnancy and requiring hospitalization) found
that 1 gram per day (250 milligrams 4 times a day) for 4 days
caused no adverse effects. One spontaneous abortion occurred; a causal relationship between the abortion and the
use of Ginger was not determined. All infants were normal
(Fischer-Rasmussen, 1990).
Drug Interactions: More than one in-vitro study confirms an
antithrombotic effect. It is recommeded that patients taking
anticoagulants or those with bleeding disorders avoid the use
of large doses of Ginger.
OVERDOSAGE
According to research, the LD50 of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol
is set between 250 and 680 mg/kg. (Fulder & Tenne, 1991;
Suekawa et al, 1984.) Toxicity tests in mice using a Ginger
extract via lavage resulted in no mortality or adverse effects
in doses up to 2.5 g/kg over a 7 day period. When the dose
was increased to between 3 and 3.5 g/kg, a 10% to 30%
mortality rate was reported (Macola, 1989.)
Overdosage may cause cardiac arrhythmia and CNS depression (Iwu, 1993).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted rhizome and dry
extracts for teas and other galenic preparations for internal
use. The powdered drug is used in some stomach
preparations.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 100 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 460 mg, 470 mg, 500
mg, 550 mg, 1000 mg
Ginger has been found to inhibit thromboxane synthesis,
therefore it should not be used by patients who are at risk for
hemorrhage (Bracken, 1991)
Fluid Extract — 1:1
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Liquid — 1:4
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction wiuh the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Oil — 100%
Chewable Tablets — 67.5 mg
Tea Bags
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
0.5 to 1 g drug and strain after 5 minutes (1 teaspoonful = 3 g
drug).
Daily
Dosage:
ANTI-EMESIS
Capsules/Powder — 0.5 to 2 grams (Bisset,1994; Schmid et
al, 1994)
CHEMOTHERAPY-INDUCED NAUSEA AND VOMITING
All dosage forms — 1.5 grams (Myer et al, 1995).
DYSPEPSIA
Capsules/Powder — 2 to 4 grams/day
HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM
Capsules/Powder — 1 gram/day given for 4 days (FischerRasmussen et al, 1990).
MOTION SICKNESS
Capsules/Powder — 1 gram to be taken 30 minutes before
travel; for continuing symptoms, 0.5 to 1 gram every 4 hours
(Muller & Clauson, 1997).
POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Capsules/Powder — 0.5 to 2 gram daily
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. OSTEOARTHRITIS
Powder — 1 to 2 grams/day (Srivastava & Mustafa, 1992).
Storage: Powdered Ginger root should be stored in a cool,
dry place protected from light. Powdered Ginger should not
be stored in plastic containers.
LITERATURE
Bisset NG (ed). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals; a
Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Medpharm
Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart and CRC Press, Boca Raton,
1994.
GINGER /341
Erler J et al., Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 186:231. 1988.
Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT
15(3): 137. 1994.
Fischer-Rasmussen W, Kjaer S, Dahl C et al., Ginger treatment
of hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol
38:19-24. 1990.
Fulder S & Tenne M, Ginger as an anti-nausea remedy in
pregnancy; the issue of safety. Herbalgram 1991; 38(Fall):47-50.
Gujral S et al., (1978) Nutr Rep Int 17:183.
Harvey DJ, J Chromatogr 212:75. 1981.
Iwu MM (ed), Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993.
Hikino H, In: Economic, Medicinal Plant Research. Vol. 1.
Acadamic Press UK 1985.
Kasahara Y, Hikino H, (1983) Shoyakugaku Zasshi 37:73.
Kavvai T et al., Anti-emtic principles of Magnolia obovata bark
and Zingiber officinale rhizome. In: PM 60:17. 1994.
Kikuchi F et al., (1982) Chem Pharm Bull 30. 754.
Kikuzaki H, Kobayashi M, Nakatani N, Constituents of
Zingiberaceae. 4. Diarylheptanoids from Rhizomes of Zingiber
officinale. In: PH 30: 3947. 1991.
Kikuzaki H, Kobayashi M, Nakatani N, Diarylheptanoids from
rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. In: PH 30(11):3647-3651. 1991.
Kikuzaki H, Tsai SM, Nakatani N, Gingerdiol related
compounds from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale. In: PH
31(5):1783-1786. 1992.
Kiuchi F, Iwakami S, Shibuya M et al., Inhibition of
prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis by gingerols and
diarylheptanoids. Chem Pharm Bull 40(2):387-391. 1992.
Macolo N, Jain R, Jain SC et al., Ethnopharmacologic
investigation of ginger (Zingiber officinale). J Ethnopharmacol
27:129-40, 1989.
Bone ME, Wilkinson DJ, Young JR et al.. Ginger root- a new
antiemetic. The effect of ginger root on postoperative nausea
and vomiting after major gynecological surgery. Anaesthesia
45:669-71. 1990.
Maries RJ, Kaminski J, Arnason JT, Pazos-Sanou L, Heptinstall
S, Fischer NH, Crompton CW, Kindark DG, A bioassay for
inhibition of serotonin release from bovine platelets. In: JNP
55:1044-1056. 1992.
Bracken J, Ginger as an antiemetic: possible side effects due to
its thromboxane synthetase activity. Anaesthesia; 46:705-706.
1991.
Mikawa U et al., Delayed-type allergy-controlling agents
containing gingerones. In: Patent Jap. 1988.
Chang CP, Chang JY, Wang FY et al.. The effect of Chinese
medicinal herb Zingiberis rhizoma extract on cytokine secretion
by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J
Ethnopharmacol 48:13-19. 1995.
Muller JL & Ciauson KA., Pharmaceutical considerations of
common herbal medicine. Am J Managed Care 1997; 3:17531770. 1997.
Chen CC, Ho CT, J Agric Food Chem 36:322. 1988.
Denyer CV, Jackson P, Loakes DM, Isolation of antirhinoviral
sesquiterpenes from ginger (Zingiber officinale). In: JNP
57(5):658-662. 1994.
Desai HG, Kalro RH & Choksi AP, Effect of ginger & garlic
on DNA content of gastric aspirate. Ind J Med Res 92:139-41,
1990.
Mowrey DB, Clayson DE, (1982) Lancet II, 655.
Nagabhushan M, Amonkar AJ, Bhide SV, Mutagenicity of
gingerol and shoagol and antimutagenicity in zingerone in
Salmonella/microsme assay. In: Cancer-Lett (Shannon Irel)
36(2)221-233. 1987.
Narasimhan S, Govinarajan VS, (1978) J Food Tech 13:31.
Phillips S, Ruggier R & Hutchinson SE., Zingiber officinale
(ginger) - an antiemetic for day case surgery. Anaesthesia
48:715-717. 1993.
342/GINGER
Sailer R, Hellenbrecht D, Zingiber officinale. In: Tagl Praxis
33(3):629. 1992.
Suekawa M et al.. (1984) J Pharmacobio-Dyn 7 (11):836.
Sugaya A et al., (1975) Shoyakugaku Zasshi 29:160.
Further information in:
Chan H, But P, Pharmacology, Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica, Vol 1, World Scientific Singapore 1986.
Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New York
1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schmid R, Schick T, Steffen R et al.. Comparison of seven
commonly used agents for prophylaxis of seasickness. J Trav
Med 1:203-206. 1994.
Srivastava KC & Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in
rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypotheses
39:342-348. 1992.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Suekawa M, Ishige A, Yuasa K et al.. Pharmacological studies
on ginger. I. Pharmacological actions of pungent constituents,
(6)-gingerol and (6)-shogoal. J Pharm Dyn 7:836-848. 1984.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
Wichd M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Ginkgo
Ginkgo biloba
TRADE NAMES
Ginkgo Biloba (available from numerous manufacturers and
as a combination product), Bioginkgo, Gincosan, Ginexin
Remind, Ginkai, Ginkoba, Ginkgo Go!, Ginkgold, Ginkgo
Power, Ginkgoba, Ginkgo Leaf, Quanterra Mental
Sharpness, Ginko Biloba Premium Extract, Gingko Biloba
Extract, Activated Ginkgo, Nuveg Ginkgo Power, Time
Release Ginkgo Power, Senior Ginkgo Power, Herbal Sure
Maximum Strength Gingko Biloba
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried
leaves, and the seeds separated from their fleshy outer layer.
Flower and Fruit: The tree flowers for the first time when it
is between 20 and 30 years old. The flowers are dioecious.
They are in the axils of the lower leaves of the current year's
short shoots. The male flowering parts are attached to short
catkins. The female flowers have longer pedicles and are at
the end of a leafless branch. Fertilization occurs months after
pollination by spermatozoids, although usually only one
ovule is fully formed. The light green or yellowish seeds,
incorrectly called fruit, later become fleshy and plum-like.
They have a diameter of 2.5 to 3 cm, and each contains a
two-edged edible nut.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ginkgo biloba is a 30 to 40 m high
dioecious tree with a girth of about 4 m. The trees can live
for hundreds of years. The bark is light to dark brown with
rough grooves and reticulate fissures. The leaves are fanshaped with bifurcated ribs and glabrous. They are fresh
green to golden yellow in autumn. The female trees are
pointed and pyramid-shaped; the male trees are broad and
sparer.
Characteristics: The seeds smell like butyric, capric or
valeric acid when ripe.
Habitat: Ginkgo is indigenous to China, Japan and Korea,
and is also found in Europe and the U.S.
Production: The leaves are harvested either mechanically or
by hand from plantations or in the wild. The leaves are then
dried and pressed into balls. A dry extract from the dried leaf
of Ginkgo biloba is manufactured using acetone/water and
subsequent purification steps without addition of concentrates or isolated ingredients.
Other Names: Maidenhair-Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids (0.5-1.8%): including monosides, biosides and
triosides of quercetin, isorhamnetins, 3-0- methylmyristicins, and kaempferol, to some extent estered with p-coumaric acid
Biflavonoides (0.4-1.9%): for example, amentoflavone, bilobetin, 5-methoxybilobetin, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin
Proanthocyanidins
(8-12%)
Trilactonic diterpenes (0.06-0.23%): ginkgolide A, B, C
Trilactonic
sesquiterpene
bilabolids
(0.04-0.2%)
EFFECTS
Ginkgolide B is a potent inhibitor of platelet-activating
factor (PAF), which is important for the induction of
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
arachidonate-independent platelet aggregation. Ginkgolide B
blocks the binding to PAF to its receptor resulting in an
antagonistic effect (Chung, 1987). This effect will inhibit
PAF-induced bconchoconstriction and airway hyperactivity,
along with T-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. PAF induces inflammation and changes in vascular
permeability (Braquet, 1989: Delia Loggia, 1993).
Ginkgo biloba exerts ischemic protective and antioxidant
effects through the flavonoids. This occurs through a free
scavenger action and prevention of lipid peroxidation. Lipid
peroxidation is involved in producing tissue and vascular
damage, and neuronal loss, which may lead to dementia
(Dorman, 1992; Koc, 1995; Otamiri, 1989). The herb also
reduces neutrophil infiltration and increases blood flow to
prevent the progression of dementia ischemia. The antioxidant and membrane-stablizing activity increases cerebral
hypoxia tolerance (Koltringer, 1989; Otamiri, 1989).
Other effects consist of spasmolytic properties through direct
action on alpha-adrenoceptors and smooth muscle relaxing
properties via the signal transduction pathway, intracellular
I cAMP, antagonism of the adrenergic nervous system and
hyperpolarization (Hellegouarch, 1985; Struillon, 1995).
CLINICAL TRIALS
Dementia
A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial with a
particular extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) was conducted
to assess the efficacy and safety in Alzheimer's disease and
multi-infarct dementia. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment
Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog), Geriatric Evaluation
by Relative's Rating Instrument (GERRI) and Clinical
Global Impression of Change (CGIC) were used to evaluate
the response in 309 patients over a 52-week period. EGb 120
mg daily was safe and was shown to stabilize or improve
cognitive performance and the social functioning of demented patients for 6 months to 1 year (Le Bars, 1998).
Peripheral Occlusive Arterial Disease
The clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract (EGb
761) was demonstrated in 111 patients with peripheral
occlusive arterial disease (POAD) in Fontaine stage lib and
intermittent claudication. The mean pain-free walking distances were very similar at the beginning of the treatment
period. After 8, 16 and 24 weeks, the EGb treatment group
was significantly better than the placebo group with maximum walking distance and relative increases of the pain-free
walking distance. The doppler indices remained nearly
unchanged during the coarse of therapy (Peters, 1998).
GINKGO/343
Equilibrium Disorders
An open, controlled study consisted of 44 patients complaining of vertigo, dizziness or both, caused by vascular
vestibular disorders. The patients were randomly treated with
extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) 80 mg twice daily or
with betahistine dihydrochloride (BI) 16 mg twice daily for 3
months. A complete neuro-otologic and equilibrimetric
examination was performed at baseline and after 3 months of
treatment, including an evaluation of clinical findings.
Dizziness and vertigo improved in 64.7% of patients in the
BI treatment group and in 65% of those in the EGb 761
treatment group in the first month of therapy. No significant
changes were observed in cranial scans for patients with a
'central' cranial pattern or with the equilibrium score. EGb
761 induced a slight decrease of saccadic delay and
considerably increased saccadic velocities while BI improved saccadic accuracy but did not modify delay. EGb 761
improved smooth pursuit gain three times more than BI.
Both drugs asymmetrically reduced nystagmus maximum
velocity and improved the sinusoidal vestibulo-ocular reflex.
BI considerably reduced, whereas EGb 761 considerably
improved, visuovestibular ocular reflex (Cesarani, 1998).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
•
•
•
•
Symptomatic relief of organic brain dysfunction
Intermittent claudication
Vertigo (vascular origin)
Tinnitus (vascular origin)
The Commission E approvals listed are limited to special
standard extracts of Ginkgo.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for disturbed brain
functions that result in dizziness and headache with emotional lability and anxiety. Ginkgo has been demonstrated to
improve concentration and memory deficits as a result of
peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
Chinese Medicine: Among traditional Chinese uses for
Ginkgo biloba are asthma, tinnitus, hypertonia and angina
pectoris.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathy includes tonsillitis and
cephalgia among the indications for use of Ginkgo.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in patients knowa to be
hypersensitive to Ginkgo biloba preparations.
Patients with known risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage
(systematic arterial hypertension, diabetes amyloid senile
plaques) should avoid the use of Ginkgo biloba due to a
recent case report of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated
with the herb (Vale, 1998).
3 4 4 /GINKGO
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. Mild gastrointestinal complaints could occur as
side effects (Cohen, 1998). Also, blood pressure problems,
allergic reactions and phlebitis have occasionally been
documented after parenteral administration. Allergic skin
reactions have been observed on extremely rare occasions.
The possible hypersensitivity reactions consist of occurrence
of spasms and cramps and, in cases of acute toxicity, atonia
and adynamia.
Fertility: Ginkgo has adverse effects on oocytes (Ondrizek,
1999):
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a
day (HAB1).
Storage: Ginkgo must be protected from light and moisture.
LITERATURE
American Psychiatric Association (Ed.), DSM-IV. Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. R. R.
Donnelly & Sons Company 1994.
Amling R. Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT
12(1):9. 1991.
Anonym. Ginkgo und Crataegus. In: DAZ 137(20): 1751-1753.
1997.
Anonym. Phytopharmaka fur altere Menschen: Ginkgo, Kava,
Hypericum und Crataegus. In: DAZ 135(5):400-402. 1995.
Hematologic Effects: Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas, subarachnoid hemorrhage and an increase in bleeding
time have been associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba
ingestion (Rowin, 1996; Vale. 1998).
Anonym. Psycho-Phytos: Ginkgo, Johanniskraut und Kava-Kava.
In: DAZ 135(18): 1632-1634. 1995.
Drug Interactions: Antithrombolytic Agents (anticoagulants,
antiplatelets and aspirin) — Spontaneous bleeding has been
associated with the herb due to its potent inhibitory effect on
the platelet-activating factor (PAF). Case reports involving
the herb associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage and
intracerebral hemorrhage suggests an additional risk of
intracerebral hemorrhage with the use of thrombolytic
therapy (Matthews, 1998; Rowin, 1996; Vale, 1998).
Bauer R, Zschocke S, Medizinische Anwendung von Ginkgo
biloba Geschichtliche Entwicklung. In: ZPT 17(5):275-283.
1996.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ginkgo is available in liquid or
solid pharmaceutical forms, for oral intake and parenterally
for homeopathic use.
How
Supplied:
Capsules—30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 120 mg,
260 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg
Extract—50:1
Liquid—40mg/5mL
Tablets—30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 120 mg, 260 mg
Daily Dosage: Ginkgo biloba extract should be standardized
to contain 24% flavone and 6% terpene lactones: 40 to 80
mg three times a day (van Beek, 1998). Studies have
demonstrated efficacy with 120 mg daily in 2 to 3 divided
doses for dementia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and
for equilibrium disorders like tinnitus or vertigo (Cesarani,
1998; Le Bar, 1998; Peters, 1998).
Chinese Medicine: In traditional Chinese medicine, the daily
dose is 3 to 6 g of leaves as an infusion.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Bach D, Behandlung der benignen Prostatahypertrophie. In: ZPT
17(4):209-218. 1996.
Beske F, Kunczik T, (1991) Fruhzeitige Therapie kann
Milliarden sparen. Der Kassenarzt 42:36-42.
Blaha L, (1989) Differential diagnose der zerebralen Insuffizienz
in der Praxis. Geriatrie und Rehabilitation 2,1:23-28.
Braquet P (Ed.), Ginkgolides. Chemistry, Biology,
Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Vol I. JR Prous
Science, Barcelona 1988.
Braquet P (Ed.), Ginkgolides. Chemistry, Biology,
Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Vol II, JR Prous
Science, Barcelona 1989.
Briichert E, Heinrich SE, Ruf-Kohler P, (1991) Wirksamkeit
von LI 1370 bei alteren Patienten mit Hirnleistungsschwache.
Munch Med Wschr 133(Suppl 1):9-14.
Bundesgesundheitsamt, (1991) Empfehlungen zum
Wirksamkeitsnachweis von Nootropika im Indikationsbereich
"Demenz" (Phase HI). Bundesgesundheitsblatt 7:342-350.
Burkard G, Lehrl S, (1991) Verhaltnis von Demenzen vom
Multiinfarkt- und vom Alzheimertyp in arztlichen Praxen.
Munch Med Wschr 133(Supp. l):38-43.
Caesar W, Alles uber Ginkgo. In: DAZ 134(44):4363. 1994.
Cesarani A, Meloni F, Alpini D et al., Ginkgo biloba (EGb
761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders. Adv Ther 1998
Sep-Oct;15(5):291-304.
Chung KF, Dent G, McCusker M et al., Effect of a ginkgolide
mixture (BN 52063) in antagonising skin and platelet responses
to platelet activating factor in man. Lancet 1987 Jan
31;1(8527):248-51.
Cohen AJ & Bartlick B: Ginkgo biloba for antidepressentinduced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 1998; 24:139143.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Delia Loggia R, Sosa S, Tubaro A, Bombardelli E, Antiinflammatory activity of Ginkgo biloba flavonoids. In: PM 59
(1992), A588.
Deutsches Institut fiir medizinische Dokumentation und
Information (Hrsg.), ICD-10. Internationale und statistische
^••Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter
Gesundheitsprobleme. 10. Revision. Bd 1. Urban &
Schwarzenberg, Munchen Wien Baltimore 1994.
Dfeudis FV, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): Pharmacological
activities and clinical applications. In: Elsevier Editions
Scientifiques Paris. 1991.
Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo,
Hypericum und Kava- Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995.
Dorman D, Cote L, Buck W, Effects of an extract of Gingko
biloba on bromethalin-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation and
edema in rats. Am J Vet Res 1992 Jan;53(l): 138-42.
Dom M. Braunig B, Gross HD, Ginkgo-Dragees bei zerebraler
Leistungsschwache. In: ZPT 12(6): 180. 1991.
Ermini-Funfschilling D, (1992) Moglichkeiten und Grenzen
eines Gedachtnistrainings mit Patienten bei beginnender
Demenz. Z Moderne Geriatrie 12:459-456.
Gravel E, (1989) Vergleich zweier Personengruppen beziiglich
jfcder Auswirkungen des mentalen Trainings ("Gehirn-Jogging")
auf die Selbsteinschiitzung der Leistungsfiihigkeit in
Abhangigkeit von der Trainingszeit (Tageszeit der
Trainingsdurchfuhrung). Geriatrie & Rehabilitation 2,1:44-46.
Hartmann A, Schulz V (Hrsg.), (1991) Ginkgo biloba, Aktuelle
Forschungsergebnisse 1990/91. Munch Med Wschr 133:1-64.
Hellegouarch A, Baranes J, Clostre F et al.. Comparison of the
contractile effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba and some
neurotransmitters on rabbit isolated vena cava. Gen Pharmacol
1985; 16:129-132.
Hopfenmuller W, (1994) Nachweis der therapeutischen
Wirksamkeit eines Ginkgo biloba-Spezialextraktes. Metaanalyse
von 11 klinischen Studien bei Patienten mit
Hirnleistungsstorungen im Alter Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res
44:1005-1013.
Israel L, Dell'Accio E, Martin G, Hugonot R, (1987) Extrait de
Ginkgo biloba et exercices d'entra nement de la memoire.
Evaluation comparative chez personnes (gees ambulatoiRes
Psychologie Medicinale 19(8):1431-1439.
Joyeux M et al., Comparative antilipoperoxidant, antinecrotic
i y a n d scavenging properties of terpenes and biflavones from
Ginkgo and some flavonoids. In: PM 61(2): 126-129. 1995.
Kanowski S, (1991) Klinischer Wirksamkeitsnachweis bei
Nootropika. Munch Med Wschr 133:5-8.
Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R,
(1995) Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract
EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from primary degenerative
dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia.
Pharmacopsychiatry 4:149-158.
GINKGO / 3 4 5
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, (1992a) Ginkgo biloba for cerebral
insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmac 35:352-358.
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, (1992b) Ginkgo biloba. Lancet, 11361139.
Koalik F et al., (1992) Kombinierte Anwendung von nootroper
Therapie und kognitivem Training bei chronischen organischen
Psychosyndromen. Neuropsychiatrie 6:47-52.
Koc R, Akdemir H, Kurtsoy A et al., Lipid peroxidation in
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Ginkgo biloba, TRH and mehtylprednisolone. Res Exp Med
(Berl) 1995;195(2): 117-23.
Koltringer P, F.ber O, Lind P et al., Mikrozirkulation und
Viskoelastizitaet des Vollblutes unter Ginkgo-biloba extrakt.
Eine plazebokonntrollierte, randomisierte Douppelblind-Studie.
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Krieglstein J, Neuroprotective properties of Ginkgo bilobaconstituents. In: ZPT 15(2):92-96. 1994.
Kurz A, Ginkgo biloba bei Demenzerkrankungen. In: Loew D,
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Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N et al., A placebo-controlled,
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Oct 22-29;278(16): 1327-32.
Matthews MK, Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral
hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1933-4.
Nieder M, (1991) Pharmakokinetik der Ginkgo-Flavonole im
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Oberpichler-Schwenk H, Krieglstein J, (1992) Pharmakologische
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acid. Fertil Steril 1999 Mar;71(3):517-22.
Otamiri T, Tagesson C: Ginkgo biloba extract prevents mucosa
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Gastroenterol 1989; 24:666-670.
Peters H, Kieser M, Holscher U. Demonstration of the efficacy
of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on intermittent
claudication—a placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial.
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Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatrie. In: ZPT
18(3): 165-162. 1997.
Riederer P, Laux G, Poldinger W (Hrsg.),
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3 4 6 /GINKGO
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PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
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Panax ginseng
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TRADE NAMES
Ginseng (available from numerous manufacturers), Ginsana,
Gin Zip, Chinese Red Panax Ginseng, Manchurian Ginseng,
Premium Blend Korean Ginseng, Ginseng Complex, Korean
Ginseng, Siberian Ginseng, Korean Ginseng Extract, Korean
White Ginseng, The Ginseng Solution, Herbal Sure Korean
Ginseng, American Ginseng Root, Korean Ginseng Root,
Standardized Siberian Ginseng Root, Natural Ginseng,
Ginseng Up, Herbal Sure Chinese Red Ginseng, Siberian
Ginseng Power Herb, Time Release Korean Ginseng Power,
American Ginseng, Chinese Red Panax, Concentrated Ginseng Extract, Eleuthero Ginseng Root, Siberian Ginseng
Root, Korean White Ginseng Root, Centrum Ginseng, GinAction, Ginsai, Ginseng Concentrate, Ginseng Manchurian,
Ginseng Natural, Ginseng Power Max 004X G-Sana, Lynae
Ginse-Cool, Power Herb Korean Ginseng
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is simple or branched
with 1 to 3 umbels of 15 to 30 flowers. The flowers are
H E R B A L MONOGRAPH S
"androgynous and have greenish-yellow corollas. The ovary
is inferior. The fruit is a pea-sized, globular to reniform,
scarlet, smooth and glossy drupe, which contains 2 seeds.
3
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, and stands
&- erect from 30 to 80 cm high. It has a smooth, round stem and
bears terminal whorls of 3 to 5 palmate leaves. The leaflets
are thin, finely serrate, gradually acuminate, 7 to 20 cm long
and 2 to 5 cm wide. The rhizome tapers at the ends and is
often palmate at the tip, giving it a human-like form.
Habitat: Panax ginseng is indigenous to China. It is
cultivated in China, Korea, Japan and Russia.
Production: Ginseng root consists of the dried main and
lateral root and root hairs of Panax ginseng.
Other Names: Five-fingers, Red berry, American Ginseng,
Chinese Ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Oriental Ginseng
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Triterpene saponins
Aglycone (20S)-protopanaxadiol: including ginsenoside Ral,
Ra2, Ra3, Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, notoginsenoside R4, Rsl, Rs2,
^r Rs3, Rs4, malonylginsenoside Rbl, Re, Rd
Aglycone (20S)-protopanaxytriol: including ginsenoside Re,
Rf, Rgl, notoginsenoside Rl
Aglycone oleanolic acid: including ginsenoside Ro, chikusetsusasaponin-V Rbl, Rb2, Re, Rd, Re, Rgl
Water-soluble polysaccharides: panaxane A to U
Polyynes: including falcarinol (panaxynol), falcarintriol
(panaxytriol), examples estered with acetic acid or linolenic
acid
EFFECTS
The main active component in Ginseng consists of the
ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins. There
are twenty-five ginsenosides that have been separated and
detected based on the sugar unit sequences and aglycone
moieties (Attele, 1999; Fuzzati, 1999; Wang, 1999). The
ginsenosides demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of
tissues, producing a variety of pharmaceuticalr responses
gL quite different from one another. A single ginsenoside may
initiate multiple or opposing actions in the same tissue, thus
making the overall phamacology of ginseng complex (Attele,
1999).
Cognitive Function Effects
The loss of nicotinic receptor binding has been associated
with age-related cognitive impairments. Nicotinic receptor
stimulation of the central nervous system is beneficial for
neuroprotection against age associated cognitive disorders. A
GINSENG / 3 4 7
non-ginsenoside component of the herb has demonstrated
affinity for the nicotinic receptor. This binding of the
compound to the receptor results in nicotinic activity (Lewis,
1999). Ginsenoside-Rg2 and -Rg3 block nicotinic acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. This results in
an inhibitory effect of the acetylcholine-evoked secretion of
catecholamines. (Tachikawa, 1999). These different effects
of Panax gingseng contribute to the variety of pharmacological effects.
Antineoplastic Effects
A protopanaxadiol component of Ginseng was shown to
inhibit proliferation of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells
resistant to cisplatin (Lee, 1999). Ginsenoside-Rs4 and -Rs3
elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAFl, which are
associated with the induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma cells (Kim, 1999). Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptotic
cell death in the glioma cell line through activation of
caspase and production of oxygen species (Kim, 1999).
Antioxidant Effects
The antioxidant effects of Ginseng protect against oxidative
DNA and protein (globin) damage caused by free radicals
(Lee, 1998). Antioxidant activity of the herb also provides a
hepatoprotective effect by increasing hepatic gluathione
peroxidase activity (Voces, 1999). Antioxidant intervention
by Ginseng is exerted by weak radical scavenging activity
and stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in
cardiac tissue (Maffei, 1999).
Antiplatelet Effects
The antiplatelet components consist of panaxynol and
ginsenosides Ro, Rgl, and Rg2 in the diethyl ether and 1butanol fractions of the herb. Panaxynol inhibits the aggregation, release reaction, and thromboxane formation in platelets
while ginsenosides Ro, Rgl, and Rg2 suppress the release
reaction only (Kuo, 1990; Teng, 1989).
Antiviral Effects
Ginseng induces production of interferon, enhances natural
killer cell and antibody dependent cytotoxic activities, and
stimulates cell mediated immunity (Singh, 1983; Singh,
1984).
Decrease in Alcohol Levels
The effect of ginseng in the reduction of blood ethanol levels
may be attributed to different mechanisms. Ginseng increases alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
activity at high concentrations due to an augmented induction of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Ginseng
enhances blood alcohol clearance in man (Lee, 1987). The
3 4 8 /GINSENG
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ginsenosides also reduce plasma ethanol by a delay in gastric
emptying time (Koo, 1999).
mood, improved psychophysical performance, and reduced
fasting blood glucose and weight (Sotaniemi, 1995).
Hypolipidemic/Cardiac Effects
Antiviral
Ginseng saponins activate lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that
reduces chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins, and
results in a decrease of triglycerides and cholesterol (Inoue,
1999). The ginsenosides demonstrate negative chronotropic
effects and positive and negative inotropic effects on the
heart (Wu, 1988). The anti-arrhythmic properties of Rgl
consist of prolonged ventricular refractoriness and repolarization, and increased ventricular fibrillation threshold (Wu,
1995).
The properties of a standardized extract of ginseng root for
inducing a higher immune response in vaccination against
influenza were evaluated in 227 volunteers. The placebocontrolled, randomized, double-blind study was conducted
over a 12-week period. Oral standardized ginseng extract
100 mg daily was given over the entire 12-week period, with
anti-influenza polyvalent vaccination given to all volunteers
at week 4. There were significantly fewer cases of influenza
or the common cold in the ginseng-treatment group, and
significantly higher antibody titers and natural killer cell
levels at 8 and 12 weeks in the ginseng treatment group
(Scaglione, 1996).
Miscellaneous Effects
Stimulation of corticotrophin secretion and increased hepatic
ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis are effects of
the saponin glycosides in Ginseng. Panax ginseng is
comprised of at least 28 different saponin glycosides, which
contain nuclei resembling those of steroids (Punnonen,
1980). The ginsenosides also stimulate insulin release and
increase insulin receptors to exert a hypoglycemic effect
(Guodong, 1987). Ginseng also decreases blood sugar
through glucose metabolism related to adrenergic receptors.
Ginseng decreases lactic acid and stimulates other respiratory enzymes in the electron transport chain to promote
aerobic oxidation (Yao, 1990). The saponins have shown
enhancement of erectile capacity mediated by endotheliumderived relaxing factor and peripheral neurophysiologic
enhancement (Choi, 1999; Choi, 1995).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Lack of stamina
Ginseng is used internally for fatigue and debility, and for a
decrease capacity for work and concentration.
Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Ginseng is used for loss
of appetite, cachexia, anxiety, impotence and sterility,
neuralgia and insomnia.
Chinese Medicine: In Chinese medicine, Ginseng is used for
hemoptysis, gastric disturbances, and vomiting.
Homeopathic Uses: Ginseng is used for rheumatism and
debility.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Cognitive Function
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was
conducted to evaluate the effect of Ginseng on cognitive
function over an 8-week period. There were 112 healthy
volunteers over 40 years of age. The primary outcome was
the change in score on each cognitive test, evaluated at
baseline, and again at 8 weeks. Oral standardized ginseng
400 mg daily was significantly better compared to placebo
with abstract thinking and a tendency toward faster simple
reaction times. There was no difference between the groups
with regard to concentration, memory, or subjective experience (Sorenson, 1996).
Hypoglycemic
The effect on blood glucose with Ginseng was demonstrated
in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 36
newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients. Ginseng 200 mg
daily improved glycated hemoglobin, serum aminoterminalpropetptide concentration and physical activity after 8 weeks
of therapy. Ginseng 100 mg and 200 mg daily dose elevated
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Caution should be taken in patients with cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Hypertension resulting from
Ginseng Abuse Syndrome is associated with prolonged high
dose Ginseng with concomitant use of caffeine (Siegel,
1979; Siegel, 1980). General adverse effects include insomnia, epistaxis, headache, nervousness, and vomitting.
Mastalgia: Mastalgia with diffuse breast nodularity has been
reported with Ginseng use (Palmer, 1978).
Vaginal Bleeding: Oral Ginseng and Ginseng face cream
have been associated with post menopausal vaginal bleeding
(Greenspan, 1983; Hopkins, 1988).
Pregnancy/Lactation: Maternal use of Ginseng has been
associated with neonatal androgenization, thus it is not
recommended for use during pregnancy or lactation (Awang,
1991).
Drug Interactions:
Diabetic Agents/Insulin — Caution should be taken when
taking an antidiabetic agent or insulin to lower blood glucose
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
GINSENG/349
because Ginseng has been shown to have hypoglycemic
effects (See EFFECTS and CLINICAL TRIALS).
Erectile Dysfunction — Korean Red Ginseng given orally as
600 mg three times daily has been effective (Choi, 1995).
Warfarin/NSAIDS/Antiplatelet Agents — A case report of a
47-year old male with a mechanical valve in the aortic
position taking warfarin had a decrease in the INR 2 weeks
after initiating Ginseng therapy. The INR returned to normal
2 weeks after discontinuation of warfarin (Awang, 1991).
Due to the antiplatelet effect of Ginseng, avoid concomitant
use with antiplatelet agents or NSAIDS.
Physical and Psychological Performance Capacity (lack of
stamina) — Ginsana given 100 mg twice daily has improved .
oxygen capacity, reduction of maximum stress frequency,
increase in ling function parameters and shortened reaction
time to visual stimulants after 11 weeks (Forgo, 1985).
Phenelzine (MAOI) — Headache, tremors, and mania have
been reported with concomitant use of phenelzine and
Ginseng (Jones, 1987).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules or 1
mL injection solution sc twice weekly.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Kann Ginseng die Leistungsfahigkeit erhohen? In:
DAZ 132(12):XLVMI. 1992.
Loop Diuretics — Germanium, present in most Ginseng
products, was reported to cause loop diuretic resistance in a
63 year old male with glomerulonephritis. Germainium
causes nephrotoxicity in the nephron segment where loop
diuretics work (Becker, 1996).
Attele AS; Wu JA; Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple
constituents and multiple actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1999 Dec
1:58(11): 1685-93.
OVERDOSAGE
Avakian EV et al., (1984) Planta Med 50:151.
Anonym, Mythos-Tonikum-Arzneimittel. Ginsengextrakt bei
Atemwegserkrankungen. In: DAZ 134(26):2461. 1994.
Massive overdosages can bring about Ginseng Abuse
Syndrome, which is characterized by hypertension, insomnia, hypertonia and edema.
