A HOARD OF 12 TH CENTURY BYZANTINE COINS

ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE – ISTORIE, XXVIII, 2020 http://analelebanatului.ro/aparitii-issues/analele-banatului-xxviii-2020/ A HOARD OF 12TH CENTURY BYZANTINE COINS Cristiana Tătaru* Keywords: hoarding, coin circulation, Banat, Byzantine Empire, Middle Ages, Komnenos dynasty. Cuvinte cheie: tezaurizare, circulaţie monetară, Banat, Imperiul Bizantin, Evul Mediu, dinastia Comnenă. Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a hoard, which is most likely a fragment of a more extensive treasure and which was recovered by the Romanian judicial authorities in 2014. The finding place of the hoard remains unknown, most of the recovered information indicating that it was found in Banat, somewhere in the area of Timiș and Caraș-Severin Counties. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the presentation of the hoard which consists of 17 billon coins struck by John II Komnenos and 15 billon coins struck by Manuel I Komnenos, the latest coin of the hoard being dated between the years 1160 and 1164. In the second part of the paper an analysis of the similar findings from the Banat area is proposed, alongside with the sketching of a historical context for the hiding of this batch of coins and an analysis of the impact had by the byzantine coin in the local monetary circulation. Introduction I n 2014 the Romanian judicial authorities managed to seize numerous archaeological and numismatic artifacts, bringing to the National History Museum of Romania over 3000 medieval coins for expertise. The material brought to the museum was distributed in separate packages according to the name of the person from whom they were collected. The hoard fragment to which this study is dedicated to was preserved in a batch consisting of almost 230 medieval and modern coins. Most of the coins were minted for the kings of the Hungarian Kingdom or in the name of Austro-Hungarian Empire rulers, being common coins that circulated in the Transylvanian area. Considering this structure of the batch, the concave-convex bronze coins stood out immediately. Of all the coins only 62 were preserved in a binder with transparent plastic sheets, while the rest of the pieces were preserved in five bags. The coins were not distributed according to the identification of the pieces, of their state of conservation or even of their date, a fact that might suggest that the owner was not quite interested in the actual collecting activity. Despite the fact that the byzantine coins were scattered in all the six packs, the reasons for which I considered that these specific byzantine pieces might be in fact a hoard or a fragment of a more extensive hoard are, on one hand, related * National History Museum of Romania, Calea Victoriei 12, Bucharest, e-mail: cristiana.tataru@mnir.ro. to the state of preservation of the coins and, on the other hand, with the chronologically homogenous structure of the batch. With obvious traces of mechanical abrasion determined by their intense circulation and use in the past, the coins are characterized by a uniform color of the surface, indicating that the coins were preserved for a long time in the same environment. It is sure that they were not chemically or mechanically cleaned, because their surface was still preserving significant soil traces. With regards to the structure of the hoard a number of 32 pieces of stamena denomination byzantine coins were identified, struck for the emperors John II Komnenos (17 pieces) and Manuel I Komnenos (15 pieces). Catalog of the coins I. Byzantine Empire, John II Komnenos, Stamena, Constantinopolis, 1122 – cca. 1137 Obverse. Bust of Christ, bearded and nimbate, with Gospel in his left hand. One pellet in each limb of nimbus cross. Reverse: Bust of John II Komnenos, bearded, wearing stemma, divitision, collar and paneled loros, with scepter cruciger in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left hand. 1. Bill., 2.93 g, 27.3 × 28.1 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. A. 2. Bill., 2.89 g, 28.8 × 29.1 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. A. 3. Bill., 2.80 g, 29.3 × 28.6 mm, ob./rv. 6 171 ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE – ISTORIE, XXVIII, 2020 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. A 4. Bill., 2.78 g, 27.7 × 28.