SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING
Copyright © 2018 EDAM
Received: June 13, 2017
Revision Received: November 21, 2017
eISSN: 2458-9675
spiritualpc.net
Accepted: January 7, 2018
DOI 10.12738/spc.2018.1.0042
OnlineFirst: February 10, 2018
Research Article
Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale:
Development and Validation
1
K. Gamze Yaman
Marmara University
2
Hatice Sanver Gürsoy
University of Maryland Baltimore County
3
4
A. Nilgün Canel
Marmara University
Halil Ekşi
Marmara University
Abstract
This research intends to develop a spiritual coping strategies scale for childrearing mothers. The study has been conducted using 24 items
and has been carried out on 217 mothers. As a result of factor analysis, items have been categorized under one factor, and the total explained
variance has been found to be approximately 0.59. As a result of the study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the scale has been found as .966. Item
analysis indicates the item-total correlation to be significant (p < .001). All these results show that all items have the same structure. The upper
and lower values of the item-total correlations range from .630 to .838. The relationship of the scores from the Religious Coping Scale with those
from the Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale has been used for criterion validity. Statistically significant and positive correlations have been found
between the subscales of the Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale and Religious Coping Scale; the sub-scales of positive coping (r = .72; p = .01) and
negative coping (r = .35; p = .01) have been determined to significantly correlate. The results of the study show the scale to be a sufficiently valid
and reliable measurement tool that can be used to assess the coping strategies mothers use while raising children.
Keywords
Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale • Spiritual coping • Mothers
Anne Manevi Başa Çıkma Ölçeği: Geliştirme ve Geçerlik Çalışması
Öz
Bu araştırma, çocuk yetiştirmede anneler için manevi baş etme stratejilerini ölçmek amacıyla ölçek geliştirmeyi hedeflemiştir. Çalışma 24 maddeyle yürütülmüş olup ve toplamda 217 anneye ulaşılmıştır. Faktör analizi sonucunda öğeler bir faktör olarak kategorize edilmiş ve açıklanan
toplam varyans yaklaşık 0.59 olarak bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda ölçeğin Cronbach alfa katsayısı .966’dır. Madde analizi, madde toplam
korelasyonunun anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir (p <.001). Tüm bu sonuçlar, tüm öğelerin aynı yapı içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Madde
toplam korelasyonlarının alt ve üst değerleri, .630 ile .838 aralığındadır. Kriter geçerliği için kullanılan Dini Başa Çıkma Ölçeği ile Anne Manevi
Başa Çıkma Ölçeği skorları arasındaki ilişki ise anlamlı bir ilişkidir. Anne Manevi Başa Çıkma Ölçeği ile Dini Başa Çıkma Ölçeği, Pozitif Başa
Çıkma (r = .72; p = .01) ve Olumsuz Başa Çıkma (r = .35; p = .01) arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı pozitif korelasyonlar olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Araştırmanın sonuçları, annelerin çocukları yetiştirirken kullandıkları baş etme stratejilerini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilecek yeterince
geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Anne Manevi Başa Çıkma Ölçeği • Manevi başa çıkma • Anneler
1 Correspondence to: K. Gamze Yaman, Department of Educational Sciences, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus,
Kadıköy İstanbul 34722 Turkey. Email: gamze.alcekic@marmara.edu.tr
2 Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Maryland, US.
Email: hsanver@umbc.edu
3 Department of Educational Sciences, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Kadıköy İstanbul 34722 Turkey.
Email: nilgun.canel@marmara.edu.tr
4 Department of Educational Sciences, Marmara University, Goztepe Campus, Kadıköy İstanbul 34722 Turkey.
Email: halileksi@marmara.edu.tr
Citation: Yaman, K. G., Sanver Gürsoy, H., Canel, A. N., & Ekşi, H. (2018). Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and
validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 3, 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12738/spc.2018.1.0042
SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING
Research shows that early relationships, especially in relation to the first three years
of life, are really important for children’s personality and development (Lucion &
Escosteguy, 2011). Parents may encounter various challenges while raising their children.