Awang DV. Maternal use of ginseng and neonatal
androgenization. JAMA 1991 Jul 17;266(3):363. '
DOSAGE
Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und
"Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer
Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(l):23-24. 1993.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug infusions, powder and galenic preparations for internal use. Various
standardized preparations containing Ginseng root are
available.
How Supplied:
Capsules — lOOmg, 150mg. 200mg, 250mg, 404mg, 405mg,
410mg, 424mg, 470mg, 500mg, 505mg, 535mg, 560mg,
lOOOmg, 1250mg
Liquid — 300mg/ml
Tablet — 350mg, 500mg
Baldwin CA et al., (1986) Pharm J 237:583.
Becker BN; Greene J; Evanson J et al. Ginseng-induced
diuretic resistance. JAMA 1996 Aug 28;276(8):606-7.
Blasius H, Phytotherapie: Adaptogene Wirkung von Ginseng.
In: DAZ 135(23):2136-2138. 1995.
Caesar W, Ginsengwurzel in Europa. Eine alte Geschichte. In:
DAZ 131(19):935. 1991.
Choi H, Seong D, Rha K. Clinical efficacy of Korean red
ginseng for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1995
Sep;7(3): 181-6.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 3
gm comminuted drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Choi Y, Rha K, Choi H. In vitro and in vivo experimental
effect of Korean red ginseng on erection. J urol 1999
Oct; 162(4): 1508-11.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 1 to 2 gm root.
The infusion may be taken 3 to 4 times a day over 3 to 4
weeks.
Forgo I, Schimert G. Zur Frage der Wirkungsdauer des
standardisierten Ginseng-Extraktes G 115 bei gesunden
Leistungssportiern. Notabene medici 1985 9:636-649.
Cognitive Function — Oral standardized Ginseng 400 mg
daily was effective in improving cognitive function (Sorenson, 1996).
Fulder SJ, (1981) Am J Chin Med 9:112.
Hypoglycemic Effects — Dosage of 100-200 mg of oral
standardized Ginseng has been effective in Type 2 diabetic
patients (Sotaniemi, 1995).
Antiviral — Studies have proven efficacy in addition
vaccination with 100-200 mg daily of oral standardized
Ginseng extract (Scaglione, 1996).
Fuzzati N; Gabetta B; Jayakar K et al. Liquid chromatographyelectrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in
Panax ginseng roots. J Chromatogr A 1999 Aug 27;854(l-2):6979.
Greenspan EM. Ginseng and vaginal bleeding. JAMA 1983 Apr
15;249(15):2018.
Guodong L, Zhongqui L. Effects of ginseng saponins on insulin
release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats. Chin J Integr
Trad Western Med 1987;7:326.
3 5 0 /GINSENG
Hansen L, Boll PM, (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):285.
Hirakura K, Morita M, Nakajima K, Ikeya Y, Mitsuhashi H,
Polyacetylenes from them roots of Panax ginseng. In: PH
30:3327-3333. 1991.
Hopkins M, Androff L, Benninghoff A. Ginseng face cream
and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol
1988,159:1121-1122.
Hyo-Won B, Il-Heok K, Sa-Sek H, Byung-Hun H, Mun-Hae H.
Ze-Hun K, Nak-Du K, (1987) Roter Ginseng. Schriftenreihe des
Staatlichen Ginseng-Monopolamtes der Republik Korea.
Inoue M; Wu CZ; Dou DQ et al. Lipoprotein lipase activation
by red ginseng saponins in hyperlipidemia model animals.
Phytomedicine 1999 Oct;6(4):257-65.
Jones BD; Runikis AM. Interaction of ginseng with phenelzine.
J Clin Psychopharmacol 1987 Jun;7(3):201-2.
Kim HE, Oh JH, Lee SK, Oh YJ. Ginsenoside RH-2 induces
apoptotic cell death in rat C6 glioma via a reactive oxygen and
caspase dependent but Bcl-X(L)-independent pathway. Life Sci
1999;65(3):PL33-40.
Kim SE; Lee YH; Park JH; Lee SK. Ginsenoside-Rs3, a new
diol-type ginseng saponin, selectively elevates protein levels of
p53 and p21WAFl leading to induction of apoptosis in SKHEP-1 cells. Anticancer Res 1999 Jan-Feb;19(lA):487-91.
Kim SE; Lee YH; Park JH; Lee SK. Ginsenoside-Rs4, a new
type of ginseng saponin concurrently induces apoptosis and
selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAFl in
human hepatoma SK-HEP-l cells. Eur J Cancer 1999
Mar;35(3):507-ll.
Kitigawa I, (1983) Yaligali Zasshi 103:612.
Konno C et al., (1984) Planta Med 50(5):434.
Koo MW. Effects of ginseng on ethanol induced sedation in
mice. Life Sci 1999;64(2): 153-60.
Kuo SC; Teng CM; Lee JC et al. Antiplatelet components in
Panax ginseng. Planta Med 1990 Apr;56(2): 164-7.
Lee FC; Ko JH; Park JK; Lee JS. Effects of Panax ginseng on
blood alcohol clearance in man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
1987 Jun;14(6):543-6.
Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA
damage, 8-OhdG, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with
antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene and red
ginseng). Cancer Lett 1998 Oct 23; 132(l-2):219-27.
Lee SJ; Sung JH; Lee SJ et al. Antitumor activity of a novel
ginseng saponin metabolite in human pulmonary
adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin. Cancer Lett 1999
Sep 20;144(l):39-43.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Obermeier A, (1980) Zur Analytik der Ginseng- und
Eteutherococcusdroge. Dissertation Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversitat Miinchen.
Palmer BV, Montgomery ACV, Monteiro JC. Ginseng und
mastalgia. BMJ 1978; 1:1284.
Petkov VD et al., Memory effect of standardized extracts of
Panax ginseng(G 115), Ginkgo biloba(GK 501) and their
combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). In: PM 59(2).106. 1993.
Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatric In: ZPT
18(3): 162-165. 1997.
Ploss E, (1988) Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer. Wissenschaftlicher
Bericht. Kooperation Phytopharmaka, Koln Bonn Frankfurt Bad
Homburg.
Punnonen R; Lukola A. Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. Br
Med J 1980 Oct 25;281(6248): 1110.
Ro JY; Ahn YS; Kim KH. Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside on
the mediator release in the guinea pig lung mast cells activated
by specific antigen-antibody reactions. Int J Immunopharmacol
1998 Nov;20(ll):625-41.
Scaglione F; Cattaneo G; Alessandria M et al. Efficacy and
safety of the standardised Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating
vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection
against the common cold. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996;22(2):6572.
Sieg! RK, (1979) Ginseng abuse syndrome - problems with the
panacea. J Amer Assoc 241:1614-1615.
Siegl RK, (1980) Ginseng and the high blood pressure. J Am
Med Assoc 243:32.
Singh VK, George CX, Singh N, et al. Combined treatment of
mice with Panax ginseng extract and interferon inducer.
Amplification of host resistance to Semliki forest virus. Planta
Med. 1983 Apr;47(4):234-6.
Singh VK, Agarwal SS, Gupta BM. Immunomodulatory activity
of Panax ginseng extract. Planta Med 1984 Dec;50(6):462-5.
Sonnenborn U, Proppert Y, (1990) Ginseng (Panax ginseng
C.A. Meyer). Z Phytotherapie 11:35-49.
Sorensen H, Sonne J. A double-masked study of the effects of
ginseng on cognitive functions. Curr Ther Res 1996;57:959-68.
Sotaniemi E, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Ginseng therapy in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995
Oct; 18(10): 1373-5.
Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988.
Lewis R; Wake G; Court G et al. Non-ginsenoside nicotinic
activity in ginseng species. Phytother Res 1999 Feb;13(l):59-64.
Sprecher E, Phytotherapeutika als Wunderdrogen? Versuch einer
Bewertung. In: ZPT 10(1):1. 1989.
Maffei F, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Panax ginseng
administration in the rat prevents myocardial ischemiareperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric oxygen: evidence for
an antioxidant intervention. Planta Med 1999 Oct;65(7):614-9.
Tachikawa E; Kudo K; Harada K et al. Effects of ginseng
saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. Eur
J Pharmacol 1999 Mar 12;369(l):23-32.
Matsuda H et al., (1986) Chem Pharm Bull 34(3): 1153.
Takahashi M, Yoshikura M, (1966) Yakugaku Zasshi 86:1051
and 1053.
HERBAL MONOGRAPH S
Teng CM: Kuo SC; Ko FN et al. Antiplatelet actions of
panaxynol and ginsenosides isolated from ginseng. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1989 Mar 24;990(3):315-20.
Voces J, Alvarez A, Vila L, et al. Effects of administration of
the standardized Panax ginseng extract Gl 15 on hepatic
antioxidant function after exhaustive exercise. Comp Biochem
Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 1999 Jun; 123(2): 17584.
Wang B. Yang M. Jin Y, Liu P. Studies on the mechanism of
ginseng polypeptide induced hypoglycemia. Yao Hsueh Hsueh
Pao 1990:25(10):727-31.
Wang X: Sakuma T: Asafu-Adjaye E. Determination of
ginsenosides in plant extracts from Panax ginseng and Panax
quinquefolius L. by LC/MS/MS. Anal Chem 1999 Apr
15:71(8): 1579-84.
Wichtl M. Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992.
Wu JX: Chen JX. Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
of Panax notoginseng saponins. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao
1988 Sep:9(5):409-12.
Wu W: Zhang XM: Liu PM et al. Effects of Panax
notoginseng saponin Rgl on cardiac electrophysiological
properties and ventricular Fibrillation threshold in dogs. Chung
Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1995 Sep;I6(5):459-63.
Youn YS. (1987) Analytisch vergleichende Untersuchungen von
Ginsengwurzeln verschiedener Provenienzen. Dissertation Freie
Universitiit Berlin.
Further information in:
Chan. EH et al.. (Eds) Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Frohne D. Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
potheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
GLOBE FLOWER / 3 5 1
Glechoma hederacea
See Ground Ivy
Globe Flower
Trollius europaeus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant.
Flower and Fruit: Every branch of the stem bears a solitary,
terminal flower. They are up to 5 cm in diameter, globular
and have no calyx. The flowers usually have 10 perianth
segments. The petals are lemon yellow. The outer petals are
occasionally green underneath. They are bent. The stamens
are approximately 12 mm long and have a 0.5 to 5 mm long
appendage.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 70 cm high and
glabrous. The stem is hollow, smooth and branched upward.
The basal leaves are long-petioled and 3 to 5 lobed. The
lobes are cuneate and more or less deeply indented and
serrate. The cauline leaves are smaller and more or less
sessile.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern and central
Europe.
Production: Globe flowers are the flowers of Trollius
europaeus.
Other Names: Globe Ranunculus, Globe Crowfoot, Globe
Trollius
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Ranunculin: protoanemonine-forming substance in the freshly harvested plant that changes enzymatically when the plant
is cut into small pieces. The pungent, volatile protoanemonine quickly dimerizes to the non-mucous membrane irritating anemonine. When dried, the plant is not capable of
protoanemonine formation.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Flavonoids
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Carotinoids: including neoxanuhine (trollixanthine), xanthophyll epoxide
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
C)
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Formerly, the plant was used to treat scurvy.
It loses most of its active properties on drying.
352/GLOBE
FLOWER
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested,
bruised plant can lead to blisters and cauterizations due to
the resulting protoanemonine formation, which is severely
irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal
tract, combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation
of the urinary drainage passages, are possible. Because of the
very low level of protoanemonine-forming substances in the
plant, the danger of poisoning is quite low.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Glycine soja
See Soybean
Glycyrrhiza glabra
See Licorice
Gnaphalium uliginosum
See Cudweed
Goa Powder
Andira araroba
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried and
pulverized latex of the trunk and branches.
Flower and Fruit: Andira araroba is a large smooth tree
whose yellowish wood has vertically running channels and
spaces. The latex collects increasingly in these spaces as the
tree ages. The bark forms in long flat pieces about 3 mm
thick and is grayish-white and fissured externally. The inner
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
surface is brownish and striated. The fracture is laminated
with yellow fibers.
Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and bitter, and the
odor is slight but disagreeable.
Habitat: The tree grows in Brazil.
Production: Goa powder is exuded from the nuclear cavity
of Andira araroba. The exuded substance is purified by
recrystalization in benzol, thus producing raw chrysarobin.
Other Names: Araroba, Bahia Powder, Brazil Powder,
Chrysatobine, Crude Chrysarobin, Ringworm Powder
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthrone derivatives: in particular chrysophanolanthrone,
dehydroemodine anthrone monomethyl ether, emodine anthrone monomethyl ether, dimerics of these compounds
EFFECTS
The powder is a strong reducing agent. It causes severe
erythema upon contact with the skin. It inhibits glucose-6phosphate-dehydrogenization in psoriatic skin conditions.
The drug easily absorbs through the skin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Goa Powder is used for psoriasis in
chrysarobin ointments and for various kinds of dermatomycosis. It has been widely replaced by synthetic anthranol,
which is also used in the treatment of psoriasis.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely irritating to skin and mucous membranes (redness, swelling, pustules and conjunctivitis, even
without eye contact). Internal administration leads to vomiting, diarrhea and kidney inflammation (with as little as
0.01 g). External administration on large skin areas could
cause resorptive poisonings.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Goa Powder is administered
topically in emulsion form, but has largely been replaced by
the synthetic anthranol cignolin.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
136(38):3253-2354. 1996.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164.
1992.
Miiller K, Wiegrebe W, Psoriasis und Antipsoriatika. In: DAZ
137(22): 1893-1902. 1997.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Thomson RH, Naturally Occurring Quinones, 2nd Ed.,
Academic Press New York 1971.
Goat's Rue
Galega officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves collected
at the beginning of the flowering season and dried, as well as
the tips of the flowering branches.
Flower and Fruit: The plant's long-peduncled, axillary
racemes are made up of numerous 1 cm long, slightly
inclined florets. The petals are bluish-white and short
stemmed. The filaments are fused. The fruit is a round,
indented pod that grows 2 to 3 cm long and 2 to 3 mm thick,
and contains many seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The strong, bright green shrub has
numerous 40 cm to 1 m high, erect, branched, hollow stems.
It has a divided rhizome with brown fibers sprouting
numerous erect, corrugated, round, tall stems. The leaves are
odd-pinnate; the leaflets are 1.5 to 4 cm long and 4 to 16 mm
wide, elliptical to lanceolate and thorny-tipped with a rich
green upper surface and a lighter undersurface.
Characteristics: The plant is odorless unless bruised, whereupon it emits a disagreeable smell, which probably gave rise
to the common name Goat's Rue.
Habitat: Goat's Rue grows wild throughout Europe and
Asia.
Production: Goat's Rue herb consists of the dried, aboveground parts of Galega officinalis, harvested during the
flowering season.
Other Names: Italian Fitch, French Lilac
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Guanidine derivatives: galegine, 4-hydroxygalegine
Quinazoline alkaloids: (+)-peganine
Lectins
Flavonoids: including galuteolin
EFFECTS
The herb contains galegin, which affects blood sugar. In
vitro, an inhibiting effect on the glucose transport of human
epithelium cells has been demonstrated. The reported blood
sugar-lowering effect of Goat's Rue herb on humans has not
GOATS RUE/ 353
been documented, nor have die reported aggregation-inhibiting, lactagogic and diuretic effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Goat's Rue herb are used as
a diuretic, and also as supportive therapy for diabetes.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages have not
been recorded.
Poisonings have only been observed in animals, and then
only following the intake of large quantities of the plant.
Sheep reportedly experienced salivation, spasms, paralyses
and death through asphyxiation following ingestion of
inordinate amounts.
Drug Interactions: A possible interaction exists with hypoglycemic medication. Goat's Rue should not be used by
diabetics currently maintained with commercial pharmaceutical hypoglycemics.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed
uses is not documented, therapeutic application cannot be
recommended. Goat's Rue cannot be recommended for
diabetes mellitus because of the severity of the disease and
the availability of effective therapeutic alternatives.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
2 gm of ground drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Liquid Extract — Drug 1:1
Tincture — 1:10 45% ethanol
LITERATURE
Barthel A, Reuter G, PA 23:26. 1968.
Reuter G, Flora 154:136. 1964.
Schreiber K, Pufahl K, Brauninger H, Liebigs Ann Chem
671:142. 1964.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. HMSO, UK
1984.
3 5 4 / G O A T ' S RUE
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E. Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
EFFECTS
The active agents are seneciionin (aurein), other alkaloids,
and resins. The drug has menstruation stimulant, diuretic,
and astringent properties, although the mode of action has
not been documented. The ^pyrrolizidine alkaloids are
hepatotoxic and carcinogenic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Golden Ragwort
Senecio aureus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh plant
harvested during the flowering season and the dried herb.
Flower and Fruit: The few capitula are in a loose, manyblossomed corymb that is up to 2.5 cm wide. They are
surrounded by a double involucre and consist of 8 to 12
yellow lingual, female florets. There are also numerous
androgynous, tubular ray florets, which are somewhat
darker.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows up to 60
cm tall. The rhizome is 2 to 5 cm thick, has numerous
thread-like roots, and produces an erect or ascending stem.
The root bark is hard and blackish. It surrounds a ring of
whitish, woody bundles and a large, dark, central pith. The
stem is fluffy-haired when young, later glabrous, and bears
alternate leaves. The basal leaves grow up to 15 cm long.
They are long-petioled, simple, round, and reniform with a
cordate base. The cauline leaves are shorter, incised and
pinnatifid, becoming bracts.
Characteristics: The herb has a bitter and astringent taste.
The smell is slightly acrid.
Unproven Uses: Life Root is used for loss of blood
(bleeding) and menopausal symptoms.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Life Root should not be taken internally. Hepatotoxicity and
carcinogenicity are possible due to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids and 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internal use of Life Root is not
recommended.
Daily Dosage: The traditional average daily dose of the drug
as a liquid extract is 4 g taken 3 to 4 times daily. (See
Precautions and Adverse Reactions.)
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Nachmann RJ, PH 22:780-782. 1983.
Resch JF et al., PM 47:255. 1983.
Roder E et al., (1983) Planta Med 49:57.
Roder E, DAZ 132:2427. 1992.
Zalkow LH et al., (1979) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 1:1542.
Golden Shower Tree
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America.
Cassia fistula
Other Names: Squaw Weed, Golden Senecio, Golden
Groundsel, Ragwort, Coughweed, Cocash Weed, Grundy
Swallow, Life Root
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
bark, fruit and seeds.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: chief alkaloids are floridanine,
florosenine, otosenine
Sesquiterpenes of the eremophilane-type: including among
others, ligularenolide, tetrahydroligularenolide, dehydrofukinone, trans-9-oxofuranoeremophilane
Flavonoids: including among others, kaempferol-3-O-glucosyl acetate, quercetin-3-O-glucosyl acetate
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in loose, hanging, 30 to
50 cm long racemes. There are 5 pale yellow, ovate petals.
The diameter of the corolla is approximately 3.8 cm. The
calyx is deeply divided and 5-toothed. There are 10 stamens.
The fruit is a legume, 30 to 60 cm long, hanging and
indehiscent.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cassia fistula is a tree, that grows up
to 9 m high. The leaves are 20 to 40 cm long, 4- to 8-paired
pinnate. The leaf spindle is hairy and the leaflet is petiolate,
ovate to oval, acuminate, 5 to 12 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
and silvery haired underneath. The young bark is smooth and
greenish-gray. Older bark is dark brown and rough.
Habitat: India, Africa and South America
Production: Cassia pods are the dried ripe fruit of Cassia
fistula.
Not to be Confused With: Very occasionally the tree has
been confused with South American Cassia species.
Other Names: Canafistula. Indian Laburnum, Pudding Pipe
Tree, Purging Cassia
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (1% in the mesocarp): sennosides,
fistulinic acid
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (50%): particularly saccharose
Fruit acids: citric acid
Steroids: sterols (in the seeds), including beta-sitosterol
Fatty oil (in the seeds)
EFFECTS
The anthracene derivatives have a laxative effect. Preparations from the fruit have demonstrated antimicrobial and
antiviral effects in vitro.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Indian Medicine: Golden Shower Tree is used for flatulence,
constipation, fever, anorexia, gout, jaundice, itching and skin
conditions. Efficacy for constipation is plausible because of
the anthranoid content; the other indications have not been
proven.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated with ileum, acute-inflammatory
diseases of the intestine and appendicitis. It is also contraindicated for children under 12 years of age and for women
during pregnancy or while nursing.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The question of the increase in probability of the appearance of
carcinomas in the colon following long-term administration
of Anthracene drugs has not yet been fully clarified. Recent
studies, however, have revealed no connection between the
administration of Anthracene drugs and the frequency of
carcinomas of the colon.
GOLDENSEAL/355
lytes, particularly of potassium ions, which in turn leads to
aldosteronism, albuminuria, hematuria, inhibition of intestinal motility, muscle weakness, enhancement of the effect of
cardioactive steroids and an influence upon the effect of
antiarrhythmics. In rare cases, administration of the drug
may lead to cardiac arrhythmia, nephropathy, edema and
accelerated osteoclasis.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole drug preparations are for
internal use.
Preparation: To prepare an extract, use pulp and distilled
water in a 1:1 ratio, macerate, then exhaustively percolate
with distilled water and filter. Evaporate to a soft extract.
Daily Dosage: 4 to 8 gm of fruit pulp
LITERATURE
el-Saadany SS, el-Massry RA, Labib SM, Sitohy MZ, The
biochemical role and hypocholesterolaemic potential of the
legume Cassia fistula in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Nahrung,
35:807-15, 1991.
Esposito Avella M, Diaz A, de Gracia I, de Tello R, Gupta
MP, Evaluation of traditional medicine: effects of Cajanus cajan
L. and of Cassia fistula L. on carbohydrate metabolism in mice.
Rev Med Panama, 16:39-45, 1991 Jan.
Esposito Avella M, Diaz A, de Gracia I, de Tello R, Gupta
MP, Studies on the possibilities to infect the cells of callus of
Cassia fistula by an animal virus & induce production of
interferon-like antiviral factor(s). Indian J Exp Biol, 16:349-55,
1981 Apr.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensis
TRADE NAMES
Golden Seal, Goldenseal (Available from numerous manufacturers), Goldenseal Power, Golden Seal Herb, Golden
Seal Root, Golden Seal Plus, Goldenseal Root Alcohol Free,
Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the air-dried
rhizome with the root fibers.
OVERDOSAGE
In the case of overdose, cramp-like gastrointestinal complaints could occur as a side effect of the laxative effect of
the drug. Prolonged administration leads to loss of electro-
Flower and Fruit: The flower is small, solitary, terminal and
erect. It has 3 small greenish white petals which drop as soon
as they come out. The fruit is a group of small, fleshy,
356/GOLDENSEAL
oblong carmine berries with 1 or 2 hard, black and glossy
seeds. The fruit is similar to the raspberry but is not edible.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a low herbaceous
perennial about 30 cm high. It has a horizontal bright yellow,
knotty and twisted rhizome about 0.6 to 1.8 cm thick out of
which the root fibers grow. It is folded longitudinally and
encircled by old leaf scars. The fracture is short and shows a
dark, yellow cut surface, thick bark, large pith and broad
medullary rays. The flowering stem appears in spring and is
erect, cylindrical, downward pubescent, 15 to 30 cm tall and
has a few short brown scales at the base. It bears 2 clearly
ribbed, dark green and pubescent, cauline leaves. The lower
one is sessile the upper one petiolate, round and divided into
7 lobes and finely serrate. There is also a root leaf on a long
petiole, which is similar to the cauline leaves but larger.
Characteristics: The taste is very bitter, the smell is strong,
characteristic and disagreeable.
Habitat: Indigenous to the U.S., cultivated elsewhere.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
1982). Berberine is also active against other intestinal
infections that cause aute diarrhea such as Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella paratyphi and various Klebsiella species.
Berberine sulfate has been shown to block the adherence of
Streptococcus pyrogenes and E. coli to host cells, possibly
explaining it's mechanism of action against numerous
pathogens (Sun, 1988).
Berberine was found to be the active constituent in an extract
of Hydrastis canadensis root that demonstrated activity
against a multiple drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Gentry, 1998). Berberine also inhibits Helicobacter pylori (Bae, 1998).
Berberine has a long history of use for eye infections. In one
study that looked at effectiveness in treating trachoma,
berberine was more effective than sulfacetamide in eradicating Chlamydia trachomatis from the eye and preventing
relapse of symptoms (Babbar, 1982; Mohan, 1982).
Production: Goldenseal root is the rhizome of Hydrastis
canadensis. The root is dug up in the autumn and dried.
Berberine has a choleretic (bile-stimlating) effect and has
been shown to lower bilirubin levels (Chan, 1977).
Not to be Confused With: Goldenseal is often adulterated
with Bloodroot.
Berberine inhibited the effects of tumor promotors on the
skin using a mouse model (Nishino, 1986). There is evidence
that berberine also has a direct tumor killing effect and has
the ability to stimulate production of white blood cells
(Zhang, 1990; Liu, 1991).
Other Names: Orange Root, Yellow Root, Yellow Puccoon,
Ground Raspberry, Wild Curcuma, Turmeric Root, Indian
Dye, Eye Root, Eye Balm, Indian Paint, Jaundice Root,
Warnera, Indian Plant
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: chief alkaloids hydrastine (1.5 to
4%), berberine (0.5 to 6%), (-)-canadine (0.5%)
Starch
EFFECTS
Many of the studies that have been conducted focus on the
berberine and hydrastine componants that are found not only
in Goldenseal, but also in numerous other herbs commonly
used in Chinese and Indian medicine. The effects reported
here focus on these componants and not necessarily the
Goldenseal in it's raw form.
Berberine sulfate has been shown to inhibit the growth of
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas
vaginalis, in vitro. The parasites all exhibited morphological
changes after exposure to berberine sulfate (Kaneda, 1991).
In one experiment by Swab et al (1981), berberine hydrochloride reduced the cholera toxin-induced secretion of
water, sodium and chloride in perfused rat ileum. Berberine
was also found to inhibit the intestinal secretory response of
Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins without
causing histological damage to the intestinal mucosa (Sack,
Berberine has hypotensive, antisecretory and sedative effects. The mechanism for these effects may be explained by
the fact that berberine has platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptor
agonist activity that is similar to that of clonidine (Hui,
1984).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Goldenseal is contraindicated in pregnancy.
Goldenseal is contraindicated in people with glucose-6phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency (Chan, 1993).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Goldenseal is used as an antiseptic externally on wounds and herpes labialis. It is also used for gastritis
and as an astringent. The berberine componant is used to
treat acute diarrhea caused by numerous gastrointestinal
pathogens. Berberine is also used as an adjunct treatment in
various cancers and in neutropenia resulting from radiation
and chemotherapy. Berberine has been used to treat trachoma, gastric ulcers and gallbladder disease.
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathic dilutions, Hydrastis
canadensis is used for the treatment of irregular menstruation, digestive problems and bronchitis.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
GOLDENSEAL/357
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: If taken over an extended period, the drug can
bring about digestive disorders, mucous membrane irritation,
constipation, excitatory states, hallucinations and occasionally deliria.
Pregnancy:
pregnancy.
Goldenseal
should
not
be
taken
during
Drug Interactions: Berberine has an antagonistic effect on
the anticoagulant activity of heparin (Preininger, 1975).
There have been reports of decreased vitamin B absorption
with higher doses of Goldenseal (Tierra, 1980).
Storage: Store at room temperature. Avoid moisture, high
temperatures and direct light.
LITERATURE
Babbar OP, Chhatwal VK, Ray IB et al: Effect of berberine
chloride eye drops on clinically positive trachoma patients. Ind
J Med Res 76(suppl):83-88. 1982.
Bae EA. Han MJ, Kim NJ et al: Anti-helicobacter pylori
activity of herbal medicines. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 21(9):990992. 1998.
Chan MY: The effect of berberine on bilirubin excretion in the
rat. Comp Med East West 5:161-168. 1977.
Galefi C et al., Canadinic acid: an alkaloid from Hydrastis
canadensis. In: PM 63(2): 194. 1997.
Drug/Laboratory Interactions: At one time it was believed
that Goldenseal could mask the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC/Marijuana) in illicit drug urinalysis. This effect
has since been disproved (Mikkelsen & Ash, 1988).
Gentry EJ, Jampani HB, Keshavarz-Shokri A et al:
Antitubercular natural products: berberine from the roots of
commercial Hydrastis canadensis powder. J Nat Prod
61(10): 1187-1193. 1998.
OVERDOSAGE
Gleye J et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:675.
The LD50 for berberine in rats was found to be greater than
1,000 mg/kg of body weight making the toxicity of this
componant in Goldenseal very low (Haldon, 1975). The
hydrastine componant appears to be the toxic compound in
Goldenseal. High doses result in strychnine-like convulsions
and gastrointestinal relaxation (Osol & Garrar, 1955). Other
effects of overdose that have been reported include difficulty
in breathing, bradycardia and central paralysis.
Grieve M: A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications, Inc. New
York, New York, p 362-364. 1971.
Following stomach and intestinal emptying (inducement of
vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium
permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) the treatment for
poisonings consists of the instillation of activated charcoal
and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth). The treatment of
spasms with diazepam (I.V.), electrolyte substitution and the
countering of any acidosis imbalance that may appear with
sodium bicarbonate infusions may be necessary. In the event
of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused.
Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required.
DOSAGE
Daily
Dosage:
Extract — Standardized extract (5% hydrastine) 250-500 mg
3 times daily (Werbach & Murray, 1994)
Fluid extract — l U to 1 teaspoonful (1.25-5 ml) (Grieve,
1971)
Solid extract — 325-520 mg (Grieve, 1971)
Local antiseptic — 1 teaspoonful powder steeped in 1 cup
boiling water for 15 minutes. Swish around the mouth or
gargle for mouth or throat sores (Tyler, 1997).
Travelers diarrhea — One capsule (500-1000 mg root) 3
times daily (Tyler, 1997)
Haginiwa J, Harada M, (1962) Yakugaku Zasshi 82:726.
Haldon B: Toxicity of berberine sulfate. Acta Pol Pharm
32:113-120. 1975.
Hui K. Yu J, Chan W, Tse E: Interaction of berberine with
human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Life Sci 49(4): 315-24.
1991.
Kaneda Y, Torii M & Tanaka T: In vitro effects of berberine
sulfate on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia
and Tricomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85:417-425.
1991.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., NewYork 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Liu CX et al: Studies on plant resources, pharmacology and
clinical treatment with berbamine. Phytother Res 5:228-230.
1991.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mikkelsen SL & Ash KO: Adulterants causing false negatives
in illicit drug testing. Clin Chem 34:2333-2336. 1988.
Mohan M, Pant CR, Angra SK et al: Berberine in trachoma.
Ind J Opthalmol 30:69-75. 1982.
Nishino H, Kitagawa K, Fujiki H et al: Berberine sulfate
inhibits tumor-promoting activity of teleocidin in two stage
carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Oncology 43:131-134. 1986.
358/GOLDENSEAL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Osol A & Farrar CG (eds): The Dispensatory of the United
States of America, 25th ed. JB Lippincott Company,
Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 660-661. 1955.
Habitat: Coptis trifolia is indigenous to India and Coptis
groenlandica, which is also used, is indigenous to Greenland
and Iceland.
Preininger V: The pharmacology and toxicology of the
Papaveraceae alkaloids, in Manske RHF & Holmes HL (eds):
The Alkaloids, Vol. 15. Academic Press, p 239. 1975.
Production: Goldthread rhizome is the rhizome of- Coptis
trifolia.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Sack RB & Froehlich JL: Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory
response of Vibrio cholerae toxins and Escherichia coli
enterotoxins. Infect Immun 35:471-475. 1982.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Sun D, Courtney HS & Beachey EH: Berberine sulfate blocks
adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells,
tibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother
32:1370-1374. 1988.
Swabb EA, Tai YH & Jordan L: Reversal of cholera toxininduced secretion in rat ileum by luminal berberine. Am J
Physiol 1981; 241:G248-252.
Tierra M: The Way of Herbs. Unity Press. Santa Cruz, CA,
USA, 1980.
Tyler VE: The Honest Herbal. George F Stickley Company,
Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 111-112. 1982.
Tyler VE: Golden Seal: can this herb boost immunity.
Prevention July:68-70. 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Zhang RX, Dougherty DV & Rosenblum ML: Laboratory
studies of berberine used alone and in combination with 1,3bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea to treat malignant brain tumors.
Chinese Med J 103:658-665. 1990.
Other Names: Mouth Root, Cankerroot, Yellowroot, Coptis,
Coptide, Coptis Groenlandica
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids (6 to 9%): including coptin, berberine
EFFECTS
The herb is a bitter tonic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Goldthread is used in digestive disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded.
Berberine has a mutagenic effect upon yeast cells and in the
Ames test (intercalation into the DNA), although that does
not necessarily mean a mutagenic effect for the drug when
administered to humans.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally as a powdered drug or a
liquid extract.
LITERATURE
Goldthread
Coptis trifolia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome and
sometimes the stems and leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary flowers are small and white,
and are arranged on leafless scapes.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Goldthread is a perennial plant in
bushes of up to 15 cm with yellowish, scaly leaves at the
base and long-petioled, obovate, evergreen leaves. The
rhizome is thread-like, golden yellow with a matte surface
and very small roots.
Characteristics: Goldthread has a very bitter taste and slight
odor.
Hegnauer R Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969.
Gossypium herbaceum
See Levant Cotton
Gossypium hirsutum
See Cotton
GOTU KOLA/359
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Gotu Kola
Centella asiatica
TRADE NAMES
Jf\ Gotu Kola (available from numerous manufacturers and as a
combination product), Gotu Kola Herb, Wild Countryside
Gotu Kola, Natural Herbal Gotu Kola, Alcohol Free Gotu
Kola Herb
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aboveground parts, the fresh and dried leaves and stem.
Flower and Fruit: The pedicles are 1.2 to 4 cm long. The
sepals of the epicalyx are oval to circular, with a membranous border. They are about 2.5 to 3 mm long and 1.5 to 2.5
mm wide. The umbels have 2 or 3 sessile or short-pedicled
florets. The petals are white, to purple or pink. The calyx is
not generally dentate. The fruit is oval to globular in shape,
and has a diameter of 2 to 5 mm. The mericarps are clearly
flattened at the sides and usually have 7 to 9 ribs and are
raised rugose.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Centella asiatica is a tender umbel
W plant, which has numerous creeping stems. The stems have
roots at the nodes, which are smooth. The circular-reniform
leaves are 2 to 6 cm long and 1.5 to 5 wide, with a crenate
margin and 5 to 9 ribs. The petioles are 3 to 30 cm long.
Characteristics: Gotu Kola is almost tasteless and odorless.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southeast Asia, India, Sri
Lanka, parts of China, the western South Sea Islands,
Madagascar, South Africa, southeast U.S., Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, and eastern South America.
Production: Hydrocotyle herb is the aerial part of Centella
asiatica. The plant is gathered throughout the year and dried
in the sun.
