Greek Funerary Sculpture

GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE Catalouge of the Collections at the getty Villa Janet Burnett Grossman THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM . LOS ANGELES © 2001 The J. Paul Getty Trust Mailing address: Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90049­1682 www.getty.edu Christopher Hudson, Publisher Mark Greenberg, Editor in Chief Typesetting by G&S Typesetters, Inc., Austin, Texas Printed by Artegrafica, Verona, Italy L I B R A R Y O F C O N G R E S S C A T A L O G I N G - I N - P U B L I C A T I O N DATA Grossman, Janet Burnett, 1943­ Greek funerary sculpture : catalogue of the collections at the Getty Villa / Janet Burnett Grossman, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0­89236­612­5 (alk. paper) 1. Sepulchral monuments — Greece — Catalogs. Catalogs. 3. Relief (Sculpture), Greek — Catalogs. monuments — California — Malibu — Catalogs. — Catalogs. I . J. Paul Getty Museum. 2. Sarcophagi, Greek — 4. Sepulchral 5. J. Paul Getty Museum I I . Title. NB1803.G74 G76 2001 736' .5' 093807479494—dc21 00­031638 7 T I T L E PAGE: Fragment of a relief of a horseman and companion, from a funerary building (cat. no. 54) OPPOSITE: Grave stele of Philoxenos with his wife, Philoumene (detail) (cat. no. 4) P A G E X: Grave stele of Phanokrates (detail) (cat. no. 41) P A G E 7: Grave stele of Sime (detail) (cat. no. 21) PAGES 1 6 0 ­ 6 1 : Lion (detail) (cat. no. 31) COLOPHON: Corinthian column capital with a winged double sphinx (detail) (cat. no. 55) Contents Foreword Deborah VI Gribbon Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations and Note to the Reader Vlll Introduction: Funerary Sculpture i n the Greek World 1 ATTIC FUNERARY 8 SCULPTURE The Classical Period (Cat. nos. 1­34) 8 The Hellenistic Period (Cat. no. 35) 95 M E G A R I A N FUNERARY 98 SCULPTURE The Early Classical Period (Cat. no. 36) 98 BOEOTIAN FUNERARY 101 SCULPTURE 101 The Classical Period (Cat. no. 37) NORTHERN GREEK FUNERARY 104 SCULPTURE The Classical Period (Cat. no. 38) 104 EAST GREEK FUNERARY 107 SCULPTURE The Classical Period (Cat. no. 39) 107 The Hellenistic Period (Cat. nos. 40 ­ 49) 109 ITALY 136 The Late Classical/Early Hellenistic Period (Cat. nos. 50­55) 136 Q U E S T I O N A B L E A U T H E N T I C I T Y (Cat nos. 56­57) 148 F O R M E R L Y I N T H E C O L L E C T I O N (Cat. nos. 58­59) 152 GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH Concordance 156 Index 157 Foreword T H R O U G H O U T H U M A N H I S T O R Y , funerary markers have provided an opportunity for the living to remember and commune with the dead. Even someone as famous and mighty as Alexander the Great visited the tomb o f an even more renowned Greek hero, Achilles, i n order to pay homage and gain inspiration (Plutarch Alexander 15.8­9). The faces that look out at us from Greek funer­ ary sculptures, though not true portraits and executed with varying skill, depict the dead as they were i n life: loving and beloved. These public testimonies of private grief are clearly from a time and world far from our own, yet the feelings of loss expressed i n the images and inscriptions are notably similar to modern sentiments and have the power to touch us still. In this catalogue of the Museum s collection of Greek funerary monuments, Janet Burnett Grossman, Assistant Curator i n the Antiquities department, draws on her experience i n sculpture to help us fully appreciate the remarkable humanity of these memorials. Joining the previously published catalogue of .Roman Funerary Sculpture by Guntram Koch, which was published i n 1988, the present catalogue shows the variety o f human sentiments expressed i n the face of death by the ancient Greeks. The catalogue is arranged geographically and chronologically i n order to facilitate its use by scholars, but the appeal o f these monuments should reach well beyond that specialized community. Many of the objects came from well­known collections or were donated to the Museum. Thus, catalogue numbers 3 and 9 were formerly i n the collection of Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl o f Elgin; numbers 46 and 48 come from the collection of the first Marquess of Lansdowne; and numbers 31,38, 41,50, 51, and 55 were part of the Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman collection. Several people have donated pieces to the Museum, namely, Mr. and Mrs. M i l t o n Gottlieb (cat. no. 25), Joel Kass (cat. no. 53), N . Koutoulakis (cat. no. 56), Vasek Polak (cat. nos. 1, 8, and 27), and G. Lynn Richards (cat. no. 52). Several pieces, including one of the finest (cat. no. 22), were purchased by J. Paul Getty himself. This catalogue is part o f our ongoing, vigorous efforts to make the Getty Museum's collections and research available beyond the physical limits o f our museum. Marion True, Curator of Antiquities and Assistant Director for Villa Planning, has guided these efforts with remarkable energy and discernment. The author, Janet Grossman, has our admiration for her work i n this field and our thanks for bringing this volume to completion. Deborah Gribbon Director vi Acknowledgments O N E O F T H E M A N Y A N D D I V E R S E J O B S of museum curators is the preparation of catalogues of the collection under their care. W r i t i n g this catalogue of the Greek funerary sculpture currently i n the collec­ tion of the Getty Museum has been m y great privilege and pleasure. I have been fortu­ nate i n having a generous colleague and supervisor i n Dr. Marion True, Curator of Antiquities, who entrusted this project to me. I was fortunate i n my training to have the wise and superb guidance of Dr. Evelyn B. Harrison, who started me on the path of sculpture study. M y thanks are owed to both of these inspirational women and scholars. A project of this type draws on the expertise and assistance o f many people whom I can never hope to thank adequately. Ellen Rosenbery, Jack Ross, and Bruce White took the superb photographs of each monument, with Ellen responsible for the lions share. Jerry Podany and Jeff Maish, Conservators i n the Museums Department of Antiquities Conservation, provided technical analysis on some of the more problem­ atic sculptures. Patrick Finnerty drew the inscriptions, the typological chart of stelae, and the ghostly remains of painted patterns that are just visible o n a few of the grave­ stones. Outside reviewers made many helpful observations and suggestions, which strengthened and clarified the text. I t was a pleasure to work with a meticulous and thoughtful editor, Benedicte Gilman. The designer, Sandy Bell, produced the handsome book you hold i n your hands. As production coordinators, Stacy Miyagawa and Eliza­ beth Chapin Kahn shepherded the book through the intricacies of publication. Conversations and discussions with various colleagues who are equally as fasci­ nated by Greek gravestones as myself provided a background for reflection and recon­ sideration of my opinions on some of the monuments. These include Bernhard Schmaltz, Johannes Bergemann, and Karen Stears. A n d finally, simple thanks are inadequate to express the gratitude I feel to m y husband, Dr. Peter Grossman, who read the manu­ script at various stages, offering practical advice on its readability, and who endured my long intervals of preoccupation with this catalogue. Janet Burnett Grossman Los Angeles, 2000 vii Abbreviations and Note to the Reader East Greece, the origin of catalogue numbers thirty­nine through Frei 1979b J. Frei, Antiquities in the J. Paul Getty Museum: A Checklist: Sculpture 2: forty­nine, denotes the eastern Mediterranean area of Asia Minor, especially the coastal cities of modern Turkey and the immediate off­ Greek Portraits and Varia (Malibu, shore islands. 1979). J. Frei, Death of a Hero (Malibu, 1984). J. Paul Getty et al., The Joys of Collecting (New York, 1965). The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal. H . Granger­Taylor, "The Emperor s Clothes: The Fold Lines," Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 74 (1987): 114­23. J. Grossman, "The Sculptured Funer­ ary Monuments of the Classical Period in the Athenian Agora" (Ph.D. diss., Institute of Fine Arts, New York Univ., 1995). M . Hamiaux, Les Sculptures grecques (Paris, 1992). J. Kirchner, Inscriptiones graecae: Inscriptiones Atticae Euclidis anno posteriores (Chicago, 1974). Journal of Hellenic Studies. H . Klumbach, Tarentiner Grabkunst (Reutlingen, 1937). J. Marcadé, Au Musée de Délos: Étude sur la sculpture hellénistique en ronde bosse découverte dans l'île (Paris, 1969). M . Meyer, "Alte Männer auf attischen Grabdenkmälern," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 104 (19.89): 49­82. A. Michaelis, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain (Cambridge, 1882). M . Moltesen, Greece in the Classical Period: Catalogue, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Copenhagen, 1995). K. D. Morrow, Greek Footwear and the Dating of Sculpture (Madison, 1985). G. Neumann, Gesten und Gebärden in der griechischen Kunst (Berlin, 1965). M . J. Osborne and S. G. Byrne, eds., A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vol. 2, Attica (Oxford, 1994). S. Pfisterer­Haas, "Ältere Frauen auf attischen Grabdenkmälern," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 105 (1990): 179­96. Frequently cited publications are abbreviated as listed below: Benson 1996 Bergemann 1997 Bodel and Tracy 1997 Butz 1987 Carter 1975 Clairmont 1993 Couilloud 1974 Davies 1971 Fraser and Matthews Frei 1974 Frei 1979a viii C. Benson, "Recurring Figure­types on Classical Attic Grave Stelai" (Ph.D. diss., Princeton Univ., 1996). J. Bergemann, Demos und Thanatos: Untersuchungen zum Wertsystem der Polis im Spiegel der attischen Grabreliefs des 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. und zur Funktion der gleichzeitigen Grabbauten (Munich, 1997). J. Bodel and S. Tracy, Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the USA: A Checklist (New York, 1997). P. Butz, "Exequial Paleographies: A Catalogue of the Later Inscriptions in Greek on the Funerary Stones of the J. Paul Getty Museum" (M.A. thesis, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1987). J. C. Carter, The Sculpture of Taras (Philadelphia, 1975). C. W. Clairmont, Classical Attic Tombstones, intro. vol. and vols. 1­6 (Kilch­ berg, 1993). M.­T. Couilloud, Exploration archéologique de Délos, vol. 30, Les Monuments funéraires de Rhénée (Paris, 1974). J. K. Davies, Athenian Propertied Families, 600-300 B.C. (Oxford, 1971). P. M . Fraser and E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vol. 1, The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica (Oxford, 1987); vol. 3A, The Péloponnèse, Western Greece, Sicily and Magna Graecia (Oxford, 1997). J. Frei, Recent Acquisitions, Ancient Art, The J. Paul Getty Museum (Pull­ man, Wash., 1974). J. Frei, Antiquities in the J. Paul Getty Museum: A Checklist: Sculpture 1: Greek Originals (Malibu, 1979). Frei 1984 Getty et al. 1965 CettyMusJ Granger-Taylor 1987 Grossman 1995 Hamiaux 1992 iC il 2 JHS Klumbach 1937 Marcada 1969 Meyer 1989 Michaelis 1882 Moltesen 1995 Morrow 1985 Neumann 1965 Osborne and Byrne 1994 Pfisterer-Haas 1990 Pfuhl and Mobius 1977 E. Pfuhl and H . Mobius, Die ostgrie- Vermeule 1955 Pfuhl and Mobius 1979 1977). Great Britain," American E. Pfuhl and H . Mobius, Die ostgrie- Archaeology chischen Grabreliefs, vol. 2 (Mainz, Vermeule 1972 Vermeule 1981 Hesperia 89 (1989): 410­44. Vermeule and G. Richter, The Furniture Neuerburg 1973 of the J. Paul Getty Museum B. S. Ridgway, Fifth Century Styles in Vermeule and Greek Sculpture Von Kersburg 1968 (Princeton, 1981). B. S. Ridgway, Hellenistic A. Scholl, Die attischen Bildfeldstelen Vierneisel-Schlorb 1988 Untersuchungen zu den kleinformatigen spatklassischen Athen Supplementum Epigraphicum Vorsteri983 Sculpture Woysch-Meautis 1982 (London, 1991). C. Vorster, Griechische Kinderstatuen D. Woysch­Meautis, La Representation Vepoque archaique a la fin du iv Constructing Female Gender in Clas­ and Society in Greek sur les monuments funeraires grecs de e siecle av. J.-C. (Lausanne, 1982). sical Athenian Funerary Sculpture," i n Zanker1993 P. Zanker, "The Hellenistic Grave Archaeology: Bridging the 'Great Stelai from Smyrna: Identity and Self­ Divide,' image in the Polis," i n Images and Ide- ed. N . Spencer, pp. 109­31 (London and New York, 1995). ologies: Self-definition H . Stothart, A Handbook of the Sculp- World, ed. A. Bulloch et al., pp. 212­ ture in the J. Paul Getty Museum in the Hellenistic 30 (Berkeley, 1993). ZPE (Malibu, 1965). Thickpenny 1985 und des animaux et des etres fabuleux K. Stears, "Dead Women's Society: Stothart 1965 Skulpturen, (Cologne, 1983). (Leiden, 1923­). Time, Tradition Glyptothek Katalog der Votivreliefs (Munich, 1988). (Berlin, 1996). Graecum B. Vierneisel­Schlorb, Munchen, Bd. 3, Klassische Grabdenkmaler Grabreliefs im R. R. R. Smith, Hellenistic Stears 1995 Journal of Archaeology 72 (1968): 99­101. des 4. Jhs. v. Chr.: Smith 1991 C. C. Vermeule and P. Von Kersburg, American (Madison, 1990). SEC (Malibu, 1973). "Appendix: Lions, Attic and Related," Sculpture, vol. 1, The Styles ofca. 331-200 B.C. Scholl 1996 C. C. Vermeule and N . Neuerburg, Catalogue of the Ancient Art in the (Lon­ don, 1966). Ridgway 1990 in States and Canada (Berkeley, 1981). and Maid' on Athenian Lekythoi," Ridgway 1981 C. C. Vermeule, Greek and Roman Public Collections in the United J. Reilly, "Many Brides: 'Mistress Greeks, Etruscans and Romans Journal Sculpture in America: Masterpieces Gallery (Baltimore, 1995). Richter 1966 C. C. Vermeule, "Greek Funerary Ani­ of Archaeology 76 (1972): 49­59. E. Reeder, Pandora: Women in Classical Greece, exh. cat., Walters Art Reilly-1989 Journal of 59 (1955): 129­50. mals, 450­300 B.C.," American 1979). Reeder1995 C. C. Vermeule, "Notes on a New Edi­ tion of Michaelis: Ancient Marbles in chischen Grabreliefs, vol. 1 (Mainz, Zeitschrift filr Papyrologie und Epigraphik. H . Thickpenny, "Two Attic Grave Stelai i n the J. Paul Getty Museum," acc. no. accession number M . True and K. Hamma, eds., A Pas- cat. no. catalogue number sion for Antiquities: cf. compare the Collection of Barbara and Lawrence esp. especially Fleischman exh. cat. exhibition catalogue in. inch GettyMusJii True and Ham ma 1994 Vedder1985 (1985): 5­8. Ancient Art from (Malibu, 1994). U. Vedder, Untersuchungen schen Ausstattung attischer zurplastiGrabanla- gen des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. (Frankfurt, 1985). in v. inventory number s.v. sub verbo ix Introduction: Funerary Sculpture in the Greek World E A C H OF T H E S C U L P T U R E S i n this catalogue was made to mark the burial place o f an ancient Greek. Examples of most of the different types of monuments that were carved to mark graves i n various parts of the Greek world are represented i n the Getty Museum's collection. The majority is from Athens and its surrounding area of Attika, with additional monuments from Boeotia, northern Greece, Greek settlements situated along the eastern Mediterranean coast of modern Turkey (East Greece), and the Greek colony o f Taras (Roman Tarentum, modern Taranto) i n South Italy. The sculptures i n the catalogue are grouped according to the various regions i n which they originated and are arranged chronologically, from earliest to latest, within each region. While most of the funerary monuments i n the Museum s collection were pro­ duced i n the Classical period (about 480­323 B . C . ) , there are also some fine examples from the Hellenistic period (about 323­30 B.C.). As is typical of these periods, the Museum's monuments show the deceased either alone or i n a family group; seated women, standing bearded men, nude boys and young men, modest maidens, smiling children, and servants are most commonly represented. Most of the markers are carved of marble, which was abundant, especially i n Greece and the area of modern Turkey. Marble was notably lacking i n South Italy, however, and the tombstones from that area are carved of local limestone. Every society and culture commemorates its dead i n somewhat distinctive ways. The ancient Greeks had a particularly strong tradition of placing highly visible markers on their graves. Indeed, the majority of Greek sculptures that have survived from antiquity are funerary. The Greeks were a visual people; their accomplishments in sculpture and architecture are renowned. To date, several thousand sculpted funerary monuments have been discovered i n various parts of the Greek world, most of them from Athens and Attika. From the Archaic period on Greeks buried their dead i n cemeteries outside the city or settlement. The largest and apparently most important cemetery of ancient Athens was the Kerameikos cemetery, located outside the northwestern gates of the wall that surrounded the city. I t is one of the most carefully excavated and well­documented ancient Greek cemeteries. Most cemeteries, i n fact, were situated near gates of city walls, and the roads that led up to these gates often ran through the cemeteries, whose graves faced the roads. The location of the cemeteries at the city gates meant that grave stelai were visible to all who entered and left the city, whether on personal business, i n state processions, or for festivals. Some epitaphs on individual tombstones specifically address passersby. Graves of private individuals as well as state tombs of the war dead have been found i n the Kerameikos cemetery, where many grave markers are still i n place above the graves they marked. The original placement of the earliest monuments has been obscured by subse­ quent reorganizations of the cemeteries. During the Classical period graves of private individuals were laid out i n terraces i n the Kerameikos cemetery and were often walled with fine ashlar masonry, on top of which the stele was placed. Graves belonging to individual members of a family were frequently grouped together i n precincts called periboloi. Since the Kerameikos cemetery was used as a burial ground from about the twelfth century B.C. through the sixth century A.D., the crowding of burials and mounds has often made the interpretation of the excavated finds difficult. I n addition, when many of the largest and finest sculpted monuments of the Classical period were removed in the late nineteenth century for display i n the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, their exact original location i n the cemetery was not fully recorded. I n spite of I N T R O D U C T I O N 1 Map locating some of the most important sites mentioned m the text. such shortcomings i n the information about the Kerameikos cemetery, it remains the most valuable example available to us today of the appearance and disposition of graves within an ancient Greek cemetery. Almost all of the Attic gravestones included i n this catalogue find a counterpart i n the Kerameikos cemetery, where examples o f most m o n ­ ument types may still be seen. Gravestones were mass­produced i n sculptural workshops headed by sculptors who remain anonymous to us. No funerary monument can with certainty be attributed to master sculptors such as Polykleitos or Lysippos, whose names are known to us from ancient literary and epigraphic sources. The quality of carving on gravestones ranges from quite mediocre to highly skilled. Some monuments rival the best sculpture known from ancient Greece. The quality reflects the marketplace. A simple, hastily executed stone would have been within the means of an average citizen, while large, grand monu­ ments are indicative of the wealth of other Greeks. The gravestones i n the Getty collec­ tion reflect this wide range of quality of production. For example, one (cat. no. 5) is a small, relatively simple marker. By contrast, a head o f a woman (cat. no. 22) shows the highest quality of sculpting. That head originally belonged to a now­lost statue, which was part of a very large, elaborately constructed monument probably consisting o f sev­ eral nearly freestanding figures. Although many ancient grave markers have survived, most have not been found i n proximity to specific gravesites. Being of the size and thickness they are, the stones were perfectly suited for subsequent reuse as building material. For example, of the many funerary monuments found i n the excavations of the Agora—the civic center and marketplace o f ancient Athens—none is associated with a specific burial. More than two thousand markers have been discovered and catalogued there, with most hav­ ing been scavenged for use as building material, either during the later Roman and Byzantine periods or i n the modern era. The majority of the latter was built into the walls of houses constructed soon after the Greek War of Independence (1821­1830). This reuse is the reason that most surviving grave markers are fragmentary. Only a very small proportion of the total number of gravestones has survived nearly intact. Even i n a broken state, however, many can be restored to approximate their original appearance because of the known traditions common to the iconography and inscriptions on Greek funerary sculpture. 2 IN T R O D U C T I O N Sculpted marble grave markers were first produced i n Greece i n the Archaic period (about 600­480 B.C.). Since this was the period i n which marble began to be used i n both architecture and sculpture, i t is not surprising that it was used also for grave markers. Some of the earliest sculpted grave markers were freestanding statues of young men, kouroi, and young women, korai, placed on the graves of deceased young men and women. When children had survived the ancient perils of childhood with its terribly high infant mortality rate, the death of an unmarried young man or woman was especially devastating to a family, for these individuals were the future of the family. The earliest marble markers were produced for the graves of these lost generations. The surviving epitaph of a woman named Phrasikleia poignantly expresses the loss of this young woman. Tomb of Phrasikleia: Maiden [kore] shall I be called, Forever given this name, not marriage, by the gods. Aristion of Paros made me. 1 I n addition to freestanding statues some Archaic graves of these individual young family members were commemorated with a tall marble stele carved with an image of a young warrior or a young woman wearing festival dress. The style of sculpted grave markers changed i n the Classical period. Gravestones began to be erected i n Athens i n the 420s B.C. after a period of roughly seventy years during which few marble funerary monuments appear to have been carved, possibly due to legal restrictions aimed at limiting ostentatious displays of private wealth. Instead of singling out the youthful members of the family, as was common during the Archaic period, entire households were now depicted, including slaves, who were shown as attendants to more centrally positioned family members. I t is uncertain i f there was a change i n funeral ritual i n the Classical period, or whether burial i n family plots had always been the norm, as the limited surviving literary and archaeological evidence seems to suggest. I t is clear that family plots became more elaborate i n the course of the fourth century, with monumental walls and terraces built around them, some of which have survived to the present day. The sculpted marble monuments placed i n the plots also became larger and more elaborate as the fourth century progressed. A preference for specific poses, compositions, and recurring figure types is common i n Classical reliefs. For example, many feature a seated woman, which may be a reflection of Athenian values, since the memorials served a public purpose as well as a private function. The family unit, the oikos, was the center of Athenian identity during this period of Greek history Especially important was the citizen status of male mem­ bers o f the family, conferred by the legitimate succession of the family lineage going back to tribal ancestors. The seated woman on the gravestone, usually a representation of the mother of the family unit, holds a special place of honor i n the funerary images, perhaps because it was through her that the line of succession was continued. A woman who bore legitimate heirs for her husband s oikos held a position of honor and respect. A l l types of Classical relief sculpture exhibit qualities that are more conservative, formulaic, and schematic than sculpture i n the round. While there is an overall unifor­ mity i n depictions of the family groups, each grave marker does retain a modicum of individuality and specificity. W i t h i n the conventions o f relief sculpture, a marble carver would modify the characteristics of each work to satisfy the particular requirements of its function and setting. Each Classical grave relief presents a different variant of tradi­ tional elements, a unique combination of figures, gestures, accessories, and the individ­ ual stylistic expression of the sculptor. Thus, we have no example of a particular scene being replicated exactly on a second monument. Many of the details of the clothing, attributes, and decorative architecture must originally have been painted. A few monuments bear traces of the paint with I N T R O D U C T I O N 3 which almost all were probably decorated. Coloring and patterning were important i n all media i n Greek art; rank and social standing may have been more emphatically explained by this treatment o f the clothing. Particular coloring or patterning o f the garments o f the deceased may have enabled the visitor to the grave or the passerby to identify immediately the most important figures. Besides the painting o f the relief sculptures themselves, some monuments consist o f paintings on a flat marble surface that i n several instances was then placed i n an architectural structure. The grave marker itself was an object of veneration i n the funerary rituals o f the Greeks, meaning different things at various times i n history. They were not mere markers erected to preserve the memory of a departed family member, for they were often anointed with oil, decorated w i t h ribbons, and given food offerings. Each became a focus o f devotion, that is, functioned as a ritual object. The oldest markers that have been identified from the earliest time that we think of as Greek—the Geometric period (about 900­720 B.C.)­—are large terra­cotta vases. They were decorated primarily with rows of geometrical designs and patterns, but some also have human figures engaged mostly i n scenes o f warfare, w i t h a few picturing scenes of special funerary rituals called ekphora and prothesis. As soon as a person died, his body was washed and laid out for a period o f family mourning and visitation, the prothesis. Then the body was carried i n a procession to the burial ground, the ekphora, again accompanied by family members. Women played an essential role i n funerary rites; they were especially needed for preparing the body and for vocalizing the grief that family members felt at the death of one o f its own. The lamentations o f the female members o f a household may also have fulfilled a number o f social functions. Tombs themselves may have served as memory aids for the inspiration o f lament singing, and groups o f burials may have occasioned extended singing of laments for a number o f recent ancestors. Remembering the dead was only one aspect o f lamentation; other elements might include expressing extreme grief or perhaps evoking retribution. Lament singing was one means by which a family group could express itself publicly by calling attention to the family burial plot w i t h its sculpted funerary monuments, which grew i n size and splendor during the Classical period. Ancient Greek society was highly structured, and burials i n the cemeteries reflect this structure. Marble funerary monuments played a significant role i n providing both inscriptional and visual identification o f the dead. The images chosen to stand above the grave, or i n many cases to stand by the front wall o f a family burial plot, the peribolos, were erected by surviving family members. They projected a sense o f status and identity i n addition to serving as a timeless and moving memorial, or mnemata, o f the deceased. Rivaling one another i n their display o f family status and wealth, the memorials lined the major streets leading out of Athens and likewise the busy roads linking the settle­ ments i n the outer demes of Attika. They marked the traditional religious and ritual aspects o f the funeral cult o f ancestral tombs and, at the same time, were mediums o f self­serving social propaganda. By the end o f the fourth century B . C , the periholoi o f the Kerameikos i n Athens and o f individual sites i n the region around Athens appear to have reached a peak o f elaborate display and then abruptly to have ceased. The Roman writer Cicero records that a funerary law prohibiting extravagant display was passed i n Athens during the rule of Demetrios o f Phaleron (318/317­308/307 B . C ) . I t is unclear, however, whether Cicero's account, written some three centuries after the reign o f Demetrios, accurately reflects the situation i n Athens. Modern scholars have largely accepted the date as fact, using it as an end point i n a constructed chronology o f sculptural style. This catalogue is not the place for a lengthy discourse on the dating o f Greek funerary monuments. Most o f the Athenian sculptures i n the catalogue are dated conservatively, following the current practice o f placing those o f the Classical period between about 420 and about 310 B.C. The date o f an individual monument within that approximately one­hundred­year period depends on a number o f factors, including 4 INTRODUCTION i . Stele o f Moschion, 2. Naiskos o f Si me, cat. no. 21. Malibu 77.AA.89. cat. no. 5. Malibu 3. Naiskos o f Demainete, cat. 4. Stele o f Poseides, cat. no. 40. no. 24. Malibu 75.AA.63. Malibu 79.AA.145. 71.AA.117. style of drapery, proportion of figures, monument type, composition, and quality of workmanship. A n overall stylistic progression has been established by numerous schol­ r Types o f grave stelai: i) stele with relief panel, > > 4) Acathus there. 2 M l m e n t a l n a i s k o s 3) Flat­topped naiskos, ars during the past one hundred years through observation and comparison with dated sculptures of all types carved during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. The dates assigned here to individual works should be considered i n general terms only, since specificity is not valid for any but a few sculpted funerary monuments. I n most instances, a single date with the qualifier of "about" is assigned here instead of a date range, because of the belief that it is easier for the nonspecialist to relate to a date of, for example, "about 350 B . C , " rather than one of "360­340 B.C." Each catalogue entry contains basic information about the type of monument, its measurements, the material from which i t is carved, and its general condition. When­ ever possible, depending on the state of preservation o f the monument concerned, the title of each catalogue entry designates the type of funerary monument. There are six general types o f funerary monuments: 1) stelai, 2) lekythoi, 3) loutrophoroi, 4) funerary animals, 5) anthemia, and 6) sirens. W i t h i n the first category, there appear to have been a limited number of distinct types of stelai available to the ancient buyer, which proba­ bly reflects patterns of production. The types are: 1) plain stelai, 2) stelai with relief panel, 3) pedimental stelai, 4) naiskoi, 5) flat­topped naiskoi, and 6) acanthus stelai. 2 Four o f these types are illustrated above by drawings o f monuments included i n the cata­ logue. A naiskos is composed of several elements, including a scene carved i n relief framed by architectural elements. A naiskos can be carved of one slab of marble or, i n its most elaborate form, from several pieces and assembled i n imitation o f a small I N T R O D U C T I O N 5 templelike structure with separately carved figures placed within. The complexity o f the 1 Athens, National Archaeological Museum 4889: J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture: The Archaic Period (London, 1978), p. 73. 2 See D. W. Bradeen, The Athenian Agora, vol. 17, Inscriptions: The Funerary Monuments 1974), p. 1. (Princeton, stele type seems to reflect chronology as well as cost. That is, the earliest stelai tend to be simplest i n form. Taken as a group, the funerary monuments i n the Getty Museum are impres­ sive not only as examples of original Greek sculpture but also as part of a body of impor­ tant social documents for understanding ancient Greek culture. These memorials still speak to us and hold our interest millennia after the individuals for w h o m they were erected lived and died. The monuments are appreciated for their depictions of indi­ viduals and families, similar yet so different from our own. We can relate to the expres­ sions of tenderness and sorrow on some, to the heroism evident on others, and to their family portraits. 6 I N T R O D U C T I O N Attic Funerary Sculpture THE i. CLASSICAL Grave Stele of a Young Woman with Her Parents PERIOD female figure facing left. A handshake (dexiosis), most frequently seen between a seated and a standing figure, is a very common gesture on Attic funerary monuments o f the Classical period. I t is such a ubiquitous gesture that it has prompted analysis and About 420 B.C. interpretation by various scholars. 7 Since a handshake m o t i f Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 77.5 cm appears also among the contractual parties on Attic decree reliefs, (30V2 in.); W i d t h : 51.4 cm (20V4 in.); Depth: 11.4 cm (4V4 in.) some have suggested that it may express an oath or contrac­ tual relationship between the living and the dead. I t seems more 83.AA.206 probable, however, that the handshake i n funerary scenes physi­ cally symbolizes the bond between family members i n Attic soci­ CONSERVATION ety, even i n death. Reconstructed as complete from four joining fragments. The heads of the two women are largely broken away. The The upper right pediment corner and both lower corners are missing. Chips along the edges, especially at the left and on the woman to right wears a dress w i t h a cloak that envelops her. Her surface o f all three figures. The heads o f the figures are broken left hand slightly holds out the edge of the cloak at shoulder level off and appear to have been deliberately defaced. The rough­ i n a gesture associated w i t h married women. The gesture is quite picked back is probably the original surface. The sides and front surface at the b o t t o m retain marks o f the tooth chisel. commonly seen on adult women who can otherwise be identified The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. as married; it maybe a reference to the ritual unveiling of the bride Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to light brown. at weddings (anakalypteria) The carved surfaces have become blurred from weathering, a cloak. Her left arm and hand are completely hidden under the and incrustations further obscure the original crispness o f . The woman to left wears a dress and 8 folds o f the cloak, which falls down to form a m o t i f called the the carving. "hanging sleeve." This is a recurring m o t i f seen w i t h girls, boys, PROVENANCE and young women placed on the right side o f a composition. Gift of Vasek Polak, Hermosa Beach, California. These figures are wrapped so completely i n a large cloak that it hangs over the left side of the body, covering the left arm and form­ BIBLIOGRAPHY ing a "hanging sleeve." This feature helps secure her identity as 9 J. Frel et a l , "Acquisitions/1983," GettyMusJ 12 (1984): 235, the daughter of the couple at the left. Even though the head is no. 8; Meyer 1989, p. 49 n . 3; Clairmont 1993, 3: 69, no. 3.172; largely missing from this figure, the outline of the original form Scholl 1996, p. 342, no. 448, pi. 30.1. against the background remains. The back o f her head is smooth A S I M P L E triangular pediment above a slightly and continuous w i t h the fold of her cloak. A n edge of the cloak recessed figural area. The flat front of the pediment may originally was probably drawn up over her head. The upper back of the fig­ have had a painted inscription and a floral design, although no ure is carved i n a manner consistent w i t h the fabric o f the cloak STELE W I T H 10 trace o f them remains today. There is a stele i n the collection of on her body. Soles are indicated on the feet of both women; since the eleventh Earl of Elgin at Broomhall i n Dunfermline, Scotland, no toes are carved, the women probably are wearing shoes rather which is entirely painted on a simple marble slab w i t h a triangu­ than sandals. 1 11 lar top. I n addition to a painted figure, there is i n the center of the The great Athenian building project o f the 440s and early triangular area a painted pediment w i t h akroteria (statues or dec­ 430s B.C.—the Parthenon—influenced sculpture of all types, even orative elements placed at the ridge or corners of a pitched r o o f ) . modest grave reliefs such as this one. We see echoes of the seated 2 At the left of the composition, a bearded male figure sits gods on the East Frieze of the Parthenon i n the relaxed pose of slightly slouched i n a chair. He is wrapped i n a cloak, leaving his the seated male figure here. The broad shape of the stele w i t h its right arm, shoulder, and chest bare. His right hand rests at his plain triangular top and the rich, plastic quality of the drapery side on the seat o f the chair, his left is raised w i t h the fingers i n a folds suggest a date one or two decades after the Parthenon frieze. position consistent w i t h holding a staff, which would have been I n general, the drapery follows the spirit of the Parthenon frieze painted. He wears soft shoes or boots; the absence of carved toes i n revealing and modeling the forms of the body. 3 4 speaks against bare feet. The posture, beard, and slightly sagging 5 pectoral muscles of this figure identify h i m as an older man. 6 Placed just to the right and partly behind h i m stands a female figure to right who shakes hands w i t h a second standing 8 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 12 Though a modest gravestone, the figures have a simple elegance reflective of this period. The stone would have marked the grave of a young woman ripe for marriage who died before she could wed. Cat. no. i . Grave stele of a young woman with her parents. Malibu 83.AA.206. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cf. the stele of Myttion, 78.AA.57, cat. no. 3. Clairmont 1993,1:166, no. 0.836. Clairmont does not mention the painted pediment, but I had the opportunity to examine the stone at Broomhall in 1998 and verify its existence. The chair is the regular type of klismos with a curved back and plain, curved legs. See Richter 1966, pp. 33.­37. A seated male figure on a monument in Athens of the same period is similar in pose and in the staff that he holds, although there the staff is carved: Clair­ mont 1993, 4:177­78, no. 5.650. Morrow 1985, pp. 67­68. Meyer 1989, pp. 48, 66­74. 7 E.g., G. Davies, "The Significance of the Handshake Motif in Classical Funer­ ary Axt"American Journal of Archaeology 89 (1985): 627­40; E. G. Pemberton, "The Dexiosis on Attic Gravestones," Mediterranean Archaeology 2 (1989): 4 5 ­ 50; G. Davies, "The Language of Gesture in Greek Art: Gender and Status on Grave Stelai," Apollo, 1994: 6­11, esp. p. 10; Benson 1996, pp. 187­88. 8 Stears 1995, pp. 119­20. 9 Benson 1996, pp. 124­27. 10 There are no remnants of long hair falling down her back as Clairmont main­ tains: Clairmont 1993,3: 69, no. 3.172. 11 Morrow 1985, p. 64. 12 Cf. esp. Hermes, Dionysos, and Zeus. M . Robertson, The Parthenon Frieze (New York, 1975), East iv, figs. 24­25, and East v,fig.30. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 9 2. Grave Naiskos of a Seated Woman with a Standing Attendant behind the roll across her forehead. I n front of her ears, several locks of hair fall loose from the head covering. The costume o f long­sleeved chiton and head covered by a sakkos invariably rep­ resents an attendant slave. The attendant holds her right hand to 5 About 410 B.C. her cheek i n a gesture o f mourning. Her left arm is extended 6 Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 71.5 c m along the side of her body, and i n that hand she holds a rectangu­ (28Vs in.); W i d t h : 69.2 cm (27V4 in.); Depth: 6.4 cm (2V2 in.) lar object, probably a mirror, for this scene is evocative of images 73.AA.115 ment of a bride by several attendant figures, one of w h o m invari­ of bridal preparation. Such scenes feature the dressing and adorn­ ably holds a mirror. The theme of an attendant helping to adorn CONSERVATION The marble is weathered w i t h some losses and chips o n the her mistress is common i n the iconography o f Athenian grave­ figures, especially on the head o f the seated woman. The marble stones. Bridal iconography on grave monuments is an example of is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface a connection between marriage and death, which seems to have of the marble is slick and shiny i n a manner consistent w i t h been prevalent i n Greek art of this time. its having been treated w i t h acid. There are white accretions, 7 Supporting a date for the relief at the end o f the fifth especially evident i n the folds o f the drapery. The original depth o f the two Getty fragments (see b e l o w ) has been reduced century are the cordlike folds o f the drapery behind the seated in modern times by sawing. The back o f the Kanellopoulos woman's right knee and calf as well as the transparency o f both fragment preserves the original rough surface that was made women's dresses, especially over the breasts. Comparable drapery by a point chisel. is seen on a figure of Athena on a document relief i n Paris dated 409­405 B.C. The softly curving neckline of the seated woman's 8 PROVENANCE dress, the series o f V­shaped folds that become vertical folds Unknown. between the breasts, and the filmy quality of the cloak drawn up BIBLIOGRAPHY over the back of her head framing her neck are all characteristic of The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1975), pp. 21, 32; the period. Similar features are seen o n one of the most beautiful ibid. (Malibu, 1976), pp. 25, 39 (with a cast o f the Kanellopoulos fragment added); ibid. (Malibu, 1978), p. 47. M.­A. and well­known Classical gravestones from Athens, that o f Hegeso. The Getty stone was carved i n the same period as the 9 Zagdoun, "Collection Paul Kanellopoulos, x i : Sculptures," Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique 102 (1978): Hegeso monument, although i t is o f slightly lesser quality and, 291­92; Frel 1979a, p. 16, no. 63; H . Thickpenny, "A Fragment unfortunately, not nearly as well preserved. Nevertheless, these of an Attic Grave Stele i n the Getty Museum," GettyMusJ 8 worn fragments subtly convey a shared moment, a glimpse o f (1980): 101 n. 10; Vermeule 1981, p. 95, no. 64; O. Cavalier, "La domestic intimacy. Stele des adieux," Les Cahiers deMariemont 20­21 (1989­1990): 13­16, fig. 10; Clairmont 1993, 2:122­23, no. 2.186; Benson 1996, pp. 103­4, 230, no. 74, fig. 77; Bergemann 1997, p. 53 n. 193, p. 85 n . 169, p. 160, no. 72, pi. 17.3. 1 T w o J O I N I N G F R A G M E N T S o f the back panel o f a large naiskos; a third joining fragment o f this monument is i n the Kanellopou­ los Museum i n Athens. One fragment preserves the upper body 2 1 and head o f a seated woman, the other fragment preserves her 3 knees and the mid­section o f a standing woman. The Kanel­ lopoulos Museum fragment preserves the head and shoulders of the standing figure. The panel would have been framed by a sepa­ 4 rately carved architectural structure. At the left of the composition sits a woman on a chair fac­ ing right. She wears a dress with a cloak pulled up over the back 2 of her head. Her hair is bound at the back with a broad headband (opisthosphendone), and she wears a large round earring. She is 3 5 6 in the act of opening a lidded box, probably holding jewelry, on her lap. A female figure facing left stands i n front of the seated 4 7 See J. M. Barringer, Divine Escorts: Nereids in Archaic and Classical Art (Ann Arbor, 1995), pp. 102­7. 8 9 Musee du Louvre Ma 831: Hamiaux 1992, p. 140, no. 132. Supra, note 3. woman. This second woman wears a long­sleeved dress. Her hair is drawn back from her face under a head covering {sakkos), which is tied by a cord brought forward from her nape over her ear and 10 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Athens, Kanellopoulos Museum 1168: M.­A. Zagdoun, "Collection Paul Kanellopoulos, xi: Sculptures," Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique 102 (1978): 291­92,fig.5. The curved back that remains of the chair probably belongs to a regular kind of klismos, which would have had curved legs. See Richter 1966, pp. 33­37. Cf. the funerary stele of Hegeso, whose hair is bound by an opisthosphendone and partially covered with a thin veil, Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3624: D. Buitron­Oliver, The Greek Miracle: Classical Sculpture from the Dawn of Democracy: The Fifth Century B.C. (Washington, D.C., 1992), pp. 150­51, no. 33; Clairmont 1993, 2: 95­98, no. 2.150. On the box, see E. Briimmer, "Griechische Truhenbehalter," Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts 100 (1985): 1­168, esp. figs. 27c and 39b. A comparable chest with no legs is held by the attendant figure on a stele in the Karpanos collection in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 965: Clairmont 1993, 2: 528, no. 2.424. See Reilly 1989, pp. 416­17. See Neumann 1965, pp. 128­30. A comparable figure of a servant with her hand held to her cheek is seen on a stele in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 4006: Clairmont 1993,1: 447­48, no. 1.797. Cat. no. 2. Two fragments o f a grave naiskos, Malibu 73.AA.n5, with a cast o f a joining third fragment (upper right) in the Kanellopoulos Museum in Athens. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 11 3. Grave Stele ofMyttion 5: 7; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 324, s.v. M y t t i o n ; Moltesen 1995, p. 83; Scholl 1996, p. 194 n. 1286, p. 198 n. 1312, p. 341, no. 444; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6; M . C. Miller, Athens and About 400 B . C . Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; polychromy; Height: Persia in the Fifth Century B.C: A Study in Cultural Receptivity (New York, 1997), p. 169, fig. 90; B. Babler, Fleifiige Thrakerinnen und wehrhafte Skythen: Nichtgriechen im klassischen Athen und 71 cm (28 in.); W i d t h : 24 cm (9V2 in.); Depth: 9 cm (3V2 in.) ihre archaologische Hinterlassenschaft (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1998), pp. 27­32. 78.AA.57 CONSERVATION S T E L E W I T H A T R I A N G U L A R P E D I M E N T and a slightly recessed Complete except for a chip at the left lower front. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to pale beige. The b o t t o m surface figural area. The pediment was originally decorated w i t h a painted design of rolls of tainiai and a decorative floral border called a Tainiai were long ribbons o f fabric that were tied retains its original rough finish made by a point chisel; i n the kymation. ancient cemetery the stele would have been set into a base for around funerary monuments. Faint remains are visible of the 2 display. The inscription was added i n paint that has now faded, name of the deceased, which was originally painted above her but it has left slightly raised, lighter marks on the stone. Traces head on the pediment: of red pigment remain on the shoes. MYTTION PROVENANCE "Myttion" Formerly i n the collection o f Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl o f Elgin and eleventh Earl o f Kincardine, Broomhall, Dunferm­ 1 line, Scotland. The name M y t t i o n is not otherwise found i n the epigraphic and literary corpora. BIBLIOGRAPHY The young woman stands i n a three­quarter frontal pose The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Los Angeles, 1954), pp. 21­22, no. 5; ibid. (Los Angeles, 1956), p. 13, no. 5; ibid. facing right. Her long hair is brushed back from her face and (Malibu, 1974), p. 12; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p. 32; ibid. (Malibu, fashioned into a braid wrapped around her head. I n her left hand 1976), p. 39; ibid. (Malibu, 1978), p. 45; ibid. (Malibu, 1980), she holds out a b i r d . The m o t i f of a young person holding a b i r d p. 33; The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections (Malibu, 1986), p. 11. is common on Attic gravestones. I n addition to being a common pet, the b i r d may represent the life of the deceased. Myttions feet 4 Corpus inscriptionum Atticarum (Berlin, 1873­1897), 2: 4000; A . Michaelis, "Ancient Marbles i n Great Britain," JHS 5 are shod i n soft shoes, for soles are indicated, but the toes are (1884): 143­61, esp. 148­49, no. 6; A. Conze, Die attischen indistinct. She wears an unusual costume consisting o f a long 5 Grabreliefs (Berlin, 1893), i ' 819, p i . 