M-Commerce-Issues and Challenges
UMA.K kumarvisibility
…
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6 pages
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Abstract|There has been a tremendous growth in wireless technology in the last decade. This advancement has changed how people do business in Mobile Commerce (M-Commerce) environment. For creating a more secure and exible m-commerce infrastructure so as to meet the new demands, we need to leverage new technologies like 3G/UMTS, Bluetooth, EDGE and at the same time utilize the older ones like WAP, GSM, HSCSD, and GPRS. M-Commerce oers the possibility of an entire new level of nancial exibility, taking advantage of both social and technological developments. Several M-Commerce issues relating security, bandwidth, and business are discussed in this paper to meet the challenges of future commerce using mobile wireless technology.
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✶
▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✲■ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s
❘❛✈✐ ❚❛♥❞♦♥ ✱ ❙✇❛r✉♣ ▼❛♥❞❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❜❛s❤✐s ❙❛❤❛
❆❜str❛❝t⑤❚❤❡r❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ tr❡♠❡♥❞♦✉s ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ✇✐r❡✲
❧❡ss t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡♠❡♥t
❤❛s ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❤♦✇ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❞♦ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✐♥ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡
✭▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✮ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳ ❋♦r ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦r❡ s❡❝✉r❡
❛♥❞ ✌❡①✐❜❧❡ ♠✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ s♦ ❛s t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡
♥❡✇ ❞❡♠❛♥❞s✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❧❡✈❡r❛❣❡ ♥❡✇ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❧✐❦❡
✸●✴❯▼❚❙✱ ❇❧✉❡t♦♦t❤✱ ❊❉●❊ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❡ t❤❡ ♦❧❞❡r ♦♥❡s ❧✐❦❡ ❲❆P✱ ●❙▼✱ ❍❙❈❙❉✱ ❛♥❞ ●P❘❙✳
▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ♦☛❡rs t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡♥t✐r❡ ♥❡✇ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢
☞♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✌❡①✐❜✐❧✐t②✱ t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤✲
♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✐ss✉❡s r❡❧❛t✲
✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✱ ❛♥❞ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s
♣❛♣❡r t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♦❢ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ♠♦✲
❜✐❧❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳
❲
■✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❍■▲❊ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✭❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s
t♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♣r♦✲
❢♦✉♥❞❧②✱ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ t♦ ❢♦✲
❝✉s ♠♦r❡ ♦♥ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❲❡❜✳ ❲✐t❤
t❤✐s tr❡♥❞ ❝♦♠❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ s❡t ♦❢ ✐ss✉❡s s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛❧❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦
♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s t♦ ❡①✲
❛♠✐♥❡ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐ss✉❡s s♦ t❤❛t r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✱
❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❡❢✲
❢♦rts ✐♥ t❤✐s ♥❡✇ ❞♦♠❛✐♥✳
■♥ ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡ t❡r♠s✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ s❛②✿
▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ❂ ❊✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✰ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❲❡❜✳
❚❤❡ ❞❛②s ♦❢ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❡✉♣❤♦r✐❛ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡
t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❤❛✈❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s
❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠✳ ■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ s✐♠♣❧② ✇❛♥t✐♥❣ t♦ ❣♦ ♠♦❜✐❧❡✱ ❝♦♠✲
♣❛♥✐❡s ❛r❡ ❛s❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♣r♦♦❢ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡
s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❛❞❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦r✲
t❛♥t ❢❛❝t ✐s t❤❛t ♥♦✇ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ t♦✉❝❤❡s ♠❛♥② ❛r❡❛s ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥
❥✉st s✐♠♣❧② t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s
✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧② ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❇✷❈ ✭❜✉s✐♥❡ss✲t♦✲❝♦♥s✉♠❡r✮ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ s♦✲
❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ☞♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❇✷❊ ✭❇✉s✐♥❡ss t♦ ❊♠♣❧♦②❡❡✮
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ str❛t❡❣✐❝✳ ❇✷❊ ✐s ❇✉s✐♥❡ss✲t♦✲
❊♠♣❧♦②❡❡✱ ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss
✐s t❤❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡✱ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ✭❛s ✐t ✐s ✐♥
❜✉s✐♥❡ss✲t♦✲❝♦♥s✉♠❡r✱ ♦r ❇✷❈✮ ♦r ♦t❤❡r ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s ✭❛s ✐t
✐s ✐♥ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss✲t♦✲❜✉s✐♥❡ss✱ ♦r ❇✷❇✮✳ ❬✺❪ ❚❤❡ ❇✷❊ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥
❙❡t ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡s t♦ ❢✉❧❧② ✉♥❧♦❝❦ t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥✲
t✐❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡✐r ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❛ss❡ts✱
t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❲❡❜✲❜❛s❡❞ P♦rt❛❧ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❇✷❊
♠♦✈❡s ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ✇♦r❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❲❡❜✱ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❝♦❧✲
❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡✍❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♠♦♥❣
❦❡② st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ♦❢ ❛♥② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t♦♦❧s ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❛❜❧❡✱ r❡❣❛r❞❧❡ss
♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✬s r♦❧❡ ♦r ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥ ❡①❝✐t✐♥❣ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣♦s✲
s✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣✲t❡r♠ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❝❤✲
♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s t❤❛t ♦♥❝❡ s❡❡♠❡❞ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥t ♣r♦♠✐s❡ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❜❧✉❡✲
t♦♦t❤✱ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ t❡❧❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ❛r❡ ♠♦✈✐♥❣
❝❧♦s❡r t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛ r❡❛❧✐t②✳ ❚❤✐s ❢❛❝t ❝❛♥ ♠❛❦❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡
♣r♦✈✐❞❡r t♦ ❜❡ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡✲❛❞❞❡❞ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ s♦✲
❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❛r❡ ☞♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♥❡❡❞ t♦
s✐♠♣❧② ✇❛✐t ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ ♥❡①t✲❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡✲
✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts t♦ ♦❝❝✉r✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❧❡✈❡r❛❣❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥
✉s❡rs ❤❛♥❞s s✉❝❤ ❛s ♥♦♥✲❲❆P ♣❤♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ s②♥❝ P❉❆s ✭♣❡r✲
s♦♥❛❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✮ ❛♥❞ r❡❛❞✐❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② t♦
✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❡q✉❛❧❧② ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡✱ str❛t❡❣✐❝ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦❞❛②✳
❆✳ ❉❡☞♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼♦❜✐❧❡✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss ✭▼✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss✮