Disturbing behaviors that have been reported during developmental periods, such as
whining, resisting parents, and preventing adult activities, are basic parental concerns.
Also, parents with more than one child, one of whom is over two years of age, have been
seen to experience even greater difficulties (O’Brien, 1995). In Turkey, mothers have
an active role and responsibility in childrearing. As parents are role models in life, the
relationship between mother and child, a peaceful marriage, and communication with
the child are affected by coping strategies that the mother has used while childrearing;
therefore, recognizing the coping strategies mothers use when raising their children
is considered to be very important. When raising their children, mothers benefit from
many different resources, such as social support, marital satisfaction, parental perception,
spirituality, and cultural items. Among these, spiritual items can be treated as having
received the least focus yet have a special influence in Turkish culture in terms of their
success in mothers’ coping strategies. When considering the use of mothers’ spirituality
as a coping strategy for childrearing, one first needs to examine the concept of spirituality.
Spirituality has been defined by Chandler, Holden, and Kolander (1992) as that
which is innate and beyond one’s egocentric ability, a search for a higher level of
knowledge and love. This innate ability is found in every human being but differs for
each person in time and capacity. In its definition, the term “to be in a search” means
that possible spiritual experiences can only be encountered under certain conditions.
Going beyond egocentrism points to the psychological stance that one experiences
and evaluates from life events (e.g., how would egocentrism/life events affect my
wishes and goals?). Higher levels of knowledge involve high levels of conceptualizing
inclusive unity and similarity, but a low focus on differences and duality. Finally, the
higher level of love mentioned in the definition is a motivation that leads to selfless
acceptance in a paradoxical union and a change for a better result.
When considering Pargament’s research and papers in this field, his studies appear
to have great significance. Pargament (1999) describes spirituality as the “sacred
quest,” which he also defined as the foundation of religion. Religion, in contrast to
spirituality, is explained as the divine, which some may associate major significance
to in explaining the object of the quest, while spirituality explains the significance
of a particular object described as a sacred quest. In a more recent definition,
Beauregard and O’Leary, the authors and researchers of The Spiritual Brain (2009),
have described the meaning of spirituality as any experience that is thought to engage
a person in divine communication. Many studies have revealed coping to be related
to spirituality. This relationship occurs when individuals become involved in stressful
events and seek spiritual paths using spiritual coping strategies (Krok, 2008).
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Yaman, Sanver Gürsoy, Canel, Ekşi / Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Validation
Pargament (2002) stated that in the moments of stress and crisis, transforming
spiritual and religious methods into valid methods of coping has a great influence
on one’s mental health. Spiritual and religious methods have been seen to influence
one’s ability to cope with stress and crisis situations and have a positive effect on
changes in perspective. Individuals with high spiritual well-being have been found
to have more effective coping skills. However, the active role religion plays in the
process of coping varies depending on how much religion is involved in one’s life.
Religion’s role in the coping process is limited by its inclusion in one’s approach to
life. On the contrary, the less important religion is in one’s approach to life and life
experiences, the less effective it is in the coping process (Ayten, 2012).
Although situations exist where the concept of coping has a positive meaning in the
sense of struggling against difficulties, it can also have negative meaning. Thus, coping
with distressing situations can have both positive and negative aspects (Pargament,
Koenig, & Perez, 2000). Pargament et al. (1998) used negative and positive patterns
while grouping religious coping methods and made a comprehensive description.
Positive methods of religious coping include having a sense of faith in the meaning
of life, a safe relationship with God, a sense of spirituality and a sense of spiritual
connection with other people. Positive methods of religious coping include seeking
spiritual support from God, seeking support from clergy or community members,
religiously evaluating negative situations, collaborative religious coping, religious
help, and forgiving others. On the other hand, methods of negative religious coping
involve having a weak relationship pattern with God, a superficial and ominous
world concept, and a religious struggle in searching for meaning. Negative methods
of religious coping include being angry with God, discontent with community leaders
and clergy, and doubtful of God’s power and might; considers negative situations as
a punishment; and envisions religion pessimistically (Dilmaç, Şimşir, & Ekşi, 2016).