156; E. Guhl, Leben der dress beneath a long­sleeved three­quarter length coat called a Griechen und Romer (Berlin, 1893), pp. 293, 295, fig. 370; kandys. A. H . Smith, "Lord Elgin and His Collection," JHS 36 (1916): Athenian women at the end o f the fifth century B . C , when increas­ The kandys originated i n Persia and was 6 286 n. 228, p. 293, no. 23; G. M . A. Richter, The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks, 3rd edn. (New Haven, 1950), p. 91; ibid., 4th edn. (New Haven, 1970), p. 60; J. P. Getty and E. LeVane, adopted by ing imports from Asia M i n o r influenced fashion. The 7 kandys was a symbol o f luxury at the time o f its introduction to Athens Collectors Choice (London, 1955), p. 202; Vermeule 1955, p. 132; since, from all accounts, i t was sometimes adorned w i t h gold Getty et al. 1965, pp. 61, 68; Stothart 1965, p. 25 [as 1­72]; plaques and elaborate borders and was, therefore, an expensive M . del Chiaro, Greek Art in Private Collections in Southern and unusual item. M y t t i o n s special clothing and the b i r d she holds California, 2nd edn. (Santa Barbara, 1966), no. 17; J. Frel, "Ateliers et sculpteurs attiques fin 5 e m e debut 4 e m e (1966): 90, no. 8; J. Frel, Les Sculpteurs attiques s.," Eirene 5 suggest that she is taking part i n some ritual of a religious nature. 8 There are no k n o w n closely comparable grave m o n u ­ anonymes, 430-300 B.C. (Prague, 1969), p. 21, no. 77; A . Kaloyeropoulou, ments for the iconography, although occasionally attendant fig­ "Duo attika epitymbia anaglypha," Archaiologikon Deltion 24 ures on stelai dated after the middle of the fourth century B . C . are (1969): 227 n . 79, p. 259; ibid. 29 (1974): 196, 214­15; IG n , shown wearing a kandys. 12220; J. Frel, "The Telemachos Workshop," GettyMusJ 2 (1975): to stelai i n Athens and Copenhagen. 2 15, no. 2, p. 16; B. Kingsley, "The Stele o f M y t t i o n , " GettyMusJ 2 (i975)­ 7­14; R­ Stupperich, Staatsbegrabnis und Privatgrabmal im klassichen Athen (Minister, 1977), p. 123 n. 7, p. 179, no. 475; Frel 1979a, p. 16, no. 64; Frel 1979b, p. 43, no. 64; Woysch­ 9 The form of the monument is similar 10 The style of the drapery points to a date at the t u r n of the fourth century, for the garments are no longer transparent, and the fabric folds are angular and sweeping. The fabric of her undergarment lies closer over her Meautis 1982, p. 111, no. 78 [as 1­72]; T. Linders, "The Kandys right lower leg; noteworthy are the broad expanses uninterrupted i n Greece and Persia," Opuscula Atheniensia 15 (1984): 109,113; by folds, and the way the knee and leg are framed by the fold at K. Yfantidis, Die Polychromie der hellenistischen Plastik (Mainz, the left. 1984), p. 20 n. 60 [as 1­72; name misspelled as M y t h i o n ] ; Vedder 1985, pp. 27­28, no. F 44; SEG 37.189; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 207; A . Pekridou­Gorecki, Mode im antiken Griechenland: Textile Fertigung und Kleidung ( M u n i c h , 1989), pp. 119­20, fig. 72; Clairmont 1993,1: 269­70, no. 1.224; ibid., 12 3 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 11 The isolation o f a single figure against the flat expanse of the background was also popular i n this period. The pose, composition, and a certain starkness are suggestive of a somber and perhaps plaintive mood. Cat. no. 3. Grave stele o f Myttion. Malibu 78.AA.57. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 13 1 Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin and eleventh Earl of Kincardine, was British ambassador to Constantinople in the late eighteenth century; he was the Earl of Elgin who removed significant portions of the sculptural decora­ tion from the Temple of Athena Parthenos (the Parthenon) on the Acropolis in Athens, bringing them to England. See W. St. Clair, Lord Elgin and the Marbles (Oxford, 1998). 2 See B. Kingsley, "The Stele of Myttion," GettyMusJ 2 (1975): 7­8, for a list of monuments with painted tainiai. The design, which can be seen on the left under a raking light, was visible when Alexander Conze compiled his corpus of Attic gravestones, including the monument of Myttion: A. Conze, Die attischen Grabreliefs (Berlin, 1893), 1: 819, pi. 156. A search of Davies 1971 and Osborne and Byrne 1994 revealed no other instances of the name Myttion. See Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 39­53, nos. 65­255. The closest comparatives to our gravestone are p. 113, no. 103, pi. 18 (Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Karpanos collection 963), and p. 116, no. 136, pi. 22 (stele of Timarete in London, British Museum 1947.7­14.1). Morrow 1985, pp. 86 ­ 87. On the costume, see E. R. Knauer, "Toward a History of the Sleeved Coat: A Study of the Impact of an Ancient Eastern Garment on the West," Expedition 21 (1978): 18­36, who traces the history of the costume down to recent times; eadem, "Ex Oriente Vestimenta: Trachtgeschichtliche Beobachtungen zur Armelmantel und Armeljacke," in Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt 2.12.3 (Berlin, 1985), pp. 578­741, 739 addition to n. 95, esp. pp. 617­21 for Greek examples; and A. Pekridou­Gorecki, Mode im antiken Griechenland: Textile Fertigung undKleidung (Munich, 1989), pp. 119­20. 3 4 5 6 7 Cat. no. 3. Detail o f the grave stele o f Myttion showing the outline of the rolled tainia in the left pedimental corner. 8 9 Drawing o f the inscription on the grave stele o f Myttion. 14 AT T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE M . C. Miller, Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century B.C: A Study in Cultural Receptivity (New York, 1997), pp. 165.­70. There is a terra­cotta figure of the late fifth century B . C , found on the Acropolis, wearing a kandys over a chiton. See F. Winter, in "Sitzungsberichte der archaologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1893," Archdologischer Anzeiger 8 (1893): 147,fig.30. The costume may indicate a connection with the Dionysiac festival of the Anthesteria. See SEG 34.119, lines 15­16. Some of the children depicted on fifth­century red­figured choes made for the Anthesteria wear the kandys. E.g., a chous in Paris, Musee du Louvre CA 2527: G. Van Hoorn, Choes and Anthesteria (Leiden, 1957), pp. 171­72, no. 842, fig. 87. On the festival, see also E. Simon, Festivals ofAttika: An Archaeological Commentary (Madison, 1983), pp. 92­99; and R. Hamilton, Choes and Anthesteria: Athenian Iconography and Ritual (Ann Arbor, 1992). The kandys is also listed in dedication records at the sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron. The latest recorded dedication of a kandys to Artemis is dated 347/346 B . C , attesting to the survival of the fashion for more than half a century: T. Linders, "The Kandys in Greece and Persia," Opuscula Atheniensia 15 (1984): 107­22. Arguing against the idea of the kandys symbolizing luxury or special status is B. Babler, Fleifiige Thrakerinnen und wehrhafte Skythen: Nichtgriechen im klassischen Athen und ihre archaologische Hinterlassenschaft (Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1998), pp. 31­32, who interprets the jacket as clothing associated with non­Attic and slave status. E.g., on a stele in Princeton University, The Art Museum V204: B. S. Ridgway, Greek Sculpture in the Art Museum, Princeton University: Greek Originals, Roman Copies and Variants (Princeton, 1994), pp. 24­27, no. 6. Miller (supra, note 7), p. 186, explains its appearance on later monuments for maids as the adoption of the once elite symbol by the lower orders long after it had ceased to be fashionable among wealthy Athenian women. 10 Athens, National Archaeological Museum 4991: Clairmont 1993, 4:172­73, no. 5.480; Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 448: Moltesen 1995, pp. 8 2 ­ 83, no. 26. 11 Cf. the grave relief of Megisto and Eratoxenos in Houston, the Menil Collec­ tion 70­32DJ: Clairmont 1993,1: 415­16, no. 1.695. 4. Grave Stele ofPhiloxenos with His Wife Philoumene with a tall, incised brush; the visor is pushed up, and there are no cheekpieces. He wears a short­sleeved tunic under a cuirass with 4 y a double row of pteryges. 5 Since his toes are not defined and there appears to be the line of a sole under his right foot, he is probably About 400 B.C. wearing boots that would originally have been detailed with Fine­grained white marble with mica; Height: 102.2 cm (40V4 in.); Width: 44.5 cm (17V2 in.); Depth: 16.5 cm (6V2 in.) 83.AA.378 paint. W i t h his left hand, he holds a round shield by a grip that 6 originally would have been painted. The broad r i m of the shield is carved i n relief and forms a background to Philoxenos s torso. 7 He extends his right hand to shake that of Philoumene, his wife. 8 Philoumene wears a dress with a cloak that falls gracefully CONSERVATION The stele is complete, with only minor chips. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to a golden brown. The bottom and back of the stone retain their original rough­picked surfaces made by the point chisel. There are marks of the tooth chisel on the background and on the top of the stele. from her left shoulder to the floor. Her hair is encircled twice by a band, and the locks are gathered at the back of the head, where they are wrapped i n an ornamental hair covering. A few short curls are brought forward i n front of her left ear. Her slightly oval face has a full jaw and lips. Her eyes are thick­lidded. A single Venus ring marks her neck. Venus rings are indentations i n the flesh of a girls PROVENANCE or woman's neck. They are probably a status symbol, indicating Unknown. good health and nutrition. They appear most commonly on young unmarried females and therefore, probably, also indicate fertility, BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections (Malibu, 1986), p. 29; ibid. (Malibu, 1991), p. 22. Artemis Group, Consolidated Audited Annual Report 1981/1982 (Luxembourg, 1983), pp. 8—9; J. Frel et al., "Acquisitions/1983," GettyMusJ 12 (1984): 234, no. 7; SEG 34.234; K. Manchester, The Grave Relief of Philoxenos and Philomene (M.A. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1986); Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 209; I . Vallera­Rickerson and M . Korma, "Merika ellenika ekthemata tou Mouseiou Getty," Archaiologia 43 (1992): 85, no. 5; Clairmont 1993,2: 84­85, no. 2.121; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 458, no. 69, s.v. Philoxenos, and p. 460, no. 28, s.v. Philoumene; Bergemann 1997, p. 63 n. 305, p. 160, no. 73, p. 216, no. 27, pi. 15.1; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6; Masterpieces of the J. Paul Getty Museum: Antiquities (Los Angeles, 1997), p. 49; J. B. Grossman, "Family Relationships on Two Grave Reliefs from the Athenian Agora," in Les Pierres de VOffrande, ed. G. Hoffman, p. 121 (Zurich, 2001); M . Yalom, A History of the Wife (New York, 2001), p. 17. but they are occasionally seen on children and young men. They become a standard feature i n the iconography of women on grave­ stones from the time of the Parthenon on (built 448­432 B . C ) , probably due to the influence of the Parthenon sculptures on other types of sculpted monuments. 9 The sole of Philoumene s left sandal is carved; the straps would have been added i n paint. Her stance is unusual i n having 10 one leg pulled back behind the other so that her second foot is completely hidden. 11 Philoxenos must have fallen i n battle since he is repre­ sented wearing a helmet and cuirass. He is shaking hands with 12 his wife, Philoumene, both to take leave and to symbolize eternal u n i o n . The scene reminds us of departure scenes, although here 13 the husband and wife seem to be gazing at one another; Philou­ mene does not lower her head i n the gesture of submissive mod­ esty thought appropriate to a well­bred Athenian woman. While 14 this monument belongs to a small group of two­figured reliefs STELE W I T H S L I G H T L Y R O U N D E D top and a triangular pedi­ composed of a man and a woman standing facing one another, it ment complete with akroteria, i n low relief. The architrave is is notable for its pictorial formality with strong symmetry and inscribed: linear repetitions. 1 15 I n terms of iconography and style, two other grave mon­ OIAOSENOX O I A O < T > M [ E ] N H uments are very close parallels to this stele. The three may have "Philoxenos Philo(u)mene" been carved i n the same workshop, for the figures on them exhibit 16 similar stances with a sharp bend of the knees and a similar flat, The names Philoxenos and Philoumene are found i n several other inscriptions from Athens and its surrounding area of Attika. 2 The figures are placed on a plinth i n a recessed area compressed carving style. The monuments fit both stylistically and iconographically with grave reliefs executed just after the end of the Peloponnesian War i n 404 B.C. A renewed appreciation for below the architrave. Philoxenos, a bearded man i n armor, family life blossomed i n the waning years of that disastrous war stands at the left i n right profile with his weight on his right leg, with Sparta, and funerary reliefs reflect this. his left leg drawn back. O n his head is an Attic helmet adorned 3 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 15 Drawing of the inscription on the grave stele o f Philoxenos. 1 2 3 4 5 6 16 There is a vertical stroke between the two names, which Stroud (SEG 34.234) suggests might be a punctuation mark. But the mark is not so much engraved as scratched upon the surface of the stone. Clairmont 1993, 2: 84­85, no. 2.121, may well be correct in his suggestion that the stroke may be a centering mark. Philoxenos is attested in five other inscriptions of the fifth century B.C. in Athens; once in the deme of Diomeia; and once in the tribe Aigeis. In the fourth century B.C. Philoxenos is attested once at Athens, once each in the demes of Agryle, Aithalidai, Alopeke, Daidalidai, Eleusis, Halai, Kephisia, Peiraieus, Potamos, Thorikos, and Trinemeia. See Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 458, s.v. Philoxenos. In the fourth century B . C , Philoumene is attested eleven times at Athens, twice in the deme of Dekeleia, and once each in the demes of Eleusis, Kephale, Kolonos, Kydathenaion, Marathon, and Skam­ bonidai. See Osborne and Byrne 1994, pp. 459­60, s.v. Philoumene. See K. Stemmer, Untersuchungen zur Typologie, Chronologie und Ikonographie der Panzerstatuen (Berlin, 1978), pp. 131­48, for a short history of the develop­ ment of the armored statue type. The Attic helmet was developed in the sixth century B.C. as part of a general trend to lighten armor and make a soldier more mobile. See H. Pfulg, Antike Helme (Cologne, 1989), pp. 24­25; A. M . Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), p. 69. The cuirass is of the Ionian type developed 520­470 B.C.: C. C. Vermeule, "Hellenistic and Roman Cuirassed Statues," Berytus 13 (1959): 12­13. Morrow 1985, pp. 6 4 ­ 6 8 . ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 In his corpus, Clairmont lists the monuments that depict warriors according to the various implements of armor they wear. Out of 211 listed, only five oth­ ers show a warrior with a helmet, cuirass, and shield, like Philoxenos: Clair­ mont 1993, 6:169­71, nos. 2.413, 2.415, 2.443, 3­422, and 3.930. On the gesture, called dexiosis, between a standing man and a woman, see Grossman 1995, pp. 204­5. Ridgway 1981, pp. xix, 53. Morrow 1985, p. 58. I could find only one other grave monument with a comparable stance, in Paris, Musee du Louvre Ma 780: Hamiaux 1992, p. 154, no. 148. The best­known monument of a warrior on foot is that of Aristonautes in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 738: B. Ridgway, "Aristonautes' Stele, Athens Nat. Mus. 738," in Kotinos: Festschrift fur Erika Simon, ed. H. Froning, R. Holscher, and H. Mielsch, pp. 270­75 (Mainz, 1992). See cat. no. 1, note 7, and supra, note 8. Departure scenes are well attested on red­figured vases. See vases in St. Peters­ burg, Warsaw, and Syracuse in Reeder 1995, pp. 154­60, nos. 18,19, and 20. On aidos and sophrosyne as the proper qualities in a wife, see Reeder 1995, pp. 123­26. Grossman 1995, pp. 204­13. The first is in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3379: Clairmont 1993, 3: 68, no. 3.171. The second is divided between New York, Shelby White and Leon Levy collection, and Brauron, Museum BE 6: C. W. Clairmont, Classical Attic Tombstones, suppl. vol. (Kilchberg, 1995) p. 67, nos. 3.195 and 3.200. Cat. no. 4. Crave stele o f Philoxenos with his wife, Philoumene. Malibu 83.AA.378. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 17 5. Grave Stele ofMoschion with His Dog About 375 B.C. MOXXIQN PAMNO<T>XIOI "Moschion (from) Rhamnous" The inscription is somewhat unusual i n including the name Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 61.5 cm of Moschions deme (demotic), but not the name of his father (24V4 in.); W i d t h : 29.5 cm (ii /s in.); Depth: 6.4 cm (2V2 in.) (patronymic). The name Moschion is attested both at Athens 5 2 and i n many demes of Attika. 73.AA.117 CONSERVATION 3 Moschion from the deme of Rhamnous is depicted as a nude chubby boy who stands facing left. His hair is short and The stele is complete except for a break at the very bottom. curly. He holds his left arm at his side with the index finger There are chips along the top molding and along the sides at extended. He stretches his right hand, which holds a bird, toward the front. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably a dog at the left, who balances on his hind legs on a rounded ob­ Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to a light ject, possibly a rock. Boys holding birds toward dogs might seem golden b r o w n . Tooth­chisel marks are preserved on the front at the b o t t o m and on the sides. The top o f the stele has a weathered cruel but the gesture, which is seen only on funerary monuments, tooth­chisel finish. The original thickness o f the stone has been is perhaps symbolic of the fragility of life. Folds of a long cloak reduced i n modern times by cutting out the central part o f the rest on the boys left shoulder; most of it falls along his back back, leaving just an outer border o f the original rough­picked and ends i n a pile on the ground behind h i m . The dog is the surface, which was made by a point chisel. 4 5 short, curly­haired type most frequently depicted on ancient funerary monuments. I t is a Canis melitaeus, or Maltese, a breed PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY The /. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1974), p. 12; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p. 32; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 40. A. Oikonomides, "Two Attic Funerary Stelai i n the J. Paul Getty Museum," GettyMusJ 2 (1975): 54­56; Frel 1979a, p. 19, mentioned i n ancient literary sources and shown i n graphic rep­ resentations. I n modern breeds, this type of dog is more like a Spitz than a Maltese. 6 The gravestone of this boy, who is approximately three to five years old, is easily placed within the tradition of Attic funerary stelai depicting male children. The type with a nude boy or youth 7 no. 70; B. Petrakos, "Nees ereuves ston Rhamnounta," wearing a cloak draped on one shoulder was popular from the Archaiologike Ephemeris, 1979: 28­29; SEG 30.223; Woysch­ end of the fifth to the end of the fourth century B.C. 8 Meautis 1982, p. 120, no. 201a; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 206; A monument such as this with its indifferent carving and C. W. Clairmont, " T t ain't necessarily so': Remarks on Some similarity to a large number of other examples has no distinctive Gravestones w i t h Inscriptions," Horos 5 (1987): 45­47, no. 1; SEG 37.186; Clairmont 1993,1:195, no. 0.877; idem, intro. vol., p. 83; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 320, no. 61, s.v. Moschion; stylistic characteristics of a type useful for dating. I t was probably made i n a sculptural workshop that specialized i n gravestones, Scholl 1996, p. 117 nn. 798­99, p. 118, p. 122 n. 834, p. 182 n. 1231, and only the inscription giving the name of the deceased would p. 342, no. 447, p i . 33.2; Bergemann 1997, p. 80 n. 115, p. 145 n. have been specifically commissioned. The relatively low relief 129; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6. and the profile pose, which is replaced by more frontal or three­ quarter renderings later i n the century, suggest a tentative S T E L E W I T H A F L A T T O P crowned by a molding composed o f chronology within the first half o f the fourth century B.C. A 9 two elements separated by an incised straight line. The figures are gravestone i n Paris offers the closest parallel to this monument i n placed i n a shallow recessed panel whose upper corners are carved terms of style and iconography. Something slightly odd strikes 10 in the outline of antecapitals. These architectural elements—the one about this work: a small boy confined i n a small space playing antas topped by capitals—which frame the niche on this stele, but somehow not seeming playful. would probably originally have been further delineated with painted details. The stele tapers inward from bottom to top. The 1 name and deme of the deceased are inscribed on the stele between the molding and the figural panel. 18 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Cat. no. 5. Crave stele o f Moschion. Malibu 73.AA.n7. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 19 Detail o f the inscription on the grave stele o f Moschion. 1 For painting of Classical Attic funerary sculpture, see P. Reutersward, Studien zur Polychromie derPlastik: Griechenland undRom (Stockholm, i960), pp. 5 3 ­ 58. Monuments such as this example with small recessed figural panels, called Bildfeldstelen in German, have been studied as a group by Scholl 1996. 2 A. Gikonomides, "Two Attic Funerary Stelai in the J. Paul Getty Museum," GettyMusJ 2 (1975): 53­56, suggested on the basis of letter style and the absence of a patronymic that the inscription was a modern addition, but B. Petrakos, "Nees ereunes ston Rhamnounta," Archaiologike Ephemeris, 1979: 28 ­ 2 9 , cites ancient parallels for the omitted patronymic and the disposition of the letters. See SEG 30.223 for a summary of the two positions. It should be noted that an examination of the surface of the stone in the area of the inscription under both raking and ultraviolet light does not reveal any irregu­ larities consistent with a later addition. 3 Davies 1971, pp. 178­80, no. 4810, and p. 395; Osborne and Byrne 1994, pp. 320­21, s.v. Moschion. See Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 45­46. Dogs and birds are common compan­ ions of children, cf. H . Riihfel, Kinderleben im klassischen Athen (Mainz, 1984), 4 20 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE pp. 142, 743, fig. 80. Clairmont 1993,1:195, no. 0.877, suggests that the dog stands on a turtle, but this seems unlikely. 5 Clairmont, 1993,1:195, states that behind the drapery folds on the ground is a circular object, possibly the wheel of a toy cart. There are two groups of drap­ ery folds, one behind the other, and perhaps Clairmont interpreted one of them as a wheel. For a similar long cloak that ends in a pile of folds on the ground, cf. a stele in Pella, inv. 80.454: Clairmont 1993,1:143­45, no. 0.693. 6 See Woysch­Meautis 1982, p. 60. A Roman funerary monument in the Getty Museum, acc. no. 71.AA.271, features a dog of the same type: G. Koch, Roman Funerary Sculpture: Catalogue of the Collections (Malibu, 1988), pp. 85­86, no. 30. 7 An outline of the antecedents and tradition of the type appears in Vorster 1983, pp. 12­26,39­42, 48­88, nos. GR 101­29. 8 Vorster 1983, pp. 12­13, no. GR 15, cites a stele in Berlin, Staatliche Museen 757 (K 24), as the first example of the type. 9 Vorster 1983, pp. 12­13, 90. 10 Musee du Louvre Ma 813: Hamiaux 1992, p. 200, no. 206. 6. Grave Stele ofThrasynos with His Parents, Thrasonides and Archilla S T E L E W I T H A F L O R A L A N T H E M I O N carved i n low relief and a shallow figural panel, whose upper corners are carved with the outline of antecapitals. Anthemia are the crowning elements on grave stelai, carved i n the form of luxurious vegetation. This About 375 B.C. floral finial might be carved i n shallow relief, or it may be more Fine­grained white marble with mica; Height: 139.1 cm (54 /4 in.); Width: 38.7 cm (15V4 in.); Depth: 3.8 cm (1V2 in.) 3 plastically rendered, approaching a three­dimensional form. A l l anthemia are variations on the theme of a palmette that rises out of a centrally placed bunch of acanthus leaves. Other elements, 72.AA.120 such as flowers, buds, vines, volutes, birds, and sirens might be incorporated into the basic palmette­and­acanthus­leaf design. CONSERVATION The stele is complete, although composed of two joined fragments. There are chips along the left lower edge, the sides, and the top. The back has been cut down in modern times. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface of the marble is very weathered and granular. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to a light brown. The underside appears to be the original surface of rough point­chisel work; there are tooth­chisel marks on the lower edge of the front in the region that would have been placed into a base for display in the cemetery. The antas topped by capitals that frame the niche on this stele would probably originally have been further delineated with painted details. The top is curved with corner akroteria. The relief 1 design of the anthemion consists of a central palmette of eight fronds rising from a leafy acanthus base with half­palmettes at either side. Two large lotus buds fill the spaces between the half­ palmettes and the central palmette. The anthemion is separated 2 from the body of the stele by a molding composed of two elements, a tainia and a flat ovolo, which are separated by an incised groove. Three names are inscribed on the stele just below the molding: 3 PROVENANCE Unknown. 0PAXQNIAO 0PAXYNOZ APXIAAA BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1974), p. 12; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), pp. 32­33; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 40. Frel 1979a, p. 18, no. 67; Frel 1979b, p. 43, no. 67; A. Mantes, Provlemata tes eikonographias ton hiereion kai ton hiereon sten archaia Hellenike techne (Thessaloniki, 1983), pp. 104­5, no. 6, p. 112, pi. 34b; SEG 33.227; J. Frel, "Ancient Repairs to Classical Sculptures at Malibu," GettyMusJ12 (1984): 74, no. 5; SEG 34.231; Thickpenny 1985, pp. 5­7; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 206; A. Mantes, Provlemata tes eikonographias ton hiereion kai ton hiereon sten archaia Hellenike techne (Athens, 1990), p. 86, no. 6, p. 90, pi. 38b; Clairmont 1993, 3:132­33, no. 3.305; M . ­ T . Le Dinahet and N . Mouret, "Les Steles funeraires grecques: Etudes stylistiques et iconographiques, annees 1980­1992," Topoi 3 (1993): 124­25, no. 45; J. Bergemann, "Die biirgerliche Identitat der Athener i m Spiegel der attischen Grabreliefs," in Griechische Klassik: Vortrage bei der interdisziplinaren Tagungdes Deutschen Archaologenverbandes und der Mommsengesellschaft vom 24.-27. Oktober 1991 in Blaubeuren ed. E. Pohlmann and W. Gauer, pp. 283­84 (Nuremberg, 1994), esp. pp. 283­84; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 71, no. 5, s.v. Archilla, p. 229, no. 1, s.v. Thrasynos, and p. 230, no. 10, s.v. Thrasonides; Scholl 1996, p. 63 nn. 389­92, p. 64 nn. 397 and 401­2, p. 102 n. 692, p. 104, p. 136 n. 936, p. 143 nn. 988 and 990, pp. 144­45, 34i~42> no. 446, pi. 39.4; Bergemann 1997, p. 37 n. 23, p. 215, no. 112; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 7. y "Thrasynos, (son) of Thrasonides (and) Archilla" The name Archilla is attested i n a few instances at Athens; Thra­ sonides at both Athens and i n denies of Attika; Thrasynos is not otherwise known. 4 The figural panel takes up more than one­half the height of the stele and contains three figures. At the left, a woman, Archilla, sits on an unpadded stool and rests her feet on a low footstool. She wears a dress with a cloak that covers her shoul­ 5 ders. Her hair is brushed back from her face and fastened at the nape i n a large bun. Her left hand is enveloped i n her cloak; her right is extended to shake hands with a standing bearded man facing her, presumably her son Thrasynos. He wears a cloak that 6 covers both shoulders, but his chest is bare. There is a large fold of the cloak at his waist. His hair is short; his feet are formless, probably clad i n soft shoes or boots. 7 Behind Archilla stands a second man, her husband Thra­ sonides, whose beard is longer than his sons. His legs, feet, and the hem of his garment are visible beneath the stool. His right hand is raised toward Thrasynos, possibly i n a gesture of speak­ ing. He appears to wear a long, loose tunic typical of images o f 8 priests. This figure apparently underwent modification i n antiq­ 9 uity for a secondary use. The figure originally wore a cloak as evi­ denced by the rising hemline o f such a garment, which is visible beneath Archilla's stool. That hemline is not consistent with the long tunic that now covers his upper body. Despite Clairmont s contention that this figure wears a cloak over both shoulders, the short sleeve and the continuous neckline of a priestly tunic are clearly seen, especially under raking light. in his left hand. 11 10 He holds a knife While the carving of this knife and left THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 21 Detail of the inscription on the grave stele ofThrasynos. arm appears to be ancient, i t was probably done at a time later Athens, i t is difficult to support an attribution to a single artist, as than the original production o f the monument. The knife is not Thickpenny proposes, for sculpture o f this type. carved as much as lightly incised on the surface over the folds o f gravestone for Thrasynos is interesting i n showing a son who Thrasynoss cloak. is older w i t h his parents rather than w i t h a wife and children. The date o f the stele is confirmed by the tall, narrow form and the design o f the anthemion. 12 While the stele may have been 13 This modest Particularly noteworthy is the reworking o f the father to identify h i m as a priest. carved i n the same workshop as the monument o f Simos i n 1 2 3 4 5 6 22 For painting of Classical Attic funerary sculpture, see P. Reutersward, Studien zur Polychromie derPlastik: Griechenland und Rom (Stockholm, i960), pp. 53­58. Cf. the stele of Chairestrate in Piraeus, Museum 236: H . Mobius, Die Ornamente der griechischen Grabstelen klassischer und nachklassischer Zeit (Munich, 1968), p. 30, pi. 16a. The inscription is unusual in giving the father s name in the genitive case before that of the son (the deceased), in the nominative. The names, however, were written above each figure in order to make the identification and rela­ tionship explicit. Archilla: Davies 1971, pp. 73, 573; and Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 71. Thra­ sonides: Osborne and Byrne 1994, pp. 229­30. The stool is a type 2 diphros, whose legs consist of two superimposed concave members of nearly equal height, resting on a low base. See Richter 1966, pp. 4 0 ­ 4 1 . The footstool is a schematized type 2 with curved legs that often ended in lion's paws. See Richter 1966, pp. 50­51. On dexiosis between women and men, see Stears 1995, p. 126. ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Morrow 1985, pp. 87­88. Neumann 1965, pp. 10­11. On priestly attire, see A. Mantes, Provlemata tes eikonographias ton hiereion kai tonhiereon sten archaia Hellenike techne (Athens, 1990), pp. 82­89. See Clairmont 1993, 3:133. These details appear quite similar to those on both the tunic worn by the priest on the funerary base from Kallithea (Athens, National Archaeological Museum 4502) and on the stele of Simos in Athens. For the Kallithea base, see A. Kosmopoulou, "A Funerary Base from Kallithea: New Light on Fifth­century Eschatology," American Journal of Archaeology 102 (1998): 531­ 45,fig.3. For the stele of Simos, see Thickpenny 1985,fig.2. Cf. the priest holding a sacrificial knife on the funerary base from Kallithea, supra, note 10. The proposed secondary use for this stone helps reconcile the discrepancy between the date of the sculpture, which is earlier, and the style of the inscrip­ tion, dated about 360 B.C. Bodel and Tracy, p. 7. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 772: Thickpenny 1985, p. 5. Cat. no. 6. Grave stele o f Thrasynos. Malibu 72.AA.120. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 23 7. Grave Stele of Mynnia with Bergemann 1997, p. 37 nn. 20 and 22, p. 53 n . 195, p. 65 n. 323, p. 88 n. 202, p. 93 n. 250, p. 215, no. 106, and p. 219, Her Mother, Euphrosyne, and Her Sister, Artemisias no. 191; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6. S T E L E P R O B A B L Y O R I G I N A L L Y W I T H A slightly rounded pedi­ About 370 B.C. ment painted w i t h a floral design similar to that o n a stele once i n Laurion. Beneath this crowning element is a broad inscribed 1 Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 97.8 c m (38V2 in.); W i d t h : 43.8 c m (17V4 in.); Depth: 5.1 cm (2 in.) architrave and a shallow figural panel framed by antas. The inscription reads: 71.AA.121 EN0A[AE] K E I T A I M Y N N I A M H T P I nO0EINH CONSERVATION EYO[P]OXYNH: APTEMIXIAX M T N N I A EYTEAO Reconstructed from three fragments w i t h a fill affixing the "Here lies M y n n i a to the sorrow o f her mother, small left fragment. The broken­off top was probably a Euphrosyne. Artemisias, M y n n i a (daughters) o f Euteles" rounded pediment. The b o t t o m is broken off, and there is a large chip at the left lower front. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface has weathered to a Euphrosyne sits at the left on a stool w i t h a very t h i n cush­ golden b r o w n color. There are rasp marks o n the lower part i o n , her bare feet resting on a footstool. She wears a dress w i t h a o f the front surface. The sides retain marks o f the original tooth­chisel finish. The back has been cut down w i t h a circular saw i n modern times. 2 3 cloak pulled up over her bowed head. She grasps the edge o f the cloak at shoulder height w i t h the fingers o f her left hand, a ges­ ture connected w i t h brides and married women. Her right hand 4 PROVENANCE is extended to shake the hand o f a young woman, Mynnia, stand­ Unknown. ing before her. 5 Mynnia bears her weight o n her right leg; the left is pulled BIBLIOGRAPHY The J Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1974), pp. 12­13; bare. She wears a dress w i t h a cloak that nearly envelops her. Her ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p. 33; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 40. J. Frel, " A n Attic Grave Stele w i t h Epigram," Greek, Roman, left hand is wrapped i n the folds o f her cloak i n a m o t i f called the and Byzantine Studies 14 (1973): 173­77; Vermeule and "hanging sleeve." This is a recurring m o t i f seen on girls, boys, and Neuerburg 1973, p. 8, no. 11; M . Markovich and R. Merkelback, young women placed on the right side o f a composition. These "A Misplaced Sigma?" ZPE15 (1974): 168; J. and L. Robert, "Bulletin epigraphique," Revue des Etudes grecques 87 (1974): 222, no. 222; ibid. 89 (1976): 454, no. 203; ibid. 90 (1977): 341, figures are wrapped so completely i n a large cloak that i t hangs over the left side o f the body, covering the left arm and forming a no. 165; B. B. Fredericksen et a l , The J. Paul Getty Museum "hanging sleeve." Mynnia s long curly hair is brushed back from (Malibu, 1975), p. 34; C. W. Clairmont, "Studies i n Greek her face into a roll fastened at the nape o f her neck and becomes Gravestones," Melanges d'histoire ancienne et d'archeologie offerts a Paul Collart (Lausanne, 1976), pp. 101­2; G. Daux, "Notes de lecture," Bulletin de Correspondance hellenique 100 (1976): 206­10; ibid. 102 (1978): 604 n. 38, p. 605; R. Stupperich, 6 a braid that extends down her back. Part o f the ritual o f bridal preparation was fastening the hair w i t h ribbons and covering i t w i t h a veil, which symbolized the approaching change o f status Staatsbegrabnis und Privatgrabmal im klassischen Athen from the freedom o f childhood to the possibly restrictive respon­ (Minister, 1977), p. 93 n . 4, p. 106 n. 4, p. 107 n . 4, p. 112 n. 5, sibilities and duties o f marriage. I n many places, girls would cut pp. 125,179, no. 474; J. Frel, "Le Sculpteur des danseuses," their hair prior to marriage and dedicate i t to a deity. Mynnia s GettyMusJ 6-7 (1978­1979): 80 n . 10; Frel 1979a, p. 17, no. 65; developed breasts indicate that she is o f marriageable age, but her B. Schmaltz, "Verwendung u n d Funktion attischer Grabmaler," Marburger Winckelmann Programm, 1979, p. 25 n . 51; J. Frel, "Ancient Repairs to Classical Sculptures at M a l i b u , " GettyMusJ 7 8 long braid shows that she is still a maiden and must have died, therefore, unmarried. 12 (1984): 74­75, no. 6; SEG 36.368; Butz 1987, Appendix B, Between the two women kneels a small girl, Artemisias, p. 206; C. W. Clairmont, " ' I t ain't necessarily so': Remarks who stretches out her right arm toward Euphrosyne, most likely on Some Gravestones," Hows 5 (1987): 53­57; SEG 37.187; her mother. The girl wears a short­sleeved dress w i t h shoulder Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, p. 48 n . 2; S. Margolis and W Showers, "Ancient Greek and Roman Sculpture: Authentication, Weathering, and Provenance Determination," i n Marble: cords, which are fastened to the center o f a belt tied under her breasts. The cords secured to the belt help keep the dress i n place. Sculpture, Dresses w i t h shoulder cords were worn by young girls because pp. 283­89 (Malibu, 1990), p. 287, Table 1, no. 10; Clairmont they are more physically active than older girls. Artemisia s hair Art Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Ancient 9 1993, 2: 655­56, no. 2.718; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 66, is brushed back from her face into a roll bound w i t h a fillet. The no. 12, s.v. Artemisia, p. 184, no. 9, s.v. Euteles, p. 189, no. 18, younger sister o f Mynnia may be reaching up to comfort her s.v. Euphrosyne, and p. 322, no. 3, s.v. Mynnia; Reeder 1995, pp. 336­37, no. 104; Stears 1995, p. 119; Benson 1996, p. 136 24 back slightly, w i t h just the toes resting on the ground. Her feet are grieving mother. Both by its inscription and by its iconography n. 47, no. 1; Scholl 1996, p. 60 nn. 370 and 375­77, pp. 6 1 ­ the monument emphasizes the pathos and sorrow a parent expe­ 62, p. 102 n. 692, p. 197 n. 1310, pp. 215, 341, no. 445, pi. 9.1; riences at the loss o f a c h i l d . ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 10 Cat. no. 7. Grave stele o f Mynnia. Malibu 71.AA.121. THE CLASSICAL' PERIOD 25 Originally the second line of the inscription listed only Euphrosyne and Mynnia; the name Artemisias and the father s name (patronymic), Eutelo (of Euteles), were added after the relief was completed. Because Mynnia is placed just above the head of the standing woman on the right, Euphrosyne denotes the seated woman at the left, who is the mother. Thus the later addition— Artemisias—refers to the younger girl kneeling at her mothers knee. Euteles was the husband of Euphrosyne and the father of the two girls. Perhaps Artemisias died after the relief was carved, but before marriage, and her name was added so that the stele could honor both daughters. The names Artemisia, Euteles, and Euphrosyne are attested i n other inscriptions from Athens and demes of Attika. Mynnia is attested on one other inscription from Athens and may possibly be restored on a second one, both of the fourth century B . C . Drawing of the inscription on the grave stele of Mynnia. 11 The domestic nature of the scene may be compared to that on a lekythos i n the Athenian Agora. A fragment o f a stele 12 i n London bears the head of a young woman very similar i n style to that o f M y n n i a . The date o f the stele is suggested by the style 1 13 of the drapery. Characteristic of the first decades of the fourth cen­ tury is the mass of fabric folds i n Euphrosyne s lap, accentuated 2 by deep grooves. The drapery becomes decorative, hanging like a curtain over the body, rather than accentuating the form of the 3 body. The deep V­shaped folds at the neckline o f both Mynnia s and Euphrosyne s dresses are also characteristic of the period. This stele is unique i n its capacity to transcend its genre while conforming to all the canons of its time. I t still manages to touch us with its tragic particularity. The angles, the counte­ nances, the resignation, even the thinness of the mother s cushion are evocative o f dynamic human reality, beyond static depiction. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 26 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Once in the French Mining Company, now lost: Clairmont 1993, 2: 560­61, no. 2.440a. A relief in Munich, Glyptothek 483, still has visible remains of its painted anthemion: Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, pp. 85­98, no. 15, pis. 32­35. The stool is a type 2 diphros, whose legs consist of two superimposed concave members of nearly equal height resting on a low base. See Richter 1966, pp. 40­41. The footstool is the simplest of the types, a type 3, of boxlike construction, this one with curved sides. See Richter 1966, p. 51. On the gesture, which may be a reference to the ritual unveiling of the bride at weddings (anakalypteria), see Stears 1995, pp. 119­20. On the gesture, called dexiosis, see cat. no. 1, note 7. Benson 1996, pp. 124­27. See Reeder 1995, pp. 126­28. See W. Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth (Berkeley, 1983), p. 63 n. 20. See Vorster 1983, p. 17. M . Golden, Children and Childhood in Classical Athens (Baltimore and Lon­ don, 1990), pp. 82­95, explores the feelings of Athenian parents at the death of their children. See Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 6, s.v. Artemisia, p. 184, s.v. Euteles, p. 189, s.v. Euphrosyne, and p. 322, s.v. Mynnia. Agora 1 7031: Grossman 1995, pp. 239­ 42, no. 99. The stele of Klearete, London, British Museum 1910.4­14.1: Clairmont 1993, 1: 314­15, no. 1.326. 8. Grave Naiskos of a Young Woman Holding a Doll figurines with truncated arms and legs. The young woman's face 2 is incompletely carved with only the left side finished i n detail. Her long, full, curly hair is fastened at the neck and falls to the middle of her back. I t is the loose hairstyle o f an unmarried woman. Her About 360 B . C . developed breasts show, however, that she was of marriageable Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 72.5 cm age when she died. She wears a dress with a cloak wrapped over (28V2 in.); W i d t h : 36 cm (14V8 in.); Depth: 12.5 cm (4% in.) her left shoulder and breast. Three buttons of the right sleeve o f the dress are detailed. 82.AA.135 The carving and style of the monument are very close to CONSERVATION those of the stele of Aristomache i n Edinburgh. A date i n the first The naiskos is broken at the top and bottom. The head and decades of the fourth century is indicated by the depth of the neck o f the woman are broken and reattached. The marble is carving, which is accentuated by the low relief of the folds of the micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has cloak. Another feature distinctive of this date is the way the drap­ 3 changed the stone to a golden color. The back o f the stone is roughly picked w i t h a point chisel; the sides are finished w i t h the tooth chisel, and there are marks o f a flat chisel on the ery responds to differing stresses and tensions; for example, the folds that frame the outside of the girl's left upper leg and the inner background. There are rasp marks on the cloak and dress o f lower leg. Contrasting with drapery portrayed i n an earlier period the young woman and on the body o f the goose. The face and is the greater thickness of the fabric here; the body is less revealed. hands o f the woman are smoothly finished. A sweet and pious image of the deceased young woman is depicted here. Her piety is emphasized by the votive figure she PROVENANCE Gift of Vasek Polak, Hermosa Beach, California. holds. Her sweetness is seen i n her expression and the modest bowing of her head. BIBLIOGRAPHY Clairmont 1993,1: 308­9, no. 1.311; Bergemann 1997, p. 86 n. 179, p. 99 n . 22, p. 171, no. 509, pi. 63.2. 1 F I G U R A L S C E N E I N A S H A L L O W N A I S K O S framed by antas. A young woman stands facing left. I n front of her, with its body overlapping the left anta, stands a long­necked bird with a small incised triangular eye, probably a goose. The young woman's 1 head is bent to look at an armless and legless doll she holds before her with both hands. Truncated figures like this are probably not "dolls" i n the sense of a toy but represent votive figures, which would have been offered to a divinity. A small group of grave m o n ­ 2 3 Clairmont 1993,1: 308­9, no. 1.311, identifies the bird as a heron, but a com­ parison with gravestones depicting geese reveals that it is more likely the lat­ ter. See Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 47­48, but esp. p. 218, no. 218, pi. 31 (Piraeus, Museum 1703). Cf. also the goose on a stele in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 2775: Clairmont 1993,1: 206, no. 0.918. See J. Reilly, "Naked and Limbless: Learning about the Feminine Body in Ancient Athens," American Journal of Archaeology 99 (1995): 304. Edinburgh, National Gallery 686: Clairmont 1993,1: 341, no. 1.367 (wrongly said to be located in the Royal Museum of Scotland, from a previous time when it was on loan there). Also similar are stones in Munich (Glyptothek 199) and Piraeus (Museum 1703): Clairmont 1993,1:188­89 and 277, nos. 0.869a and 1.247, respectively. uments depict girls and young women holding fully formed female THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 27 Cat. no. 8. Grave naiskos o f a young woman. Malibu 82.AA.135. 28 A T T I C FUNERARY SCULPTURE 9- Grave Naiskos of Theogenis with Her Mother, Nikomache, and Her Brother, Nikodemos About 360 B.C. NAISKOS WITH A TRIANGULAR PEDIMENT supported by an architrave and antas. The pediment is adorned with one central and two side akroteria. Three names are inscribed on the architrave: Θ Ε Ο Γ Ε Ν ΙΣ Ν ΙΚ Ο Δ Η Μ Ο Σ Π Ο Λ Υ Λ Λ Ο Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 110 c m (43V4 in.); "Theogenis Nikodemos (son) o f Polyllos" W i d t h : 92.5 c m (36 /s in.); Depth: 19 c m (7V2 in.) 3 and one on the geison above: 78.AA.58 NIKOMAXH CONSERVATION "Nikomache" Reconstructed from three joining fragments, the naiskos is broken off irregularly at the bottom. There are chips and abrasions over the surface. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The original tooth­chisel finish A l l four names are attested i n other inscriptions from Athens and some of the demes of Attika, Nikodemos being the most common. 