Other Names: Indian Pennywort, Marsh Penny, Indian
Hydrocotyle, White Rot, Thick-leaved Pennywort, Hydrocotyle
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
t
Triterpene acids: including asiatic acid, madecassic acid (6hydroxy asiatic acid), terminolic acid
Triterpene acid ester from oligosaccharides (pseudosaponins): including asiaticoside, asiaticoside A, asiaticoside B
Volatile oil (0.1%)
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Anti-inflammatory effects exerted by extracts of Centella
asiatica were demonstrated by a reduction of acute radiation
reaction in rats (Chen, 1999).
Anti-Neoplastic Effects
Cytotoxic and antitumor effects of Centella asiatica involve
direct action on DNA synthesis. The development of solid
and ascites tumors was decreased by the herb (Babu, 1985).
Ulcer-protective Effects
Asiaticoid (suspended in propylene glycol) administered
orally to rats, significantly reduced the formation of stressinduced ulcers (Ravokatra, 1993). An extract of the herb also
significantly inhibited gastric ulceration induced by cold and
restraint stress in animal models. The dose dependent
reduction of gastric ulceration was associated with a dose
dependent increase of the GABA level in the brain (Chatterjee, 1992).
Vascular/Venous Tone Effects
Ethanol extracts of Centella asiatica, in vitro, had a
remarkable enhancement of fibroblast cell attachment and
tissue plasminogen activator (Kim, 1993). Varicose veins are
associated with increased uronic acid and lysosomal enzymes involved with mucopolysaccharide (beta-glycuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase) metabolism. Total
triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica (TTFCA) decreases
uronic acid, beta-glycuronidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arysulfatase in the connective tissue and vascular
wall (Arpaia, 1990).
Wound Healing Effects
Asiaticoside facilitates wound healing through an increase in
peptidic hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, collagen
synthesis, angiogenesis and epithelialization, as shown in
animal models (Bonte, 1994; Maquart, 1990; Shukla, 1999).
Asiatic acid and madecassic have also demonstrated an
increase in peptidic hydroxyproline showing an increased
remodeling of the collagen matrix (collagen synthesis) in
wounds (Bonte, 1994; Maquart, 1999). Asiaticoside also
induces enzymatic and non-emzymatic antioxidants, namely
superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid in newly formed tissue (initial stage
of wound healing) (Shukla, 1999).
CLINICAL TRIALS
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a titrated extract of Centella asiatica in
treating chronic venous insufficiency. Ninety-four patients
The main constituents of the drug are triterpene acids and
their sugar residues (asiaticoside and madegassoside).
, with chronic venous insufficiency were included in the
EFFECTS
360/GOTU KOLA
study. The asiaticoid mixture, administered as 60 mg daily
and 120 mg daily for 2 months, led to significant improve- 1
ment in subjective (heaviness in the legs, pain in standing up,
edema) and objective (plethysmographic measurements of
vein tone) parameters compared to placebo (Pointel, 1987).
Venous
Hypertension
The effect of an extract of Centella asiatica with capillary
filtration and ankle edema was evaluated in patients with
venous hypertension. Sixty-two patients were included in the
study and administered either placebo or the extract as 60 mg
or 30 mg three times daily. Capillary filtration rate and ankle
edema both significantly improved in a dose-dependent
manner in the extract-treatment groups. The subjective
symptoms (swelling, sensation, restless lower extremity, pain
and cramps, and tiredness) were significantly improved in
the extract-treatment groups, with no change in the placebotreatment group (Belcaro, 1990).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for rheumatism
and skin diseases. Externally, the drug is used for poorly
healing wounds, leprosy sores, and post-operative scarring.
In Asia, the drug is used to enhance urination, for physical
and mental exhaustion, diarrhea, eye diseases, inflammations, asthma, and high blood pressure.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for skin diseases, syphilis,
rheumatism, and leprosy. Gotu kola is also used for the
treatment of mental illness, epilepsy, hysteria, and for
dehydration.
Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for dysentery and
summer diarrhea, vomiting, jaundice, urinary calculi, epistaxis and scabies.
Homeopathic Uses: Gotu Kola is used for skin diseases
associated with itching and swelling and inflammation of the
uterus.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Although there have been case
reports of allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica,
the plant's sensitizing capacity is considered low (Bilbao,
1995; Danese, 1994; Gonzalo, 1996; Hausen, 1993).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Gotu Kola is available in liquid or
solid pharmaceutical forms, for oral intake. Gotu Kola is also
available parenterally for homeopathic use.
How
Supplied:
Capsules — 400 mg, 435 mg, 439 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 500
mg
Liquid — 1:1; 250 mg/ml
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Daily Dosage: 0.6 gm of dried leaves or infusion taken 3
times daily; normal single dose is 0.33 to 0.68 gm.
Varicose Veins — Centella asiatica extract administered as
60 mg daily has shown improvement (Arpaia, 1990).
Venous Hypertension — Total triterpenic fraction of centella
asiatica (TTFCA) tablets have demonstrated improvement of
venous hypertension at doses of 30 mg given three times
daily or 60 mg given three times daily (Belcaro, 1990).
Chronic Venous Insufficiency — Titrated extract of Centella
asiatica (TECA) administered as 120 mg daily and 60 mg
daily have demonstrated efficacy in chronic venous insufficiency (Pointel, 1987).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10
globules or 1 ml injection solution sc twice weekly; ointment
1 to 2 times daily (HAB1).
Storage: Store in a cool, dry place and in well-sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Asakawa Y et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 21(10):2590.
Allegra G et al., (1981) Clin Terap. 99:507.
Arpaia MR, Ferrone R, Amitrano M, Nappo C, Leonardo G,
del Guercio R, Effects of Centella asiatica extract on
mucopolysaccharide metabolism in subjects with varicose veins.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Res, 10:229-33, 1990
Babu TD, Kuttan G, Padikkala J, Cytotoxic and anti-tumour
properties of certain taxa of Umbelliferae with special reference
to Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. J Ethnopharmacol, 48:53-7,
1995 Aug 11.
Belcaro GV; Rulo A; Grimaldi R. Capillary filtration and ankle
edema in patients with venous hypertension treated with
TTFCA. Angiology 1990 Jan;41(1): 12-8.
Belcaro GV; Grimaldi R; Guidi G. Improvement of capillary
permeability in patients with venous hypertension after
treatment with TTFCA. Angiology 1990 Jul;41(7):533-40.
Bilbao I; Aguirre A; Zabala R et al. Allergic contact dermatitis
from butoxyethyl nicotinic acid and Centella asiatica extract.
Contact Dermatitis 1995 Dec;33(6):435-6.
Bonte F; Dumas Mf Chaudagne C; Meybeck A, Influence of
asiatic acid, madecassic acid, and asiaticoside on human
collagen I synthesis. Planta Med 1994 Apr;60(2): 133-5.
Bosse JP et al., (1979) Ann Plastic Surg 3(1).T3.
Brevoort P, Der Heilpflanzenmarkt der USA - Ein Uberblick.
In: ZPT 18(3): 155-162. 1997.
Castellani C et al., Boll Chim Farm 120:570-605. 1981.
Chatterjee TK; Chakraborty A; Pathak M; Sengupta GC. Effects
of plant extract Centella asiatica (Linn.) on cold restraint stress
ulcer in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1992 Oct;30(10):889-91.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Chen YJ; Dai YS; Chen BF et al. The effect of tetrandrine and
extracts of Centella asiatica on acute radiation dermatitis in rats.
Biol Pharm Bull 1999 Jul:22(7):703-6.
Danese P; Carnevali C; Bertazzoni MG. Allergic contact
dermatitis due to Centella asiatica extract. Contact Dermatitis
1994 Sep;31(3):201.
Di Carlo FI et al., (1964) J Reticuloendothelial Soc 1:224.
Dutta T, Basu UP, (1968) Ind J Exp Biol 6(3): 181.
Dutta T, Basu UP, (1967) Ind J Chem 5:586.
Dutta T Basu UP, Bull Nat Inst Sci India 37:178-184. 1968.
Gonzalo Garijo MA, Revenga Arranz F, Bobadilla Gonzalez P.
Allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica: a new c^ise.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 24:132-4. 1996 May-Jun.
Grimaldi R et al., Pharmacokinetics of the total triterpenic
fraction of Centella asiatica after single and multiple
administrations to healthy volunteers. A new assay for asiatic
acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 24:235-41, 1990 Feb.
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988.
Hausen BM. Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), an effective
therapeutic but a weak sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1993
Oct;29(4): 175-9.
Kim YN; Park YS; Kim HK et al. Enhancement of the
attachment on microcarriers and tPA production by fibroblast
cells in a serum-free medium by the addition of the extracts of
Centella asiatica. Cytotechnology 1993;13(3):221-6.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Maquart FX, Bellon G, Gillery P, Wegrowski Y, Borel JP,
Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by a
triterpene extracted from Centella asiatica. Connect Tissue Res.
24:107-20, 1990.
Maquart FX: Chastang F: Simeon A et al., Triterpenes from
Centella asiatica stimulate extracellular matrix accumulation in
rat experimental wounds. Eur J Dermatol 1999 Jun;9(4):289-96.
Montecchio GP, Samaden A, Carbone S, Vigotti M, Siragusa S,
Piovella F, Centella asiatica Triterpenic Fraction (CATIF)
reduces the number of circulating endothelial cells in subjects
with post phlebitic syndrome. Haematologica, 48:256-9, 1991
May-Jun.
Pointel JP; Boccalon H; Cloarec M et al., Titrated extract of
Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venousinsufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology 1987 Jan;38(l Pt
l):46-5.
Rao PS, Seshardri TR, (1969) Curr. Sci 38:77.
Ravokatra A; Loiseau A; Ratsimamanga-Urverg S et al., Action
of asiaticoside (pentacyclic triterpene) extracted from
Hydrocotyle madagascariensis on duodenal ulcers induced with
GOUTWEED
361
mercaptoethylamine in male Wistar rats. C R Acad Sci Hebd
Seances Acad Sci D 1974 Apr 29;278(18):2317-21.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Shukla A; Rasik AM; Jain GK et al. In vitro and in vivo
wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella
asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 1999 Apr;65(l):l-ll.
Shukla A; Rasik AM; Dhawan BN. Asiaticoside-induced
elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phytother Res
1999 Feb:13(l):50-4.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Suguna L, Sivakumar P, Chandrakasan G. Effects of Centella
asiatica extract on dermal wound healing in rats. Indian J E\p
Biol, 24:1208-11, 1996 Dec
Tang W. Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin.
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Vecchaio AD et al.. (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(10):355.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka unJ
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
Goutweed
Aegopodium podagraria
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers range from 50 to 100 cm.
They have large white or reddish double umbels that are
usually androgynous. The flowers have no involucre and no
calyx. The petals are white or pink, about 1.5 mm long,
obcordate and cuneate at the base. The fruit is oblong and
brownish with pale veins. The fruit is slightly pressed in at
the sides, unwinged, unstriped, with a 3 mm-long mericarp.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The stem is erect, angular, grooved.
hollow, glabrous and branched. The lower leaves are double
trifoliate, and the upper leaves trifoliate. The leaflets are
ovate and crenate-serrate.
Characteristics: Propagates via underground runners.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe (not Spain), West Asia.
Production: Goutweed is the aerial part of Aegopodium
podagraria.
Other Names: Goutwort, Ground Elder, Gout Herb. Herb
Gerard(e),
Jack-Jump-About,
Goatweed,
Ashweed,
Achweed, English Masterwort, Pigweed, Eltroot, Bishop's
Elder, Weyl Ash, White Ash, Bishopsweed, Bishopswort.
3 6 2 /GOUTWEED
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil
Polyynes: only in freshly-harvested leaves
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N ES
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical West Africa.
Not to be Confused With: The seeds can be mistaken for
peppercorns.
Flavonol glycosides: including hyperoside, isoquercitrin
Other Names: Guinea Grains, Melegueta Pepper, Mallaguetta Pepper
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ascorbic
COMPOUNDS
acid
EFFECTS
No information available.
Volatile oil
Pungent substances: including hydroxyphenylalkanones and
hydroxyphenylalkanoles
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb is used internally as an infusion
for gout and rheumatic diseases. It is used externally in
macerations for poultices and baths for hemorrhoids, gout
and rheumatic diseases, as well as for kidney and bladder
disorders and intestinal disorders.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internally as a tea; externally, the
fresh herb is squeezed for poultices.
Daily Dosage: There is no exact dosage. A daily recommended dose consists of 1 to 2 dessertspoonfuls (30ml) of
the juice of the fresh plant.
LITERATURE
Bohlmann F et al., Chem Ber 93, 981. 1968.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Harborne JB, Williams CA, PH 11 (5): 1741-1750. 1972.
Schneider V, Ernahr-Umschau 31(2):54-57. 1984.
Grains-of-Paradise
Tannins
Starch
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
The seed is a stimulant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Grains-of-Paradise was used as a stimulant.
Now it is obsolete as a drug.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Due to the constituent pungent substances, the intake of
larger dosages may lead to irritation of the stomach and the
urinary tract.
LITERATURE
Connell WD, J Chem 23:369. 1970.
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Aframomum melegueta
Grape
DESCRIPTION
Vitis vinifera
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary, mauve and waxlike. The fruit is 10 cm long, pear-shaped and scarlet. The
seeds are small, hard, shiny, reddish-brown and oystershaped. They have an aromatic and pungent taste and smell.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Aframomum melegueta is a reedlike plant, 1 to 2.5 m high. The leaves are long and narrow.
TRADE NAMES
Grape Seed Extract (Available from numerous manufacturers), Red Wine Extract, Grape Seed, Activin, Dr. Masquelier's Authentic OPC
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the fruit
and the juice.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compound compact
panicles. The petals are about 5 mm long and droop like the
sepals. The fruit is oblong to globular. 6 to 22 mm long, dark
blue-violet, red, green or yellow, juicy, sweet or sour. The
seeds are pear-shaped, with hard skin and two long dimples
on the side.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The vine is a 30 cm high climber
with deep, heavily-branched roots and a woody trunk. The
trunk has striped, loose bark. The brown-red to brownyellow branches are glabrous or slightly downy and finely
grooved. The leaves are orbicular, generally in 3 to 5 lobes
or blades. They are deeply notched at the stem. The upper
surface of the leaves is glabrous, the under surface is lanate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern Europe and
western Asia and is cultivated today in all temperate regions
of the world.
Production: Vine leaves are the foliage leaves of Vitis
vinifera.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
4p"
Flavonoids (4 to 5%): including. kaempferol-3-O-glucosides, quercetin-3-O-glucosides
Tannins: procyanidolic oligomers (proanthocyanidins), including constituent monomers of catechin epicatechin
Non-flavonoids (Stilbenes): resveratrol and viniferins
Fruit acids: including, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic
acid, citric acid, oxalic acid
Phenylacrylic acid derivatives: p-cumaroyl acid, caffeoyl
acid, feruloylsuccinic acid
EFFECTS
Antiatherosclerotic Effects: The oxidation of low-density
lipoproteins (LDL) by free radicals is associated with the
initiation of atherosclerosis. Proanthocyanidin decreases the
number of LDL-positive macrophage-derived foam cells in
atherosclerotic lesions. The compound also inhibits the
oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate in LDL to exert a reduction
in atherosclerosis of the aorta (Nuttall, 1998, Yamakoshi,
1999).
^
Anticarcinogenic/Antitumor: Chemoprotective properties of
proanthocyanidins include activity against free radicals and
oxidative stress (Ye, 1999). The anti-tumor-promoting acitvity due to strong antioxidant effects of the compound has
been demonstrated in animal models (Zhao, 1999).
Antioxidant Effects: Proanthocyanidin from the Grape Seed
extract exerts a concentration-dependent inhibition of oxygen free radicals. In one study, the antioxidant effect of
proanthocyanidin was more potent compared to vitamin C
GRAPE/363
and vitamin E succinate (Bagchi, 1997). The compound also
inhibits peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes
(Plumb, 1998).
Hair Growth: Proanthocyanidins extracted from Grape
Seeds promote proliferation of hair follicle cells, and possess
remarkable hair-cycle converting activity from the telogen
phase to the anagen phase. Epicatechin and catechin are the
constitutive monomers inducing the degree of polymerization inducing hair growth (Takahashi, 1998).
Hepatoprotective Effects: Proanthocyanidin has been shown
to significantly attenuate acetaminophen induced hepatic
DNA damage, apoptosic and necrotic cell death of liver
cells. The component also antagonizes acetaminophen induced changes in bcl-Xl expression (Ray, 1999).
Ischemia Prevention: Maintenance of microvascular injury
by procyanidins occurs through the scavenger effect of
reactive oxygen species (Maffei Facino, 1994). Procyanidins
also reduce ventricular contraction in a dose-dependent
fashion. Procyandins decrease coronary perfusion pressure
and improve cardiac mechanical performance. (Maffei Facino R, 1996).
Vascular Effects: Procyanidins isolated from Grape Seed
stabilizes capillary walls and prevents increases in permeability which inhibits edema (Robert, 1990; Zafirov, 1990).
Overproduction of hyaluronan content associated with pathologic venous walls, in particular vein-lymphatic edema, is
decreased by procyanidolic oligomers (Drubaix, 1997).
Procyanidolic oligomers cross-link collagen fibers, resulting
in reinforcement of the natural cross-linking of collagen that
forms the collagen matrix of vascular connective tissue
(Tixier et al, 1984). The vascular activity of procyanidin has
positive effects on diabetic retinopathy, night vision and
ocular stress (Boissin, 1988; Corbe, 1988; Soyeux, 1987).
CLINICAL TRIALS
Peripheral Venous Insufficiency
The efficacy of Grape Seed extract was evaluated for the
treatment of venous insufficiency and symptoms due to
hormonal supplementation. Grape Seed extract (150 mg
twice daily) was administered to 4,729 patients in an openlabel study. Peripheral venous insufficiency was evaluated
45 and 90 days after treatment. The efficacy score was based
on symptoms of nocturnal cramps, paresthesias, sensation of
warmth, cyanosis and edema. The sensation of heaviness in
the legs decreased in 57% of cases by day 45 and 89.4% by
day 90. In addition, the improvement of symptoms occurred
in 66% of cases by day 45 and 79-83% of cases by day 90
(Henriet, 1993).
364/GRAPE
Ocular
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Effects
A lower resistance to glare and alteration of scotopic vision
are associated with retinal pathology related to age, fatigue
and stress. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers (PCO) on
light vision and chorioretinal circulation was determined in
100 subjects. PCO (Endotelon) was administered in tablets
of 50 mg four times daily for five weeks. Improvements in
visual adaptation to low luminances and visual performances
after glare, as measured by a nyctometer were significant
(Corbe, 1988).
Postoperative
Edema
The effect of PCO from Grape Seed extract was shown to
have protective effects on the postoperative edema compared
to placebo in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Thirty-two female patients undergoing a facelift were
administered either 300 milligrams Grape Seed extract or
placebo daily over the 5 days preceding the operation, and
postoperatively from days 2 to 6. Prophylactic decrease in
postoperative facial edema was the main efficacy criteria.
The Grape Seed extract cohort scored significantly better
than placebo against postoperative facial swelling (Baruch,
1984).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Grape preparations are
used in venous diseases and blood circulation disorders.
Indian Medicine: Grape is used for headache, dysuria,
scabies, skin diseases, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids and vomiting.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. A reversible inhibition of intestinal
enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase, sucrase and dipeptidyl peptidase) was demonstrated in animal models (Tebib,
1994).
DOSAGE
How Supplied:
Capsule—25 mg, 30 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 500 mg
Tablet—50 mg
Daily Dosage: Grape Seed extract has been used for
preventive therapy with 50 mg daily and treatment doses of
150-600 mg daily in divided doses (Arne, 1982; Baruch,
1984; Corbe; 1988; Delacroix, 1981; Henriet, 1993; Nuttall,
1998; Soyeux, 1987).
LITERATURE
Arne JL: Contribution to the study of procyanidolic oligomers:
Endotelon in diabetic retinopathy. Gaz Med France 1982;
89(30):3610-3614.
Bagchi D; Garg A; Krohn RL et al. Oxygen free radical
scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed
proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res Commun Mol Pathol
Pharmacol 1997 Feb;95(2): 179-89.
Baruch. Effect of Endotelon in postoperative edema. Results of
a double-blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients. Ann
Chir Plast Esthet 1984;29(4):393-5.
Bavaresco L; Fregoni C; Cantu E; Trevisan M. Stilbene
compounds: from the grapevine to wine. Drugs Exp Clin Res
1999;25(2-3):57-63.
Boissin JP; Corbe C; Siou A. Chorioretinal circulation and
dazzling: use of procyanidol oligomers (Endotelon). Bull Soc
Ophtalmol Fr 1988 Feb;88(2): 173-4, 177-9.
Corbe C; Boissin JP; Siou A. Light vision and chorioretinal
circulation. Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomers
(Endotelon). J Fr Ophtalmol 1988;11(5):453-60.
Delacroix P: Double-blind trial of endotelon in chronic venous
insufficiency. Rev Med 1981;27-28:1793-1802.
Drubaix I; Maraval M; Robert L; Robert AM. Hyaluronic acid
(hyaluronan) levels in pathological human saphenous veins.
Effects of procyanidol oligomers. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1997
Jan;45(l):86-91.
Henriet JP. Veno-lymphatic insufficiency. 4,729 patients
undergoing hormonal and procyanidol oligomer therapy.
Phlebologie 1993 Apr-Jun;46(2):313-25.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Free radicals
scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines
from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective
action. Arzneimittelforschung 1994 May;44(5):592-601.
Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Procyanidines from
Vitis vinifera seeds protect rabbit heart from ischemia/
reperfusion injury: antioxidant intervention and/or iron and
copper sequestering ability. Planta Med 1996 Dec;62(6):495502.
Nutall SL, Kendall MJ, Bombardelli E et al: An evaluation of
the antioxidant activity of a standardized grape seed extract,
Leucoselect(R). J Clin Pharm Ther 1998; 23:385-389.
Plumb GW; De Pascual-Teresa S; Santos-Buelga C et al.
Antioxidant properties of catechins and proanthocyanidins: effect
of polymerisation, galloylation and glycosylation. Free Radic
Res 1998 Oct;29(4):351-8.
Ray SD, Kumar MA, Bagchi D. A novel proanthocyanidin
IH636 grape seed extract increases in vivo Bcl-XL expression
and prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and
unprogrammed cell death in mouse liver. Arch Biochem
Biophys 1999 Sep l;369(l):42-58.
Robert L; Godeau G; Gavignet-Jeannin C et al. The effect of
procyanidolic oligomers on vascular permeability. A study using
quantitative morphology. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1990 Jun;38(6):60816.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Soyeux A; Seguin JP; Le Devehat C; Bertrand A. Endotelon.
Diabetic retinopathy and hemorheology (preliminary study). Bull
Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1987 Dec;87(12):1441-4.
Takahashi T; Kamiya T; Yokoo Y. Proanthocyanidins from
grape seeds promote proliferation of mouse hair follicle cells in
vitro and convert hair cycle in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol 1998
Nov;78(6):428-32.
GRAY
WALLFLOWER/365
Leaves, Stem and Root: Gray Wallflower is a herbaceous
biennial or perennial upright that grows up to 1.2 m high.
The leaves are alternate. The lower ones are petiolate, 1 to 8
mm wide, gray-haired, narrow, linear-lanceolate, entire or
dentate; the middle and upper ones are sessile. The stem is
edged, covered in jointed hairs and branched in larger plants.
The root is thin, spindle-shaped and branched.
Tebib K, Rouanet JM, Besancon P. Effect of grape seed tannins
on the activity of some rat intestinal enzyme activities. Enzyme
Protein l994-95;48(l):51-60.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Commonwealth of
Independent States and Hungary.
Tixier JM; Godeau G; Robert AM: Hornebeck W. Evidence by
in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of procyagenols to
elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastases. Biochem
Pharmacol 1984 Dec 15:33(24):3933-9.
Production: The gray-leaved wild radish is collected during
the flowering season of the two-year-old plants of Erysimum
diffusum and dried after harvesting at a maximum temperature of 40° C.
Yamakoshi J; Kataoka S; Koga T; Ariga T. Proanthocyanidinrich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of
aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis
1999 Jan; 142(1): 139-49.
Ye X; Krohn RL: Liu W et al. The cytotoxic effects of a
novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured
human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1999 Jun; 196(1-2):99108.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids, 1 to 3%): chief
component erysimoside (primary glycoside, aglycone k-strophanthidin, 0.6%)
Helveticoside
{secondary
glycoside)
Canescine
Zafirov D; Bredy-Dobreva G; Litchev V et al. Antiexudative
and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape
seeds (V. Vinifera). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg
1990;16(3):50-4.
Erycanoside
Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting
activity of a polyphenols fraction isolated from grape seeds in
the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and
identification of procyanidin B5-3'-gallate as the most effective
antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis 1999 Sep;20(9): 1737-4.
The drug contains cardioactive glycosides of the cardenolide
type with k-strophantidin as the aglycone. It is accordingly
positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic in its effect.
Cheirotoxin
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Gratiola officinalis
Unproven Uses: The drug was used in the past for cardiac
insufficiency (NYHA I and II), but can no longer be
recommended.
See Hedge-Hyssop
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Gray Wallflower
Erysimum diffusum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the plant's radish.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in densely flowered
racemes. The 4 sepals are upright and gray-haired, the 4
petals yellow, long-petiolate, pubescent on the lower surface
and 8 to 14 mm long. There are 2 short and 4 long stamens;
the ovary is superior with 4 fused carpels. The fruit is a 3.5
to 8 cm long, approximately 1 mm wide, 4-sided, appressed
pubescent, dehiscent pod that opens on 2 sides. The seeds are
elongate with a diameter of approximately 1 to 1.5 mm.
Although poisonings among humans are both unknown and
unlikely, due to the difficulties accompanying resorption of
the glycosides, the possibility of a poisoning resulting from
either high dosages of the drug or its glycosides through
peroral administration is not to be completely ruled out.
DOSAGE
How Supplied: capsules; tablets.
Storage: Drug should be stored in a tightly sealed, secure
container.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
366/GRAY
WALLFLOWER
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Great Burnet
Sanguisorba officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
fresh aerial parts, the dried herb, the rhizomes and roots.
Flower and Fruit: The composite heads are ovate-oblong.
approximately 1 to 2 cm long and consist of 5 to 10 usually
androgynous flowers. The calyx has 4 dark red-brown tips, 4
stamens with stiffly patent red filaments and yellow anthers.
The smooth, spike-like, quadrangular fruit calyx has 1 carpel
and 1 style and is narrowly winged. The fruit is a nut
enclosed in the perigone tube.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Great Burnet is a semi-rosette shrub
with a strong dark brown root that produces thick fibers and
a short rhizome. The stems are erect, angular, glabrous, and
bifurcated. The rosette leaves are 20 to 40 cm long and
consist of 7 to 15 ovate leaflets, which are cordate at the base
and blue-green beneath. There are only a few cauline leaves.
which taper towards the top.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for female
disorders, menorrhagia during menopause, hot flushes,
dysentery, enteritis, diarrhea, bladder restraint, hemorrhoids,
phlebitis, and varicose veins. Externally, Great Burnet is
used in plaster for wounds and ulcers. Folk medicine uses
included administration of the plant latex as a remedy for
pulmonary tuberculosis.
Chinese Medicine: The Chinese use Great Burnet as an
astringent and hemostyptic for nosebleeds, dysentery, reptile
bites and bloody coughs.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are uterine
bleeding, varicose veins and diarrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally and
externally. It is available in ground form and is used as an
extract, juice or tea. A plaster is used externally.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
Characteristics: The brown-red composite head is characteristic for this plant.
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is widespread in the northern, temperate
regions of Europe, temperate Asia, and North America.
Bastow KF et al.. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase by sanguiin
H-6, a cytotoxic dimeric ellagitannin from Sanguisorba
officinalis. In: PM 59(3):240. 1993.
Production: Great Burnet is the Sanguisorba officinalis plant
in flower. The fresh aerial parts are collected in the wild
during the flowering season. The rhizomes and roots are
harvested in autumn, then washed and dried.
Chang, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
COMPOUNDS
Kaneta M et al., Agric Biol Chem 43:657. 1979.
Flavonoids: including among others, rutin, flavonoid sulfates
Kashiwada Y, Nonaka GI, Niskioka I, Chang JJ, Lee KH,
Antitumor agents, 129. Tannins and related compounds as
selective cytotoxic agents. In: JNP 55:1033-1043. 1992.
Tannins: including
casuarinin
ellagitannins,
sanguinarine
H-ll,
Kosuga T et al., (1981) Yakugaku Zasshi 101(6):501.
Triterpene glycosides: aglycones pomolic acid, tormentolic
acid, including among others, ziyuglycosides I and II
(sanguisorbin), betulinic acid, ursolic acid
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Sterols: including beta-sitosterol
Nonaka GI et al., (1982) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 10(4): 1067.
Kosuga T et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(11):448.
Nonaka GI et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(2):483.
EFFECTS
The drug has been credited with decongestant, astringent and
diuretic properties, but no investigation into effects has been
carried out.
Reher G et al., PH 31:3909-3914. 1992.
Sunstar Inc. (1980) Pat. JP 80/120509 Japan.
Tanaka T et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22(11):2575.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Tanaka T et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(1): 117.
Tanake T et al., (1985) J Chem Res (S)6:176.
Yosioka I et al., Chem Pharm Bull 19:1700. 1971.
GREEK SAGE/367
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Greater Bindweed is used for fevers, urinary
tract diseases, as a purgative for constipation and to increase
the production of bile.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Greater Bindweed
Calystegia sepium
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. It is conceivable that an overdose of the drug would
trigger intestinal colic.
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole flowering plant and the root.
Mode of Administration: The pressed juice, powdered root
and an infusion are used internally. The drug is rarely used
anymore due to its strong intestinal effects.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary white flowers are about 5 cm
long, the pedicle is quadrangular. Under the calyx there are 2
cordate, pointed, red-bordered bracts, which extend to cover
the calyx. There are 5 sepals. The corolla is fused and
conical. There are 5 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit
is a capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 10 to 30 cm high
and has a creeping rhizome. The stem is angular, glabrous
and twining. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, cordate or
arrow-shaped. The base of the leaves are acuminate, and they
often have dentate lobes. Most twining plants seem to follow
the course of the sun and bind round a support from left to
right. But the Bindweed will always twine against the sun,
confounding all attempts to train it, even dying in the
process.
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 1 to 2
teaspoons of cut drug per cup of water.
LITERATURE
Asano N, Kato A, Oseki K, Kizu H, Matsui K, Calystegins of
Physalis alkekengi var. francheti (Solanaceae). Structure
determination and their glycosidase inhibitory activities. Eur J
Biochem, 14:369-76, 1995.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Peumans WJ, Winter HC, Bemer V, Van Leuven F, Goldstein
IJ, Truffa-Bachi P, Van Damme EI, Isolation of a novel plant
lectin with an unusual specificity from Calystegia sepium.
GlycoconJ J, 14:259-65, 1997.
Characteristics: The flowers close in damp weather.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg / Lech 1993.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and eastern U.S.
Van Damme EJ, Barre A, Verhaert P, Rouge P, Peumans WJ,
Molecular cloning of the mitogenic mannose/maltose-specific
rhizome lectin from Calystegia sepium. FEBS Lett, 14:352-6,
1996.
Production: The upper part of the herb is harvested during
the flowering season and dried at temperatures of no more
than 40° C in a well-aired place.
Other Names: Devil's Vine, Hedge Lily, Lady's Nightcap,
Rutland Beauty, Hedge Convolvulus, Old Man's Night Cap,
Bearbind
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Greek Sage
Salvia triloba
COMPOUNDS
DESCRIPTION
Glycoretines: polymeric, resinous glycosides of hydroxy
fatty acids (C12-C16) with oligosaccharides; the hydroxyl
groups have been esterified with acetic, propionic, isobutyric
and valeric acids, among others
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the leaf.
Tannins
EFFECTS
The drug has a powerful effect; activity in the smooth
muscle area is stimulated, intestinal peristalsis is increased,
and there is an increase in bile production.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 2 to 6
blossoms. The calyx is campanulate, dentate, 5 to 8 mm
long, often purple and pubescent. The corolla is 16 to 25 mm
long, typically lilac or pink but occasionally white.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Salvia triloba grows as a semi-shrub,
up to 1.2 m high. The leaves are petiolate and tomentose.
The lamina is simple or pinnatifid with 1 to 2 pairs of lateral
leaf sections and a large elongate-ovate end section. The
368/GREEK SAGE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
stem is square, appressed pubescent, grayish-white beneath
and green above.
Storage: Store tightly sealed and protected from light.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Greece, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Albania, Turkey and Cyprus.
Various species are particularly widespread in the Mediterranean region.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Production: Greek Sage leaves are the dried leaves of Salvia
triloba, which are harvested once a year if collected in the
wild and three times a year when cultivated.
Other Names: Three-Lobed Sage, Turkish Sage
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (1.5 to 3.5%): chief component 1.8-cineole (40
to 67%), camphor (2 to 25%), thujone (5 to 6%), including
as well camphene, beta-caryophyllene, myrcene, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene
Flavonoids: including 7-O-gIucosides and 7-O-glucuronides
of apigenin, chrysoeriol, hispidulin, luteolin, 6-methyl luteolin, as well as salvigenin, jaceosidin
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid (1.0 to 2.5%)
Diterpenes: including carnosol (0.5%)
Triterpenes (8%): ursolic acid, oleanolic acid
EFFECTS
The chief active ingredient (cineole) of the drug's essential
oil has an antimicrobial effect. The combined action of the
essential oil and the tannins is antiseptic and anti-inflammatory, particularly in the region of the mouth and throat.
Decoctions and infusions of the leaves exhibit antihypertensive, spasmolytic and blood sugar-reducing effects in animal
experiments, during which the plasma insulin levels remain
unchanged. The hypoglycemic effect is traced to the
inhibition of intestinal glucose resorption. A sedative effect
has also been described.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Salvia triloba is used internally for diabetes
in Israel and Cyprus, and elsewhere for cardiac symptoms,
lung complaints, colds, coughs, nervousness and digestion
problems. Externally it is used to treat skin damage.
LITERATURE
Ulubelen A, Ozturk S, Isildatici S, A new flavone from Salvia
triloba L.f (Labiatae). J Pharm Sci, 57:1037-8, 1968 Jun.
Green Hellebore
Helleborus viridis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The drug derived from the plant's rhizome
and roots is obsolete in medicine today.
Flower and Fruit: There are 2 to 3 flowers with a diameter
of 4 to 7 cm and 5 ovate, grass-green, broad flower bracts.
The petals are in the form of petaloid honey glands, and
there are numerous stamens. The ovary is superior with the
carpels only fused at the base. The fruit is a 25 to 28 mm
long follicle with beak. The seeds have a narrow longitudinal
strip with a ring at the end.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows
upright, up to 40 cm high. There are 2 basal, long-petioled
leaves; the lamina is divided like a foot into 7 to 13 sections
that are narrow-lanceolate, serrate and dark green. The stem
is upright, branching higher up and leafless to that point. The
cauline leaves are similar to the basal ones but sessile and
smaller. The rhizome is usually branched.