▼✲❇✉s✐♥❡ss ✐s ❞❡☞♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞s✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛✐❞ ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ t❡❝❤✲
♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ■t ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛ss❡s ❛ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✱ ❢r♦♠
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❡♠❛✐❧✱ t♦ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣
♣r♦❞✉❝t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✈✐❛ ❙▼❙ ❛❧❡rts✱ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐tt✐♥❣ ❝✉s✲
t♦♠❡r ♦r❞❡rs ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss P❉❆✳ ▼✲❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ♥♦t
♦♥❧② ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r✲❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ s♦❧✉✲
t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s t♦ ♦♣❡r❛t❡ ♠♦r❡ ❡✍❝✐❡♥t❧②✱
❜❡tt❡r s❡r✈❡ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡✈❡♥✉❡✳
■t ❝❛♥ ❛☛❡❝t t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡✐r ♦♣✲
❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❦❡❡♣ tr❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r②✳
▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✭▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✮✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ✐s
s✐♠♣❧② ❞❡☞♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s✳
❇✉②✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦✈✐❡ t✐❝❦❡t ♦♥ ❛ ❲❆P ♣❤♦♥❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡
♦❢ ▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ r❡tr✐❡✈✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❛t
☞❧♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ✈♦✐❝❡ ♣♦rt❛❧ ✐s ♥♦t✳ ❙✐♠♣❧② ♣✉t✱ ▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡
✐s ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ♠✲❜✉s✐♥❡ss✳ ▼✲❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✐s ❛♥② ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❢✉♥❝✲
t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❛❞❞s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❜❧❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✇❤❡t❤❡r
✐t ❞✐r❡❝t❧② r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s❛❧❡ ♦r ♥♦t✳ ❲❤✐❧❡
▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✐s ❛ ✈✐t❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ▼✲❜✉s✐♥❡ss✱ ✐t ✐s ❜② ♥♦ ♠❡❛♥s
t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✉s❡s✳
❇✳ ●♦❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r
❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♥✉♠✲
❜❡r ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐ss✉❡s ✐♥ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦t❤❡rs
❝❛♥ s♣❡❝✉❧❛t❡✳ ▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✭♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✮ ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛t✲
❡st ❤✐❣❤✲t❡❝❤ ❜✉③③✇♦r❞ t❤❛t t✉r♥s ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡s
❛♥❞ P❉❆s ✭P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❆ss✐st❛♥ts✮ ✐♥t♦ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤
❛❧❧♦✇ ❞✐r❡❝t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠♦✈❡✳ ❆s
❛ r❡s✉❧t✱ ♥❡✇ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s ❛r❡ ❛r✐s✐♥❣✳ ❲❡
❛r❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ ♦✉t ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❜❡♥❡☞ts ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s
❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ♥❡✇ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ■t ✐s ✈❡r② ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥
t♦❞❛②s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✇♦r❧❞ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ ✐t ❛s ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r ❞♦✐♥❣
❜✉s✐♥❡ss✳ ❖✉r ♣❛♣❡r ✇✐❧❧ ❤❡❧♣ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝✉r✲
r❡♥t st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳
■■✳ ❆❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥ts s♦ ❢❛r
❘✳❚❛♥❞♦♥ ✐s ✇✐t❤ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣
■♥❞✐❛♥ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❑❛♥♣✉r✱ ✷✵✽✵✶✻✱ ■♥❞✐❛
❙✳ ▼❛♥❞❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❉✳❙❛❤❛ ❛r❡ ✇✐t❤ ▼■❙ ●r♦✉♣✱ ■♥❞✐❛♥ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❖❢
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ❈❛❧❝✉tt❛
❲✐r❡❧❡ss ♠❡❞✐❛ ❤❛s ❣♦♥❡ ✉♥❞❡r ❛ r❛♣✐❞ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss ✐♥ s❡❛r❝❤ ❢♦r ❛ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡✱ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss✲✈✐❛❜❧❡ s♦✲
❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ❞❡♠❛♥❞s ❢♦r ❢❛st✱ ❡❛s②✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡
✷
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝❡ss✳ ❖✈❡r t❤❡ ❧❛st ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs✱ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢
✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡♥❞♦rs ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❣✉♥ t♦ s❤✐♣ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♣r♦❞✉❝ts
t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✧✇✐r❡❧❡ss✧ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡
❛ st❛♣❧❡ ❜✉③③✇♦r❞ s②♥♦♥②♠♦✉s t♦ ✧❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❡❞❣❡✧ ✐♥ t❤❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t s❛❧❡s ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛r②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ s♣❡❝✲
✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❡❛r ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t♦❞❛②✬s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss
♠❡❞✐❛ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡s ✭✐♥
❜♦t❤ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ s♣❤❡r❡s✮ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥s
♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❆♣♣❧✐✲
❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r✲
❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥
t✇♦ s♣❡❝✐☞❝ ❛r❡❛s✿ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❡✍❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✲✇✐r❡❧❡ss
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❝❝❡ss
❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡s
♦❢t❡♥ ♣❧❛② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②✲
s✐s ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❧✐❦❡ ●❙▼✱ ❍❙❈❙❉✱
●P❘❙✱ ❊❉●❊ ❛♥❞ ❯▼❚❙✴✸● ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❆♣♣❧✐✲
❝❛t✐♦♥s ❧✐❦❡ ❲❆P✱ ✐▼♦❞❡✱ ❛♥❞ ▲❊❆P s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❏✷▼❊✱
❊❩❲❡❜✱ ❛♥❞ ❏✲❙❦②❲❡❜ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ✉s❡✳
❆✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s
■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦
❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝❧✐❡♥t✲s❡r✈❡r ❜❛s❡❞✱ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✲
♦✉s❧② ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡s t♦ ❜❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡
✉s❡rs✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❡❛❝❤
♦t❤❡r ❜✉t st✐❧❧ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ s♦♠❡
❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇✐❞❡ s♣r❡❛❞ ▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳
❚❤✐s ✐s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❞✐✍❝✉❧t t♦ ❣❡t ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧
♠❛ss ♦❢ s✉❜s❝r✐❜❡rs t♦ ✉s❡ ❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡
❢r✐❝t✐♦♥❧❡ss s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❤♦✇ ✇❤✐❝❤
♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✐s ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r t❤❡ str♦♥❣❡st
❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛t ❛♥② ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ s✉♣✲
♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡st ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳
❆✳✶ ●❙▼
●❙▼ ✭●❧♦❜❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✮ ❬✺❪
♦♣❡r❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✾✵✵ ▼❍③ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✶✽✵✵ ▼❍③ ✭✶✾✵✵ ▼❍③ ✐♥