2 is preserved o n the sides. The back retains some o f its original Polyllos, the father of Nikodemos, is possibly identical with Polyl­ rough­picked surface made by the point chisel, b u t i t has los from Paiania, whose statue was erected on the Acropolis by mostly been cut down i n modern times. W h e n A d o l f Michaelis saw the stele i n the nineteenth century, there were still remains of a painted kymation design o n the cornice separating the architrave and pediment. his brother. Like this gravestone, the inscribed base of the statue of Polyllos once belonged to Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of Elgin and eleventh Earl of Kincardine. I t is now i n London. 1 3 At the right of the composition, an older woman, Niko­ PROVENANCE mache, with a cap o f thick, short hair, sits on what must have From the village o f Grammatikon i n northeast Attika; formerly been a stool since no chairback is evident behind her. She wears i n the collection o f Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl o f Elgin and eleventh Earl o f Kincardine, Broomhall, Dunfermline, Scotland. 4 a dress with a cloak draped over both shoulders. The figure is 5 thick and solid looking, which befits a mature woman. Her face is round with narrow, thick­lidded eyes and a mouth shaped like a cupid s bow. Her left hand rests i n her lap, while her right is BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Los Angeles, 1954), p . 22, extended slightly to shake the hand of a woman standing at the no. 6; ibid. (Los Angeles, 1956), p. 14, no. 6; ibid. (Malibu, 1974), left of the composition. p. 12; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p. 32; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 39. A. Michaelis, "Ancient Marbles i n Great Britain," JHS 5 (1884): 143­61, esp. 150­51, no. 11; A. Conze, Die attischen 6 The second woman, Theogenis, wears a dress with a cloak draped over her shoulders. The fingers of her left hand grasp the Grabreliefs, 4 vols. (Berlin, 1893­1922), 1: 83, no. 356, p i . 88; edge of her cloak at chest height. Her hair is brushed back from A. H . Smith, "Lord Elgin and His Collection," JHS 36 (1916): 286 her face into a roll fastened loosely at the back. Between Theoge­ n. 228, p. 293, no. 23; J. Paul Getty and E. LeVane, Collector's Choice (London, 1955), p. 201; Vermeule 1955, p. 132; Getty et al. 1965, pp. 56­57, 68; Stothart 1965, p. 25 (as 1­73); J. Frei, Les Sculpteurs attiques anonymes, 430-300 B.C. (Prague, 1969), p. 39, nis and Nikomache and carved i n shallower relief stands a man with a short, sparse beard: Nikodemos. He wears a cloak draped over his left shoulder, which leaves his chest bare. His right arm no. 272; C. Houser, "Is I t from the Parthenon?" American crosses his chest to grasp the edge of the cloak at chest height. The Journal of Archaeology 76 (1972): 131 n. 35; IG 11 11630; Frei fingers of his left hand hold the outer edge of the cloak at shoul­ 1979a, pp. 20­21, no. 78; Frei 1979b, p. 43, no. 78; SEG 33.225; der height. A rounded object that appears to be suspended from Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 207; Pfisterer­Haas 1990, pp. 184­85; his left wrist is probably an aryballos. Since his thick hair is short 2 Clairmont 1993, 3:169, 3.343; J. Bergemann, "Die bürgerliche Identität der Athener i m Spiegel der attischen Grabreliefs," i n Griechische Klassik: Vorträge bei der interdisziplinären Tagung des Deutschen Archäologenverbandes und der Mommsengesellschaft vom 24.-27. Oktober 1991 in Blaubeuren, ed. E. Pöhlmann and W. Gauer, pp. 283­93 (Nuremberg, 1994), esp. pp. 284­85; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 213, no. 2, s.v. Theogenis, p. 335, no. 62, s.v. Nikodemos, p. 337, no. 15, s.v. Nikomache, and p. 374, no. 3, s.v. Polyllos; Bergemann 1997, p. 7 and curly, and his beard is carved so that it looks like new growth, 8 he is probably a younger man. A n association with exercise and the palaistra—implied by the aryballos he carries—is likewise the mark of a younger man. The style o f the drapery, but especially the form o f the hands with their evenly spaced, straight fingers, is comparable to 9 features on monuments i n Paris and Leiden. Drapery i n this 36 nn. 15 and 17, p. 38 n. 30, p. 50 n. 160, p. 88 n. 201, p. 100 n . period envelops the body opaquely with a uniform texture that 35, p. 106 n. 121, p. 107 n. 130, p. 171, no. 508, p. 215, no. 113, p. suggests the reality of the fabric. The date is confirmed by the 10 219, no. 207, pis. 53.3­4, 85.3, and 110.2­4; Bodel and Tracy style of Nikodemos s head with its pronounced brow and broad, 1997, P­ 7­ flat cheeks and the letter forms of the inscription on the epistyle. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 29 Drawing of the inscription on the grave naiskos of Theogenis. This is a family monument o f above­average quality that would most likely have been part o f a family burial plot (peribo- appears unfinished i n the area that attaches to the background o f the naiskos. These unusual details i n the carving are probably due los). The monument shows signs o f reuse b o t h i n the inscription to a recarving o f the figures on the stone. and i n the carving. The name Nikomache was carved by a hand ment now, it commemorates the death o f Theogenis, the daugh­ different from the one that carved the other three names, and its ter o f Nikomache and, presumably, Polyllos, and the sister o f placement on the geison o f the pediment points to a later addi­ Nikodemos. The somewhat static quality o f the work dampens its tion. The left hands o f Theogenis and Nikodemos are carved i n expressiveness but, on the other hand, highlights the complexity an unusual manner, and their placement is unique, as is that o f and sophistication o f its design. 11 As we see the m o n u ­ the aryballos. I n addition, the face o f Nikomache is wide and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 30 A. Michaelis, "Ancient Marbles in Great Britain," JHS 5 (1884): 143­61, esp. p. 151. All traces of paint have since disappeared; nothing is evident even under ultraviolet light. For Nikodemos, see Davies 1971, pp. 217­18, no. 6669, v i , pp. 407­8, no. 10814, P­ 4°9> PP­ 410­11, no. 11019; and Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 335. On the other three names, see Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 213, s.v. Theogenis, p. 337, s.v. Nikomache, and p. 374, s.v. Polyllos. British Museum: IG11 3838; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 374, no. 2, s.v. Polyllos. See Richter 1966, pp. 33­37, on chairs with backs; pp. 38­43 on stools without backs. See Pfisterer­Haas 1990, p. 185 n. 31, who designates Nikomache as old by the cloak drawn up on the back of her neck and by her hairstyle of short locks. On the gesture, called dexiosis, see cat. no. 1, note 7. Clairmont 1993, 6: 76, lists eighteen monuments with either a young man or a man holding an aryballos, although none of thesefiguresholds the vessel in the same manner as Nikodemos. But the shape of the object on the Getty stone is entirely consistent with that of an aryballos. Cf. the aryballos on the monument of Euagoras in Geneva, the Ortiz collection: Clairmont 1993, 2: 108, no. 2.159. 2 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 8 Men with short hair and light beards are seen on several monuments of the second quarter of the fourth century B.C. Cf. a head in the Athenian Agora, s 118: Grossman 1995, pp. 180­82, no. 78. 9 Paris, Musee du Louvre Ma 767: Hamiaux 1992, p. 166, no. 162; Leiden, Rijksmuseum 1878: AU: Clairmont 1993, 2: 589­90, no. 2.461. 10 Cf. the Eirene of Kephisodotos, which has a secure date because of its appear­ ance on Panathenaic amphorai dated to the archon year 360/359: A. Stewart, Greek Sculpture: An Exploration (New Haven, 1990), pp. 173­74. 11 Thanks are due Bernhard Schmaltz for pointing out that a thick strip of uncarved marble between a figure and the background is indicative of recarv­ ing and, therefore, reuse: B. Schmaltz, "Re­using Classical Gravereliefs," paper given at a colloquium in honor of C. W. Clairmont, Les Pierres de VOffrande, 9­11 December 1998, Universite Blaise­Pascal, Clermont­Ferrand. The pro­ ceedings of the colloquium are forthcoming. On the adaptive reuse of a group of gravestones from Thespiai in Boeotia, see E. B. Harrison, "Repair, Reuse, and Reworking of Ancient Greek Sculpture," in Marble: Art Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Ancient Sculpture: Papers Delivered at a Symposium Organized by the Departments of Antiquities and Antiquities Conservation and Held at the J. Paul Getty Museum April 28-30,1988, ed. M . True and J. Podany, pp. 163­84, esp. 173­74 (Malibu, 1990). Cat. no. 9. Crave naiskos o f Theogenis. Malibu 78.AA.58. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 31 10. Fragment of the Grave Naiskos and the geison above: ofPolystrate with Her Husband, Opsiades, and Her Daughter About 360 B.C. [ O J ^ I A A H X O ^ I A A O Y ES O I O Y "Opsiades (son) o f Opsiades from Oion" Only the heads of two standing figures remain. A t the left, facing right, is the head of an older bearded male figure, Opsi­ Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 36.8 cm (14V2 in.); W i d t h : 52.1 cm (20V2 in.); Depth: 14.6 c m (5% in.) ades. His face is narrow and craggy w i t h a furrowed brow marked by a horizontal crease. There are lines at the corner of his right eye, and his cheek sags. His hair is short and combed forward i n 1 73.AA.116 slightly wavy locks, but his beard and mustache are long. The 2 details of Opsiades' physiognomy and his hairstyle of short hair CONSERVATION The naiskos is broken at the right and below. There is a large chip missing from the left akroterion. The back and top have been cut d o w n i n modern times. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone combed forward are comparable to the depiction on gravestones of a type of elderly man that was influenced by a mid­fourth­ century­B.c. portrait of Plato by Silanion. 3 At the right of the fragment is the head of a female figure to discolor to golden brown. with her face slightly turned to the right. Her hair is brushed back PROVENANCE from her face into a roll about her head. The shape of her fore­ Unknown. head is slightly triangular, and her eyes are narrow and almond­ shaped, features seen on monuments around the middle of the BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1975), p. 33; ibid. fourth century B.C. The heads of both figures are bowed i n a position sug­ (Malibu, 1976), p. 40. A. Oikonomides, "Two Attic Funerary Stelai i n the J. Paul Getty Museum," GettyMusJ 2 (1975): 53 ­54; SEG 26.296; A. Oikonomides, "Aristoteles, the Son o f Opsiades and Polystrate," GettyMusJ 5 (1977): 41­42; Frel 1979a, p. 18, gesting that they are looking down at a t h i r d figure, now missing, who was probably seated. By extending the line of the existing 4 part of the pediment to the right, the size o f the original monu­ no. 69; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 206; C. W. Clairmont, " I t ment can be approximated; it would have accommodated a three­ ain't necessarily so': Remarks on Some Gravestones w i t h figured relief. Most three­figured reliefs w i t h a standing male Inscriptions," Horos 5 (1987): 47, no. 2; SEG 37.192; Clairmont and female figure looking down have them looking at a seated 1993 3­ 305­6, no. 3.405; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 355, no. 6, woman. Since Opsiades is shown as an older man, the seated 5 s.v. Opsiades, and p. 375, no. 2, s.v. Polystrate; Bergemann 1997, p. 171, no. 504; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 7. 5 woman was undoubtedly his wife, for comparable scenes of a man and woman i n these positions are almost always of a hus­ band and wife. The missing figure, therefore, is probably Poly­ strate, the woman named i n the inscription on the architrave and U P P E R L E F T PART OF A N A I S K O S w i t h a triangular pediment the wife of Opsiades. The young woman who stood between the supported by an architrave and anta w i t h an elaborated capital. husband and wife is probably their daughter. The remnant of a corner akroterion remains. The architrave is inscribed: 6 The family to which Opsiades and Polystrate belonged may have been connected w i t h Attic silver mining. Even though 7 just a fragment survives of this funerary monument, the individ­ nOATZTPA[—] cc 32 ATTIC Polystra[te]" FUNERARY SCULP TU RE ualistic rendering of the faces and the size of the naiskos point to its original high quality and attendant expense. Cat. no. 1O. Grave naiskos of Polystrate. Malibu 73.AA.n6. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 33 Drawing of the inscription on the grave naiskos o f Polystrate. 1 2 3 4 34 On conventions of depicting standing old men, see Meyer 1989, pp. 48, 6 0 ­ 6 6 . Cf. the hair and beard on the head of Kalliades on a monument in Berkeley, Lowie Museum of Anthropology 8/4985: J. Nickel, in Poseidon s Realm: Ancient Greek Art from the Lowie Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley (Sacramento, 1982), p. 89, no. 76. This seems to be a less common way of showing older men; more common is either long hair swept back from the forehead and long beard or a receding hairline with hair either long or short and a long beard. See Bergemann 1997, pp. 102­5. Proposed by Moltesen 1995, p. 97. For the portrait of Plato, see G. M . A. Richter, The Portraits of the Greeks, abr. and rev. R. R. R. Smith (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), pp. 181­86. Cf. the composition on a stele in Gotha, Schlofimuseum A Rel 1: Clairmont 1993) 3­ 316­17, no. 3.410b. ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 5 6 7 E.g., stelai in Lyme Park, Stockport, Cheshire; Trieste, Museo Archeologico e Lapidario 2211; Piraeus, Museum 1360; Stockholm, Medelhavsmuseet 1984.12: Clairmont 1993, 3: 229, no. 3.369c, p. 264, no. 3.383c, pp. 274­75, no. 3.387, and pp. 304­5, no. 3.404a, respectively. See SEG 37.192, where various interpretations of the inscription with relevant bibliography are summarized. One factor that should be considered, however, is that the architrave bears signs of rasure: under raking light, the surface of the marble appears to have been removed with a flat chisel. The architrave is also unusual in having a recessed area with the molding above. The border of the recessed area is slightly irregular, adding to the suggestion of rasure. The family tree is outlined in A. N . Oikonomides, "Aristoteles, the Son of Opsiades and Polystrate," GettyMusJ 5 (1977): 42. The names Opsiades and Polystrate are otherwise attested in Attika and at Athens: Osborne and Byrne 1994) P­ 355) s.v. Opsiades, and p. 375, s.v. Polystrate. 11. Fragment of a Grave Stele with a Standing Man and a Standing Woman and o f a point chisel on the rough surface o f the back. There are chips on b o t h faces, but especially i n the center of the woman's. The marble has weathered to a yellowish patina. PROVENANCE Unknown. About 350 B.C. BIBLIOGRAPHY Fine­grained white marble w i t h grayish streaks; Height: 19.5 cm (7% in.); W i d t h : 36.5 cm (i4 /s in.); Depth: 12.3 cm (4% in.) 3 J. Breslin, "A Fourth­Century Funerary Stele i n the J. Paul Getty Museum," GettyMusJ1 (1974): 25­26; Frel 1974, no. 8; W. Peek, " Z u griechischen Epigrammen," ZPE 31 (1978): 2 6 1 ­ 73.AA.133 62; SEG 28.440; Frel 1979a, p. 17, no. 66; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 206; Clairmont 1993, 3: 265, no. 3.384; Osborne and Byrne CONSERVATION !993> P­ 5> s.v. Agakleidas; Bergemann 1997, p. 171, no. 506; The uppermost part o f the right p o r t i o n o f a stele is preserved. Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 9. There are marks o f tooth­chisel finish on the right side and top Cat. no. 11. Fragment o f a grave stele with a standing man and a standing woman. Malibu 73.AA.133. THE C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 35 Drawing o f the inscription on the grave stele Malibu 73.AA.133. R I G H T U P P E R C O R N E R OF A STELE w i t h a flat top w i t h a row of head of an older woman with short, curly hair. Her face is round antefixes, of which three remain. A two­line inscription is carved with a hairline that peaks slightly i n the center, a characteristic of on the architrave: figures carved around the middle of the fourth century B . C Her eyes are narrow with thick lids; her lips are full. Her sagging right [ [.»•• ·]Α Ι Ε Α Γ Α Κ Λ Ε Ι Δ Α Σ ]TON Κ Α Ι Α Δ Ε Λ Φ Α Ν Μ Ν Η Μ Π Α Ι [Σ ] cheek with a pronounced naso­labial fold and her short hair are ATT[Ο Τ ] indications of her advanced age. She resembles a figure on a Α Τ Ι Σ Ο Σ <Δ >Ι Α Ι Ν Ε Τ Α Ν "Agakleidas, your son, at the monument weeps 3 larger, more impressive, and slightly later monument i n Athens. 4 It is difficult to restore the composition of the scene and for his mother(?) . . . and his lamented sister" reconcile it with the inscription. Since the man and woman on The name Agakleidas is not otherwise attested at Athens or i n the the Getty fragment are older, they are most likely the parents o f denies of Attika. a missing daughter and possibly also a son, who were placed 1 At the right o f the fragment is the head of a bearded man at the left of the monument. This compositional scheme is rare, that almost touches the underside of the architrave, indicating a but one can probably make the same interpretation of a three­ standing figure. He is i n a left profile pose and looks downward figured monument i n Brussels. The other possibility is that the toward a now­missing figure or possibly two figures. His hair is mother was seated and shaking hands with her husband, and medium length and curly, and he has a long, full beard. A pro­ that the background figure is an older relative or possibly the nounced crease marks the center o f his forehead, and the naso­ 5 sister mentioned i n the inscription. The son and daughter would labial folds are furrowed—signs of advanced age. His eyes are then not have been shown. This is also a rare but not unknown narrow with thick upper lids and slightly rounded eyeballs. His scheme i n the iconography of family relationships. Because of left ear is well defined with a thick­edged pinna. the depth of the relief and the naturalistic rendering of the faces 2 At the left, carved i n low relief i n what originally would have been near the center of the composition, is the nearly frontal 6 of the man and woman, this fragment is dated i n the middle of the fourth century. 1 Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 5, s.v. Agakleidas. m o n t 1993, 3: 304­5, no. 3.404a; i n Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 2 O n conventions o f depicting advanced age i n male figures, see Meyer 1989, 1953: Clairmont 1993,3:367­68, no. 3.439a; and i n Piraeus, M u s e u m 221 + 1190: Clairmont 1993, 3: 385­86, no. 3.454. pp. 49, 6 0 ­ 6 6 . 3 Bergemann 1997, pp. 99­100, discusses this type o f representation. I t also 6 Cf. a stele i n Rome, Museo Barracco 147: C l a i r m o n t 1993, 3: 281, no. 3.389b. looks as i f the Getty figure may have had a double chin, a further indication Unfortunately this m o n u m e n t is also only a fragment, w i t h just an elderly o f advanced age. m a n and w o m a n shown. But the missing seated figure is named as a woman, 4 Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 966: C l a i r m o n t 1993,1:368, no. 1.430. and the m a n is clearly shaking hands w i t h her, so she w o u l d most likely have 5 Brussels, Musées Royaux d u Cinquentenaire: C l a i r m o n t 1993, 3: 236, no. 3.372. been his wife, leaving the older w o m a n i n the background as a relative, even The inscription makes clear the relationship o f the seated w o m a n as the possibly the mother o f the seated woman, as Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, p. 41 n . daughter o f the older m a n w i t h w h o m she shakes hands. The t h i r d figure i n 4, suggests. This is also the possible interpretation o f a stele i n H o n o l u l u , the background is most likely the mother. This is also the possible interpreta­ Academy o f Arts 3605: C l a i r m o n t 1993,3: 294, no. 3.396. t i o n o f the figures o n a stone i n Stockholm, Medelhavsmuseet 1984.12: Clair­ 36 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 12. Fragment of a Grave Naiskos with the Head of a Female Attendant head is broken off through the neck, and the tip o f the nose is chipped. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The back has a rough finish consistent w i t h point­ chisel work. There are marks o f the tooth chisel on the side of the anta. The back has a b r o w n weathering incrustation, About 350 B.C. but the front o f the fragment is smooth and shiny, indicating Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 21.5 cm (8V2 i n . ) ; that i t has been subjected to an acid cleaning at some point. W i d t h : 17.2 cm (6 A in.); Depth: 9.7 cm (3 /s in.) 3 7 PROVENANCE 73.AA.119 Unknown. CONSERVATION BIBLIOGRAPHY The fragment is broken at the top, bottom, and right. The Frel 1979a, p. 18, no. 68. Cat. no. 12. Fragment o f a grave naiskos. Malibu 73.AA.n9. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 37 F R A G M E N T OF T H E L E F T PART o f a naiskos w i t h an anta and A sakkos such as this figure wears covered the hair o f the head o f a female figure. The woman is placed i n the corner o f women who were attendant figures i n multifigured scenes; they the naiskos i n right profile. She was the far left figure i n an origi­ were probably household slaves. This head would have joined a nally multifigured composition. The woman's face is narrow with body similar to that o f the standing attendant on a naiskos i n a forehead that slopes sharply at the sides. The right side of the Athens of a similar date. We can reconstruct the original figure face is fully carved, the left only schematically. Her right eye is here as a servant standing beside her mistress, probably holding deep­set and narrow with a thick upper eyelid. The eyebrow is some article of adornment, such as jewelry or the chest i n which rendered as a sharp ridge i n the forehead, and the skin beneath it was stored. 2 3 the brow recedes at a sharp angle with almost no suggestion of fleshiness. Her nose is straight, fairly large, and angled sharply from bridge to sides. She has a small, bow­shaped mouth. The 1 edges of her dress and cloak are seen at the back of her neck. Her hair is drawn back from her face under a head covering (sakkos) y which is tied by a cord brought forward from her nape over her ear and behind the roll across her forehead. The edge o f the sakkos can be seen along the hairline. A depression delineates the contour o f the roll o f hair that lies across her forehead under the fabric. Her right ear is uncovered and there is a ringlet of hair 2 i n front o f it, although i n very low relief. A small bit of the back­ 1 ground o f the naiskos remains at the top of her head. 3 38 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE The low relief is probably due to a combination of weathering and the subse­ quent acid cleaning that this head received in modern times. For a similar feature on a servant, cf. the head of the attendant on a gravestone in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3716: Clairmont 1993,3:120­21, no. 3.284. A better photograph of the head is found in J. Bergemann, "Fundort Unbekannt? Ein ungewohnlicher Kopf von einem attischen Grabnaiskos in New York und seine Herkunft aus der attischen mesogeia," Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1997: pp. 377­88, esp. p. 383,fig.12. On the dress of female slaves, see Reilly 1989, pp. 416 ­17. On slaves, see Y. Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece, rev. edn. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1988); J.­F. Girar­ dot, "Cherchez l'esclave! ou: Quelques reflexions sur les documents figures de Farchai'sme et du classicisme Grecs," Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 15.2 (1989): 399­433­ Athens, National Archaeological Museum 732: Clairmont 1993, 2: 544­45, no. 2.431. 13. Head of a Female Attendant from a Grave Naiskos over her ear and behind the roll across her forehead. The edge of the sakkos can be seen along the hairline. I n front of the right ear are remnants of locks of hair. A depression delineates the contour of the roll of hair that lies across her forehead under the fabric. About 350 B . C . The sakkos was the common head covering for slave Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 21.6 cm (8V2 i n . ) ; women who were attendant figures i n multifigured scenes on W i d t h : 17 cm (6 A in.); Depth: 10.5 cm (4V8 in.) funerary monuments. I t might seem surprising that so many 3 4 funerary monuments contained figures of slaves, but they signified 57.AA.14 a family's wealth and social standing, and there is evidence that they were sometimes considered members of the family. Indeed, 5 CONSERVATION The fragment is broken all around. Most o f the right cheek there are examples o f funerary monuments erected for slaves. 6 The size of this head indicates that it came from a large has been broken away, and another break removed the jaw and lower part o f the head on that side back to the relief ground. monument of the type that became common i n the middle of the The tip o f the nose is chipped. The marble has been tested as fourth century B.C. Similar figures appear on stelai of the period Pentelic. The stone has a yellowish patina and a slick and shiny 1 surface suggesting that i t has been cleaned w i t h acid. There from 375 to 335 B.C. Two monuments, one i n Athens, the other i n 7 are marks o f the rasp on top o f the head. A suggestion that New York, contain attendant figures with heads similar to ours. the stone i n front o f the left ear has been recut is not borne As can be seen i n these examples, servants of this type could hold out by close examination. The surface o f the stone i n that items connected with feminine adornment, such as jewelry chests, area is characteristic o f the less­worked side o f a relief figure. or the baby of the deceased. Our head would have belonged to a 2 8 servant standing beside her seated mistress. PROVENANCE Here is another example of the intriguing and ultimately Unknown. mysterious aura surrounding the study of many ancient frag­ BIBLIOGRAPHY ments. Both what remains and what is lost contribute to a pres­ Sotheby's, London, sale, July 5­6,1938, lot no. 190; Bulletin ence that is provocative and haunting. of the J. Paul Getty Museum of Art 1.1 (1957): 8 ­ 9 ; Getty et al. 1965, pp. 61, 68; Stothart 1965, p. 15 (as A 57.S­11); Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, pp. 8 ­ 9 , no. 12; Frel 1979a, p. 19, no. 74; Bergemann 1997, p. 179, no. 844; J. Bergemann, "Fundort unbekannt? Ein ungewohnlicher Kopf von einem attischen Grabnaiskos i n New York und seine Herkunft aus der attischen mesogeia," Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1997: 377­88, 1 2 3 esp. p. 381, fig. 7. H E A D OF A W O M A N broken from a naiskos. The right side of the head and face is carved to a greater finish and exhibits better modeling than the rest, which indicates that the head was placed 4 on the left side of the monument. The head would have been 3 attached to the rest of the relief on the figure s proper left. The woman has a thin face with large, widely spaced, almond­shaped eyes, a small mouth, and a forehead that is straight across the front and slopes sharply back at the sides. The eye­ 5 6 brows are subtly modeled i n the forehead, and the skin beneath the brow recedes at a sharp angle, with almost no suggestion of fleshiness. The 7 eyes, with the upper lids accentuated, lie close beneath the brows. The proper right eye is carved more carefully, with greater definition of the eyelids. The lips are bow shaped, and just beneath the lower lip there is a cleft i n the chin. The woman's hair is drawn back from her face under a head covering (sakkos), 8 Stable isotope analysis by Norman Herz at the University of Georgia, March 1995. See Frel 1979a, p. 19, no. 74. Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 9 n. 2, place it on the extreme right of a mon­ ument, but, besides the fact that the right side of the face is carved in greater detail, only that side has some strands of hair caught up under the edge of the sakkos in the area just in front of where the right ear would have been. Such a feature would have been carved only on the side of the head that faced the viewer. On the dress of female slaves, see Reilly 1989, pp. 416 ­17. On slaves, see Y. Garlan, Slavery in Ancient Greece, rev. edn. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1988); J.­F. Girar­ dot, "Cherchez l'esclave! ou: Quelques reflexions sur les documents figures de Farchai'sme et du classicisme Grecs," Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 15.2 (1989): 399­433­ W. K. Lacey, The Family in Classical Greece (London, 1968), pp. 30­31. There is a stele of very low quality in the Athenian Agora, erected to one Titthe: Athens, Agora 1 6508: Grossman 1995, pp. 50­51, no. 8. For additional examples, see C. Fragiadakis, Die attischen Sklavennamen (Athens, 1988). H. Diepolder, Die attischen Grabreliefs des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (Berlin, 1931)5 pis­ 36.1,37,41,52. Also on the stele of Hegeso, D. Buitron­Oliver, The Greek Miracle, exh. cat., National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C., 1992), pp. 150­51, no. 33. Athens, Third Ephoria M 672: Clairmont 1993, 2: 238­39, no. 2.294a; New York, Shelby White and Leon Levy collection, Clairmont 1993, 2: 688, no. 2.780a. which is tied by a cord brought forward from her nape THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 39 Cat. no. 13. Right profile view o f the head o f an attendant showing at the top the attachment area o f the head to the grave naiskos. Malibu 57.AA.14. 40 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E Cat. no. 13. Frontal view o f the head o f an attendant from a grave naiskos. Malibu 57.AA.14. THE C L A S ST C A L P E R I O D Al 14- Grave Naiskos of a Seated Woman with Two Standing Women I n the background, between the two women and carved in low relief, stands a third female figure i n a nearly frontal posi­ tion. This woman wears a long­sleeved dress and rests her upraised right arm on her left, which is held across her waist. She 8 About 340 B.C. probably originally held her hand to her cheek i n a gesture of Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 110 cm (43% i n . ) ; mourning. The front of her dress below her waist has been W i d t h : 100 cm (39% in.); Depth: 25.5 cm (10 in.) roughly reworked, but several shallowly carved vertical drapery 9 folds remain at the right. 73.AA.97 10 Unfortunately, the heads of both standing women are missing, and although we cannot know for certain their original role i n the composition, they were probably CONSERVATION The top part o f the monument is missing. There are chips similar to the woman and attendant on stelai i n New York and and losses along the edges o f the antas and the plinth. The nose, Athens. A monument i n Copenhagen is comparable i n compo­ chin, and m o u t h o f the seated woman are missing. The marble sition, style, and date, although there two of the figures are men. 11 is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to pale yellow. The front surface has a slick, shiny appearance consistent w i t h its having been 12 The balanced arrangement of three figures within a naiskos is characteristic o f the mid­fourth century B . C , as is the cleaned w i t h acid. The underside o f the panel shows parallel, hairstyle of the seated woman, whose hair is drawn up so that i t vertical strokes o f a medium­point chisel and is probably the forms a triangular shape over the forehead. Drapery during this original surface. The back preserves the original rough surface period takes on a decorative quality, seen i n the artfully placed made by a point chisel; the sides have marks o f the tooth chisel. folds over the edge of the chair seat and the patterns of the broad U­shaped curves descending i n rows over the lower leg of the PROVENANCE seated woman. A monument i n Athens, with a much more Unknown. crowded composition of six figures, is especially close to our BIBLIOGRAPHY naiskos i n the manner o f the carving of the fingers and folds of The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1974), p. 12; ibid. drapery. W i t h the lack of an inscription to give further informa­ (Malibu, 1975), p. 32; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 39. tion, the monument could have been either for the seated woman Sotheby's, London, sale, July 12,1971, lot no. 133; Frel 1979a, p. 20, no. 77 (wrongly cited as 73.AA.91); Clairmont 1993, 3: 13 or for the standing woman at the far left. This is probably a monument for the seated woman, for 308­9, no. 3.407, and p. 364, no. 3.437a ; Bergemann 1997, 1 she is carved i n the highest relief and occupies the most p r o m i ­ p. 171, no. 503, p i . 29.3­4. nent position i n the composition. We can speculate that a deceased S H A L L O W N A I S K O S F R A M E D B Y A N T A S . The three figures are mother shakes hands with her daughter while one of the house­ carved to varying depths of relief, with the seated figure carved i n hold servants stands by mournfully. highest relief. A t the right of the composition sits a woman on a chair w i t h its seat covered by a piece of fabric that hangs over the edge. The woman wears two dresses, a sleeveless one over one 2 w i t h sleeves, and a cloak. The carving of the edges o f the right 1 sleeve with its buttons is very weathered, but these details are still faintly visible. There are indications of faint press folds on her cloak, especially visible on her left thigh and knee. Press folds are 2 slight indentations created i n fabric that has been folded for stor­ age. The fact that the woman wears clothing that has been stored 3 means that she comes from a level of society that had more than just the bare essentials. I n other words, this woman owned more than one dress; she was wealthy enough to have clothing i n stor­ age. Her full, curly hair is parted i n the middle and rolled up around her head. Her neck is marked by two Venus rings, an indication that she has been well fed. Her sandaled feet rest on a 4 footstool. Her left hand rests i n her lap; the right reaches out to 5 shake the hand of a woman standing at the left of the composi­ t i o n . This woman also wears two dresses and a cloak, which is 6 wrapped about her waist with a thick, twisted fold. Her left hand grasps the edge o f her cloak. The soles of the sandals worn by both women are carved. The straps would originally have been painted. 42 7 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Clairmont 1993, vol. 3, made two entries for this monument, with two differ­ ent catalogue numbers. One (pp. 308­9, no. 3.407) lists the location correctly as the Getty Museum, but the other (p. 364, no. 3.437a) is identified as "whereabouts unknown." The chair is a rather solid­looking version of the klismos, with a curved back and plain, curved legs: Richter 1966, pp. 33­37. On the image of seated women on gravestones, see Benson 1996, p. 184. On press folds, see Ridgway 1990, p. 219; Granger­Taylor 1987, pp. 114­23. See cat. no. 4 with note 9. The footstool is a solid example of type 2, with curved legs ending in schema­ tized lion's paws: Richter 1966, pp. 50­51. On the gesture, called dexiosis, see cat. no. 1, note 7. Morrow 1985, p. 72. The long­sleeved chiton identifies her as a slave. See Reilly 1989, pp. 416­17. Neumann 1965, pp. 128 ­ 3 0 . The woman's pose and gesture are similar to those of an attendant on a lekythos in the Athenian Agora, s 1223: Grossman 1995, pp. 242­43, no. 100. 10 Probably reworked to smooth out a spalled or broken surface. 11 New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art 06.287: Clairmont 1993,3:303 ­ 4, no. 3.404; Athens, Kerameikos Museum p 1139: Clairmont 1993,3:317­18, no. 3.411. 12 Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 2615: Moltesen 1995, pp. 90 ­ 9 1 , no. 33. 13 Athens, National Archaeological Museum 719: Clairmont 1993, 4:191­92, no. 6.905. Cat. no. 14. Grave naiskos o f a seated woman. Malibu 73.AA.97. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 43 15. Heads of a Woman and a Bearded Man from a Grave Naiskos The male figure was placed to the right of the woman i n a three­quarters left profile pose. He has thick, curly hair and a medium­length full beard. His eyes are small and deep­set with thick lids. He, too, exhibits signs of maturity i n the form of a shal­ About 340 B . C . low Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height (male): 28.1 cm labial folds. 3 Depth: 17.4 cm (6 /s in.) 3 The two faces were probably the father and mother i n a (nVs in.); W i d t h : 20.7 cm (8V8 in.); Depth: 18.5 cm (fA i n . ) ; Height (female): 27.4 cm (io A in.); W i d t h : 24.2 cm (9V2 in.); horizontal crease i n his forehead and pronounced naso­ multifigured scene with a child or children. Compare a stele i n 7 Athens. As on that stele, the woman here may have been standing 4 beside her husband, i n the background, on a monument for a 73.AA.123.1­.2 deceased child. Or she may have been seated and shaking hands CONSERVATION with her husband, who stood, on her own gravestone, with Both heads are broken from a larger relief. The heads are another family member i n the background. A date just after the chipped, but the surface o f the male figure is especially mid­fourth century is suggested by the depth of the relief and the weathered and battered, w i t h pitting o f the stone. His nose is missing. Some o f the original rear surface o f the monument remains w i t h marks o f the point chisel. There are channels 5 manner i n which the woman's hair is drawn up over the center of her forehead into a slightly triangular configuration. made by a running drill i n the hair of both figures. Some o f the original background o f the monument to which the heads were attached remains around them. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface o f the marble is smooth and shiny w i t h a slightly yellow color, which is consistent w i t h an acid cleaning. PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY Frel 1979a, p. 21, no. 81. Two H E A D S , O N E M A L E , O N E F E M A L E , broken from a grave naiskos. The female figure, i n right profile, was originally placed at the left of the composition. The right side of her face is carved more carefully than the left. Her advanced age is indicated by two Approximate position of the two heads in relation to one another on the grave naiskos Malibu 73.AA.123.1­2. horizontal creases on her forehead, lines at the corner of her right eye, and a crease i n the right naso­labial fold. Her long hair is 1 parted i n the center, brushed back into a roll about her head, and caught up at the nape of the neck. 1 2 2 3 4 5 44 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE See Pfisterer­Haas 1990, pp. 180­81. Older women are more often shown with short, curly hair, but the rolled hairstyle is not unknown. See Bergemann 1997, pis. 48­56, for examples of older women with short hair, their heads either covered or not; pis. 4 6 ­ 4 7 show examples of older women with the rolled hairstyle. On the tradition of depicting older men, see Meyer 1989, pp. 74­79. On the physiognomy of older men, see Bergemann 1997, pp. 103­5. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1953: Clairmont 1993, 3: 367­68, no. 3.439a. The two older women have similar hairstyles, although the Getty woman is in higher relief. Such a scheme is seen on two monuments in Athens, National Archaeological Museum nos. 3927 and 3966: Clairmont 1993, 3: 256­57, no. 3.381b, and pp. 260­61, no. 3.382b, respectively. Cat. no. 15. Head o f a woman from a grave naiskos. Malibu 73.AA.123.2. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 45 Cat. no. 15. Head o f a bearded man from a grave naiskos. Malibu 73.AA.123.1­ 46 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE 16. Fragment of a Grave Naiskos with Two Women At the right is the head of a second woman who stood i n a three­quarter left profile pose. Her hair is drawn back from her face under a head covering (sakkos), which is tied by a cord brought forward from her nape, over her ear, and behind the roll About 340 B.C. across her forehead. I n front of her ears are several locks of hair. 3 Her ear is large for the size of her head, with a well­defined thick­ Fine­grained white marble w i t h some darker gray streaks and mica; Height: 25.5 cm (10 in.); W i d t h : 38 cm (15 in.); Depth: edged pinna. She has deep­set, narrow eyes with thick lids. Her 10 cm (3% in.) lips are full and slightly parted. The veiled woman was perhaps seated i n a left profile 73.AA.118 position while turning her head to face the viewer. Seated women usually do not turn their heads frontally but face one or another CONSERVATION The fragment is broken at the top, bottom, and left. The back figure i n the composition. Commonly, this type o f figure appears of the relief is smoothly finished. The lips o n both mouths were i n a two­figured composition with an attendant positioned oppo­ separated by a channel made w i t h a running drill. The marble site. But there is not enough room between the two figures on 4 is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface o f the Getty fragment to allow the woman to have been seated i n the marble is weathered and granular, but it also has a shiny right profile. There must originally have been other figures to the aspect consistent w i t h an acid cleaning. left of the veiled woman. Unfortunately, the closest comparative PROVENANCE to this stele is also a fragment, on which only an enthroned, Unknown. veiled woman and her standing servant remain. 5 A four­figured scene on a lekythos gives a general idea of BIBLIOGRAPHY Munzen u n d Medaillen, Basel, sale 14, June 19,1954, lot no. 3; the original composition. There, a woman sits on a chair i n left Frel 1979a, p. 20, no. 75; Frel 1979b, p. 43, no. 75; H . Thickpenny, profile but with her chest positioned frontally and her head turned "Fragment o f an Attic Grave Stele i n the Getty Museum," slightly to the right toward her daughter, who stands at the right 6 GettyMusJS (1980): 99­106; SEG 33.238; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 206; Clairmont 1993, 3: 388, no. 3.456; Bergemann 1997, of the scene. The seated woman shakes hands with her husband, who stands i n front of her at the left. Behind h i m stands their son. p. 177, no. 697, p i . 40.4; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 7. Closer i n style to the figures and from about the same period is a naiskos i n Athens of higher quality than the Getty piece. 7 N A I S K O S W I T H A N I N S C R I B E D architrave and antas. Two letters of the original inscription remain: 1 2 3 [­]QA[­~] —OL— At the left of the fragment, the head of a woman is placed frontally. Since her head touches the underside o f the architrave, 4 she may have been standing, but she could also have been seated. A cloak is pulled up over the back of her head. I t is thickly carved and looks as i f it would have been held out away from her right side, for it is at a more obtuse angle than its counterpart on the 5 opposite side. This gesture is commonly made by brides and married women. She has thick, curly hair, an oval face with nar­ 1 row cheeks, and a delicate nose with indented nostrils. Her deep­ set eyes are narrow with thick lids and flat eyeballs. She has a short upper lip and a full lower lip. A Venus ring marks her neck. 2 6 It may be a reference to the anakalypteria. See Stears 1995, pp. 119­20. See cat. no. 4 with note 9. The head of the kneeling attendant on the stele of Ameinokleia is a good example of this type of coiffure, which modestly covers the hair but has the feminine feature of the curls in front of the ears. Athens, National Archaeo­ logical Museum 718: Clairmont 1993, 3: 229­30, no. 3.370. Cf. Clairmont 1993, 2: 465­66, no. 2.390 (Athens, National Archaeological Museum 820); pp. 533­34, no. 2.426b (Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 514); pp. 544­45, no. 2.431 (Athens, National Archaeological Museum 732); p. 549, no. 2.433 (Piraeus, Museum 3685); pp. 593­95, no. 2.464 (Athens, Kerameikos); and p. 794, no. 2.909 (Brauron, Museum BE 92). National Archaeological Museum 1957: Clairmont 1993, 3: 389­90, no. 3.457. Thickpenny 1985, and Clairmont 1993, 3: 388, no. 3.456, both propose three­ figured compositions. The Athens fragment may well have had more than three figures, since the seated woman is situated on the far right of the stone. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 840: Clairmont 1993, 4: 39 ­ 40, no. 4.235­ 7 Athens, National Archaeological Museum 732: Clairmont 1993, 2: 5 4 4 ­ 45, no. 2.431. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 47 Cat. no. 16. Fragment o f a grave naiskos with two women. Malibu 73.AA.118. Drawing o f the inscription on the grave naiskos Malibu 73.AA.n8. 48 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE 17. Head of a Female Attendant from a Grave Naiskos About 340 B . C . Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 27 cm (io /s i n . ) ; 5 W i d t h : 18.6 cm (7% in.); Depth: 21.3 cm (8 /s in.) 3 71.AA.123 CONSERVATION The head is broken at the base o f the neck. The nose and most of the upper lip have been broken off, and there are chips on the chin, edge o f right pinna, and forehead. The marble was tested and is Pentelic. A cast o f the drill hole i n the right 1 earlobe revealed a rounded b o t t o m consistent w i t h ancient drillwork. A large chip is missing from the crown o f the head. PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY J. Frel, Les Sculpteurs attiques anonymes, 430-300 B.C. (Prague, 1969), p. 354; Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 9, no. 13; Frel 1979a, pp. 21­22, no. 83; Frel 1979b, p. 43, no. 83; Bergemann 1997> P­179) no­ 845; J. Bergemann, "Fundort unbekannt? Ein ungewohnlicher Kopf von einem attischen Grabnaiskos i n New York u n d seine Herkunft aus der attischen mesogeia," Archaologischer Anzeiger, 1997: 377­88, esp. p. 381, fig. 13. Three­quarter right profile view of the head of an attendant from the grave naiskos Malibu 71.AA.123. H E A D OF A W O M A N , carved i n the round, that originally joined a now­missing figure, which was part of a large naiskos. The our figure would have come. I t would have been part of an elab­ woman's hair is drawn back from her face under a head covering orate funerary monument of freestanding statues displayed (sakkos), inside a covered, three­sided architectural structure. which is tied by a cord brought forward from her nape, 6 over her ear, and behind the roll across her forehead. Her right The Getty head would have been attached to the body of ear is carved while the left is not finished, indicating that she faced an attendant figure wearing a long­sleeved dress who was looking right i n the composition. Both earlobes are drilled for the attach­ up at other figures i n a naiskos composition. The style o f the ment of separately made earrings—an unusual feature of adorn­ dress was derived from the East and identified these figures as ment i n an auxiliary figure i n the composition. Her face is oval slaves from such foreign places as Thrace, Scythia, or Caria i n with a mouth with a full lower lip. She has sharp­ridged eyebrows Asia Minor. Almost every Attic family owned household servants, and almond­shaped eyes with flattish eyeballs set close beneath who 2 are often depicted attending their mistresses. The bond the brow. The upper lids are accentuated. Her right eye is carved between servant and mistress must have been close, for the ser­ with greater care than her left, another indication that her head vants on gravestones of deceased mistresses frequently have sor­ was oriented so that the right side faced the viewer. rowful expressions. The woman is turning her head slightly to right and her The date of the head is based on its size and style. Grave­ chin is uplifted, a pose that presents only one possible reconstruc­ stones in the middle decades of the fourth century became increas­ tion. Since her head covering indicates that she was an attendant ingly elaborate, often showing whole groups carved nearly i n the figure, she may have been standing next to a woman, looking up round. The style of figures carved at this time, even on grave­ at her, like the composition on the fragment of a naiskos with two stones, was influenced by the preeminent late Classical sculptor female heads, catalogue number 16. A similar face, upturned i n Praxiteles. He introduced a scheme of proportions for represent­ an attitude of grief, is seen on the attendant holding a jewel box i n ing the human body that emphasized leanness, a soft physique, 3 the background of a multifigured stele i n Paris of about 340 B.C. 4 and a relaxed appearance. Facial features were delicately rendered The suggestion that she may have been kneeling before her mis­ with slightly parted lips and slightly deeper­set, almond­shaped tress is probably not a tenable reconstruction, for the one com­ eyes, the face an oval, the eyebrow curving into the nose, the hair­ plete example of a stele with a kneeling attendant figure shows the line arched. Frel attributed this head to the Sculptor of Demagora, kneeling figure looking down, not up. Two multifigured naiskoi, but further work needs to be done on the assignment of grave­ both i n Athens, demonstrate the type of monument from which stone sculptures to specific artists and workshops. 