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. A II. Byzantine Empire, John II Komnenos, Stamena, Constantinopolis, cca. 1137 – 1143 Obverse: Bust of Christ, bearded and nimbate, with Gospel in his left hand. One pellet in each limb of nimbus cross. Reverse: Bust of John II Komnenos, bearded, wearing stemma, divitision, collar and paneled loros, with scepter cruciger in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left hand. Perpendicular line on the shaft of the scepter, under the cross. 5. Bill., 3.83 g, 27.9 × 31.5 mm, ob./rv. Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 6. Bill., 3.60 g, 28.1 × 29.5 mm, ob./rv. Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 7. Bill., 3.60 g, 29.6 × 27.4 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 8. Bill., 3.59 g, 30.3 × 28.6 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 9. Bill., 3.32 g, 28.7 × 32.3 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 10. Bill., 2.99 g, 28.4 × 31.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 11. Bill., 2.91 g, 28.4 × 31.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 12. Bill., 2.73 g, 27.6 × 26.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 13. Bill., 2.51 g, 28.7 × 27.0 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B 14. Bill., 2.55 g, 29.1 × 28.9 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. B III. Byzantine Empire, John II Komnenos, Stamena, Constantinopolis, cca. 1122 – 1143 Obverse: Bust of Christ, bearded and nimbate, with Gospel in his left hand. One pellet in each limb of nimbus cross. Reverse: Bust of John II Komnenos, bearded, wearing stemma, divitision, collar and paneled loros, with scepter cruciger in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left hand. Perpendicular line on the shaft of the scepter, under the cross. 15. Bill., 2.18 g, 26.8 × 22.8 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 16. Bill., 2.10 g, 27.6 × 26.7 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 17. Bill., 1.93 g, 21.1 × 27.8 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 IV. Byzantine Empire, Manuel I Komnenos, Stamena, Constantinopolis, 1143 – cca. 1152 172 Obverse: Bust of Christ Emanuel, wearing kolobion and tunic, with scroll in his left hand. One or two pellets in each limb of nimbus cross. Reverse: Bust of Manuel I Komnenos, imberb, wearing stemma, divitision and chlamys, with labarum in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left hand. 18. Bill., 4.06 g, 30.9 × 29.7 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 19. Bill., 3.44 g, 26.1 × 29.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 20. Bill., 3.25 g, 28.1 × 28.3 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 21. Bill., 3.21 g, 29.2 × 27.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 22. Bill., 3.16 g, 29.1 × 29.3 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 23. Bill., 2.97 g, 30.4 × 28.1 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 24. Bill., 2.47 g, 26.8 × 29.7 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 25. Bill., 2.29 g, 27.9 × 31.1 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. a 26. Bill., 3.61 g, 28.2 × 27.1 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. b 27. Bill., 3.54 g, 27.8 × 28.7 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. b 28. Bill., 3.20 g, 28.1 × 28.2 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 10 var. b V. Byzantine Empire, Manuel I Komnenos, Stamena, Constantinopolis, 1152 – cca. 1160 Obverse: Christ Pantocrator, sitting on a throne, with Gospels in his right hand. Pellet in each limb of nimbus cross. Reverse: Full-length figure of Manuel I Komnenos, bearded, wearing stemma, divitision, loros and sagion, with scepter in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left hand. 29. Bill., 2.63 g, 30.9 × 28.6 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 11 var. b 30. Bill., 2.58 g, 26.7 × 28.7 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 11 var. b 31. Bill., 1.64 g, 26.6 × 24.8 mm, ob./rv. 6 Reference: DOC 4.1 – 11 VI. Byzantine Empire, Manuel I Komnenos, Stamena, Constantinopolis, 1160 – cca. 1164 Obverse: Virgin Mary, sitting on a throne. Reverse: Full-length figure of Manuel I Komnenos, bearded, wearing stemma, divitision and chlamys, with labarum in his right hand and globus cruciger in his left hand. 