IJMRA-PSS455

International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences (ISSN: 2249-5894) CONTENTS Sr. No. TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S) Page No. 1 Democracy And Governance: A Revisitational Discourse. S. T. Akindele, PhD and O. O. Adeyemi 1-47 2 Leadership: A New Synthesis. Akindele, S.T., PhD. and Adeyemi, O. O. 48-93 3 Cells involved in wear-mediated osteolysis. Mrinal K.Musib, Ph.D. 94-107 4 The Leadership and the Retention of Employees That Work for Nongovernmental Organization (NGOs) in Thailand. Matchakarn Ya-anan 108-122 5 A Review On Extent Of Sustainabilty Of Educational Projects: A Case Of Strengthening Of Mathematics And Science In Secondary Education (Smasse) Project In Kenya. Henry Onderi and Getrude Malala 123-144 7 Improving the educational decision –making system –from the viewpoint of members of education faculties settled in Tehran and staff managers and Specialists in the Ministry of Education. Armin Mahmoudi Econometric Analysis of Income of Nomads In Irrigated Areas Of Cholistan Desert. Mariam Abbas Soharwardi, Karamat Ali and Jamal Abdul Nasir 8 Distance Education and Conventional Education; A Case Study through Review of Literature. Ms. Iffat Beg 177-197 9 ‘Bt’ Cotton: Resource Use Efficiency in India. Dr. A. Balakrishna 198-216 10 Simone De Beauvoir’s Contribution To Feminism With Reference To The Second Sex. Sachin Vaman Londhe 217-232 11 Identification Of Decision Parameters Influencing Destination Choices Of Indian Domestic Tourists. Harikrishna M. and Rajat Rastogi 233-263 12 Customers Perception Towards Mobile Number Portability. Mrs. Dhanya. J. S 264-282 13 A Case Study On Employee Motivational Practices At Airport Authourity Of India Limited With Special Reference To Chennai Airport. Simeon S. Simon, S. Jacob Pratabaraj and Sneha George 283-301 14 Recruitment Policies In Indian Railways–Case Study Of South Western Railway, Hubli. Dr. C. P. Manohar 302-317 15 A Study on Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Development in India. Dr. V. J. R. Emerlson Moses 318-332 16 Emotional Intelligence Of Students In A B-School. A. K. Mohapatra and Deepak Pattnaik 333-353 17 World Economy And Terrorism: An Over View. Dr. Bhuvnender Chaudhary, Amit Sarkar and Nikhil Monga 354-379 6 145-158 159-176 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Chief Patron Dr. JOSE G. VARGAS-HERNANDEZ Member of the National System of Researchers, Mexico Research professor at University Center of Economic and Managerial Sciences, University of Guadalajara Director of Mass Media at Ayuntamiento de Cd. Guzman Ex. director of Centro de Capacitacion y Adiestramiento Patron Dr. Mohammad Reza Noruzi PhD: Public Administration, Public Sector Policy Making Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran Faculty of Economics and Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran Young Researchers' Club Member, Islamic Azad University, Bonab, Iran Chief Advisors Dr. NAGENDRA. S. Senior Asst. Professor, Department of MBA, Mangalore Institute of Technology and Engineering, Moodabidri Dr. SUNIL KUMAR MISHRA Associate Professor, Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon, INDIA Mr. GARRY TAN WEI HAN Lecturer and Chairperson (Centre for Business and Management), Department of Marketing, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, MALAYSIA MS. R. KAVITHA Assistant Professor, Aloysius Institute of Management and Information, Mangalore, INDIA Dr. A. JUSTIN DIRAVIAM Assistant Professor, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Sardar Raja College of Engineering, Alangulam Tirunelveli, TAMIL NADU, INDIA A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 160 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Editorial Board Dr. CRAIG E. REESE Professor, School of Business, St. Thomas University, Miami Gardens Dr. S. N. TAKALIKAR Principal, St. Johns Institute of Engineering, PALGHAR (M.S.) Dr. RAMPRATAP SINGH Professor, Bangalore Institute of International Management, KARNATAKA Dr. P. MALYADRI Principal, Government Degree College, Osmania University, TANDUR Dr. Y. LOKESWARA CHOUDARY Asst. Professor Cum, SRM B-School, SRM University, CHENNAI Prof. Dr. TEKI SURAYYA Professor, Adikavi Nannaya University, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Dr. T. DULABABU Principal, The Oxford College of Business Management, BANGALORE Dr. A. ARUL LAWRENCE SELVAKUMAR Professor, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, MELMARAVATHUR, TN Dr. S. D. SURYAWANSHI Lecturer, College of Engineering Pune, SHIVAJINAGAR Dr. S. KALIYAMOORTHY Professor & Director, Alagappa Institute of Management, KARAIKUDI Prof S. R. BADRINARAYAN Sinhgad Institute for Management & Computer Applications, PUNE Mr. GURSEL ILIPINAR ESADE Business School, Department of Marketing, SPAIN Mr. ZEESHAN AHMED Software Research Eng, Department of Bioinformatics, GERMANY A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 161 