5 7 THE CLASSICAL 8 PERIOD 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stable isotope analysis conducted by Norman Herz at the University of Geor­ gia, March 1995. An additional example of this is seen on a head in Geneva, the Ortiz collec­ tion: Reeder 1995, p. 140, no. 9. The attendant figure on a stele in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 723, dated earlier than this one (to the sec­ ond quarter of the fourth century) wears a large carved earring: Clairmont 1993, 2: 729­30, no. 2.850. See cat. no. 13,57.AA.14, for another head of an attendant figure and for a fuller discussion of this type offigure,who is probably a household slave. Musee du Louvre Ma 3113: Hamiaux 1992, p. 162, no. 156. Frel 1979a, p. 18, no. 68, makes the suggestion. Athens, National Archaeologi­ cal Museum 718, is the complete funerary monument with an attendant figure kneeling before her mistress: Clairmont 1993,3: 229­30, no. 3.370. In addition, there are two fragments of the bodies of kneeling figures and two heads that belong to two other kneeling figures. Athens, Agora s 2480; Athens, National Archaeological Museum 2042; Cincinnati, Cincinnati Art Museum 1962.389; London, British Museum 671. For a discussion of this type of monument with further references, see Grossman 1995, pp. 89­94. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 743 and 832: Clairmont 1993, 4: 103­6, nos. 4.430 and 4.431, respectively. A. Stewart, Greek Sculpture: An Exploration (New Haven, 1990), pp. 176­79. J. Frel, Les Sculpteurs attiques anonymes, 430-300 B.C. (Prague, 1969), pp. 3 6 ­ 37, nos. 238­40 bis. When Frel was compiling his first checklist of sculptures in the Getty Museum, he attributed this head to the Budapest Sculptor by mistake, an error that he corrected in the second checklist. See Frel 1979a, pp. 21­22, no. 83; Frel 1979b, p. 43, no. 83. Right profile view o f the head of an attendant from the grave naiskos Malibu 71.AA.123. 50 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Cat. no. 17. Frontal view o f the head o f an attendant from a grave naiskos. Malibu 71.AA.123. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 51 18. Fragment of a Grave Naiskos another figure at the left of the composition. The woman's hair is 4 cut short, an indication of either mourning or advanced age. 5 with a Seated Woman and a Standing Man her age, similar to Nikomache on the three­figured grave naiskos About 330 B.C. is carved i n greater detail than her right. Her eyelids have thick Since she is seated, her short hair is more likely an indication of catalogue number 9. Her face is fully carved, although her left eye edges, and there is a lightly incised line at the outer corner of her Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 96.5 cm (38 i n . ) ; left eye, which confirms her more advanced age. Her forehead, W i d t h : 51 cm (20Vs i n . ) ; Depth: 17.5 cm (6 /s in.) 7 however, is smooth with no creases. Behind the woman is part of the torso and waist of the 73.AA.122 figure of a standing man. He wears a cloak wrapped i n such a way that his chest is bare. Compare again the stele i n London. This CONSERVATION 6 The naiskos is broken at the top and at left. The extant fragment was part of a monument that was probably for the fragment is reconstructed from three pieces. The b o t t o m deceased son or daughter of this woman, who is accompanied by retains the original rough surface made by the point chisel. her husband standing beside her. We tentatively restore the stele as The right side bears marks o f the original finish made by a tooth chisel. The back o f the stele has been recut w i t h a circular a three­figured group with the missing figure a male, after a m o n ­ saw i n modern times. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, ument i n Philadelphia that shows an older seated woman with probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor short hair shaking hands with a man, probably her son, while her to a light b r o w n color w i t h some incrustation. husband looks on. 7 I n studying such a remnant from the past, one notes the PROVENANCE recurrent particularity of detail, such as faint facial marks, pos­ Unknown. tural inclinations, and clothing features. These fuel speculation as to whether they are simply artistic conventions, preferences of BIBLIOGRAPHY Frel 1979a, p. 21, no. 80; Clairmont 1993, 3: 307, no. 3.406; the sculptor, or attempts at naturalistic representation. Bergemann 1997, p. 171, no. 505, p i . 53.2. FRAGMENT OF T H E L O W E R RIGHT PORTION of a naiskos 1 framed by antas. A t the right of the composition sits a woman facing left on a stool with a thin cushion. Her feet rest on a foot­ 1 stool. She wears two dresses, a sleeveless one fastened on the 2 shoulders over one with sleeves closed by a series of buttons, and a cloak. One edge of the cloak falls over the side of the stool. The sole o f her sandal is carved; the straps would have been painted. rest i n her lap. Her right arm is broken just below the elbow, but it appears to have been extended, probably to shake the hand of ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 5 3 Enveloped i n the thin fabric of her cloak, her left arm and hand 52 2 3 4 6 7 The stool is a type 2 diphros, whose legs consist of two superimposed concave members of nearly equal height, resting on a low base. See Richter 1966, pp. 4 0 ­ 4 1 . The footstool looks as if it were the plain, boxlike type 3: Richter 1966, p. 51. Morrow 1985, pp. 72­73. Cf. the stele in London, British Museum 1910.7­12.1: Clairmont 1993,3: 325­26, no. 3­4i5a. Pfisterer­Haas 1990, p. 185 n. 31, designates Nikomache on the grave relief cat. no. 9 as old by virtue of the cloak drawn up on the back of her neck and her hairstyle of short locks. Supra, note 4. Philadelphia, University Museum MS 5470: Clairmont 1993, 4: 312­13, no. 3.409. Cat. no. 18 . Fragment of a grave naiskos with a seated woman. Malibu 73.AA.122. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 53 19. Head of a Woman from a Grave Naiskos About 330 B.C. Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 31 cm (12V4 in.); W i d t h : 21.2 cm (8 /s in.); Depth: 24 cm (9V2 in.) 3 79.AA.134 CONSERVATION The head is broken off through the b o t t o m o f the neck. The tip of the nose and the left eyebrow are damaged; there are chips and scratches elsewhere. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone to discolor to a yellow­brown patina. PROVENANCE Formerly i n the collection o f Joseph Brummer, New York City; then i n the collection o f Ernest Brummer, New York City. BIBLIOGRAPHY Galerie Koller, Zurich, sale cat., The Ernest Brummer Collection, October 16­19,1979> PP­ 208­9, lot no. 616. H E A D C A R V E D I N T H E R O U N D and originally joined to a body that would have been part of a multifigured composition set within a naiskos. The woman's curly hair is cut short, falling i n 1 locks from the crown to frame her face. She has a long oval face, Three­quarter right view of a woman from the grave naiskos Malibu 79.AA.134. whose forehead curves smoothly from the center to the sides. Her eyes are narrow with a sharp­edged upper eyelid that projects over flat eyeballs. The brows are sharp edged, and the area under is a mourner i n the background of the scene, wrapped tightly i n them fleshy. The root o f her nose is broad. Her long, sturdy neck her cloak and holding her hand to her cheek. Large pieces are is marked w i t h Venus rings. missing from the naiskos i n Rhamnous, but enough remains to 2 The unfinished rear and left side indicate that the head show that the seated woman is surrounded by family members, comes from a figure placed at the left of a composition, and that most probably her children. Because our head is carved i n the she was probably i n a three­quarter right profile. She may have round, it most likely belongs to a figure centrally located i n a been seated, for she looks slightly upward. The fact that this head composition and not to a background figure. is carved though not fully finished i n the round supports the idea that it belonged to the body of a seated figure. The head resembles that of the seated figure on the fragment i n catalogue number 18. Like that woman, the signs of age i n the present head are subtle, being expressed by her short hairstyle, slight fleshiness of the area just beneath the brows, and a slight double chin. Comparable is the standing woman at the left o f the composition on the replica in Piraeus of the "Farewell" stele or the seated woman on a five­ figured naiskos i n Rhamnous. The woman on the stele i n Piraeus 3 54 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 1 2 3 Cf. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1986, for a head in the round on a body in relief: Clairmont 1993, 3: 393­94, no. 3.459a. See cat. no. 4 with note 8. Piraeus, Museum 429: Clairmont 1993,3: 407­8, no. 3.466. While not recog­ nized as older by Clairmont, she is both by Pfisterer­Haas 1990, p. 193 n. 66, and by Bergemann 1997, p. 108 n. 139. Rhamnous Museum: Clairmont 1993, 4:167­69,^0.5.290. Cat. no. 19. Frontal view o f the head o f a woman from a grave naiskos. Malibu 79.AA.134. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 55 Cat. no. 19. Right profile view o f the head o f a woman from a grave naiskos. Malibu 79.AA.134. 56 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E 20. Head of a Bearded Man from a Funerary Monument F R O N T P O R T I O N OF T H E H E A D of an older man broken from a relief, undoubtedly originally part of a multifigured composition. The man has curly hair swept back from his face and a long, full beard divided into several locks. His eyes are round with thick About 330 B . C . lids and are set beneath projecting brows. His mouth is small and Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 23.3 cm (9 /8 i n . ) ; deep­set beneath a thick mustache. Signs of advanced age are W i d t h : 15.2 cm (6 in.); Depth: 8.3 cm (3V4 in.) indicated by furrows i n the brow, lines at the corners of the eyes, ! and sagging cheeks. The rendering of the hair and beard and the 1 75.AA.92 physiognomy are very close to those on a head i n Copenhagen. 2 The head resembles those o f men standing i n the backgrounds o f CONSERVATION Broken at the back, just behind the ears. The nose, lower lip, a three­figured relief i n Piraeus and of a four­figured relief i n and details o f the beard are broken off. The marble is micaceous Athens. He would have been one of the auxiliary figures forming and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface is weathered and the group around the deceased i n a large funerary monument. 3 pitted w i t h a brownish incrustation. PROVENANCE Anonymous gift. 1 O n these features as indicators o f advanced age, see Meyer 1989, pp. 48, 6 0 ­ 6 6 . The head type fits into the category o f standing, long­haired figures. Berge­ BIBLIOGRAPHY Recent Acquisitions of Antiquities, m a n n 1997, pp. 102­3, pis. 101­3, describes this type o f head as a m a n w i t h an The J. Paul Getty Museum (Malibu, 1976), p. 9, no. 81; Frel 1979a, p. 21, no. 79. old physiognomy and a brushed­back type o f hairstyle (anastole). 2 N y Carlsberg Glyptotek 1873: Moltesen 1995, p. 110, no. 51. Thanks are due the anonymous reviewer for this reference. 3 Piraeus, M u s e u m 3914: C l a i r m o n t 1993, 3: 409­10, no. 3.467. Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 832: C l a i r m o n t 1993,4:104­6, no. 4.431. THE C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 57 Cat. no. 20. Left profile view o f the head o f a man from a funerary monument. Malibu 75.AA.92. 58 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E Cat. no. 20. Frontal view o f the head o f a bearded man from a funerary monument. Malibu 75.AA.92. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 59 21. Grave Naiskos ofSime with Members of Her Family the left anta. Her feet rest on a footstool. The feet are rounded at 3 4 the ends with no toes indicated, which probably means that she is shod, even though no soles are carved. Sime wears a dress with a 5 cloak drawn up over the back of her head. Her hair is parted i n About 320 B . C . the center and combed away from her face into a roll. Her left Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 132.1 cm (52 in.); hand rests i n her lap, the right is extended to shake the hand of a W i d t h : 73.7 cm (29 in.); Depth: 17.1 cm (6 A in.) standing bearded figure placed at the right of the composition. 3 6 The man is wrapped i n a cloak that leaves his right arm, 77. A A . 89 shoulder, and chest bare. He holds the edge o f his cloak at waist level with his left hand. His medium­length beard and mustache CONSERVATION The naiskos is complete. Two chips from the peak o f the central are curly; his hair is cut short, possibly i n mourning. His body 7 akroterion are reattached. There are chips on the corner overlaps the right anta, and the back o f his left sandaled foot is akroteria, a chip from the right lower edge, and m i n o r chips placed at the edge of the slab. He appears to be wearing the type o n the antas. The underside retains its original rough­picked of goat­skin sandals designed for easy mobility called finish. The back and the front o f the ledge at the b o t t o m o f the stone are roughly finished w i t h the point chisel; the sides are trochades, which are unusual but not unknown on fourth­century grave­ finished w i t h the tooth chisel. The marble is micaceous and, stones. It is not absolutely certain, however, that they are trochades, therefore, probably Pentelic. Weathering has caused the stone for the toes are hidden behind the footstool, and the characteris­ to discolor to yellowish brown. tic toestraps cannot be seen. PROVENANCE short, curly hair, his frontal face gazing out at the viewer. His hair 8 Behind the seated woman stands a beardless youth with Unknown. is the short brush cut seen on athletic figures such as those on the Ilissos stele or on a fragment of a stele, both i n Athens. The lower 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY Frel 1979a, p. 21, no. 82 (wrongly cited as 71.AA.89); Frel 1979b edge of his cloak and his right foot are visible beneath the chair. (mistakenly listed i n the concordance as 71.AA.89); SEG 33.235; His toes are not defined, but the sole of his shoe is carved. Frel 1984, pp. 35­37; SEG 34.233; Thickpenny 1985, pp. 7­8; 10 Also behind the seated woman, to the right of the youth, Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 207; I . Vallera­Rickerson and M . Korma, "Merika ellenika ekthemata t o u Mouseiou Getty," stands a second woman facing right. She wears a dress and cloak. Archaiologia 43 (1992): 85; Clairmont 1993, 4: 88­89, no. 4.413; Her hair is parted i n the center and fastened i n a full roll about M . ­ T . Le Dinahet and N . Mouret, "Les Steles funeraires her head. Her right hand with palm open is extended to touch the grecques: Etudes stylistiques et iconographiques, annees 1980­ beard of the older man on the right i n a gesture o f sympathy. 11 1992," Topoi 3 (1993): 124­25, no. 45; Osborne and Byrne 1994, The carving of the hair on all of the figures is noteworthy p. 398, no. 3, s.v. Sime; Bergemann 1997, p. 35 n . 6, p. 54 n. 204, for its careful execution, with strands and locks individualized. p. 55 n . 214, p . 171, no. 507, p i . 32.3­4,115.2; Bodel and Tracy Compare two monuments i n Athens and one once i n Eleusis. 1997, P­7­ 12 Sime is clearly the deceased individual on this m onu­ ment, being both the only named figure and the one carved on a SHALLOW NAISKOS W I T H A triangular pediment supported slightly larger scale than the others. I n addition, she is prominently by an architrave and antas. The pediment is adorned with one seated on a chair that is large i n proportion to her size so that her central and two corner akroteria; its center is slightly recessed. importance i n the family group is emphasized. The name of the seated woman is inscribed above her on here w i t h her family gathered about her. The crowded m u l t i ­ the architrave: figured composition places the monument i n the later fourth century B . C EIMH 1 4 13 She is shown Several monuments o f that time exhibit a similar composition of four­figured reliefs i n which three o f the figures are relating to one another within the frame of the naiskos, while "Sime" the fourth relates to the viewer by being placed i n a frontal It has been suggested that the names of some of the other figures position. This figure, i n each example, is either youthful or an i n the composition might originally have been added i n paint on attendant figure. 15 the architrave, but examination under both ultraviolet and raking This piece raises the issue of the primacy of aesthetic val­ light revealed no traces to support that conjecture. The name ues. Here, for once, we have an essentially intact work w i t h a full 1 Sime is rarely attested i n Attika, there being only two other known cast of characters produced with a considerable level of technical instances of the name i n inscriptions of the sixth century B.C. skill. Yet, the rendering lacks dynamism and passion, presenting a 2 Sime sits at the left o f the composition on a large chair w i t h a seat covered by a piece of fabric, which partially overlaps 60 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE pedestrian composition i n which an overall dullness detracts from the impact and significance of the work. Cat. no. 21. Grave naiskos o f Sime. Malibu 77.AA.89. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 6l Detail o f the inscription on the grave naiskos o f Sime. 1 Bernhard Schmaltz 1995, i n correspondence w i t h the author. Johannes Berge­ 12 Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 2559, shows a similar manner o f m a n n 1996, i n correspondence w i t h the author, likewise concluded after carving the individual strands o f hair, esp. visible o n the top hair o f the male examining photographs taken under b o t h ultraviolet and raking light that figure: Clairmont 1993,3: 348­49, no. 3.427a. The second is the fragment o f a there was no evidence o f additional names. naiskos slightly earlier than the Getty monument, namely, Athens, National 2 Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 398, s.v. Sime. Archaeological M u s e u m 2065: C. W. Clairmont, Classical Attic 3 The chair is an ungraceful version o f the klismos. See Richter 1966, pp. 33­37. suppl. vol. (Kilchberg, 1995), p. 58, no. 2.3476.. The t h i r d m o n u m e n t is the The footstool looks like a very schematized version o f type 2, w i t h curved legs fragment o f a naiskos, b u t b o t h facial features and hair o f the young w o m a n 4 5 Tombstones, that often end i n lion's paws: Richter 1966, pp. 50­51. depicted resemble those o f the figures o n the Getty monument, once i n the M o r r o w 1985, pp. 8 6 ­ 8 7 . Eleusis Museum: Clairmont 1993,1: 373, no. 1.440. 6 O n dexiosis between w o m e n and men, see Stears 1995, p. 126. 13 Benson 1996, pp. 184,186­87. 7 O n hair cut short as a sign o f grief, cf. Euripides Alcestis 215 ­17. 14 F r o m the same period comes a m o n u m e n t i n Athens, National Archaeological 8 9 But the sandal definitely is a type w i t h solid side leathers encasing the heel, M u s e u m 3657, similar i n its crowded composition, stocky figures, and the hair like trochades. See M o r r o w 1985, pp. 85­86, for another fourth­century grave­ and beard style o f the male figure, i.e., short, curly hair w i t h a medium­length stone w i t h a m a n probably wearing trochades. beard: Clairmont 1993,3: 515­16, no. 3.932. Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 869: Clairmont 1993, 2: 821­24; Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 746: Clairmont 1993,1: 318, no. 1.331. 15 E.g., Paris, Musee d u Louvre M a 767: Hamiaux 1992, p. 166, no. 162; Brauron Museum: Clairmont 1993, 4: 97­98, no. 4.422; Spata (Attika), b u i l t into the 10 M o r r o w 1985, pp. 87­88. wall o f a house o n K i n g Paul Street: Clairmont 1993, 4:100, no. 4.424; and 11 N e u m a n n 1965, pp. 69­70. Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 2326: C l a i r m o n t 1993, 4:117, no. 4.467. 62 A T T I C FUNERARY SCULPTURE 22. Head of a Young Woman from a Grave Naiskos C O M P L E T E H E A D C A R V E D F O R insertion into the body of a figure. A flat area on the back o f the head indicates that it origi­ nally was placed i n a naiskos, where it rested against the back panel of the monument. The figure would have been placed i n a 1 About 320 B.C. three­quarter left frontal position. The young woman's face is oval Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 34.3 cm with a full jaw and a small, bow­shaped mouth with a full lower (13V2 in.); W i d t h : 15.6 cm (6 A in.); Depth: 22.2 cm (8 /4 in.) lip. Her brows are sharp­edged with deep­set eyes placed imme­ l 3 diately beneath. Her eyes are narrow with thick lids. On her neck 56.AA.19 are two widely spaced Venus rings. Her hair is parted i n rows and 2 pulled back from her face i n a so­called melon hairstyle, which 3 CONSERVATION The proper left side o f the tip o f the nose has been chipped was introduced i n the second half of the fourth century and used off, and the right side o f the shoulder at the collarbone has by the sculptor Silanion i n a statue of a woman identified as been broken and reattached. O n the back is a flat­cut surface the poet Korinna. finished w i t h the point chisel, which would have rested against the flat background o f the naiskos. The b o t t o m o f the head is rounded and finished w i t h the point chisel. There is a light reddish­brown incrustation on all surfaces. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. 4 The best comparison for the head with its low brow and hairstyle of symmetrical, regular rows of braided hair is seen on a stele of a young woman i n London. The fine workmanship, the 5 hairstyle, and the soft, sweet facial expression place the head i n the Praxitelean style of about 320 B . C The figure to which this head belonged was life size, and, PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Los Angeles, 1956), p. 13, therefore, the monument of which she was a part would have been particularly large and splendid. She and other freestanding stat­ ues would have been arranged i n a roofed, three­sided structure, no. 20; ibid. (Malibu, 1974), p. 13; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p. 33; appearing as i f on a stage. A monument of that kind was the most ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 40. expensive and lavish type of commemoration for a deceased indi­ Bulletin of the J. Paul Getty Museum of Art 1.1 (1957): 8; Getty et al. 1965, pp. 58­59, 68; Stothart 1965, pp. 13­14 (as A 56.S­16); G. Schmidt, "Der Brunnsche Kopf," Antike Plastik 10 (1970): 33 n . 28; The J. Paul Getty Collection, exh. cat., The vidual i n Athens or Attika. Although only the chipped and weath­ ered head of a figure, the piece has a quality and a power well beyond that o f more complete and complex works. Minneapolis Institute o f Arts, June­September 1972 (Minneapolis, 1972), no. 2; Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 6, no. 8; B. B. Fredericksen et a l , The J. Paul Getty Museum (Malibu, 1975), p. 25; Frel 1979a, p. 20, no. 76. 1 2 3 4 5 The seated figure of Demetria on her funerary monument in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 2708, originally had a separately carved head, which is now, unfortunately, missing. The join of the head to the body was hidden by folds of her garments: Clairmont 1993, 2: 532­33, no. 2.426. See cat. no. 4 with note 9. On this type of hairstyle, see B. S. Ridgway, "Is the Hope Head an Italian Goddess?: A Case of Circumstantial Evidence," Expedition 38 (1996): 55­62, esp. 58. G. M . A. Richter, The Portraits of the Greeks, abr. and rev. R. R. R. Smith (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), p. 156. London, British Museum 1909.6­11.1: Clairmont 1993,1: 384, no. 1.471. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 63 Cat. no. 22. Right profile view o f the head o f a woman from a grave naiskos. Malibu 56.AA.19. 64 AT T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE Cat. no. 22. Frontal view o f the head o f a woman from a grave naiskos. Malibu 56.AA.19. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 65 Head of a Girl from a Grave Naiskos 23. About 320 B . C . Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 23.8 cm (9% in.); W i d t h : 16.5 cm (6V2 in.); Depth: 19.6 cm (j A in.) 3 58.AA.4 CONSERVATION The head is carved i n the r o u n d and broken at the b o t t o m o f the neck. I t is less finished on the left side and rear than o n the right side. Chips on the nose, chin, and right temple. The head has been cleaned, except for the back, where a yellowish­brown patina remains. The marble has been tested as Pentelic. Casts 1 of the d r i l l holes i n the earlobes reveal that the bottoms o f the holes are rounded, which is consistent w i t h ancient drillwork. PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1974), p. 13; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p. 33; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 40. Bulletin of the J. Paul Getty Museum ofArt 1.2 (1959): 16­18; Stothart 1965, p. 17 (as A 58.S­4); Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 8, no. 10; Frel 1979a, p. 22, no. 85. HEAD CARVED I N T H E R O U N D that originally would have joined the figure of a girl placed i n a naiskos. The head was not Three­quarter right profile view of the head of a girl from the grave naiskos Malibu 58.AA.4. part o f the background of the naiskos; there is a flat area at the back o f the head that would have rested against the back panel of the architectural structure. The figure would have been positioned so that she was i n a three­quarter right profile. The head is carved for separately attached earrings. These girls, although they have asymmetrically, probably to compensate for the optical illusion the appearance of small adults, are children. A general idea of the created by its display above the heads of viewers. Large naiskoi kind of composition to which this head probably belonged is seen such as the one to which this figure would have belonged were on the grave naiskos o f Demainete, catalogue number 24. Our often set up on terraces high above the street level of the viewer. 2 head, though, joined a freestanding figure that would have been face o f the girl is squarish with a high prominent placed i n a separately constructed three­sided and roofed shrine. forehead that slopes to her temples, which are slightly depressed. Funerary monuments composed o f separately carved statues and Her large, round, deep­set eyes have thin upper lids that extend architectural structures were very expensive and would have been beyond the lower ones. She has full cheeks and straight lips set commissioned by only the wealthiest citizens of Athens or Attika. The close beneath her nose. The nostrils are shallowly drilled. The curly hair is divided into sections and pulled back into a braid wound about her head—a modified version o f the melon coiffure. The 3 ears have drill holes for the attachment o f separately made ear­ rings. The front o f her neck is marked with a faint Venus ring. 4 1 2 3 Her chin is raised and her neck slightly extended, indicating that she was probably looking up at another figure. The style o f this head and the age depicted are similar to those o f a statue o f a girl belonging to a grave monument i n New York of two female figures set i n a naiskos. I n that monu­ ment, the girl is an attendant who looks up at her mistress. Like 5 our figure, that girl has a braided hairstyle, and her ears are pierced 66 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE 4 5 Stable isotope analysis conducted by N o r m a n Herz at the University of Geor­ gia, March 1995. See Bergemann 1997, pis. 1­3. On this coiffure as one w o r n by girls, see Bergemann 1997, p. 99, pis. 57­59. Cf. the hairstyle o n the head of a girl from a votive statue i n the Getty Museum, acc. no. 96.AA.106: True and H a m m a 1994, p. 113, no. 50. See cat. no. 4 w i t h note 9. New York, the Metropolitan Museum of A r t 44.11.2­3: Clairmont 1993,1: 513­ 14, no. 1.971. The back of the head of the younger woman is finished i n a man­ ner similar to the Getty head—roughly w i t h the point chisel. See G. M . A. Richter, Catalogue of Greek Sculptures in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), pi. 76. Cat. no. 23. Frontal view o f a girl from a grave naiskos. Malibu 58.AA.4. THE CLASSICAL. PERIOD 67 Cat. no. 23. Right profile view o f the girl from a grave naiskos. Malibu 58.AA.4. 68 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE 24. Grave Naiskos ofDemainete with an Attendant Holding a Partridge with shoulder cords (see cat. no. 7), a belt fastened just under her budding breasts, and a cloak. Both the shoulder cords and the hairstyle are indicators o f Demainete s youth. She is probably 2 wearing shoes, for her feet have a large, rounded appearance, and About 310 B.C. a thick sole seems to be indicated under her left foot. She holds a 3 Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 96.5 cm (38 i n . ) ; bird with a broken­off head i n her right uplifted hand. Her left W i d t h : 47.5 cm (i8 /4 in.); Depth: 15 cm (5 /s in.) hand is wrapped i n the folds o f her cloak i n a m o t i f called the 7 3 4 "hanging sleeve" (see cat. no. 1). 75.AA.63 5 At the left, i n front of the left framing anta, stands a small girl holding a plump bird with a round eye. The bird is CONSERVATION The naiskos is complete except for chips. The girl's nose is probably a partridge. This girl wears a long­sleeved dress w i t h a 6 missing, and there are chips on her chin and on the cloak long overfold and shoulder cords. The long sleeves of her dress that covers her left hand and arm. The original rough­picked and her short­cropped hair indicate that she is a slave. She prob­ underside o f the p l i n t h remains. The back has been hollowed ably wears soft shoes or slippers, for no toes are shown. "Press out and its thickness reduced i n modern times. A border o f the original rough­picked back is preserved around this modern 7 8 folds" are indicated on both girls' clothing, which have been cutting. There are marks o f the tooth chisel on both sides o f interpreted by some as guidelines for a painted pattern or as sym­ the stele and on the background o f the front. The top o f the bols of special care given to the clothing of the wealthy and, thus, plinth on which the figures stand is roughly worked w i t h the a status symbol. point chisel. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface o f the marble has the oily, slick appearance characteristic o f an acid application. 9 This monument is unusual i n showing two different types of birds. The motif of a young deceased person holding a bird is common on Attic gravestones, but it is unusual to show more than PROVENANCE one bird. Birds were common pets i n the Athenian households, Unknown. and Demainete was obviously the proud owner of at least two. BIBLIOGRAPHY press folds and the depiction of two different types of birds—the The individual touches of this monument—such as the Recent Acquisitions of Antiquities, The J. Paul Getty Museum (Malibu, 1976), p. 3, no. 2; Frel 1979a, p. 22, no. 84; Frel 1979b, size of the monument, and the quality of its carving indicate that p. 43, no. 84; SEG 33.222; Butz 1987, Appendix B , p. 207; it was probably erected by a wealthy and prominent family for Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, p. 137 n. 7; Clairmont 1993,1: 200­201, their lost daughter, Demainete. The style and composition of the no. 0.909; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 103, no. 10, s.v. monument are comparable to a funerary monument i n Athens. Demainete, and p. 381, no. 59, s.v. Prokles; Bergemann 1997, p. 86 n. 177, p. 177, no. 698; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6. SHALLOW FLAT­TOPPED NAISKOS 10 There the girl holds the large bird—­a duck—and her young attendant holds a chest. with three antefixes framed by antas with projecting antecapitals. The name and patronymic of the deceased are inscribed on the architrave: 1 Davies 1971, pp. 470­71, nos. 12224,12231,12231 bis, 12233­35; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 103, s.v. Demainete, and p. 381, s.v. Prokles. The name Demainete is f o u n d o n inscriptions f r o m two demes, Aixone and Pithos. A H M A I N E T H IIPOKAEOYX The name o f Prokles is c o m m o n , being f o u n d o n inscriptions f r o m twenty­ six o f the Attic demes. "Demainete, (daughter) o f Prokles" 2 The names Demainete and Prokles are attested i n other inscrip­ tions from Athens and various demes of Attika. Festschrift fur Frank Brommer, ed. U . H o c k m a n n and A. Krug, pp. 155­61 1 At the right, Demainete, a girl, stands facing left i n a three­ quarter frontal pose. She has a broad face, flattened at the front, O n the costume, see Vorster 1983, p. 17. For shoulder cords o n adults and certain goddesses, see E. B. Harrison, "The Shoulder­Cord o f Themis," i n (Mainz, 1977). For the hairstyle, see Vorster 1983, pp. 21­23. 3 M o r r o w 1985, pp. 8 6 ­ 8 7 . 4 For gravestones of children h o l d i n g birds, see Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 4 2 ­ 4 6 . 5 Benson 1996, pp. 124­27. and large eyes. Her hair is styled with a central braid on top of her 6 Cf. Woysch­Meautis 1982, no. 228, p i . 33. head. That hairstyle is seen on both boys and girls; it is a way to 7 Reilly 1989, pp. 416­17. keep their long hair i n place and under control. I t is also the hair­ style commonly seen on figures of Eros, the son of the goddess of sex and love, Aphrodite. Demainete wears a short­sleeved dress 8 M o r r o w 1985, pp. 8 6 ­ 8 7 . 9 O n press folds, see Ridgway 1990, p. 219; Granger­Taylor 1987, pp. 114­23. 10 Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 895: C l a i r m o n t 1993,1: 202­3, no. 0.912. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 69 Cat. no. 24. Grave naiskos o f Demainete. Malibu 75.AA.63. Detail o f the inscription on the grave naiskos o f Demainete. 70 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE 25. Fragment of a Lekythos The tall, narrow proportions of the lekythos and the single figure highlighted against the background of the vessel point to a About 375 B.C. work made during the first thirty years of the fourth century B.C. Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; polychromy; Height: 58 cm (22 /8 in.); W i d t h : 29.2 cm (11V2 in.) 7 The size and style of this lekythos are comparable to ones in Athens and i n M u n i c h . 5 The practice of using sculpted marble lekythoi as grave markers begins at the end of the fifth century B.C. Some were 6 80.AA.157 plain, while others had painted designs or sculpted reliefs. The shape o f the lekythoi changed over the century of their use as CONSERVATION The lekythos is broken at the top through the neck and at the b o t t o m of the body of the vessel. There is a remnant of the b o t t o m of the original back handle. A large piece of marble is grave markers. The marble lekythoi followed the shapes of their terra­cotta predecessors. I n the beginning, they are tall and cylin­ missing from the back right side of the vase near the shoulder. drical. During the second quarter of the fourth century the shape The surface of the lekythos is pitted and weathered w i t h cracks. becomes more squat with a broader shoulder and shorter neck. Marks of the tooth chisel as well as striations from polishing remain on the lekythos. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. It has weathered to a golden brown, and the surface is covered w i t h light incrustation. A n analysis o f While the iconography of the reliefs on marble vessels such as lekythoi and loutrophoroi is related to that seen on stelai, some features r u n counter to the trend on stelai; multifigured com­ red pigment on the shoulder of the lekythos identified it as positions are common on early lekythoi, while only two­figured cinnabar. reliefs appear on those of the later period. Many of the lekythoi 1 are inscribed, mostly with personal names engraved directly above the figures. Most of the names are otherwise unknown. PROVENANCE Gift of M r . and Mrs. M i l t o n Gottlieb, Los Angeles. Lekythoi were part of the sculptural decoration of the family plots (periboloi) BIBLIOGRAPHY i n Attic cemeteries. The vases stood i n 7 E. Keuls, The Reign of the Phallus (New York, 1985), p. 132; these enclosures alongside naiskoi, tall stelai often topped with a Clairmont 1993,1: 252­53, no. 1.189. floral finial (anthemion), and funerary animals. The practice of grouping graves begins i n the last quarter of the fifth century B . C M O S T OF T H E B O D Y and part of the neck of a lekythos. The pat­ and leads to the large family tomb enclosures of the fourth cen­ tern of an original painted floral decoration composed of acanthus tury B . C The exact findspot of the majority of marble lekythoi is leaves, tendrils, and volutes on the shoulder as well as an egg­and­ unknown, but some stood i n pairs at the corners of plots and may dart border at the top of the body are discernible (see drawing). have functioned as boundary markers. 8 Most stone lekythoi were originally enlivened with painted floral designs similar to their terra­cotta counterparts. For example, 2 the shoulder pattern on this lekythos is similar to that on a white­ ground lekythos by the Quadrate Painter i n New York. 1 2 On the front of the vase is a standing female figure i n three­quarter pose to right. She wears a dress with a cloak pulled up over the back of her head, leaving the front of her full, curly hair uncovered. Her head is bowed. The fingers of her left hand ciated with married women. The gesture maybe a reference to the 3 The M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m of A r t 75.2.5: D . Kurtz, Athenian White Lekythoi: Patterns and Painters (Oxford, 1975), fig. 24a. 4 O n the gesture, see Stears 1995, pp. 119­20. 5 Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 4495: Clairmont 1993,1: 347­ 48, no. 1.377; M u n i c h , Glyptothek 498: Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, pp. 121­27, no. 19. 6 The two m a i n studies o f marble lekythoi are B. Schmaltz, Untersuchungen den attischen Marmorlekythen . The 4 zu (Berlin, 1970), and A. Prukakis, "The Evolution o f the Attic Marble Lekythoi and Their Relation to the Problem o f Identifying woman's right arm crosses her body at the waist, and she fingers a the Dead among the Figures Shown o n the Funerary Reliefs" (Ph.D. diss., L o n d o n Univ., 1971). fold of the cloak. The figure embodies the ideal Athenian woman, graceful and modest, with her head bowed i n sorrow. See D . C. Kurtz and J. Boardman, Greek Burial Customs (Ithaca, N.Y., 1971), p. 128. hold the edge of the cloak at shoulder height i n the gesture asso­ ritual unveiling of the bride at weddings (anakalypteria) Report i n the treatment file for the lekythos i n the Department o f Antiquities Conservation, J. Paul Getty M u s e u m . 3 7 R. Garland, "A First Catalogue o f Attic Peribolos Tombs," Annual of the British 8 A marble lekythos w i t h a horos inscription has survived. See Schmaltz (supra, School at Athens 77 (1982): 129­30. note 6), pp. 76-77. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 71 Detail o f the painted floral pattern on the shoulder o f the lekythos Malibu 80.AA.157. Drawing o f the painted floral pattern on the shoulder o f the lekythos Malibu 80.AA.157. 72 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE Cat. no. 25. Frontal view o f a lekythos. Malibu 80.AA.157. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 73 26. Lekythos Behind the maiden at the right of the composition stands a boy with a dog. He wears a cloak draped i n such a way that his About 360 B.C. right arm, shoulder, and chest are bare, as are his feet. His left arm is akimbo. The dog is of the type used for hunting. I t raises 9 Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 56.5 cm (22V4 in.); W i d t h : 25.4 cm (10 in.) its muzzle toward the boys outstretched right hand. Although the boy holds his hand down to the dog like many figures who hold a bird i n their hand toward a dog, there is no trace of any­ 73.AA.132.1 thing i n his hand. 10 There is a distinct space between the fingers and the thumb. I n addition, the digits are outlined with carved CONSERVATION The lekythos is broken at the top through the neck and handle and at the b o t t o m through the body­foot junction. There is channels. At the left of the composition, behind the seated man, some surface chipping, especially along the junction of the body and shoulder. There are marks of the tooth chisel on the stands a woman with her elbows resting on the back of the chair surface of the lekythos. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, and her right hand raised to her chin. She wears a dress with a probably Pentelic. It is weathered to a golden brown, and there long overfold and a cloak drawn up over the back of her head. 11 is incrustation over most of the surface of the lekythos. The deceased is probably the young woman standing before her parents. A similar composition of a deceased young 12 PROVENANCE woman standing i n front of her seated father with her mother Unknown. standing behind h i m and accompanied by younger siblings is seen BIBLIOGRAPHY on a slightly earlier stele i n Rhamnous. Frel 1974, no. 7; Frel 1979a, no. 86; Clairmont 1993, intro. vol., profile of the lekythos combined with the multifigured scene place p. 82; ibid., 3: 491­92, no. 3.876. 13 The slightly broader our vase i n the second quarter of the fourth century B.C. A lekythos of comparable shape, drapery style, and scene w i t h family mem­ B O D Y OF A L E K Y T H O S missing its foot and most of its neck. bers of various ages is i n New York. The injection of a distinctive 14 There are traces of a painted design at the top of the body, proba­ gesture, such as that of the mother s arms i n this work, into an bly originally tongues. I n addition, remains o f a floral pattern on otherwise conventional display elevates the visual impact from the shoulder are visible under raking light and magnification. Four still life to the dramatic. 1 figures and a dog are placed on a small ledge o f marble that cre­ ates a groundline for the composition. I n the center of the scene, a bearded man sits on a chair and faces right. His feet rest on a 2 footstool. They are formless with no toes indicated, so he proba­ 1 2 bly wears soft boots. A cloak is draped so that his right arm, the hand of a young woman standing i n front of him, a gesture The chair is a klismos whose seat is b o t h uncushioned and undraped. See Richter 1966, pp. 33­37. 3 shoulder, and chest are bare. His right arm is extended to shake Cf. the design o n a lekythos i n the Athenian Agora, inv. s 275: Grossman 1995, pp. 284­85, no. 122, fig. 137. 3 M o r r o w 1985, pp. 87­88. 4 O n dexiosis between w o m e n and men, see Stears 1995, p. 126. 5 A seated m a n h o l d i n g a staff that was added i n paint is seen o n a lekythos i n Athens, Agora s 2219: Grossman 1995, pp. 254­56, no. 106. C l a i r m o n t 1993, denoting the unity of the family even into death. His left hand is 4 3: 491, suggests a bird's head, b u t a close examination reveals that the shape, raised to hold a stick that terminates i n what appears to be a rams weathered though i t is, is too rounded. The front o f the shape appears more head. The shaft of the stick itself was originally painted. The 5 muzzlelike than beaklike. A small projection further back o n the shape w o u l d practice o f carving the top part o f the walking stick and painting the shaft was common i n relief sculpture, even o f the highest quality. Thus, on the East Frieze of the Parthenon, i n the assem­ be consistent w i t h a r a m s curling h o r n . 6 M . Robertson, The Parthenon Frieze (New York, 1975), East i v , fig. 27. 7 Reeder 1995, pp. 126­28. 8 bly of gods, the staff that Ares holds combines the two techniques to render it fully. 9 6 The young woman shaking hands with the man wears a her back, an indication of her youth and maidenhood. I n many 7 places, girls would cut their hair prior to marriage and dedicate i t Sacrificial For examples o f funerary monuments w i t h h u n t i n g dogs, see Woysch­ Meautis 1982, pp. 5 5 ­ 6 0 , p. 127, no. 287, p i . 43, and no. 292, p i . 44. 10 For an example o f a boy holding out a b i r d to a dog, see Woysch­Meautis belted dress with a long overfold and a cloak that covers both shoulders. Her hair is long, fastened at the neck and falling down See W. Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Ritual and Myth (Berkeley, 1983), p. 63 n . 20. 1982, p. 125, no. 267, pi. 40. 11 The figure o f a w o m e n leaning o n the back o f the chair o f a seated figure is seen o n a lekythos o f roughly the same period i n Athens, Agora s 2216: Gross­ m a n 1995, pp. 256­59, no. 107. 12 As C l a i r m o n t 1993,3: 491, suggests. to a deity. The young woman's left hand and forearm are held 13 Rhamnous A p o t h i k i , C l a i r m o n t 1993,3: 450 ­ 5 1 , no. 3.710. alongside her body under the folds of her thin cloak. 14 N e w York, the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m o f A r t 49.11.4: C l a i r m o n t 1993,4:192­ 8 93, no. 7.330. The vase is larger, however, and the quality o f the carving finer than o n the Getty lekythos. The figures have more definition and are more three­dimensional. 74 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE Cat. no. 26. Frontal view o f a lekythos. Malibu 73.AA.132.!. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 75 Detail o f the woman and man on the left end o f the figural scene on the lekythos Detail o f the boy and woman on the right end o f the figural scene on the lekythos Malibu 73.AA.132.1. Malibu 73.AA.132.!. Conservation photo showing details o f the painted pattern on the shoulder o f the lekythos Malibu 73.AA.132.!. 