32. Bill., 3.95 g, 28.1 × 29.5 mm, ob./rv. 6 Discussion Reference: DOC 4.1 – 12 The first question to which this article should All the coins are constituted as a homogenous try to answer is why do I indicate the region of group of Constantinopolitan stamena denomina- Banat as the place of discovery for this batch of tion pieces. With the exception of the last four byzantine coins. For one thing, the information pieces described in the catalog, the coins were provided by the judicial authorities specified that identified following the details of the clothes worn the items were recovered from a person living in by the emperors represented on the reverse of the Timiș County. From the same person, who used to coins, as the obverses are extremely worn out. The own the coins, were also seized a series of archaeopieces can be classified in two main groups, the logical artifacts. According to the evaluation of the first one comprising the monetary issues of John archaeologists, similar items were found during II Komnenos belonging to the both variants of the the archaeological research that took place in some so-called secondary coinage, according to the clas- medieval necropolises of 11th and 12th century sification of Hendy1. The second group consists of located in Caraș-Severin County. However, probmonetary issues of Manuel I Komnenos. Most of ably the most important reasons for locating the them belong to the first coinage, variant A, being place of discovery in this area is represented by the followed by three stamena of variant B, three similar findings concentrated in the Banat region. stamena of the second coinage and one stamenon From the point of view of the historical conof the third coinage minted during the long reign text of the 12th century, it is important to mention that in the early period of the 1122 – cca. 1137 Var. A 4 Komnenos dynasty many previJohn II Third Coinage cca. 1137 – 1143 Var. B 10 ous territorial losses were restored Komnenos 1122–1143 Var. A/B 3 and the stabilization of the Danube Var. A 8 line was one of the most important First Coinage 1143 – cca. 1152 Var. B 3 achievements of the first emperor Manuel I Var. B 2 of Komnenos dynasty, Alexios I. Komnenos Second Coinage 1152 – cca. 1160 Var. A/B 1 Starting with the sixth decade of the Third Coinage 1160 – cca. 1164 1 12th century one of the main concerns Table 1. Distribution of the coins according to the minting periods of the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos was to maintain a stable of Manuel I Komnenos. As it can more easily be climate in the Balkans area, especially in regard to seen in the table no. 1, the core of the hoard is Serbia and Hungary, where the local rulers proved constituted of the coins issued in the last part of to be hostile to the byzantine authority3. In this the reign of John II Komnenos and the first decade context, several military events must be pointed of the reign of Manuel I Comnenos. out. Firstly, the military campaign lead against the The billon coinage of Manuel I Komnenos Serbian leaders in 1162, 1168 and 1172, which seems to have started to suffer a constant devalua- were successful for Manuel I Komnenos and, section around the year 11602, a fact which might be ondly, the diplomatic and military conflicts which also illustrated by the hoarding of more coins from followed the death of the Hungarian king Geza II the reign of John II Komnenos and from the first in 1162, for almost five years. From the chronohalf of Manuel’s reign, than the coins belonging to logical point of view, the last coin of the hoard the later issues. assigned to the third coinage of Manuel I, indiIt is important to mention that most probably cates that the hoard couldn’t be hidden before the the hoard wasn’t entirely recovered. However, in year 1164. This observation could be used as evithe absence of a larger group of hoards, it is hard dence to support the hypothesis that the hoard was to tell for the Romanian Banat region if it can be buried with the occasion of the byzantine presence taken into discussion the existence of a hoarding in the area, as they attacked several times between horizon that would allow the hypothetical recon- 1166 and 1667 the Hungarian Kingdom in order struction of the partially recovered hoards. to recover Dalmatia and Sirmium4, military interventions being made also in the South-Eastern area of Hungary, including the Banat. 