t❤❡ ❯❙✮ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❜❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❛✐❧✐♥❣ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ st❛♥✲
❞❛r❞ ✐♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆s✐❛✲P❛❝✐☞❝ r❡❣✐♦♥✳ ●❙▼
✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✽✻✹ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✭❡♥❞ ▼❛②
✷✵✵✸✮✳ ◆♦✇ ●❙▼ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❧② ✼✷ ♣❡r❝❡♥t
♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♠❛r❦❡t t♦❞❛②✳ ❚♦❞❛②✬s ●❙▼
♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✐s ❛ ❤✉❣❡❧② s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❛♥
✉♥♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡❞ st♦r② ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥
t❡♥ ②❡❛rs s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ☞rst ●❙▼ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧❧②
❧❛✉♥❝❤❡❞✱ ✐t ❜❡❝❛♠❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✬s ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢❛st❡st ❣r♦✇✲
✐♥❣ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳ ❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r ✶✼✾ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✱ t♦❞❛②
●❙▼ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐s ✐♥ ✉s❡ ❜② ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
✇♦r❧❞✬s ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ s♦❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡
♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✉❜s❝r✐❜❡rs ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ s✉r♣❛ss ♦♥❡
❜✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✷✵✵✹✳ ■♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ●❙▼
st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♠❛ss t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧❧②
❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✐t ❧✐❦❡❧② t❤❛t ❊✉r♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ❆s✐❛ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡
❛t t❤❡ ❢♦r❡❢r♦♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥ ♠✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ❛♥❞
❛❜♦✉t ✷ ②❡❛rs ❛❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❯❙✳
❆✳✷ ❍❙❈❙❉
❍❙❈❙❉ ✭❍✐❣❤ ❙♣❡❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❙✇✐t❝❤❡❞ ❉❛t❛✮ ✐s ❛ ❝✐r❝✉✐t
s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ●❙▼✳ ■t ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t
❞❛t❛ ✉♣ t♦ ✹ t✐♠❡s t❤❡ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ✇✐r❡✲
❧❡ss tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ✶✹✳✹ ❦❜♣s ✭❦✐❧♦ ❜②t❡s ♣❡r s❡❝♦♥❞✮✱
✐✳❡✳ ✺✼✳✻ ❦❜♣s✱ s✐♠♣❧② ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ✹ r❛❞✐♦ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s s✐♠✉❧t❛✲
♥❡♦✉s❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❛r❦❡t
✐s t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ♦♥❧② ❢❡✇ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r❡rs ✇❤♦ ❝❛♥
♣r♦✈✐❞❡ P❈▼❈■❆ ♠♦❞❡♠ ❝❛r❞s ❢♦r ❍❙❈❙❉ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤
♦☛❡rs ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ ✹✷✳✸ ❦❜♣s ❞♦✇♥str❡❛♠ ❛♥❞
✷✽✳✽ ❦❜♣s ✉♣str❡❛♠✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧② t❤❛t ❍❙❈❙❉ ✐s
♥❡✈❡r ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ✇✐❞❡s♣r❡❛❞ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ❡①❝❡♣t ✐♥ s♦♠❡
r❡❣✐♦♥s ❛s ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ❧❛♣t♦♣s t♦ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❚❤❡
s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ✐s t②♣✐❝❛❧ t♦ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡✲
❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛s t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛t s✉❝❤ ❛
❣r❡❛t s♣❡❡❞ t❤❛t ❢❡✇ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ✇✐s❤ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥t♦ ❛ s②s✲
t❡♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ♦t❤❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ✈❡r②
s❤♦rt ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t✐♠❡✳
❆✳✸ ●P❘❙
●P❘❙ ✭●❡♥❡r❛❧ P❛❝❦❡t ❘❛❞✐♦ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮ ✐s ❛ ♣❛❝❦❡t
s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ t❤❛t ♦☛❡rs ✐♥st❛♥t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ❞❛t❛
♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❬✺❪ ■t ✇✐❧❧ ♣❡r♠✐t ❜✉rst tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s♣❡❡❞s ♦❢
✉♣ t♦ ✶✶✺ ❦❜♣s ✭♦r t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧❧② ❡✈❡♥ ✶✼✶ ❦❜♣s✮ ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ✐s
❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② r♦❧❧❡❞ ♦✉t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ●P❘❙ ✐s t❤❛t
✐t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭✐✳❡✳ ✐♥st❛♥t ■P ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐t②✮ ❜❡✲
t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧
❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✇❤❡♥ ❞❛t❛ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧②
tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞✳ P✐❧♦t ●P❘❙ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ♣❧❛❝❡
t♦❞❛② ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ♠❛r❦❡ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ●P❘❙ ✇✐❧❧
r❡q✉✐r❡ ♥❡✇ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧s t❤❛t s✉♣♣♦rt t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❞❛t❛ r❛t❡s✱
❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❜♦tt❧❡♥❡❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳
❆✳✹ ❊❉●❊
❊♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❉❛t❛ ❘❛t❡s ❢♦r ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✭❊❉●❊✮ ✐s
❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ●P❘❙ ♣❡r♠✐tt✐♥❣ tr❛♥s♠✐s✲
s✐♦♥ s♣❡❡❞s ♦❢ ✉♣ t♦ ✸✽✹ ❦❜♣s✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❊❉●❊
✉s❡rs ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ✐s s❡t t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ✸✸✶✳✹ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡ ②❡❛r
✷✵✵✼✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥s ❜② t❤❡ ❡①♣❡rts✳ ❚❤✐s ✇✐❧❧
❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ♦❢ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s
t❤❡ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❛♥❞ ♠✉s✐❝ ❝❧✐♣s✱ ❢✉❧❧ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡✲
❞✐❛ ♠❡ss❛❣✐♥❣✱ ❤✐❣❤✲s♣❡❡❞ ❝♦❧♦r ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛❝❝❡ss ❛♥❞ ❡✲♠❛✐❧
♦♥ t❤❡ ♠♦✈❡✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧ ❜r✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s
t❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r ❯▼❚❙ ❛t ❛ ❧❛t❡r st❛❣❡✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ❛
♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣
❊❉●❊ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✐♠ ❞❛t❛ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ●P❘❙ ❛♥❞
❯▼❚❙✱ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss ♦❢ ❊❉●❊ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ♦♥ t❤❡
t✐♠❡❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡
♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❢♦r ❊❉●❊ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✈❡r② s❤♦rt✱ ✉♥❧❡ss
♠❛❥♦r ❞❡❧❛②s ♦❝❝✉r ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❯▼❚❙ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t✳
❆✳✺ ✸●✴❯▼❚❙
❙t❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✧❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❙②st❡♠✧✱ ❯▼❚❙ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s❡r✲
✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ s♣❡❡❞s ❢r♦♠ t♦❞❛②✬s ✧s❡❝♦♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥✧
♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❬✻❪✳ ❆s ❛ ❦❡② ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✧❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❢❛♠✲
✿
✐❧②✧ ♦❢ t❤✐r❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✭✸●✮ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✲
☞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ■❚❯✱ ❯▼❚❙ ✐s t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❝❤♦✐❝❡
❢♦r ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ♦❢ ●❙▼ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛
❝✉st♦♠❡r ❜❛s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✽✺✵ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❡♥❞ ✉s❡rs ✐♥ ✶✾✺
❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❛♥❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r ✼✵✪ ♦❢ t♦❞❛②✬s ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✇✐r❡✲
❧❡ss ♠❛r❦❡t ❬s♦✉r❝❡✿ ●❙▼ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥❪✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❢r❡s❤ r❛✲
❞✐♦ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs
✐♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞✉str② ❢♦r❡❝❛sts ♦❢ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❞❛t❛ s❡r✲
✈✐❝❡s ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❡❝❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❡②♦♥❞✱ ✧❯▼❚❙✧ ✐s s②♥✲
♦♥②♠♦✉s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❲❈❉▼❆ r❛❞✐♦ ❛❝❝❡ss t❡❝❤♥♦❧✲
♦❣② t❤❛t ❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✶✷✵
❧✐❝❡♥s❡❡s ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡✳ ❯▼❚❙ ✐s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛ r❡❛❧✐t②✳ ❏❛♣❛♥
❧❛✉♥❝❤❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✬s ☞rst ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❲❈❉▼❆ ♥❡t✇♦r❦
✐♥ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❛♥❞ ❲❈❉▼❆ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦♠✲
♠❡r❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❆✉str✐❛✱ ■t❛❧②✱ ❙✇❡❞❡♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❯❑ ✇✐t❤ ♠♦r❡
❧❛✉♥❝❤❡s ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✷✵✵✸✲✷✵✵✹✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ♦t❤❡r ♣✐✲
❧♦t ❛♥❞ ♣r❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ tr✐❛❧s ❛r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ■s❧❡
♦❢ ▼❛♥✱ ▼♦♥❛❝♦ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ t❡rr✐t♦r✐❡s✳ ❙♦♠❡
✷✵✵ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❝✉st♦♠❡rs
❛ t❛st❡ ♦❢ ❢❛st❡r ❞❛t❛ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✇✐t❤ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✧✷✳✺●✧ s②s✲
t❡♠s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ●P❘❙ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✲ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r②
st❡♣♣✐♥❣✲st♦♥❡ t♦✇❛r❞s ❯▼❚❙✳ ▼❛♥② ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦
❛❞✈❛♥❝✐♥❣ ♣❧❛♥s t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❊❉●❊ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡
t❤❡ s♣❡❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ♦☛❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r
❝✉rr❡♥t ●❙▼ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❛❧❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳
❇✳ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s
❇✳✶ ❲❆P
❲❆P ✐s ❛ ♣❛t❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✇✐❞❡❧② ♠❛r❦❡t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❙
❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✧♦✍❝✐❛❧✧ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss st❛♥❞❛r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥✳
❲❆P ✇❛s ☞rst ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ♦❢ ✶✾✾✽ ❜② ❲❆P ❋♦✲
r✉♠ ✲ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✉str② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝✲
t✉r❡rs✱ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✱ ❢♦✉♥❞❡❞
✐♥ ❏✉❧② ♦❢ ✶✾✾✼ ❜② t❤❡ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❞✉str② ❤♦✉s❡s✳ ❲❆P✬s
❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡s ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✿
❈❉P❉✱ ❈❉▼❆✱ ●❙▼✱ P❉❈✱ P❍❙✱ ❚❉▼❆✱ ❋▲❊❳✱ ❘❡✲
❋▲❊❳✱ ✐❉❊◆✱ ❚❊❚❘❆✱ ❉❊❈❚✱ ❉❛t❛❚❆❈✱ ▼♦❜✐t❡①✱ ❙▼❙✱
❯❙❙❉✱ ❈❙❉✱ ❛♥❞ ■❙✲✶✸✻✳ ❲❆P ✉t✐❧✐s❡s ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❲❆P✲
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s t♦ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❢r♦♠
■♥t❡r♥❡t t♦ ✉s❡rs✬ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✐♥✲
❝❧✉❞❡ ❲❈▼P✱ ❲❉P✱ ❲❚▲❙✱ ❲❚P✱ ❛♥❞ ❲▼▲✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉r✲
r❡♥t ❲❆P✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❝❤❛r❣❡ ✉s❡rs ❜② t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❞✉r❛✲
t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ❝♦rr❡✲
❧❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❤♦♥❡✲s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❝❤❛r❣❡s ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳ ❆❧❧
✇❡❜✲❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✇❡❜ ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ ❛
st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❍❚▼▲✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛ ✉s❡r ♠❛❦❡s ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡ss r❡q✉❡st
t♦ ❛ ❲❡❜ s✐t❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❲❆P✲❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❞❡✈✐❝❡✱ t❤❡
❲❡❜ s✐t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡r✬s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡r✈✐❝❡
♣r♦✈✐❞❡r ✭❲❙P✮ ❢r♦♠ ❍❚▼▲ t♦ ❲▼▲✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ s❡♥t t♦
t❤❡ ✉s❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❲❙P t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡r
✭❖r✐❣✐♥ ❙❡r✈❡r✮ ✐s ❛♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❧✐♥❦ ✇✐t❤ ❙❙▲ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥
❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ❛s r❡q✉✐r❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❡♥t
r❛❞✐♦ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ✐s ❡♥❝r②♣t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt ▲❛②❡r
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❲❚▲❙✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ✐♥
❙❡❝✉r✐t② s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳
✸
❇✳✷ ❏✷▼❊
❏✷▼❊ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❏❆❱❆ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡✲
❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ☞❡❧❞✳ ❏❛✈❛✬s s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♠❛t✉r❡❞
❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s s♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r❡ ❏❛✈❛✲❜❛s❡❞ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉✲
♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❏❛✈❛✬s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ r❛t✐♥❣s
❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r②✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♦♥ ❧♦✇✲♣♦✇❡r❡❞
♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡
❝✉rr❡♥t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳ ❙♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡
❝✐r❝❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❏❛✈❛✲
❜❛s❡❞ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❏❛✈❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s
❛♥❞ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❡✍❝✐❡♥t ❏❛✈❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣
❛♥❞ ❧♦✇ ❝♦st ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳
❇✳✸ ■ ♠♦❞❡
■✲♠♦❞❡ ❣❛✐♥❡❞ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❏❛♣❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦✇
❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❊✉r♦♣❡ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ❲❆P ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ❊✉r♦✲
♣❡❛♥ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳ ■✲♠♦❞❡ ✉s❡s ❝♦♠✲
♣❛❝t ❍❚▼▲ ❢♦r ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦❡t s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ t♦
s✉st❛✐♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛t ❛ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢
✾✳✻ ❦❜♣s✳ ❇② ❢❛r t❤❡ ❝❤❡❛♣❡st ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❝❝❡ss s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡
✇♦r❧❞✱ ■✲♠♦❞❡ ❝♦sts ❯❙✩✸ ✐♥ ♠♦♥t❤❧② s✉❜s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❢❡❡s ❛♥❞
❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯❙✩✵✳✵✵✸ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✶✷✽✲❜✐t ❞❛t❛ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞
♦r tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✭♥❡✇s✱ ♠✉s✐❝✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ♣r♦✲
✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ✸✵✱✵✵✵ ❉❍❚▼▲ s✐t❡s✳ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❝❤❛r❣❡s ❛r❡ ❜✐❧❧❡❞
❜② ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ❡①tr❛ t♦ t❤❡ s✉❜s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❢❡❡s✱ ❛♥❞
❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❯❙✶✺ ♣❡r ♠♦♥t❤ ♣❡r s✉❜s❝r✐❜❡r✳ ■✲♠♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t
✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❍❚▼▲ ❢♦r♠❛t✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❚▼▲✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t s✉♣♣♦rts
❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❍❚▼▲ t❛❣s ❛♥❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❜✐♥❛r② ❢♦r♠❛ts✱ s✉❝❤
❛s ●■❋s✳ ■✲♠♦❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧s ❞♦ ♥♦t s✉♣♣♦rt ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✳ ❚❤❡
❝♦♥t❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ❝r❡❛t❡ ■✲♠♦❞❡ s✐t❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t ❍❚▼▲
❢♦r♠❛t✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✉♣❧♦❛❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t t♦ ❛ ❲❡❜ s❡r✈❡r✱ ❥✉st
❛s t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❲❡❜ s✐t❡s✳ ✭❙✐♥❝❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t
❍❚▼▲ ✐s ❛ str✐♣♣❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍❚▼▲✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐s ❛❧s♦
❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ ✈✐❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜r♦✇s❡rs✳✮ ❚❤❡ ❉♦❈♦▼♦
s❡r✈❡r ❧✐st❡♥s ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ r❡q✉❡sts ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s❢❡r
❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s ❛❧❧ ■✲♠♦❞❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ tr❛✍❝✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛ ❉♦❈♦▼♦
s❡r✈❡r ❣❛t❡✇❛② r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛ ●❊❚ r❡q✉❡st ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ■✲♠♦❞❡
❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✉s❡r✱ t❤❡ ❉♦❈♦▼♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❛✉✲
t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥✲
♥❡❧s t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st ♦✈❡r ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❧✐♥❡s✱ ❙❙▲✲❡♥❝r②♣t❡❞ ■♥✲
t❡r♥❡t✱ ♦r ✉♥❡♥❝r②♣t❡❞ ■♥t❡r♥❡t t♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ❛♣❛rt
❢r♦♠ ❛❝❝❡♣t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s♠✐tt✐♥❣ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛❝❦✲
❡ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs✬ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ tr❛✈❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦✲
s✐t❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❧✐♥❡s✴■♥t❡r♥❡t t♦ ❛ ❉♦✲
❈♦▼♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐s ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ✈✐❛
❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡t❛r② ❉♦❈♦▼♦ s❝❤❡♠❡✳ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ r❛❞✐♦ ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❛r❡
t❤❡♥ s❡♥t t♦ ❛ r❡q✉❡st✐♥❣ ✉s❡r✬s ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥
♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ❉♦❈♦▼♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞❛t❛
♣❛❝❦❡ts tr❛♥s❢❡rr❡❞ ❜② ❛ s♣❡❝✐☞❝ ✉s❡r ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝❤❛r❣❡ t❤❡
✉s❡r ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②✳ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ r❛❞✐♦ ♣❛❝❦❡ts s❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❛♥❞✲
s❡ts ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐♦ t♦✇❡rs ✭❉♦❈♦▼♦✬s ❣❛t❡✇❛②s✮ ❛r❡ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞
✈✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡t❛r② ❉♦❈♦▼♦ s❝❤❡♠❡✳ ◆♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡
s❝❤❡♠❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ♠♦r❡✱
♥♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❡①✐sts ♦♥ t❤❡ ■✲♠♦❞❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱
❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✉♥tr✉st❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ■✲♠♦❞❡
❥❛✈❛✲❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ✺✵✸✲❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♠✐❝r♦❜r♦✇s❡r✬s ❝❤✐♣ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛✲
t✐♦♥ ✐s s✉✍❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ✶✷✽ ❙❙▲ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss str❡❛♠
✹
❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② t❡st✐♥❣✳
❇✳✹ ❙▼❙
❙✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✾✷ ❙❤♦rt ▼❡ss❛❣❡ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭❙▼❙✮ ❤❛s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞
t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ s❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ t❡①t ♠❡ss❛❣❡s t♦ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠
♠♦❜✐❧❡ ♣❤♦♥❡s✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ✉♣ t♦ ✶✻✵ ✭❡✈❡♥
♠♦r❡✮ ❛❧♣❤❛♥✉♠❡r✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡rs ❬✺❪✳ ❆❢t❡r ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧❧② ☞♥❞✲
✐♥❣ ✐t t♦✉❣❤ ❣♦✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ●❙▼ ♠❛r❦❡ts✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②❡❛r
✶✾✾✽ ❙▼❙ st❛rt❡❞ s✉❞❞❡♥❧② t♦ ❡①♣❧♦❞❡✳ ■♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✾✾✾✱
t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✷ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❙▼❙ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s s❡♥t ♣❡r ♠♦♥t❤
✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ●❙▼ ✇♦r❧❞✱ ❞♦✉❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r s✐① ♠♦♥t❤s
❡❛r❧✐❡r✳ ❆❜♦✉t ✾✵❛r❡ ✈♦✐❝❡ ♠❛✐❧ ♥♦t✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦r s✐♠♣❧❡
♣❡rs♦♥✲t♦✲♣❡rs♦♥ ♠❡ss❛❣✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ r❡st ✐s ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
t✐♦♥ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♥❡✇s✱ st♦❝❦ ♣r✐❝❡s✱ s♣♦rt✱ ✇❡❛t❤❡r✱
❤♦r♦s❝♦♣❡✱ ❥♦❦❡s ❡t❝✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❙▼❙ ❡✲♠❛✐❧ ♥♦t✐☞❝❛✲
t✐♦♥✱ ❙▼❙ ❝❤❛t ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ r✐♥❣✐♥❣ t♦♥❡s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥
♦☛❡r❡❞ r❡❝❡♥t❧② ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ♠❛r❦❡ts✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❙▼❙ ✐s t❤❡
❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❝✉rr❡♥t ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✐t ❤❛s ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❧✐♠✐✲
t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ ❛ ✇❛② ✉s✐♥❣ ❙▼❙ ✐s ❧✐❦❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♥❣ ❊✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡
❜② t②♣✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❍❚▼▲ ❝♦❞❡ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ ❛ ♣✉r❝❤❛s❡ ✐s ♠❛❞❡✳
❚❤❡ ✉s❡r r❡q✉✐r❡s s♦♠❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❛s s♣❡❝✐☞❝ r❡q✉❡sts ❤❛✈❡
t♦ ❜❡ t②♣❡❞ ✐♥ t♦ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❡①t✲❜❛s❡❞
s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ❡❛s✐❡r ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲❆P
♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳
❇✳✺ ▲✐❣❤t ❊✍❝✐❡♥t ❆❝❝❡ss Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭▲❊❆P✮
▲❊❆P ✐s ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❝❝❡ss ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜② ❋r❡❡P✲
r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳♦r❣ ❛s ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥✲s♦✉r❝❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ ❲❆P✳ ▲❊❆P
✉t✐❧✐③❡s ❊✍❝✐❡♥t ❙❤♦rt ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✭❊❙❘❖✮ ❛s t❤❡
❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ tr❛♥s♣♦rt ❧❛②❡r ❢♦r ✐ts ♠❡ss❛❣✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ▲❊❆P ❝r❡✲
❛t✐♦♥✱ ▲❊❆P ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❛tt❡♠♣t❡❞ t♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢
♣❛❝❦❡ts r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢
❜②t❡s ♣❡r ❡❛❝❤ ♣❛❝❦❡t✳ ❚❤❡ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ t❤✐s ❡☛♦rt ✐s
t❤❡ ❢❡✇❡r ♣❛❝❦❡ts ❛r❡ tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✐s t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss
❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❜❛tt❡r② ❧✐❢❡✱ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✱ t❤❡
❝❤❡❛♣❡r t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✉s❛❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡ss ❧❛t❡♥❝② ✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞
❜② ✉s❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳
❇✳✻ ❊❩❲❡❜