7 6 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE 27. Loutrophoros of Aristomachos with His ¥ other Philytes, and His Brother At the left of the composition, a bearded man, Philytes, stands facing right leaning on a stick that originally was painted. y These types of figures become popular from the time of the Parthenon on. I t is the stance of the worthy, learned citizen. Phi­ 5 lytes wears a cloak wrapped i n such a way that his right arm, shoulder, and chest are bare. His left arm and hand are wrapped About 370 B.C. i n the cloak and rest on top of the stick. His right arm is extended Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 74 cm (29V% i n . ) ; to shake hands with a standing bearded man, Aristomachos, W i d t h : 28 cm (11 in.) probably his son. 6 Aristomachos wears a cloak wrapped like Philytes'. His 83.AA.253 left hand grasps the edge of his cloak just above the waist. Between the father and son stands a boy facing left. He, too, is CONSERVATION The loutrophoros is broken at the b o t t o m just above the foot. wrapped i n a cloak that leaves his right arm, shoulder, and chest The neck and the upper part o f the vase have been put together bare. His right arm and hand are raised i n front of him; his left is from several fragments. There are chips i n the surface o f the enfolded i n the cloak. Since he does not wear the tunic of an vessel. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. There are marks o f the tooth chisel on the surface attendant but a cloak, he is probably the younger brother of Aris­ of the stone. tomachos. The feet of all three figures are probably shod i n soft shoes or boots, for all are formless with no toes indicated. PROVENANCE 7 A similar composition, except for an additional figure Gift of Vasek Polak, Hermosa Beach, California. placed behind the man on the right, is seen on a lekythos of the BIBLIOGRAPHY same period i n Brauron. I n shape and proportion, the Getty J. Frel et a l , "Acquisitions/1983," GettyMusJ12 (1984): 235, no. 9; loutrophoros is similar to a loutrophoros i n Athens. Based on 8 9 SEG 34.236; Butz 1987, Appendix B, p. 209; Clairmont 1993, 2: the iconography and inscriptions, either the father, Philytes, or 764, no. 2.879; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 58, no. 61, s.v. his son, Aristomachos, could be the deceased individual here. Aristomachos, and p. 461, no. 2, s.v. Philytes; M . Pecasse, "La Tete a l'envers," i n J. Frel, Studia Varia (Rome, 1994), p. 24 n . 2; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6. But since the scene is placed on an loutrophoros­amphora—a monument perhaps associated with unmarried men—Aristoma­ chos is probably the deceased son o f Philytes, shown with his younger brother. The Two types of marble loutrophoroi—the amphora and neck of the vase is articulated with a molding at the mouth and at the hydria—were used as grave markers beginning near the end ALMOST C O M P L E T E L O U T R O P H O R O S of amphora type. the midpoint; it is carved i n relief against the amphora handles, of the fifth century B.C. The loutrophoros­amphora has two ver­ which are blocked out but not fully carved. The handles on many tical handles; the loutrophoros­hydria has one vertical and two of the marble loutrophoroi are embellished with carved details. horizontal handles. Both are continuations of terra­cotta shapes. 1 10 Those that are carved i n outline like the Getty example probably From the Protogeometric period on, the amphora is associated originally had details added i n paint. There was probably origi­ with male burial, and the horizontal­handled amphora—which nally a separately carved plate­shaped mouth affixed to the top of is related to the hydria—is associated with women. the neck. Even loutrophoroi carved i n relief on stelai often have 2 11 It is possible but not certain that loutrophoroi marked a three­dimensionally carved mouth. O n the top of the Getty the graves of unmarried persons. While it was the custom i n loutrophoros is a centrally placed circular depression, approxi­ Athens to mark specially the graves of those who died unmar­ 3 mately 4 cm i n diameter, roughly worked with the point chisel. ried, the way i n which it was done is not completely clear. This is probably the attachment point for a separately made Loutrophoros iconography does not support their exclusive use mouth. A ring molding marks the join of the foot and body. for unwed individuals. The names of the two bearded men are inscribed above their heads: 12 Some scholars believe that the name "loutrophoros" as used today is a misnomer because the word means a carrier for the loutra, water for bathing specific to the bridal ritual. 13 The vases we call loutrophoroi are seen i n both wedding and funeral OIATTHX APIXTOMAXOX scenes; their iconography is diverse, with battles, weddings, and "Philytes Aristomachos" funerals most often represented. I t is possible that i n antiquity 14 While the name Aristomachos is well attested i n other inscriptions "loutrophoros" denoted any vase used for water for bathing. from Athens and many demes of Attika, Philytes is attested i n only one other inscription from Athens, also of the fourth century B . C 4 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 77 Detail o f the figural scene on the loutrophoros o f Aristomachos. 78 A T T I C FUNERARY SCULPTURE Cat. no. 27. Loutrophoros o f Aristomachos. Malibu 83.AA.253. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 79 Detail o f the inscription on the loutrophoros o f Aristomachos: Philytes. Detail of the inscription on the loutrophoros of Aristomachos: Aristomachos. 1 2 3 4 5 E.g., a loutrophoros­amphora in Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 1406: Moltesen 1995, pp. 122­23, no. 62. Such an example is seen on a loutrophoros in Athens, National Archaeologi­ cal Museum 3473: Clairmont 1993, 4: 41­42, no. 4.237. E.g., a stele in Paris, Musée du Louvre Ma 784: Hamiaux 1992, p. 185, no. 185. Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 58, s.v. Aristomachos, and p. 461, s.v. Philytes. See J. Bergemann, "Die bürgerliche Identität der Athener im Spiegel der atti­ schen Grabreliefs," in Griechische Klassik: Vorträge bei der interdisziplinären Tagung des Deutschen Archäologenverbandes und der Mommsengesellschaft vom 24.-27. Oktober 1991 in Blaubeuren, ed. E. Pöhlmann and W. Gauer, pp. 283­ 93 (Nuremberg, 1994), esp. pp. 287­88; Bergemann 1997, pp. 76­78. For the Parthenon figures, see M . Robertson, The Parthenon Frieze (New York, 1975), East Frieze, slab iv, figs. 20­23, and slab v i , figs. 4 2 ­ 4 6 . On the gesture, called dexiosis, see cat. no. 1, note 7. Morrow 1985, pp. 87­88. Brauron, Museum B E 837: Clairmont 1993,3: 473, no. 3.843. Athens, Third Ephoria 1018: Clairmont 1993, 4: 77, no. 4.377. Dating of loutrophoroi is based on the changing shape of the vessel over time. See G. Kokula, Marmorlutrophoren (Berlin, 1984), pp. 138­42. 10 The earliest known terra­cotta loutrophoroi, by the Analatos Painter, are dated to the late eighth century B.C. See M . B. Moore and M . Z. P. Philippides, Attic Black-figured Pottery (Princeton, 1986), pp. 18­20. 6 7 8 9 80 ATTIC FUNERARY. SCULPTURE 11 This seems generally true, although Clairmont 1993, 6:127, notes three excep­ tions of loutrophoros­amphorae used for women rather than men. 12 E.g., a rectangular block of stone {mensa) bearing a loutrophoros commemo­ rates a married couple: IG 11 5614. C. Dehl, "Eine Gruppe früher Lutropho­ renstelen aus dem Kerameikos," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 96 (1981): 176 n. 49, lists a few examples, which seem to indicate that the vase was used for married as well as unmarried women. 2 13 The name of the vase is taken from Demosthenes Against leochares 18. When asked how he knew that a particular man had died unmarried, Demosthenes replied that there was a loutrophoros over his grave. Later writers and lexicog­ raphers interpret loutrophoros as the person bearing the loutra, a boy or girl, depending on the sex of the deceased; see Pollux Onomasticon 8.66. J. Board­ man, "Pottery from Eretria," Annual of the British School at Athens 47 (1952): 32 n. 192, first suggested that, since there are so many extant examples of the tall, narrow­necked vase known as a loutrophoros, which would indicate that a high proportion of the population died unmarried, perhaps another vase shape, the lebes gamikos, was a better candidate for the vase called "loutrophoros" in ancient literary sources. 14 R. Rehm, Marriage to Death: The Conflation of Wedding and Funeral Rituals in Greek Tragedy (Princeton, 1994), pp. 30­32. 28. Fragment of the Neck and Mouth of a Lekythos Fourth century B.C. Fine­grained white marble w i t h gray streaks and mica; Height: 38.5 cm (15 Vs in.); W i d t h : 14.2 cm (5 /s in.) 5 73.AA.132.2 CONSERVATION The neck is broken at the b o t t o m . There are losses from the left side o f the m o u t h and chips on the surface. The fragment once was joined to 73.AA.132.1 (cat. no. 26), but it does not belong to that lekythos. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The surface o f the marble has weathered to a yellow­brown patina. There are marks o f the tooth chisel on the handle. PROVENANCE U n k n o w n (joined to 73.AA.132.1). BIBLIOGRAPHY Frel 1974, no. 7; Frel 1979a, no. 86; Clairmont 1993, 3: 491, no. 3.876 (mentioned i n description o f 73.AA.132.1 as an alien restoration). P A R T OF T H E N E C K OF A L E K Y T H O S w i t h the back handle and mouth. The m o u t h has a flaring lip w i t h a straight vertical outer edge; it curves downward to meet a sharply flaring neck ring. A graffito is carved on the top surface of the m o u t h . This neck and m o u t h would have joined the body and foot of a large lekythos. Compare a lekythos i n Copenhagen, which has its orig­ inal neck and m o u t h . 1 1 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 466: Moltesen 1995, pp. 114­15? no­ 55­ Cat. no. 28. Fragment o f a lekythos. Malibu 73.^.132.2. Drawing o f the graffito on the top o f the mouth o f the lekythos Malibu 73.^.132.2. The front o f the mouth is at the bottom o f the drawing. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 81 29. Lion in lions carved later i n the fourth century. He seems to fit best with ones carved between 390 and 370. About 380 B.C. 1 Although lions had long since vanished from the Attic countryside by the fourth century B . C , they were associated i n Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 37.4 cm (i4 /4 in.); Length: 89.9 cm (35% in.); W i d t h : 22.3 cm (8 A in.) 3 3 myth and poetry with ferocity and bravery. Since these qualities were desirous as protectors of the dead, sculpted stone lions were 57.AA.12 often used as guardians of funerary plots. Animals carved i n the CONSERVATION they did not become numerous until the fourth century B . C The 2 round were placed over graves before the Classical period, but 3 The body and head of the lion are intact, except that his nose is chipped, and his left ear is partly missing. His tail, legs, and a splinter on his front flank are missing. The back has been recut use o f funerary lions is continuous from the Archaic period on. Possibly the earliest known Attic grave lion is one from the Athen­ ian Agora, dated about 530 B.C. The most elaborate and, therefore, 4 and flattened i n modern times. The marble is micaceous and, most expensive family plots (periboloi) therefore, probably Pentelic. i n the Kerameikos ceme­ tery i n Athens had boundary markers o f freestanding sculptures PROVENANCE of mythical and animal figures such as Sirens and lions. Lions 5 U n t i l 1918 i n the collection of Maurice, Viscount of Dresnay, Chateau Dreneuc, at Fegreac i n Brittany. were set up i n pairs, one at either end of large tomb facades. 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY P. Perdrizet, Paris, sale, Antiquites grecques de la collection du Vicomte du Dresnay, 1918, p. 4, no. v n ; "Accessions of American and Canadian Museums, July­September, 1957," Art 1 This includes lions i n Boston, M u s e u m o f Fine Arts 65.563: M . Comstock and C. Vermeule, Sculpture in Stone (Boston, 1976), p . 52, no. 76; Providence, Quarterly M u s e u m o f A r t , Rhode Island School o f Design, no. 15.003: Vermeule 1981, 20 (1957): 469 (no. 2 i n fourth entry under heading "Greek"); p. 97, no. 66; Paris, Musee d u Louvre M a 1667­69: Hamiaux 1992, pp. 211­12, H . Stothart, "Two Attic Funerary Lions of the 4th Century," nos. 216 ­18; and Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 801: Vedder 1985, Bulletin of the J. Paul Getty Museum of Art 1.1 (1957): 18­21; Getty p. 285, no. T 10. O n the difficulties o f establishing a chronology for lions, see et al. 1965, pp. 54­55; Stothart 1965, p. 15 (listed incorrectly as M . Mertens­Horn, "Studien zu griechischen Lowenbildern," Mitteilungen A 57.S­8); Vermeule and Von Kersburg 1968, p. 100; Vermeule des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Romische Abteilung 93 (1986): 46 ­ 47. and Neuerburg 1973, p. 9, no. 14; Frel 1979a, p. 15, no. 60; Vermeule and V o n Kersburg 1968, pp. 99­101, and Vermeule 1972, pp. 49­52, Vedder 1985, pp. 82, 294, no. T 54. set up a relative chronology for lions, b u t some o f the lions i n the earlier list have been redated i n later publications. The chronology seems too precise i n m y view. Another scheme, w i t h many agreements w i t h Vermeule, is found i n Vedder 1985, p. 166. L I O N F A C I N G R I G H T , crouching on his front legs, and turning his head to face the viewer. Three rows of locks form the mane, which is composed of flamelike tufts going i n different directions. 2 For a discussion o f various views o n the meaning o f lions, see M e r t e n s ­ H o r n 3 D . C. Kurtz and J. Boardman, Greek Burial Customs (Ithaca, N.Y., 1971), 4 Agora s 1740: E. B. Harrison, The Athenian Agora, vol. 11, Archaic and (supra, note 1), pp. 48­51. The ears are prominent i n the first row of locks, although the proper left is largely broken away. The first two rows of locks from pp. 135­36. the face are parted i n the center. The mane continues for some dis­ tance along the spine. The eyes are large and deep­set under craggy later Archaic and Classical periods, w h i c h crouch, this one is seated. 5 R. Garland, "A First Catalogue o f Attic Peribolos Tombs," Annual of the British 6 A pair i n Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 803 and 804, were found School at Athens 77 (1982): 129. brows. His open mouth shows individually carved teeth. This lion is rather simply carved and lacks naturalistic features such as delineated muscle groups and surface veins seen 82 A T T I C FUNERARY SCULPTURE Archais- tic Sculpture (Princeton, 1965), pp. 27­28, no. 90. Unlike most lions f r o m the i n context i n the D i p y l o n cemetery: C l a i r m o n t 1993,1: 6 ­ 7 , nos. 3 a ­ b . Cat. no. 29. Right profile view o f a lion. Malibu 57.AA.12. Cat. no. 29. Left profile view o f a lion. Malibu 57.AA.12. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 83 30. Lion L O N G A N D L A N K Y L I O N with details of his musculature and skeleton carved i n a naturalistic manner. He faces left and origi­ About 350 B . C . nally crouched on his front legs, which are now missing. His head Fine­grained white marble; Height: 36.7 cm (14V2 in.); Length: 92 cm (36V4 in.); W i d t h : 20.3 cm (8 in.) is almost i n left profile, only slightly turned toward the viewer. Three rows of locks at the front and six rows on the back form the mane, which lies flat around the neck and continues to a m i d ­ 57.AA.11 point on his back. Each lock is pointed and made up of four CONSERVATION surface of the rest o f the body is worked with a rasp and tooth strands of hair. The ears are large and recessed i n the mane. The The head and body o f the l i o n are complete. The legs and tail are missing. There are some chips i n the mane. The highly weathered surface shows scattered incrustation and tool marks. The white marble has weathered to a yellowish­brown color. chisel to simulate the hide o f the animal, more prominently on the front than on the back. The eyes are small and round; the mouth is closed. The lion seems to fit best with those dated about the PROVENANCE middle of the fourth century. The treatment of the locks of the 1 Unknown. mane and the hide is similar to that seen on lions from the Mau­ soleum of Halikarnassos of about 350 B.C. The face lacks the 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY "Accessions of American and Canadian Museums, J u l y ­ emotionality of lions carved slightly after the middle o f the cen­ September, 1957," Art Quarterly 20 (1957): 469 (no. 1 i n fourth tury under the influence o f the sculptor Skopas. 3 entry under heading "Greek"), 471 (fig.); H . Stothart, "Two Attic Funerary Lions o f the 4th Century," Bulletin of the J. Paul Getty Museum of Art 1.1 (1957): 18­21; Getty et al. 1965, pp. 54­55; Stothart 1965, p. 15 (labeled incorrectly as A 57.S­9); 1 Vermeule and V o n Kersburg 1968, p. 100; Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 9, no. 15; Frel 1979a, p. 15, no. 61; Vedder 1985, pp. 82, 294, no. T 53. 2 3 84 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE This includes lions in Paris, Musee du Louvre Ma 827: Hamiaux 1992, p. 210, no. 215; Athens, National Archaeological Museum 802: Vedder 1985, p. 285, no. T 11; and a relief image on the stele of Leon, Athens, National Archaeological Museum 770: Clairmont 1993,1: 5, no. 1. London, British Museum 1075,1077, and 1080. These are classified by Waywell as type 1 lions: G. Waywell, The Tree-Standing Sculptures of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in the British Museum (London, 1978), pp. 180­83, nos. 401, 404, 405, pis. 37­38. E.g., Vermeule 1972, p. 51, pi. 14, figs. i 2 a ­ b (a pair of lions from Tampourias of 320 B.C. in Piraeus, Museum 2243 and 2244). Others are listed in Vermeule and Von Kersburg 1968, p. 100. Cat. no. 30. Left profile view o f a lion. Malibu 57.AA.11. Cat. no. 30. Right profile view o f a lion. Malibu 57.AA.11. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 85 31. Lion C R O U C H I N G L I O N F A C I N G L E F T while turning his head to con­ front the viewer. His body is lean and muscular with ribs and sur­ About 325 B . C . face blood vessels naturalistically rendered. The front o f the lion Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 58 c m (22% i n . ) ; Length: 108 cm (42V2 in.); W i d t h : 28.5 c m (11V4 in.) is more anatomically detailed than the back. The mane is com­ posed of large pointed locks of three or four flat strands. Approx­ imately seven rows o f locks extend from the right side o f the face 96. AA.105 around to the back o f the head. The locks are more schematically CONSERVATION of the back. A center part divides the two rows o f locks nearest The head and body o f the l i o n are complete; the legs and tail the face. Deep grooves mark the cheeks and the area between the carved at the back of the head. The mane extends to the midpoint are missing. There are large chips on the nose and on the end of the left brow; one large chip has been reattached to the inside eyes. The eyeballs are rounded. The mouth flanges are smooth. of the proper right foreleg. The surface of the marble is basically The mouth is open, revealing his individually carved teeth. The intact, w i t h a scattering o f chips. There is light weathering, muzzle and lower jaw are particularly prominent rounded forms. especially on the proper right side of the animal, and a light beige The genitals are indicated only i n a perfunctory way. incrustation over the entire surface. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The back has marks o f the flat chisel; the front, marks o f the tooth chisel and rasp. The naturalistic details, such as surface veins and hair, place this lion with ones carved after the middle o f the fourth century, which was when the largest and most dramatic speci­ PROVENANCE mens were carved. Although this lion has features i n common Gift o f Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman, New York City. with lions in New York, Copenhagen, and Minneapolis—all dated 1 about 330 B . C — t h e face o f the Getty lion is more expressive 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY True and H a m m a 1994, p. 111, no. 49. and has details i n common with a pair o f lions i n Piraeus, carved about ten years later. Particularly striking is the ridged 3 detail on the snout that extends from the nostrils and bisects the upper lip. The Piraeus lions are, however, larger, about twice the size o f the Getty lion. 1 2 3 86 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Vermeule and Von Kersburg 1968, pp. 100­101; Vermeule 1972, p. 52. New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art 09.221.9: G. M. A. Richter, Catalogue of Greek Sculptures in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), p. 82, no. 145; Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 2448: Molte­ sen 1995, p. 78, no. 22; Minneapolis Institute of Arts 25.25: Vermeule 1981, p. 113, no. 84. Also see Vedder 1985, p. 296, no. T 60, p. 294, no. T 51, and p. 295, no. T 56, respectively. Piraeus, Museum 2243 and 2244: Vedder 1985, p. 297, nos. T 67 and T 68; Ver­ meule 1972, pi. 14, figs. i2a­b. Cat. no. 31. Left profile view o f a lion. Malibu 96.AA.105. Cat. no. 31. Right profile view o f a lion. Malibu 96.AA.105. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 87 32. Lion L I O N S I T T I N G E R E C T on his haunches looking straight ahead. He is placed o n a small p l i n t h that must have been set into a larger About 310 B . C . base for display i n the cemetery. The musculature and anatomy 2 are rendered naturalistically. The mane is composed o f pointed Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height: 109.5 c m (43Vs in.); W i d t h : 27.7 cm (io /s i n . ) ; Depth: 40.4 cm (i5 /s in.) 7 7 locks that continue down b o t h the front and the back to the m i d ­ point o f the body. A single row o f raised locks frames the face; the remainder lie flat and are arranged randomly. The rest of the body 73.AA.121 has been worked w i t h the tooth chisel to simulate the hide o f CONSERVATION the animal. The face is large, its m o u t h open to reveal upper and The forelegs as well as part o f the base o f the right back foot and the tail are broken off. There are areas o f loss o n the mane and chips over the surface o f the animal. The very end o f the lower teeth, which are carved individually. The restoration o f the muzzle and lower jaw, which was done around the beginning o f mane o n the back is broken away. The muzzle and lower jaw the twentieth century, is too large for the rest of the l i o n and, there­ were restored i n marble while the statue was i n the van Brante­ fore, causes the l i o n to have a stupid rather than a fierce expression. ghem collection around 1900; they were removed and re­ The eyes are triangular w i t h rounded eyeballs. A deep vertical restored i n 1974. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, groove between the eyes continues up the forehead into the mane. 1 probably Pentelic. The p l i n t h is worked w i t h the point chisel This l i o n seems likely to be a reproduction o f the m o n u ­ for insertion into a base. mental seated l i o n at Chaironeia. That l i o n is constructed o f 3 blocks o f marble, and the statue itself measures over nine feet. PROVENANCE F r o m Marathon. Formerly i n the collection of Adolphe It is placed o n a plinth approximately six feet high marking a van Branteghem, Brussels. tomb containing some 250 skeletons—Theban casualties from the battle between the Macedonians under Philip 11 and Athens BIBLIOGRAPHY allied w i t h Thebes, which was fought at the site i n 338 B.C. The 4 The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1974), p. 13; ibid. (Malibu, 1975), p.. 33; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), pp. 38, 40. M . Collignon, Les Statues funeraires dans Vartgrec (Paris, 1911), p. 230; F. Willemsen, Die Lowenkopf-Wasserspeier am Dach des Zeustempels (Berlin, 1959), p. 69; Vermeule and Von Kersburg 1968, p. 100; J. Frel, Les Sculpteurs attiques Getty l i o n would have been carved sometime after the comple­ t i o n o f the monument at Chaironeia, which was most likely shortly after 316 B.C. Stylistically, the Getty l i o n looks back to 5 lions carved about fifteen years earlier. 6 anonymes, 430-300 B.C. (Prague, 1969), p. 365; Vermeule 1972, p. 51, fig. 4; G. M . A. Hanfmann, "Lydian Relations w i t h Ionia and Persia," Proceedings of the xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology (Ankara, 1978), 1: 34, and 3: p i . 12,fig.17; Frel 1979a, p. 16, no. 62; Frel 1979b, p. 43, no. 62; Vermeule 1981, 1 2 p. 127, no. 98; Vedder 1985, pp. 85­86, 88, 97,199 n n . 467­68, p. 295, no. T 55. 3 4 5 6 88 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Information in the central object file in the Department of Antiquities in the Getty Museum. Cf. the reconstruction drawing of the grave precinct of Dionysios in the Kera­ meikos cemetery in Athens: A. Brueckner, Der Friedhofam Eridanos hex der Hagia Triada zu Athen (Berlin, 1909), p. 82, fig. 49. For the lion at Chaironeia, see G. M . A. Richter, Animals in Greek Sculpture (New York, 1930), pp. 8 ­ 9 , 52, fig. 29; O. Broneer, The Lion Monument at Amphipolis (Cambridge, 1941), pp. 35­41. On the monument, see Pausanias Guide to Greece 9.40.5. On the battle, see Diodorus Siculus 16.85.5­86.6. U. Knigge, "Zum Lowen von Kantzas," Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 91 (1976): 170­71, convincingly argues that the monument could not have been erected earlier, even though it com­ memorates those who fell in the battle of 338 B.C. The lion has certain stylistic resemblances to those carved earlier, e.g., the lion in Cincinnati Art Museum, inv. 1946.40. Vermeule 1972, p. 51, states that the two lions were carved by the same sculptor, but he seems later to have changed his mind, since he dates the Getty lion to the late fourth century in a subse­ quent publication: Vermeule 1981, p. 127, no. 98. Cat. no. 32. Front and back views o f a lion. Malibu 73.AA.121. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 89 Cat. no. 32. Right profile view o f a lion. Malibu 73.AA.121. 90 A T T I C F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E 33- Two Doves Two DOVES ON PLINTHS, one facing left (.1), the other facing right (.2). They look straight ahead, and their wings are folded. 350­300 B.C. Their eyes are round with a groove incised around each one to set Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; Height .1:17 cm (6 A i n . ) , 3 .2:16.5 cm (6V2 in.); Length .1: 25 cm (9% in.), .2: 24.5 cm off the eyeball. Their beaks are divided into upper and lower parts by incised lines. Doves appear frequently on Attic stelai, mostly as akrote­ (9 /s in.); W i d t h .1: 9.7 cm (3% in.), .2: 9.8 cm (3% in.) 5 ria and usually carved i n one piece with the slab. The size of these 1 doves indicates that they come from a large grave monument, 78.AA.47.1­.2 probably a naiskos, where they would have been placed on the cor­ CONSERVATION ners of the pediment as akroteria. Several doves carved separately 2 The ends of the beaks are missing. There are small chips along the edges of both birds. The fronts are covered w i t h a light are i n the storerooms of the Kerameikos Museum i n Athens. The purpose o f doves on funerary monuments would yellowish incrustation and are slightly more weathered than the backs; the backs are less well modeled but better preserved. 3 have been as mourners. As the sacred animals of Persephone, a The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. The goddess who spent half of every year i n the Underworld, doves undersides o f the birds are roughly finished w i t h the point were regarded as birds of sorrow; live specimens were given as chisel. There are rasp marks on the bodies o f the birds. offerings on the tomb. When they appear on funerary monu­ 4 PROVENANCE ments, it is often i n the company of a Siren, a hybrid creature part Formerly i n the collection o f Joseph Brummer, New York City. woman and part bird, who lamented the dead. 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY The J Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Los Angeles, 1954), p. 21, no. 4; ibid. (Los Angeles, 1956), p. 13, no. 4. 1 Parke­Bernet Galleries, New York, sale, Estate of Joseph Brummer, A p r i l 20—23,1949> lot no. 167; Stothart 1965, p. 22 (as 1­48); Frel 1979a, no. 72. O n doves as decorative elements o n funerary monuments, see Woysch­ Meautis, p. 42. Cf. two doves o n top o f a loutrophoros i n relief i n L o n d o n , British M u s e u m 1915.4­5.1: C l a i r m o n t 1993, 2: 513, no. 2.417b. 2 Cf. a stele i n Chalkis, M u s e u m 925: Woysch­Meautis, p. 124, no. 254, p i . 37. 3 Seen by the author d u r i n g research i n Athens i n 1996. 4 Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 52­53. 5 Euripides Helen 167­78, trans. N . C u r r y (Cambridge, 1981). Cat. no. 33. Two doves, in their approximate relation to one another, from a funerary monument. Malibu 78.AA.47.1-2. THE C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 91 34- Anthemion different straight and curving elements called taenia, cavetto, and A b o u t 320 B . C . six­leafed half­palmettes with a long­stemmed flower between ovolo. The shell anthemion is a split palmette composed o f two Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; traces o f red color; Height: 76 c m (29% i n . ) ; W i d t h : 60.3 c m (23 /4 i n . ) ; Depth: 3 26.7 c m (10V2 in.) them, all, including their volutes, rising from thick stems and a curly­leafed acanthus. The volutes are decorated w i t h rosettes o f 3 eight petals. A second pair o f volutes rests on the horizontal molding at the corners. Funerary monuments provided ancient sculptors the 79.AA.18 opportunity to demonstrate their technical virtuosity w i t h both CONSERVATION The left b o t t o m and right top are missing. The outer margin o f the anthemion is chipped all along the front edge. The marble ornamental and figural subjects. This akroterion shows the sculp­ tor's skill i n carving floral decoration. The diversity among is micaceous and, therefore, probably Pentelic. I t has weathered anthemia w i t h respect to detail is large, but all are essentially vari­ to a reddish­brown patina. There are tooth­chisel marks on the ations on the theme o f a central palmette whose leaves, turned sides; some o f the original rough­picked back surface remains, either outward or inward, grow out of a centrally placed bunch o f b u t most o f the back is a broken surface. acanthus leaves. Frequently, the carving o f the anthemion is o f greater quality than a figural scene on the same stele. PROVENANCE This anthemion is similar to the one on a nearly com­ Unknown. plete stele w i t h a recessed figural panel and two rosettes that is BIBLIOGRAPHY in Calimera. I t belongs to the group o f more luxuriant and Frel 1979b, p. 44, no. 86 bis; S. Margolis and W. Showers, three­dimensional anthemia carved i n the latter part o f the 4 "Ancient Greek and Roman Sculpture: Authentication, Weathering, and Provenance Determination," i n Marble: Art Historical and Scientific Perspectives on Ancient fourth century B.C. Sculpture, pp. 283­99 (Malibu, 1990), esp. p. 286, Table 1, no. 8. 1 C A R V E D I N T H E S H A P E OF luxuriant vegetation, this anthemion was the crowning element o f a grave relief. Classical Attic grave 1 2 Attic Selection, 750 ­ 400 B . C , " i n Ancient Greek and Related Pottery, ed. 440s and 430s B . C . — m u c h earlier than any carved marble ex­ H . Bridjer (Amsterdam, 1984), p. 323, fig. 7. 3 92 ATTIC FUNERARY SCULPTURE Cf. a shell anthemion i n New York, the Metropolitan M u s e u m of A r t 07.286.107: G. M . A. Richter, Catalogue of Greek Sculptures in the Metro- ing the anthemion from the stele below is preserved at the right lower corner o f the fragment. The molding is composed o f three These representations of tall stelai w i t h anthemia appear o n white­ground 1958, painted by the Inscription Painter: D . Kurtz, "Vases for the Dead, an tive element (anthemion) first appear on terra­cotta vases i n the 2 atti- lekythoi, an example o f which is Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m monuments i n the form o f tall stelai crowned by a floral decora­ amples found to date. A portion o f the carved molding separat­ O n anthemia, see U. Vedder, Untersuchungen zur plastischen Ausstattung scher Grabanlagen des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. (Frankfurt, 1985), pp. 4 8 ­ 6 1 . politan Museum of Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), p . 64, no. 95. 4 Calimera, Comune: Clairmont 1993, 2:592, no. 2.462a. Cat. no. 34. Front view o f an anthemion from a funerary monument. Malibu 79.AA.18. T H E C L A S S I C A L P E R I O D 93 Cat. no. 34. Back view o f an anthemion from a funerary monument. Malibu 79.AA.18. 94 A T T I C FUNERARY SCULPTURE Attic Funerary Sculpture THE HELLENISTIC 35­ Grave Naiskos ofApollonia PERIOD W. Coulson, eds., pp. 79­80 (London, 1998); D . W. Von Moock, Die figurlichen Grabstelen Attikas in der Kaiserzeit (Mainz, 1998), p. 27 n. 328, p. 35, p. 52 n. 635, p. 78 nn. 928­29, About 100 B . C p. 170, no. 450. Fine­grained white marble w i t h mica; polychromy; Height: 112.4 cm (44V4 in.); W i d t h : 63.5 c m (25 in.); Depth: 20 c m ( /8in.) 7 7 NAISKOS FRAMED B Y A N T A S supporting an architrave. A n inscription on the architrave reads: 74.AA.13 AITOAAONIA APIXTANAPOT K A I OHBAFENEIAX CONSERVATION Part o f the b o t t o m is missing, and there are some breaks. The "Apollonia, (daughter) of Aristandros and Thebageneia" back o f the stone is weathered w i t h a dark b r o w n crust. The front o f the stone has been cleaned to reveal the whiteness o f the marble. The marble is micaceous and, therefore, probably The names Apollonia and Aristandros are attested i n other Pentelic. The back has been finished roughly w i t h the point inscriptions from Athens and from some o f the demes o f Attika, chisel. The b o t t o m o f the front has also been left w i t h a rough Thebageneia perhaps on a gravestone from Thebes. point­chisel finish where i t w o u l d have been embedded i n a base. There are rasp marks o n the cloak and dress. The sides have been finished w i t h a tooth chisel. Traces o f the original red paint remain o n the sandals. There are four holes, two above the lateral antas and two i n the corners o f the field. I n one o f 2 Apollonia stands at the right i n a three­quarter frontal position facing left. She wears a dress fastened by a r o u n d b u t t o n visible on the right shoulder and belted above the waist. A cloak is draped over her left shoulder and arm. She wears platform sandals, them, part o f the i r o n peg for holding funerary wreaths still can which, especially, help to date the monument. The sole is indented be seen. The holes are an interesting feature o f this monument, between the first and second toes and follows the contours o f the for they are tangible evidence o f the rituals and cult practices that took place at gravesites: the wreaths o f flowers, leaves, and 1 vines that were hung o n the grave monuments. toes, which overhang the sole slightly. The sandals are similar to 3 one worn by Aphrodite i n the so­called Slipper­Slapper group statue o f the goddess and Pan from Delos, dated about 100 B . C Apollonia s hair is chin length w i t h a central braid, like PROVENANCE Unknown. the hairstyle o f Demainete discussed i n catalogue number 2 4 . 5 Her face is a long, narrow oval w i t h large eyes. The running d r i l l BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1975), p. 31; ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 37. Frel 1974, no. 11; W. Trillmich, Das Torlonia-Madchen has been used to create the line between her lips. The ends o f her hair locks and her nostrils are likewise drilled. I n her left hand she holds a pomegranate, and w i t h her right she strokes a dove (Gottingen, 1976), p. 46 n. 157; Frel 1979a, p. 24, no. 92; perched on top o f a tall rectangular pillar. Objects placed atop Vermeule 1981, p. 202, no. 167; S. Lymperopoulos, pillars, such as herms, Sirens, vessels, and wool baskets, are fea­ Untersuchungen zu den nachklassischen Attischen tured i n the backgrounds of many Hellenistic funerary stelai. They Grabreliefs unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Kaiserzeit (Hamburg, 1985), no. G I ; A. H . Armstrong, ed., Classical Mediterranean Spirituality: Egyptian, Greek, Roman (New York, 1986), 6 are interpreted by some as symbolic o f the deceased's character and role i n society. The pomegranate and the dove are clear ref­ 7 p. 371, fig. 29 (image only); Butz 1987, pp. 75­82, no. i v ; erences to death and the Underworld and suggest an association I . Spiliopoulou­Donderer, "Das Grabrelief der Apollonia w i t h Persephone, daughter o f the goddess Demeter who was fated i m J. Paul Getty Museum," Roman Funerary Monuments in to spend half o f each year i n the Underworld. the J. Paul Getty Museum, vol. 1 (Malibu, 1990), pp. 5­14; SEG 40.229; M . ­ T h . Le Dinahet, "Bulletin epigraphique: Collections, Musees, Pierres Errantes," Revue des Etudes grecques 104 (1991): 437, no. 30; M . ­ T h . Le Dinahet and The stele dates to the first half o f the first century B.C. on the basis o f drapery, hair, shoe style, and the spatial relationship between the figure and its architectural frame, and because o f the N . Mouret, "Les Steles funeraires grecques: Etudes stylistiques classicistic treatment o f the body and face. I t may be compared to et iconographiques, annees 1980­1992," Topoi 3 (1993): 128, an Attic gravestone o f the first century B . C i n Grenoble, which no. 61; Osborne and Byrne 1993, p. 44, s.v. Apollonia, and 51, depicts a woman and a man. The high­girt dresses o f Apollonia s.v. Aristandros; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 6; J. B. Grossman, and o f the woman on the Grenoble stele are similar, as are the "Hellenistic Sculpted Funerary Monuments from the Athenian Agora," i n Regional Schools in Hellenistic Sculpture: Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, March 15-17,1996, O. Palagia and 8 simply carved hands, which are large i n proportion to the rest o f the anatomy b o t h on Apollonia and on the male figure on the Grenoble stele. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD 95 4 Detail o f the inscription on the grave naiskos o f Apollonia. This is a remarkable work. Even though the carving is clothes—clearly a growing girl. But her muscle tone, slight back­ not of the highest quality, the image is uniquely moving and ward slouch, and not just bent but inward­turned knee are expres­ poignant. The size of Apollonia s feet, arm, hand, length of hair, sive of a contrary mood of stasis and resignation. Here are the and face all conspire to make her seem a bit too big for her elements of poetic tragedy. 1 For wreaths o n funerary monuments as part o f graveside cult practice, see E. J. Walters, Attic Grave Reliefs That Represent Women in the Dress 5 Hesperia, Supplement 22 (1988), pp. 43­45. The pins are possibly an addition 2 p. 35, interprets Apollonia's hairstyle as Late Republican and Augustan, b u t i n the Roman period. a central braid is c o m m o n l y seen o n girls o n Classical and Hellenistic Greek Davies 1971, pp. 47­48, no. 1647; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 44, s.v. A p o l l o ­ monuments. nia, and p. 51, s.v. Aristandros; S. Koumanoudes, Thebaike Prosopographia (Athens, 1979), p. 99, no. 943, Thebageneias(?), p. 222. M o r r o w 1985, pp. 91­93,163, fig. 9a. 4 Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 3335: S. Karouzou, National Archae- ological Museum: Collection of Sculpture, A Catalogue (Athens, 1968), pp. 189­ 90, pi. 68. A T T I C FUNERARY 6 O n doves i n funerary symbolism, see Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 50­51. 7 See Smith 1991, p. 189. 8 3 96 O n the central braid as an age indicator, see Vorster 1983, pp. 21­23; D . von M o o c k , Die figurlichen Grabstelen Attikas in der Kaiserzeit (Mainz, 1998), oflsis, SCULPTURE Musee de Grenoble 376: M . Daumas and B. H o l t z m a n n , "Une Stele attique signee au Musee de Grenoble," Monuments Piotj^ (1993): 1­24. Cat. no. 35. Grave naiskos o f Apollonia. Malibu 74.AA.13. T H E H E L L E N I S T I C P E R I O D 97 Megarian Funerary Sculpture THE EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD 36. Grave Stele ofPollis A E T O nOAAIX AXOniXO O I A O E HYIOE: O K A K O X E O N AIIE0NAXKON About 480 B.C. HTnO X T [ I ] K T A I X I N ETONE " I speak, I , Pollis dear son of Asopichos, Parian marble; Height: 153 cm (60V4 in.); W i d t h : 45.1 cm 1 not having died a coward, w i t h the wounds o f (i7 /4 in.); Depth: 15.9 cm (6VA in.) 3 the tattooers, yes myself" 3 90.AA.129 The name Pollis is attested at Athens and i n the demes o f Attika. CONSERVATION 4 The tattooers mentioned i n the inscription probably refer to The upper part o f the stele is complete, although i t was broken Thracians, a tribal people from the northern part o f Greece who 5 and repaired at some point i n its history. The lower portion, from just below the knees o f Pollis, is broken away. There are were formidable opponents, and who fought against the Greeks large gouges o n the surface o f the stone i n the area o f the relief; under the Persian commander Xerxes i n 480 B.C. 6 the face o f Pollis has been almost completely obliterated. There The figure of Pollis is carved i n shallow relief i n a slightly is extensive chipping along the left side o f the relief, and Pollis's recessed area w i t h sloping sides. He is shown i n right profile proper right shoulder is broken away. The back o f the stone is bending forward slightly, which gives a sense of imminent move­ finished w i t h the point chisel; the sides are smooth. O n the top o f the stele is a broken rectangular area 8.3 X 24.8 cm {3V4 X ment: Pollis is poised, ready for action. Though nude, he is out­ 9 A in.), which is the remnant o f something that has broken fitted w i t h the panoply of a hoplite soldier: helmet, sheathed off, possibly a finial. Ultraviolet examination suggests the sword, shield, and spear. The helmet has a high plume and low­ presence o f remnants o f painting o n several areas o f the relief: ered cheekpieces. The outline of a visor can be seen to the right of 3 the background at the lower right, the proper right leg and knee of Pollis, and the upper face o f the stele, which suggests an the defaced head. The visor and the cheekpieces, which were per­ haps crenellated, are the distinguishing features of the Thracian original painted floral design or, possibly, rosettes. The design i n the area at the lower right, just below the spear, possibly helmet that was developed i n the early fifth century, during the suggests a dog. The surface o f the marble is weathered, w i t h period of the Persian Wars. The sword was probably suspended a brownish patina. from a baldric that originally would have been painted. The shield PROVENANCE depth of the carving, the details of the musculature are conveyed 7 is tilted to give a view of its interior surface. I n spite of the shallow Unknown. with extraordinary clarity and sophistication. I n a terse, muscular style, the anonymous sculptor has captured the pose of a foot sol­ BIBLIOGRAPHY The J Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections (Malibu, dier advancing cautiously w i t h his shield raised and his spear 1991), p. 20; ibid. (Los Angeles, 1997), p. 19. ready, a m o t i f that was likely all too familiar to h i m . The fact that 8 Atlantis Antiquities, New York, sale, Greek and Roman Art, the depth of the background varies according to the require­ 1990, l o t no. 13; SEG 40.404; "Getty Museum Acquires Rare ments of the element that i t surrounds is a convention that con­ Stele," Minerva 2.4 (1991): 34; "Acquisitions Supplement," GettyMusJ19 tinues from the Archaic period. The stele ofPollis is representative (1991): 129,136, no. 6; SEG 41.413; D . Birge, "Field Notes," Archaeological News 17.1­4 (1992): 41; S. Follet, of the transition between the Archaic and the Classical styles o f "Bulletin epigraphique," Revue des Etudes grecques 105 (1992): rendering the human body. 441, no. 21; T. Schafer, "Gepickt and Versteckt: Zur Bedeutung The subject of the relief—the warrior i n battle—is u n d Funktion aufgerauhter Oberflachen i n der spatarchaischen important i n the history of Greek sculpture. Reliefs from the u n d fruhklassischen Plastik," Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaic period, such as the grave monument of Aristion i n Athens, Archaologischen Instituts 111 (1996): 51; Bodel and Tracy 1997, depicted the warrior at rest. Later preserved sculpture i n the 9 p. 9. round, such as the pedimental figures from the Temple of Aphaia on Aigina, and small bronze figurines, as well as depictions i n T A L L , N A R R O W S T E L E T A P E R I N G inward from the b o t t o m to the Attic red­figured vase­painting, demonstrate that the warrior i n top w i t h a figural area occupying most o f the front. A three­line motion was a popular subject during the first half of the fifth cen­ inscription is placed on the upper part o f the stele just above the tury B . C . figural area. I t is carved w i t h letter forms characteristic of those wars w i t h Persia occurred throughout that period and involved from Megara, a town situated on the borders of both Corinth and most mainland Greeks. Pollis, the man commemorated on our Attica, and names the deceased as Pollis, the son o f Asopichos. stele, probably died i n one o f the battles o f the Persian Wars. 98 M E G A R I A N FUNERARY SCULPTURE 2 10 This is not surprising, considering that the series o f Cat. no. 36. Crave stele o f Pollls. Malibu 90.AA.129. THE EARLY C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 99 1 Stable isotope analysis by N o r m a n Herz at the University o f Georgia, Febru­ ary 2000. 2 The inscription uses b o t h Attic and Corinthian letter forms; e.g., epsilon looks like a beta, the gamma is simplified and looks like a C. This is typical o f the Megarian alphabet o f the early fifth century. See L . H . Jeffrey, The Local Greek Scripts of Archaic Greece, rev. edn. (Oxford, 1990), pp. 132­38, 442. 3 Proposed b y J. Bousquet, L. Dubois, and O. Masson: see SEG 41.413. 4 Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 371, s.v. Pollis. 5 Herodotos 5.6 ( i n the section o n customs o f the Thracians); Herondas Mime 5.65. 6 Herodotos 7.185. 7 A . M . Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), p. 95, pl­ 53­ 8 The sculptural technique is typical o f the Severe or Bold Style o f the early fifth century B.C. See B. S. Ridgway, The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture (Princeton, 1970), pp. 3­11; E. B. Harrison, "Early Classical Sculpture: The Bold Style," i n Greek Art, Archaic into Classical: A Symposium held at the University of Cincinnati, 2-3 April 1982, ed. C. G. Boulter, pp. 4 0 ­ 6 5 (Leiden, 1985). 9 Athens, National Archaeological M u s e u m 29: J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture: The Archaic Period (New York, 1978), p. 164, fig. 235. 10 E.g., the reconstructed striding warrior f r o m the East Pediment. M u n i c h , Glyptothek F 72 et a l : D . Ohly, Die Aegineten, vol. 1, Die Ostgiebelgruppe ( M u n i c h , 1976), pp. 3 2 ­ 4 0 , pis. 12­14. A fragment o f a stele w i t h the legs o f a warrior i n a chariot box survives o n the island o f Aigina, and the lower legs o f two warriors are preserved o n a relief i n Copenhagen, b u t u n t i l the appear­ ance o f the Getty stele, no complete relief representation o f the subject was k n o w n . Aigina, M u s e u m 752: E. Walter­Karydi, Alt-Agina, 2.2 (Mainz, 1987), p. 82, no. 57, p l . 43; Copenhagen, N y Carlsberg Glyptotek 2787: F. Johansen, Greece in the Archaic Period (Copenhagen, 1994), p. 50, no. 10. 11 I n the Pergamon M u s e u m i n Berlin, i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m o f A r t i n Drawing o f the inscription on the grave stele ofPollis. New York, and at the University o f Vienna. A l l are fragments and include only small parts o f the figures w i t h o u t inscriptions. Berlin, Staatliche Museen Sk 735 (K 18): C. Blumel, Die klassisch griechischen Skulpturen der Staatlichen The Megarian script of the inscription suggests that the stele was either made i n the region of Megara or carved elsewhere but dedicated to a Megarian citizen i n the early fifth century B.C. Museen zu Berlin (Berlin, 1966), p. 11, no. 1, fig. 1; N e w York, the M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m o f A r t 12.59, only a part o f the relief w i t h the head o f a male figure: G. M . A . Richter, Catalogue of Greek Sculptures in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), p. 18, no. 22; Vienna, Archaeological Collection One problem i n determining where this stele was sculpted is o f the University o f Vienna, no. 1173: H . Kenner, "Die M a r m o r b i l d w e r k e i n that only a few assuredly Megarian sculptures have survived. der Archaologischen Sammlung der Universitat W i e n , " Jahreshefte des Oster- Only three other Megarian reliefs of the Severe Style are currently known, none o f them as large or as well preserved as this stele. 