No studies are found in the literature in Turkey that focus on the changes in emotional
states of a mother’s spouse and in-laws, nor on children’s emotional changes during
mothers’ childrearing. For this reason, developing the Maternal Spiritual Coping
Scale for childrearing has been necessary in order to find out which resources and
materials mothers use and to determine if they use any spiritual resources or materials
in coping with their feelings during childrearing.
Research and scales are found in the literature examining spiritual coping strategies
(Baldacchino & Buhagiar, 2003; Pargament, Feuille, & Burdzy, 2011). Various
research findings in the literature outside of Turkey show people to use various
coping strategies such as friendship and family support, as well as spiritual coping
strategies such as worship, during stressful experiences. For example, Baldacchino
and Buhagiar (2003) translated the Spiritual Coping Strategies Scale into various
11
SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING
languages. Findings show the individual coping strategies in response to stressful
incidents to be composed of 20 spiritual and non-spiritual Likert-type items.
The Brief RCOPE-Religious Coping Questionnaire consists of 14 items and
includes the following sub-dimensions: religious coping methods for find meaning,
religious coping methods for gaining control, religious coping methods for gaining
comfort and closeness to God, religious coping methods for gaining intimacy
with others and closeness to God, and religious coping methods for achieving life
transformation (Pargament, Feuille, & Burdzy, 2011).
Research conducted in Turkey has found efforts in place for developing a scale
resembling this matter. For example, the Religious Coping Scale (RCS) measures
the frequency of religious counseling and its effectiveness on individuals who have
encountered difficult/distressing events and situations. The scale was created by
Ayten (2012) using the Religious Coping Scale developed by Pargament, Koenig,
and Perez (2000) and used in the study “Take Refuge in God.” In this study, the
scale’s sub-dimensions have been defined as: turning to Allah, positive interpretation,
interpersonal religious discontent, religious praying, religious approach, religious
transformation, spiritual dissatisfaction, negative interpretation, and searching for
the religious path, with the main dimensions being defined as positive and negative
religious coping (Ayten, Gocen, Sevinç, & Öztürk, 2012).
In research conducted in Turkey, several studies are available regarding religious
coping scales used by people coping with difficult and stressful situations (Ayten et al.,
2012). However, no studies exist that define the spiritual coping strategies parents use
for raising children. Considering the fact that parents are the first and most important
source of interactions in children’s development (Cassidy, 1988), having a study address
mothers who have children in early childhood as a group is very important in terms of
enabling early intervention. A scale developed in this context can help researchers do
similar research and provide support in the context of counseling and family education;
additionally, it can be a guiding tool for parental education and support groups, and can
lead to comprehensive research and cultural comparisons. Identifying these resources
using the developed scale is envisaged to provide important data in planning and
development of activities related to these resources. The purpose of this research is to
develop a valid and reliable scale for determining how mothers, through their spiritual
coping skills, deal with situations that are generally forced upon them.
Method
This research aims to develop a specific scale for mothers under the conditions
of Turkey. Regarding this aim, we have conducted reliability and validity processes.
The scale has been created according to a five-point Likert-type scale model.
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Reliability Analyses
While reliability is defined as a measure for eliminating measurement errors from
chance (Turgut, 1990), Crocker and Algina (1986) identify repeatability measures on
the same subjects under the same conditions for measuring a particular feature (As
cited in Büyüköztürk, Çakmak, Akgün, Karadeniz, & Demirel, 2016). Cronbach’s
alpha coefficient has been used to measure the reliability of the Likert scale, as it
gives information about the internal consistency/homogeneity of the scale and
the reliability of the adapted scale (Tekin, 1993; Tezbaşaran, 1996; Turgut, 1997;
Yıldırım, 1999; as cited in Otrar, 2007).