❊❩❲❡❜ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❝♦✲❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜② ❏❛♣❛♥❡s❡✱ ❤♦❧❞ t❤❡
s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ❛♠♦♥❣ ❏❛♣❛♥❡s❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡rs ✇✐t❤
■✲♠♦❞❡ ❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇♥✱ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ❊❩❲❡❜✬s ❤✐❣❤❡r tr❛♥s✲
♠✐ss✐♦♥ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ ✻✹ ❦❜♣s ✭✈s✳ ■✲♠♦❞❡✬s ✾✳✻ ❦❜♣s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❊❩✲
♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✉s❡ ❤❛♥❞❤❡❧❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ♠❛r❦ ✉♣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❍❉▼▲✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✇✐❞❡❧② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛❧♠♦st ♦❜s♦❧❡t❡✮ ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦♠✲
♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❞✐✍❝✉❧t② ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡✲
♣♦rt❡❞❧② ❞❡t❡rr❡❞ ♠❛♥② s✐t❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs ❢r♦♠ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❊❩✲
s♣❡❝✐☞❝ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✭❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✺✵✵ ❍❉▼▲ s✐t❡s ❡①✐st✮✳ ❆❞❞✐✲
t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❊❩✇❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❲❆P
❝♦♥t❡♥t ❝r❡❛t♦rs ❜② ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✧❲❆P ❊❞✐t♦r✧✱ ❛ ❲❆P ❝♦♥✲
t❡♥t ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧✳
■■■✳ ■ss✉❡s ✐♥ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡
❆✳ ■♥♣✉t ✫ ♦✉t♣✉t
❤❛♥❞❤❡❧❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❞✐s♣❧❛② ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ ❧✐♥❡s ♦❢ t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ♥♦t
❤❛✈❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❦❡②❜♦❛r❞s✳ ▲❛r❣❡r s❝r❡❡♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢
❝♦❧♦r ❝❛♥ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ❜❛tt❡r②
❧✐❢❡ ✭❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥t♦ ♥❡✇ ❜❛tt❡r②
t②♣❡s✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❧❛ss✐❝ tr❛❞❡✲♦☛ ✐s ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❡❢✲
❢♦rts✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡♥❞♦rs ❛r❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥
t❤❡✐r ❞❡s✐❣♥s ♥❛♠❡❧②✱ ❧❛r❣❡ ❝♦❧♦r s❝r❡❡♥s ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❜❛t✲
t❡r② ❧✐❢❡✳ ❱♦✐❝❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r ✉s❡ ✇✐t❤
♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡
♥❡❡❞ t♦ tr❛✐♥ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s t♦ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ ❛ ✉s❡rs ✈♦✐❝❡✱ t❤❡ r❡❧❛✲
t✐✈❡ s❧♦✇♥❡ss ♦❢ ✈♦✐❝❡ ✈❡rs✉s ♦t❤❡r ✐♥♣✉t ♠❡❛♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❡①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝s ♦r ♦t❤❡r ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐s♣❧❛②✳
❇✳ ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤
❆s ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❢♦r ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❡①✐st✐♥❣
♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✈❡r② s♦♦♥ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡r ♠❛② ❢❛❝❡
t❤❡ s❝❛r❝✐t② ♦❢ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧②
t❛❝❦❧❡❞ ❜② r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s✳ ❉✐☛❡r❡♥t st❛♥❞❛r❞s✱ s✉❝❤
❛s ❇❧✉❡t♦♦t❤✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶✱ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs ♠❛② r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t♦
✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② r❛♥❣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ♠❛② ❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥t❡r✲
❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❖♥❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❝❝✉rs ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧
❡♠♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ✭❢♦r s❡❝✉r✐t②✮ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts ❛♥✲
♦t❤❡r ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ❜r✐❡✌② st❡♣s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s
❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ❲❤❡t❤❡r s✉❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ r❡✲
♠❛✐♥s t♦ ❜❡ s❡❡♥✳
❈✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
❈✉rr❡♥t❧②✱ ❢❡✇ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ♦☛❡r
❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ■♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ♣r♦✲
t♦❝♦❧s t❤❛t ❞♦ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✭s✉❝❤ ❛s ❲❆P✮✱
t❤❡r❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐❞❡♥t✐☞❡❞ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s
✐♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s s❡❝✉r✐t②
✐ss✉❡s ✐♥ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✳
❈✳✶ ❲❆P
❲❆P ♦☛❡rs ❲❚▲❙✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚r❛♥s✲
♣♦rt ▲❛②❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❲❚▲❙✮ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧✲
♦♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s t♦ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❙❙▲ ❛♥❞ ❚▲❙ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳
❲❚▲❙ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣❛t❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❲❆P ❋♦r♠ ❛♥❞ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②
❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ❜② ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❆P ❋♦r✉♠✬s ❝❤❛♥❣❡s
t♦ ❚▲❙ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐♥ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❚▲❙ r❡s✉❧t❡❞ ✐♥ s❡❝✉✲
r✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦
❞❛t❛❣r❛♠ tr✉♥❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛tt❛❝❦✱ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ❢♦r❣❡r② ❛tt❛❝❦✱ ❛♥❞
❛ ❦❡②✲s❡❛r❝❤ s❤♦rt❝✉t ❢♦r s♦♠❡ ❡①♣♦rt❛❜❧❡ ❦❡②s
❈✳✷ ■✲♠♦❞❡
❉✐❣✐t❛❧ r❛❞✐♦ ♣❛❝❦❡ts s❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❛♥❞s❡ts ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐♦
t♦✇❡rs ❛r❡ ❡♥❝♦❞❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡t❛r② ❉♦❈♦▼♦ s❝❤❡♠❡✳ ◆♦
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛✈❛✐❧✲
❛❜❧❡✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ♠♦r❡✱ ♥♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❡①✐sts ♦♥ t❤❡ ■✲♠♦❞❡
✇✐r❡❧❡ss tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss tr❛♥s♣♦rt ✉♥✲
tr✉st❡❞✳ ❇✉t✱ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ■✲♠♦❞❡ ❥❛✈❛✲❡♥❛❜❧❡❞ ✺✵✸✲❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥
♠✐❝r♦❜r❡✇❡r✬s ❝❤✐♣s s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s s✉✍❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ✶✷✽ ❡♥✲
❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss str❡❛♠ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳
❍❛♥❞❤❡❧❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦♥❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❞✐☛❡r ❢r♦♠ ❞❡s❦t♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❈✳✸ ▲❊❆P
▲❊❆P ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐♥ ✐ts ❝✉r✲
❧❛♣t♦♣ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✇❛②s✳ ❚❤❡② ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡
s♠❛❧❧❡r s❝r❡❡♥ s✐③❡s ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ✐♥♣✉t ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ▼❛♥② r❡♥t s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ❛ ♣♦♦r s❡❝✉r✐t②
✿
s②st❡♠ ♦r ♥♦ s❡❝✉r✐t② s②st❡♠ ❛t ❛❧❧ ✐♥ ❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t t❤❛t t♦❞❛②✬s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss
tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐s ♥♦t ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❢♦r s❡r✐♦✉s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳
❉✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss
❚❤❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣r❡ss t♦✉ts ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱
♦r t❤❡ ✧✇✐r❡❧❡ss ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱✧ ❛s ❛ ❢❛st✲❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ✇♦r❧❞
t❤❛t ❡✈❡r② ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡ ✐♥ t♦♠♦rr♦✇✳