11 reichischen archaologischen Instituts in Wien 46 (1961/1963): 6 ­ 8 , no. 1, fig. 1. 12 I n the Classical period, there is only a small number o f funerary monuments f r o m Megara, b u t warriors seem to be a favorite motif. C l a i r m o n t 1993, 6: 317, Little, therefore, can be said o f a distinctive Megarian style, and it lists four stelai as certainly coming from Megara and two as possibly from is not certain whether the three known Megarian fragments were Megara. One o f these, however, is a relief i n the Getty M u s e u m (cat. no. 11), funerary or votive reliefs. 12 The stele ofPollis is similar i n size, subject, character, and style to the fragment of an Attic relief i n Copenhagen that is dated about 500 B . C The Copenhagen relief likewise features a nude warrior placed prominently i n the foreground i n a slightly three­ quarter twisting position and holding a large round shield. 13 The manner i n which the bodies are rendered on the two reliefs with the combination o f three­dimensionality and planar forms is so similar, i n fact, that one can imagine the two created by the same individual or workshop. The idea may not be so far­fetched, con­ sidering the geographical proximity of Megara and Athens. 100 M E G A R I A N FUNERARY which is probably Attic. 13 Copenhagen, N y Carlsberg Glyptotek 2787 (supra, note 10). The relief actually SCULPTURE shows two warriors, one behind the other, b u t o n the surviving fragment the visual impression is o f one nude warrior w h o squats behind his shield i n the foreground. Boeotian Funerary Sculpture THE 37. CLASSICAL Grave Stele ofAthanias PERIOD alry well beyond Boeotia. His sandals are of the type (trochades) 3 worn by warriors on other examples of Boeotian black limestone About 400 B.C. stelai. The hilt of a sword, which is suspended from a baldric, is 4 Black limestone; Height: 170.2 cm (67 in.); W i d t h : top 75 cm (29V2 i n . ) , b o t t o m 80 cm (31V2 in.); Depth: 19 cm (7V2 in.) visible at his left side. I n his right hand, he holds a spear with the tip pointed downward, while his left hand rests on top of a large round shield standing on its edge. The scene on the interior of the shield can be seen i n 93.AA.47 accurately foreshortened perspective. Astride the winged Pegasos CONSERVATION The stele has been reconstructed from three pieces. The lower right corner is missing. There are chips on the lower left corner the hero Bellerophon is poised to pierce with a long spear a Chi­ maira beneath. Bellerophons slaying of the Chimaira was a popu­ and along the edges o f the block. The back is roughly finished lar subject for interior scenes on shields held by the warriors w i t h the point chisel; the sides are smooth. The top, though depicted on the black limestone Boeotian stelai. The m o t i f has 5 more finished than the back, also bears marks o f the point also been discovered recently i n small paintings that originally chisel. The brownish patina that remains on the back and filled the pedimental area on some of these stelai. sides used to cover the entire surface o f the stele. 6 The stele ofAthanias belongs to a small group of similarly executed black limestone grave stelai from Boeotia that all depict PROVENANCE warriors. Six complete specimens and two fragments of this type Unknown. are known; they date between the late fifth and the early fourth BIBLIOGRAPHY centuries B.C. A l l use the same technique, with outlines and "Acquisitions/1993," GettyMusJ 22 (1994): 5, 60, no. 2; Bodel details of the figures incised i n the stone i n either continuous or 7 and Tracy 1997, p. 8; M . Daumas, "Steles beotiennes d'inities des dieux Cabires," Les Pierres de VOffrande, ed. G. Hoffmann (Zurich, 2001), p. 125. finely dotted lines. The stelai i n the Thebes Museum show charg­ ing warriors wearing conical helmets and carrying spears or swords i n their right hands and shields i n their left; the names of the deceased are inscribed at the top. The stele of Athanias, most T H E STELE is A block of stone that tapers slightly from bottom likely a later product o f the same local workshop as the other to top, ending at the top i n a triangular pediment with small cen­ incised Boeotian stelai, stands apart from most of the previously tral and side akroteria. The right­hand akroterion is broken off. known stelai of this class i n both scale and subject. I t is approxi­ The whole representation is incised i n outline on the smoothed mately fifty percent larger than any of the other preserved com­ surface of the stone. Originally, the scene on the face of the stone plete stelai. I n contrast to the animated figures of the warriors on was brightly painted; the incised lines that remain now form a the other black limestone stelai i n Greece, Athanias stands serene 8 linear design, but originally they served as outlines to guide the and relaxed i n the moment prior to or just after battle. The wreaths painter. A n inscription at the top of the stele names the deceased worn around the helmets of many of these warriors should be considered an artistic convention, perhaps with heroic overtones, pictured below. or a reference to their victory i n athletic contests or battle. A0ANIAX A Greek scholar has theorized that some of these grave­ stones portray warriors who fell i n the Battle of Delion (424 B . C ) "Athanias" between the Athenians and the Boeotians. This theory gains sup­ 9 The style of the letter forms may represent a mixture of Sikyonian port from the use of Bellerophon and the Chimaira i n the •and Boeotian scripts. The name Athanias is attested i n two iconography of the gravestones: this myth appears to have been 1 inscriptions of the Hellenistic period on Euboea and i n one decidedly unpopular at Athens by the end of the fifth century B.C. inscription of the Roman period from Athens. The choice of the hero Bellerophon by the Boeotians to decorate 2 The clean­shaven Athanias is depicted standing with the interior scenes on the shields is interesting i n light of what body frontal and head i n right profile. The slightly undulating seems to be a complete suppression of this hero i n Athenian line on which he stands probably represents a landscape setting. iconography. Depiction of the myth was very popular i n Athen­ The warrior wears a conical helmet decorated with a laurel wreath, ian art during the Archaic period, but it disappeared from the a short belted tunic fastened only on his left shoulder, and shoes. repertoire i n the fifth century B.C. and did not reappear. Alter­ The helmet, o f a type called pilos, originated i n Boeotia i n the natively, the wreaths may suggest that during their childhood the early fifth century B.C. and was later adopted by infantry and cav­ men had served as priests at the sanctuary of Apollo Ismenios i n 10 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 101 Thebes. I n any event, the iconography o f the black limestone 11 stelai does seem to represent an ideology of Victory. 12 While "at ease" i n the military sense, this depiction is clearly dynamic. The balance, the arm's spread, the alert head inclination, and the lively treatment of the clothing all contribute to the effect of manly vigor, certainly a central Greek virtue. 1 Sara Aleshire, unpublished report i n the object file o f the Antiquities Depart­ ment o f the Getty Museum. According to D r . Aleshire, the presence o f the rhomboidal theta may show a mixture o f Sikyonian and Boeotian scripts. W h i l e such a mixture o f two scripts is k n o w n i n Greek epigraphy, i t is rela­ tively rare. 2 P. M . Fraser and E. Matthews, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, vol. l , The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica (Oxford, 1987), p. 15, s.v. Athanias; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 9, s.v. Athanias. 3 H . Pflug, Antike Helme (Cologne, 1989), pp. 22­23, rig. 17; A . M . Snodgrass, Arms and Armour of the Greeks (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), pp. 94­95,125, p i . 58. 4 5 See M o r r o w 1985, pp. 63­64. See B. Ridgway, Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture (Madison, 1997), p. 170 n. 49, citing an unpublished 1993 M . A . thesis for Bryn M a w r College by Thomas M i l b a n k . 6 Discovered by examining and photographing the gravestones under special lighting, including ultraviolet, by an Austrian archaeologist, Richard Posamtier. Results o f his research were presented i n a paper, "Painted Attic Gravestones o f the Classical Period and Their Position w i t h i n Classical Funerary A r t , " given at a c o l l o q u i u m i n honor o f C. W. Clairmont: Les Pierres de VOjfrande, .9.­11 December 1998, Universite Blaise­Pascal, Clermont­Ferrand. The p r o ­ ceedings o f the c o l l o q u i u m are published as Les Pierres de VOjfrande, ed. G. Hoffmann (Zurich, 2001). 7 A l l examples except for one fragment i n the Musee d u Louvre and one stele i n Athens, National Archaeological Museum, are i n the Thebes Museum. See K. Demakopoulou and D . Konsola, Archaeological Museum of Thebes: Guide (Athens, 1981), pp. 74­75. 8 O n l y one other piece, Musee d u Louvre M a 3566, breaks the conventional iconography o f this group i n similar ways: Hamiaux 1992, p. 240, no. 253. Pre­ served o n the Louvre fragment is the three­quarter frontal head o f a bearded figure wearing a wreathed helmet. The proportions o f this figure are closer i n scale to the figure o f Athanias than to the warriors o n the stelai i n the Thebes Museum, indicating that the Louvre fragment once was part o f a stele o f simi­ lar size and scale as the Getty example. 9 A . Keramopoullos, "Eikones polemiston tes en Delio maches," Archaiologike Ephemeris, 1920:1­36. 10 For a discussion o f the m y t h and these issues, see H . Hoffmann, "Bellerophon and the Chimaira i n M a l i b u , " Studia Variafrom the J. Paul Getty Museum, vol. 1 (Malibu, 1993), pp. 6 6 ­ 6 8 . Hoffmann is mistaken, though, o n his asser­ t i o n (p. 67) that imagery o f the m y t h disappears f r o m all o f mainland Greece, as evidenced by its popularity o n the Boeotian gravestones. Drawing o f the grave stele o f Athanias. Drawing by Beverly Lazor­Bahr. 11 Pausanias 9.10.4 reports that these boy­priests wore laurel wreaths. 12 Argued i n a paper b y M . Daumas, "Steles beotiennes d'inities des dieux Cabires," Les Pierres de VOffrande (supra, note 6), pp. 125­35. 102 B O E O T I A N FUNERARY SCULPTURE Cat. no. 37. Grave stele o f Athanias. Malibu 93.AA.47. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 103 Northern Greek Funerary Sculpture THE CLASSICAL 38. Side Panel of a Grave Naiskos with the Relief of a Young Hunter PERIOD objects clearer. A short tunic, petasos, and paired spears are the 4 usual attributes o f male figures on Thessalian grave reliefs. 5 This figure o f a hunter would have looked toward an image of the deceased on the back wall of the naiskos. The imagery About 325 B . C . of the hunt became a subject for funerary art i n the fifth century Medium­grained gray and white marble; Height: 143.1 cm B.C. and continued on into the fourth century. The imagery cap­ (56 /s in.); W i d t h : 42.7 cm (16% in.); Depth: 10.2 cm (4 in.) tures an activity i n a young mans life that reflected his status i n 96.AA.48 hunting gear established his rank. The style, subject, and type o f 3 6 society. Showing an individual with horse, hound, servant, and marble o f the panel point to a Macedonian or Thessalian origin, CONSERVATION The panel is complete except for the lower corners, which are although funerary monuments depicting hunters from these broken away. There are chips along the edges, especially on areas are usually the main subject on a stele, not a companion the top right. O n the front at the b o t t o m is a roughly carved figure on a side panel as here. Naiskoi w i t h side panels were a fea­ reworked area. The left edge of the block is roughly worked ture of Attic funerary monuments, and this monument, though w i t h a point chisel and would have abutted the back panel o f the naiskos. The right side of the block is finished as an anta, w i t h cuttings for the attachment of a roof piece o n the top o f the slab. definitely from Northern Greece, shows the influence o f Attic form and style. This panel must have come from an especially 7 luxurious type of funerary monument for a wealthy Macedonian or Thessalian. PROVENANCE It is worth noting that even i n secondary elements i n Formerly in the collection of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman, New York City. a statuary group the level of artistic quality is often very high i n ancient Greek work. While this piece is adjunctive, the subtlety of BIBLIOGRAPHY composition within the framed space, the proportions, the treat­ The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections (Los ment of details, the touch of projecting toes, and the unity of Angeles, 1997), p. 18. overall effect all speak to a high level of artistic sophistication. True and Hamma 1994, pp. 109­11, no. 48. T A L L , R E C T A N G U L A R P A N E L with a shallow figural recess. The architectural molding preserved at the top right edge of the panel 1 1 shallow relief is the figure o f a young man who stands i n a three­ quarter left frontal pose, his head i n left profile. He has a robust physique and wears a short tunic tied at the waist with a flat belt, naiskoi, see Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, pp. 53­54 n . 1. 2 3 larger than the mass o n the panel. One o f the hunters o n the painted facade of the t o m b at Vergina believed to be that o f Philip 11 is using one o f these his shoulder. Indistinct objects are slung from the weapons. The The outline o f the shape at the top seems most appropriate for J. K. Anderson, Hunting in the Ancient World (Berkeley, 1985), p. 38. The size described here—about 114 c m (45 in.) i n l e n g t h — w o u l d be only slightly and is barefoot. I n his left hand, he holds two spears that rest on the lower part has a limp, indistinct shape reaching to midthigh. See C. Saatsoglou­Paliadeli, "Aspects of Ancient Macedonian Costume," JHS 113 (1993): 129­31. whose fringed ends hang down i n front. He has short, curly hair hanging shape is rounded at the top like the crown of a hat, while Cf. a lateral wall o f a Classical Attic naiskos i n Athens, National Archaeologi­ cal M u s e u m 3694: C l a i r m o n t 1993,1: 8, no. 5. O n carved side panels from confirms that it formed the right side wall of a naiskos. Carved i n purse nets. 4 For painted details o n marble sculpture, see G. M . A . Richter, The Sculpture 5 H . Biesantz, Die thessalischen Grabreliefs (Mainz, 1965), pp. 78­79, 83. Cf. esp. and Sculptors of the Greeks, 4th edn. (New Haven, 1970), pp. 148­58. a relief f r o m G o m p h o i , ibid., pp. 2 0 ­ 2 1 , no. K 33, pis. 14­15. There a bearded that of a travelers hat (petasos). The shape at the bottom seems m a n wearing a short tunic and short cloak holds the paired spears i n his left more baglike. Various types o f nets were used to catch prey i n hand w i t h the tips p o i n t i n g downward. A t his back, the inside o f his petasos 2 antiquity, including the smallest type, a purse net, used to catch hares. The boy is probably carrying two items from his spears: a 3 purse net with a petasos on top. Since the relief was originally painted, colored details would have made the identification of the 104 N O R T H E R N GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE is visible. 6 7 Anderson (supra, note 3), pp. 70­71. Suggested by A. H e r r m a n n , i n True and H a m m a 1994, pp. 110­11. For a dis­ cussion o f headgear, hairstyles, and attributes o n Thessalian and Macedonian grave reliefs, see Biesantz (supra, note 5), pp. 78­83. Cat. no. 38. Frontal view o f a side panel o f a grave naiskos with a young hunter. Malibu 96.AA.48. THE C L A S S I C A L PERIOD 105 Cat. no. 38. From left to right: Finished right edge with crown molding, back, and roughly worked left edge o f the naiskos panel with a young hunter Malibu 96.AA.48. 106 N O R T H E R N GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE East Greek Funerary Sculpture THE CLASSICAL 39. Grave Stele with a Seated Woman with Her Children and an Attendant PERIOD The standing woman wears a dress with a very long over­ fold and a cloak that covers the back her head and falls straight down over the back of her body. Between the two women stands a girl who wears an ankle­length tunic with long sleeves. She holds a dome­shaped object i n her left hand. The bottom of the object has a smooth outline, while the top is irregular. Given the fact About 380 B.C. that the woman is spinning, the object is probably a ball of wool. M e d i u m ­ to large­grained light gray marble; Height: 156.5 cm (6i /s in.); W i d t h : 52 cm (20V2 in.); Depth: 23.5 cm (9V4 in.) 5 The girl touches the knee of the seated woman, most likely her mother, with her right hand. The iconography of a seated woman i n a domestic scene 84.AA.14 with an attendant and children is typically Athenian, but the stone and the style of its carving confirm the eastern origin of CONSERVATION Mostly complete, although the left side and lower corner are broken away. The very top o f the stele is missing. There are several gouges across the front o f the stone. The marble is the stele. I t is a provincial reflection of Attic funerary stelai. 4 5 This stele bears a general resemblance to monuments from sites weathered, and there are spalls and cracks, especially on the in Bithynia such as Kyzikos, or Myrleia­Apamea, or farther east front at the bottom. Some o f the original b o t t o m o f the stele i n Pontus at Sinope. It commemorates a wife and mother, skilled remains on the right, which is roughly finished w i t h the point in woolworking, who perhaps died i n childbirth. 6 chisel. There are marks o f the point chisel on the back, sides, and top o f the stele. PROVENANCE 1 Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY "Acquisitions," GettyMusJ 13 (1985): 165, no. 1. 2 T A L L , N A R R O W STELE w i t h a simple triangular pediment. The slightly recessed central area of the pediment originally may have held a painted design. The figures are carved i n shallow relief i n 1 a slightly recessed panel placed off­center on the slab. O n the left 3 4 5 sits a woman on a stool with her feet resting on a footstool. She 2 wears a dress with a cloak pulled up over the back of her head. I n her left hand she holds a large spindle, a symbol of domestic industry, while her right hand touches the head of a swaddled infant who is held i n front of her by a standing woman at the right of the scene. The facial features of the infant are fully though 3 crudely carved. 6 The recessed area measures approximately 34 X 34 cm (13% X 13% in.). A relief in Munich still retains remnants of its painted anthemion: Munich, Glyp­ tothek 483: Vierneisel­Schlorb 1988, pp. 85­98. For painting on sculpture, see G. M . A. Richter, The Sculpture and Sculptors of the Greeks, 4th edn. (New Haven, 1970), pp. 148­58. The stool is a simple type with a cover draped over the sides. It is a type 5 diphros: Richter 1966, pp. 42­43. The footstool is a type 2: Richter 1966, pp. 50­51. On the production of textiles, see Reeder 1995, pp. 200 ­202. Cf. the Athenian funerary monument of Phile in Athens, Roman Agora 748: Clairmont 1993, 2: 660, no. 2.725. On the pervasive impact of Attic gravestones on funerary monuments from other regions, see B. Ridgway, Fourth-Century Styles in Greek Sculpture (Madi­ son, 1997), pp. 176­77. An example from Sinope in the Kastamonu Museum is from the fifth century B . C , but the disposition of the figures is similar, with a seated woman facing a standing figure. The Sinope stele is also large, although of sandstone rather than marble. Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 17, no. 24. For an example from Kyzikos, see Istanbul, Archaeological Museum 3858: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 226, no. 871; for Myrleia­Apamea, Bursa Museum 1624: Pfuhl and Mobius 1979> P­ 452, no. 1879. THE CLASSICAL PERIOD 107 Cat. no. 39. Grave stele with a seated woman. Malibu 84.AA.14. 108 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE East Greek Funerary Sculpture THE HELLENISTIC 40. Grave Stele ofPoseides with His Wife and Dog PERIOD TOTTO TO M N H M A nOXEIAOY HPAKAEIAOY A I K A I O ­ Y AN0PQITOY. O Y A E N A A E H A I K H X E n o n O T E . E I A E T I E 0EAEI 0EQPHXAI K A I ATA0ON E I I I E I N , T O Y T Q I O I 0E­ About 275 B.C. 4 O I IAEQX E I H X A N . A A I K H X A I AE MH0EN. E I TIE AE AA­ Fine­grained gray bluish­white marble w i t h dark gray veining; polychromy; Height: 172.8 c m (68 in.); W i d t h : 53.3 c m (21 i n . ) ; I K H X H I TOYTO TO M N H M A H TA OYTA T A Y T A H TA Z ­ Depth: 23.5 c m (9V4 in.) QIA H ETEPON N E K P O N EIXENETKOI EIX TOYTO TO MNH­ 79.AA.145 M A n A H N EMOY K A I THE EMHX TYNAIKOX K A I TON CONSERVATION The stele is complete w i t h most o f its tenon intact. The tenon 8 would have been inserted into a base i n the cemetery. A recut area at the b o t t o m right includes part o f the tenon that A T O Y T O H Q N H X E T A I H A Y T O Y X H ETEPOIX I I ­ probably represents a later reuse. There is a large loss at the [P] O X T A S H I H E T E P O N N E K P O N E I X E N E T K O I I I ­ b o t t o m right o n the front. The surface o f the stone is mostly intact, w i t h a light incrustation through which original paint E M Q N Y I Q N K A I 0 Y T A T E P O N E A Y T O Y X , E I TT­ X AE H E n ENEXYPOIX A H ^ E T A I TO M N H M ­ 12 A H N OYX A Y T O Y X n P O E I A E T O T O Y T Q I T Q I M N ­ can be seen, especially o n the two figures, the dog, and i n the H M A T I , E I TIX H YBPIN H A N A T K H N nOIHX­ acanthus anthemion. Blue pigment has been found o n the EI TOYTQI, H APTEMIX H MHAEIA K A ­ palmette o f the anthemion. The back and b o t t o m retain marks of having been worked w i t h a point chisel. There are marks o f a tooth chisel o n the front o f the plinth o n which the figures I H E O E X I A K A I O I 0EOI A H A N T E X 16 A Y T O N K A I TOYX E I T O N O Y X . stand and o n the sides. The rasp has been used o n both figures "This is the memorial ofPoseides, son o f Herakleides, and o n the background. righteous man. A n d he wronged no one ever. A n d i f anyone has the power to see and speak good, to h i m PROVENANCE Unknown. 4 may the gods be gracious; and may he do nothing wrong. A n d i f someone desecrates this memorial or these plants BIBLIOGRAPHY A. N . Oikonomides, "Artemis Medeia," ZPE 45 (1982): 115­18; or figures or i f (someone) should carry into this memorial J. and L. Robert, "Bulletin epigraphique," Revue des Etudes any other body, except mine and that o f m y wife and o f grecques 95 (1982): 363­64, no. 280; SEG 32.1612; S. M . Sherwin 8 White, " 'Median' Artemis i n an Early Hellenistic Funerary m y sons and daughters, themselves, and i f someone should carry off this memorial for the purpose o f sureties or Inscription," ZPE 49 (1982): 30; Butz 1987, pp. 3 4 ­ 4 9 , cat. no. 1; should himself buy or assign to others or carry R. Porter, "Artemis Medeai again,"ZPE 93 (1992): 219­21; another body into (the tomb) unless he himself (Poseides) M . ­ T . Le Dinahet and N . Mouret, "Les Steles funeraires grecques: Etudes stylistiques et iconographiques, annees 1980 ­ 12 1992," Topoi 3 (1993): 123, no. 38; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 9. specify the above i n respect to the memorial; and i f anyone either perpetrates despiteful treatment or (exerts) physical force o n this (monument), (then) T A L L , N A R R O W S T E L E w i t h a rounded floral anthemion carved i n relief. The floral decoration consists o f a seven­frond palmette Artemis Medea and Ephesia and all the gods (transitive 16 verb implied) h i m and his descendants." above two half­palmettes that spring from acanthus leaves. The 1 anthemion is separated from the shaft o f the stele by a molding The name Herakleides is common at many Greek sites, including made i n two parts separated by an shallow groove: a taenia over a Athens and the demes o f Attika, the Peloponnese, and the Aegean flat ovolo. Remains o f a painted floral pattern are discernible on islands. Poseides is attested at Argos, on Sicily, Lesbos, and Nesos. the taenia and o f an egg­and­dart pattern o n the ovolo. O n the The figures are carved i n moderately high relief. A young 2 shaft, a long inscription covers the entire surface o f the upper man, Poseides, clean shaven w i t h short hair, stands slightly left o f half, including part o f the background o f the figural area. The center, w i t h his weight supported on his right leg. His left leg inscription gives us the name o f the deceased and presents a curse is positioned i n such a way as to suggest movement to the left. against any would­be despoiler or desecrator: He wears a short tunic and a medium­length cloak, the so­called THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD 109 epaphtis, secured on the right shoulder and drawn over his left arm. His face is round w i t h large eyes. The index finger of his right 3 1 hand points toward a long and lean hound w i t h a sharp muzzle and pointed ears, a hunting dog walking beside h i m . The dog s 4 tail curls up behind his left calf. Originally brightly painted, the dog would have been more visible i n antiquity than he is today. 2 5 At the right stands a small female figure facing left. She wears a long dress w i t h a cloak. Her hair is pulled up into a bun on top o f her head. She holds a round object, probably a pomegran­ 3 4 5 Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 63. Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 55­60. On painting on marble, see P. Reutersward, Studien zur Polychromie der Plastik: Griechenland und Rom (Stockholm, i960), pp. 53­58; K. Yfantidis, "Die Polychromie der hellenistischen Plastik" (Ph.D. diss., Johannes Guten­ berg Universitat, Mainz, 1984), pp. 14­22, 249­51. 6 For pomegranates on funerary monuments, see F. Muthmann, Der Granatapfel: Symbol des Lebens in der alten Welt (Bern, 1982), pp. 77­92. Morrow 1985, pp. 121­23. See a stele from Pergamon in London, British Museum 2246: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 78, no. 105; and one from Mesembria in the Nessebar Museum: Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, p. 506, no. 2104. Neither of these monu­ ments is as large or as well sculpted as the stele of Poseides, but both feature men in motion wearing tunics and knee­length cloaks. ate, i n her right hand. Her left arm is held across her waist, the 6 thumb and first two fingers extended. The feet on both figures are rounded w i t h no toes carved, indicating that they probably wear soft shoes or boots that would have had painted details. 7 While there are no exact parallels for this monument, 7 8 it is comparable i n some respects to other third­century­B.C. ste­ lai i n displaying moving figures. The figures on the majority 8 of Hellenistic funerary monuments are static, and their poses give no sense of motion. As a monument of the early Hellenis­ tic period, this stele shows Athenian influence i n its form, style, and iconography. 9 Poseides is depicted i n hunting costume, accompanied by his dog and his wife. She is shown i n a smaller scale i n order to On stelai of the Classical and Hellenistic periods with floral anthemia, see H. Mobius, Die Ornamente der griechischen Grabstelen klassischer und nachklassischer Zeit (Munich, 1968). Monuments with floral anthemia are less common in the Hellenistic period than in the Classical period. See Fraser and Matthews, 1: 203, s.v. Herakleides, and p. 382, s.v. Poseides; Osborne and Byrne 1994, pp. 204­5, s.v. Herakleides; Fraser and Matthews, 3A: 195, s.v. Herakleides, and p. 372, s.v. Poseides. 9 Cf., e.g., the style of the anthemion to that on the Athenian monument of Nikomache in Piraeus, Museum 217: Clairmont 1993, 2:377, no. 2.362. The overall style of the monument is more reminiscent of those tall, thin Athenian stelai with anthemia with the figures painted rather than carved in relief, such as the monument of Tokkes in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1002: Clairmont 1993,1:354, no. 1.388. emphasize the importance of her husband as the deceased. Both husband and wife appear youthful, and we may therefore postu­ late that Poseides died at a relatively young age. Detail of the painted dog on the grave stele of Poseides. 110 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE Drawing o f the inscription on the grave stele o f Poseides. Cat. no. 40. Grave stele o f Poseides. Malibu 79.AA.145. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 111 41. Grave Stele of Phanokrates The name Phanokrates is attested i n inscriptions from Athens and some of the denies of Attika, and on several Aegean islands. with an Attendant 3 Beneath the projecting ledge and carved i n high relief stands the youth Phanokrates frontally with his head turned to About 200 B.C. the right. He is clean shaven with short, curly hair. He wears a Medium­grained white marble; Height: 125.4 cm (49% in.); short­sleeved tunic with a medium­length cloak {epaphtis) fas­ W i d t h : 53.3 cm (21 in.); Depth: 21.6 cm (8V2 in.) tened on the right shoulder with a large fibula w i t h an ivy­leaf finial. The epaphtis is draped i n a manner seen on other monu­ 96.AA.50 ments from the eastern part o f the Greek world. 4 Phanokrates' left hand rests on a roll of drapery about his waist. Stuck into the CONSERVATION The lower t h i r d and upper right corner o f the stele are missing. drapery roll on the left is a sword with a hilt shaped like an eagle's There is a cutting for a clamp on the top at the left. This was head. His right hand reaches out to rest on a square­shaped for securing either a separately made finial or an architectural object, probably a herm. A boy stands i n front of the herm. frame. The back is rough­picked; the sides exhibit anathyrosis, further evidence that this is the back slab from a monument that had an architectural frame. The stele tapers slightly from b o t t o m to top. 5 The style of the stele, especially the characteristic wreaths on the background, is similar to a group of second­century­B.C. monuments from Smyrna, many for young men, featuring horse­ men and their mounts. This stele is most closely related to a type PROVENANCE showing the rider dismounted and standing beside his horse. Formerly i n the collection o f Barbara and Lawrence Boys accompany the deceased and carry armor or hold the bridle Fleischman, New York City. of the horse. Phanokrates is most similar to figures i n slightly 6 earlier, more elaborate compositions. He is posed like the main BIBLIOGRAPHY True and H a m m a 1994, pp. 242­43, no. 122; Bodel and Tracy figure on those monuments. One example of this k i n d of figure is 1997, P­8. a fragment o f a large stele i n Basel. 7 Stelai from Smyrna that commemorate young men often with a flat top. The upper part of include a herm of Herakles or Hermes, standard symbols o f the the stele is carved as a ledge upon which rests a rectangular gymnasium and palaistra. His hand resting on the herm suggests NARROW, TAPERING STELE shape­—possibly wax writing tablets—and a round­topped chest a connection with the palaistra and physical training, which of the type used for storing book rolls. Next to these symbols of emphasizes Phanokrates' youth. literacy is a framed tablet upon which is carved a wreath. A sec­ communicated by the inclusion of the books and book rolls. 1 2 8 His intellectual training is 9 ond wreath is on the background below, to the left o f the youth's Phanokrates is presented here as both the active and the intellec­ head. The tablet is supported by a plinth with the inscription: tual, thinking citizen. While relatively small—less than a meter (three feet) high—the figure of Phanokrates captures much of the grandeur O A N O K P A T H [X] OANOKPATOY associated with monumental Greek work. What strikes us is the "Phanokrates, (son) o f Phanokrates" powerful modeling, the freshness, and the sense o f presence. Indeed, these characteristics define the genre. 112 EAST GREEK F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E Cat. no. 41. Grave stele o f Phanokrates. Malibu 96.AA.50. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 113 Drawing o f the inscription on the grave stele o f Phanokrates. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 114 N . Firatli, Les Steles funeraires de Byzance greco-romaine (Paris, 1964), pp. 33 ­ 34, pi. LXXI.2­.3. A monument in Leiden is a complete example with a similar arrangement. Rijksmuseum 1. 93.2.1: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 171, no. 569, pi. 89. See Fraser and Matthews, 1: 454, s.v. Phanokrates; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 441, s.v. Phanokrates. Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 63. A typical weapon seen on late Hellenistic reliefs: Firatli (supra, note 1), pi. LXXIII.2. See Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, pp. 314,339 ­ 42, nos. 1430 ­ 40, pis. 208 ­10; E. Berger, Antike Kunstwerke aus der Sammlung Ludwig, vol. 3, Skulpturen (Mainz, 1990), pp. 257­63. Sammlung Ludwig no. 244: Berger (supra, note 6), pp. 251­82. Cf. a stele in Leiden, Rijksmuseum Pb. 77: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, no. 132. Zanker 1993, pp. 218­20. EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE 42. Grave Stele of Menekrates with His Son, Bias, and an Attendant^) hands with a youthful figure—his son Bias—who stands beside the couch near the foot. Bias wears a short­sleeved tunic and a 4 cloak. His left hand holds folds of his cloak at hip level. Prominently placed i n front o f the couch is a three­ About 150 B . C . legged table with an assortment o f foods. A t the head o f the 5 Large­grained, blue­gray marble w i t h dark gray veining; couch and overlapping the right anta is the head and upper torso Height: 55 c m (2i /s in.); W i d t h : 30.5 c m (12 in.); Depth: 6 c m of a third figure. This person is possibly holding its right arm 5 (2 / 3 8 in.) up to its forehead i n a gesture of mourning, which would identify it as female. She could be either the wife of or a female attendant 71.AA.376 to Menekrates. Reliefs o f meals such as this one were very popular as CONSERVATION The stele is nearly complete, broken off only at the bottom. funerary monuments i n the eastern part of the Greek world, rep­ There are some scratches and abrasions o n the surface. The resenting perhaps a quarter of the total number of surviving grave back retains its original rough surface made w i t h a point chisel. There are marks o f the tooth chisel o n the sides. reliefs from that area. The iconography represents the funerary banquet held at the tomb of the deceased. On the day of the funeral PROVENANCE and later on the birthdate of the deceased, the family would gather Possibly from Smyrna; formerly i n the collection of W i l l i a m , at the tomb to eat, laying out a couch and food for the dead per­ second Earl o f Lonsdale, at Lowther Castle i n Cumbria i n the son, who i n the reliefs is the reclining protagonist, usually male Lake District o f England. and young. Depicting the reclining man as shaking hands with a 1 6 second figure either seated or standing is not a very common BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Michaelis, "Die Privatsammlungen antiker Bildwerke i n m o t i f on the banquet­type o f funerary monument. Pfuhl and EnglandArchaologische Zeitung 32 (1875): 43, no. 22; ibid., Mobius include eight others i n their catalogue o f East Greek 1882: 496, no. 55; Sotheby's, London, Ancient Art, sale, July 1, gravestones. This monument may be compared to one i n Istan­ 1969, lot no. 31; Alex G. Malloy, New York, sale, 1971, lot no. 84; bul i n its general form and i n the relatively low quality of its carv­ Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 15, no. 28; Frel 1979a, pp. 2 3 ­ ing. Michaelis suggested that the stone was from Smyrna, which 24, no. 91; Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, pp. 378­79, no. 1538; Butz 1987, pp. 52­57, no. 11; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 8. 7 8 Pfuhl and Mobius support. 9 S T E L E W I T H A triangular pediment crowned by one central and two side akroteria. A recessed figural panel is framed by antas that 1 Lord Lonsdale was one of the few avid collectors of Greek and Roman antiq­ uities in England in the mid­nineteenth century. His enthusiasm for and interest in his acquisitions led him to build two galleries at Lowther Castle especially for their display. See Michaelis 1882, p. 176. 2 See Fraser and Matthews, 1:101, s.v. Bias, and pp. 306­7, s.v. Menekrates; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 87, s.v. Bias, and pp. 305­6, s.v. Menekrates; Fraser and Matthews, 3A: 90, s.v. Bias, and p. 296, s.v. Menekrates. 3 The couch belongs to the category of Greek couches with turned legs, with the added feature of a sphinx: Richter 1966, pp. 55­58. On the gesture, called dexiosis, see cat. no. 1, note 7. Richter 1966, pp. 70­71, type 4. On the role of eating in funerary ritual, see W. Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth (Berkeley, 1983), pp. 50­51. Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, p. 379, nos. 1539­40, and pp. 424­25, nos. 1756­61. Istanbul, Archaeological Museum 2220: Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, p. 388, no. 1576, pl. 229. Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, pp. 378­79, no. 1538. If this is so, it is a low­quality stone by comparison to known banqueting reliefs from Smyrna. See Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, pp. 369, 442, 445­46, 474­75, nos. 1488,1840,1857, and 1980. slant inward. A two­line inscription is placed on the face of the stele beneath the figural recess. MENEKPATHX BIANTOX BIAX MENEKPATOY "Menekrates, (son) o f Bias 4 5 6 Bias, (son) o f Menekrates" The names Menekrates and Bias are attested i n inscriptions at Athens, the demes of Attika, on some of the Aegean islands, on Sicily, and at sites i n South Italy and i n the Peloponnese. 2 7 8 Menekrates reclines on a couch with an elaborately turned leg terminating i n the figure of a sphinx. His short, curly 3 hair is wreathed. He wears a short­sleeved tunic and cloak and is propped up on pillows. I n his left hand he holds a large, round, 9 flat object, probably a phiale. His right arm is extended to shake THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD 115 Cat. no. 42. Crave stele of Menekrates. Malibu 71.AA.376. Il6 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE 43. Grave Stele ofHerophanta and Posideos T A L L , S L I G H T L Y T A P E R I N G STELE w i t h a pedimental top com­ plete w i t h akroteria. A round shield decorates the center of the pediment. A deeply recessed panel contains four figures: a man, a woman, and two children. Above the figural panel are two laurel About 150 B.C. wreaths inscribed i n the centers: Large­grained, blue­gray streaky marble; Height: 151.4 cm (59 /8 5 in.); W i d t h : 57 cm (22V2 in.); Depth: 11.5 cm (4V2 in.) 71.AA.288 O AEMOX O AEMOI The inscription continues on the front of the stele below the figural panel: CONSERVATION The stele is essentially complete, though broken into three pieces and reconstructed. There are various chips and nOEIAEON HPOOANTAN abrasions all over, including on the figures. Along the edges AHMOKAEIOYX TIMQNOS "The demos "The demos (honors) (honors) knees o f Herophanta. Rectangular cuttings on the sides have Posideos Herophanta been filled i n recent times. The sides and the front o f the (son) o f Demokleios" (daughter) o f T i m o n " of the reconstructed breaks are losses, most notably across the middle o f the girl, the boy's ankle, from Posideos's left lower leg and his right ankle, and from a horizontal area below the 1 stele below the inscription bear marks o f the tooth chisel. The back and b o t t o m retain their original rough finish made by a point chisel. The names Posideos, Herophanta, and Demokleios are seldom found i n the epigraphic and literary corpus. The name T i m o n is attested at Athens and i n denies of Attika. PROVENANCE From Smyrna; formerly i n the collection o f William, second Earl o f Lonsdale, at Lowther Castle i n Cumbria i n the Lake District o f England. 2 Posideos stands frontally at the left w i t h his head turned slightly toward the center. His demeanor is calm; he holds his arms i n front of h i m , the left hand holding the right wrist. His pose is one of two adopted by male figures on Hellenistic grave­ BIBLIOGRAPHY stones from Classical Greek statues of the orators Aischines and P. Lucas, Voyage au Levant (Amsterdam, 1720), 1:152; L. Muratorio, Novus thesaurus veterum inscriptionum (Milan, Demosthenes. Here, Posideos stands i n a variation of the Demos­ 1740), 2: 553, no. 2; R. Pococke, Inscriptiones antiquae graecae thenes pose, w i t h hands lowered i n front of h i m . et latinae ( [ L o n d o n ] , 1752), p. 23, no. 16; Corpus shaven w i t h short, curly hair and Inscriptionum Graecarum, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1843), p. 747, no. 3245; A. Michaelis, "Die Privatsammlungen antiker Bildwerke i n England," Archäologische Zeitung 32 (1875): 43, no. 19; ibid., 1882: 495, no. 52; P. A r n d t and W Amelung, Photographische Einzelaufnahmen antiker Skulpturen (Munich, 1893­1947), no. 3083; Sotheby's, London, Ancient Art, sale, July 1,1969, lot no. 134; Selected Works from the Ancient Art Collection of the John Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California, exh. cat., Pennsylvania State Univ., Hetzel U n i o n Gallery (University Park, 1971), no. 8; Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, pp. 15­16, no. 29; Pfuhl and Möbius 1977, pp. 159,161, no. 529, p i . 82; Frei 3 He is clean is fully swathed i n a cloak marked by press folds. His squarish face w i t h narrow eyes is ren­ 4 dered w i t h some individuality. His feet, w i t h toes carved, are san­ daled. The sandals have central tongues and ties that fall onto the sides of each foot. 5 To Posideos's right, at his side and emerging from behind h i m , is a small boy who looks up at h i m . The boy s hair is short and curly. He wears a short, belted tunic, whose hem he lifts w i t h 6 his right hand. He is barefoot. At the right of the scene a woman, Herophanta, stands !979a, p. 23, no. 89; A. Mantes, Provlemata tes eikonographias frontally, her right arm around a large, centrally placed, vertical ton hiereion kai ton hiereon sten archaia Hellenike techne torch, which visually bisects the panel. Herophanta wears two (Thessaloniki, 1983), pp. 127­28, no. sy, p i . 42b; Frei 1984, PP­ 37­38; Butz 1987, pp. 60­72, no. i n ; A. Mantes, Provlemata tes eikonographias ton hiereion kai ton hiereon sten archaia dresses, a sleeveless one over a long­sleeved one, and a cloak. The narrow folds of her dresses are visible under the transparent Hellenike techne (Athens, 1990), p. 101, no. sy, pi. 45b; S. Schmidt, cloak, which is marked by press folds. Her head is covered w i t h a Hellenistische Grabreliefs (Cologne, 1991), pp. 15,17, 89,138 separate scarf, one end of which falls behind her left shoulder. n. 617, fig. 21; B. S. Ridgway, "Response," i n Images and Her full, curly hair is parted i n the middle and pulled back over Ideologies: Self-Definition in the Hellenistic World, ed. A. Bulloch her ears. She wears large, round earrings. Her face is oval w i t h et al. (Berkeley, 1993), p. 236; Zanker 1993, p. 214 n. 5, p. 217 n. 18, p. 218 n. 22, p. 226 n. 66; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 9. 7 fine features. A Venus ring marks her neck. She wears platform 8 sandals w i t h soles indented between the first and second toes. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD 9 HZ Detail o f the inscribed honorary wreaths on the grave stele o f Herophanta and Posideos. Detail o f the inscription on the grave stele o f Herophanta and Posideos. I n the center o f the scene, just to the left of the tall torch, within the city. For example, here the large torch indicates that stands a small female figure who holds onto the torch with both Herophanta was a priestess of Demeter. Most of the gravestones 11 hands. She is i n right profile and looks up toward Herophanta. for these Smyrnan priestesses featured the woman accompanied Her long belted dress is slipping off her right shoulder. Her hair is only by two small servants. brushed back from her face into a roll that frames her face. known that show a priestess with her family. This is one of the 12 The Getty stone is one of only two 13 The style of the stele—carved i n one piece with relief larger and better­carved stelai representing priestesses of Deme­ figures standing i n a naiskos, set on a podium base, and sur­ ter. There is, however, great variation i n the quality of the stelai i n mounted by a pediment and akroteria, and with the upper zone this small group, so it would be risky to infer that the social status decorated with honorific wreaths—is typical of monuments made of the family of Herophanta was any higher than that of the other i n Smyrna. The city o f Smyrna honored its notable citizens with priestesses commemorated with funerary reliefs. 10 14 these stelai, which often contained symbols of their former roles 8 See cat. no. 4 with note 9. 9 Morrow 1985, pp. 9 0 ­ 9 2 . 1 2 3 4 The one on the left measures 15 X 3 cm; the one on the right, 13 X 3 cm. For Timon, see Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 433. Zanker 1993, p. 217. On press folds, see Ridgway 1990, p. 219; Granger­Taylor 1987, pp. 114­23. 5 Morrow 1985, pp. 119­20. 12 Pfuhl and M ö b i u s 1977, pp. 137—38, nos. 405—10. 6 7 On the hairstyle as an indicator of age, see Vorster 1983, pp. 19 ­23. See supra, note 4. 13 Pfuhl and Möbius 1977, pp. 161­62, no. 530. 118 EAST G R E E K F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E 10 These were some of the handsomest stelai from the Greek East: Zanker 1993. 11 Pfuhl and Möbius 1977, p. 136. 14 Zanker 1993, p. 226. Cat. no. 43. Grave stele o f Herophanta and Posideos. Malibu 71.AA.288. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD II9 44- Fragment of a Grave Stele of a Man and His Wife with a Boy and Girl the side. Her platform sandals are indented between her first and second toes. She wears a dress with a cloak that, although her 4 head is missing, we can see is pulled up over her head. Her right arm is held at her waist under the cloak. The left arm is held up to the neckline, where she fingers the fabric o f her dress, emphasiz­ ing its fineness. Details such as this and the bracelet the woman About 125 B.C. 5 wears on her left wrist proclaim the family's wealth and social Large­grained, blue­gray streaky marble; Height: 51 cm standing. (20Vis in.); W i d t h : 44.3 cm (17V2 in.); Depth: 9.7 cm (3% in.) Tucked into the corners of the panel are the small figures of a boy on the left and a girl on the right. The boy leans against 71.AA.281 the back of the panel with his left leg bent at the knee and crossed CONSERVATION over his right ankle. His arms are held i n front o f him, his right The top o f the stele is broken away. There is a large chip o n hand holding his left wrist. His head with short, curly hair is cast the left corner and various chips on the surface, especially downward. The little girl stands erect and faces the viewer. She along the edges o f the stone. The left anta is cracked at about midpoint. The marble is very weathered, and the surface details wears a long dress with an overfold and holds her arms i n front of of the carving are blurred. There is some incrustation on the her, her right hand grasping her left wrist. Her hair is chin length right anta. The surface o f the marble has a shiny appearance with a central braid. consistent w i t h an acid treatment. 