In this study, item-total correlations have been made in terms of reliability, with
results presented in the findings.
Validity Analyses
In the scope of validity analysis, an analysis of the principal components that were
not rotated has been applied in order to determine the factor structure of the scale. We
decided the factor analysis could be interpreted by looking at the results of the KMO
and Bartlett sphericity tests.
In this study, the Religious Coping Scale (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, 2000) has
been used for criterion validity, with the results presented in the findings.
Process
Based on the content of the preliminary study with mothers, the researchers added
to the items, creating a pool of 24 items. Forming the spiritual sub-dimension was
inspired by the positive religious and spiritual coping strategies of Lucero, Pargament,
Mahoneyand, and DeMaris (2013) and the positive religious coping skills from the
Religious Coping Scale which was adapted to Turkish by Eksi and Sayin (2016).
The form created after shaping the items was examined by 10 teaching staff (five
evaluation experts and five psychological counseling and guidance experts) experts,
each with at least a doctoral degree in the field, and expert opinions were taken in
writing on whether the behaviors of the produced items are indicative of the relevant
spiritual coping strategies.
Experts were asked to indicate their answers on the scale regarding the appropriateness
of the involved factors using a 3-point scale (appropriate, appropriate but need to correct/
amended proposal, inappropriate). Space was left atop each item for experts to write
a correction proposal. In accordance with the experts’ opinions, Items 2, 3, 7, and 8
(50%), Items 1, 5, 11, 12, and 20 (66%), and Items 4 and 14 (83%) were decided upon
for revision while the remaining items were retained. After considering the experts’
opinions, changes were made to correct the items that had been reported. After these
13
SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING
operations, we decided the draft scale would consist of 24 items. The researcher prepared
a detailed guideline on how to apply the scale and designed the 5-point Likert-type form
to include relevant demographic questions, making it both available online and in printed
form. After completing the applications, all response forms were examined and entries
were made using SPSS; missing values were examined. Assigning missing values was
made by taking averages. Only three of the 220 participants were excluded. As a result,
analysis of the scale development began with a sample of the remaining 217.
Participants
Participants consist of mothers between 27-51 years old with one or more children.
Mothers’ marital status was not considered within the scope of the study. Their
education level was determined to be high school or higher. Participants were reached
both through online surveys and schools.
Measures
Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale. A sample of items developed in this study are
presented in the Appendix. The scale is scored using a 5-point Likert scale where 5
= strongly agree and 1 = strongly disagree. In the end, the scale has no negative or
reverse-scored items. The higher a person’s score on the scale, the more a mother
uses spiritual ways of coping when encountering forced situations.
As a result of the factor analysis, items have been categorized into one factor and
the total explained variance is found to be approximately 0.59. As a result of the
study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale is .966. Item analysis indicates the
item-total correlation to be significant (p < .001). All these results show each item
to have the same structure. The lower and upper values of item-total correlations are
between .630 and .838.
Religious Coping Scale. The Religious Coping Scale, consisting of 10 items and
adapted to Turkish by Sayın and Ekşi (2016), was applied to adults/young adults and
scored on a 4-point Likert scale. The scale consists of two subscales. Scores that can
be taken from the subscale of positive religious coping range from 7 to 28, and scores
that can be taken from the subscale of negative religious coping range from 3 to 12.
No reverse items are found in the scale.
Results
Item Analysis Results
We looked at item discrimination analysis and the total correlation of items in
order to determine which of the 24 items in the measurement works. Item-total test
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Yaman, Sanver Gürsoy, Canel, Ekşi / Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Validation
correlation explains the relationship between the scores obtained from the test items
and the total score of the test (Büyüköztürk, 2004). In this frame, the correlations
between item scores and the total score of the scale are shown in Table 1. Reliability
analysis has been started for factors created after this process.