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Mr. SANJAY ASATI Dept of ME, M. Patel Institute of Engg. & Tech., GONDIA(M.S.) Mr. G. Y. KUDALE N.M.D. College of Management and Research, GONDIA(M.S.) Editorial Advisory Board Dr. MANJIT DAS Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Economics, M.C.College, ASSAM Dr. ROLI PRADHAN Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, BHOPAL Dr. N. KAVITHA Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Mekelle University, ETHIOPIA Prof C. M. MARAN Assistant Professor (Senior), VIT Business School, TAMIL NADU Dr. RAJIV KHOSLA Associate Professor and Head, Chandigarh Business School, MOHALI Dr. S. K. SINGH Asst. Professor, R. D. Foundation Group of Institutions, MODINAGAR Dr. (Mrs.) MANISHA N. PALIWAL Associate Professor, Sinhgad Institute of Management, PUNE Dr. (Mrs.) ARCHANA ARJUN GHATULE Director, SPSPM, SKN Sinhgad Business School, MAHARASHTRA Dr. NEELAM RANI DHANDA Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, kuk, HARYANA Dr. FARAH NAAZ GAURI Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, AURANGABAD A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 162 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. BADAR ALAM IQBAL Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, UP Dr. CH. JAYASANKARAPRASAD Assistant Professor, Dept. of Business Management, Krishna University, A. P., INDIA Technical Advisors Mr. Vishal Verma Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, Ambala, INDIA Mr. Ankit Jain Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Karnataka, Mangalore, INDIA Associate Editors Dr. SANJAY J. BHAYANI Associate Professor ,Department of Business Management, RAJKOT, INDIA MOID UDDIN AHMAD Assistant Professor, Jaipuria Institute of Management, NOIDA Dr. SUNEEL ARORA Assistant Professor, G D Goenka World Institute, Lancaster University, NEW DELHI Mr. P. PRABHU Assistant Professor, Alagappa University, KARAIKUDI Mr. MANISH KUMAR Assistant Professor, DBIT, Deptt. Of MBA, DEHRADUN Mrs. BABITA VERMA Assistant Professor, Bhilai Institute Of Technology, DURG Ms. MONIKA BHATNAGAR Assistant Professor, Technocrat Institute of Technology, BHOPAL Ms. SUPRIYA RAHEJA Assistant Professor, CSE Department of ITM University, GURGAON A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 163 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Title ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INCOME OF NOMADS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF CHOLISTAN DESERT Author(s) Mariam Abbas Soharwardi Lecturer at Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Karamat Ali Jamal Abdul Nasir Chairman at Department of Economics, Department of Statistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 164 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Economy of any rural areas depends on different types of economic indicators. The economic indicators which affect the income of nomads in Cholistan Desert are described in this paper. Economy of the nomads of Cholistan desert can be divided in to two parts, i) economy of the nomads when they stay in the desert and ii) economy of the nomads when they are at irrigated areas. Nomads earns more income in irrigated areas as 71% earn their income in the range of Rs. 1,00,100/- to 2,00,00/-. The present study revealed about the factors which influence the income of nomads in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. The study was econometric and income is estimated by using Binary Logistic Regression Model on 200 sample data taken from ten different villages of Cholistan Desert. INTRODUCTION: More than 45% people in Pakistan generate income from agriculture sector and the cultivable wasteland in Cholistan (Bahawalpur and Rahimyarkhan,) is 6.6 million acres with 1.2 million inhabitants. Since 1978, only 350000 acres were allotted to its 30000 applicants while 5784 applications are still pending. All the people who were allotted the lands are now in better economic conditions as compared to the majority of the poor landless „Rohailas‟ (Cholistan). The allotment of the land is banned regardless of the promises and commitments made by the successive governments to allot the land to the landless „Rohailas‟. It seems that the government wants to bring these „Rohailas‟ and people in other parts of the country to the same fate as of tenants in „Pirowa‟l and „Okara‟ (Roshan, 2006). The economy of nomads of Cholistan Desert entirely depends on fragile and meager natural resources associated with inconsistent rain pattern. Job opportunities are confined to labour in agricultural fields or other minor activities due to lack of education or skilled training. In Cholistan desert most of the nomads live below poverty line in the absence of basic human needs like clean drinking water or sufficient food, health and education for their children. Livestock breeding, improvement of performance or range management is not practiced scientifically (Sharif, 2003). A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 165 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ The total human population of Cholistan desert is around 120,000. The economy of the region is predominantly pastoral. People have practiced a nomadic life style for centuries. Large herds of camels, cattle‟s, sheep, and goats are owned by the nomads. The area is not served by modern communication system and can be traversed by either camels or jeeps. Local people use camels as a mode of transportation. Habitations are small and extremely scattered (Ahmad, 2002). The nomads and their herds return back to the desert around July or August with the news of first monsoon showers. Distance traveled during this migration varies 10 to 100 Km. While in the desert natural vegetation is the main source of feed for grazing livestock. Tobas serves as drinking water both for nomads and their livestock. Tobas are made in clayey that locally called dahars in catchments area to avoid heavy water percolation. Tobas belonging to the same clan are generally located to each (often 1 Km radius). At the start of the rainy season, livestock graze with in one or 2 km radius of each Toba. This distance increase about 15 km as the season progress. During October and November, when water resources become almost totally depleted, each clan moves its herds to semi-permanent centers equipped with a serious of traditional (hand-dug and unlined) wells and kunds (usually lined) (FAO 1993). The nomads manage their mixed livestock in such a way that milking cows are moved near by the urban centers where milk is sold readily while other animals like camels, goats, sheep and bullocks are kept in the desert for grazing. Nomads attach high values to their herds. Livestock are the main source of their survival and a number of cultural norms are frequently used meat, milk and gifts. Communal ceremonies like weddings, funerals, and tribal celebrations include slaughtering and exchange of animals. A person‟s status in the desert nomadic life style is chiefly represented by the size of the herds he owns. (Arshad, et al. 1999). OBJECTIVES: Keeping in view the environmental changes in the Cholistan, it is important to study the income of desert dwellers. Such a study could help in formulating the poverty reduction and up lift of Cholistan desert nomads in changed environment. Such a study could also be benefited for NGO‟s especially which are working for poverty alleviation and socio-economic up lift in A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 166 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Cholistan and build on the existing resources for community development through improvement in infrastructure, job creation and human resource development. However, the main objectives of this study are 1. Evaluate income of nomads of Cholistan Desert to find out economic status in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. 2. To find out different sources of income of nomads of Cholistan desert. 3. Find out the major variables effects the income of nomads in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. LITERATURE REVIEW: Khan et al. (1996) examined the factors behind low crop yield in Cholistan. Both the quantitative and qualitative analysis showed how the low levels of agricultural productivity in this area may be linked to material and climatic factors. The quantitative analysis was mainly focused on physical factors. The qualitative analysis, however, emphasises that relative inefficiency of agricultural activity in Cholistan reflected the influence of physical, economic, social and, most importantly, climatic factors. Ajmal et al. (2001) described the problems and sustainable development of cholistan desert communities through various resources and sampled the available recourses such as vegetation resources, livestock resources, soil resources and water resources. Sharif (2003) explained that extent, nature, structure and determinants of rural poverty was a pre condition for effective public action to alleviate poverty in rural areas of Pakistan. The major concern of this study was to explore the determinants of poverty in Pakistan with a case study of Cholistan in Bahawalpur district. In this study an attempt was made to analyze the economic, social and demographic characteristics of households in poverty and a detailed poverty profile based on the household survey data of a cluster sample of Cholistan. In addition, the author performed an econometric analysis in terms of income and logistic regression models looking at the determinants of rural poverty for empirical analysis. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 167 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Ahmad (2006) described the agro pastoral systems in cholistan and repeated that the cholistan desert has extreme summer temperatures (50oC plus) and prolonged droughts rearing is the only age-old profession of the nomad pastoralists of this desert. Pastoral system is characterized by mass migrations of animals and people throughout the year in search of water and forage. The onset of monsoon and the distribution of rainfall mainly dictate the pattern of movement of nomadic herders. Livestock are the main source of their survival and a number of cultural norms are linked with the animals. The major constrains to the nomadic system are very poor quality of drinking water and inadequate feed, both of which are acute during summer. ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF NOMADS OF CHOLISTAN DESERT: Economy of nomads of Cholistan Desert is influenced by a large number of economic indicators. But only seven indicators are taken in this paper. Sex (x1): Male-female ratio is taken there as independent variable, means who are the head of household. Age (x2): Age means number of years after born. Age of head of household is taken as independent variable. Total Cultivated Land (x3): Total cultivated land means total area used for cultivation of crops. This indicator is very important for the analysis of income because mostly nomads have land but all land is not cultivated due to unavailability of water and unfertile soil. This indicator is taken as independent variable. Total Number of Livestock (x4): Total number of livestock means livestock holds by respondent in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. It is taken as independent variable. Health Status (x5): Health status means health of respondent, it is measured as respondent have any disease or not. It is taken as independent variable. Education Status (x6): Education status means education of respondent and it is measured as respondent can read and write or not. It is taken as independent variable. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 168 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Income in Irrigated Areas (y): Income in irrigated areas means annual income of respondent earned from different sources in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. It is taken as dependent variable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An overwhelmingly large part of study is based on the primary source of data. The present study is primary based on the household survey data as collected by the author during April-September 2007. The household survey was conducted and information recorded from two hundred household in a cluster sample of Cholistan consisting on ten villages (Chaks). A twostage Area sampling was used, at first stage households was selected and at the second stage the male as a head of household was interviewed. Primary data on economic conditions of nomad‟s pastorals of Cholistan desert was collected by interview technique by going door to door in Cholistan desert and the interview schedule was a set of Questions in a Questionnaire form which has been filled by the interviewer. In this study, major emphasis is on the analysis of economy of nomad pastorals by econometric analysis of income of nomads in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS: The dependent variable in logistic regression is usually dichotomous, that is, the dependent variable can take the value 1 with a probability of success Ө or the value 0 with probability of failure 1-Ө. Consider a collection of k independent indicators, thus the general form of the Logistic regression is (1) where = the constants of the equation and = the coefficient of the predictor variables. The log adds has the linear relationship A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 169 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Log it =Log [θ(x) /(1-θ(x))] =α+βx+β2X2+…………+βkxk (2) Logistic regression calculates the probability of success over the probability of failure, therefore, the result of the analysis are in the form of an odds ratio. STRATEGIES IN MODEL SELECTION: As we have number of explanatory variables that should include all the important (influential) factors, but the actual subset of predictor variables that should be used in the model need to be determined. When the number of variables increases, the selection process becomes harder. Fitting all possible models is impractical when the number of dimensions exceeds three, and it helps to have guidelines. Stepwise selection of variables has been widely used in linear regression. Most major software packages have either a separate program or an option to perform this type of analysis. At one time, stepwise regression was an extremely popular method for model building. Methodology for performing stepwise logistic regression has been available for much less time [Hoshmer, wang, Lin, and Lemeshow (1978)]. Among major software packages only BDMP offers a program for stepwise logistic regression. We feel that the procedure provides a useful and effective data analysis tool. Any stepwise procedure for selection or deletion of variables from a model is based on a statistical algorithm which checks for the “importance” of variables, and either includes or excludes them on the basis of fixed decision rule. The “importance” of a variable is defined in terms of a measure of the statistical significance of the coefficient for the variable. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results showed that there are three major sources of income in irrigated areas of Cholistan desert i.e. crops, livestock and embroidery. Other sources included jobs in different sectors, like teaching in schools or in government institutes, labor with the farmer or in some A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 170 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ factories etc. Sources of income along with income generated from these sources by nomads of Cholistan desert in irrigated areas are incorporated in table 1. Table 1: Sources and annual income (Rs.) of nomads in irrigated areas of Cholistan desert Sr. No. Sources of Average Maximum Minimum Income(Rs.) Income(Rs.) Income(Rs.) Income(Rs.) 1 Crops 78113.6 685000 200 2 Livestock 81805.7 888000 1000 3 Embroidery 7895.01 150000 0 4 Other Sources 11739.5 100000 0 Source: Survey Maximum average annual income is earned from livestock, crops and other sources and minimum average annual income is generated by embroidery. So far as range of average annual income is concerned, the income from livestock ranged from Rs.1000/- to Rs.8,88,000/-, from crops range of income was Rs.200/- to 6,85,000, from embroidery the annual average income was Rs.0.00 to Rs.1,50,000/- and from other sources the average annual income ranged from Rs.0.00 to Rs.1,00,000/- . Livestock in irrigated areas include cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels. Populations of livestock in irrigated areas are described in table 2. Maximum numbers of animals (500) were recorded by sheep and goats and minimum (40) by camels, whereas population of animals recorded by cattle was 150 and buffaloes 170. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 171 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Table 2: Number of Livestock in Irrigated areas Sr. No. Livestock Maximum Minimum Average 1 Cattle 150 0 6 2 Buffalos 170 0 6 3 Sheep 500 0 17 4 Goats 500 0 34 5 Camels 40 0 1 Source: Survey Nomads of Cholistan desert generate income from different products of livestock like milk, wool, goat hairs, and meat. During the drought period (environmental stress) the nomads of Cholistan desert sell almost half of their livestock for the safety of their income. Second major source of income in irrigated areas is by crop production. Table 3 showed that major crop cultivated in irrigated area is wheat and 35% people of the area are directly involved in the production of wheat and remaining is indirectly involved. Other crops grown in the area are cotton, sugarcane and mustard. These crops are grown in different groups and 43% people of the area select different groups of crops for their income. Table 3: Majors crops cultivated in irrigated areas of Cholistan Desert. Sr. No. Group of Crops 1 Wheat 69 34.5 2 Mustard 5 2.5 3 Mustard, Sugarcane 7 3.5 Frequency Percentage A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 172 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ 4 Wheat, mustard, cotton, sugarcane 86 43 5 Wheat, mustard, cotton 10 11 6 Wheat, Sugarcane 4 2 7 Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane 18 9 Total 200 100 Source: Survey ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF INCOME: Logistic Regression Model (Backward Stepwise Regression Method) Model Variables Coefficient S.E p-value OR 1.072 Total cultivated land Income in Irrigated Areas 0.069 0.034 0.042 (1.002-1.146) 0.311 Health Status -1.169 0.392 0.003 (0.144-0.669) 3.187 Education Status 1.159 0.32 0 (1.703-5.964) Constant -790 4.29 0.038 0.454 OR: Odd Ratio, S.E: Standard Error, C.I: Class Interval, P-value: Level of Significance A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 173 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ In irrigated areas income of respondent is highly affected by three variables as shown in model, total cultivated area, health and education status of respondent remaining variables was excluded from the model by using stepwise regression method. Respondent have more cultivated area, earn more income. Similarly health and education shows positive affect on the income of respondent. Income of educated people in irrigated areas is 3.0 times more than uneducated people. Sex and age are used as independent variable in model, showing minimum effects on the income of respondent in irrigated areas. Major indicators highly effect the income of respondent in irrigated areas are total cultivated land, more area cultivated by respondent showed more income, similarly respondent with better health and education showed high level of income. CONCLUDING REMARKS: Economy of the nomads of Cholistan desert can be divided in to two parts, economy of the nomads when they stay in the desert and economy of the nomads when they are at irrigated areas. Sources of income in irrigated areas are more like Crops production, livestock production, embroidery, job in different sector etc. But in desert areas the nomads have only two sources of income i.e.