Habitat: The various species of Hellebore grow mainly in
mountainous regions of Europe and North America. The
plant is most commonly found in the Alps; Helleborus viridis
is found growing as far north as northwest France.
Production: Green Hellebore root is the dried rhizome with
roots of Helleborus viridis.
Not to be Confused With: Adulteration and mistaken identity
can occur with Hellebori nigri rhizoma, Actaea spicata,
Adonis vernalis, Trollius europaeus and Eupatorium
cannabium.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with die proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Other Names: Bear's Foot
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: Aqueous decoctions and infusions
prepared from the whole, cut and powdered drug are used
internally. The fresh cut leaves are applied topically.
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolids, 0.5 to 1.5%):
chief component hellebrin, including deglucohellebrin
Preparation: The literature contains no detailed descriptions.
Alkaloids of unknown structure: celliamine, sprintillamine,
sprintilline
HERBAL MONOGRAPH S
Steroid saponins
Storage: Store securely.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
The steroid saponin mixture helleborin is severely toxic and
irritating to mucous membranes (ptarmic). It exhibits digi«• talis-like effects through the cardioactive glycosides it
contains (hellebrin). The alkaloids it contains produce an
excitation of the motor centers, eventually leading to
convulsions and respiratory failure and triggering bradycardia in the heart and a negatively inotropic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Johnson CT, Routledge JK, Suspected helleborus viridis
poisoning of cattle. Vet Rec, 89:202, 1971 Aug 14.
Green Tea
Unproven Uses: The drug is obsolete today because the risks
of use are considered too high, given that efficacy for
previously accepted indications has not yet been proven.
Camellia sinensis
Previous uses in folk medicine included nausea, constipation
and worm infestation. Root preparations were used also for
heart failure and as a diuretic. Helleborus viridis was
employed as a laxative according to Hager (around 1930)
and was important in homeopathic medicine.
Green Tea Leaf (available from numerous manufacturers and
as a combination product,) Green Tea Extract, Green Tea,
Standardized Green Tea Extract, Green Tea Power, Chinese
Green Tea Bags, Green Tea Power Caffeine Free
Homeopathic Uses: Helleborus viridis is used for diarrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
^ The drug is not to be administered in allopathic medicine. No
risks are known in connection with the administration of
homeopathic dosages of the drug.
OVERDOSAGE
The mucous membrane-irritating effect of the saponins
appears to play the largest role in poisonings with the drug.
resulting in scratchiness in mouth and throat, salivation.
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, shortness of breath,
and possible convulsions and asphyxiation. The ingestion of
very large dosages leads to disorders of cardiac function
(cardiac arrhythmias).
Following gastrointestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium
sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal, the
treatment for poisonings consists of the treatment of spasms
with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution and the countering of any acidosis that may appear through sodium
bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may
also be required.
£f
GREEN TEA / 3 6 9
Cases of fatal poisonings are known among animals who fed
on the leaves of the plant.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug.
Daily Dosage: 1 g drug; maximum single dosage: 0.2 g drug.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
to 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a
day (HAB34).
TRADE NAMES
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the very young
downy leaves, from which green or black tea is prepared
according to the treatment being given.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow short-pedicled and
singly or in clusters of a few flowers in the leaf axils. They
are white or pale pink and have a diameter of 3 to 5 cm. The
flowers have between 5 and 7 sepals and petals at a time.
The petals are fused at the base with the numerous stamens.
The ovary has 3 chambers. The fruit is a greenish-brown,
woody capsule with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm and contains 1
to 3 smooth brown seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen, heavilybranched shrub. The leaves are glossy dark green, alternate,
short-petiolate, coreacious, lanceolate or elongate-ovate and
roughly serrate. The young leaves appear silver because of
the covering of downy hairs on the surface.
Habitat: The plant does not originate in the wild. It was
originally cultivated in China and is grown as a tea plant
today in India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Indonesia, Kenya,
Turkey, Pakistan, Malawi and Argentina.
Production: Tea leaves are the fermented and/or dried leaves
of Camellia sinensis. Harvesting takes place under stringent
quality control. Green Tea is produced by steaming the
fresh-cut leaf. Black Tea is produced by allowing the leaves
to oxidize. During oxidation, enzymes present in the tea
convert many of the polyphenolic therapeutic substances to
less active compounds. Oxidation does not occur with Green
Tea because die steaming process inactivates die enzymes
responsible for oxidation. The anti-oxidant activity of Green
Tea is six times greater than that of Black Tea.
370/GREEN TEA
Other Names: Black Tea, Chinese Tea, Green Tea
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Purine alkaloids (methyl xanthines): caffeine (previously
referred to as theine or teine; depending upon the development stage of the leaves, 2.9-4.2%, content declining with
age), theobromine (0.15-0.2%), theophylline (0.02-0.04%)
Thterpene saponins (theafolia saponins): aglycones including among others, barringtogenol C, Rl-barringenol e
Condensed tannins is catechol tannins)
x
Tex
Catechins: in unfermented (green) tea 10-25%, with fermenttation partially changing over into oligomeric quinones with
tannin character, into theaflavine, theaflavin acid, thearubigene, or into non-water soluble polymeric- flavonoids:
including, among others, quercetin, kaempferol, myrecetin
Flavonoids: including quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others, chlorogenic acid, theogallin
Anorganic ions: high fluoride content (130-160 mg/kg),
potassium and aluminum ions
Volatile oil: chief components linalool, in fermented tea also
2-methyI-hept-2-en-6-on, alpha-ionon and beta-ionon, more
than 300 volatile compounds are involved in tea aroma
EFFECTS
The caffeine in the drug has a centrally stimulating and
antidepressive effect (adenosine antagonism.) Adenosine
antagonism leads to dilation of the renal vessels with a
consecutive increase of the rate of filtration (diuresis).
Caffeine is positively inotropic, promotes the secretion of
gastric juices, glycolysis and lipolysis. In animal tests,
bradykinin and prostaglandin antagonism caused a capillary
sealing and anti-inflammatory effect.
An antidiarrheal effect can be attributed to a combination of
the tannin effect and the fact that doses of 400 mg
polyphenols administered three times daily promotes the
growth of Lactobacillis and Bifidobacter species while
inhibiting the growth of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile (Yamamoto, 1997).
There is clinical evidence that Green Tea has cancer
preventive effects. The types of cancer that Green Tea has
been shown to prevent as demonstrated in well controlled
clinical studies include cancers of the pancreas, colon, small
intestine, stomach, breast and the lung.
Green Tea mouthwashes have been shown to inhibit the
growth of cavity-associated bacteria such as Streptococcus
mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Escherichia coli (Ra~
sheed 1998; Haider, 1998).
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
CLINICAL TRIALS
Cancer Treatment/Prevention
A large (n = 2226) case-control study was conducted in
China, where recently diagnosed cancer cases (pancreatic,
colon and rectum) among residents between the ages of 30
and 74 years were included. Controls (n = 1552) were
selected and matched to cases by age and gender and
adjustments were made for age, income, education and
cigarette smoking. As tea consumption increased, the incidence of all three cancers decreased. Women with the
highest tea consumption (> or = 200 g/month) had a 33%
reduced risk for colon cancer, 43% reduced risk of rectal
cancer and 47% reduction in the risk for pancreatic cancer
(p= 0.07, 0.001 and 0.008 respectively). For men who
consumed > or = 300 g/month of Green Tea, the risk of
colon cancer was reduced by 18%, for rectal cancer there
was a 43% reduction of risk and for pancreatic cancer the
risk reduction was 47% (p= 0.38, 0.04 and 0.04 respectively)
(Ji, 1997).
A two-part case control study of 472 Japanese women with
stage I, II or III breast cancer was conducted. The first part
of the study assessed the association between consumption
of Green Tea prior to clinical cancer and the number of
axillary lymph node metastases for premenopausal women or
the increased expression of progesterone receptor and
estrogen receptor among postmenopausal women with stage
I or II cancer. The second part of the study investigated the
recurrence rate of those with stage I or II breast cancer in
relation to the amount of Green Tea consumption. There was
an inverse relationship between the amount of Green Tea
consumption and the rate of cancer recurrence. The recurrence rate was 16.7% for those that consumed > or = 5 cups/
day and 24.3% among those consuming < or = 4 cups/day (p
< 0.05). The authors concluded that increased consumption
of Green Tea prior to clinical cancer onset is significantly
associated with improved prognosis of stage I and II breast
cancer, and that this association may be related to a
modifying effect of Green Tea on the clinical characteristics
of the disease (Nakachi, 1998).
Dental Caries Prevention
An extract of oolong tea (semifermented tea leaves of
Camellia sinensis) containing polymerized polyphenols in
0.2% ethanol was administered to 35 volunteers between 18
and 29 years of age to test the inhibitory effect of the extract
on dental plaque deposition. The study was repeated 1 week
after the first trial using 0.2% ethanol without the tea extract.
The oolong tea cohort showed significant inhibition of
plaque deposition (Ooshima, 1994).
In another study, it was demonstrated that total inhibition of
Streptococcus mutans was possible after exposure to a 0.1%
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
1
infusion of Chinese Green Tea polyphenols (CTP) for 5
minutes. Plaque Index and Gingival Index decreased significantly (p < 0.001) after a 0.2% CTP rinse and brush regimen
was used by the shidy participants. The authors conclude that
CTP is an effective agent to prevent dental caries (Chung,
1993).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Though no Commission E monograph is available for Green
Tea, there is clinical evidence that Green Tea is likely to be
useful as a cancer preventive and as a preventive for dental
caries.
Unproven Uses: Internal application: Green Tea is used for
stomach disorders, migraine, symptoms of fatigue, vomiting
and diarrhea when taken as a beverage. It can be used to
increase performance (stimulant effect).
Homeopathic Uses: Camellia sinensis is used for cardiac and
circulatory conditions, headaches, states of agitation, states
of depression and stomach complaints.
Indian Medicine: In India, tea preparations are used for
diarrhea, loss of appetite, hyperdipsia, migraine, cardiac
pain, fever and fatigue.
Chinese Medicine: In China Green Tea is used to treat
migraine, nausea, diarrhoea resulting from malaria and
digestion problems. It is also used as a cancer preventive.
GREEN T E A / 3 7 1
Children: There have been reports of microcytic anemia in
infants that were fed an average of 250 ml Green Tea daily.
This effect may possibly be due to impairment of iron
metabolism (Merhav, 1985).
Drug Interactions: The resorption of alkaline medications
can be delayed because of chemical bonding with the
tannins.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage (quantities corresponding to more than 300 mg
caffeine, or 5 cups of tea as a beverage) can lead to
restlessness, tremor and elevated reflex excitability. The first
signs of poisoning are vomiting and abdominal spasm. Fatal
poisonings are not possible with tea beverages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Green Tea is administered as an
infusion or in capsule form for internal use.
How Supplied: The usual concentration of total polyphenols
in dried Green Tea leaf is around 8% to 12%. One cup of
Green Tea normally contains 50 to 100 milligrams polyphenols (Murray & Pizzorno, 1998; Yamamoto, 1997).
Capsules — 100 mg, 150 mg, 175 mg, 333 mg, 383 mg, 500
mg
Liquid — 1:1
Tablets — 100 mg
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Side effects of tea consumption are possible with persons
who have sensitive stomachs, chiefly due to the chlorogenic
acid and tannin content. Hyperacidity, gastric irritation,
reduction of appetite, as well as obstipation or diarrhea,
could be the result of intense tea consumption. These side
effects can be generally avoided by the addition of milk
(reduction of the chlorogenic acid and other tannins).
Care should be taken with patients that have weakened
cardiovascular systems, renal diseases, thyroid hyperfunction, elevated susceptibility to spasm and certain psychic
disorders, such as panicky states of anxiety. With long-term
intake of dosages above 1.5 g caffeine per day, non-specific
symptoms occur, such as restlessness, irritability, sleeplessness, palpitation, vertigo, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite
and headache.
Dried extract (instant tea) — Processed using steam extraction followed by drying
Filter tea bags — Available commercially containing 1.8 to
2.2 gm tea
Preparation: To prepare a tea, boiling water is poured over a
heaped teaspoon of leaf tea, a level teaspoon of crushed
leaves or a tea bag and left to draw for 3 to 10 minutes as
required. The caffeine is almost completely drawn after
approximately 3 minutes. The tannin-containing substance
(and with it the antidiarrheal action) increases when the tea is
left to brew.
Daily Dosage: A daily dose of 300 to 400 mg of polyphenols
is typical. The amount of polyphenols in 3 cups of Green Tea
is between 240 and 320 mg.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
weekly (HAB1).
Pregnancy: Pregnant women should not exceed a dosage of
300 mg per day (5 cups of tea spread out over the course of a
day).
Storage: Store tightly sealed and dried; store separately from
other chemicals and aromatic substances.
Nursing Mothers: Infants whose nursing mothers consume
beverages containing caffeine could suffer from sleep
disorders.
Anonym, Griiner Tee schutzt vor Krebs. In: DAZ 137(24):2045.
1997.
LITERATURE
372 /GREEN TEA
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Biiechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische
Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Graham B, In: Graham HN: Tea: The Plant and Its
Manufacture, Chemistry, and Consumption of the Beverage. In:
The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry.
Consumption, and Heath Effects, Alan R. Liss, New York,
S.29-74. 1984.
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
Haslam E, Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs:
possible modes of action. In: JNP 59(2):205-215. 1996.
Imai K, Nakachi K, Cross sectional study of effects of drinking
Green Tea on cardiovascular and liver disease. In: Brit Med J
310:693-696. 1995.
Jain AK, Shimoi K, Nakamura Y, Kada T. Hana Y, Tomita J,
Crude tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N'-methylN'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in-vitro and in gastric tract of rats.
In: Mutat Res 210(1)1-8. 1989.
Ji BT, Chow WH, Hsing AW et al., Green Tea consumption
and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer
70(3):255-258. 1997.
John TJ, Mukundan P, Antiviral property of tea. In: Curr Sci
47:159. 1978.
Ludewig R, (1995) Schwarzer und Griiner Tee als Genup*- und
Heilmittel. Dtsch Apoth Z 135:2203-2218.
Murray MT & Pizzorno: Camellia Sinensis (green tea), in A
Textbook of Natural Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, pp 625627. 1998.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Grindelia camporum
See Gumweed
Ground Ivy
Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, Takeo T. Imai K, Higashi Y.
Influence of drinking Green Tea on breast cancer malignancy
among Japanese patients. In: Jpn J Cancer 89(3): 254-61. Mar,
89.
DESCRIPTION
Rasheed A & Haider M, Antibacterial activity of Camellia
sinensis extracts against dental caries. Arch Pharm Res 21:348352. 1998.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb collected
during the flowering season and dried, the fresh aerial parts
collected during the flowering season, and the whole plant.
Scholz E, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE. Der Teestrauch.
In: ZPT 16(4):231-250. 1995.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2- to 6-blossomed false
whorls in the axils of the foliage leaves. The individual
flowers are 1 to 2 cm long with distinct pedicles and
bracteoles that are 1 to 1.5 mm long. The calyx is bilabiate
and tubular, with 5 tips. The bilabiate corolla is 15 to 22 mm
long, usually blue-violet but occasionally red-violet or white.
The fruit is a nut of about 2 mm.
Schroder B, In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom.
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
Sur P, Ganguly DK, Tea root extract (TRE) as an
antineoplastic agent. In: PM 60(2): 106. 1994.
Yamamoto T, Juneja LR, Chu DC et al.. Chemistry and
Applications of. green tea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA,
1997.
Yoshizawa S et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):44.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
Glechoma
hederacea
Leaves, Stem and Root: This perennial herb grows 15 to 60
cm high and has a creeping main stem, which roots at the
lower nodes and keeps its leaves in winter. The quadrangular
stem is up to 2 mm thick and often tinged with blue-violet, as
are the petioles. The leaves are crossed opposite, longpetioled, reniform to broadly cordate, crenate; dark green
above and paler green beneath.
Characteristics: The plant has a mild unpleasant smell; the
taste is hot and bitter.
Habitat: Ground Ivy is a common wild plant in Europe.
HERBAL MONOGRAPH S
Production:' Ground Ivy is the aboveground part of Glechoma hederacea, gathered when in flower (from April to June).
It is air-dried in the shade to keep loss of the essential oil to a
minimum. s
Other Names: Alehoof. Gill-Go-over-the-Ground, LizzyRun-up-the-Hedge, Gill-to-by-the-Hedge, Robin-Run-in-theHedge, Catsfoot, Hedgemaids, Tun-Hoof, Haymaids,
Turnhoof, Creeping Charlie. Cat's-Paw
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (traces): chief components (-)-pinocarvone, (-)menthone, (+)-pulegone. also including germacran D, germacran B, cis-ocimene
Sesquiterpenes: glechomafuran, glechomanolide
Hydroxy fatty acid: 9-hydroxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadecadiendic acid
Cajfeic acid derivatives: rosmaric acid
Flavonoids: including cymaroside, cosmosyin, hypersoside
isoquercitrin
EFFECTS
^r The drug is said to be an anti-inflammatory, which is
believed to be due to the tripterpen content. No detailed
information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used internally
for inflammation of gastrointestinal mucous membranes and
diarrhea. Ground Ivy is also used for mild respiratory
complaints of the upper bronchia; in the symptomatic
treatment of coughs; and as a diuretic in cases of bladder and
kidney stones. Externally, the drug is used for the treatment
of poorly healing wounds, ulcers and skin diseases. In Italy,
it is used for arthritis and rheumatism.
Chinese Medicine: Ground Ivy is used to treat carbuncles,
erysipelas, lower abdominal pain, scabies, scrofulous, irregular menstruation, coughs, dysentery and jaundice. Efficacy
has not, however, been proven for these indications.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include diarrhea
and hemorrhoids.
<4(r
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Fatal
poisonings were observed among horses following intake of
large quantities of the fresh plant. Mice who were fed solely
on the plant died after 3 to 4 days.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as well
as externally.
GROUND
PINE/373
Preparations: The liquid extract (1:1) is prepared by using
25% ethanol.
Daily Dosage: The normal single daily dose of the dried
drug is 2 to 4 gm internally; externally, crushed leaves are
placed on the affected areas.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day; suppositories: 1 suppository 2 to 3 times daily
(chronic and acute) (HAB34)
Storage: Ground Ivy should be stored where it is not
exposed to light.
LITERATURE
Barberan FAT, (1986) Fitoterapia 57(2):67.
Bohinc P, Korbar-Smid J, Cicerov-Cergol M, Uber die
kardiotonischen Substanzen des Gnadenkrautes - Gratiola
officinalis. In: Sci Pharm 47:108-113. 1979.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res l(l):28.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Sevenet T, Looking for new drugs: what criteria? J
Ethnopharmacol, 32:83-90, Apr 1991.
Ground Pine
Ajuga chamaepitys
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The plant has 2 to 4 flowers at each node.
The petals are 4 to 6 mm. The tips of the petals are as long as
or shorter than the tube: The corolla is yellow with red or
purple markings, rarely entirely purple. The lower lip is
entire, and the stamens are exerted. The filaments are hairy.
The mericarps are 2 to 5 mm long, obovate and reticulatewrinkled with a pitted surface.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ground Pine is an annual or shortlived perennial. The stem is 5 to 30 cm long. It is usually
heavily branched, glabrous to densely villous. The leaves are
3-partite with linear segments. They are 0.5 to 4 mm wide.
The segments are sometimes 3-pinnatifid. The bracts are
similar to the leaves.
3 7 4 / G R O U N D PINE
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Habitat: Sandy, stony areas of southern Britain and parts of
Europe.
Other Names: Yellow Bugle
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Production: Groundsel is the flowering plant of Senecio
vulgaris. The herb is gathered in uncultivated regions and
dried in the shade.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil
Diterpene
Habitat: The plant is common in all of Europe, northern and
central Asia, northern Africa and has been introduced into
various other parts of Africa as well as Australia and the
Americas.
bitter principles
Other Names: Grundy Swallow, Ground Glutton, Simson
Caffeic acid derivatives: including rosemary acid
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
EFFECTS
COMPOUNDS
Emmenagogue
diuretic.
(stimulates
menstrual
flow),
stimulant,
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (up to 0.16% in the fresh foliage):
chief alkaloids are senecionine, seneciphylline
Unproven Uses: Ground Pine is used for gout, rheumatism
and gynecological disorders.
Flavonoids: including among others, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosides,
isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinosides,
isorhamnetin-3monosulphate
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Volatile oil (traces)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground Pine is available in
compounded preparations as a liquid extract for internal use.
LITERATURE
Camps F, et al.. (1985) An Quim 8IC(l):74-75.
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Nederl 21(4):417.
Groundsel
Senecio vulgaris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb collected
during the flowering season.
Flower and Fruit: The yellow composite flowers are in
compact cymes. The small capitula have tubular florets but
no lingual ones. The bract calyx is globose. The involucre
and the very short outer bracts have black tips. The fruit is
1.2 to 2 mm long and densely downy. The pappus, which is 3
times as long as the fruit, is silky and pure white.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Groundsel grows from about 10 to
30 cm high. It is annual, biennial or occasionally perennial.
The plant has a thin, fusiform, pale root, which is densely
covered in lateral roots. The stem is erect, simple or
branched. The leaves are glabrous or cobweb-lanate and
pinnatisect. The lower leaves narrow to the petiole; the upper
ones are slit at the base and clasping. The tips are detached,
oblong, obtuse and unevenly acute dentate.
EFFECTS
The toxic principles of the drug are the pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, which are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic. Use of
Groundsel for worm infestation can be explained by the high
toxicity of the drug.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internal use of Groundsel is not recommended because, similar to S. jacoboeae, it contains toxic
and carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Prior uses have
included the treatment of worm infestations, colic and
epilepsy. The pressed juice has been used for dysmenorrhea,
epilepsy, and as a styptic in dentistry.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Groundsel should not be taken internally because hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity are possible due to the pyrrolizidine
alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances in its
makeup.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Internal use of Groundsel is not
advised.
LITERATURE
Bull LB et al. in: The Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids, Pub. Wiley NY
1968.
Mansour RMA, Saleh, NAM (1981) Phytochemistry 20:1180.
Quails CW, Segall H J (1978) J Chrom. 15:202.
Toppel G, Hartmann T (1986) Planta Med 6:25P.
Van Borstel K et al., PH 28:1635-1638. 1989.
Van Dooren Bos R et al., (1981) Planta Med 42:385.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
GUAIAC / 3 7 5
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Guaiacum officinale is fungistatic because of its saponin
content.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
• Rheumatism
EFFECTS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Guaiac is used as supportive therapy for rheumatic
complaints.
Guaiac
Guaiacum officinale
Unproven Uses: Although folk medicine use has declined, it
is used for respiratory complaints, skin disorders and syphilis
in the Caribbean.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Medicinal Parts: The primary medicinal part is the resin of
the heartwood, which is used for various preparations. The
wood also has some medicinal properties.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. High
dosages of the drug can lead to diarrhea, gastroenteritis and
intestinal colic. Skin rashes have also been observed
following intake of the drug.
Flower and Fruit: The pale blue star-shaped flowers are in
false umbels with 6 to 10 blooms that have 2 cm long
pedicles. There are 5 sepals, 5 petals, 10 stamens and a
bilocular ovary. The fruit is a bilocular, cordate capsule that
is compressed at the side and contains a long and hard seed,
in each chamber.
j* Leaves, Stem and Root: Guaiacum officinale is an evergreen
tree that grows to 13 m high and has a greenish-brown.
usually twisted trunk covered in furrowed bark. The heartwood is greenish brown and heavier than water, with an
aromatic taste. The opposite leaves are short-petioled,
coriaceous and di- to tri-pinnate. The leaflets are ovate or
oblong, obtuse and entire-margined.
Characteristics: The shavings turn green on exposure to the
air and blue-green in the presence of nitrogen.
Habitat: The plant grows in Florida, on the Antilles, in
Guayana, Venezuela and Columbia. It is closely related to
Guaiacum sanctum, which grows in the Bahamas and
southern Florida.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The comminuted wood is used for
decoctions and other galenic preparations for internal use.
The essential oil. known as guaiac wood oil. must be
evaluated separately.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include drops, ointments and compound preparations.
Preparation: To make an infusion, use 1.5 g drug in 1 cup
cold water (150 ml). Slowly bring to a boil, remove from
heat and let steep, then strain after 15 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 5 g of the drug.
When using a tincture (Guajaci Ligni Tinctura), 20 to 40
drops make a single dose.
LITERATURE
Ahmad VU, Bano N, Bano S, PH 23:2612-2616. 1984.
Ahmad VU, Bano N, Bano S, PH 25:951-952. 1986.
King FE, Wilson JG, (1964) J Chem Soc:4011-4024.
Production: Guaiac wood consists of the heartwood and
sapwood of Guaiacum officinale and/or Guaiacum sanctum.
King FE, Wilson JG, J Chem Soc: 1572-1580. 1965.
Other Names: Guaiacum, Lignum Vitae, Pockwood
Kratochvil JF et al., (1971) Phytochem 10:2529.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY '
Majuinder PL, Bhattacharya M, (1974) Chem Ind 77.
COMPOUNDS
Schrecker AW, (1957) J Am Chem Soc 79:3823.
4|f° Triterpene saponins: aglycone oleanolic acid
Resin: containing, among others, the lignans (-)-guaiaretic
acid, dihydroguajaretic acid, guaiacin
Isoguajacin: alpha-guaiaconic acid, tetrofuroguaiacine A and
B
Volatile oil: chief components sesquiterpene alcohols; such
as guaiole, which changes into quaiazulene with steam
distillation
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimirtel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
3 7 6 /GUA1AC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Guaiacum officinale
See Guaiac
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Guar Gum
Cyamopsis
EFFECTS
Clusterbean or Guar Gum causes a lowering of postprandial
serum glucose values through (among other things) the
influence of the hydrocolloid guar upon glucose resorption
(delaying of stomach emptying into the duodenum), a
reduction of glucosuria, improvement of the HBA1 value
and leveling of the blood sugar profile. A lipid-lowering
effect has also been demonstrated.
tetragonoloba
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The whole plant has medicinal properties.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in axillary, 6- to 30flowered racemes. The structures of the flowers are arranged
in fives. The sepals are fused and hairy on the outside; the
lower calyx teeth are longer than the upper ones. The corolla
is butterfly-shaped (flag, 2 wings, keel formed from 2 fused
petals), small and reddish; there are 10 stamens. The fruit
developing from a carpel is an upright, 3.8 to 5 cm long,
sparsely haired legume with 5 to 6 seeds; these have a very
well-developed, slimy endosperm.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is an
annual herb, which grows up to 60 cm high. The leaves are
alternate, triple-pinnate; the leaflets are broad-elliptical,
acuminate, dentate, pubescent on both surfaces. They
measure 3.8 to 7.5 cm long and 1.2 to 5 cm wide. The petiole
is 2.5 to 3.8 cm long, while the stipules are 6 to 10 mm long.
The root and root tuber have symbiotic bacteria, which
bonds nitrogen from the air.
Habitat: The plant is native to the Indian subcontinent. It
originated from India, Australia, South Africa and the U.S.
Production: Guar Gum is the powder extracted by milling
from the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. A dry or
wet milling process separates the endosperm from the seed
shell!
Unproven Uses: Internal application: Guar Gum has been
used for diabetes mellitus, for postprandial hyperglycemia
and glucosuria, and for hyperlipoproteinemia. It has also
been used to regulate digestion.
Indian Medicine: Night blindness, dyspeptic complaints,
anorexia, constipation and agalactia have all been treated
with Guar Gum.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindicated in diseases of esophagus, stomach and
intestine, which might hinder passage of the chyme.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the drug,
nor with its use as a pharmaceutical vehicle. Possible side
effects, particularly at the beginning of treatment, might
include feelings of fullness, nausea, wind and diarrhea.
Symptoms of hypoglycemia (outbreaks of sweating, vertigo,
ravenous hunger) and resorption difficulties involving vitamins, minerals and medications (such as contraceptives!)
have been observed, although rarely. Inadequate intake of
fluids could lead to the danger of bolus formation.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Powdered drug, granules and
tablets for internal use.
Daily Dosage: Commercial pharmaceutical preparation with
one dose of 5 gm per tablet or granules, 3 times daily.
Storage: Keep Guar Gum sealed tightly.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Other Names: Aconite Bean, Calcutta Lucerne, Guar,
Clusterbean
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Water-soluble polysaccharides: galactomannans (85%)
Guarana
Paullinia cupana
TRADE NAME
Proteins (2 to 5%)
Saponins (0.1%)
Guarana (available from numerous manufacturers), Guarana
Seed
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
DESCRIPTION
EFFECTS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the peeled, dried,
roasted and pulverized seeds, formed into a thick paste with
water.
Guarana produces a stimulating effect, due to the presence of
purines (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline). Caffeine is
centrally stimulating, has a positive inotropic and, in high
concentrations, has a positive chronotropic cardiac effect. It
relaxes the vascular muscles (with the exception of cerebral
vessels that constrict) and the bronchial tube.
^ Flower and Fruit: The usually unisexual flowers are
inconspicuous, yellow to whitish and fragrant. They are in 30
long panicles, which only produce female or male flowers at
any one time. The fruit is a hazelnut-sized, deep yellow to
red-orange 3-sectioned capsule, which bursts open when ripe
and releases 1 purple-brown to black seed in a cup-like aril.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a woody, evergreen
perennial vine up to 10 m long, which climbs through the
jungle. It is bushier in its cultivated form. The leaves are
large, palmate, coriaceous, distinctly ribbed and roughly
crenate-serrate.
Characteristics: A paste is formed from the pulverized and
roasted seeds, formed into rolls or bars and dried. The taste is
astringent, bitter then sweet, and the odor is reminiscent of
chocolate.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Amazon basin and
has been introduced into other rain forests. The main area of
*k cultivation is between Maues and Manau in Brazil.
Production: Guarana seeds are the seeds of Paullinia cupana.
A preparation is also made from the ground seeds. Over a
period of approximately 75 days, the pollinated flower
develops a "ripe" guarana raceme, which is harvested by
hand from October to December. Seeds (up to 80 per
raceme) are taken out of the capsule shells, soaked for a time
in water and then finally separated from the arillus.
Subsequent to being dried in the sun, the seeds are roasted
for 2 to 3 hours in special clay ovens. Once they have
cooled, the parchment-like shell is removed and the seeds are
ground down. Following this, the resulting paste is smoked
over aromatic charcoal. The final product is dark brown in
color and in stick form.
Other Names: Brazilian Cocoa, Guarana Bread, Paullinia
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Caffeine works as a short-term diuretic and increases gastric
secretion. Furthermore, it increases the release of catecholamines. Inhibition of blood platelet aggregation has been
observed.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Guarana is used as a tonic for fatigue and to
quell hunger and thirst, for headache and dysmenorrhoea,
digestion problems, fever and as a diuretic. Its effect in
stimulating the circulation, heart and diuresis can be
explained by the caffeine content.
Homeopathic Uses: Headache
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Quantities corresponding to up to 400
mg caffeine per day (7 to 11 gm of the herb), spread out over
the day, are toxicologically harmless to a healthy adult
habituated to caffeine, through regular consumption of
coffee or black tea.
One must remember that the quantities of caffeine considered harmless are calculated to include all of the foodstuffs
and beverages containing the substance (including coffee,
tea, cola, etc.). Caution is advised for patients with sensitive
cardiovascular systems, renal diseases, hyperthyroidism,
increased tendency to spasms and certain psychic disorders
such as panic anxiety.
Drug Interactions: The diuretic action of Guarana may lead
to hypokalemia with excessive use. Hypokalemia may
increase digoxin toxicity.
Purine alkaloids: chief alkaloid caffeine (3.6-5.8%), in
addition, small amounts of theophylline and theobromine
Pregnancy: Pregnant women should avoid caffeine, and
under no circumstances exceed a dosage of over 300 mg per
day.
Tannins (12%): oligomeric proanthocyanidins, condensed
tannins
Nursing Mothers: Infants whose nursing mothers consume
caffeine products could suffer from sleeping disorders.
COMPOUNDS
w
GUARANA/377
Cyanolipides: including among others, 2,4-dihydroxy-3methylene-butyronitrile
Saponins
Starch (30%)
Proteins (15%)
OVERDOSAGE
The first symptoms of poisoning are dysuria, vomiting and
abdominal spasms.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The seeds of Paullinia cupana are
grated and taken directly as powder or diluted in water or
378/GUARANA
juice as a drink. It is not in use as a drug. It is available in
various medicinal preparations.
How
Supplied:
Capsules — 200 mg
Liquid — 1:1
Tablets — 800 mg. 1000 mg
Daily Dosage: Average single dose: 1 gm of the powder
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 10 globules every 30 to 60
minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic): parenterally:
1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily: chronic: once a day
(HAB34)
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Guarana; - der neue Muntermacher. In: DAZ
133(3):218. 1993.
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 19921994.
Katzung W, Guarana: - ein Naturprodukt mit hohem
Coffeingehalt. In: Med Mo Pharm 16(11):330-333. 1993.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
York, 1980.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Ed.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart
1997.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
and rust-colored on the inside. The leaves are double
abruptly pinnate. The leaflets are in 10 to 15 pairs, narrow,
gray-green, up to 5 mm long, opposite and very shortpetioled. There are 2 to 3 stipules, which have formed into
thorns, and are covered on the" upper surface with yellow,
fleshy glands.
Habitat: Acacia Senegal is found in the tropical Savannah
belt of Africa, in the southern Sahara (Senegal, Gambia), in
Arabia, Beludschistan and Sind. Grown in forest-like conditions in the western and southwestern Sahara region (Senegal, Gambia, Ivory Coast, northern Dahomey and northern
Nigeria).
Production: Acacia gummi, the latex, is the result of a
wound infection of the tree, which has occurred naturally or
has been induced. The incised bark is removed in strips of
approximately 4 cm by 60 cm. The liquid discharge dries to
form a hard, glazed substance, which is collected on a
weekly basis. The latex is harvested from trees, ranging from
3 to 12 years old.
Not to be Confused With: According to DAB 10 (EUR), USP
XXII, only latex from Acacia Senegal or other African
varieties are officially recognized. In other words, Asian,
Australian and American latex are not official.
Other Names: Acacia, Cape Gum, Egyptian Thorn, Gum
Acacia, Gum Senegal
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Colloidally soluble polysaccharides: especially Arabic acid
(acidic arabinogalactan)
Glycoproteins
EFFECTS
Gum Arabic
Acacia Senegal
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The latex from the trunk and branches is
the medicinal part of the plant.