Table 1
Item Total Correlations
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Total Score
N
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
217
r
.690
.717
.774
.813
.809
.795
.630
.743
.740
.763
.682
.656
.744
.815
.748
.646
.788
.644
.838
.823
.807
.744
.634
.670
p
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
*p < .001
As interpreted from Table 1, all items in the item-total analyses are shown to be
significant. Significant correlations were achieved at the lowest level of significance.
All these results show all items to have the same structure.
Results of the Validity Analyses
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling-suitability coefficient was calculated first
to examine the adequacy of the data for exploratory factor analysis (.94); Bartlett
sphericity X2 test value was found to be 4,811.211 (SD = 276) and significant (p <
.001). The factor structure is limited to 1 because the projected structure of the scale
is a one-factor structure. The explanatory factor analysis results are given in Table 2.
15
SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING
Factor Analysis Results for the Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale
Factor analysis was performed primarily to determine the groupings (factors)
among items for the validity procedures. In the process of factor analysis, KMO and
Bartlett values were determined, basic component analysis was carried out, and factor
loads were determined. Figure 1 shows the scree plot, and Table 2 the factor loading
values. Figure 1 and Table 2 show one main dimension to have been identified as a
result of factor analysis. Factor analysis utilizes varimax rotations and determined
four factors, the first explains 58.6% of the total variance; the second, 5.4%; the
third, 4.6%; and the fourth, 4.2%. However, the required final analysis did not return
a single factor, the results of which are presented below.
Figure 1. Scree plot.
Factor analysis began with 24 items. Analysis results were analyzed and descriptive
factor analysis was performed by limiting the factor number to 1 as predicted. No item
in the cumulative percentage column has a value below 30. This formed 1-factorial
structure accounts for 58.604% of the total variance. No item is seen to have a high
value in more than one factor; each item value is in only one factor. The resulting
factor-load values are given in Table 3.
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Yaman, Sanver Gürsoy, Canel, Ekşi / Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Validation
Table 2
Factor Analysis Results
Component
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Total
14.065
1.300
1.095
1.004
.857
.698
.585
.481
.479
.394
.356
.341
.322
.291
.282
.261
.223
.191
.183
.168
.127
.119
.092
.084
Initial Eigenvalues
%of Variance
Cumulative%
58.604
58.604
5.418
64.022
4.561
68.583
4.185
72.768
3.572
76.340
2.910
79.250
2.438
81.688
2.006
83.695
1.996
85.690
1.642
87.332
1.484
88.816
1.419
90.235
1.342
91.578
1.214
92.792
1.176
93.968
1.088
95.056
.928
95.984
.795
96.779
.763
97.542
.700
98.242
.529
98.771
.495
99.266
.383
99.649
.351
100.000
Table 3
Factor Loadings of the One Factor Solution
Items
Component
1
Item 19
.843
Item 4
.838
Item 20
.837
Item 14
.831
Item 21
.826
Item 6
.819
Item 5
.818
Item 17
.816
Item 10
.804
Item 3
.793
Item 15
.776
Item 8
.771
Total Variance Explained
Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings
Total
%of Variance
Cumulative%
14.065
58.604
58.604
Item 9
Item 22
Item 13
Item 2
Item 11
Item 1
Item 24
Item 12
Item 23
Item 16
Item 18
Item 7
.768
.766
.757
.731
.727
.722
.705
.694
.683
.673
.668
.651
The final scale consists of 24 items, and the Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale
AMB-Ö) was chosen for a name.
17
SPIRITUAL PSYCHOLOGY AND COUNSELING
Reliability Statistics
The internal consistency coefficient of the AMB-Ö is quite high. Cronbach’s
alpha value is α = .966.