6 A ledge is placed between the man and woman at the level of their heads. Shelves such as this contained a variety of objects PROVENANCE symbolizing certain virtues, such as books symbolic of intelli­ From Western Asia M i n o r , probably Smyrna; formerly i n the gence, baskets of orderly virtue, and chests of wealth. The remains 7 collection o f John B. S. M o r r i t t at Rokeby Hall i n Yorkshire. 1 of the items on the shelf here look to be a footed chest and per­ BIBLIOGRAPHY haps books or a kista. Compare a stele i n Venice and one that was Michaelis 1882, pp. 644­45, no. 3; Vermeule 1955, p. 146; once i n a school i n Izmir. Sotheby's, London, sale, July 1,1969, lot no. 260; Pfuhl and 8 The poses of both the man and the woman are common Mobius 1977, pp. 167­68, no. 554, p i . 87; Frel 1979a, no. 90; S. Schmidt, Hellenistische Grabreliefs (Cologne, 1991), p. 82; Hellenistic types, which were adopted for use on funerary monu­ Zanker 1993, p. 214 n. 5, and p. 226 n. 68. ments by various cities i n the eastern part of the Greek world. 9 The man is presented i n one of the most popular male­figure S M A L L , T A P E R I N G S T E L E w i t h a recessed figural panel contain­ types on reliefs from Smyrna—the "arm­sling" t y p e — i n which ing a man, a woman, and two children. At left, a clean­shaven the right arm is held across the chest inside a tightly draped cloak. man w i t h short, curly hair stands frontally, his weight on his right It is a variation of a type of pose used for statues of the orator­ leg, with his head turned toward the center. His face is long and politician Aischines. thin with large eyes. He wears a tunic with a cloak that enfolds Pudicitia, the personification o f female chastity and modesty, a both arms. He holds his right arm to his chest, grasping the folds common type for women i n the Hellenistic period when not only of his cloak with the first two fingers outstretched. His left arm grave statues but also honorific or commemorative statues o f 10 The pose of the woman is that o f the rests at his side with the hand holding several folds of his cloak. draped women were made i n large quantities. The Pudicitia is The fabric of the cloak has three horizontal bands of incised lines, matronly and often carved so that the fabric of her dress contrasts denoting either a pattern or press folds, encircling the hips, thighs, with that of the cloak over it. The pose is the same as that of the and calves. His feet are sandaled. The sandals have straps passing statue of Diodora from Delos. These two poses were adopted on 2 11 between the first and second toes and meeting the cross­straps funerary monuments to express the high standard of conduct by that tie; the soles are indented between the first and second toes. the citizens depicted. 3 The woman at the right also stands frontally, her weight on her left leg. Her right leg is relaxed and pulled back slightly to 120 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE 12 By being shown i n readily recognizable poses of exemplary past citizens, the man and wife on this funer­ ary monument emphasize their own civic virtue. Cat. no. 44. Crave stele o f a man and his wife with a boy and a girl. Malibu 71.AA.281. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 121 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Morritt was an English antiquarian who traveled throughout Greece in 1794­ 1795 for the express purpose of collecting Greek antiquities for Rokeby Hall. He was an enthusiastic member of the Society of Dilettanti from 1798 on, and he acted as a witness in the investigation conducted by a Select Committee of the British House of Commons on the acquisition by the government of the marbles removed from the Parthenon by Lord Elgin (the Elgin Marbles). On Morritt s travels in Greece, see R. Stoneman, ed., A Literary Companion to Travel in Greece (Malibu 1994), pp. 73­75,303­4. On his role in the acqui­ sition of the Elgin Marbles, see Michaelis 1882, p. 147. On press folds, see Ridgway 1990, p. 219; Granger­Taylor 1987, pp. 114­23. Morrow 1985, pp. 119­20. Morrow 1985, pp. 90 ­ 9 2 . A small bronze figure of a woman making a similar gesture is in the Getty Museum, acc. no. 96.AB.47: Reeder 1995, p. 134. This is the hairstyle of children. See Vorster 1983, pp. 21­23. Smith 1991, p. 189. Venice, Museo Archeologico 67; current whereabouts unknown, once Izmir, Turkish School: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, pp. 146­47, no. 443, pi. 74, and p. 144, no. 434, pi. 72. E.g., Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, pp. 168,170,182­83, nos. 555, 557, 564, 567, and 646 are just a few from various cities. 10 Naples, Archaeological Museum 6018: Smith 1991, p. 37,fig.38. 11 For a discussion of the Pudicitia type and its origins, see M . Bieber, The Sculpture of the Hellenistic Age (New York, 1955), pp. 132­33. She notes that the name, taken from a similar type on Roman coins, should be discarded since the type is a Greek invention. For the statue of Diodora, see Smith 1991, p. 86,fig.114. 12 See Zanker 1993, pp. 216­20, 224­27. 9 122 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE 45­ Head of a Woman from a Funerary Monument About 150 B.C. Large­grained white marble; Height: 31.8 cm (12V2 in.); W i d t h : 21 cm {8 A in.); Depth: 20.5 cm (8V8 in.) l 57.AA.10 CONSERVATION The head is broken through the neck and at the back. A large chip is missing from the chin and nose. The surface o f the marble is weathered and covered w i t h specks o f black particulate matter, especially on the proper left side o f the head. PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bulletin of the J. Paul Getty Museum ofArt 1.1 (1957): 9­10; Getty et al. 1965, pp. 57,68; Stothart 1965, pp. 14­15 (as A 57.S­7); Vermeule and Neuerburg 1973, p. 15, no. 27; Frel 1979a, no. 87. N E A R L Y L I F E ­ S I Z E H E A D of a woman broken from what was a large grave monument. Part of the attachment point of the head to the back of the original relief remains at the top of the head. I n the original funerary monument the woman would have been placed so that her head was i n a three­quarter left profile view. 1 She has an oval face with narrow, broadly spaced eyes with thick upper lids. Only the right side of her mouth with its full, sensuous lips remains. Three fleshy Venus rings mark her neck. Her long 2 hair is parted i n the center and drawn back over her ears. Individ­ Head of a woman from the funerary monument Malibu 57.AA.10. The installation on the Museum wall shows the attachment area of the head to the back panel of the funerary monument. ual strands grouped into thick locks are indicated with deeply drilled channels marking the lock divisions. This distinctive way of carving individual strands seems to be a characteristic of sculp­ ture from Kos of the second century B.C. The back of her head is 3 1 covered by a thin veil that reveals the pattern o f her hair under­ neath. The peaked fold of the veil at the top of her head is not a common feature on sculptures of women from any of the areas i n the eastern part of the Greek world, but a statue o f a draped and 2 3 veiled woman on Kos has a very similar peaked veil. We, there­ 4 fore, tentatively assign this head to a funerary monument from Kos of the second century B . C The figure to which this veiled head belonged would have been life size, of a respectable matron, 4 Cf. a similar head on a large relief from Delos (Rheneia) in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1156: Couilloud 1974, p. 149, no. 270, pi. 52. This figure is standing in a Pudicitia pose with her head in slightly left profile and looking down. See cat. no. 4 with note 9. Cf. R. Kabus­Preisshofen, Die hellenistische Plastik der Insel Kos (Berlin, 1989), pp. 248­51, no. 57 (Kos, Museum 17), pp. 296­98, no. 92 (Istanbul, Archaeo­ logical Museum 1554), pp. 298­99, no. 93,114 (Kos, Museum 122), pp. 318­20, no. 114 (Kos, Museum Magazine Kastro PBE 497). The feature appears even earlier on a head dated to the early third century, Kos, Museum 16: ibid., pp. 292­93, no. 89. Kos, Museum 17: ibid., pp. 248­50, no. 57, pis. 58­59. possibly i n a scene o f several family members. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD 123 Cat. no. 45. Head o f a woman from a funerary monument. Malibu 57.AA.10. 124 EAST GREEK F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E 46. Grave Naiskos of an Enthroned Woman with an Attendant similar to that worn by our figure. The style of the deep folds 7 with closely spaced, sharply rounded edges is similar to that seen on sculpture from Delos. The difference i n the weight of the fab­ 8 ric used for the two garments is subtly indicated on the Getty About 100 B.C. relief. The heavy fabric o f the dress is shown by the deeply carved Large­grained white marble; Height: 94.6 c m (37V4 in.); W i d t h : linear folds at the bottom of the figure. The cloak is made of a 120.7 cm (47V2 in.); Depth: 21.6 cm (8V2 in.) thinner fabric, and one can make out a few folds o f the dress through the cloak. The pattern o f folds on the cloak, which are 9 72.AA.159 placed i n parallel lines on the diagonal, are comparable to those on several Delian funerary reliefs. CONSERVATION 10 The woman's feet rest on a low, rectangular platform. The top and the left anta are missing. The top was cut off for 11 reuse as an architectural decoration i n Lansdowne House, the She wears sandals with single thongs that pass between her first London home o f Sir W i l l i a m Fitzmaurice Petty, second Earl o f and second toes. Shelburne and first Marquess o f Lansdowne. The right anta 12 Unfortunately, the front o f the foot, which 1 would have provided an outline o f the sole that would have has been roughly worked w i t h a flat chisel. The b o t t o m front helped date the monument, is missing. Her hair is parted i n the edge is chipped and missing at the left. The underside has been roughly finished w i t h a point chisel and may be the original center, brushed back at the sides into a roll, and caught at the back surface. The back is finished roughly w i t h the point chisel and i n a ponytail. There are spit curls at the hairline on either side of a is probably the original surface. The sides have been finished central part and i n front o f and behind her left earlobe. A fillet w i t h the tooth chisel. encircles her head. The way the hair is carved i n fine, individually shaped strands is distinctive. Her round face with widely spaced, 13 PROVENANCE deep­set eyes has thin lips separated by a drilled channel. Both Formerly i n the collection o f Sir W i l l i a m Fitzmaurice Petty, second Earl o f Shelburne and first Marquess o f Lansdowne. arms are adorned w i t h snake armlets and bracelets. BIBLIOGRAPHY her right reaches out to touch the l i d o f an open flat box or mir­ 14 The woman's left arm rests on the arm of the throne, while The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1975), p. 31; ror held by a girl standing i n front o f her. This pose is similar to ibid. (Malibu, 1976), p. 37. that on several monuments from Delos. The girl wears a dress 15 Michaelis 1882, pp. 443­44, no. 26; P. A r n d t and W. belted just under her breasts with a long overfold that has an edge Amelung, Photographische Einzelaufnahmen antiker Skulpturen (Munich, 1929), 11:12 (doubts the authenticity o f the piece); pulled up and caught i n a bunch under her right arm. Her feet are Vermeule 1955, p. 131, no. 26 (under Bowood); Sotheby's, bare. Her hair is cut short and falls forward from the crown i n a London, sale, December 4,1972, lot no. 128; Frel 1974, no. 10; series of separate locks. Both the woman and the girl have two 16 Frel 1979b, p. 44, no. 87 bis (wrongly cited as 73.AA.159). pronounced Venus rings. 17 The technique and subject matter of this grave monument L A R G E N A I S K O S M I S S I N G I T S upper and lower portions and the are both o f high quality; the young woman must have belonged left anta. I t probably originally had an upper story, possibly w i t h to a wealthy and influential family. I n workmanship, the relief a pediment, antas with carved capitals, and an inscription below recalls late Hellenistic sculpture o f coastal Asia Minor, Rhodes, the figural scene. and Kos, but especially o f Delos. O f these, Delos is the only one 2 18 At the right sits a woman on a cushioned throne with an that furnishes a chronological point of reference. About four hun­ elaborately carved leg. A funerary relief from Delos features a dred stelai with figured reliefs are preserved from the island itself 3 woman seated on a Mine with an elaborately turned leg similar to and from neighboring Rheneia, the main necropolis o f the island this. The throne leg is formed o f several discs with a lions paw after the purification o f Delos i n 426 B . C . and volutes i n the center; the arm o f the throne is supported by stelai are broadly dated to the later second and first centuries B.C., an upright carved i n the form o f a bird, probably an eagle. The that is, to the period when Delos was a free port under Athenian back of the throne is an open­work design composed o f two control. None of the Delian stelai was found i n externally dated 4 19 The majority o f the 20 uprights and a cross­piece, all o f which have rounded ends. The contexts, so the chronology is based i n part on historical proba­ perspective o f the throne is unusual i n that the back is carved flat bility and i n part on epigraphic and figural style. The quality of on the back o f the naiskos, and the left arm and leg are carved the Getty monument is close to some o f the best Delian m o n u ­ 5 21 three­dimensionally, projecting at an angle toward the viewer. ments. For example, the style o f the throne back, facial resem­ The woman's body mirrors the throne perspective to some extent, blance, and the relaxed pose are similar to those on a large grave since her head and legs are i n left profile, but her torso is frontal. monument o f an enthroned woman from Delos. 6 22 The style o f The woman wears a sleeveless dress with a flat band just the drapery with a heavy fabric dress under a cloak o f thin under her breasts and a loosely wrapped cloak that crosses her material as well as the pose of the woman are seen on the funerary body just below the waist and covers her legs. A sculpture i n the relief o f Lampron from Delos. The deceased woman for w h o m round from Delos—Gybele from the House o f Dionysos— this monument was carved is depicted here as wealthy, fashion­ wears a high­girt sleeveless dress w i t h a V­shaped neckline very able, and elegant. 23 THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD 125 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Michaelis 1882, p. 443, states that it was put into the wall over a doorway. The bottom was probably also cut off, since most intact Delian stelai have a short, rough­picked tenon on the bottom surface for insertion into some sort of supporting base. While few of the stelai have been found in archaeological contexts, they seem to have been displayed within the necropolis on Rheneia in at least two ways: either on top of a sarcophagus, like the late second­century grave monument of Tertia Horaria, or inset into a squat base, as seems to have been common on Rhodes. See Couilloud 1974, nos. 58 and 502, fig. 9 and pi. 93; P. M . Fraser, Rhodian Funerary Monuments (Oxford, 1977), pi. 19. The rectangular form of the monument may be compared to the slightly smaller monument of Ammia and Boethos from Delos, which is crowned by an entablature of triglyphs and metopes, Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1218: Couilloud 1974, pp. 129­30, no. 185, pi. 43. The throne is an elaborate version of the throne with turned legs described by Richter 1966, pp. 19­23. The debt of this throne to Persian prototypes is seen in the insertion of lion's paws about midway in the series of turnings. Cf. Richter 1966, fig. 63, a relief from the Palace of Persepolis depicting Darius sit­ ting on a throne with similar legs. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 897: Couilloud 1974, p. 116, no. 147, pl­34­ This style is seen on thrones from two Hellenistic centers, Samos and Delos. Samian examples in Pythagoreion­Tigani, Museum 168, and Samos­Vathy, Museum 243: R. Horn, Hellenistische Bildwerke auf Samos (Bonn, 1972), pp. 136­38, nos. 112­13, pi. 72; Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 234, nos. 901 and 904. The Delian example is in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1257: Couilloud 1974, pp. 93­94, no. 84, pi. 19. Another monument from Delos, now in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 2391, shows a woman seated on a throne with an elaborate arm, but it seems that the back of the throne is solid, or perhaps covered with fabric so that it appears solid. The monument of Ammia and Boethos (supra, note 2) shows Boethos sitting on a throne of a different type, but it is still noteworthy in being yet another funerary relief from Delos where the deceased is enthroned. Figures on Hellenistic funerary reliefs most often face the viewer in a frontal position. This outward­looking position of the figures contrasts with Classical Attic funerary figures, who usually interact with one another within the figural scene: Zanker 1993, p. 215. Marcade 1969, p. 113, no. A 4144, pi. 53. Cf. those on a draped male figure found in Sarapeion c on Delos: Marcade 1969, p. 324, pi. 71. This is comparable to a funerary statue from Delos, now in Paris, Musee du Louvre Ma 2711: Couilloud 1974, p. 232, no. 4, pi. 89; Hamiaux 1992, p. 241, no. 255­ 126 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE 10 E.g., Athens, National Archaeological Museum 897 and 1273: Couilloud 1974, p. 116, no. 147, pi. 34, and p. 88, no. 68, pi. 15, respectively. 11 Richter 1966, p. 51, a type 3. Cf. the relief from Delos in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 897 (supra, note 10), in the way in which the seated woman rests her feet on a low type of rectangular platform. 12 Morrow 1985, pp. 91­92. The sandal resembles those worn by a seated female hellenistischer figure in Rome, Terme Museum 55969: A. Linfert, Kunstzentren Zeit: Studien an weiblichen Gewandfiguren (Wiesbaden, 1976), p. 90 n. 299, no. 198, pi. 38. 13 Cf. the hair on Aphrodite of the Slipper­Slapper group from Delos, now in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3335: Marcade 1969, pp. 393­96, pi. 50. 14 Such jewelry is another mark of the high status of this deceased woman. Cf. the snake­headed gold bracelets and armlets from a Ptolemaic jewelry group in the Getty Museum, acc. nos. 92.AM.8.6 ­.7: The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections (Los Angeles, 1997), pp. 56­57; M . Pfrommer, Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt, Getty Museum Studies on Art (forthcoming). 15 For the motif of a seated woman reaching toward an object held by an atten­ dant, see Couilloud 1974, nos. 147­49, pi­ 35­ O the lounging woman as a motif taken from a Classical Greek sculpture, see A. M . Nielsen and J. S. 0stergaard, The Eastern Mediterranean in the Hellenistic Period: Catalogue, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek (Copenhagen, 1997), p. 40, no. 14 (inv. 2026). 16 The pose, hairstyle, and flat chest of the girl are similar to a figure on a monu­ ment from Smyrna, now in London, British Museum GR 1947.7­14.2: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, pp. 234­35, no. 906. 17 See cat. no. 4 with note 9. 18 A fragment of a grave relief in Madison of comparable size and grandeur features an enthroned woman. It is dated to the late second century B.C. but, unfortunately, its provenance is unknown, though it is believed to be from Asia Minor. Madison, University of Wisconsin, Elvehjem Museum of Art 1977.3. n 19 Thucydides 3.104. 20 Marcade 1969, pp. 21­49. 21 See B. Schmaltz, Griechische Grabreliefs (Darmstadt, 1983), pp. 229­37; Couil­ loud 1974, pp. 2­3, 243­53; S. Schmidt, Hellenistische Grabreliefs (Cologne, 1991), pp. 65­77. 22 Delos, Museum A 3186: Marcade 1969, p. 289 n. 6; Couilloud 1974, p. 124, no. 170, pi. 39; A. Linfert, Kunstzentren hellenistischer Zeit: Studien an weiblichen Gewandfiguren (Wiesbaden, 1976), p. 115 n. 458c, nos. 274­75, pi­ 5 ­ 23 Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1156: Couilloud 1974, p. 149, no. 270, pi. 79. 2 Cat. no. 46. Grave naiskos o f an enthroned woman with an attendant. Malibu 72.AA.159. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 127 Detail o f the the face o f the enthroned woman from the grave naiskos Malibu 72.AA.159. 128 EAST GREEK F U N E R A R Y S C U L P T U R E Detail o f the enthroned woman with her snake­headed jewelry and the eagle arm support on the throne from the grave naiskos Malibu 72.AA.15g. T H E H E L L E N I S T I C P E R I O D 129 47­ Grave Stele of a Woman with Four Girls in a Sanctuary On either side of the woman stand two girls i n various poses suggesting relaxed contemplation. Two of the girls each raise a hand to her chin, while a third stands with one leg bent at the knee and crossed over the other. A l l four girls wear long 8 About 100 B.C. dresses. The girl furthest on the left holds an object i n her left Large­grained white marble w i t h gray streaking; Height: hand, probably a bird as an offering. The second one from 46.5 cm (18V4 in.); W i d t h : 40 cm (i5 A in.); Depth: 9.6 cm the left holds a flat, rectangular object, probably a box. The girl (3 /4in.) just to the right o f the woman also holds an object i n her left 9 3 3 hand, but it is too indistinct to identify. The girl furthest to the 71.AA.268 right holds nothing i n her hands; she is slightly larger than the other three. CONSERVATION This relief of a sanctuary i n a sacred grove places the The stele is complete. Plaster restorations done i n the eighteenth century were removed from the woman's head and from the altar. Two areas o f restoration remain, at the base 1 of the altar and o n the girl at the far right. The surface o f the marble is very weathered, and there are some chips, especially monument i n a small group of grave reliefs from the eastern part of the Greek world that emphasize the heroism of the deceased. The woman feeds the sacred snake i n a sanctuary while she prob­ along the edges. Most o f the carved details are blurred and ably burns an offering on the altar. Pfuhl and Mobius group this indistinct from the weathering. I n addition, the front looks as relief with twelve others that show libations and gift offerings; i f i t has undergone acid treatment at some point, for the surface there is no animal present here to indicate a sacrifice. What is of the marble has a slick, shiny appearance. The back retains its interesting about this example is that only female figures are pres­ original rough finish made w i t h the point chisel. There are 10 ent. Most other libation scenes feature male figures or were marks o f the tooth chisel on the sides. erected for a deceased male. A relief i n Leiden is comparable to this one i n its female figure offering a libation to a snake wound PROVENANCE Formerly i n the collection o f John B. C. M o r r i t t at Rokeby Hall about a tree, but it is not carved nearly as carefully nor with the i n Yorkshire. same quality as the Getty stele. The atmosphere o f the relief has 11 more i n common with several monuments featuring women BIBLIOGRAPHY Michaelis 1882, pp. 643­44, no. 1; E. Pfuhl, "Das Beiwerk auf den ostgriechischen Grabreliefs," Jahrbuch des Deutschen standing i n sanctuary settings that include trees and snakes. 12 Because of the religious nature o f the iconography, we speculate Archdologischen Instituts 20 (1905): 55, no. 30, p. 56, fig. 11; that this gravestone marked the grave of a priestess who was active Vermeule 1955, p. 146; Sotheby's London, sale, July 1,1969, lot i n a sanctuary located i n what is now modern Turkey. no. 258; Selected Works from the Ancient Art Collection of the John Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, California, exh. cat., Pennsylvania State Univ., Hetzel U n i o n Gallery (University Park, 1971), no. 7; Frel 1979a, no. 93 (identified as a votive relief to Asklepios); Frel 1 1979b, p. 44 (identified as a votive relief o f a hero); Pfuhl and 2 3 4 Mobius 1979, pp. 348, 351, no. 1480, p i . 215. S M A L L T R A P E Z O I D A L S T E L E finished at the top w i t h a cavetto molding. A tall, thin woman stands frontally i n a sanctuary set­ ting. Her hair is caught up i n a bun on top of her head. She wears 5 6 a dress with a cloak that envelops her right arm. There are faint marks on the cloak, especially evident near the bottom on her right, that might be construed as press folds, a status symbol. Her 2 feet are formless, so she is probably wearing soft shoes that appear to have fairly thick soles. Her extended left arm holds out an egg 3 7 to a very long snake coiled about a tree. Snakes are symbols of subterranean living, that is, symbolic of heroes. The tree has five 4 leafy branches with individually carved leaves. A belted dress with an overfold hangs from one branch of the tree as a votive offer­ ing. I n front o f the tree is a small, round, flaming altar set on a 5 base with three bands of molding. A t the left of the scene is a tall 6 pillar with a small lekythos on top. This further emphasizes the ritual nature o f this relief, for the lekythos is a vase for offering libations to the dead at the grave. 130 EAST GREEK 7 FUNERARY SCULPTURE 8 9 Removed in 1973 by staff in the Antiquities Conservation Department of the Getty Museum. On press folds, see Ridgway 1990, p. 219; Granger­Taylor 1987, pp. 114­23. Morrow 1985, pp. 121­22. On the role of snakes in afterlife mythology, see W. Burkert, Greek Religion, trans. J. Raffan (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 194­95. Ibid., pp. 68­70. On this type of altar, see C. Yavis, Greek Altars: Origins and Typology (St. Louis, 1949)5 PP­142­ 43­ Yavis calls this kind a plain monolithic cylindrical altar and notes that it is a common type in the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. A more recent study of Greek altars is D. Aktseli, Altdre in der archaischen und klassischen Kunst: Untersuchungen zu Typologie undlkonographie (Espelkamp, 1996), but she includes only material through the fourth century B.C. See D. C. Kurtz and J. Boardman, Greek Burial Customs (Ithaca, N.Y, 1971), pp. 103­5. Cf. a monument in Oxford, Ashmolean Museum 1947.271, which has a vessel atop a tall pillar in the background: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 88, no. 149. See Neumann 1965, pp. 116 ­23. This could be a box for other offerings, or it could be a symbol of wealth such as a container of jewels. 10 Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, pp. 348 ­ 5 1 . 11 Leiden, Rijksmuseum L. K. A. 1118: Pfuhl and Mobius 1979, p. 351, no. 1479, pi. 215. 12 E.g., Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1158: once European art mar­ ket; and Izmir, Kiiltiirpark 31: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 134, no. 395, pi. 64, p. 143, no. 426, pi. 70, and p. 143, no. 429, pi. 70, respectively. Cat. no. 47. Grave stele o f a woman with four girls in a sanctuary. Malibu 71.AA.268. T H E H E L L E N I S T I C P E R I O D 131 48. Grave Naiskos of a Seated Man nal at the front of the scene. His feet are sandaled. The right san­ 6 dal is carved i n great detail and is clearly a lingula sandal, a style About 75 B.C. with an overhanging tongue {lingula). Fine­grained white marble; Height: 143.5 cm (56V2 in.); W i d t h : 1 100 cm (39 /s in.); Depth: 26.8 cm (10V2 in.) 3 O n a low, plain­edged 7 sole, a cross­band spans the base o f the toes and combines with a thong that widens into a tongue on top of the foot. A wide ribbon secures side loops extending probably from heel meshes and is 72.AA.160 tied at the ankle. The sole is indented and closely curved along the CONSERVATION sole that follows the outline of the foot is common on sandals of contours of the foot. The toes overhang i t slightly. The indented The original funerary monument was broken at the top above the right shoulder o f the man, through the hollow o f his throat, and across the left upper arm, cutting off half o f the left the Hellenistic period. A griffin peers out from under the padded stool to look up at the man. Griffins are related to Dionysos and notions of well­ forearm. A l l above this point is a later restoration. The head is mostly ancient, but i t was not a part o f the being i n the afterlife. At the right of the composition is a tree with 8 original relief, being instead a representation, probably carved a snake winding up its trunk. Snakes are creatures o f the earth i n the round, o f Hades or Serapis. The top of the head is and have a long association with the dead. The tail o f the snake severely weathered w i t h loss o f definition i n the carving o f the strands o f hair. The nose, front curls, and one curl o f the beard are restored. The right cheek and eye are recut. There is 9 coiling about the tree is part of the original monument. The leafy branches with the nest containing four small birds may be later a hole i n the top o f the head, approximately 1.5 cm square. restorations. The mans bearded head, though ancient, is likewise The lower part o f the neck, shoulders, back, and left arm not original to the relief but a later substitution. I t is o f a type of the man are recut to blend i n w i t h the adjacent parts o f the modern background. The t h i r d and fourth knuckles o f the right hand and the second knuckle o f the index finger as well used to depict gods, and various identities have been proposed, including Asklepios, Zeus, and Serapis. 10 as parts o f the padded stool are restorations. The left front edge Although this monument was discovered i n Rome i n the of the base o f the relief and the lower right front leg o f the stool eighteenth century, i t was possibly taken to Rome i n antiquity are restorations. The top o f the tree w i t h the leaves, nest, and all from the Greek world. 11 Restorations to the sculpture, both the birds is partially recut and may be modern. The head o f the snake is a restoration, and several fragments o f its body are recut. PROVENANCE Found i n Roma Vecchia i n 1776 by the Scottish painter and 2 antiquarian Gavin H a m i l t o n ; formerly i n the collection o f 3 Sir W i l l i a m Fitzmaurice Petty, second Earl o f Shelburne and first Marquess o f Lansdowne. 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY J. Dallaway, Anecdotes of the Arts in England (London, 1800), pp. 378 ­79; F. G. Welcker, Alte Denkmaler (Gottingen, 1850), 2: 221, p i . 11.19; O. Jahn, Griechische Bilderchroniken (Bonn, 1873), p i . 3.1; Michaelis 1882, pp. 437­38, no. 2; A. H . Smith, "Gavin Hamilton's Letters to Charles Townley," fHS 20 (1900): 306­21; S. Reinach, Repertoire de reliefs grecs et romains (Paris, 1912), 2: 519, no. 3; Christie's, London, sale, M a r c h 5,1930, lot no. 93; Vermeule 1955, p. 131 (under Bowood); G. Dontas, Eikones: Kathemenon pneumatikon anthroponeisten archaian elleniken technen (Athens, i960), p. 29; Sotheby's, London, sale, December 4,1972, lot no. 129; Frel 1979b, p. 37, no. v 78; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 8. B A C K P A N E L F R O M A large naiskos that originally would have had side panels and a roof. At the left of the panel sits a male figure on a padded stool with his right hand resting on a knobby walking stick, his left raised to his cheek i n a gesture of contem­ plation. The hand does not actually touch the head—there is 5 about a 3­mm space between the hand and the side of the face— but the head is a restoration, and both i t and the hand show signs of recarving. The man is wrapped i n a cloak that leaves his right arm and chest bare. His feet rest on a footstool placed on a diago­ 132 EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE Drawing showing original and (in gray) restored parts o f the grave naiskos o f a seated man Malibu 72.AA.160. Drawing by Jerry Podany. Cat. no. 48. Grave naiskos o f a seated man. Malibu 72.AA.160. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 133 2 Roma Vecchia is an area along the Via Appia Antica about five miles southeast from Rome. In addition to funerary monuments along the ancient road, the area also includes the ruins of the Villa of the Quintilii. See A. H. Smith, "Gavin Hamilton's Letters to Charles Townley," JHS 20 (1900): 316­17; Via Appia: sulle mine della magnificenza antica (Rome, 1997), pp. 12­13; A. Macadam, Blue Guide: Rome, 6 edn. (London and New York, 1998), p. 262. Gavin Hamilton lived in Rome for most of his adult life where, in addition to painting, he acted as agent in the formation of many British collections, including those of Lord Shelburne and Charles Townley. See D. Irwin, "Gavin Hamilton: Archaeologist, Painter and Dealer," Art Bulletin 44 (1962): 87­102; J. Lloyd Williams, Gavin Hamilton, 1723-1798 (Edinburgh, 1994); I . Jenkins, Archaeologists and Aesthetes: In the Sculpture Galleries of the British Museum 1800-1939- (London, 1992), esp. pp. 106­7. th 3 Drawing of the inscription on the underside of the grave naiskos Malibu 72.AA.160. ancient and more recent, have obscured the relief s original pur­ pose as a funerary monument. I t was discovered by Gavin H a m i l ­ 4 ton i n 1776 i n Roma Vecchia and mentioned i n his letters to Lord Shelburne, i n which the seated man is described as "Aesculapius," the god snake. 12 o f healing, probably because o f the presence o f the The relief was repaired and a new head, probably o f either the god Serapis or Hades, was attached. The relief later became k n o w n as a depiction o f Homer composing the Iliad, it has long been k n o w n as the "Homer relief." and 13 The style and form o f the monument are, however, remi­ 5 niscent o f large, high­quality Classical and Hellenistic funerary monuments from East Greek centers. I n addition, there is a 14 Greek inscription on the underside o f the relief: 6 7 HEAN0E "Xeanthe" These letters probably identify the sculptor o f the monument or represent the marks o f the workshop where the piece was made. The style o f the letters, especially the alpha and the episilons, is similar to that on two Attic reliefs dated i n the first century B . C . 8 9 10 15 It is instructive to look at large sculptures carved i n the first century B.C. on Delos, such as the "Pseudo­Athlete" from the 11 House o f the Diadoumenos. The way the drapery folds are carved and the weight and character o f the cloth itself are similar on the two monuments. 16 I n addition, there are similarities i n the sandal on our man and a new form o f footwear (krepis) seen on male figures from Delos. These Delian sandals are not o f the type, but their netlike uppers w i t h the resemble the strapwork on our figure. 17 lingula straps widely spaced We conclude, therefore, 12 that originally this panel was part o f a large funerary monument on the island o f Rheneia (the necropolis o f Delos), and that the Romans carried it off at some point i n antiquity. 1 134 The monument contains marble from three different sculptings—the original production and two subsequent restorations. Thus, samples were taken from various parts of the relief for marble provenancing: from the lower part of the relief, from the man's head, and from the snake's head. Stable isotope ratio analysis of the three marble samples was conducted in July 2000 by Norman Herz in the laboratories of the University of Georgia. The results for the sam­ ples taken from the original relief and the alien head of the man indicate that the probable source was either Mount Pentelikon or the Roman Turkish quarries at Iznik. Since both marbles show a tendency to foliate, they are more likely Pentelic. The results for the sample taken from the snake's head (part of a postantique restoration) indicate the probable source as Afyon, a Roman Turkish quarry known as Dokimeion. The complete report is in the file for the relief in the Department of Antiquities Conservation at the Getty Museum. EAST GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE 13 14 Lord Shelburne formed his collection—one of the finest in England—during the latter part of the eighteenth century. Most of the collection was displayed in Lansdowne House in Berkeley Square, London. The house had a specially designed hall of antiquities, equipped at the narrower ends with two semi­ circular exedras. The statue of Herakles known as the Lansdowne Herakles (Getty Museum 70.AA.109) was one of the principal sculptures on display in this special gallery. On the Marquess of Lansdowne, see Michaelis 1882, pp. 103­5. On Lansdowne House and its sculpture gallery, see D. Stillman, "The Gallery for Lansdowne House: International Neoclassical Architecture and Decoration in Microcosm," Art Bulletin 52 (1970): 75­80; S. Howard, The Lansdowne Herakles (Malibu, 1978), pp. 20­21. The stool is of a simple type with straight legs that have been elaborated with ring moldings. See Richter 1966, pp. 42­43, type 5 diphros. On the pose and the gesture, see P. Zanker, The Mask of Socrates: The Image of the Intellectual in Antiquity (Berkeley, 1995), pp. 9 0 ­ 9 2 . The footstool is a simple version of the type 2, whose legs are curved, perhaps meant as lion's paws: Richter 1966, pp. 50­51. Morrow 1985, pp. 118­20; M . Pfrommer, "The Emperor's Shoes: Hellenistic Footwear in Roman Times," The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 74 (1987): 126­27, for conclusive evidence on the existence of the lingula sandal from the Classical period on. See Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 83­87. W. Burkert, Greek Religion, trans. J. Raffan (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 194­95. Asklepios: Gavin Hamilton, in J. Dallaway, Anecdotes of the Arts in England (London, 1800), pp. 378­79; Zeus: Sotheby's, London, sale, December 4,1972, lot no. 129; Serapis: Frel 1979b, p. 37, no. V78. A small number of Attic funerary monuments made their way to Rome. See Clairmont 1993, 6: 207. Although most of the monuments listed here have an unrecorded provenance, one in the Palazzo dei Conservatori (no. 984) was found in 1887 in the Horti Lamiani (Le tranquille dimore degli dei: La residenza imperiale degli horti Lamiani, ed. M.Cima and E. La Rocca [Venice, 1986], p. 193, fig. 127), and another, the large, high­quality relief of a horseman in the Villa Albani, was found in 1764 in the gardens of Maecenas (P. Bol, ed., Forschungen zur Villa Albani: Katalog der antiken Bildwerke [Berlin, 1989], 1: 246­51, pis. 140­46). These two were obviously brought to Rome from Greece by the Romans. Letters of July 13 and August 8,1776. See Dallaway (supra, note 10); A. H . Smith, "Gavin Hamilton's Letters to Charles Townley," JHS 20 (1900): 317 n. 2; Christie's London, sale, March 5,1930, lot no. 93. Michaelis 1882, p. 437. E.g., in the Classical period, see Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, pp. 25­26, no. 56, pi. 14 (Grottaferrata, Museo del Monumento Nazionale della Badia Greca); PP­ 35­36, no. 92, pi. 22 (Bergamo, Museum 10). Also cf. the reworked Attic stele in Rome, Barbarini collection: C. W. Clairmont, Classical Attic Tombstones, suppl. vol. (Kilchberg, 1995), pp. 51­55, no. 2.010. For monuments of the Hellenistic period, see Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 220, no. 848, pi. 124 (Izmir, Basmahane Museum 954), p. 223, no. 856, pi. 125 (Istanbul, Archaeo­ logical Museum 1212). 15 Thanks are owed to Alan Johnston for advice on deciphering the letters. For the Attic reliefs, see J. Kirchner, Imagines Inscriptionum Atticarum (Berlin, 1948), p. 29, nos. 114­15. Also cf. those on a fragment of the stele of Zenon in the Mykonos Museum, dated to the beginning of the first century B . C : Couilloud 1974, p. 148, no. 267, pi. 52. 16 Athens, National Archaeological Museum 1828: Smith 1991, pp. 256 ­58, fig. 315. 17 Delos Museum A 228a­|3: Marcade 1969, pi. 68; Morrow 1985, pp. 110­11. 49­ Head of a Woman from a Funerary Monument About 75 B . C . Large­grained white marble; Height: 14 cm (5V2 in.); W i d t h : 12.2 cm (4 /4 in.); Depth: 13.1 cm {$% in.) 3 71.AA.324 CONSERVATION The head is broken at an oblique angle at the bottom, from just below the chin i n front to part way up the back. The face is battered, w i t h losses on the chin, nose, m o u t h , and outer parts of the eyes and brows. The surface o f the marble is weathered and many o f the carved surface details blurred and indistinct. PROVENANCE Unknown. BIBLIOGRAPHY Frel 1979a, p. 23, no. 88. S M A L L H E A D OF A W O M A N carved nearly i n the round. Some of the attachment point remains on the proper left side of her head. The head would, thus, have been attached to a figure i n relief but Cat. no. 49. Frontal view of the head of a woman from a funerary monument. Malibu 71.AA.324. with the head nearly separated from the marble slab. The figure 1 to which this head belonged would have been positioned i n a slightly right profile; the hair on the proper right side of the cen­ tral part is more completely carved, and her right eye is more cor­ rectly rendered. Her left eye is lower than her right. Even though most of her hair is covered with a veil, the portion at the front is arranged i n a series of horizontal rows of curls, a variation of the melon hairstyle. The ends of the curls framing her face are 2 drilled. The veil covers the back o f her head from midcrown and comes down i n front of her ears. The back of the head is smoothly finished. Her face is round with a low brow and eyes neither wide nor narrow. She has a small mouth that is closed and a fleshy chin. The head resembles those seen on monuments from the area of Istanbul. For example, it is comparable to the head on a seated woman on the monument, Istanbul, Archaeological Museum 5688. The figure to which this head belonged was small, indicat­ 3 ing that the monument it was part of was modest. Since the head is veiled, the figure would most likely have been that of a heavily draped matron i n a family scene. 1 2 3 Similar to the standing woman on a monument from Smyrna, now in Leiden, Rijksmuseum Pb. 28: Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 251, no. 989. On this type of hairstyle, see Ridgway 1996, p. 58. Pfuhl and Mobius 1977, p. 230, no. 885, pi. 131. Another head on a relief from the same area (Istanbul) is also quite similar and from the same period. Beyazit, Vezneciler: N. Firath, Les Steles funeraires de Byzance greco-romaine (Paris, 1964), p. 100, no. 149, pi. xxxvn. Right profile view of the head of a woman from the funerary monument Malibu 71.AA.324. THE H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 135 Greek Funerary Sculpture from South Italy THE 50. LATE CLASSICAL/EARLY Fragment of a Female Figure from a Funerary Building HELLENISTIC PERIOD Located on the southern coast of Italy, Taras was a major city of the Greek world. I n the late fourth and early third centuries B.C., Taras was noted as a center for stoneworking, exploiting both the local limestone and imported Greek marble. Tarantine About 330 B . C . architecture and artistic production greatly influenced the hel­ Limestone; Height: 13.8 c m (5 /s in.); W i d t h : 10.5 c m (4V8 i n . ) ; lenization of all central Italy, transmitting several artistic trends Depth: 6.1 c m (2% in.) of the East. The great fourth­century­B.C. sculptor Lysippos from 3 Sikyon worked i n Taras for a period. 96.AA.244 2 Pottery from graves excavated beneath funerary build­ CONSERVATION ings at Taras dates their construction to the period 330­250 B.C. The fragment is broken o n all sides. The back is smoothly The soft white limestone from which these sculptures were finished. There is a r o u n d hole i n the back surface centered side carved, quarried i n the region of Brundisium (modern Brindisi), to side and placed slightly above the horizontal center line. The would have been enlivened w i t h paint. Each relief or sculpture surface is covered by a fine gray incrustation. would originally have been part o f larger sculptural programs decorating colorful funerary monuments conceived as miniature PROVENANCE temple facades. F r o m Taras; gift o f Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman, New The fragment is comparable i n the style of its drapery and York City. the method of its manufacture to an abduction group i n Taranto. BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 The hole appears similar to those o n the Taranto fragment and True and H a m m a 1994, p. 354, no. 219. would have been used for fastening pins. Both the Taranto group 4 and this fragment belong to the first i n the series o f Tarantine F R A G M E N T OF T H E B O D Y o f a woman that was part o f the deco­ funerary sculptures organized by Joseph Carter and are dated by ration of a small naiskos or funerary building. The fragment is of associated tomb finds to about 330 B.C. 5 a heavily draped standing woman. She wears a dress fastened at the shoulders w i t h a cloak wrapped to cover her left shoulder. The fabric o f both the dress and the cloak is thick w i t h broad, fairly deeply carved folds. A wide fold of the cloak is pulled up tightly just under the breasts and is tucked under the woman's left 1 2 arm w i t h a protruding bunch o f fabric. The woman's breasts are well developed and widely separated, w i t h several vertical folds of her dress between them. The back of the fragment is smooth. There is an attach­ 3 4 ment hole, which probably means that this fragment was part of an akroterion. This and the following five fragments (cat. 5 See Carter 1975 for a comprehensive treatment of the Tarantine funerary sculpture, its material, chronology, provenance, and stylistic groupings. Among other sculptures, Lysippos created two colossal statues at Taras, one of Zeus that stood some sixty feet high and another of a seated Herakles: Pliny Natural History 34.40; Lisippo: VArte e la Fortuna, exh. cat. (Rome, 1995), pp. 278­88. National Museum 117514: Carter 1975, pp. 3 9 ­ 4 0 , pis. 1, 2 a ­ d . Carter 1975, p. 39, notes that surviving pediments of naiskoi have preserved platforms with dowel holes at the apex of the gable. Carter 1975, pp. 21­25. nos. 51­55) are typical o f a class o f limestone sculptures that decorated small funerary buildings found on the eastern side o f the ancient town of Taras (Roman Tarentum, modern Taranto) in South Italy. 136 1 GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH ITALY Cat. no. 50. Fragment o f a female figure from a funerary building. Malibu 96.AA.244. THE LATE CLASSICAL /EARLY H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 137 51. Fragment of a Relief of Two Women at a Fountain, from a Funerary Building architectural reliefs. The Danaides were the fifty daughters of var­ ious mothers and Danaos, king of Argos. Rather than submitting to marriage with their cousins, the Danaides murdered their bridegrooms on their wedding nights. After death the Danaides were punished i n the Underworld by being required ceaselessly to draw water i n leaky jars that must be forever refilled. 320­300 B . C . 6 Another limestone fragment with a woman at a fountain, Limestone; Height: 17 cm (6 A in.); W i d t h : 25.3 c m (10 i n . ) ; 3 close i n style and scale to this relief, is on loan to the Basel Depth: 6.5 c m (2V2 in.) Antikenmuseum from the Kuhn collection. The proportions o f 7 the figures are close to those i n the rest o f the Greek world o f the 96.AA.121 later decades o f the fourth century B.C. i n which the drapery fab­ CONSERVATION ric has both weight and substance. The fabric, which falls into a The fragment is broken all around. The back is smoothly pattern o f linear folds with contrasting shadows, has an opaque finished. The head and body o f the figure o n the left are quality that characterizes figures dated by Carter to about 3 2 0 ­ preserved to the waist. The figure o n the right preserves the 300 B.C. and incorporated i n his group F. upper body, minus the head. There is a light brownish 8 This relief may have been a metope or part of a continu­ incrustation o n the surface o f the limestone. ous frieze. I t is comparable to a metope i n Berlin o f a woman 9 carrying a hydria. PROVENANCE 10 From Taras; gift o f Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman, New York City. BIBLIOGRAPHY True and H a m m a 1994, p. 151, no, 67. 