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Acacia gummi is used in the preparation of
emulsions. The drug is used as a mild stimulant and to
impede absorption. It is also used for the treatment of catarrh
and diarrhea. Acacia is often a constituent of cough drops. It
is also used in veterinary medicine for mild diarrhea in small
animals, foals and calves.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences, which grow from the
leaf axils, are up to 10 cm long. The flowers are white and
grow in cylindrical, dense spikes. The calyx is cup-shaped
with 5 sepals. The 5 petals are lanceolate. The numerous
stamens are long and fused at the base. The pods are about
10 cm long and contain 5 to 6 shiny brown seeds.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Acacia Senegal is up to 6 m tall with
a 12 to 25 cm thick, slightly leaning trunk, which has knotty
branches and a thin crown. The sapwood is white and the
heartwood is black. The bark is fibrous, gray on the outside
Mode of Administration: Acacia is used as a pharmaceutical
aid and is also administered internally in combination
preparations.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DOSAGE
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
GUMWEED/379
Storage: The drug should be stored in tightly closed
containers.
Other Names: August Flower, Grindelia, Rosin Weed, Tar
Weed
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Beuscher N, Bodinet C Willigmann I. Harnischfeger G,
^T Biological activity of Baptisia tinctoria extracts. In: Inst, fiir
Angew. Botanik der Univ. Hamburg, Angewandte Botanik,
Berichte 6, 46-61. 1997.
Diterpene acids: grindelic acid, hydroxygrindelic acid, 6oxogrindelic acid. 7alpha,8alpha-epoxygrindelic acid
Randall RC, Phillips GO. Williams PA. Food Hydrocolloids
3:65-75, 1989.
Volatile oil: including, among others, borneol, bornyl
acetate, camphene, camphor, myrcene, alpha- and betapinene
Further information in:
Berger F, Handbuch der Drogenkunde. W Maudrich Verlag
Wien 1964.
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 19921994.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Gumweed
Grindelia
camporum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowering
branches and the dried leaves.
Flower and Fruit: Gumweed has a number of individual
composite heads, each with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm, at the
end of leafy stems. The involucral bracts are 3 to 8 mm by
0.5 to 1 mm, with very viscid, cylindrical, deflected apexes.
If present, the ligules are 7 to 15 mm long and yellow to
orange-yellow. The inner florets are yellow. The achaenes
are 2 to 3 mm, oblong and brown. The 2 to 8 pappus-awns
are 3 to 5 mm long and usually finely serrulate.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an erect biennial or
perennial herb or small bush that grows up to 1 m high, often
A branched above. The alternate leaves are 3 to 7 cm long,
triangular to ovate-oblong, clasping, resinous-punctate, serrate-crenate or entire-margined, and light green. They break
off easily when dry.
Habitat: The plant grows in the Southwestern U.S. and in
Mexico.
Production: Gumweed herb consists of the dried tops and
leaves of Grindelia robusta and/or Grindelia squarrosa,
which are gathered during flowering season.
COMPOUNDS
Polyynes: including matricarianol, matricarianolacetate
Saponins
Tannins
Flavonoids: including kaempferol-3,7-dimethyl ether, kaempferol-3-dimethyl ether, luteolin, quercetin, quercetin3.3'-dimethyl ether
EFFECTS
In vitro, the drug has an antimicrobial, fungistatic and
spasmolytic effect caused by the resin, which contains
diterpenes, and the phenol carbolic acids. An antibacterial
effect has also been demonstrated in vitro. In addition, an
inflammation-inhibiting effect has been proven.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough
• Bronchitis
Unproven Uses: Gumweed is also used for infections in the
mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Side effects listed in
older scientific literature (Lewin) include gastric irritation
and diarrhea. Large dosages, however, are said to have a
poisonous effect.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for teas and
other galenic preparations for internal use.
Preparation: The tincture is prepared in a 1:10 or 1:5
concentration with 60% to 80% ethanol (v/v).
Daily Dosage: The recommended dosage is 4 to 6 g of drug
or 3 to 6 g Gumweed liquid extract. If using the tincture, the
dosage is 1.5 to 3 ml.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
3 8 0 /GUMWEED
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Kem W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
10) are cylindrical and have black glandular hairs and a
reticulate surface structure.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Haronga madagascariensis is a small
evergreen tree that grows up to 8 m high with a heavily
branched crown. It has opposite, elliptical-oval leaves, which
are rounded to cordate at the base and dotted black. The
upper surface is dark green. The lower surface has red-brown
hairs.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mascolo, N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
Schimmer O, Egersdorfer S. Grindelia-Arten - Die Grindelie.
In: ZPT 9(3):86. 1988.
Timmermann B et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(5): 1031.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995.
Guraea rusbyi
See Cocillana Tree
Haematoxylon
campechianum
See Logwood
Hagenia abyssinica
See Kousso
Hamamelis virginiana
See Witch Hazel
Habitat: The plant originated in Madagascar and east Africa;
it grows in many areas throughout tropical Africa.
Production: Haronga is a collective term for extracts from
the leaves and bark of the trunk and branches of Haronga
madagascariensis, as well preparations made from those
components. The leaves are collected and then air-dried
whole; the bark is peeled and also air-dried.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives: including harunganin, madagascin,
madagascinanthrone, haronginanthrone, chrysophanol, physcione, hypericin, pseudohypericin, madagascarine
Volatile oil (traces)
Oligomeric
procyanidins
Flavonoids (in the leaves): including quercetin-3-O-arabinsoide, quercetin-3-O-xyloside, quercitrin
EFFECTS
Haronga has a digestion regulatory effect through stimulation of the excretory function of the pancreas and gastric
juice secretion. In animal experiments, it has demonstrated a
choleretic, cholecystokinetic and antihepatoxic effect. An
antimicrobial effect has also been observed.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
Haronga
Haronga
madagascariensis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the tree are the
leaves and bark.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are richly blossomed,
terminal and umbel-like, with a diameter of about 20 cm.
The flowers are small and white; they have 5 sepals, 5 petals,
4 stamens and a fanned ovary with 2 ovules per section. The
fruit is a roundish, reddish drupe. The seeds (approximately
Unproven Uses: Haronga is used for mild exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Internal uses of the bark and leaves in folk
medicine include constipation, diarrhea, liver and gallbladder
conditions, worm infestations, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids, menstrual disturbances and puerperal fever. The bark is used
externally for eczema. The effect for the external application
seems plausible because of the drug's antibacterial effect.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not to be used in patients with acute pancreatitis,
severe liver function disorders, gallstone illnesses, obstruction of the biliary ducts, gallbladder empyema or ileus.
HARTSTONGUE/381
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Photosensitization in fair-skinned people can be caused by
hypericin and pseudohypericin, but is unlikely due to the
4gt, small size of therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As comminuted Haronga bark with
leaves for decoctions, extracts and other preparations.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical reparations include drops, tablets and compound preparations.
Preparation: Extracts are standardized to 0.1% chrysophanic
acid derivatives; tinctures are standardized to 0.01% chrysophanic acid derivatives.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 7.5 to 15 mg of an
aqueous-alcoholic dry extract corresponding to 25 to 50 mg
drug.
LITERATURE
^ Baldi A et al.. Polyphenols from Harungana madagascarienis.
• In: PM 58(7)91. 1992.
Buckley DG et al., Aust J Chem 25:843-855. 1972.
Hartstongue
Scolopendrium vulgare
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the frond.
Flower and Fruit: Two rows of large sporangia lie almost
horizontally on the under surface of the fronds, with a long
film stretching toward the margin.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The evergreen plant is a fern with
long, wide, simple, short-petioled dark green fronds. They
are arranged in clusters and are broad linear-lanceolate, 2lobed cordate at the base and acuminate higher up, with a
sinuate margin. The stem is covered in brown, almost hairlike scales. The root is bushy, short and sturdy.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe,
North America, northern Africa, and eastern Asia.
Production: Hartstongue is the aerial part of Scolopendrium
vulgare.
Other Names: Hind's Tongue, Horse Tongue, Buttonhole,
God's-Hair
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins
Fisel J et al., DAZ 106:1053-1060. 1966.
Mucilages
Gehrmann B, Analytische Studie an Harungana
madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir. In: Dissertation Universitat
Hamburg. 1989.
Flavonoids: including among others, kaempferol-7-rhamnoside-3-coffeoyl-7-diglucoside
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Messerschmidt W, DAZ 106:1209-1211. 1966.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Thiaminase (probably present only in the fresh plant)
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides: saccharose, invert sugar
EFFECTS
Hartstongue is a diuretic and has a mild laxative effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Hartstongue is used in folk medicine for
digestive disorders, urinary tract diseases, and spleen and
liver complaints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
+ Haronga madagascariensis
See Haronga
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Harpagophytum procumbens
See Devil's Claw
Mode of Administration: Hartstongue is used internally as an
infusion.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
382/HARTSTONGUE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969 (unter Phyllitis
scolopendrium).
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids (0.2-0.4%): including among others rutin (violaquercitrin, 23%), luteolin-7-O-glucosides, scoparin, saponarine, violanthin, vicinein-2, vitexin
Phenol carboxylic acid: salicylic acid (0.06-0.3%), violutoside (violutin, glucoarabinoside of the methyl salicylate)
Mucilage (10%)
Heartsease
Tannins (2-5%)
Viola tricolor
Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone
DESCRIPTION
Triterpene saponins (speculated)
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
parts, the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant and the
whole plant.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary, long-pedicled flower is
yellow or tricolored. It has 5 lanceolate, acute and uneven
sepals with an appendage and 5 uneven petals, the largest of
which is spurred. The 5 stamens also have an appendage at
the tip. There are 3 fused superior ovaries. The fruit is an
ellipsoid, obtusely angular capsule, which bursts open at 3
points. The seeds are pear-shaped and yellow.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Heartsease is annual to perennial and
grows about 30 cm high. The shoots are usually yellowish
green, glabrous or covered in scattered hairs. The stem is
erect, angular, unbranched or branched, glabrous or shorthaired. It has short internodes below and longer ones above.
The leaves are alternate, glabrous, or short-haired. The lower
leaves are cordate; the upper ones are oblong-elliptical. The
stipules are lyrate-pinnatesect and have a large, crenate
terminal tip.
Characteristics: The plant is odorless and the taste slimysweetish.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to temperate Eurasia, from
the Mediterranean to India and as far as Ireland. It is
cultivated in Holland and France.
Production: Viola herb consists of the dried, above-ground
parts of Viola tricolor, mainly of the subspecies vulgaris and
subspecies arvensis, harvested at flowering season. The herb
is cultivated predominantly in central Europe. The flowering
above-ground parts are harvested in die summer months and
carefully dried on a well ventilated floor or at 45° C to
50° C. Two to three harvests per year are possible.
Other Names: European Wild Pansy, Johnny-Jump-Up, Wild
Pansy
EFFECTS
The drug has soothing, salve-like effects due to its mucin
content; in animal experiments oral administration brought
about an improvement of eczema-like skin conditions after
long-term use. The antisporiatic effect attributed to the drug
may be explained by the saponin content, as can its use for
catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. In vitro the drug is
hemolytic and increases chloride elimination in the urine.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved hy Commission E:
• Inflammation of the skin
Unproven Uses: External uses include mild seborrheic skin
diseases, cradle cap in children and various skin disorders,
including wet and dry exanthema, eczema, Crusta lactea,
acne, impetigo and Pruritus vulvae. The plant is used
internally as a mild laxative for constipation and as an
auxiliary agent to promote metabolism.
Historic uses of Heartsease include the treatment of respiratory catarrh, throat inflammation, whooping cough and
feverish colds.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for eczema and
inflammation of the urinary tract.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug is
available for infusions, decoctions and other galenic preparations. It is also available in ointments and shampoos for
external use.
Preparation: To make a tea, pour 1 cup of scalding water
over 1 dessertspoonful of drug. An infusion for internal use
is prepared using 5 to 10 gm drug per 1 liter of water. A
HERBAL MONOGRAPH S
decoction for internal use is prepared by adding 1.5 gm drug
to 1 cup water. The drug is also used as a bath additive.
Daily Dosage: A cup of tea should be taken 3 times daily
after meals. The dose for the infusion is 1 dessertspoonful 3
jf, times daily. The dose for the powdered drug is 1/2
teaspoonful in hot sugar water 3 times daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
Storage: Heartsease must be kept stored away form light
sources, and if possible, from moisture in well-sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Horhammer L et al., (1965) Tetrahedron Letters 1707.
Komorowski T et al., Herba Pol 29:5. 1983.
Manez S, Villar A, PA 44:250. 1988.
Molnar P et al., PH 25:195. 1986.
Further information in:
A Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
HEATHER/383
Flowers and Fruit: The inflorescence is turned to one side,
dense and hanging. The short-pedicled flowers are nodding,
pale-violet-pink and occasionally white; they have 4 small,
oval, fringed bracts. The calyx has 4 violet-pink, glossy and
petaloid sepals, which have the consistency of straw. The 8
stamens form a brown-red club. The superior ovary has 4
sections, and the style is larger than the calyx. The style has
a thick, button-like, 4-knobbed stigma. The fruit capsule is
globose, 1.5 mm long and 4 sectioned. The fruit is covered in
thick white bristles and is many-seeded. The dividing walls
break off easily.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Calluna vulgaris is a dwarf shrub,
0.2 to 1 m high with decumbent, rooting shoots and
ascending branches. The small stems are thin, gray-brown,
heavily branched and have numerous upright branches. The
leaves are linear-lanceolate, in groups of 4 rows. They are
imbricate, 1 to 3.5 mm long, revolute, sessile and have 2 mm
long points at the base. The margins are glandular with
downward-pointing spurs.
Habitat: With the exception of a few Mediterranean islands,
the plant is distributed throughout most of Europe, Russia
and Asia Minor, as well as on the Atlantic coast of North
America.
Production: The herb is harvested from July to October and
dried.
Not to be Confused With: Erica tetralix.
Other Names: Ling
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980.
COMPOUNDS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Flavonoids: including kempferol, quercetin, myricetin, taxifolin, and the glycosides of each, as well as callunin
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Catechin tannins (3-7%): (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Cqffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
Phenols: orcin, orcinol
Triterpenes: including ursolic acid (2.5%)
Steroids: beta-sitosterol
Heather
Calluna vulgaris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the complete herb
with leaves, the flowers, and the growing shoots of the plant
that are collected and dried when the plant is in bloom, as
well as the fresh aerial parts collected at the same time.
Hydroquinone glycosides: including arbutin
EFFECTS
Heather is said to be diuretic, antimicrobial, cholagogic and
antirheumatic. It is also used as an agent for wound healing.
However, these effects have not yet been documented.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Heather and/or Heather
flowers are used as a diuretic for diseases and ailments of the
384/HEATHER
kidneys and the lower urinary tract, and for enlargement of
the prostate. They are also used for gastrointestinal disorders,
colic, liver and gallbladder disease, gout, rheumatism,
respiratory complaints, insomnia, agitation and wounds.
The efficacy for the claimed uses is not documented.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered forms are
available for internal and external use.
Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 1.5 gm of
the drug to 1/4 liter of water and then boiling for 3 minutes.
For a bath additive, 500 gm of the drug is boiled in a few
liters of water, strained and added to the bath. A liquid
extract 1:1 is also used.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hedge Mustard
Sisymbrium officinale
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh, flowering
herb and the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences at the end of the stems
and branches have no bracts and are initially umbelliferousracemous, later stretching into spikes. The pedicles are thin
and approximately 1.5 cm long, bearing the small flowers.
The 4 sepals are 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, erect, pubescent and
narrowly elliptical. The petals are pale yellow and 3 to 4 mm
long. The stamens have 0.5 to 0.5 mm long anthers. The fruit
is a pubescent pod appressed to the axis of the infructescence. The fruits are 1 to 1.5 cm long and 1 to 1.5 mm thick.
The almost-smooth seeds are about 1 mm long, ovate,
compressed and unwinged with reddish, yellow-brown seedskins.
Externally, the drug is added to full baths.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual or biennial, 30
to 60 cm high, and has a thin taproot. The stem is branched,
round, leafy and covered in scattered patent hairs. The basal
leaves and lower cauline leaves are petiolate-pinnatifid with
3 to 9 segments. The upper leaves are oblong-lanceolate,
simple or with 2 to 4 lateral segments, and often hastate and
pubescent.
Storage: Heather should be stored in well-dried, sealed
containers.
Habitat: The herb is found mainly in temperate Europe, but
it also grows as far as northern Africa and eastern Siberia.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the decoction is 3
cups daily between meals; the dose for the liquid extract is 1
to 2 teaspoonfuIs daily.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Production: Hedge Mustard is the fresh flowering herb of
Sisymbrium officinale.
Other Names: Singer's Plant, St. Barbara's Hedge Mustard,
English Watercress, Erysimum, Thalictroc
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Jalal MAF, Read DJ, Haslam E, Phenolic composition and its
seasonal variation in Calluna vulgaris. In: PH 21(6): 1397. 1982.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides, 0.05% in the
tips of the foliage): including among others corchorosid A
and helveticosid
Simon A et al., Further flavonoid glycosides from Calluna
vulgaris. In: PH 32:1045. 1993.
Glucosinolates: chiefly sinigrin (allylglucosinolates) and
glucohapin (3-butenylglucosinolates), releasing through cell
destruction the volatile mustard oil allylisothiocyanate and 3butenylisothiocyanate
Simon A et al., Two flavonol 3-[triacetylarabinosyl(l-6)
glucosides] from Calluna vulgaris. In: PH 33:1237. 1993.
Vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C, up to 0.2 % in the fresh
foliage)
Hedera helix
Hedge mustard contains cardio-active steroids (cardenolids)
and is said to be spasmolytic and analgesic. Its use for
pharyngitis and laryngitis as well as severe hoarseness may
be due to the mustard oils.
Mantilla JLG, Vieitez E, An Edafol Agrobiol 34:765-774. 1975.
EFFECTS
See English Ivy
HERBAL M O N O G R A P HS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used for
laryngitis and pharyngitis, severe hoarseness including loss
of voice, chronic bronchitis and inflammation of the
gallbladder.
HEDGE-HYSSOP / 3 8 5
5 tips. The corolla has a distinct tube and a bilabiate border.
The upper lip is margined, and the lower lip is divided into 3.
There are 4 stamens, 2 sterile and 2 fertile, and 1 superior
ovary. The fruit has 4 lids, which burst open.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial mat grows
15 to 30 cm high. The stem grows from a creeping scaly
rhizome. It is erect and becomes glabrous and quadrangular
higher up. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate, weakly
serrate, smooth and pale green.
OVERDOSAGE
Characteristics: The plant is poisonous and has a bitter taste.
' PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
It is conceivable that overdosage would have digitalis-like
effects. These include queasiness. vomiting, diarrhea, headache and cardiac rhythm disorders. Cases of poisonings have
not, however, been recorded.
DOSAGE
Daily Dosage: The average daily internal dose of the drug is
0.5 to 1.0 gm, which would be equal to 3 to 4 cups daily of
an infusion. It takes between 6 and 8 g of drug to make 1 g
extract.
Habitat: The herb is indigenous to western and central Asia,
as well as southern Europe.
Production: Hedge-Hyssop is the herb of Gratiola officinalis, which is harvested shortly before flowering. The upper
portion of the stem is cut down, then dried in thin layers in
the shade at temperatures not exceeding 45° C.
Other Names: Gratiola
6 ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Externally, the infusion is used as a gargle or mouthwash,
several times daily.
COMPOUNDS
Bachelard HS, Trikojus VM. (1963) Austral. J Biol Sci 16:
147.
Cucurhitacins: gratiogenin, 16-hydroxygratiogenin, cucurbitacins E, I, the glycosides gratiogenin-3beta-D-glucoside,
gratioside (gratiolin, gratiogenindiglucoside), elaterinide,
desacetylelaterinide
Ockendon JG, Buczki ST. (1979) Trans Brit Mycol Soc 72:156.
Saponins
I LITERATURE
Schultz OE, Gmelin R. Naturforsch Z. 7b:500-506. 1952.
Further information in:
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Lignans
Flavonoids
EFFECTS
The glycosides are said to be cardiotonic. The cucurbaticins,
especially elaterinide, cause a reduction of the contraction
power of cardiac muscle, a lowering of cardiac frequency
and a distinct increase in coronary flow. Elaterinide has a
laxative effect. The drug is a strong purgative; it eliminates
intestinal parasites and increases micturation.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hedge-Hyssop
Gratiola officinalis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb and roots.
(In contrast to what its name suggests, Hedge-Hyssop is not
a member of the Hyssop family, even though it has a
similarly bitter taste.)
Flower and Fruit: The pedicled flowers are arranged singly
in the axils of the upper leaf pairs and are a pale red or
yellowish-white. The calyx is only fused at the base and has
Unproven Uses: The herb was formerly used as a purgative
and for treating the liver. In folk medicine, it is used as
purgative and emetic for gout, liver complaints and constipation, as well as for chronic skin conditions. The drug is only
to be taken under medical supervision of a doctor because of
its toxicity.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include stomach
colic and bladder and kidney conditions.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Nonetheless, the drug is extremely poisonous. It is severely
3 8 6 /HEDGE-HYSSOP
irritating to mucous membranes due to the cucurbitacin and
cucurbitacin glycosides content, out of which cucurbitacins
are released in watery environments.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Helichrysum arenarium
See Immortelle
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of toxic dosages leads to vomiting, bloody
diarrhea, colic, kidney irritation and initially to elevated
diuresis, then to anuria. Very high dosages lead to spasm,
paralysis and circulatory collapse. Fatalities are seen only
rarely. Following gastric lavage, the treatment for poisonings
should proceed symptomatically.
See Black Hellebore
DOSAGE
Helleborus viridis
Mode of Administration: Hedge-Hyssop is most effective in
alcoholic extracts, but it.also is used in infusions and in
homeopathic dilutions. Today, it is rarely used in folk
medicine.
Daily Dosage: A single dose of tea is noted as containing
0.3 g drug.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Bohinc P, Korbar-Smid J, Cicerov-Cergol M, Uber die
kardiotonischen Substanzen des Gnadenkrautes - Gratiola
officinalis. In: Sci Pharm 47:108-113. 1979.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Muller A, Wichtl M, Herzwirsamkeit des Gnadenkrautes
(Gratiola officinalis). In: Pharm Ztg 124(37): 1761-1766. 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Helianthemum canadense
See Frostwort
Helianthus annuus
See Sunflower
Helleborus niger
See Green Hellebore
Hemlock
Conium maculatum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
fresh flowering foliage, the branches and the dried leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has white flowers in 10 to 20
rayed umbels. The 3 to 5 triangular to lanceolate bracts are
acuminate; 3 to 6 small bracts only on the outside of the
small umbels. The blossoms have 1.5 mm white petals. The
fruit is ovate with undulating veins. Deep indentations on the
mericarp on the seam side—with no oil marks in the
indentations—are a unique feature.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant can be annual or perennial;
it grows up to 2 m high. The stem is erect, tubular, hollow,
round and finely grooved. It is branched above, glabrous
with brownish-red marks below. The leaves are a glossy dark
green, 3-pinnate. The root is whitish and fusiform or
branched.
Characteristics: When wilting, the highly poisonous herb
smells of mice. It tastes disgustingly salty and pungent. The
stem has distinctive red marks.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and the temperate
zones of Asia, North Africa, and North and South America.
Production: Hemlock is the fresh or dried leaves and the
flowering branch tips of Conium maculatum. They are
gathered from June to September in the second year of
grown and air-dried in a shaded, open location.
Not to be Confused With: Hemlock may be confused with
water hemlock, canine parsley, wild chervil and with
tuberous chervil.
Other Names: Cicuta, Poison Parsley, Poison Root, Poison
I Snakeweed, Spotted Crowbane, Spotted Hemlock, Spotted
HEMLOCK/387
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
^
Parsley, Water Parsley, Winter Fern, Herb Bennet, Spotted
Corobane, Musquash Root, Beaver Poison, Kex, Kecksies
Pregnancy: The drug has a teratogenic effect with chronic
intake.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
OVERDOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Symptoms of poisoning following intake of toxic quantities
(corresponding to 150 mg coniine, approximately 10 g of the
freshly dried berries, approximately 30 g of the freshly dried
leaves) include burning of the mouth, scratchy throat,
salivation, rolling of the eyes, visual disorders and weakness
in the legs. Lethal dosages (corresponding to approximately
500 mg coniine) cause glossoplegia, mydriasis, pressure in
the head, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of
orientation, rising central paralysis, dyspepsia and cyanosis.
Death ultimately results through central asphyxiation, in the
cases of very high dosages, and also through curare-like
paralysis of the breathing musculature.
Piperidin alkaloids: main alkaloid coniine, including, among
others, N-methyl coniine, gamma-coniceine
The piperidin alkaloids are volatile and are likely to be
present in toxicologically harmful quantities only in the
freshly harvested plant, particularly in its berries, and in the
freshly dried plant.
Polyynes: including falcarinol, falcarindiol
Furanocoumarins: including bergaptene, xanthotoxin
EFFECTS
The plant is poisonous. The effects of the drug are caused by
coniine in particular. Toxic doses given to mice, rats, guinea
pigs and cats provoked the autonomous ganglion, clonic and
tonal contractions of individual limbs, cramps and eventually, paralysis. Small doses given to mice led to blood pressure
reduction in the short term. Higher doses resulted in a rise in
blood pressure. Smaller doses stimulated respiration in cats,
j g | while higher doses impeded or slowed down the initial
stimulus. In isolated guinea pig ileum, coniine brought on
contractions. In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, coniine was
negatively inotropic while a stable heart beat was maintained. With anesthetized cats, a suppression of the muscle
contraction reflex took place. Feeding or injecting lethal
doses of coniine into cows, horses, pigs, sheep and hamsters
was initially stimulating, producing twitching of the eyes and
ears, which was followed by muscular debility, collapse,
limpness and deam through paralysis. Coniine absorbed
through the skin and mucous membranes is stimulating at
first, then causes gradual paralysis of the spinal cord and
blockage of the medulla oblongata. Nicotine-like receptors
are at first activated, then paralyzed.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses : Use is inadvisable due to the uncontrollable
amounts of coniine. Formerly, in folk medicine, the drug was
used internally for neuralgia, rheumatism of the muscles and
joints, stiffness of the neck, tetanic and epileptic cramps,
bronchial spasms and pylori spasms. Externally, the drug
W was used as an ointment for coughs, asthma, sciatica,
backache and neuralgia.
Following stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage,
sodium sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal,
plasma volume expanders and sodium bicarbonate infusions
should be given in case of shock or to restore acidosis
balance. If necessary, intubation and respiration should be
carried out.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Hemlock is obsolete and strongly
advised against as an internal drug because of the danger of
poisoning. Homeopathic dilutions and ointments containing
hemlock are used externally.
How Supplied: Liquid rubs, ointments.
Daily Dosage: Use is discouraged, but the maximum single
dose mentioned for internal use is 0.3 g, not to exceed 1.5 g,
per day. The standard single dose is 0.1 g.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day; ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB34).
Storage: Hemlock should be stored above caustic lime, well
dried, in closed containers and kept for no more than one
year.
LITERATURE
Cromwell BT, Biochem J 64:259-266. 1956.
Kreitmair H, PA 3:565-566. 1948.
Homeopathic Uses: Swollen glands, pareses, calcification of
cerebral vessels and depressive moods are considered to be
indications for use in homeopathy.
Roberts MF, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:2395.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roberts MF, (1980) Planta Med 39:216.
General: The drug is severely poisonous and use is not
advised.
Madaus S, Schindler H, Arch Pharm 276:280-290. 1938.
Seeger R, Neumann HG, DAZ-Giftlexikon Coniin. In: DAZ
131(13):720. 1991.
388/HEMLOCK
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Further information in:
Immunostimulating
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl, Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: including echinatine, supinine, eucanecine, amabiline, lycopsamin, intermedin
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
polysaccharides
(heteroxylans)
Sesquiterpene lactones: including eupatoriopicrin, eupatolid
EFFECTS
Eupatorin is said to be cytotoxic and has an immunestimulating effect. It is also a bitter tonic.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Unproven Uses: The herb is used for disorders of the liver
and gallbladder and for fevers.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Homeopathic Uses: Eupatorium cannabinum is used to treat
illnesses of the respiratory organs.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hemp Agrimony
Eupatorium
cannabinum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering herb.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compact, terminal,
umbrella-like umbels. They are small dull pink tubular
androgynous flowers whose corolla tube has a 5-tipped edge.
The epicalyx is cylindrical and consists of a few bracts. The
edge of the calyx consists of yellowish hairs. The style is
divided in two parts and shows above the flower. The corolla
is covered in resinous spots. The angular fruit bears a crown
of hair and is dirty white.
Because of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid content with 1,2unsaturated necic parent substances, hepatotoxicity and
carcinogenicity are likely consequences of internal use.
Therefore the drug should not be taken internally. Sensitization after skin contact with the plant has been reported.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is used topically as an
alcoholic extract, as a tea, and as an inhalation for the
treatment of colds.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Positive Auswirkungen von Olivenol auf den
Blutdruck. In: ZPT 12(1):13. 1991.
Antibiotika und Immunabwehr. In: Symbiose 4(2):20. 1992.
Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch HH, Gallati H,
Schulte Monting J, Kleist von S et al.. Cytokine production in
leukocyte cultures during therapy with echinacea extract. In: J
Clin Lab Analysis 10(6):441-445. 1996.
Hendriks H et al., (1983) Pharm Weekblad 5:281.
Pederson E (1975) Phytochemistry 14:2086.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small perennial herb
75 to 150 cm high. The rhizome is woody and has stems
growing from it, which have short axillary branches. The
stems are erect, reddish, pubescent and resinous below. The
root leaves are long-petioled. The opposite cauline leaves are
short-petioled, trifoliate and serrate and covered in resinous
spots.
Winterhoff H, Gumbinger HG, Pharmakologische
Untersuchungen mit Pflanzenextrakten. Probleme und
Losungsmoglichkeit. In: DAZ 130(49):2668. 1990.
Habitat: Hemp Agrimony grows in damp regions of Europe.
Woerdenbag HJ et al., (1987) Phytother Res 2(2):76.
Production: Hemp Agrimony is the flowering herb of
Eupatorium cannabium.
Other Names: Holy Rope, St. John's Herb, Sweet-Smelling
Trefoil, Water Maudlin
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Vollmar A et al., (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):377.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HENBANE/389
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb is used for
pulmonary afflictions and as a diuretic.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Hempnettle
Galeopsis segetum
TRADE NAMES
Hempnettle is available from numerous manufacturers.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering herb.
Flower and Fruit: The large, pale yellow, bilabiate flowers
are in false whorls on the branch ends. The calyx is evenly 5dentate and covered in patent glandular hairs. The upper lip
of the corolla is domed, finely dentate and pubescent. The
lateral tips of the 3-lobed lower lip are wide, obtuse and have
1 hollow erect tooth at either side of the base. The stamen
halves are horizontal. The fruit is smooth.
W*
Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb grows 15 to 100 cm high.
The stem is erect, heavily branched and downy, with
unthickened nodes. The leaves are ovate and serrate. The
lower ones are long petiuled, the upper are short petioled.
Mode of Administration: Ground and cut herb for teas and
other galenic preparations for internal use.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
2 g of comminuted drug, strain after 5 minutes.
Daily Dosage: Average daily dose: 6 g drug. One cup of the
infusion may be taken several times daily and, if preferred,
sweetened with honey.
LITERATURE
Junod-Busch U. Dissertation ETH Zurich. 1976.
Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Tomas-Barberan FA et al.. PH 30:3311. 1991.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: Hempnettle is found in southern and central Europe.
Production: Hempnettle consists of the aboveground parts of
Galeopsis segetum Necker (synonym Galeopsis ochroleuca
Lamarck) and is gathered in the wild during the flowering
season.
Henbane
Hyoscyamus niger
DESCRIPTION
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes: including harpagide, 8-O-acetylharpagide, antirrinoside, 5-O-glucosylantirrinoside
Silicic acid (to some extent water-soluble)
Tannins
Flavonoids
4|-
EFFECTS
The herb acts as expectorant, due to its saponin content, and
as an astringent because of the tannins, silicic acid, iridoids
and antirrhinoside.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
M Cough
• Bronchitis
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves or
the dried leaves with the flowering branches, the dried seeds
and the whole fresh flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in almost sessile terminal,
one-sided leafy and revolute spikes. The calyx is jug-shaped,
5-tipped and does not drop. The corolla is funnel-shaped, 5lobed, dirty yellow with violet veins and dark violet in the
tube. The flower has 1 superior ovary and 5 stamens. The
fruit is a swollen pixidium with up to 200 seeds. The seeds
are gray-brown, pitted, slightly reniform, compressed, 1 to
1.3 mm long and 1 mm wide.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is erect and grows up to 80
cm high. It is an herb with simple leaves. The root is
fusiform and turnip-like at the top. The stem is erect and
sticky-villous. The leaves are oblong, roughly crenate-dentate and gray-green. The basal leaves are petiolate, and the
cauline leaves are stem clasping.
390/HENBANE
Characteristics: Henbane has a strong, distinctive odor. The
plant is poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, western and
northern Asia, and northern Africa. It has been introduced to
eastern Asia, North America and Australia.
Production: Henbane leaf consists of the dried leaves or the
dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger,
harvested from cultures or in the wild when in bloom and
dried mechanically or in the sun. Henbane seeds are the
seeds of Hyoscyamus niger.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
In folk medicine, Henbane is used internally for various pain
syndromes, in particular toothache and facial pain, painful
ulcers and tumors, stomach cramps and lower abdominal
pain. Externally, henbane oil is used for the treatment of scar
tissue.
It has been used for hundreds of years in so-called witches'
ointments, as a repellent against mice and rats, as stunning
agent for fish and to increase the narcotic effect of beer.
Indian Medicine: Used for toothache, bleeding gums and
nose, orchitis, dysmenorrhea, worm infestation, black vomit,
asthma, diverse pain syndromes and meningitis.
Other Names: Devil's Eye, Fetid Nightshade, Stinking
Nightshade, Hen Bell, Hogbean, Jupiter's Bean and Poison
Tobacco
Approved by Commission E:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
• Dyspeptic complaints
COMPOUNDS: HENBANE LEAF
Tropane alkaloids (0.05- 0.28%): chief alkaloid (-)-hyoscyamine, under storage conditions changing over to some extent
into atropine, and scopolamine
Flavonoids: including, among others, rutin
COMPOUNDS: HENBANE SEED
Tropane alkaloids (0.05-0.3%): chief alkaloid (-)-hyoscyamine, under storage conditions changing to some extent into
atropine, and scopolamine
HENBANE SEED
Unproven Uses: Internal application: Spasms of the gastrointestinal tract; preparations of Henbane oil are used for the
treatment of scar tissue.
In folk medicine, Henebane was formerly used as a fumigant
for asthma and toothache.
Chinese Medicine: Used for convulsions, psychoses, joint
pains, stomach pains, asthma, chronic dysentery and
diarrhea.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Fatty oil
EFFECTS: HENBANE LEAF AND SEED
Main active agents: Alkaloids, flavonids. Henbane preparations produce a parasympatholytic or anticholinergic effect
by competitive inhibition of acetylcholine. This inhibition
affects the muscarinic action of acetylcholine but not its
nicotine-like effects on ganglia and motor end plates.
Henbane preparations exert peripheral actions on the autonomic nervous system and on smooth muscle, as well as the
central nervous system. Because of their parasympatholytic
properties, they cause relaxation of organs containing
smooth muscle, particularly in the region of the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, they relieve muscular tremors of
central nervous origin.