❇✉t ❛s ✉s✉❛❧✱ t❤❡ ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠ ❢♦r ✇❤❛ts ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦✈❡rs❤❛❞✲
♦✇s t❤❡ ♠❛♥② ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐ss✉❡s t❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❤♦✇ s♦♦♥
❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✇✐❧❧ ❛❞♦♣t t❤❡ ♥❡✇ t♦♦❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t st❛t❡ ♦❢
▼✲❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✐s ♥♦t st❛❜❧❡ ♦r ♠❛t✉r❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s♦♠❡
❜❡✇✐❧❞❡r✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝♦❤❡r✲
❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡
✇♦r❧❞✱ ❜♦tt❧❡♥❡❝❦ ✐♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✱ t❤❡ ❝❛s❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ♥♦t ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇
❦✐♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ t♦❞❛②✱ ❧♦♦❦s ✈❡r②
♠✉❝❤ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❞ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❞✐❞ ☞✈❡ ②❡❛rs ❛❣♦✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❛❞
❛❤❡❛❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ☞❡❧❞ ✐s ②❡t t♦ t❛❦❡ ❛ ❞❡☞♥✐t❡ s❤❛♣❡✳ ❚❤❡
✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t✐❡s r❡✈♦❧✈❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✿
✎ ❲✐❧❧ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡rs ❛❞♦♣t t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②❄
✎ ❆♥❞ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❞♦✱ ❤♦✇ ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡② ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ♦♥ ✐t❄
✎ ❈❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❝r❡❛t❡ ♦r ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❜② ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣
t❤✐s ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ s♦✱ ❤♦✇❄
✎ ■s ✐t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❜r♦❛❞✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛t
❛❧❧✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❜❡✇✐❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛rr❛② ♦❢ ❜r♦✇s❡rs✱ ❛❝❝❡ss
s♣❡❡❞s✱ st❛♥❞❛r❞s✱ ❛♥❞ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② s✉❝❤ ❛s
str❡❛♠✐♥❣ ✈✐❞❡♦❄
✎ ❈❛♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❜❡ ♠✲❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡rs✱
r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❧❡❛❞❡rs❄
✎ ❲❤❛t ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ▼✲
❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✈✐❛❜❧❡❄
✎ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♠✲❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧❄
❚❤✉s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤②♣❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t♦✲
❞❛② ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛s ✐t ♦♥❝❡ ✇❛s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❞
◆❡t✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣❡r✐❛❧ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t
❜❡✳ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ❜✉✐❧t ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣
t❤❡ ❧❛st ☞✈❡ ②❡❛rs ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❞r❛✇ ♦♥
❢♦r t❤✐s ♥❡①t ❧❡❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❥♦✉r♥❡②✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✐s ❛ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠
❢♦r ✇❤❛t ✐s t♦ ❝♦♠❡✱ ❛ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✱ ❛ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ♠❛♥❛❣❡r✐❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❖♥
t❤✐s ❜❛s✐s ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♣❡r✈❛s✐✈❡✱ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦✲
✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❢❛st❡r ♣❛❝❡ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❞✐❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s
❝❛♥ ❧❡✈❡r❛❣❡ t❤❡ ❧❡ss♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛st✳ ■t ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t
❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ✇✐♥♥❡rs ❛r❡ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ♠♦✈❡❞ q✉✐❝❦❧②✱
❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ✇❛②s✱ t♦ s❡❝✉r❡ ❛ ❧❡❛❞ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r
s❡❝t♦r✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛r❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞
✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛❝❝❡ss s♣❡❡❞s ✇✐❧❧ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ❛t ❛ ❞r❛♠❛t✐❝ ♣❛❝❡✱ ✐♥
❢❛❝t✱ ❢❛st❡r t❤❛♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❛❝❝❡ss s♣❡❡❞ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞✳
✺
❛❧s♦ t❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ●❙▼✳ ❇✉t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ❝♦♥☞❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♠❛ss ♦❢ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡rs✱
♠♦r❡ ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ☞❡❧❞ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■t ❧♦♦❦s t❤❛t t❤❡
s♠❛rt ❝❛r❞s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❣❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦
❛ s❡❝✉r❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ s♠❛rt ❝❛r❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛
❝r❡❞✐t ❝❛r❞ ♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❙■▼ ❧✐❦❡ ♠✐♥✐❛t✉r❡ ❝❛r❞ ❬✶❪✳
■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ r✉♥ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ s♠❛❧❧
❙■▼ ❝❛r❞✳ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ❝♦♥☞❞❡♥t✐❛❧✲
✐t② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ s❡❝r❡t ❦❡② ✐♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳
❚❤✐s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ s❝r❛♠❜❧❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠❡ss❛❣❡
t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❝✐♣✐❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❞❡❝r②♣t ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❦❡② t♦ r❡✲
tr✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❦❡② ♠✉st ❜❡ ❦❡♣t s❡❝r❡t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
t❤❡ t✇♦ ♣❛rt✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❜❛s✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥
❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✿ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❛s②♠♠❡t✲
r✐❝✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦❡② ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r
❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❦❡②
❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝✐♣✐❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡✱ ❛♥❞
❛ t❤✐r❞ ♣❛rt② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❣❛✐♥ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s tr❛♥s✲
♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❲✐t❤✐♥ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ♣❛rt✐❡s ❤❛✈❡
t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ ❦❡② ♦❢ ✶✵✷✹ ✷✵✹✽ ❜✐ts✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ❛❧✲
❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t✇♦
❦❡②s ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡②✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥✲
❝r②♣t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ r❡tr✐❡✈❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣
t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ❦❡②✳
❇✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss
❆ ❦❡② ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❢❛❝❡ ❛s t❤❡② ❜✉✐❧❞
❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❛♥❞ ✇✐r❡❞ ❛❣❡ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧
♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ ❝❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ q✉✐t❡
s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ✐♥ ♠♦st ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s t♦❞❛②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❝r❡✲
❛t✐✈❡ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✱ s❡❛s♦♥❡❞ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss s❦✐❧❧s✱ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✲
✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ✐ss✉❡s ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ t❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉✲
♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✱ ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢
❤♦✇ ❛❧❧ t❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❡✈♦❧✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡❧❧✲❤♦♥❡❞ s❦✐❧❧s ✐♥ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞
❜r❛♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡s ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡❣✐♥ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ♥♦✇ ❛❜♦✉t
❤♦✇ t♦ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡ t❤❡s❡ s❦✐❧❧s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❢♦r
❡☛❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✳ ❆s t❤❡② ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡s❡ ♥❡✇ ❞✐❣✲
✐t❛❧ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s✱ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✇❤❛t
t❤❡② ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❦♥♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡ss♦♥s ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛♥②
❜✉s✐♥❡ss s✉❝❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡
❧❛st ☞✈❡ ②❡❛rs ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇✐r❡❞ ❲❡❜ ❛♣♣❧② t♦ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s
❛s ✇❡❧❧✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✇✐r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss✱ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡
❛♥❞ ♦☛✲❧✐♥❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡✳ ●♦✐♥❣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❢r♦♠
❤❡r❡✱ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❢♦r s✉❝❝❡ss ✐♥ ♠✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❣♦
t♦ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢♦r ❝✉s✲
t♦♠❡rs✱ r♦♦t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❡①✲
♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✐♥❢r❛✲str✉❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜✉s✐✲
♥❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❤♦ ❢♦r❣❡ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤❛t ❤❛r✈❡st s✉st❛✐♥✲
❛❜❧❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦☛❡r✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡
❲❡❜✳ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t♦ t❛❝❦❧❡
t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❛t ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✇✐❧❧ ❜r✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ✐♥ t❤❡
■❱✳ ❈❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ■♥ ▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣r♦♣❡r ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❤❛✈❡
❆✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡☛❡❝t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞ t♦
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✐s ❛ ❦❡② ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ ▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳ ●❙▼ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛s s✉❝❤✳
♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② s❡❝✉r❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ P■◆
❱✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
✭♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ■❞❡♥t✐☞❝❛t✐♦♥ ◆✉♠❜❡r✮ ✇❤❡♥ t✉r♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡
❤❛♥❞s❡t✳ ❆♥ ❛✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❛♥❞s❡t ❛♥❞
❚❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❤❛s ♦♣❡♥❡❞ ✉♣ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s
t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❙❙▲ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈♦✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ✐s t❤❛t ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♦♥❝❡ ❞r❡❛♠❡❞ ♦❢✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❜✐❣ ❣❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
✻
✇❤❛t t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❝❛♥ ❞♦ t♦❞❛② ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r
❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❧❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣❡❝t✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥❡✇s ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡s
♦❢ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ❢r✉str❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐❦❡ s❧♦✇ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ s♣❡❡❞s✱ ❞✐❢✲
☞❝✉❧t ✉s❡r ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦sts ✲ ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞
❜② ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❡q✉✐♣♠❡♥t ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r❡rs✳ ▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡
♣❧❛②❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ♠♦✈❡ ❢❛st t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡r ✐♥t❡r✲
❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦☛❡r ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐✈❡ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡
✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❢r✉str❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ✉s❡rs✱ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡rs ❡♥✈✐s✐♦♥
t❤❛t ♦♥❝❡ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❧✐t❝❤❡s ❛r❡ ✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t✱ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❛♣✲
♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❞❛✐❧② ❧✐✈❡s✳
❊✐❣❤t②✲t✇♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t ♦❢ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✉s❡rs t❤✐♥❦
t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡✐r ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ tr❛✈❡❧
❛ss✐st❛♥t ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t t❤r❡❡ ②❡❛rs✳ ❊✐❣❤t②✲♦♥❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t
❛❧s♦ ❢♦r❡s❡❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❞❛✐❧② r♦✉✲
t✐♥❡ ✲ ❢♦r s❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❡♠❛✐❧s✱ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ♥❡✇s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞
s❤♦♣♣✐♥❣✳ ▼♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❤❛❧❢ ✭✻✶ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✮ ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s
t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ♣❛②♠❡♥t t♦♦❧s✳ ●✐✈❡♥ t❤✐s ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢
❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ❛❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♣r❡❞✐❝ts t❤❛t ❜② ✷✵✵✸✱ ♠✲
❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✇❛s ✐♥ ✶✾✾✽ ✐♥ t❡r♠s
♦❢ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❇✷❈✱ t♦t❛❧ r❡✈❡♥✉❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞
❜② ♠✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ r❡❛❝❤ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❧② ✩✶✵✵ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥✱ ❤❛❧❢
♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡s✱ ❡✲♠❛✐❧
s✉❜s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❢❡❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈❡rt✐s✐♥❣❀ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛❧❢ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♠❡
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✈✐❛
♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳
❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s
❬✶❪
❙❡❝✉r✐♥❣ ▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✲s❡r✈✳❡❜✐③q✳♥❡t✴♠♦❜✴♦❧❞❡♥ ✶✳❤t♠❧
❬✷❪
▼✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡t✐♠❡s✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡t✐♠❡s✳❝♦♠
❬✸❪
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✿ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✿ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❢r♦♥t✐❡r✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✳♦r❣✴❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✴❛rt✐❝❧❡s✴❖❝t♦❜❡r✴❱❛rs❤♥❡②✴❱❛rs❤♥❡②✳❤t♠❧
❬✹❪
❲✐r❡❧❡ss
❋✉t✉r❡✱
◆❡✇s✿
❙t✉❞②✿
▼✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡
❋❛❝❡s
❙❧♦✇✲●r♦✇t❤
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✐r❡❧❡ss♥❡✇s❢❛❝t♦r✳❝♦♠✴♣❡r❧✴st♦r②✴✶✸✺✶✽✳❤t♠❧
❬✺❪
●❙▼ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣s♠✇♦r❧❞✳❝♦♠
❬✻❪
❯▼❚❙ ❋♦r✉♠ ✿ ❯▼❚❙ ❋♦r✉♠ ❍♦♠❡✱
❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉♠ts✲❢♦r✉♠✳♦r❣
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