Criterion Validity
In order to determine criterion validity for the AMB-Ö, we applied the Religious Coping
Scale, which has been adapted to Turkish and tested for reliability and validity by Eksi
and Sayin (2016). The specified test was applied to 68 people. Statistically significant and
positive correlations have been found for the subscales of the Maternal Spiritual Coping
Scale with the Religious Coping Scale, a significant correlation has been determined for
positive coping (r = .72; p = .01) with negative coping (r = .35; p = .01).
Discussion
This study has aimed to develop a scale in order to determine how mothers use
religious coping in situations forced upon them while raising children. According
to Büyüköztürk (2012), KMO sample coefficient values of .80 or higher show
appropriateness and conformity for using explanatory factor analysis after forming
the items and collecting data. The X2 value of the Bartlett sphericity test shows
significance; and factor loadings measure greater than .30. In this study, KMO =
.94 and the Bartlett sphericity test X2 value show a p < .001. As seen in light of
the research findings, the scale is found to consist of one sub-dimension (spiritual
coping) and 24 items. As a result of factor analysis, items have been categorized into
one factor, and the total explained variance is found to be approximately 0.59. These
values also show evidence conformity.
As a result of the study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale has been found
as .966. Item analysis indicates the item-total correlations to be significant (p < .001).
These results show all items to have the same structure. The upper and lower values
of item-total correlations range from .630 to .838. Statistically significant and positive
correlations exist between the subscales of Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale and
Religious Coping Scale; the subscales of positive coping (r = .72; p = .01) and negative
coping (r = .35; p = .01) have been determined to significantly correlate. The results of
the study show the scale to be a sufficiently valid and reliable measurement tool that
can be used to assess mothers’ coping strategies used while raising children. This scale
has been proven to be valid and reliable for measuring mothers’ spiritual coping.
Lucero, Pargament, Mahoney, and DeMaris (2013) set out certain positive and
negative religious and spiritual coping strategies in their research on the link between
religious and spiritual coping and cohesion that parents use during pregnancy.
The positive religious and spiritual coping strategies were stated as: reconsidering
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Yaman, Sanver Gürsoy, Canel, Ekşi / Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Validation
through religious optimism (redefining the stress factors in one’s life by interpreting
them favorably through religion), collaborative religious coping (quest for taking
control through partnership with God), effective religious submission (leaving
control completely to God in order to cope), seeking spiritual support (seeking peace
and security through the love and mercy of God), spiritual bond (the individual’s
experience of independency through transcendental thoughts), seeking support from
community or clergy (seeking peace and security through the love and mercy of
congregation and clergy), and worshipping (parents’ prayers for the sake of the baby
and pregnancy). From these sub-dimensions, the spiritual dimension used in Turkey
appears compatible with that of worshipping. This shows the study’s relevance to the
international literature.
The literature contains research conducted on mothers’ use of spiritual resources
and seems to support this use. The case also exists that this study introduces spiritual
coping as an original concept and is a psychometric examination of this premise.
The scale obtained is considered as a guide for individual and group studies, especially
for mothers. In the direction of the results revealed by this scale, new problem areas can
be considered for researchers to focus on. For example, determining the spiritual coping
strategies of fathers and comparing them to mothers’, comparing the results obtained
from different provinces of Turkey, or determining the source of these strategies can
be considered as examples for future research. Details such as the study being crosssectional and lacking a test-retest can be considered as limitations of the research.
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Yaman, Sanver Gürsoy, Canel, Ekşi / Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale: Development and Validation
Appendix
Maternal Spiritual Coping Scale
Below are lists of items that indicate what mothers do to try and cope with the forced situations while childrearing. Please read each of the items carefully and decide how appropriate these items are to your situation
by looking at the following score and marking the appropriate box.
5- Strongly agree
4- Agree
3- Neither agree nor disagree
2- Disagree
1- Strongly disagree
Please respond to all questions by considering your experience as a mother.
5
5.
I would remind myself of Prophet Mohammed’s (saws) advice to
stay calm.
20.
It is motivating to think parenting is a great form of worship.
23.
I am thankful for the existence of my children.
21
4
3
2
1