The spectrum of actions of Hyoscyamus niger additionally
includes a sedative effect.
HENBANE LEAF AND SEED
Tachycardiac arrhythmias, prostatic adenoma, angle-closure
glaucoma, acute pulmonary edema, mechanical stenoses in
the area of the gastrointestinal tract, megacolon.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
H E N B A N E LEAF A N D SEED
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Skin reddening, dryness of the mouth, tachycardiac arrhythmias, mydriasis (the 4 early warning symptoms of a
poisoning), accommodation disorders, heat build-up through
decline in sweat secretion, miction disorders and obstipation
can occur as side effects, particularly with overdoses.
Drug Interactions: Enhancement of anticholinergic action by
tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine, antihistamines, phenothiazines, procainamide and quinidine.
OVERDOSAGE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
HENBANE LEAF AND SEED
HENBANE LEAF
Because of the high content of scopolamine in the drug,
poisonings lead at first to somnolence, but then also, after the
intake of very high dosages, to central excitation (restlessness, hallucinations, deliria, and manic episodes), followed by exhaustion and sleep. Lethal dosages carry with
them the danger of asphyxiation (for adults starting at 100
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
Unproven Uses: Preparations of henbane oil are used for the
treatment of scar tissue.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
4£
HENNA / 3 9 1
mg atropine, with an alkaloid-rich drug at 30, considerably
less for children). Severe poisonings are particularly conceivable in connection with the misuse of the drug as an
intoxicant. Treatment for poisonings include gastric lavage,
temperature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipyretics!), oxygen respiration for respiratory distress, intubation, parenteral physostigmine salts as an antidote, diazepam
for spasms and chlorpromazine for severe excitation.
DOSAGE
HENBANE LEAF
Mode of Administration: Standardized Henbane powder and
galenic preparations for internal application.
Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 0.5
standardized Henbane powder corresponding to 0.25
mg total alkaloid. Maximum daily dose is 3.0
standardized Henbane powder corresponding to 1.5
mg total alkaloid, calculated as hyoscyamine.
Storage: Keep
containers.
protected
from
light
in
tightly
gm of
to 0.35
gm of
to 2.1
sealed
H E N B A N E SEED
91
Mode of Administration:
emulsion or powder.
The drug
is
available
as
an
Storage: Should be stored separate from other medicines.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wellen BJ, Zur Geschichte des Bilsenkrautes. Eine
pharmaziehistorische Untersuchung besonders zu Hyoscyamus
niger L. In: Dissertation Universitat Marburg. 1986.
HENBANE SEED
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Tattje DHE et al., Zusammensetzung der etherischen Ole von
Laurus nobilis, L. nobilis var. angustifolia und L. azorica. In:
PM 44:116-119. 1982.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
LITERATURE
HENBANE LEAF
Lawsonia
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the pulverized
leaves, the fruit and the bark.
Kraft K, Europaische Rauschdrogen. In: ZPT 17(6):343-355.
1996.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
-W*
Henna
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Sharova EG et al., Khim Prir Soedin (1):126. 1977.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
inermis
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in small impressive
groups of 4 panicles and yellowy-white to brick-red. The
calyx is top-shaped, later bowl-shaped without appendages.
The petals are thick, very wrinkled, yellowish-white to brickred. The stamens are arranged in pairs. The fruit is an
indehiscent or a fibrously torn berry. The seeds are small and
angular, and the seed skin is spongy at the tip.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Henna is a deciduous, 2 to 6 m high
shrub with partly thorny, short shoots and opposite paired,
narrowly acuminate lanceolate leaves.
Habitat: Found in Egypt, India, the Middle East, Kurdistan
and Iran.
Production: Henna is the aerial part of Lawsonia inermis.
Other Names: Alcanna, Egyptian Privet, Jamaica Mignonette, Mignonette Tree, Reseda, Henne, Mehndi, Mendee,
Smooth Lawsonia
392/HENNA
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Naphthalene derivatives (1,4-naphthaquinones): in particular
lawsone (2-hydroxy-l,4-naphthaquinone), arising during dehydration of the leaves out of the precursor 1,2,4-trihydroxynaphthalen-4-beta-D-glucoside
Tannins
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Hepatica nobilis
See American Liverleaf
Heracleum sphondylium
See Hogweed
EFFECTS
The drug is an astringent and a diuretic, and has an
antibacterial effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used externally for eczema.
scabies, fungal infections and ulcers. It is also used for
amebic dysentery and gastrointestinal ulcers. In African folk
medicine, it is used as an abortifacient. The drug is also
contained in facial and hair lotions and is used to treat
dandruff.
Indian Medicine: Henna root preparations are used to treat
leprosy, skin diseases, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. Henna
leaves are used to treat wounds, ulcers, dysuria, coughs,
bronchitis, one-sided headache, rheumatism and anemia. The
flowers are used for headache, fever and acute psychosis.
Henna seeds are used to treat intermittent fever, diarrhea and
dysentery.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Stomach complaints are possible due to the tannin content.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Henna is used rarely for internal
use in ground form or as an infusion. Henna is applied
externally as an ingredient in hair and skin lotions.
Daily Dosage: For internal use, 3 gm of powder leaves to be
taken daily, for amebiasis and ulcers.
LITERATURE
Bardwaj DK et al., (1978) Phytochemistry 17:1440.
Karawya MS et al., (1969) Lloydia 32:76.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Herb Paris
Paris
quadrifolia
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant
when the fruit begins to ripen.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary and terminal. The
sepals are lanceolate, acuminate, 3-veined and 4 times as
wide as the linear-awl-shaped petals. The stamens are threadlike to awl-shaped and bear linear anthers in the middle. The
ovary has 5 thread-like stigmas, both of which are purplebrown. The fruit is a blue-black globular berry the size of a
small cherry.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The 15 to 30 cm high plant is a
perennial herb with a creeping, fleshy rhizome. The stem is
erect, round, unbranched and crowned by 4 acuminate
leaves. The leaves are whorled, almost obovate, acute,
entire-margined and glabrous. The leaves have 3 to 5 ribs.
They are dark green and matte above, pale and slightly
glossy beneath.
Characteristics: The plant has an unpleasant smell and is
poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and Asian
Russia.
Production: Herb Paris is the fresh plant of Paris quadrifolia,
when the fruit is ripe.
Not to be Confused With: Poisoning can occur in children
when they confuse the fruit of the Herb Paris plant with that
of blueberries.
Other Names: One Berry
Mahmood ZF et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 4:153.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Steroid saponins: chief components are pennogenin triglycoside, pennogenin tetraglycoside, and their bisdemosidic
precursors (26-O-glucosides), including 1-dehydrotrillenogenin
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH
Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
EFFECTS
The active agents are the saponins (which irritate mucous
membranes), paristyphnin, paridin, citric acid and pectin.
The parissaponins are local irritants as well as absorptive
when taken orally. The main toxin is paristyphnin, which,
when taken orally, leads to miosis and can consequently
cause paralysis of the respiratory system.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Herb Paris is used as a homeopathic
remedy for headaches, neuralgia, nervous tension, dizziness,
palpitations and migraine.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is considered poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning
following intake of the berries include nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, miosis and headache. However, no serious poisonings have been recorded in this century.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Herb Paris is available in homeopathic dilutions.
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlags# Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
Beilin. Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
HERB ROBERT / 3 9 3
petals have long stems. There are 10 stamens and 5 ovaries
with long styles, which form an upward curve when mature.
The fruit is circular and 2 cm long, with 3 mm long
protruding, reticulate, glabrous or pubescent fruit lobes
which are upward horizontally wrinkled. These permanently
enclose the smooth, finely spotted seeds. The fruit lobes
burst off from the central column without the awn.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Geranium robertianum is a 20 to 40
cm high annual or hardy annual with a weak, branched tap
root and a long hypocotyl. The stems are heavily branched.
usually red, and glandular-haired. The leaves are 3- to 5sectioned compound leaves with petiolate. entire-margined
to double-pinnasect leaflets.
Characteristics: Herb Robert has an unpleasant smell often
associated with goats or bugs.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the area stretching from
Europe to China and Japan; to Africa southward as far as
Uganda; to the Atlantic seaboard of North America; and the
temperate areas of South America.
Production: Herb Robert is the aerial parts of Geranium
robertianum, which are gathered between May and October
in uncultivated regions, then dried in the open air in the
shade.
Not to be Confused With: The herbs of Geranium palustre
and Geranium pratense are frequently used as an
adulteration.
Other Names: Dragon's Blood, Storkbill, Wild Crane's-Bill
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nohara T et al., Chem Pharm Bull 30:1851. 1982.
COMPOUNDS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flavonoids: including rutin, quercetin-3-O-rhamnogalactoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoglucoside, hyperoside
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Tannins: geraniin, isogeraniin, beta-penta-O-galloylglucose
EFFECTS
The drug has the following effects:
Herb Robert
Geranium robertianum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
fresh or dried aerial parts collected during the flowering
season, as well as the whole fresh or dried plant.
Flower and Fruit: The peduncles are usually distinctly
longer than the bracts and the 2.2 to 7 mm long, permanently
erect pedicles. The flowers are longer than their pedicles.
There are 5 separate sepals and 5 petals. The sepals are erect
when they first bloom and hang when the fruit matures. The
Antiviral: The extract of the fresh herb, including rhizome,
has been shown to have a mild antiviral effect against the
vesicular stomatitis virus. In another study, however, the
aqueous solution of the ethanol extract was not shown to
have an antiviral effect against the polio virus Type 1,
measles, coxsachie-B2, adeno- or Semliki forest virus.
Antimicrobial: The fraction of an extract produced with 80%
ethanol was shown to have an inhibitory effect on the growth
of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. In the serial dilution test, growth of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was
completely stunted.
394/HERB
ROBERT
Hypotensive effect: Effects have only been described in
general reviews.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for functional
impairment of the liver and gallbladder, inflammatory
conditions of gallbladder and its ducts, inflammation of the
kidney and bladder, and calculosis. Folk medicine uses have
also included internal use of the drug for diarrhea. In
addition, washed fresh leaves are chewed or prepared as an
infusion or decoction used as a mouthwash or gargle for
inflammatory conditions of the oral mucous membrane.
External application is used to treat poorly healing wounds.
These uses appear plausible because of the tannins.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as well
as externally.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 1 dessertspoonful
of drug to 1/2 liter of cold water. Bring to a boil and leave to
steep.
Daily Dosage: Internally, the average single dose of the drug
is 1.5 g; drink 2 to 3 cups of the infusion daily, between
meals.
LITERATURE
Haddock EA et al., J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1:2535-2545.
1982.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Karnig T, Bucar-Stachel J, PM 57:292-293. 1991.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Herniaria glabra
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary, axillary and
almost sessile. The calyx is red, the corolla is yellow, and the
anthers are blood red. The fruit is a 2 cm long, ovoid, manyseeded capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hibiscus is a 0.15 to 1 m bushy
annual that is branched from the base. The stems are reddish,
almost glabrous. The basal leaves are undivided and ovate;
the cauline leaves are 3-lobed and 7.5 to 10 cm wide. The
lobes are 2.5 cm wide and crenate.
Habitat: Hibiscus sabdariffa originally came from the area
around the source of the Niger. It grows worldwide in the
tropics and is cultivated in Europe.
Production: Hibiscus flowers consist of the calyces of
Hibiscus sabdariffa (sabdariffa ruber variety).
Other Names: Guinea Sorrel. Jamaica Sorrel, Red Sorrel,
Roselle
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Fruit acids (15-30%): in particular hibiscus ((+)-allohydroxy
citric acid lacton), additionally lemons, malic acid, tartaric
acid
Anthocyans (intensive red): including delphinidin-3-xyloglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-xyloglucoside
Flavonoids: including gossypetin
Mucilages: rhamnogalacturonans, arabinogalactans, arabinans
EFFECTS
Hibiscus tea has a laxative effect due to the high content of
poorly absorbable fruit acids.
Aqueous extracts of hibiscus leaves have a relaxant effect on
the uterus musculature. The drug also has a hypotensive
effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Hibiscus flowers are used for loss of
appetite, for colds that affect the respiratory tract and
stomach, to dissolve phlegm, as a diuretic and gentle
laxative, and for disorders of circulation.
See Rupturewort
Chinese Medicine: Preparations of the plant are used to treat
carbuncles, swelling and inflammation of the skin, scalding,
conjunctivitis and herpes zoster.
Hibiscus
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hibiscus sabdariffa
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DESCRIPTION
DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
flowers.
Mode of Administration: Hibiscus sabdariffa is available as a
tea preparation.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Preparation: To make a tea, pour boiling water over 1.5 gm
comminuted drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
HIGH MALLOW / 3 9 5
Habitat: The plant probably originated in the southern
European-Asia region. Today the tree can be found in
subtropical and temperate latitudes of both hemispheres.
LITERATURE
Miiller BM, Franz G, PM 58:60. 1992.
Production: Blue Mallow flower and leaves consist of the
dried flowers of Malva sylvestris and/or Malva sylvestris
sps. Mauri tiana, Ascherson and Graebner, as well as its
preparations. High Mallow leaves are harvested from June to
the beginning of September and dried in thin layers in the
shade. High Mallow flowers are harvested without the
pedicles from the end of June to October and are dried in
layers in the shade.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of Malvae. the
leaves of Althaea officinalis.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Other Names: Mallow, Blue Mallow, Mauls, Cheeseflower
Franz M, Franz G, Hibiscus sabdariffa - Hibiscusbluten. In:
ZPT 9(2):63. 1988.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Menpen HG, Staesche K, DAZ 114:1211. 1974.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Hibiscus sabdariffa
See Hibiscus
C O M P O U N D S : MALV A LEAF
Flavonoids: including among others hypolaetin-3-glucoside.
gossypetin-3-glucoside; also flavonoid sulfates including
among others gossypetin-8-0-beta-D-glucuronide-3-sulfate
Mucilages:
6-8%
arabinogalactans)
(galacturonorhamane
and
COMPOUNDS: MALVA FLOWER
Anthocyans: including among others malvin
High Mallow
Malva sylvestris
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowers,
the dried leaves and the whole of the flowering fresh plant.
Flower and Fruit: The bright purple flowers with long dark
stripes are clustered in leaf axils. They have 3 epicalyx
leaves, 5 sepals and 5 petals that are much longer than the
calyx and have a deep margin. The numerous stamens are
fused to a 10 to 12 mm column. The fruit stems are erect or
slanted to one side. The ovaries are made up of a ring of 9 to
11 carpels. The fruit is a 7 to 9 mm wide and 2 mm thick
disc, which breaks up into mericarps. These are glabrous or
covered in a few scattered hairs, sharply angular and
punctate.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Malva sylvestris is a biennial or
perennial leafy herb 0.3 to 1.2 m high. The stems are
branched, prostrate to curved, ascending, slightly woody and
roughly pubescent. The leaves are alternate, long-petioled,
reniform-orbicular, 5-lobed and crenate-serrate.
Characteristics: High Mallow has a 3-leaved epicalyx
(compare with Althaea officinalis).
Mucilages: 10% (galacturonorhamane and arabinogalactane)
E F F E C T S : M A L V A L E A F A N D FLOWE R
Leaf: Main active principles - polysaccharides, flavonoids.
tannins; Flower: Main active principles - polysaccharides.
flavonoids.
The drug has a mucous membrane-protective effect: it
relieves irritation because of the high level of mucilaginous
material.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
MALVA FLOWER
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough
• Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used internally
for bronchial catarrh, gastroenteritis, bladder complaints, and
it is used externally for wounds. Externally, it is used as a
poultice and bath additive for wound treatment.
MALVA LEAF
Approved by Commission E:
m Cough
• Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
3 9 6 / H I G H MALLOW
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used as
poultices and bath additives for wounds.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
MALVA L E A F A N D FLOWER
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York, 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
M A L V A FLOWER
Mode of Administration: High Mallow flowers are in various
tea mixtures as an inactive ingredient.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, 1.5 to 2 gm of
comminuted drug is added to cold water and boiled or
scalded and strained after 10 minutes.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 5 gm of the drug.
Tea: Drink 2 to 3 times a day.
Storage: The drug should be protected from iight, moisture
and insects.
Hippophae rhamnoides
See Sea Buckthorn
Hogweed
Heracleum
sphondylium
DESCRIPTION
MALVA LEAF
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for teas and
other preparations are for internal use.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 5 gm of the drug.
Tea: drink 2 to 3 times a day.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour 150 ml of boiling
water over 3 to 5 gm of the drug (about 2 teaspoonfuls) and
leave to draw for 2 to 3 hours; stir occasionally.
Storage: The drug should be protected from light, moisture
and insects.
LITERATURE
MALVA LEAF A N D FLOWER
Classen B, Amelunxen F, Blaschek W, Analytical and structural
investigations of the mucilage of Malva species. In: PM
59(7)14. 1993.
Classen B, Amelunxen F, Blaschek W, Malva sylvestris Mikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von
Schleimbehaltem. In: DAZ 134(38):3597. 1994.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Papageorgiou VP, (1980) Planta xMed 38 (3): 193.
Schneider K, Ullmann V, Kubelka W, MalvaceenSchleimdrogen. Zur Bestimmung des Quellungsfaktors. In: DAZ
130(42):2303. 1990.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried roots, the
herb collected in the flowering season and dried, the fruit,
the fresh herb and the whole fresh flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 15 to 30 rayed, flat
umbels with no involucre. The numerous epicalyx leaves are
lanceolate and densely pubescent. The petals have a cordate
margin with indented lobes. They are irregular, often
pubescent on the outside, whitish or greenish, green-yellow
or yellowish and sometimes pink. The fruit is compressed,
flat, 8 mm long and 5 mm wide, roundish-oval and brownish
yellow. The fruit has 10 ribs and oil grooves.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 80 to 150 cm
high, is biennial to perennial and has a strong tuberous,
whitish-yellow root. The stem is erect, angular, grooved,
hollow, stiff-haired and branched above. The leaves are large
and odd-pinnate, with 1 to 3 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are
large, ovate and lobed to pinnate. There is a 3-lobed terminal
leaflet. The basal leaves are very large and have grooved
petioles, which gradually merge into leaf sheaths. The basal
and stem foliage are clasping.
Characteristics: There is hot, yellow latex in the stem. The
leaf umbel is fragrant.
Habitat: Heracleum sphondylium is found in most of Europe
and in western and northern Asia. Subspecies are found
mainly in northwestern Europe, eastern and central Europe,
and in the Mediterranean region.
Production: Hogweed is the aerial part of Heracleum
sphondylium collected between June and August and dried.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
.
HOLLY / 3 9 7
Other Names: Masterwort
Holly
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ilex aquifolium
COMPOUNDS
Furocoumarins (0.5-0.6%): in particular bergaptene, isopimW> pinellin, pimpinellin, isobergaptene, sphondin
Volatile oil: including those containing n-octylacetate
EFFECTS
Hogweed is considered a mild expectorant; however, this has
not been scientifically proven. A phototoxic effect should be
expected after administration.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used to relieve
muscle cramps, stomach disorders, digestion problems,
diarrhea, gastrointestinal catarrh and diarrhea following a
cold. The furocoumarin methoxsalin is used in the treatment
of psoriasis.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Phototoxic effects must be avoided following intake of the
drug due to its furocoumarin content. For that reason, UV^ radiation and solaria should be avoided after its administration. The same danger exists following contact with the
freshly bruised plant.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: An infusion is used internally.
Preparation: To make an infusion, add 3 teaspoonfuls of
herb to 2 glasses of cold water and allow to draw for 8 hours.
Daily Dosage: The preparation should be drunk throughout
the day.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage
leaves, the fresh leaves, the young leafy branches with the
ripe berries and the flowers of the branch tips with the
leaves.
Flower and Fruit: Because of the shrinking of the one sex,
the flowers are usually dioecious. The inflorescence is a 1 to
3 flowered axillary cyme. They are white. The calyx is small
and has 4 to 5 tips. The 5-petalled corolla is rotate. The
ovary is superior. There are 4 to 5 stamens. The coral red
fruit is a 4-sectioned, sessile, berry-like, pea-sized drupe with
4 to 5 seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 10 m high evergreen
bush or tree with smooth, dark, gray-brown bark. The bark
on the younger branches is green and glossy. The branches
and foliage are glabrous. The leaves are alternate, coriaceous, stiff, ovate or elliptical and acute. The lower ones are
thorny denate, the upper ones entire-margined.
Characteristics: The flowers have a weak pleasant scent.
The berries are poisonous to children.
Habitat: The plant is found in central Europe, North
America and eastern Asia.
Production: Holly leaves and fruits are the leaves and fruits
of Ilex aquifolium.
Other Names: Hulver Bush, Holm, Hulm, Holme Chase,
Holy Tree, Christ's Thorn, Hulver Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Baerheim Svendsen A et al., PM 7:113-117. 1959.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Veriagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
•
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G: Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Ognyanov I et al., PM 14:19-21. 1966.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4.Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U: Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Saponins
Nitrile glycosides: menisdaurin, not cyanogenic
Flavonoids: including, among others, rutin, kaempferol and
quercetin glycosides
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
Sterols: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol
Triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, alpha-amyrinester, beta-amyrin,
ursolic acid
Purine alkaloids: only traces of theobromine
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Holly is used as a diuretic. Also used for
coughs, digestive disorders and jaundice.
398/HOLLY
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
In folk medicine, Holly is used for fever, chronic bronchitis,
constipation, rheumatism and gout.
Homeopathic
Uses:
conjunctivitis.
Ilex
aquifolium
is
used
for
•=
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of more than 5 berries can lead to nausea,
vomiting and diarrhea. Fatal gastrointestinal inflammation is
said to have taken place following the ingestion of very large
quantities (20 to 30 berries) (Lewin). Stomach emptying and
the administration of activated charcoal should therefore be
carried out with the intake of more than 10 berries. Further
treatment should proceed according to symptoms. Poisonings
have not been reported in recent times.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a tea and alcoholic extract for
internal use.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
LITERATURE
Catalano S, Marsili A, Morelli J, Pistelli L, Constituents of the
leaves of Ilex aquifolium. In: PM 33:416. 1978.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Ilex paraguariensis).
Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Pub; HMSO
UK 1984.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Hollyhock
Alcea rosea
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowers of
plants bearing dark purple flowers.
Flower and Fruit: Six to 10 cm flowers sit in the axils of the
cauline leaves singly or in groups of 2 or 4, with the upper
ones forming long spikes. Sepals of the epicalyx are broadly
triangular and sharp-edged. The epicalyx is significantly
shorter than the calyx and both are gray-green haired.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hollyhock is a biennial plant. In the
second year it produces a spire-like, hairy stem up to 3 m
tall. The leaves are cordate-orbicular to rhomboid, weakly 3to 5-lobed and slightly scabrid-setulose. The sepals are
epiclyx-subacute and triangular. The flowers are found in the
leaf axils with short peduncles. The petals are 30 to 50 mm,
contiguous, usually pink but sometimes white or violet. The
mericarps are 7 mm long. The dorsal face has a deep, narrow
furrow with rugose angles produced into parallel wings. The
lateral faces are appressed-setose.
Habitat: The plant was originally indigenous to southwest
and central Asia. A few species were probably introduced
into southeast central Europe as ornamental plants and then
spread in the wild. Hollyhock is now widely cultivated in
Europe and temperate regions of Asia. The main suppliers of
the drug are Belgium, Hungary, Bulgaria, former Yugoslavia, Rumania, Albania.
Production: Hollyhock flower consists of the flowers of
Alcea rosea as well as their preparations. The flowers are
harvested when not quite in full bloom on plants with over 2
to 3 years of growth, then air-dried at 35°C.
Other Names: Althea Rose, Malva Flowers, Rose Mallow
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages
(acetylated
galacturonorhamane)
Anthocyans (termed althaein): delphinidine- and malvidinemono glycosides
EFFECTS
No information is available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb, roots and seeds have been used
internally and externally for treating coughs and lung
diseases. The Hollyhock's flower is used as mucilage for
prophylaxis and therapy of diseases and discomforts of the
respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, and to relieve
fever and thirst. Other folk uses include external application
for skin inflammations and ulcers. Infusions and decoctions
HERBAL
MONOGRAPHS
HONEYSUCKLE/ 399
made with the flowers have been used as a gargle for oral
and pharyngeal inflammation.
They are short-petioled and elliptical. The lower leaves are
paired.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant grows in the northern temperate zones as
far as the northern edges of the subtropics and is cultivated
extensively.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Administered internally as a
mucilage for respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract
discomforts and diseases, and to relieve fever and thirst.
External applications include use for skin inflammations and
ulcers. Infusions and decoctions, often with added herbs, are
used as a gargle for oral and pharyngeal inflammation.
How Supplied: Whole, cut and powdered drug.
Preparation: To prepare as a tea, use 1 to 2 g of the drug per
teacup. For a mouthwash, boil 1.5 g drug with 100 ml water.
Production: Honeysuckle flowers and leaves are from
Lonicera caprifolium.
Other Names: Goat's Leaf, Woodbine
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saponins
Further constituents are largely unknown; iridoide monoterpenes have been demonstrated in the rind including among
others loganin (extremely bitter), that possibly also occurs in
the drug.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Autl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Alcea rosea).
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Autl, Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992 (unter Alcea rosea).
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Honeysuckle
Lonicera caprifolium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers, the
seeds and the leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in sixes directly on the
upper leaf pair. There are sometimes whorls of 6 in the next
1 or 2 leaf pairs. The corolla has a tight, 25 to 28 mm long
tube, and a bilabiate margin. It is yellowish-white, often redtinged, glabrous inside and glandular outside. The ovary is
jug-shaped. The fruit is a berry. They are ellipsoid, 8 mm
long and coral red. The seeds are ellipsoid, flattened,
longitudinally grooved and 4 mm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Honeysuckle is an up to 4 m high,
deciduous, clockwise-climbing shrub. The foliage leaves are
short-petioled, elliptical or obovate, blunt, entire, glabrous,
blue-green beneath and 4 to 10 cm by 3.5 to 6 cm. The
leaves are shortly fused in pairs, but the upper ones are fused
to an oval or circular leaf through which the stem grows.
The main active principles are saponin and luteolin. The
drug has a laxative and diaphoretic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders,
malignant tumors and as a diaphoretic agent. It is rarely used
today.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Because of the saponin content, irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and possibly of the kidneys, urinary passages and
urinary bladder are possible in the event of overdosage. Case
studies are not known. (The berries of the red honeysuckle
are considered poisonous. Intakes above 10 berries are said
to trigger nausea, vomiting and tachycardia, elevated body
temperature, exanthemas and cyanosis.)
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete.
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
400/HOPS
Hops
Humulus lupulus
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the glandular hairs
separated from the infructescence, the whole dried female
flowers, the fresh cones (preferably with few seeds) collected
before the seeds ripen and the fresh or dried female
inflorescence.
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers are yellowish-greenish,
inconspicuous and about 5 mm in diameter. The female
flowers are in richly blossomed, heavily branched inflorescence. The ovary, which has 2 long downy stigma, is
surrounded at the base by a round compressed nutlet. A
yellowish fruit cone grows from the female flower. The
inside of the bracts is covered with small, glossy, light
yellow glandular scales, which contain hop bitter (Lupulin).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The hop plant is a perennial. The
annual shoots reach a height of 6 m (12 m when cultivated).
The stems are pencil-thick, green and do not tum woody.
They are covered in 6 rows of climbing barbs. The leaves are
3 to 5 Iobed, serrate and opposite.
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N ES
EFFECTS
The drug is a sedative and therefore has sleep-inducing
effect. This effect, however, strongly depends on the quality
of the extract used.
In animal experiments, the 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol exhaled by
the plant caused a long and deep narcotic sleep after a short
period of excitation.
The hop bitter acids are antibacterial and antimycotic. They
stimulate the secretion of gastric juices. In animal experiments, a strong spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscle of
the intestinal tract has been reported.
An estrogenic principle is considered plausible.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Nervousness and insomnia
Unproven Uses: Used as a bitter and stomachic to stimulate
the appetite and increase the secretion of gastric juices.
Characteristics: Lupulin has a very strong odor and an
extremely bitter taste.
In folk medicine, Hops has been used internally for nerve
pain, priapism, inflammation of the intestinal mucous
membrane and tension headaches and used externally for
ulcus cruris, ulcers and skin abrasions.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe, cultivated in Asia, U.S. and
elsewhere.
Homeopathic Uses: Humulus lupulus is found in preparations for treating nervousness and insomnia.
Production: Hop cones consist of the whole dried female
inflorescence of Humulus lupulus. After the harvest, the
hops are dried on racks at temperatures of 30 to 60° C.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Acylphloroglucinols (10%)
Alpha-bitter acids: including, among others, humulone,
cohumulone, adhumulone
Beta-bitter acids: including, among others, lupulone, colupulone, adlupulone
Volatile oil (0.3-1.0%): very complex in makeup, chief
components myrcene, humulene, beta-caryophyllene, undecane-2-on, furthermore 2-methyl-but-3-en-ol (particularly
following storage, as breakdown product of the
acylphloroglucinols)
Resins (oxidation products of the bitter acids)
Phenolic acid: including, among others, ferulic acid, caffeic
acid and their derivatives, for example, chlorogenic acid
Tannins: oligomeric proanthocyanidines
Flavonoids: including, among others, xanthohumole
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The fresh plant has a sensitizing effect (hoppicker's disease), which may occur, more rarely, with the
dust of the drug as well.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, powdered drug
or dry extract powder for infusions or decoctions or other
preparations; liquid and solid preparations for internal use
and externally for bath additives.
Hops is often found in combination with other sedatives.
How Supplied:
Liquid extract — drug: 1:1 45% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83).
Tincture — drug 1:5 60% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83)
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, boiling water is poured
over the ground hop cones and left to draw for 10 to 15
minutes (1 teaspoonful is equal to 0.4 gm drug).
Daily Dosage: For most indications, a single dose of 0.5 gm
is given.
HOREHOUND / 4 0 1
H E R B A L MONOGRAPH S
To promote sleep, a single dose of 1 to 2 gm drug is given;
liquid extract: single dose: 0.5 to 2 ml; tincture: single dose:
1 to 2 ml.
Wohlfart R, Hansel R, Schmidt H, (1983) Nachweis sedativhypnotischer Wirkstoffe im Hopfen. 4. Mittlg. Die
Pharmakologie des Hopfeninhaltsstoffes 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol.
Planta Med 48:120-123.
Tea: 1 cup before bedtime for 2 to 3 days.
Wohlfart R, Wurm G, Hansel R, Schmidt H, (1983) Der Abbau
der Bittersauren zum 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol, einem
Hopfeninhaltsstoff mit sedativ-hypnotischer Wirkung. Arch
Pharmaz 315:132-137.
m.
^
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
Storage: Protect from light and moisture in well-sealed
containers.
LITERATURE
Bravo L et al.. (1974) Boil Chim Farm:306.
Caujolle F et al.. (1969) Agressologie 10:405.
Field JA et al.. Determination of essential oils in hops by
headspace solid- phase microextraktion. In: J Agric Food Chem
44(7): 1768-1772. 1996.
Fintelmann V, Klinisch-arztliche Bedeutung des Hopfens. In:
ZPT 13(5): 165. 1992.
Ganzer BM, Hopfen: nicht nur fur die Bierbrauerei. In: PZ
137(38):2824. 1992.
#
Hansel R et al.. (1982) Planta Med 45(4):224.
Hansel R, Pflanzliche Beruhigungsmittel Moglichkeiten und
Grenzen der Selbstmedikation. In: DAZ 135(32):2935-2943.
1995.
Hansel R, Wagener HH. (1967) Versuche, sedativ-hypnotische
Wirkstoffe im Hopfen nachzuweisen. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res
17:79-81.
Hartley RD, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1641.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. AufL Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Hartley RD, Fawcett CH, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1395.
Holzl J, Inhaltsstoffe des Hopfens (Humulus lupulus L.). In:
ZPT 13(5): 155. 1992.
Hordeum distichon
Kumai A, Okamoto R, (1984) Toxicol Lett 21(2):203.
See Barley
Moir M et al.. (1980) Phytochemistry 19(10):2201.
Orth-Wagner S, Ressin WJ, Friedrich I, Phytosedativum gegen
Schlafstorungen. In: ZPT 16(3): 147-156. 1995.
Schmalreck AF et al., (1975) Can J Microbiol 21:205.
Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit
Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997.
^
Stevens JF, Ivancic M, Hsu VL, Deinzer ML, Prenylflavonoids
from Humulus lupulus. In: PH 44(8): 1575-1585. 1997.
Stocker HR, (1967) Sedative und hypnogene Wirkung des
Hopfens. Schweizer Brauerei Rundschau 78:80-89.
Tobe H, Muraki Y, Kitamura K, Komiyama O, Sato Y,
Sugioka T, Maruyama HB, Matsuda E, Nagai M, Bone
resorption inhibitors from hope extract. In: Biosc Biotech
Biochem 61(1):158-159. 1997.
Wohlfart R, (1983) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 123:1637.
Horehound
Marrubium vulgare
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowering
branches, the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant and the
whole plant.
Flower and Fruit: The small, white 5 to 7 mm long, labiate
globular flowers are sessile. There are 6 to 8 richly flowered
false whorls that are 1.5 to 2 cm long on each stem. The
calyx is tubular, white and tomentose with 10 awl-shaped
tips, which are curved back in a hook. The corolla is white
and downy. The fruit is an ovate. 1.5 to 2 mm long, obtusely
402/HOREHOUND
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
triangular, smootfi, gray-brown with darker marbling or light
brown nut.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb with a
fusiform root and a multi-headed, often woody, root crown.
The stems are erect, branched, obtusely quadrangular, and
about 40 to 60 cm high and 7 mm thick at the base. The
branches are curved, spreading out, obtusely quadrangular,
and loosely downy, like the leaves. The leaves are tomentose-downy, petiolate, orbicular and unevenly crenate. They
have distinct veins on the underside and are wrinkled.
bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, tuberculosis, pulmonary catarrh, respiratory infections, diarrhea, jaundice, debility and painful menstruation, and as a laxative in higher
doses; externally for skin damage, ulcers and wounds, and as
a gargle for mouth and throat infections.
Homeopathic Uses: Inflammation of the respiratory tract.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Characteristics: The leaves smell tangy when rubbed and
contain musk juice, which taste bitter and hot.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
to central Asia. It has become established in central Europe;
introduced to America, South Africa and Australia.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, freshly pressed
plant juice and other galenic preparations for internal use.
DOSAGE
Production: Horehound herb consists of the fresh or dried,
above-ground parts of Marrubium vulgare as well as their
preparations. The plant is harvested during the flowering
season from June to August. Fast drying is recommended.