‟ Khar‟ Production and livestock production. Livestock production is the same source of income by which the nomads benefits, either they are in irrigated areas or in desert areas. There all the income of nomads in irrigated areas is better than that of desert areas and expenditures are higher. As main source of income in irrigated areas is livestock and for free grazing of livestock nomads move towards desert, there livestock on highly nutritious grasses and shrubs. When these are at irrigated areas they fed fodder crop and become a bigger source of income and boost the economy of nomads staying at irrigated areas. Cholistan desert is one of the most under-developed and highly degraded region of the country. The people lack even basic amenities of life. Their socio-economic profile is nomadic pastoral and livestock production is the major economic activity. Scarcity of water and lack of adequate infrastructure are among the major constraints for the development of this arid tract. Lack of roads and communication has hampered the development of this area by making its accessibility very difficult for the people and officials. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 174 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ Sample population showed that male is dominant as a head of household in Cholistan desert. Male-female ratio as a head of household play an important role to earn income in desert areas as males play effective role to graze their livestock as compared to females. Age of the household head ranged between 31 to 45 years is common in this Cholistan desert. Respondent with this age group showed better health and health plays a very important role to earn more income. Seventy one percents nomads staying at cultivated lands, earn their income from cultivating crops along with livestock keeping which ranged between Rs. 1,00,100/- to 2,00,000/- and their expenditures are in the range of Rs20,100/- to 35,000/-. Crop production, being the second major source of income of nomadic pastoralist after allotment of lands by government. Pastoral nomadism is not only an environmental sustainable way of managing Cholistan desert dry lands but it could support national dairy and meat consumption requirements. RECOMMENDATIONS: Special attention should be given towards education because education will help in providing awareness among the people. Schools should be opened in each village and all facilities should be provided to attract students towards education which ultimately boost up the income of nomads of cholistan desert. Vegetation resources available in Cholistan desert are insufficient and it is recommended that these resources should be enhanced for the healthy livestock of desert dwellers. Ultimately, it will help in increasing the income of the Cholastani people. Expansion of national health, education, population and nutrition programs that include services to the population of Cholistan desert and a focus on primary services. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 175 IJPSS ISSN: 2249-5894 January Volume 2, Issue 1 2012 _________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: It is matter of great pleasure to express my cordial gratitude and thanks to Dr. Muhammad Arshad, Deputy Director, Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, for his extraordinary, wise and pain taking guidance that he has so generously given throughout this research work. REFERENCES: Ahmad, F. (2002). Socio-economic dimensions and ecological destruction in Cholistan. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Pakistan. Ahmed, F. (2005). Agro-Pastoral Systems in Cholistan. Pakistan Geographical Review, 60(2), 65-69. Ahmad, F. (2006). Agro-pastoral Systems in Cholistan. http://www.isdehs.com/html /2006_098.html. Arshad, M.; Roa, A.R. and Akbar, G. (1999). Master of disaster in cholistan desert, Pakistan: Patterns of Nomadic migration. UNEP Desertification Control Bulletin. 35, 33-38. Khan, A. and Anania, R. (1996). Productivity Constraints of Cholistani Farmers. The Pakistan Development Review, 35(4). Roshan, M. (2003). Corporate Agriculture Farming: Damaging interests of small farmers. SDPI Research and News Bulletin, 10(2). Sharif, C.I. (2003). An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: A case study of Bahawalpur District with special reference to Cholistan. Ph.D. Thesis, Bahaddun Zakriya University, Multan. A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gage, India as well as in Cabell’s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences http://www.ijmra.us 176