1 2 DOC 4.1, 265–266. Metcalf 1979, 110–111. 3 4 Magdalino 2002, 79, Stephenson 2000, 229–234. Magdalino 2002, 79–81. 173 ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE – ISTORIE, XXVIII, 2020 The hoard is all the more interesting as it is a batch of coins which captures the monetary circulation in a period and area in which the Hungarian coinage become dominant in the monetary mass. Therefore, in this context another important question that concerns the presence of the byzantine coins in Banat area during the 12th century is if the byzantine coins were a constant presence in the local monetary mass or their presence is only occasioned by the byzantine military activity in the area. Even if this topic has not been approached with predilection in the literature, the presence of byzantine coins in Banat is not surprising at all. The most recent classification of the byzantine findings in Transylvania, including the Banat region as well, was made by Ana-Maria Velter. By resorting to this synthesis of the monetary circulation in the Transylvanian space, I classified the coins issued by John II Komnenos and by his son Manuel I Komnenos found in Banat in three main groups comprising: the coins found in necropolises, the coins found in the local settlements and the hoards. Concerning the coins found in funerary context, there were identified five stamena in the following sites: one billon coin identified as a concave-convex coin struck during the Komnenos Dynasty period and which I only supposed that was issued by one of the two mentioned emperors, was found in the grave number 132, from the medieval necropolis in Sfogea (Cuptoare – Cornea, Caraș-Severin County), during the archaeological research lead in the year 19815, one billon coin issued by Manuel I Komnenos was found in the year 1989 in the tomb number 60 of the necropolis from Căuniţa de Sus (Gornea, Șicheviţa, CarașSeverin County)6, one billon coin struck in the name of Manuel I Komnenos was found in the necropolis from Șopotu Vechi (Dalboșeţ, CarașSeverin County), in the tomb number 37, while two billon coins issued by the same emperor were found during the archaeological excavations organized between the years 1975 and 1977 in the necropolis from Ilidia (Ciclova Română, CarașSeverin County)8. The findings that come from the settlements are a little more numerous. Therefore, three coins issued during the 12th century were found in 1948 in the settlement from Frumușeni (Arad County)9, one stamena from Manuel I Komnenos was found in Liubcova (Berzasca, 5 6 7 8 9 Velter 2002, 290, cat. XXXI/35. Velter 2002, 292, cat.XLIV/60. Velter 2002, 300, cat. CI/173. Velter 2002, 293, cat. LI/74–75. Velter 2002, 291, cat. XLI/50–51. 174 Caraș-Severin County)10, in the medieval settlement from Moldova Veche (Caraș-Severin County) comes one stamena from Manuel I Komnenos11, but it is important to mention that the historian István Berkeszi speaks in 1907 about several 12th century byzantine coins found in this settlement12. Another stamena struck by John II Komnenos was found in Pecica (Arad County)13 and one isolated stamena from Manuel I Komnenos was found in Șviniţa-Tricule (Mehedinţi County) in the year 197014. István Berkeszi mentions in his paper another stamena piece found in the year 1869 in Timișoara15. Unfortunately, up to this moment, based on what I managed to document, only one hoard consisting of coins struck in the names of John II Komnenos and Manuel I Komnenos is mentioned in the literature as found in the Romanian Banat area16. The mission to identify similarities in structure and chronology with the hoard presented in this paper is quite difficult, due to the lack of information about the identification of the coins. The hoard found in Teremia Mare (Timiș County), at some point before 1900, is briefly published, from the hoard formed of 130 coins, being identified by the Hungarian numismatist Ödön Gohl only 66 coins, as it follows: 37 pieces from John II Komnenos, 14 pieces from Manuel II Komnenos and 15 pieces extremely worn out, but attributable to the Komnenos dynasty coinage17. Velter 2002, 293, cat. LII/78. Velter 2002, 294, cat. LIX/89. 12 Berkeszi 1907, 28. 13 Velter 2002, 297, cat. LXXVI/138. 14 Velter 2002, 300, cat. XCVI/167. 15 Berkeszi 1907, 41. 