Other Names: Houndsbane, Marrubium, White Horehound
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Diterpene hitter principles: chief components
(0.1-1.0%), premarrubiin (0.1%)
marrubiin
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others chlorogenic
acid, cryptochlorogenic acid
Flavonoids: including among others chrysoeriol, vicenin II,
lactoyl flavones, for example luteolin-7-lactate, apigenin-7lactate
Volatile oil (traces): including among others camphene, pcymene, fenchene
EFFECTS
The bitter ingredients act as a gastric juice stimulant;
marrubinic acid acts as a choleretic. In animal experiments, a
significant increase of bile secretion was observed after
administration of marrubinic acid and its salt. The main
active principles, essential oil, diterpene-amaroids, tannins
and flavonoids indicate that the drug would probably
stimulate gastric juice secretion.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints
• Loss of appetite
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for dyspepsia, loss of
appetite, bloating and flatulence, and respiratory catarrh. In
folk medicine, it is used internally for acute and chronic
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
1 to 2 gm of the drug; strain after 10 minutes. For a liquid
extract, prepare as a (1:1) dilution with ethanol (20%).
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4.5 gm of the drug;
30 to 60 ml pressed juice.
The infusion dosage is 1 to 2 gm of the drug taken up to 3
times daily. The liquid extract dosage is 2 to 4 ml 3 times
daily.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
LITERATURE
Bartarelli IM, (1966) Boll Chim Farm 105:787.
Brieskorn CH, Feilner K, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:485.
Busby MC et al., (1983) Proc R IR Acad Sect B 83:1.
Cahen R, (1970) C R Soc Biol 164:1467.
Henderson MS, McCrindle R, (1969) J Chem Soc Chem Comm
15:2014.
Karryev MO et al., (1976) Izv Akad Nauk Turkm Ser Biol
3:86.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
Nicholas HJ, (1964) J Pharm Sci 53:895.
Pandler WW, Wagner S, (1963) Chem Ind 42:1693.
Popa DP et al., (1968) Khim Prir Soedin 4(6):345.
Popa DP et al., (1974) Rastit Resur 10(3):365.
Popa DP, Salei LA, (1973) Rastit Resur 9(3):384.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AuflL, Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
HORSE CHESTNUT/403
long, cuneate-obovate, acute and dentate. The leaflets are
rich green above and beneath are light green.
Habitat: Although the herb is indigenous to the mountains of
Greece, Bulgaria, the Caucasus, northern Iran and the
Himalayas, it is cultivated elsewhere, especially in northern
Europe including the British Isles, Denmark, Scandinavia
and Russia (Narva and St. Petersburg).
Production: Horse Chestnut leaf consists of the fresh or
dried leaf of Aesculus hippocastanum. A dry extract is
manufactured from Horse Chestnut seeds standardized to a
content of 16-20% triterpene glycosides (calculated as
anhydrous aescin).
Not to be Confused With: The leaves of the Horse Chestnut
are commonly confused with those of Sweet Chestnut.
Horse Chestnut
Other Names: Spanish Chestnut, Buckeye, Common Horse
Chestnut, Conqueror Tree
Aesculus
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
hippocastanum
TRADE NAMES
COMPOUNDS: HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
Horse Chestnut (available from numerous manufacturers),
Horse Chestnut-Power, Venastat, Standardized Horsechestnut Extract
Triterpene saponins
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Horse
Chestnut leaves, the oil extracted from the peeled fruit
capsules (seeds) and dried chestnut seeds.
Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are in stiffly upright
panicles gradually thickening near the distal end. Most of the
flowers are male, but a few are female or androgynous. The
calyx is fused and bell-shaped with 5 irregular tips. The
petals are 10 to 15 mm long with a yellow spot, which turns
red. There are 3 upward petals and 2 downward, which are
folded at the edge. The flower is ciliate and cordate (heart
shaped) at the base and contains 7 S-shaped, bending
stamens with red anthers that are longer than the petals. The
ovary is 3-valved, superior and velvety. The fruit capsules
are green and globular with soft spines and fine hairs. There
are 1 to 3 red-brown seeds (Chestnuts) within the capsules,
which are shiny brown with a yellowish gray-brown navel
and a tough shell.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The seasonal tree is up to 35 m high;
it includes a large regular crown and widely spread roots.
The trunk is initially smooth but later has thinly scaled,
peeling and fissured bark. The young twigs are yellowish to
red-brown and are initially covered with brown hairs. The
buds gradually thicken near the distal end and are extremely
sticky with dark red bud scales to protect the seed plant bud.
The leaves are long, 5 to 7 palmate, with a 20 cm long
grooved petiole. The leaflets are initially red-haired, 20 cm
Hydroxycoumarins: chief component is aesculin, in addition
fraxin and scopolin
Flavonoids: including rutin, quercitrin, and isoquercitrin
Tannins
EFFECTS: HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
The main active principles of the anti-exudative effect and
improvement of venous tone are hydroxycoumarins (aesculin
and fraxin), triterpene saponins in the petioles and leaf veins,
flavonoids and a rich supply of tannins. Although the drug is
said to have an anti-exudative effect and improve venous
tone, there is a lack of clinical data to support the efficacy.
COMPOUNDS: HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
Triterpene saponins (3-5%): The triterpene saponine mixture
known as aescin (also escin) consists of diacylated tetra-and
pentahydroxy-beta-amyrin compounds.The compounds bear
a glucuronic acid remnant substituted with 2 monosaccharide
remnants in position 3 at the OH-group. Aglycones, protoescigenin and barringtogenol C, are bonded like esters onto the
OH-group at position 21 with either angelic or tiglic acid, or
with either alpha-methyl butyric or isobutyric acid remnants.
The OH-group in position 22 (beta-escin) or 28 (cryptoescin)
is acetylated, and both positional isomeric compounds
remain in equilibrium though migration of the acetyl
remnant.
Flavonoids: in particular biosides and triosides of the
quercetins
Oligosaccharides: including 1-kestose, 2-kestose, stachyose
404/HORSE
CHESTNUT
Polysaccharides: starch (50%)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Fatty oil (2-3%)
vein incompetence to determine the edema-reducing effect of
Horse Chestnut seed extract. The edema reduction effect and
reduction of leg volume with edema provocation of the
Horse Chestnut seed extract were both statistically significant (Diem, 1992).
E F F E C T S : HORSE C H E S T N U T SEEDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, condensed tannins: (only in
the seed-coat)
As found in different animal tests and preclincal investigations, the principal ingredient of Horse Chestnut seed extract,
triterpene glycoside mixture (aescin), has an anti-exudative,
vascular tightening effect, and reduction of vascular permeability which result in an antiedemic effect. The vein-toning
properties of the Horse Chestnut extract also demonstrated
improvement of venous return flow. A significant reduction
of transcapillary filtration was seen in a placebo-controlled
human pharmacological trial (Bisler, 1986). Significant
improvement in the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency was demonstrated in diverse, randomized, double-blind
and cross-over studies (Calabrese, 1993; Steiner, 1990).
There are indications that Horse Chestnut seed extract
reduces the activity of lysosomal enzymes, which increases
in chronic pathological conditions of the veins. The enzymes
will break down glycoacalyx (mucopolysaccharides) in the
region of the capillary walls, allowing proteins to leak into
the interstitium. The activity of the enzymes is reduced by
the aescin and so the breakdown of glycoacalyx is also
inhibited. The transcapillary filtration of low-molecular
proteins, electrolytes and water into the interstitium is
inhibited through a reduction of vascular permeability by the
aescin.
CLINICAL TRIALS
The efficacy and safety of Horse Chestnut seed extract,
given as Venostasin retard (50mg aescin) twice daily, was
compared to mechanical compression involving bandages
and stockings in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical
study. The study consisted of 240 patients with chronic
venous insufficiency over a 12-week period. The results
determined a similar decrease of lower leg volume of
approximately 25% and noted compression treatment is
uncomfortable, not convenient and subject to poor compliance (Diehm, 1996).
Venostasin retard was administered to 52 pregnant women
with edema due to venous insufficiency in a placebocontrolled, double-blind, cross-over study. A significant
reduction of edema and greater resistance to edema provocation was demonstrated in the Venostasin retard group. There
were also less severe symptoms of pain, fatigue, swelling
and itching with patients receiving Venostasin retard therapy
(Steiner, 1990).
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was
conducted on 40 patients with venous edema in chronic deep
HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
Unproven Uses: Eczema, superficial and deep varicose
veins, leg pains, phlebitis, hemorrhoids, pains before and
during menstruation. In folk medicine, the leaves are used as
a cough remedy, as well as for arthritis and rheumatism.
H O R S E C H E S T N U T SEEDS
Approved by Commission E:
• Venous conditions (chronic venous insufficiency)
Treatment of symptoms found in pathological conditions of
the veins of the legs (chronic venous insufficiency), for
example pain and a sensation of heaviness in the legs,
nocturnal cramps in the calves, pruritis and swelling of the
legs.
Unproven uses: Horse Chestnut seeds are used for symptoms
of post-traumatic and post-operative soft tissue swelling.
Further indications are painful injuries, sprains, bruising,
pain syndrome of the spine, edema, rheumatic disease and
varicose veins.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic treatments include hemorrhoids, lumbar and low back pain, venous back pressure.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. One case of liver damage following intramuscular
administration of an extract of the drug (origin details of the
drug uncertain) is known.
Drug Interactions: Horse Chestnut leaf has a coumarin
componant and may interact with warfarin, salicylates and
other drugs with anti-coagulant properties.
HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
Health risks following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Susceptible patients
may nevertheless experience mucous membrane irritations of
the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. nausea) following intake of the
drug; decrease in kidney function with pre-existing renal
insufficiency and acute nephrotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity and
urticaria have also been observed. I.V administration of
aescin can lead to anaphylactic reactions.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
OVERDOSAGE
HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
The intake of larger quantities of Horse Chestnut seeds (in
one case of a child with 5 seeds) can bring about vomiting,
diarrhea, severe thirst, reddening of the face, enlargement of
pupils, vision and consciousness disorders. Following stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium sulfate)
and the administration of activated charcoal, therapy for
poisonings consists of diazepam for spasms, atropine for
colic, electrolyte replenishment and sodium bicarbonate
infusions for any acidosis that may arise. Intubation and
oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
DOSAGE
HORSE CHESTNUT LEAF
Mode of Administration: Extracts of the drug are contained
in "vein teas" or "hemorrhoid teas," as well as in
pharmaceutical preparations for the treatment of venous
symptoms.
Preparation: One ampule corresponds to 4 mg flavones in
0.9% NaCl.
Daily Dosage:
Infusion (as a tea)—Pour boiling water over 1 tsp. of finely
cut drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes (ltsp = 1 gm drug).
Intravenously—1 to 2 ampules daily.
Intramuscularly—1 ampule daily.
HORSE CHESTNUT SEEDS
Mode of Administration: Available in liquid and solid
preparations for internal use; semi-solid preparations for
external use; and parenterally for homeopathic use.
How Supplied:
Ampules
Capsules — 250 mg, 300 mg, 485 mg
Coated tablets
Drops
Ointment/Gels
Tablets
HORSE CHESTNUT/405
Oral—Aescin from encapsulated standardized extracts are
initially given at doses of 10 mg (Chandler, 1993). The
encapsulated standardized extract has been used for the
treatment of postoperative or traumatic edema, hemorrhoids
or symptoms due to varicose veins in doses providing 40 to
120 mg of aescin per day (Schlesser, 1991). Aescin (escin)
100 mg corresponding to 250-312.5 mg extract may be
administered twice daily in delayed-release form.
Tincture—For the treatment of painful hemorrhoids, a dose
of 1:10 tincture is 0.6 ml (Reynolds, 1977).
Topical—A 1 to 2% gel is applied topically several times
daily for soft tissue injuries, bruises and symptomatic relief
of varicose veins (Fachinfo Reparil (R)- Sportgel 1994;
Fachino Opijo (R) N gel, 1991; Calabrese & Preston 1993).
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; ointment 1 to 2 times
daily (HAB1).
Storage: The herb should be stored in a dry and dark place.
LITERATURE
Aizavva X, Fukui. Yamada K, Kogo H, Aescin,
antiinflammatory action of Aescin (1, intravenous injection). In:
Pharmacometrics (Tokyo) 8:211. 1974.
Alter H, (1973) Zur medikamentbsen Therapie der Varikosis. Z
AUg Med 49(17): 1301-1304.
Annoni F, Mauri A, Marincola Resele LF. (1979) Venotonic
activity of Escin on the human saphenous vein. Arzneim
Forsch/Drug Res 29:672.
Arnold M, Przerwa M, Die therapeutische Beeinflufibarkeit
experimentell erzeugter Odeme. In: Arzneim Forsch 26:402-409.
1976.
Auster F, Wirkung eines RoPkastanienpraparates auf die
Resistenz der Hautkapillaren. In: Pharmazie 11:726-730. 1956.
Bisler H, Pfeifer R, Kluken N, Pauschinger P, (1986) Wirkung
von Ropkastaniensamenextrakt auf die transkapillare Filtration
bei chronischer venoser Insuffizien. Z Dtsch Med Wschr 111:
1321-1328.
Brandt D (ed.): Reparil (R) -Ampoules. In: MDR, MIMS Desk
Reference Vol 28. MIMS, Pretoria, 1992/93.
Tincture
Buechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische
Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Preparation: Stabilized extract of Horse Chestnut (5:1) is
standardized for aescin; tincture of Horse Chestnut 1:1 with
75% ethanol; isolated aescin.
Calabrese C, Preston P, Report of the results of a double-blind,
randomized, single-dose trial of a topical 2% escon gel versus
placebo in the acute treatment of experimentally-induced
hematoma volunteers. Planta Med 59:394-397. 1993.
Daily Dosage:
Intravenous—Doses of 5 mg once or twice daily of aescin as
the sodium salt has been used for treatment or prevention of
post-traumatic edema and potoperative edema. The maximum daily dose is 20 mg (Brandt, 1992/1993).
Chandler RF, Herbal Medicine: Horse Chestnut. Can Pharm J
1993; 126:297-306.
Comaish JS, Kersey PJ, Contact dermatitis to extract of horse
chestnut (esculin). Contact Dermatitis 1980 Jan;6(2): 150-1.
4 0 6 / H O R S E CHESTNUT
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Daub B, Chronische Veneninsuffizienz: RoBkastanienextrakt
oder Kompressionsstrumpf - gleiche Wirkung. In: DAZ
136(12):946. 1996.
Hellberg K, Ruschewski W, de Vivie R, Drug induced acute
renal failure after heart surgery. Thoraxchir Vask Chir 1975
Aug;23(4):396-9.
De Smet PA, Van den E, Lesterhuis W, Hepatotoxicity
associated with herval tablets. BJM 1996; July 13, 313:92.
Hitzenberger G, (1989) Die therapeutische Wirksamkeit des
RoBkastaniensamenextraktes. Wien Med Wschr 139(17):385-389
Diehm C, Vollbrecht D, Amendt K, Comberg HU, Medical
edema protection-clinical benefit in patients with chronic deep
vein incompetence. A placebo controlled double blind study.
Vasa 21 (2): 199-92.1992,
Hiibner G, Wray V, Nahrstedt A, Flavonolglycosides in
Aesculus hippocastanum L.: Isolation, structure elucidation and
quantification. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress
ofGA, 139. 1996.
Diehm C, Trampisch HJ, Lange S, Schmidt C, Comparison of
leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract in
patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet Feb
3;347:292-294. 1996.
Jacker HJ, Zur Pharmakologie der RoBkastanie. In: PZH
116(9):959-968. 1977.
Ehringer H, Objektivierbare Venentonisierung nach oraler Gabe
eines Kombinationspraparates mit RoBkastanienextrakt. In:
Arzneim Forsch 18:432. 1968.
Escribano MM, Munoz-Bellido FJ, Velazquez E et al., Contact
urticaria due to aescin. Contact Dermatitis 1997 Nov:37(5):233.
Fachinformation: Opino (R) N gel, Aescin. Toponwerke GmbH
& Co, KG, Koeln, 1991.
Fachinformation: Reparil (R)- Sportgel, Aescin, Diethylaminsalicylat. Madaus AG, Koeln, 1994.
Felix W, Schneider E, Schmidt A, Grimm G, Vasoaktive
Wirkung von alpha-Aescin. In: Fischer H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der
Angiologie: Chronische Veneninsuffizienz. Pathogenese und
medikamentose Therapie, Schattauer, Stuttgart, 30:93-105. 1984.
Felix W, Spektrum Venenmittel. In: Arzneimitteltherapie heute.
Bd. 45. Spektrum Venenmittel. Aesopus Verlag Zug S 29.
1986.
Felix W, Wirkungsmechanismen der internen Therapie mit
"Venopharmaka". In: Dt med J 21:458-465. 1970.
Fink Serralde C. Dreyfus Cortes GO, Colo Hernandesz,
Marquez Zacarias LA, (1975) Valoracion de la escina pura en
el tratamiento del sindrome des estasis venosa cronica. Munch
Med Wschr (mex. Ausgabe) 117(l):41-46.
Fischer H, Pflanzliche Venentherapeutica. In: Therapiewoche
34:4101-4106. 1984.
Fricke U, (1995) Venenmittel. In: Schwabe U, Paffrath D
(Hrsg), Arzneiverordnungs-Report '95. Gustav Fischer Verlag
Stuttgart, Jena, S 421-430.
Friederich HC, Vogelsberg H, Neiss A, (1978) Ein Beitrag zur
Bewertung von intern wirksamen Venenpharmaka. Z
Hautkrankheiten 53(ll):369-374.
Girerd I, DiPasquale, Steinetz G, Beach BG, Pearl VLW, The
anti-edema properties of aescin. In: Arch internat Pharmacodyn
Ther, Bruxelles 133:127-137. 1961.
Hampel H, Hofrichter G, Liehn HD, Schlemmer W, Zur
Pharmakologie der Aescin-Isomere unter besonderer
Beriicksichtigung von alpha-Aescin. In: Arzneim Forsch 20:209215. 1970.
K^
Konoshima T, Lee KH. (1986) J Nat Prod 49(4):650.
Kreysel HW, Nissen HP, Enghofer E, A possible role of
lysosomal enzymes in the pathogenesis of varicosis and the
reduction in their serum activity by Venostasin. Vasa 12(4):37782. 1983.
Locks H, Baumgartner H, Konzett H, (1974) Zur Beeinflussung
des Benentonus durch RoBkastanienextrakte. Arzneim Forsch
24:1347.
Lohr E, Garanin G, Jesau P, Fischer H, (1986) Odemprotektive
Therapie bei chronischer Veneninsuffizienz mit Odemneigung.
Munch Med Wschr 128:579-581.
Longiave D, Omini C, Nicosia S, Berti F, (1978) The Mode of
Action of Escin on Isolated Veins, Relationship with PGF2.
Pharmacol Res 10:145.
^|
Lorenz D, Marek ML, (1960) Das therapeutisch wirksame
Prinzip der RoBkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum). Arzneim
Forsch 10:263-272.
Marshall M, Dormandy JA, (1987) Oedema of long distant
flights. Phlebol 2:123-124.
Marshall M, Loew D, (1994) Diagnostische MaBnahmen zum
Nachweis der Wirksamkeit von Venentherapeutika. Phlebol
23:85-91.
Marshall M, Wustenberg P, Klinik und Therapie der
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz. In: Klinik und Therapie der
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz, Braun Fachverlage, Karlsruhe
1994.
Neiss A, Bohm C, (1976) Zum Wirksamkeitsnachweis von
RoBkastaniensamenextrakt beim varikosen Symptomenkomplex.
Munch Med Wschr 7:213-216.
Pauschinger P, tl987) Klinisch experimentelle Untersuchungen
zur Wirkung von RoBkastaniensamenextrakt auf die
transkapillare Filtration und das intravasale Volumen an
Patienten mit chronisch venoser Insuffizien. Z Phlebol Proktol
16:57-61.
Preziosi P, Manca P, (1965) Arzneim Forsch 15:404.
Proserpio G et al., (1980) Fitoterapia 2:113.
Rao GS et al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:471.
Reynolds JEF, Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1998.
»
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Rothkopf M, Vogel G, Neue Befunde zur Wirksamkeit und zu
Wirkungsmechanismen des Ro(3kastanien-Saponins Aescin. In:
Arzneim Forsch 26:225-235. 1976.
Rothkopf M, Vogel G, Lang W, Leng E, Animal experiments
on the question of the renal toleration of the horse chestnut
saponin aescin. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(3):598-605.
Rudofsky G, Neip A, Otto K, Seibel K, (1986) Odemprotektive
Wirkung und klinische Wirksamkeit von
Ro(3kastaniensamenextrakt im Doppelblindversuch. Phlebol
Proktol 15:47-54.
Schlesser JL (ed.). Drugs Available Abroad. Gale Research Inc.
Detroit, MI, 1991.
Simini B, Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous
insufficiency (letter;comment). Lancet 1996 Apr 27;347
(9009): 1182-3.
Steiner M, Hillemanns HG, (1986) Untersuchung zur
odemprotektiven Wirkung eines Venentherapeutikums. Munch
Med Wschr 31:551-552.
Steiner M, Untersuchung zur odemvermindernden und
odemprotektiven Wirkung von Ro(3kastanienextrakt. In: Phlebol
Proktol 19:239-242. 1990.
Steiner M, Hillemanns HG, Venostasin retard in the
management of venous problems during pregnancy. Phlebology
5:41-44. 1990.
Vayssairat M et al.. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic
venous insufficiency. In: Lancet 347(9009): 182-183. 1996.
Vogel G, Aesculus hippocastanum L. - Die Ropkastanie. In:
ZPT 10:102 - 106. 1989.
Vogel G, Marek ML, Stoeckert J, Weitere Untersuchungen zum
Wirkungsmechanismus des RoPkastanien-Saponins Aescin. In:
Arzneim Forsch 13:59. 1963.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al. (Ed.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials
Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzheimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HORSEMINT/407
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
.York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Horsemint
Monarda
Punctata
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in axillary whorls. They
are bilabiate. The corolla is yellow with red spots. The 2
stamens and the sessile bracts are yellow and purple.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and grows
up to 90 cm high with a branched, round stem. The leaves
are opposite, lanceolate and downy.
Characteristics: The taste is pungent and bitter; the odor
reminiscent of thyme.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern and central
U.S.
Other Names: Spotted Monarda, Monarda Lutea, Wild
Bergamot
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: including among others thymol (20%), thymol
methyl ether, thymol hydroquinone; in Monarda punctata
varieties, maritima including also gamma-terpinene, geranylformate, nerylformate
EFFECTS
The drug has carminative, stimulant and emmenagogic
effects.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is not to be used during pregnancy.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders,
flatulence and dysmenorrhea.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Indian Medicine: American Indians use
inflammations, rheumatism and backache.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. (Oil from the plant, however, is only to be
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
the
drug
for
408/HORSEMINT
administered externally. Even then, because it raises blisters
in its pure form, it should be diluted with olive oil before
application.)
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Mountain Radish, Red Cole, Great Raifort
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE
Mode, of Administration: Ground drug used as an infusion.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtin: The freshly
harvested root contains the glucosinolates sinigrin (0.3%)
and gluconasturtin, which release enzymatically triggered
(myrosinase) allyl mustard oil (up to 90%) and a little 2phenyl mustard when the root is cut up. The dehydrated root
contains both of these mustard oils.
EFFECTS
Horseradish
Armor acta rusticana
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the fresh
or dried horseradish root.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is made up of numerous, richly flowered racemes (cymes). The fragrant flowers
are on 5 to 7 mm long, upright pedicles. The sepals are 2.5 to
3 mm long, broadly ovate, with a membranous white margin.
The white petals are 5 to 7 mm long and broadly obovate.
The inner stamens are 2.5 mm long; the outer ones 1.5 mm
long. The stigma is broad, round and gently 2-lobed. The
small pods are on 20 mm long, upright spreading stems.
They are globose to obovate and 4 to 6 mm long. The seeds
are smooth.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 40 to 120 cm high. It is
a sturdy and glabrous perennial. The root is quite thick and
woody. In cultivated varieties, it is thick and fleshy with
numerous root heads, which are light yellowish-white and
have horizontal underground runners. The sometimes solitary stems are upright, branched above, grooved and hollow.
The leaves are long-petioled, oblong-ovate, cordate at the
base, 30 to 100 cm long and unevenly crenate. The lower
cauline leaves have shorter petioles and are lobed or combshaped pinnate with linear-oblong, entire-margined or serrate
sections. The upper cauline leaves with narrowed bases are
sessile, oblong or lanceolate, unevenly crenate to serrate and
obtuse. The uppermost leaves are linear or almost entiremargined.
Characteristics: The rootstock has an odor that is strong and
irritating, and a sharp, burning taste.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Volga-Don region but
has spread to almost all of Europe and other parts of the
world.
Production: Horseradish consists of the fresh or dried,
peeled or unpeeled roots of Armoracia rusticana.
Horseradish works antimicrobially against gram-positive and
gram-negative pathogens, and is hyperemic on skin and
mucous membranes and carcinostatic (due to the mustard
oils). Horseradish demonstrated an antispasmodic effect in
animal experiments.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/Bronchitis
• Infections of the urinary tract
Unproven Uses: Internally, Horseradish is used to treat
inflammation of the respiratory tract and as supportive
therapy for infections of the urinary tract. Externally, the
drug is used for inflammation of the respiratory tract and for
hyperemic treatment for minor muscle aches. In folk
medicine, horseradish is administered for influenza, respiratory ailments, digestion, gout, rheumatism, and liver and
gallbladder disorders.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include eye inflammations, upper respiratory tract inflammations and upper
abdominal colic.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Because of the mucous membrane-irritating effect of the
mustard oils, the intake of the drug should not be carried out
in the presence of stomach or intestinal ulcers or in patients
with a history of kidney disease.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Pediatric Use: Preparations of horseradish should not be
administered to children under 4 years of age.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Fresh or dried root that has been cut
or ground, freshly pressed juice or other galenic preparations
for internal or external applications.
HORSETAIL / 4 0 9
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Daily Dose: The average dose for internal use is 20 g of
fresh root; for external use, ointments and gels with a
maximum of 2% mustard oils may be used.
Habitat: Horsetail grows throughout Europe. It grows in
Asia as far south as Turkey and Iran. The plant is also found
in the Himalayas, central and north China and Japan.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
•^T 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB34). The mother
tincture and first decimal dilution to be taken diluted wi
water.
Production: Horsetail consists of the fresh or dried, green,
sterile stems of Equisetum arvense harvested in the summer.
The herb is collected in the wild and air-dried.
Storage: Fresh roots should be buried in soil or sand.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutisehen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Simon JE, Chadvvick AF, Craker LE (Eds), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984.
Stoll A, Seebeek E, Helv Chim Acta 31:1432-1434. 1948.
jg|
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharniakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
York, 1995.
Not to be Confused With: Other Equisetum species.
Other Names: Bottle-Brush, Corn Horsetail, Dutch Rushes,
Field Horsetail, Horse Willow, Horsetail Grass, Horsetail
Rush, Paddock-Pipes, Pewterwort, Scouring Rush, Shave
Grass, Toadpipe
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: (0.6 to 0-9%): apigenin-5-0-glucoside, genkwanin-5-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-0-glucoside, kaempferol-3-0-(6'-0-malonyl-glucoside)-7-0-glucoside,
kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside
Caffeic acid ester (up to 1%): including chlorogenic acid,
dicoffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid
Silicic acid (5 to 7.7%): to some extent water-soluble
Pyridine alkaloids: nicotine (traces), palustrine (in the
gamatophytes and in the rhizome styrolpyrone glucosides,
including equisetumpyrone)
EFFECTS
Horsetail
Equisetum
arvense
TRADE NAMES
Alcohol Free Horsetail, Horsetail, Horsetail Grass, Wild
Countryside Springtime Horsetail
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried green,
sterile shoots and fresh sterile shoots.
Flower and Fruit: Horsetail appears in two forms during the
year. From March to April the red-brown to straw yellow
simple stem develops with leaves arranged in a number of
levels on the stem in whorls. The leaves are brown, fused to
a sheath at the lower level with black-tipped, dry sporangia
cones at the tip sprinkling greenish spore powder. In May
and June there is a sterile summer form with 10 to 14 cm
high stems and numerous branches that are arranged in
whorls at the nodes. The stem and branches are deeply
grooved, usually square and rough.
Horsetail has a mild diuretic and spasmolytic action in
animal tests. The flavonoids and silicic acid contribute to the
astringent effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
• Wounds and burns
Internal preparations are used for post-traumatic and static
edema, flushing-out therapy for bacterial and inflammatory
diseases of the lower urinary tract and renal stones. It is used
externally as a supportive treatment for poorly healing
wounds.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Equisetum arvense is used
for tuberculosis, as a catarrh in the kidney and bladder
regions, as a hematostatic for profuse menstruation, nasal,
pulmonary and gastric hemorrhages, for brittle fingernails
and loss of hair, for rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing
wounds and ulcers, swelling and fractures and for frostbite.
410/HORSETAIL
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Horsetail is contraindicated in patients who have edema due
to impaired heart and kidney function.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
A doctor should be consulted when the drug is utilized as a
bath additive in cases of major skin lesions, acute skin
lesions of unknown origin, major feverish and infectious
diseases, cardiac insufficiency and hypertonia.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and
other galenic preparations are available for oral administration. Comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic
preparations are used externally.
Preparation: To make a tea. pour 200 ml boiling water over
2 to 3 gm drug and boil for 5 minutes. Strain after 10 to 15
minutes. To make an infusion, use 1.5 gm drug per 1 cup
water. A liquid extract is prepared in a 1:1 ratio in 25%
alcohol.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Veit M, Problem bei der Bewertung pflanzlicher Diuretika. Als
Beispiel Schachtelhalmkraut DAB 10 (Equiseti herba). In: ZPT
15(6):331-341. 1994.
Veit M et al., Flavonoids of the Equisetum hybrids in the
subgenus Equisetum. In: PM 58(7)97. 1992.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Daily Dosage: Daily dose of Horsetail is 6 g drug. The drug
should be administered with plenty of fluids.
The internal dosages are as follows:
Hound's Tongue
Infusion — 2 to 4 g
Cynoglossum officinale
Liquid extract — 1 to 4 ml 3 times daily
Tea — 2-3 g per cup repeatedly during the day between
mealtimes
External use:
Compresses: 10 g drug to 1 liter
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc 3 times daily (HAB1).
Storage: Horsetail must be protected from light in wellsealed containers.
LITERATURE
Beckert C, Veit M, Styrylpyrone im Schachtelhalm. In: DAZ
137(28):2474-2475. 1997.
Eugster C, Heterocycles 4:51. 1976.
Gibelli C, (1931) Arch Int Pharmacodyn 41:419.
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Karrer P et al., Helv Chim Acta 32:2397-2399. 1949.
Pohl RW, (1955) Am Fern J 45:95.
Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8.
1989.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial and root
of the herb.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are on short, bent pedicles,
which grow to 1 cm after flowering. The corolla is cupshaped and larger than the calyx. The corolla is initially dark
violet, then dull brown. It is occasionally white with
thickened, velvety purple or light red, tubular scales. The
nutlets are flat, ovoid and light brown. They are 5 to 7 mm
wide, thickened at the edge and covered with barbs.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a biennial. The taproot
is 10 to 30 cm long and up to 1.5 cm thick. It is reddish
colored with a few fibers. The shoots are gray-green and
smell of mice. The stems are usually rigidly erect, angular,
hairy and heavily foliated. They are 30 to 80 cm high and up
to 1 cm thick. The lower leaves are in rosettes, which form a
tough, coriaceous sheath at the base. The upper leaves are
sessile and clasping.
Habitat: Especially common in Germany and Switzerland,
now also found in the U.S. in areas where Germans and
Swiss settled.
Production: Hound's Tongue herb consists of the aboveground parts of Cynoglossum officinale. Hound's Tongue
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
root is the root of Cynoglossum officinale. The root is
gathered in the second spring and then dried.
Other Names: Dog's Tongue, Dog-Bur, Gypsy Flower,
Sheep-Lice, Woolmat
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: HOUNDS TONGUE HERB
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.7 to 1.5%): main alkaloids heliosupine,
echinatine,
also
7-angeloylheliotridine,
acetylheliosupine
EFFECTS:
No information is available.
COMPOUNDS: HOUNDS TONGUE ROOT
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids presumably, as in the
plant, heliosupine and echinatine
Tannins
HOUSELEEK/411
Storage: The herb should be protected from light and kept
dry above annealed calcium chloride in air-tight, sealed glass
or chalk containers, with the possible addition of a few drops
of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride as an insecticide. It
should be3 renewed annually.
LITERATURE
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, Roby MR,
Cynoglossum officinale (hounds-tongue) - a cause of
pyrrolizidine-alkaloid poisoning in horse. In: J Am Vet Med
Assoc 185(6):647-650. 1984.
EFFECTS: HOUND'S TONGUE ROOT
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
The root has antidiarrheal and wound-healing effects. It is
both toxic and carcinogenic.
Mattocks AR, Pigott CD, Pyrrolizidine lakloids from
Cynoglossum germanicum. In: PH 29(9):2871. 1990.
According to previous reports, cynoglossin has a paralyzing
effect on the peripheral nerve ends of frogs. The substances
consolicin and consolidin have a paralyzing effect on the
CNS, which is 3 times stronger than the effect of cynoglossin. The toxicity should disappear with storage.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Hound's Tongue have been
used as an antidiarrheal and an expectorant. The effectiveness of the herb for the claimed applications is not
documented.
CYNOGLOSSUM ROOT
Unproven Uses: In the past, it was used as an analgesic both
internally and externally, as a cough sedative and for
diarrhea. The root is used externally in the treatment of
wounds.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
HOUND'S TONGUE ROOT
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, Roby MR,
Cynoglossum officinale (hounds-tongue) - a cause of
pyrrolizidine-alkaloid poisoning in horse. In: J Am Vet Med
Assoc 185(6):647-650. 1984.
Mattocks AR, Pigott CD, Pyrrolizidine lakloids from
Cynoglossum germanicum. In: PH 29(9):2871. 1990.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Houseleek
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB AND ROOT
Sempervivum tectorum
WARNING: The traditional folk medicinal preparations
should not be used!
DESCRIPTION
Because of its high pyrrolizidine alkaloid content with 1,2unsaturated necine parent substances, the drug is both
hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in effect. The drug
should under no circumstances be taken internally.
DOSAGE
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB AND ROOT
See Warning above regarding internal use.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh leaves
before flowering and their juice.
Flower and Fruit: The pink or red flowers are in cymes on
their own peduncles, which are about 22 cm high. The
individual flowers are short-pedicled and splayed in a star
shape. The 12 sepals and petals are twice as long as the
calyx. The 24 stamens are in 2 circles. There are 24 ovaries.
The small fruit is many-seeded and fused at the base.
4 1 2 /HOUSELEEK
Leaves, Stem and Root: The green succulent leaves grow.
directly from the perennial fibrous root and form a dense,
obovate, basal rosette 5 to 10 cm in diameter. They are
fleshy and juicy, flat, 2.5 to 5 cm long. The purple leaves are
sessile-oblong with a ciliate margin and are often in carpets
of tufts.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and southern
Europe and now grows wild in northern Europe, northern
Africa, and western Asia.
Other Names: Jupiter's Eye. Jupiter's Beard, Thor's Beard,
Bullock's Eye, Sengreen, Ayron, Ayegreen, Aaron's Rod,
Hens and Chickens, Liveforever, Thunder Plant
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Fruit acids: L(-)-malic acid, isocitric acid, succinic acid
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
water. Gargles are prepared using plant juice diluted with
water and sweetened with honey. The pure plant juice is used
for ear drops.