1 For the lions head gushing water, cf. an engraved example on a Prenestine kista in Providence, Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design 06.014: G. Bordenache Battaglia and A. Emiliozzi, Le Ciste prenestine 1.2 (Rome, 1990)5 PP­ 207­10, no. 67. The water flowing from the lion enters a basin flanked by two nude standing women who are part of a scene of bridal prepa­ ration with Hermes in attendance. 2 Cf. the head on a relief in Taranto, National Museum 117914, for both hairstyle and facial features: Carter 1975, p. 41, no. 8, pi. 3d. Carter divided the Taran­ tine reliefs into twenty­one stylistic groups, designated A through u, with each group representing the work of a single sculptor or his workshop. This head is in Carter's Group B, dated 325­280 B.C. 3 The drapery is comparable to that on a relief in Paris, Musee du Louvre Ma 2578: Hamiaux 1992, p. 250, no. 267. This relief is placed in Carter's Group F , dated 320­300 B . C : Carter 1975, pp. 57­58, no. 110, pi. 20b. 4 5 6 Carter 1975, pp. 16­20. Cf. a frieze in Munich, Glyptothek 494: Carter 1975, pp. 45 ­ 46, no. 31, pi. 10a­ c. On the Danaides, see Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (Zurich, 1986), 3: 337­41, s.v. An example of the subject on South Italian vases is seen on an Apulian volute­krater by the White Sakkos Painter once on the London art market. Two women with water jars standing at a fountain house with lions­head water spouts have tentatively been identified as Danaides: A. D. Trendall, Red Figure Vases of South Italy and Sicily (London, 1989), p. 99, fig. 257. Carter 1975, p. 66, no. 172, pi. 28. This relief is placed in Carter's Group 1, although the anatomy of the face is closer to that in Group F , where the Getty relief belongs. Both the anatomy and the drapery of the figures on the reliefs in Group F, in which the Getty fragment best fits, follow the description for Type 1, as outlined by Carter 1975, p. 32. F R A G M E N T OF A R E L I E F that was part o f the decoration o f a small naiskos, or funerary building. A woman stands on either side of a lions­head fountain spout with water streaming from the mouth of the lion. The woman at the left has wavy hair parted i n 1 the center and drawn back from her face to fall i n long tresses over her shoulders. Her cheeks are full, her lips fleshy, and her eyes heavily lidded. A p i n i n the top of her head attached some 2 further object, possibly a water jar. Her left arm is lowered. She wears a dress fastened at the shoulders and belted just under her breasts with a round cord. A bracelet adorns her left wrist. The second woman, unfortunately missing her head, must have had a similar hairstyle, since long, wavy locks fall over her shoulders. Both her arms are lowered; a bracelet adorns her right wrist. She wears a mantle over a dress fastened at the shoulders. Her left arm is wrapped i n the mantle, and there is a thick roll of fabric at her waist w i t h a bunch that protrudes between her body and arm. 7 3 Where the reliefs from Tarantine funerary monuments are preserved enough to identify the subject matter, they usually represent mythological scenes. Most present themes o f either heroism or Dionysiac immortality. This fragment may represent 4 one o f the Danaides i n an Underworld scene. Water carriers, 5 often identified as the Danaides, were a favorite subject i n South 8 9 See Klumbach 1937, pp. 13­17, pis. 11­14, for framed reliefs. 10 Berlin, Staatliche Museen 1641: Carter 1975, p. 58, no. 114; Klumbach 1937, pp. 15, 63­64, pi. 13.61. This metope is placed in Carters Group F , dated 320­300 B.C. Italian funerary art, appearing o n vases as well as o n Tarantine 138 G RE E K F U N E R A R Y SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH ITALY Cat. no. 51. Fragment o f a relief o f two women from a funerary building. Malibu 96.AA.121. THE LATE C L A S S I C A L / E A R L Y H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 139 52. Fragment of a Relief of a Seated Woman, from a Funerary Building R E L I E F B O R D E R E D B Y A narrow projecting frame, typical o f metopes adorning friezes on funerary naiskoi from Taras. A t the right of the relief panel, a woman sits on a high­backed chair. 1 She wears two dresses, a sleeveless one over another with sleeves 325­280 B . C . that are fastened with a series of buttons. Three buttons are visible Limestone; Height: 23.3 cm (9V& in.); W i d t h : 23.7 cm (9% i n . ) ; on the right sleeve of the dress. Over the dresses is a cloak that the Depth: 6.5 cm (2V2 in.) woman holds at the shoulder with her left hand i n a gesture associ­ ated with brides and married women; i t may be a reference to the 79.AA.216 ritual unveiling o f the bride (anakalypteria)} The edge o f a very long overfold of the outer dress is visible below the hem of the CONSERVATION The panel is broken at the top and on the left. A large chip is cloak. The woman's right foot rests flat on a footstool, while the missing under the chair at the b o t t o m o f the panel. The right left is pulled back so that just the toes touch the stool. Her feet are 3 and b o t t o m edges o f the panel are original and smoothly smoothly carved with no indication of toes or soles o f footwear; finished w i t h the flat chisel and rasp. There are rasp marks o n she is probably wearing soft shoes. A second female figure stood the background o f the front surface. The back has been finished w i t h the flat chisel. The surface o f the stone is covered w i t h root marks and some calcified deposits. 4 i n front of the woman, but only a few folds of her drapery remain at the left, near the bottom of the fragment. The drapery has a very fluid quality with multiple folds. I n contrast, the footstool 5 and the chair are sharp edged and precise. PROVENANCE F r o m Taras; gift o f G. Lynn Richards, Los Angeles. This panel was probably part o f a frieze. The style o f the 6 drapery with its suggestion of transparency; its small, rounded BIBLIOGRAPHY folds; and fluid, slightly agitated quality place this relief among Unpublished. those carved between 325 to 280 B.C. This relief is comparable to 7 one of a seated woman i n Taranto. 1 8 The chair is a later, heavier, less graceful version of the klismos. See Richter 1966, p. 37. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 140 GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH On the gesture, see Stears 1995, pp. 119­20. The footstool is a type 1, the kind with a plain top and four perpendicular feet, the sides sometimes solid as they are here: Richter 1966, p. 50. Morrow 1985, pp. 86­87. Cf. the drapery on a relief in Heidelberg, inv. 26/56: Carter 1975, p. 50, no. 64; Klumbach 1937, pp. 12, 6 0 ­ 6 1 , pl. 10.46. Cf. the frieze composition of a scene from Elysion in Taranto, National Museum 1711 and 1712: Carter 1975, pp. 51­52, nos. 75­76; Klumbach 1937, pp. 9­10,76, pl. 8.40­41. Carter places this composition in Group E, which is characterized by drapery of thicker material and formed into parallel folds that reach to the ground. There are no playfully ruffled edges as seen on the Getty figure, which is placed in Group D. The light, transparent drapery composed of numerous fine and varied folds is characteristic of Carter's Group D, in which the Getty fragment seems best to belong. This group is characterized by Type 11 anatomy, which is fully fleshed bodies and faces, and Type 11 drapery, which is light and filmy material that covers the body yet reveals it. Carter 1975, p. 32. Taranto, National Museum 81: Carter 1975, p. 48, no. 54, pl. 12c. The loosely bunched edges of the chiton along the woman's thigh at the seat of the chair place this relief in Carter's Group D. This same feature is seen on the Getty figure. ITALY Cat. no. 52. Fragment o f a relief o f a seated woman from a funerary building. Malibu 79.AA.216. T H E LATE C L A S S I C A L / E A R L Y H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 141 53. Fragment of a Relief of a Warrior, edge of the helmet and stream back over the side of the helmet. The top of his left shoulder is covered by a couple of folds of his cloak. from a Funerary Building This relief would originally have been part of a larger sculptural program decorating a funerary monument built to A b o u t 300 B . C . resemble a miniature temple facade. Battle scenes are a popular Limestone; Height: 19 cm (7V2 in.); W i d t h : 12 cm (4 A in.); subject for Tarantine artists, with most of the scenes mythological Depth: 5.2 cm (2 in.) i n origin. Here, the warrior seems to be i n repose i n a landscape 3 setting, for the tree is such a prominent feature that it places the 77.AA.123 scene i n the countryside. I t is difficult to place this fragment within a specific datable group because so little of the figure CONSERVATION The top right corner o f the relief remains, the rest is broken remains. The strands of hair flowing back from the edge of the away. The original back surface o f the relief is preserved. A helmet along with the thick border at the top of the metope broad band at the top, 6.5 cm high, is smoothly finished; the resemble a relief fragment i n Taranto, dated 320­300 B.C. The rest is roughly worked w i t h a flat chisel. A light gray incrustation tree as a major element i n the scene is comparable to a metope covers the surface o f the limestone. 3 that was on the art market at one time. The Getty fragment is 4 tentively dated about 300 B.C. on the basis o f the calm demeanor PROVENANCE of the warrior but with some recognition of the later landscape. From Taras; gift o f Joel Kass, H u n t i n g t o n Beach, California. BIBLIOGRAPHY Frel 1979a, p. 25, no. 98. 1 2 R E L I E F B O R D E R E D B Y A narrow projecting frame, typical of metopes from friezes on Tarantine funerary naiskoi. The sturdy 1 trunk of a tree with two branches occupies the right side of the relief. The top of the tree has been cut off. To the left of the tree, a 3 helmeted warrior is placed i n such a way that the crest of his hel­ met touches the underside of the top border. The helmet is prob­ ably an Attic type o f a later style. His head is i n right profile, and 2 he looks down toward the tree. The visor of the helmet is up, the right cheekpiece down. Locks of his long hair escape from the right 142 GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH 4 See Klumbach 1937, pp. 13­17, pis. 11­14. See an Attic helmet from Melos, now in Berlin, dated to the third to second century B . C : H. Pflug, Antike Helme (Cologne, 1989), pp. 26­27, fig­ 20. Cf. the helmets on reliefs in Tubingen, inv. 5378, and in Berlin, Staatliche Museen 885a: Carter 1975, p. 68, no. 189, and p. 91, no. 349; Klumbach 1937, p. 18, pl. 15.79, and p. 22, pl. 20.109. Taranto, National Museum 110380: Carter 1975, p. 60, no. 136, pl. 2id. Carter places this fragment in Group F because the attitude of the figure is one of calm resignation, and the proportions of the face and outline of the eyes are similar to other reliefs in this category. Those characteristics apply as well to the Getty fragment. Basel (in 1958): Carter 1975, p. 79, no. 252. This is placed by Carter in Group M, which has no assigned date and is characterized by him as an inheritor of local traditions. ITALY Cat. no. 53. Fragment o f a relief of a warrior from a funerary building. Malibu 77.AA.123. THE LATE CLASSICAL /EARLY H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 143 54- Fragment of a Relief of a Horseman and Companion, from a Funerary Building The relief was part of a large sculptural program that decorated a funerary monument built to resemble a miniature temple facade. Our fragment must be just one segment o f a scene that would have been completed with adjacent panels. Perhaps it was a boar or lion hunt. The nude man is stocky; his chest 9 is marked by clear divisions, and his hip is accentuated. The 29O—25O B . C . drapery seems to have its own character, separate from the Limestone; polychromy; Height: 37.5 cm (i4 /4 in.); W i d t h : 3 bodies. The bit of cloak we see on the background is quite ani­ 34 cm (i3 /s i n . ) ; Depth: 7 cm (2 A in.) 3 3 mated and swirling. The figure on the Getty relief is similar i n 10 anatomy and pose to a figure wearing a traveler s hat {petasos) on 74.AA.7 a relief in Cleveland. 11 This small panel offers us a glimpse of the powerful effect CONSERVATION The upper left corner is missing, including the top o f the rider and the head o f the horse. The left lower leg and the lower right arm o f the man on foot, and the body o f the dog are also that the original complete frieze must have had. Every line of the composition, from the horse s tail to the dog s snout, is coordi­ missing. Traces o f the rasp are evident on the sides and the nated into the projected intensity of the moment of the chase. No front o f the moldings framing the scene at top and bottom. The irrelevant or superfluous details are present. The conception, back is slightly concave w i t h striations marked on the surface. design, and execution are synthesized i n the finest tradition of the There are traces o f polychromy: blue on the background; red artistic creativity that characterizes ancient Greece. on the cloaks, the hilt o f the sword, the boots o f the foot soldier, the body o f the horse, and the lower frame; brownish on the dog. 1 PROVENANCE From Taras. 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 Frel 1974, no. 1; M . Yeganeh, Frankfurt, sale, 1974, lot no. 1; Frel 1979a, p. 25, no. 97; Frel 1979b, p. 44, no. 97. T H I S R E L I E F WAS PART OF A continuous frieze from a small funerary building. A cloaked, partially preserved horseman pulls 1 back his mount, while his companion on foot, naked except for a soft peaked cap and a cloak wrapped around his arm, leans for­ ward to attack with a spear (now missing) i n his right hand. 2 Although only the chest and parts of the cloak of the horseman remain, they reveal his muscled physique and t u r n at the waist; two creases indicate the movement. The flying drapery o f the rider is similar to that on a relief in Cleveland. 3 The man on foot is clean shaven with long, curly hair. There is a sword at his left side. He wears high boots. I n the 4 5 background, a snarling dog menaces the foe. The dog is a long, lean variety with pointed ears and large paws, probably a type of mastiff. 6 I n addition to mythological subjects, Tarantine artists also depicted battle and hunting scenes, both appropriate activi­ Cf. a frieze fragment in Amsterdam, Allard Pierson Museum 1388: Carter 1975, p. 67, no. 181, pl. 2 9 b ­ d ; Klumbach 1937, pp. 3 ­ 4 , 7 2 ­ 7 3 , pl. 3.13. Cf. the rider on a relief in Bari, inv. 2949: Carter 1975, pp. 67­68, no. 183, pl. 30a; Klumbach 1937, pp. 13­14, pl. 11.56. Cleveland Museum of Art 27436: Carter 1975, p. 68, no. 188, pl. 31a; Klumbach 1937, PP­4> 7i> pl­4­15­ 4 Cf. the sword with the wrapped arm on a relief in Heidelberg, inv. St. 19: Carter 1975, p. 86, no. 312; Klumbach 1937, p. 21, pl. 19.102. This fragment is associated with one that was on the Basel art market in 1954, which shows a nude warrior holding a sword of similar type: Carter 1975, p. 86, no. 311, pl. 52a. 5 Morrow 1985, pp. 123­37. 6 On hunting dogs, see Woysch­Meautis 1982, pp. 55­60; J. K. Anderson, Hunting in the Ancient World (Berkeley, 1985), pp. 4 2 ­ 4 4 , 9 3 . The dog's crouching posture is similar to that of the dog on one side of a statue base in Athens, which shows a leashed dog menacing a cat, National Archaeological Museum 3476: Woysch­Meautis, p. 124, no. 256, pl. 56. 7 Carter 1975, pp. 19, 88 n. 54. 8 Basel: Carter 1975, p. 88, no. 330, pl. 54a. 9 Cf. the lion hunt on the Alexander sarcophagus: V. von Graeve, Der Alexander Sarkophag und seine Werkstatt, Istanbuler Forschungen, vol. 28 (Berlin, 1970). And a boar hunt on an Anatolian grave relief: Anderson (supra, note 6), p. 72, fig. 26. 10 The anatomy is characterized as Type 11 by Carter and the drapery as Type 111. These taken together form Group j , which unfortunately has no anchor in time. Typologically it is, however, placed midway in Carter's developmental scheme, and so can probably be given a date in the first half of the third cen­ tury B.C. Carter 1975, pp. 33­34. 11 Supra, note 3. ties for Tarantine heroes. The inclusion of the dog here marks this as a hunting scene. I n the funerary context, hunting is one of the pleasures i n the life hereafter. Compare an applique once on 7 the art market. 144 8 GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH ITALY Cat. no. 54. Fragment o f a relief o f a horseman and companion from a funerary building. Malibu 74.AA.7. THE LATE C L A S SIC A L /E A R LY H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 145 55. Figured Corinthian Capital, from a Funerary Building C O R I N T H I A N C A P I T A L T H A T WAS part o f the decoration o f a small naiskos, or funerary building. The piece is a figural variant of the Corinthian capital. Such capitals had an extensive develop­ ment i n Taras and may have originated there. The upper ring o f 1 About 330 B . C . the capital is made up of spiny, finlike leaves, while the lower ring Limestone; Height: 20 c m (7 /s in.); W i d t h : 24 cm (9V2 i n . ) ; is of more normal acanthus leaves. The low abacus is decorated Depth: 25.4 cm (10 in.) with a small egg­and­dart molding. Between the outer helices, 7 the zone at the front that would be occupied by the inner helices 96.AA.245 of a standard Corinthian capital is filled by a fanciful image. Two bodies, seen i n profile, o f seated, winged sphinxes CONSERVATION The capital is complete. The top and b o t t o m surfaces are merge i n a single frontal head. The long hair is swept back from 2 smoothly finished, w i t h a square cutting for a dowel o n the the temples and falls i n tresses o n the shoulders. The double top and b o t t o m surfaces i n each, approximately 2.5 c m (1 in.) sphinx wears a beaded necklace and a tall crown (polos) made up square. The surface o f the capital is covered by a light grayish of petal­like elements. incrustation. At the sides of the capital, the central zone is occupied by PROVENANCE a palmette. The back shows that the column crowned by this cap­ From Taras; gift o f Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman, New ital, though not actually engaged, was placed directly against a York City. wall. Instead o f a figured central zone, i t has a slightly projecting piece with a flat contact surface. The architecture must have con­ BIBLIOGRAPHY sisted o f an aedicula framed by columns. True and H a m m a 1994, p. 354, no. 220. The capital is typical o f those that decorated Taran­ tine funerary buildings, which were ornate variants o f the Corinthian capital. Nearly identical examples o f this capital type are i n Taranto. 146 GREEK FUNERARY SCULPTURE FROM SOUTH 3 1 2 Carter 1975, p. 15 n. 2. An example of opposed sphinxes with one head, but downturned wings, sits at the base of an Attic loutrophoros on the stele of Archiades and Pole­ monikos in London, British Museum 1886.10­8.1: Clairmont 1993, 2: 219­20, no. 2.284b. A Tarantine capital with a double­bodied sphinx was recently acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, inv. 1995.95: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 53.2 (1995): 7. 3 Taranto, National Museum: Klumbach 1937, pp. 38 ­39, 85 ­ 86, no. 226, pi. 30.226; P. Wuilleumier, Tarente (1939; reprint Paris, 1968), pi. 11.4. ITALY Cat. no. 55. Frontal view o f a capital from a funerary building. Malibu 96.AA.245. Cat. no. 55. Right side o f a capital from a funerary building. Malibu 96.AA.245. THE LATE CLASSICAL /EARLY H E L L E N I S T I C PERIOD 147 Questionable Authenticity 5<5. Fragment of a Grave Stele of a Youth Probable imitation o f a Greek original o f about 560 B . C . F R A G M E N T OF A R E L I E F broken all around, including on back. Only a portion o f the background of the relief is preserved to the right of the figure s mouth and under his chin. The head of a youth is depicted i n right profile with a frontally placed right eye. The eyelids are two slightly raised relief lines. Only four or Fine­grained white marble; Height: 24.3 cm (9 /s in.); W i d t h : five locks o f hair remain behind the ear; the curled ends o f two 23.5 cm (9V4 in.); Depth: 4 cm (i /s in.) locks o f hair are preserved. The figure is made i n the manner o f 5 5 an athlete and resembles the Archaic relief of a diskophoros. 82.AA.54 1 So little remains of this relief that it is difficult to arrive at a conclusive judgment about its authenticity. Visual examination CONSERVATION Only a splinter o f stone remains, without any original edges of the surface o f the relief suggests that the fragment has under­ or back surface. The surface o f the marble is very rough and gone various procedures i n order to make it appear as i f it has pitted w i t h some spalls i n the area o f the chin. The marble has weathered naturally. I n addition, the shallow channels that sepa­ a yellowish patina that appears almost as i f i t had been stained. rate the locks of hair look suspiciously as i f they were originally created by power tools, rather than by the chisels and abrasives of PROVENANCE Formerly i n the collection o f Dr. R. Schmidt, Solothurn; gift o f Archaic sculptors. N . Koutoulakis, Geneva. BIBLIOGRAPHY — Griechische und romische Kunst, exh. cat., Kunsthalle Bern, June 12­August 30,1942 (Bern, 1942), p. 9, no. 22; K. Schefold, MeisterwerkegriechischerKunst­.(Basel, 1 Athens, G. M. A. Richter, The Archaic Gravestones of Attica (London, 1961), p. 21, no. 25, .figs. 77­78. i960), pp. 29,170, no. 161; G. M . A. Richter, The Archaic Gravestones of Attika (London, 1961), p. 24, no. 32; Frel 1984a, p. 32. Cat. no. 56. Fragment of a grave stele of a youth. Malibu 82.AA.54. 148 the QUESTIONABLE A U T H E N T I C I T Y 57. Grave Naiskos of a Standing Youth and a Nude Boy The monument is of a type depicting a youth, usually nude, accompanied by a nude boy who, i n many examples, carries objects connected with the palaistra, such as a strigil or an arybal­ los. Certain features about this stele, however, are inconsistent 1 About 360 B . C . or modern with similar features on comparable stelai with known prove­ Fine­grained white marble; Height: 74 cm (29Vs in.); W i d t h : 50.2 cm (i9 /4 in.); Depth: 13.3 cm (5V4 in.) nances and, therefore, certainly genuine. For example, the youth on this stele is clothed, which is unusual i n these kinds of scenes. 3 That fact alone is not i n itself condemning, however, for we do 73.AA.84 know four comparable examples with a clothed athlete. More 2 troubling is the way i n which the soles of his footwear are carved: CONSERVATION The top part o f the monument is missing. The surface o f the the right foot has a thin sole typical of the fourth century, while marble, including the broken top edge, has a granular quality the left foot has a platform sole, typical of the Hellenistic period. suggesting a weathered condition. Marks o f a point chisel are discernible on the top surface. The back has gouges from either a flat chisel or possibly a point chisel. The surface o f the marble is shiny i n places, suggesting an acid treatment. The b o t t o m is 3 Further questionable features include the uneven nature of both the background and the groundline and the character of the broken surfaces, which appear to have been worked with a sawed off except for the right lower edge, which is b r o w n and point chisel. Especially unusual is the uneven nature of the pitted w i t h dirt i n the crevices. groundline on which the figures stand. The area i n front of the left anta is the lowest level, while there is a separate clump of PROVENANCE marble under the proper left foot of the boy. The depth of the Unknown. back plane of the naiskos varies, especially to the left of the boy s proper right leg, between his legs, and again between the boy BIBLIOGRAPHY Sotheby's, London, sale, July 5,1973, lot no. 178; Frel 1974, and the youth. The closest parallel—a gravestone i n Athens— no. 9; Frel 1979a, p. 19, no. 71; Clairmont 1993,1: 481, no. 1.881; shows the youth and the boy both occupying the same ground­ J. Bergemann, "Die burgerliche Identitat der Athener i m line and the back plane of the shallow naiskos more or less carved Spiegel der attischen Grabreliefs," i n Griechische Klassik: at the same level. Vortrage bei der interdisziplinaren Tagung des Deutschen Archaologenverbandes und der Mommsengesellschaft vom 4 Another questionable feature is the distorted anatomical 24.-2/. Oktober 1991 in Blaubeuren, ed. E. Pohlmann and proportions of both figures, but especially those of the boy. His W. Gauer (Nuremberg, 1994), p. 292 n. 39; J. B. Grossman and left forearm and right thigh are unusually elongated, and his head J. P. Maish, " A n Investigation o f the Authenticity o f a Classical is placed above his shoulder, not over the center of his body. There Attic Funerary M o n u m e n t i n the J. Paul Getty Museum," i n Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity; vol. 5 (forthcoming). is a flaccid quality i n the rendering of the musculature of both figures, but more apparent on the boy. His buttock has none of the firm, round quality seen on nude boys on comparable gravestones, and it seems to blend into the frame of the stele; his arms and legs S H A L L O W N A I S K O S T H A T TAPERS S L I G H T L Y from b o t t o m to are thin with no indication o f musculature. The strigil and ary­ top, framed by antas. The figure of a young man with the lower ballos suspended from the boy s wrist are unusually large, and they half of his body wrapped i n a cloak stands at the right, his left completely obscure his genitals, a feature not seen on any other 5 hand resting on a twisted roll of drapery at his waist. His chest is gravestone of this type. On most comparable stelai, the boy car­ bare. His weight is on his right leg; the left is relaxed with the foot ries the strigil and aryballos to the side. slightly pulled to the side. A line carved under his feet indicates the soles of shoes, but his feet are smooth with no toes indicated, so he is probably wearing soft shoes or boots. At the left, looking up at the youth, stands a nude boy i n a relaxed pose with his right hand holding his left wrist, from which hang a large round ary­ ballos and a strigil. He has short, curly hair. His face is long and narrow with small eyes. 6 A technical analysis made on the stele by a conservator consisted of an assessment of its condition; the state of its com­ pletion; a determination of the degree of reworking; and an eval­ uation of the toolmarks, of the marble surface, and of the residue i n crevices of the marble. The results of these investigations sug­ gested that the gravestone is at worst a forgery and at best an orig­ inal funerary monument reworked to such an extent as to chal­ lenge the integrity of any original surface. QUESTIONABLE 7 A U T H E N T I C I T Y 149 Detail o f the top surface o f the grave naiskos Malibu 73.AA.84. The front o f the naiskos is at the bottom. 1 2 3 4 E.g., the monument of Aristion, son of Ariston of Ephesos, in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 4487: Clairmont 1993,1: 467, no. 1.855. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 745, and Syracuse, Museo Nazionale 837: Clairmont 1993,1: 501 and 472, nos. 1.945 and 1.865, respec­ tively. Paris, Musee du Louvre Ma 773 and 809: Hamiaux 1992, pp. 145­46 and 201, nos. 139 and 208, respectively. 5 Morrow 1985, pp. 87­88,140­41. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 745: Clairmont 1993,1: 501, no. 1.945. 7 ISO Q U E S T I O N A B L E AU T H E N T I CI TY 6 In contrast, cf. the anatomy of the boy on the monument of Theomnestos, son of Theophrastos from the deme of Halai, in Athens, National Archaeolog­ ical Museum 3586: Clairmont 1993,1: 479­80, no. 1.879. E.g., the boy on a gravestone in Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3702, carries the strigil and aryballos in a hand clearly at his left side: Clair­ mont 1993,1: 497, no. 1.935. J. P. Maish, in J. B. Grossman and J. P. Maish, "An Investigation of the Authenticity of a Classical Attic Funerary Monument in the J. Paul Getty Museum," Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, vol. 5 (forthcoming). Cat. no. 57. Grave naiskos o f a standing youth and a nude boy. Malibu 73.AA.84. Q U E S T I O N A B L E A U T H E N T I C I T Y 151 Formerly in the Collection 58. Fragment of a Grave Stele with Two Standing Youths Probable imitation o f a Greek original o f 520­510 B . C . the figures is uncharacteristic of Archaic art. The missing por­ tions o f the youths' bodies cannot be reconstructed i n a convinc­ ing manner; and various details, such as the execution of the closed eye o f the wounded youth, are not considered correct for sculpture of the Archaic period. Conservators and scientists examined the piece to deter­ Fine­grained white marble; Height: 50 cm (19% in.); W i d t h : 57.5 cm (22 /s in.); Depth: 9.2 cm (3% in.) 5 mine its date. Various technical analyses were undertaken, including provenancing o f the marble and investigation o f the Formerly 79.AA.1; de­accessioned and returned to the dealer weathering layers o f the worked surfaces. The provenance o f the marble did not well match the established profile for any known CONSERVATION Broken on three sides. The back o f the slab is roughly finished quarry but seemed closest i n composition to the marble from the w i t h a point chisel. There are traces o f a tooth chisel o n the top quarries o f Carrara i n Italy, which began to be exploited on a surface and o f the flat chisel and rasp on the background. major scale only i n the mid­first century B . C . Cuttings o n the top o f the slab indicate that a separately carved anthemion was to have been attached. O n the front, 5.9 cm (2V4 in.) below the top, an incised guideline marks the lower l i m i t o f a now­vanished painted border. 4 Examination of cross­sections taken from the reliefs worked surfaces showed no signs of weathering or apparent alter­ ation of the exposed surface due to age or burial conditions. The surface o f the stone had been subjected to such a thorough and deep cleaning that there were no remaining traces o f tool marks PROVENANCE Unknown. or any k i n d o f surface incrustation that might indicate its age. I n the end, there was insufficient data to reach a definitive answer BIBLIOGRAPHY The J. Paul Getty Museum Guidebook (Malibu, 1980), p. 24. Frel 1979a, p. 2, no. 3; Vermeule 1981, p. 30, no. 5; J. Frel, regarding the authenticity o f the fragment on technical and sci­ entific grounds. I t is likely, however, that the relief was carved as a "Notes on Some Archaic Attic Sculpture," GettyMusJ 10 (1982): fragment rather than as a complete funerary monument that had 98­104; Frel 1984. broken. This is often the case with forgeries where, however, parts essential to the main narrative of the representation are intact. FRAGMENT OF A R E L I E F w i t h a finished horizontal edge at the top. Two nude youths face one another. The youth on the left, in right profile, wraps a band from a roll held i n his right hand around the head o f the youth on the right. The eyes of the 1 right youth are either uncarved or closed to indicate a state o f dy­ ing or death and account for the epithet of this relief, "The Dying Youth." 1 Particular care was given to the carving of the hair over the forehead o f both youths, while the surface of the top of the heads was left rough, presumably for paint. The hair of the right 2 2 youth is arranged i n spiky waves like the hair of Antiope from the pedimental group of the Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros i n Ere­ tria, while the rounded locks o f his companion appear on The­ seus of the same monument. From the time that this relief was acquired by the Museum, many scholars questioned its authenticity on the basis of style and composition. The sentimental interaction between 152 FORMERLY 3 3 I N T H E COLLECTION 4 Closed eyes do, indeed, indicate a dying or dead state. Cf. the figure of Sarpedon on the calyx­krater by Euphronios in New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art 1972.11.10: J. Boardman, Athenian Red Figure Vases: The Archaic Period (London, 1975), pp. 32­33, fig. 22. Closed eyes are also seen on a small bronze male figure in the Getty Museum, acc. no. 86.AB.530, which was originally part of a larger composition, possibly a battle scene: The J. Paul Getty Museum Handbook of the Collections (Los Angeles, 1997), p. 30. For "The Dying Youth," see Frel 1984. The head of a kouros named Aristodikos found near Mount Olympus in Attika is worked in a similar manner. Athens, National Archaeological Museum 3938: J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture: The Archaic Period (London, 1978), p. 84,fig.145. The Theseus and Antiope group is in the Archaeological Museum in Chalkis, inv. 4. See National Gallery of Art, The Human Figure in Early Greek Art, exh. cat. (Athens and Washington, D.C., 1988), p. 179, no. 66. Samples of the marble sent to Dr. Norman Herz of the University of Georgia, and to Dr. Luc Moens, Louvain, Belgium, produced similar results in both laboratories. Cat. no. 58. Fragment o f a grave stele with two youths. Formerly Malibu 79.AA.L F O R M E R LY I N T H E CO L L E C T I O N 153 59. Grave Stele of Pleistarche F R A G M E N T OF A S T E L E w i t h an inset panel crowned by an anthemion consisting of a single palmette of twelve fronds rest­ About 360 B . C . ing on a double volute. This type of anthemion composed of pal­ mette and volutes without acanthus leaves belongs to the earlier Marble; Height: 39.4 cm (15 V2 in.); W i d t h : 30.5 cm (12 in.) 82.AA.156; de­accessioned i n 1986 1 group of anthemia. The molding beneath the anthemion is com­ 2 posed of two parts separated by a straight, shallowly incised chan­ nel: a taenia over a flat ovolo. The inscription on the taenia reads: CONSERVATION The top part o f the monument is complete; it is broken at nAEIETAPXH nAEIXTIOY OAAHPEOS the lower edge, and there are chips along the edges o f the "Pleistarche, (daughter) o f Pleistias, from Phaleron" sides and top. PROVENANCE The name Pleistias is attested at Athens and i n some of the denies Unknown. of Attika, but Pleistarche is not otherwise found i n the epigraphic and literary corpora. BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 At the left of the figural scene, a bearded man, Pleistias, Clairmont 1993, 2: 379, no. 2.363; Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 369, no. 1, s.v. Pleistarche, and no. 11, s.v. Pleistias; Bodel and Tracy 1997, p. 7· leans on a stick placed under his left arm and extends his right hand to a handshake with his daughter Pleistarche, who is seated. 4 Pleistias wears a cloak that completely envelops his left arm and hand while leaving his upper chest bare. Pleistarche wears a dress and cloak. The rounded back of her chair is preserved. Her hair is fastened into a roll that frames her face. The father­and­daughter scene is similar to one on an inscribed monument i n Paris. 1 This fragment was given to the Museum as a gift in 1982. It was deaccessioned in 1986 when the legality of its ownership was questioned. No suspicion about the authenticity of the monument was evidenced while it was in the collection. 2 Cf. the stele of Nikeso in the Piraeus Museum, no. 264: Clairmont 1993,1: 251, no. 1.187. Osborne and Byrne 1994, p. 369, s.v. Pleistias. On dexiosis between women and men, see Stears 1995, p. 126. Musée du Louvre Ma 777: Clairmont 1993, 2: 235, no. 2.292b. 3 4 5 154 F O R M E R L Y I N T H E C O L L E C T I O N 5 Cat. no. 59. Grave stele o f Pleistarche. Formerly Malibu 82.AA.156. FORMERLY I N T H E C O L L E C T I O N 155 Concordance ACCESSION NUMBER CATALOGUE NUMBER 56.AA.19 22 57.AA.10 57.AA.11 45 30 57.AA.12 29 57.AA.14 13 58.AA.4 23 71.AA.121 7 71.AA.123 17 71.AA.268 47 71.AA.281 44 71.AA.288 43 71.AA.324 49 42 71.AA.376 72.AA.120 72.AA.159 6 46 72.AA.160 48 73.AA.84 57 73.AA.97 73.AA.u5 73.AA.116 2 lO 73.AA.117 5 16 73.AA.118 7; . AA.119 7; .AA.121 71 .AA.122 18 7­ .AA.123.1­.2 7;,.AA.132.1 15 26 7;,.AA.132.2 28 7:-AA.l33 11 74.AA.7 54 74.AA.13 7<;.AA.63 35 7s.AA.92 24 20 77.AA.89 21 77.AA.123 53 70.AA.47.1­.2 7il.AA.57 33 70.AA.58 7!).AA.l 3 9 58 79.AA.18 34 79.AA.134 7;).AA.145 19 40 7).AA.2l6 52 8 ).AA.157 25 8L.AA.54 56 8 1.AA.135 8 81.AA.156 59 l 8j.AA.206 156 12 32 83.AA.253 27 8j.AA.378 4 84.AA.14 93.AA.129 39 36 95.AA.47 37 9 5.AA.48 38 95.AA.50 41 9 5.AA.105 3i 95.AA.121 5i 9S.AA.244 50 9 5.AA.245 55 C O N C O R D A N C E Index acanthus, 5, 21, 71, 92,109,146,154 Agakleidas, 36, 3611.1 aging men, depictions of, 8, 32, 34n.2,36, 44, 57, 57n.i aging women, depictions of, 29,3on.5,36,36n.3, 44, 44n.2, 52, 54 Aischines, 117,120 akroteria (decorations on a pitched roof), 8,15, 29,32, 60, 91,101,115,117,136 altars, 130, i3on.6 anakalypteria (unveiling of the bride), 8, 24, 26n.4, 47, 71,140 anastolë (hairstyle), 57n.i anathyrosis (joining surface), 112 animals, 5,12,18, 27, 69, 74, 82­91, 95, 98,109­10, 132,144,146 antas, 18, 21, 24, 27, 29,32, 52, 60, 69, 95,115,120, 125,149 antecapitals, 18, 21, 69 antefixes, 36, 69 anthemia, 5, 21, 92, 92n.2, i07n.i, 109,110, iion.9, 154 Anthesteria, i4n.8 Apollo Ismenios sanctuary (Thebes), 101 Apollonia, 95, 96n.2 Archaic period, 1,3, 98,148,152 Archilla, 21, 22n.4 architrave, 15, 24, 29, 32, 34n.6, 36, 60, 69, 95 Aristandros, 95, 96n.2 Aristion, 98, i5on.i Aristodikos, i52n.2 Aristomachos, 77, 8on.4 armor, 15, 98,101,142 "arm­sling" figure type, 120 Artemis Ephesia, 109 Artemis Medea, 109 Artemisias, 24, 26, 26n.11 aryballoi, 29,3on.7,149, i5on.6 Asklepios, 132 Asopichos, 98 Athanias, 101, io2n.2 Athenian Agora, 2, 82 Athens, 1, 3, 4, 8,12 athletes, 148,149 attendants, 10,12, 37­39, 42, 47, 49, 69,107,115, 125,149. See also slaves Attika, 1, 4 babies, 39,107 banquets, funerary, 115 Battle of Chaironeia (338 B.C.), 88 Battle of Delion (424 B.C.), 101 beards, 8,15, 21, 29, 3on.8, 32, 34n.2, 36, 44, 57, 60, 74, 77,132,154 Bellerophon and the Chimaira, 101, i02n.6, i02n.io Bias, 115, ii5n.2 Bildfeldstelen (recessed figurai panels), 18, 21,115, 154 birds, 12,18, 2on.4, 21, 27, 69, 74, 91, 95,125,130, 132 Bithynia, 107 Boeotia, 1 Bold Style, ioon.8 book rolls, 112,120 boots, 8,15, 21, 74, 77,110,144,149 boxes /chests, 10, ion.4, 39, 69,112,120,125,130 boys, 18, 20, 2on.8, 74,112,117,120,149 bracelets, 120,125, i26n.i4,138 braids, 12, 24, 66, 69, 95, 96n.5,120 bridal preparation scene, 10 egg, 130 Eirene of Kephisodotos, 3on.io ekphora (funerary ritual), 4 Elgin, Earl of, 8,12,1411.1, 29,122ml epaphtis (cloak), 109­10,112,144 epitaphs, 1,3, 36 Eros, 69 Euphrosyne, 24, 26, 26n.11 Euteles, 24, 26, 26n.11 cap,144 capitals, 146, i46n.2 cemeteries, 1, 82n.6, 88 Chaironeia, Battle of. See Battle of Chaironeia Chaironeia lion and monument, 88, 88n.5 chairs (klismoi), 8,10, ion.2, 42, 60, 74,140,154. See also stools, thrones chests. See boxes /chests Classical period, 1­2, 3 cloaks, 8,10,15,18, 21, 24, 27, 29, 42, 47, 52, 60, 69, 71, 74, 77, 95,107,110,115,117,120,125,130,132, 136,138,140,144,149,154. See also "hanging sleeve" motif Corinthian capital, 146 couches (klinai), 115, nsn.3,125 crown, 146 cuirass (body armor), 15, i6n.5 curses, in inscriptions, 109 family, 3,15, 36,36nn.5­6, 44, 49 family burial plots. See periboloi fathers, 8, 21, 36, 44, 60, 74, 77,115,117,120,154 fibula, 112 footstools, 21, 24, 42, 52, 60, 74,107,125,132,140 funerary buildings, 136,138,140,142,144,146 Danaides, 138, i38n.6 dating of works, 4 ­ 5 , 60, 62n.i4, 8on.9 daughters, 8, 24, 29,32, 42, 60, 69, 74, 95,107,117, 120,154 death, 10,152,152ml Delion, Battle of. See Battle of Delion Delos, 125,134 Demainete, 69, 69ml Demeter, 118 Demetrios of Phaleron, 4 Demokleios, 117 Demosthenes, 8on.i3,117 departure scene, 15, i6n.i4 dexiosis (handshake gesture), 8 between father and daughter, 74,154 between father and son, 77,115 between husband and wife, 15, 60 between mother and daughter, 24, 29 between mother and son, 21 between women, 42 Diodora (Delos), 120 Dionysos, 132,138 diphros. See stool dogs, 18, 74,104,110,144 doll (votive figure), 27 doves, 91, 95 dresses, 8,15, 21, 24, 27, 29, 42,52, 60, 69, 71, 74, 95, 107,110,117,120,125,130,136,138,140 "The Dying Youth," 152, i52n.4 Early Classical period, 98­100, ioon.10 earrings, 10, 49, 5on.2, 66,117 East Greece, viii, 1 Geometric period, 4 gesture boy holding bird toward dog, 18 of brides and married women, 8, 24, 26n.4, 47, 7i> 140 of contemplation, 132 hand at neckline of dress, fingering fabric, 120, i22n.5 man leaning on a stick, 77 of mourning, 10, ion.6, 42, 42n.9,115 of speaking, 21 of sympathy, 60 See also dexiosis girls, 24, 66, 69, 95,107,117,120,125,130 goose, 27 graffito, 81 grave markers Athenian, rise of, 3 earliest sculpted, 3 elaborate Classical, 49 mass­produced, 2 quality of production of, 2 reuse of, 30, 30n.11 survival of, 2 for unmarried people, 77 veneration of, 4, 95 griffins, 132 gymnasia/palaistrai, symbols of, 112,149 Hades, 132,134 hairstyles anastole (brushed back), 57, 57ml braids, 12, 24, 66, 69, 95, 96n.5,120 buns, 21,110,130 curls in front of ears, 10,15,39, 47, 4711.3,125 long, gathered, 21, 24, 29, 32, 42, 44, 44n.2, 60, 110,117,118,125,130,154 long, loose, 27,3411.2, 57, 74,138,142,144,146 melon style, 63, 66,135 ponytail, 125 short, 21, 29,3on.5,3on.8, 32,36, 44n.2, 52, 54, 60, 69,104,109,112,115,117,120,125,149, 152 Hamilton, Gavin, 132,134, i34n.3 handshake gesture. See dexiosis INDEX 157 "hanging sleeve" motif, 8, 24, 69 headbands (opisthosphendonai), 10, ion.3,15 Hellenistic period, 1 helmets, 15, i6n.4, 98,101,102n.11,142, i42n.2 Herakleides, 109, non.2 Herakles, 112, i34n.4 Hermes, 112 herms, 95,112 Herophanta, 117­18 horses, 104,112,144 hunting, 104, i04n.3,110,144 infant mortality rate, 3 inscriptions Agakleides, 36 Apollonia, 95, 96n.2 Archilla, 21, 22n.4 Aristandros, 95, 96n.2 Aristomachos, 77, 8on.4 Artemis Ephesia, 109 Artemis Medea, 109 Artemisias, 24, 26, 26n.11 Asopichos, 98 Athanias, 101, i02n.2 Bias, 115, ii5n.2 Demainete, 5, 69, 69n.i Demokleios, 117 Euphrosyne, 24, 26, 26n.11 Euteles, 24, 26, 26n.11 Herakleides, 109, non.2 Herophanta, 117­18 Menekrates, 115, ii5n.2 Moschion, 5,18, 2on.3 Mynnia, 24, 26, 26n.11 Myttion, 12 Nikodemos, 29­30, 3on.2 Nikomache, 29­30,3on.2 Oion, 32 Opsiades, 32, 34n.7 Phaleron, 154 Phanokrates, 112, ii4n.3 Philoumene, 15, i6n.2 Philoxenos, 15, i6n.2 Philytes, 77, 8on.4 Pleistarche, 154 Pleistias, 154, i54n.3 Pollis, 98, ioon.4 Polyllos, 29­30, 3on.2 Polystrate, 32, 34n.7 Poseides, 5,109,110, non.2 Posideos, 117 Prokles, 69, 69n.i Rhamnous, 18 Sime, 5, 60, 62n.2 Thebageneia, 95, 96n.2 Theogenis, 29­30, 3on.2 Thrasonides, 21, 22n.4 Thrasynos, 21 Timon, 117, n8n.2 Xeanthe, 134 jewelry, 10, 39, 49, 5on.2, 66,117,120,125, i26n.i4, 138,146. See also bracelets, earrings kandys (coat), 12, i4nn.7~9 Kerameikos cemetery, 1­2, 4 kista (writing case), 120 klismos. See chair knife, 21­22 kore (young woman), 3 kouros (young man), 3 158 INDEX krepis (sandal), 134 kymation (decorative floral border), 12, 29 Kyzikos (Bithynia), 107 lament singing, 4 lekythoi, 5, 71­76, 81,130 libation scene, 130 limestone, 1,101,136,138,140,142,144,146 lingula (sandal), 132 lions, 82­90 lions­head fountain, 138, i38n.i lions­paw stools, 60, 62n.3,132, i34n.6 Lonsdale, William, second Earl of, 115,11511.1,117 loutrophoroi, 5, 77­80 Lowther Castle (Cumbria, England), 115, ii5n.i Lysippos, 2,136, i36n.2 Megarian alphabet/script, 100, ioon.2 men, 8,15, 21, 29, 32, 35, 44, 52, 57, 60, 74> 77, 98, 101,109,115,117,120,132,142,144,154 Menekrates, 115, ii5n.2 mirrors, 10,125 mnema (memorial), 4 molding, egg­and­dart, 146 mothers, 8, 21, 24, 29, 32, 36, 42, 44, 52, 60, 74,107, 117,120 Morritt, John B., 120, i22n.i Moschion, 18, 2on.3 mourning gesture, 10, ion.6, 42, 42n.9,115 Mynnia, 24, 26, 26n.11 Myttion, 12 naiskoi, 5,10, 27, 29, 32, 37, 39, 42, 44, 47, 49, 52, 54, 60, 63, 66, 69, 95,104,125,132,149 necklace, 146 nets, hunting, 104, i04n.3 Nikodemos, 29­30, 3on.2 Nikomache, 29­30,3on.2 oikos (household), 3 opisthosphendonai. See headbands Opsiades, 32,34n.7 paint (polychromy), 3­4, 21, 29, 71, 74, 77, 98,107, i07n.i, 109,110, non.5, non.9 paint traces, 12, 29, 71, 92, 95,109,144 palaistrai, 29,112,149 parents. See fathers, mothers Parian marble, 98 Parthenon, 8,1411.1,15, 74, 77, i22n.i partridge, 69 Pausanias, 102n.11 pediment, 8,12,15 Pegasos, 101 Pentelic marble, 8,10,12,15,18, 21, 24, 27, 29, 32, 37> 39, 42, 44, 47, 49, 52, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 71, 74, 77, 81, 82, 86, 88, 91, 92, 95,134n.i Peloponnesian War (431­404 B.C.), 15 periboloi (family burial plots), 1, 4, 30, 71, 82 Persephone, 91, 95 petasos (hat), 104, i04n.5 Petty, Sir William Fitzmaurice, second Earl of Shelburne, 125,132,1341111.3­4 Phaleron, 154 Phanokrates, 112, ii4n.3 phiale, 115 Philoumene, 15, i6n.2 Philoxenos, 15, i6n.2 Philytes, 77, 8on.4 Phrasikleia, 3 pillars, 95,130 Pleistarche, 154 Pleistias, 154, i54n.3 Pollis, 98,100, ioon.4 polos (crown), 146 polychromy. See paint Polykleitos, 2 Polyllos, 29­30, 3on.2 Polystrate, 32,34n.7 pomegranates, 95,110 Poseides, 5,109,110, non.2 Posideos, 117 Praxiteles, 49, 63 press folds, 42, 69,117,120,130 priestesses, 118,130 priests, 21, 22n.io Prokles, 69, 69n.i prothesis (funerary ritual), 4 pteryges (lappets), 15 Pudicitia pose, 120,122n.11, i23n.i recarving, 30, 30n.11 rituals, 4,12, 95, 96n.i, 130 Rome, monuments brought to, 132,134,134n.11 sakkos (head covering), 10, 38, 39, 47, 49 sanctuary, 130 sandals, 8,15, 42, 52, 95,117,120,125,132,132^7 scarf, 117 sculptors, anonymity of, 2 seated figures, 8,10, 21, 24, 29, 42, 47, 52, 60, 74, 107,125,132,140,154 Serapis, 132,134 servants. See attendants; slaves Severe Style, 100, ioon.8,100n.11 Shelburne, Lord, 125,132, i34nn.3~4 shelves/ledges, 112,120 shields, 15, 98,101 shoes, 8,12, 21, 60, 69, 77,110,130,140,149. See also sandals shoulder cords, 24, 69, 69n.2 Sime, 60, 62n.2 Sirens, 5, 21, 82, 91, 95 slaves, 10, 38, 39, 39n.6, 42n.8, 49, 69. See also attendants Smyrna, 112,115, ii5n.9,117,118, n8n.io snakes, 130,132,134 soldiers. See warriors sons, 21, 36, 60, 74, 77,115,117,120 spears, 98,101,104,144 sphinxes, 115,146, i46n.2 spindle, 107 staffs, 8, 9n.4. See also walking sticks standing figures, 8,10,12,15,18, 21, 24, 27, 29, 32, 35, 37, 42, 47, 52, 60, 69, 71, 74, 77, 95, 98,101, 104,107,109,112,115,117,120,125,130,136,138, 142,144,149,152 stelai, 5, 8,12,15,18, 21, 24, 35, 98,101,107,109,112, 115,117,120,130,148,152,154. See also naiskoi stools (diphroi), 21, 24, 29, 52,107,132 strigils, 149, i5on.6 swords, 98,101,112,144,14411.4 tables, three­legged, 115 tainiai (fabric ribbons), 12, i4n.2, 21,152 Taras {modern Taranto; Italy), 1,136,138,140,142, 144,146 tattooers, 98 tenon, 109 textile production, 107 Thebageneia, 95, 96n.2 Theogenis, 29­30,3on.2 Thessalian grave reliefs, 104,1040.5 Thracians, 98, ioon.5 Thrasonides, 21, 2211.4 Thrasynos, 21­22 thrones, 125, i26n.3, i26n.5 Timon, 117, n8n.2 torches, 117,118 Townley, Charles, i34n.3 trees, 130,132,142 trochades (sandal), 60, 62n.8,101 tunics, 15, 21,104,107,109,112,115,117,120 veils, 24,123,135 Venus rings, 15, 42, 47, 54, 63, 66,117,123,125 votive offerings, 27,130 walking sticks, 74, 74n.5, 77,132,154. See also staffs War of Independence, Greek (A.D. 1821­1830), 2 warriors, 15, i6n.7, 98, ioon.10,101,142 water jars, 138, i38n.6 William, second Earl of Lonsdale. See Lonsdale, William women, 8,10,12,15, 21, 24, 27, 29,32,35, 37, 39, 42, 44, 47, 49, 52, 54, 60, 63, 71, 74,107,109,117, 120,123,125,130,135,136,138,140,154. See also aging women, depictions of wreaths, 95, 96n.i, 101,112,115,117 writing tablet, 112 wool, 107 wool basket, 95 Xeanthe, 134 Xerxes, 98 youths, 60,104,112,148,149,152 Zeus, 132 INDEX I59 BENEDICTE STACY ELLEN GILMAN, MIYAGAWA, SENIOR ELIZABETH EDITOR CHAPIN PRODUCTION COORDINATORS SANDY DESIGNER ROSENBERY, BELL, JACK ROSS, BRUCE KAHN, WHITE, PHOTOGRAPHERS DAVID PATRICK FULLER, CARTOGRAPHER FINNERTY, ILLUSTRATOR