16 Another three hoards were found in Transylvania, but I consider that is difficult to connect these treasures with the hoarding phenomenon or byzantine coins presence in Banat. One hoard was found in Făgăraș and was consisting initially of 60 coins, from which only 17 were recovered. They were struck by: John II Komnenos (one piece), Manuel I Komnenos (three pieces), Isaac II Angelos (five pieces), Alexios III Angelos (five pieces) and two Bulgarian imitations – see Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1981, 287–289. The second seems to have been found around the year 1970, there are no information that it was entirely recovered, 22 billon coins being purchased by the collector Octavian Luchian. The hoard comprises one stamena from Manuel I Komnenos, two stamena from Isaac II Angelos, to stamena from Alexios III Angelos, 12 Bulgarian imitations and five monetary issues of the Latin Empire of Constantinople – see Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1990, 80–81. The third hoard was found in 1892, in Sibiu Streza-Cârţișoara, Sibiu County, and consists of five coins struck by John II Komnenos and several silver jewelries – See Sabău 1958, 295, cat. 46. 17 Velter 2002 301, cat. CIV/177; Sabău 1958, 296, cat. 10 11 As it was mentioned before, the arpadian coinage was already present in the monetary mass from the Banat area. Therefore, for some of the places mentioned before as finding contexts for the billon byzantine coins, were identified eleven arpadian coins and one hoard. Therefore, in the Căuniţa de Sus necropolis from Gornea (Sicheviţa, CarașSeverin County) were found four 12th century arpadian coins in four different tombs18, in two different points of Ilidia settlement (Ciclova, CarașSeverin County) were found two arpadian silver denars, also struck during the 12th century19. In Moldova Veche (Caraș-Severin County) was found one bronze coin from Bella III (1172–1196)20. Another arpadian denar was found in the medieval necropolis from Pecica (Arad County)21, while three 12th century silver Hungarian coins and one of bronze come from the medieval necropolis from Șopotu Vechi (Dalboșeţ, Caraș-Severin County)22. For Timișoara were identified according to the literature only two coins bearing the name of the king Bella III (1172–1196)23. The settlement from Teremia Mare is again individualized by the presence of another hoard, constituted of 1291 arpadian coins struck between the second half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th century24. From a quantitative perspective, the Hungarian coinage dominates the monetary mass from Banat, coins struck in the 12th century by the kings of the Arpad dynasty, being found in a larger quantity and in much more points than the byzantine coins. The hoard recovered by the judicial authorities and brought to the National History Museum of Romania does not bring any changes in the understanding of the coin circulation in Banat area and comes in the continuation and completion of the demonstration made by Ana-Maria Velter for the penetration of the byzantine coin in Banat in the second half of the 12th century, who suggests that the presence of the byzantine billon coins struck by John II Komnenos and Manuel I Komnenos is connected with the military actions of Manuel I in this area25. Unfortunately, due to the fact that it is impossible to establish if the hoard had in its structure coins issued at a later date, it is difficult to place it in a clearer historical context and to establish if it is part of a more complex hoarding horizon, as it can be observed for the 12th century byzantine coins hoards in the Lower Danube area. Four hoarding horizons from this area draw the attention26. The first one is constituted of hoards consisting of coins struck by John II Komnenos and Manuel I Komnenos and buried around the year 1140, while the second one gathers hoards with coins from the same emperors but whose last coins can be dated around 1170–1180. The third horizon comprises hoards which alongside the coins of the two Komnenos emperors are present also coins from the Isaac II Angelos, indicating that they were hidden at some point between 1185 and 1195. In the end, the fourth hoarding horizon unites those hoards that ends with coins struck by Alexios III Angelos, a fact which suggests that they were