Daily Dosage: Infusion dosage is 1 cup every 3 hours.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Humulus lupulus
See Hops
Tannins
Mucilage
EFFECTS
The active agents are the leaves containing tannin, bitter
substances, sugar, and mucous. Results of research carried
out to date point to a possible liver-protective and antioxidative effect. There are no studies available for the
astringent, diuretic and antiseptic effects attributed to the
drug.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Houseleek is used internally to relieve
severe diarrhea. Folk medicine uses include dysentery,
dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, impairment of hearing and
fever, worm infestation, uterine neuralgia, tonsillitis, headache and toothache. Externally, the drug is used for bums,
wounds, ulcers and swelling caused by insect bites, open
wounds, sore nipples, corns, inflammation of the throat,
hemorrhoids, eczema, stomatitis, oral fungal infections and
inflammation of mucous membranes and for the treatment of
itchy and burning skin parts. A gargle of diluted juice made
from the leaves is used for stomatitis.
Hwema Bark
Corynanthe
pachyceras
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an apical, up to 10cm long panicle. The calyx has 4 short tips. The corolla tube
is white and urn-shaped with 4 narrow, approximately 2-mm
long lobes. The lobes have globular appendages, with 4
stamens and a 2-chambered ovary. The fruit is a 7 to 10 mm
long and 2 to 4 mm wide, loculicidal capsule, which is black
when ripe, with numerous double slit winged seeds.
Leaves and Trunk: Corynanthe pachyceras is a tree that
grows up to 20 m high. The leaves are opposite, with simple
lamina that are paper-like. The lamina grow from 15 to 25
cm long and 5 to 7 cm wide. They are elongate-ovate with
approximately 12 mm long stipules. The branches are
glabrous and the trunk bark is dark green to reddish brown.
Habitat: Tropical Africa
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Production: Hwema bark is the dried bark of Corynanthe
pachyceras. It is dried in the sun or drying cupboard with
circulating air at temperatures less than 70° C after
harvesting.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Houseleek is used internally as a
decoction. Freshly pressed leaves and their juice is used
externally.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, allow 15 g of the drug
to steep in 1000 ml water for 10 minutes. Poultices are
prepared using crushed fresh leaves. A compress is made by
soaking a cloth in plant juice that has been diluted with
Not to be Confused With: Incorrect identification can occur
with Cinchonae cortex and sometimes with Yohimbe Cortex.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids of the beta-carboline and oxindole type:
chief alkaloids corynanthine (1.2%) and corynantheidine,
including as well, corynanthidine (alpha-yohimbine), beta-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S
yohimbine, corynantheine, dihydrocorynantheine, corynoxine, corynoxeine
HYDRANGEA/413
Hydrangea
Hydrangea arborescens
EFFECTS
The alkaloid-containing drug (yohimbine-corynantheine
^ type) affects the CNS by inhibiting motility in animal
experiments. The drug is spasmolytic, blood pressure reducing and also mildly analgesic and locally anesthetic in effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Hvvema Bark preparations
are used for fever and malaria (infusion), leprosy (decoction), colds, and to lower blood pressure (dry extract).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The LD50
in mice was determined to be 4.9 mg dry extract/kg body
weight, I.V. The symptoms observed included convulsions
and dyspnea.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses among humans could conceivably lead to signs of
poisoning.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug, liquid and
solid preparations for internal use; solid preparations for
external use.
Preparation: To prepare a dry extract (10:1), the bark
powder is succussed for 30 minutes at 95°C with a 10-fold
amount of isotonic Nacl solution. It is filtered after cooling
and the solution is concentrated to double the weight of the
drug. Freeze-drying follows a 48-hour clarification period.
This produces a brown powder. Drugmative dry extract is
10:1.
DESCRIPTION
,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome
and the roots.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is flat cymes of umbels
with creamy white flowers. They are androgynous or
completely sexless and have inferior ovaries. The fruit is a
schizocarp or capsule.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hydrangea is a marsh plant, a bush
up to 3 m high whose leaves are only pubescent on the veins
of the undersides. The petiole is 2 to 5 cm long. The leaves
are simple or lobed and opposite. There are no stipules. The
bark is rough and tends to peel off. The roots are of various
lengths and widths. They are pale gray on the outside and
solid with a slight splitting structure.
Habitat: Indigenous to the eastern U.S. as far south as
Florida.
Production: Hydrangea root is the root of Hydrangea
arborescens.
Other Names: Seven Barks
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Saponins
Flavonolids: including, among others, rutin
Volatile oil
Isocoumarin
hydrangenol
derivatives:
including,
among
others,
EFFECTS
The drug has a diuretic effect.
Daily Dosage: Dry extract — 200 mg 1 to 4 times daily.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
How Supplied: Tablets, capsules, suppositories and drink
ampules.
Storage: Hwema Bark should be stored in a dry place.
LITERATURE
*
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994
Hydnocarpus species
See Chaulmoogra
Unproven Uses: Hydrangea is used in the treatment of
conditions of the urinary tract, particularly bladder and
kidney stones.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. According to information in older medical literature, the intake of larger dosages can lead to dizziness,
feelings of constriction in the chest and central nervous
system disorders. The plant has a weak potential for
sensitization (chief allergen hydrangenol).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a liquid extract, in compounded
preparations.
414/HYDRANGEA"
LITERATURE
Bate-Smith EC, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:267.
Der Mardirossian A et al., (1976) J Toxicol Environ Health 1:
939.
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
Hyssop
Hyssopus officinalis
TRADE NAMES
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. VerlagsGes. Stuttgart 1997.
Hyssop (available from numerous manufacturers and as
combination product), Hyssop Herb
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the
flower tips and the essential oil.
Kern W, List PH, horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Flower and Fruit: The dark-blue bilabiate flowers are
medium-sized false whorls in one-sided, terminal, leafy
racemes. The calyx is downy, 5-tipped and glabrous inside.
There are 4 stamens, which are turned away from each other
and extend far above the perianth. The style is very long.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
DESCRIPTION
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen subshrub
about 60 cm high. The stem is erect, quadrangular, shrubby
and branched. The leaves are sessile, lanceolate, acute,
entire-margined, punctate, glabrous, dark green and paler
beneath.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Characteristics: The plant has a weak sweetish smell. The
taste is bitter.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Hydrangea arborescens
See
Hydrangea
Hydrastis canadensis
See Goldenseal
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern Europe and
grows wild in the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated
elsewhere.
Production: Hyssop herb consists of the fresh or dried
aboveground parts of Hyssopus officinalis. Hyssop oil
consists of the essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis, obtained
by steam distillation.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
In the foliage:
Volatile oil
Hyoscyamus niger
Tannins
See Henbane
Bitter principles: including, among others, marubiin
Flavonoids: glycosides of hesperidin and diosmetin
Hypericum perforatum
See St. John's Wort
In the volatile oil:
Chief components: 1-pinocamphone, isocamphone, pinocarvone, alpha- and beta-pinene
EFFECTS
Hypoxis rooperi
See African Potato
1-pinocamphone and isopinocamphone are the toxically
active constituents of the drug. The oil has an antimicrobial
and anthelmintic effect. Extracts of the leaves are antimicrobial, antiviral (herpes simplex) and mildly spasmolytic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
ICELAND MOSS
415
Flower and Fruit: Cetraria islandica is a lichen that grows on
the ground and has a stiff, curling thalius. The thalius is from
2 to 6 cm high, erect, dichotomously branched, with a 1 to 10
cm wide section. The upper surface is olive-brown-green or
brown, the underside is whitish to light brownish. The
margins are covered in 0.5 mm long papilla, which contain
the reproductive parts.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Hyssop herb are used for the
gentle stimulation of circulation, for intestinal catarrhs, for
diseases of the respiratory tract, colds, chest and lung
ailments.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Isolated cases of tonic-clonic spasms have been observed
among adults after intake of 10 to 30 drops of the volatile oil
over a number of days (2 to 3 drops for children).
Characteristics: Iceland Moss tastes bitter, and when wet,
has a smell reminiscent of seaweed.
Habitat: Grows in the boreal, alpine and Arctic regions of
the Northern Hemisphere and in some regions of the
Southern Hemisphere.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Mode of Administration: Hyssop herb preparations are
available as capsules for internal use.
Production: Iceland Moss consists of the dried thalius of
Cetraria islandica as well as its preparations. It is collected in
the wild, then air-dried, moistened, cut and re-dried.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 445 mg
Other Names: Iceland Lichen, Cetraria. Eryngo-Leaved
Liverwort
DOSAGE
LITERATURE
Joulain D, (1979) Riv Ital Ess Prof Piante Off Ar Sap Cosm
48:479.
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufi., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food. Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Opdyke DU, (1978) Food Cosmet Toxicol 16 (Suppl. 1):787.
Hyssopus officinalis
See Hyssop
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages, glucans (50%): lichenan (lichenan). isolichenan
(isolichenan)
Aromatic lichen acids (2-3%): fumarprototcetraric acid,
protocetraric acid, cetraric acid
Aliphatic lichen acids (1.0-1.5%): esp. protolichesteric acid
EFFECTS
The bitter organic acids have an antibiotic effect. It is also a
demulcent and a mild antimicrobial.
The drug has an demulcent effect due to the sesquitering
action of the polysaccharides. An ethanol precipitation of the
aqueous extract containing lichenan and isolichenan demonstrated an antitumoural effect in animal tests.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Iberis amara
See Bitter Candytuft
Iceland Moss
Cetraria islandica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried thalius
commonly known as Iceland Moss.
•
•
•
•
Cough/bronchitis
Dyspeptic complaints
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Loss of appetite
r
Unproven Uses: Iceland Moss is also used for irritation of
the oral and pharyngeal mucous membranes; loss of appetite
and gastroenteritis (the bitter organic acids). In folk medicine, the drug has been used for lung disease, kidney and
bladder complaints, gastric conditions, nausea and vomiting
(in particular in pregnancy and with migraine), bronchitis,
whooping cough and diarrhea. It is also used externally for
poorly healing wounds.
416/ICELAND
Homeopathic
bronchitis.
MOSS
Uses:
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Cetraria islandica is used
to treat
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. In rare cases, external administration of the drug led
to sensitization.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Comminuted thallus for infusions
and other galenic formulations for internal use; comminuted
thallus preferably for cold maceration and other bitter-tasting
preparations for internal use.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
1.5 to 2.5 gm of comminuted drug and strain after 10
minutes (I teaspoonful = 1.3 gm of drug); infusion may be
sweetened.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 gm. Single
dose: 1.5 g drug in a teacup.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, l tablet, 10 globules every 30
to 60 minutes (acute) or l to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: l to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
daily (HABl).
Storage: Store in the dark and well-sealed containers.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Niedere Pflanzen ganz gro{3 - 39. Jahrestagung der
Gesellschaft fur Arzneipflanzenforschung in Saarbriicken. In:
DAZ 131(37): 1899.
Pengsuparp Th, et aL Mechanistic evaluation of new plantderived compounds that inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In:
JNP 58(7): 1024-1031. 1995.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
Ignatius Beans
Strychnos ignatii
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds and
the dried root bark.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in dense, axillary thyrses.
Their parts are arranged in fives. They are greenish-white,
pubescent and have a 2-valved superior ovary. The fruit is a
golden-yellow berry. The berry is up to 13 cm wide and has
a hard exocarp. The fruit pulp is yellow and contains up to
40 seeds. The seeds are 2 to 3 cm long by 2 cm wide, oval or
rounded-angular, obtuse and very hard.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climbing
hooked stems that are up to 20 m long. The truck
cm thick. It is occasionally a small tree. It bears
are up to 25 cm long, broad-ovate, opposite
petioled.
shrub with
is up to 10
leaves that
and short-
Habitat: The plant is common all over southeastern Asia and
is cultivated there; especially in Vietnam and the Philippines.
Production: Ignatius beans are the seeds of Strychnos ignatii.
Not to be Confused With: The seeds of S. lanata and S.
multiflora were once treated in the same manner as Ignatii
seeds.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Indole alkaloids (2.5-5.6%): chief alkaloid strychnine (share
45-60%), in addition, above all, brucine, further including,
among others, 12-hydroxystrychnine, alpha-colubrine, icajine, vomicine, novacine. There are also chemical strains for
which brucine predominates, and others in which strychnine
occurs only in traces.
Fatty oil
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed.
Pub. CRC Press Boca Raton 1975.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994 (unter Cetraria).
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
The drug, which contains strychnine and brucine, is psychoanaleptic (see Nux Vomica).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations made of the Ignatius Bean are
used to treat faintness. Therapeutic use as a bitter or tonic is
not recommended.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for nervous disorders,
cramps in hollow organs and muscles, and depressive states.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug is severely toxic due to the strychnine content and
| should not be administered in allopathic medicine.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
OVERDOSAGE
Symptoms of poisoning can occur after ingestion of one
bean. Strychnine doses of as little as 1.5 mg (30-50 mg of the
drug) initially cause restlessness, feelings of anxiety, heightening of sense perception, enhanced reflexes, equilibrium
disorders and painful stiffness of the neck and back
musculature. Later, twitching, tonic spasms of the masseter
and neck musculature, and finally, painful convulsions of the
entire body are triggered by visual or tactile stimulation.
Dyspnea comes following spasm of the breathing musculature. Death occurs through suffocation or exhaustion. The
lethal dosage for an adult is approximately 50 mg strychnine
(1-2 gm of the drug). Chronic intake of subconvulsive
dosages can also lead to death under similar conditions after
a period of weeks. This is due to an accumulation of drug in
the body, particularly in those who have liver damage.
Following the administration of a watery suspension of
activated charcoal, the therapy for poisoning consists of
keeping external stimulation to a minimum through placement in a quiet, warm, darkened room. Convulsions should
be treated with dosages of diazepam or barbital (i.v.). Highcalorie glucose infusions should also be given. Intubation
and oxygen respiration may also be required. Gastric lavage
should be avoided, due to the danger of triggering convulsions. Analeptics or phenothiazines should not be administered. Because of the possibility of unwanted effects
occurring in conjunction with the administration of therapeutic dosages, one should forgo any administration of the drug.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: It is used in the manufacture of
strychnine and brucine.
Daily Dosage: If the drug is taken internally, the maximum
single dose is 0.1 gm; the maximum daily dosage is 0.3 gm.
Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day (HAB1).
Storage: Mark the container as "poisonous" and keep
tightly sealed; protect the drug from cool air and light.
LITERATURE
Bisset NG, Phillipson JD, JNP 39:263. 1976.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lenrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
IMMORTELLE
417
Marini-Bettolo GB, Advances in the research of curare and
Strychnos. In: Rend Accad Naz 40:1975-1976, 1-2. 61-76.
1977.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena. New
York 1995.
Ilex aquifolium
See Holly
Ilex paraguariensis
See Mate
Illicium verum
See Star Anise
Immortelle
Helichrysum arenarium
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the composite
heads and the whole of the flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The small orange flowers are in dense
clustered cymes. The bracts are dry-membranous and usually
lemon-yellow. All the florets are tubular and funnel-shaped.
The fruit is pentangular with a tuft of hair.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 10 to 30 cm
high. The stem is erect, unbranched and gray-tomentose. The
leaves are alternate. The lower leaves are spatulate and the
upper ones lanceolate, acute and as gray-tomentose as the
stem.
Characteristics: Immortelle has a weak aroma.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe and the U.S.
Production: Immortelle consists of the dried flowers of
Helichrysum arenarium gathered shortly before fully
unfolding.
4 1 8 /IMMORTELLE
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the
capitula of Helichrysum stoechas and Helichrysum
augustifolium.
Other Names: Common Shrubby Everlasting, Eternal Flower, Goldilocks, Yellow Chaste Weed
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINE S
minutes and then strain. Drink throughout the day and make
a fresh batch daily.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 g of drug.
Storage: Store Immortelle protected from light and moisture.
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids: in particular isosalipurposide (intensive yellow
chalcone glycoside), naringenin-5-glucosyl-gIucoside, helichrysin A and B (C-2-enantiomeric narigenin-5-O-glucosides, B-salipurposide)
Phthalides: including 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-phthaIides and
their monoglucoside
Alpha-pyrone derivatives: arenole, homoarenole
Sesquiterpene bitter principles
Derkach AI et al., Chem Nat Comp 6:722. 1986.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Dmgs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mericli AH et al., Sci Pharm 54:363. 1986.
Volatile oil (traces)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Caffeic acid derivatives
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
The drug has antibacterial principles, and is mildly choleretic
and mildly spasmolytic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
Impatiens biflora
See
Jewel
Weed
• Dyspeptic complaints
Impomoea hederacea
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as an adjunct in the
treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder complaints
with accompanying cramps. In folk medicine, it is used as a
diuretic and for jaundice, gout, rheumatism, kidney complaints and dropsy.
See
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Indian Hemp
Because of the bile-stimulating effect of the drug, it is not to
be administered when there is biliary obstruction. The
presence of gallstone illnesses can lead to colic.
PRECAUTICNS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Immortelle is used as a comminuted herb for infusions and other galenic preparations for
internal use. Pharmaceutical cholagogues contain extracts of'
the drug. It is an inactive ingredient in many tea specialties.
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical preparations include teas, drops and compound preparations.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 2
teaspoonfuls of the drug (3 to 4 g). Allow to stand for 10
Morning
Glory
Apocynum cannabinum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root and the
juice obtained from the fresh plant.
Flower and Fruit: The small whitish-green, occasionally
pink to violet flowers are on pods that grow to 2 to 4 mm in
length. The calyx is deeply lobed and half as long as the
corolla. The petals are oblong-lanceolate. The tufts of hair on
the seeds are 2 to 3 cm long.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian Hemp is a perennial up to 2 m
tall. It has an erect stem, which branches at the top. The
whole plant is glabrous or downy. The short-petioled leaves
are 5 to 11 cm long, yellowish-green and oblong or oblongovoid. The tips of the leaves are initially rounded and then
terminate abruptly in a thorny tip.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
Characteristics: The plant has an acrid taste and is to a
certain degree poisonous.
Habitat: The plant is found mostly in the U.S. and Canada.
W
Not to be Confused With: Indian Hemp (Cannabis indica),
though both species contain latex and their tough, fibrous
bark can be used as a substitute for hemp, hence the name.
Production: Indian Hemp root is the root of Apocynum
cannabinum, which is gathered (and sometimes dried), in
autumn. The plant is cultivated as a crop in Germany and
Russia.
Other Names: Bitterroot, Catchfly, Dogbane, Fly-Trap,
Honeybloom, Milk Ipecac, Milkweed, Mountain Hemp,
Wallflower. Wild Cotton, Canadian Hemp
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
doses of the drug because of the mucous membrane-irritating
resin fraction.
OVERDOSAGE
For possible symptoms of overdose and treatment of
poisonings see Digitalis folium. Despite the strong efficacy
of the drug's cardioactive steroid glycosides in parenteral
application, serious poisoning in the course of peroral
administration is unlikely, due to the low resorption rate.
DOSAGE
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of die liquid extract is
10 to 30 drops to be taken 3 times daily or 0.3 to 0.6 ml. of a
1:10 tincture.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or every 1 to 3 days (chronic);
Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1).
COMPOUNDS
Storage: Store in secure area as the drug is poisonous.
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids): in particular
cymarin, k-strophantoside, apocannoside, cynocannoside
LITERATURE
EFFECTS
W
INDIAN N E T T L E / 4 1 9
The high content of cardenolide glycosides causes bradycardia and increased contraction of the heart. Blood pressure is
lowered, and rebound vagotonia hypertension can occur. The
drug increases diuresis and stimulation of the vasomotor
centers. It causes more severe irritation of the intestinal
mucous membrane than digitalis and strophantus preparations. It has a lower therapeutic effect on atrial fibrillation
than digitalis.
Cardenollide glycoside cymine has an effect that is similar
but generally weaker than glycoside strophantine, with the
exception of the stronger diuretic effect in edema. It is less
cumulative.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The juice of the fresh plant is used in the
treatment of condylomatosis and warts. American Indians
use the roots for asthma, dropsy, coughs, syphilis and
rheumatism. In folk medicine, the root is used to strengthen
weak heart muscles following pneumonia, valvular insufficiency and senile heart. It is also used as a diuretic.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include cardiac
•fff. insufficiency, renal inflammation with edema, and vomiting
with diarrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The drug should be administered only by someone who is
expert in its use. Topical irritation of the mucous membrane
of the alimentary canal, accompanied by nausea and
vomiting, is more common than in other drugs containing
cardenolid glycosides. Vomiting and gastrointestinal irritations can occur, even with the administration of therapeutic
Belkin M et al., (1952) J Nat Cancer Inst 13:742.
Desruelles J et al.. Therapie 28:103-113. 1973.
Kupchan SM et al.. J Med Chem 7:803-805. 1964.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Indian Nettle
Acalypha indica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the whole
flowering plant.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is spike-like, has 3 to 7
female flowers below, which consist only of a 3-carpeled-
4 2 0 / I N D I A N NETTLE
ovary with 3 styles. The male flowers are above these with 4
sepals and 8 stamens. On the tips of the young flower shoots
are T-shaped, hairy structures approximately 2 mm wide
with 2 side openings. The fruit is a 3-chambered capsule
with 3 gray-brown seeds of approximately 1 mm diameter.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian nettle is an annual, upright,
nettle-like diclinous, monoecious herb, which grows up to 60
cm high. The leaves are alternate, long-petiolate, round to
rhomboid, 2 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 5 cm wide narrowing to the
petiole. They are matte above, glossy beneath with strongly
protruding ribs, dentate at the front and smooth toward the
base. The margin, petiole and ribs are weakly pubescent with
2 awl-like stipules. The stem is usually unbranched and
pubescent. The main root is unbranched with thin secondary
roots.
Habitat: The plant comes from India, Indochina and
Ethiopia.
Other Names: Cat's Nettle
Production: Indian nettle is the whole fresh plant of
Acalypha indica collected during the flowering season and
dried.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic glycosides: acalyphin (0.3%, 3-cyanopyridone
derivative)
Tannins: including tri-O-methyl ellagic acid
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
tration of designated therapeutic dosages. Dermatitis has
been observed following skin contact with the latex of the
fresh plant. Cyanide poisonings from the drug are unlikely,
due to the relatively low levels of cyanogenic glycoside
content and the lack of stimuli leading to ingestion.
OVERDOSAGE
In animal experiments (rabbits), administration of large
quantities of the drug led to gastrointestinal inflammation
and to a change in blood color to chocolate-brown,
indicating the presence of additional toxic substances.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid preparations and other
galenic preparations for internal use and liquid preparations
for external use.
Preparation:
Decoction: 100 gm drug to 1 liter water
Extract: 1000 gm drug to 1000 ml 90% ethanol (V/V)
Infusion: 50 gm drug to 1 liter water
Juice: 800 gm drug to 800 ml water and 200 ml ethanol 90%
Tincture: 125 gm drug to 1000 ml ethanol 90% (V/V)
Daily Dosage:
Decoction — single dose: 15 to 30 ml
Extract — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml
Volatile oil
EFFECTS
The drug is hemostyptic and antibacterial in effect (cyanogenic glucoside acalyphine). In vitro, proof of an acceleration of blood coagulation exists, which is due to the high
levels of calcium salts. The leaf latex is said to have emetic
and expectorant effects upon children. When administered as
a suppository for constipation, it is said to immediately relax
the contracted anal sphincter.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally used for worm infestation and
constipation, for pregnant women, also for upset stomach
and bronchitis. Externally used for eczema and skin rashes,
ear ache (decoction), tumors (juice), as well as for cuts and
other wounds, and also for inflammation of the joints (cut
leaves and stems).
Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for ulcers, changes to
the skin, bronchitis, constipation, croup and earache.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects other than possible gastric
irritation are known in conjunction with the proper adminis-
Infusion — single dose: 15 to 30 ml
Juice — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml
Tincture — single dose: 2 to 4 ml
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998.
Senanayake N, Sanmuganathan PS, Acalypha indica induced
haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. Ceylon Med J, 26:1996 Jan.
Senanayake N, Sanmuganathan PS, Acute intravascular
haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient
patients following ingestion of herbal broth containing Acalypha
indica. Trop Doct, 26:32, 1996 Jan.
Shanmugasundaram KR, Seethapathy PG, Shanmugasundaram
ER, Anna Pavala Sindhooram - an antiatherosclerotic Indian
drug. J Ethnopharmacol, 7:247-65, 1983 May.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS
INDIAN
Indian Physic
Indian Squill
Gillenia trifoliata
Urginea indica
SQUILL/421
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried and
pulverized root bark.
Medicinal Parts: The parts used medicinally are the horizontal and vertically cut strips of the dried, middle, fleshy onion
layers of the white flowering variety (which are collected
after flowering) as well as the fresh, fleshy onion layers of
the white and red varieties.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white and tinged with red.
They are arranged in a few loose, terminal panicles.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This perennial herb has irregular,
cylindrical roots, which are usually transversely grooved and
up to 15 cm long. The external surface is blackish, and the
transverse section shows a thick, reddish bark, which easily
separates from the white woody center. Sprouting from the
root are a number of stems 60 to 90 cm high. The leaves and
leaflets have various forms.
Characteristics: Indian Physic is odorless, but the plant has a
pleasantly bitter taste.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern U.S., and is
cultivated in Europe and elsewhere.
Production: Indian Physic is the root bark of Gillenia
trifoliata.
Other Names: Indian Hippo, Bowman's Root, American
Ipecacuanha, Gillenia
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Resins
Gillein (Gillenin)
The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated.
EFFECTS
The drug is an expectorant, emetic and a "blood purifier."
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used in the treatment of
digestive disorders, particularly in cases in which a safe and
reliable emetic is required. Folk medicine applications also
include use with dyspepsia, dropsy, rheumatism and chronic
constipation.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a powder,
an infusion or a tonic for internal use.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a 10 to 60 cm long,
loose raceme with 4 to 30 flowers in the axils of the bracts,
which usually drop before the flower. The peduncle is
upright, up to 1 m high, cylindrical, ribbed, glabrous and
reddish-brown. The pedicle is up to 3.5 cm long, splayed
when in flower and upright when the fruit is ripe. The
flowers are radial with 6 corolla-like tepals, which are 5 to
12 mm long, campanulate and reddish-green. There are 6
stamens, 3 fused carpels and a 3-chambered, superior ovary.
The fruit is a capsule, 10 to 25 cm long, with 12 to 30 seeds.
The seeds are clavate to elliptical with a diameter of 4 to 10
mm, dark brown to black, with orbicular, translucent wings.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian squill is a herbaceous
perennial bulb plant that reaches up to 35 cm. The flowering
varieties might reach up to 1 m high. The leaves are basal, in
2 rows, 13 to 35 cm long, 6 to 30 mm wide, linear to
lanceolate or sword-shaped, flat, parallel-veined, glabrous
and whorled at the base. The bulb is whitish, globose to
ovoid with a diameter of 3 to 7 cm. The outer layer is
membranous, the inner one fleshy.
Characteristics: The bulb tastes bitter; slimy.
Habitat: India and Sri Lanka
Production: Indian squill is the dried and cut bulb of Urginea
indica freed from the outer layers shortly after harvesting.
The bulbs are dug up, cleaned and cut into quarters. Then the
core is removed and the remaining pieces are dried in the sun
or over a fire until the weight is reduced by 80%.
Not to be Confused With: Because of the similarity in name,
it can be confused with Scilla indica.
Other Names: South Indian Squill
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolids, 0.1 to 1.5%):
chief components proscillaridin A and scillaren A, including
as well scillipheoside, scillarenine-bis-alpha-rhamnoside,
scillicyanogenine glucoside, scillicyanosidine glucoside,
scilliglaucosidine glucoside
Mucilages (50%, glucomannoxylans)
4 2 2 / I N D I A N SQUILL
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol,
stigmasterol
drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be preferred
(proscillaridin A).
EFFECTS
The first-aid measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric
lavage and instillation of activated charcoal. All other
measures proceed according to the symptoms: careful
potassium replacement for potassium loss; phenytoin as an
antiarrhythmic for ectopic stimulation formation in the
ventricle; lidocaine for ventricular extrasystole; atropine or
orciprenaline for pronounced bradycardia. The prophylactic
insertion of a cardiac pacemaker is recommended. Hemoperfusion for the elimination of the glycosides or cholestyramine administration for the interruption of the enterohepatic
circulation are possible.
The drug's content levels of cardioactive glycosides explain
the administration in the presence of cardiac insufficiency
and cardio-conditioned edema formation. The expectorant
may be due the drug's effect as a mild irritant of the
gastrointestinal tract combined with an increase in secretions
of the bronchial system. The drug's administration as an
antirheumatic appears plausible, due to the skin-irritating
effect of the oxalate raphides it contains.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: For chronic bronchitis, asthma and cardiac
insufficiency as a treatment of second choice in the case of
hypersensitivity to digitalis.
Indian Medicine: For edema, digestion disturbances, menstruation disorders, worm infestation, chronic bronchitis, asthma, rheumatism and skin conditions.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Neither the drug nor pure glycosides should be administered
in the presence of first- and second-degree AV-Block,
hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,
carotid sinus syndrome, ventricle tachycardia, thoracic aortic
aneurysm, WPW syndrome.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Because of the limited therapeutic range of the cardioactive
steroid glycosides, a number of patients receiving no more
than therapeutic dosages might experience the following side
effects: hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite,
vomiting, diarrhea, headache and irregular pulse.
Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of
arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methyl xanthines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the
risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Contact witii the latex of the
fresh bulbs can lead to skin inflammation (Scilla dermatitis).
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Whole herb, cut drug, powdered
drug and other galenic preparations for internal and external
use.
Preparation: Liquid extract: 100 g drug are percolated with
70% ethanol and then evaporated to 850 ml; the rest is filled
to 1000 ml again with 70% ethanol and filtered (BPC79).
Tincture: 100 gm drug is macerated with 1000 ml 60%
ethanol (BPC79).
Acetic acid maceration: 100 gm drug is macerated with 1000
ml acetic acid in a closed vessel and then filtered. Finally the
filtrate is heated and re-filtered after 7 days (BPC79).
Daily Dosage:
Drug: single dose: 60 to 200 mg; Tincture: 0.3 to 2 ml;
Liquid extract: 0.06 to 0.2 ml; Acetic acid essence: 0.6 to 2
ml.
Storage: Store in a dry place and below 25°C.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 19921994
OVERDOSAGE
Overdose could lead to hypertonia in gastrointestinal area,
loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and irregular
pulse along with the following:
- heart: cardiac rhythm disorders as serious as life-threatening ventricular tachycardias, atrial tachycardias with atrioventricular block.
- CNS: dizziness, vision disorders, depressions, states of
confusion, hallucinations, psychoses.
Lethal dosages lead to cardiac arrest or to asphyxiation.
Because of the difficulties involved in standardizing the
Inula britannica
See British Elecampane
(Xuan-Fu-Hua)
Inula helenium
See Elecampane
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Ipecac
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the pulverized
roots of the 3-to-4-year-old plant, which have been dug up
and dried quickly in the sun.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in terminal, capitulumshaped inflorescences surrounded by 4 to 6 bracts. The
individual florets have a 5-tipped calyx, ciliated at the tips
with a white campanulate-conical, 5-tipped corolla. A bitter,
dark purple, fleshy drupe develops from the 2-carpeled
ovary.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cephaelis ipecacuanha is a perennial, evergreen, leafy plant about 40 cm high with a 2 to 4 mm
thick rhizome from which sprout numerous 20 cm long
fibrous roots. Some of these roots develop into tubers. The
green stem may be creeping or ascending, simple or
branched. It is somewhat quadrangular, occasionally bears
adventitious roots. The opposite leaves are entire-margined,
and the leaf blade, narrows into the short petiole. There are
stipules at the base of the leaf, which are slit like awls and
fused together with the petiole-like leaf sheath.
Habitat: Indigenous to the sparser woods of Brazil; cultivated in India and on the Malaysian archipelago.
Production: Ipecac is the root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha. The
subterranean parts of the 3-to-4-year-old plants are quickly
dried in the sun and then cut into pieces of 5 to 10 cm in
length.
Other Names: Ipecacuanha, Ipecacuanha Rio, Matto Grosso
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the emetine type (2-4%): chief
alkaloids emetine and cephaelin
Starch (30 to 40%)
IPECAC 423
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Ipecac is contained in expectorants and
secretory preparations; it is used for amoebic dysentery, as a
bronchial treatment and as an emetic in cases of poisoning. It
is also used as an expectorant and to soothe and assist in
coughing up of thick phlegm and in the treatment of
croupous bronchitis in children.
Homeopathic Uses: Ipecae is used to treat bronchitis.
asthma, whooping cough, gastrointestinal inflammations.
disorders in blood pressure and bleeding of the mucous
membranes.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages as an expectorant. Administration over
extended periods can lead to myopathias. Frequent contact
with the drug can trigger allergic reactions of the skin and
the mucous membranes ("druggist's asthma," the allergen is
a glycoprotein).
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
OVERDOSAGE
Higher dosages of the drug (1 to 2 gm) have a nauseate
effect (therapeutically used as an emetic). Toxic dosages can
lead to mucous membrane erosion in the gastrointestinal
tract, tachycardia, drop in blood pressure and cardiac rhythm
disorders, as well as disorders in respiratory function and
possibly to convulsions, shock and coma.
Following intestinal emptying (sodium sulfate), the treatment
for poisonings consists of the administration of generous
amounts of liquids (warm tea), instillation of activated
charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth), me treatment of spasms with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution
and the countering of any acidosis imbalance that may
appear through sodium bicarbonate infusions. In the event of
shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of kidney function is necessary. Intubation and oxygen
respiration may also be required.
DOSAGE
EFFECTS
Emetine hydrochloride and cephaelin hydrochloride, alkaloids contained in the drug, have a locally irritating effect on
the gastric mucous membrane and are thus responsible for
the reflex increase of bronchial secretions and the expectorant effect. The saponins probably support this effect.
The drug affects the sensory stomach nerves; it is secretory
in small doses and emetic in larger doses. It is also
spasmolytic and expectorant. It is partially effective in
amoebic dysentery due to the action of the alkaloid emetin
on the magna-form of the pathogen.
Mode of Administration: Ipecac is used orally as a tincture.
extract and fluid extract and in medicinal preparations with a
standardized alkaloid content.
Preparation: Ipecac extract: After the alkaloids have been
determined the powder is stabilized with lactose or dextrin,
(DAB 10).
Tincture: 1 part root powder with 8 to 12 parts 70% ethanol
(DAB 10).
These preparations are stabilized to a standardized alkaloid
content.
4 2 4 /IPECAC
PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Dosage: Infusion 0.5%: 10 ml (adults)
Ipomoea orizabensis
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day; suppositories: 2 to 3 times daily (chronic) (HAB1).
See Mexican Scammony Root
Storage: Store carefully in the dark in tightly sealed
containers.
Ipomoea purga
See Jalap
LITERATURE
Berrens L, Young E, (1963) Int. Arch All. Appl.