buried due to a series of events happening between the years 1195 and 1203. I consider that it was important to shortly mention this hoarding phenomenon, due to the fact that it might be partially illustrative for Banat space, as similar coin treasures in structure with the hoards from Teremia Mare and the hoard described in this paper might be anytime discovered. As a conclusion, most of the known evidence about the hoard recovered in 2014 indicates that it was found somewhere in the Banat area. The hoard is quite important for the analysis of the local monetary circulation, revealing penetration of the byzantine origin cultural goods north of Danube, in a troubling period for the Byzantine Empire diplomatic relations with Serbia and Hungarian Kingdom. It is clear that in the Banat area the Hungarian coinage started to play a prevailing role in the local economy during the 11th–12th centuries, but even if the emergence in the future of similar byzantine hoards would not change the information we have at this moment about the monetary landscape in Banat, they would help at the establishing of a clearer image of the historical events that determined the presence of this quite homogenous hoards constituted exclusively of byzantine coins. 51. 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Velter 2002, 346, cat. XXIX/160–163. Velter 2002, 346, cat. XXXIII/177–178. Velter 2002, 347, cat. XXXIX/196. Velter 2002, 348, cat. XLVII/232. Velter 2002, 351, cat. LXVI/269–271. Velter 2002, 352, cat. LXVIII/273–274. Velter 2002, 351–352, cat. LXVII/272 Velter 2002, 93–95. ABREVIERI CN – Cercetări Numismatice RESEE – Revue des Etudes Sud-Est Européennes SCN – Studii și Cercetări de Numismatică SCB – Studii și Comunicări – Muzeul Brukenthal 26 Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1992, 41–60. 175 ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE – ISTORIE, XXVIII, 2020 REFERENCES Berkeszi 1907 I. Berkeszi, Délmagyaroszág Éremleletei, Temesvár (1907). DOC 4.1 M. F. Hendy, Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Volume 4 Part 1, Washington D.C. (1999). Magdalino 2002 P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180, Cambridge (2002). Metcalf 1979 D. M. Metcalf, Coinage in the South-Eastern Europe 820–1396, London (1979). Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1981 E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, Tezaurul de la Făgăraș. SCMB 21 (1981), 287–289. 176 Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1990 E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, Câteva observaţii asupra structurii și datării unor tezaure bizantine din colecţia Muzeului Naţional de Istorie a României. CN VI (1990), 76–83. Oberländer-Târnoveanu 1992 E. Oberländer-Târnoveanu, Numismatic and Historical Remarks on the Byzantine Coin Hoards from the 12th Century at the Lower Danube, RESEE XXX (1992), 41–60. Sabău 1958 I. Sabău, Circulaţia monetară în Transilvania secolelor XI-XIII, în lumina izvoarelor numismatice. SCN II (1958), 269–300. Stephenson 2000 P. Stephenson, Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, Cambridge (2000). Velter 2002 A.-M. Velter, Transilvania în secolele V-XII, București (2002). 177 Plate 1 – Map illustrating the findings of 11th and 12th century Byzantine coins in the Romanian Banat Region (nos. 1-4 coins found in necropolises; nos. 5-10 coins found in settlements; no. 11 hoard) – 1. Sfogea (Cuptoare – Cornea Commune, Caraș-Severin County); 2. Căunița de Sus (Gornea, Sichevița Commune, Caraș-Severin County); 3. Șopotu Vechi (Dalboșeț Commune, Caraș-Severin County); 4. Ilidia (Ciclova Română, Caraș-Severin County); 5. Frumușeni (Arad County); 6. Liubcova (Berzasca Commune, Caraș-Severin County); 7. Moldova Veche (Caraș-Severin County); 8. Pecica (Arad County); 9. Șvinița-Tricule (Mehedinți County); 10. Timișoara; 11. Teremia Mare (Timiș County). ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE – ISTORIE, XXVIII, 2020 Plate 2 – John II Komnenos, Byzantine stamena coins (fig. 1-12). 178 Plate 3 – John II Komnenos, Byzantine stamena coins (fig. 13-17); Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine stamena coins (fig. 18-24.) 179 ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE – ISTORIE, XXVIII, 2020 Plate 4 – Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine stamena coins (fig. 25-32). 180