Military strategy of the United States after the cold war

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Ibid. – P. 23, 24. 146 ) , - – . . , , . , ( . , 2012 ., . , . 12 5 . . . , , - ) , 10 . , , - - - –747. 1 , , . . - 2004 . , 3 2006–2011 . . . - . . , . , . - . , , 147 , , - , - 283 284 . . , . - , , . , , , - . . , . . , , , , . « ». , , : - . ; , « . , - , . 283 284 , ; , , - C4ISR, , », Ibid. – P. 25–26. 148 - , ; . , , . , ( ). , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , - , . . - , . , , , . 149 , , , – - – , . 1990- . - . ; , . 1990- . . » « ( - : » , - , . , ) . . . 1990– , , , « , . . , - . . - , , , - ». , - , - - . « , ; , . 150 : , - . 11 2001 . . - , , . , (capabilities–based strat- . egy) , . , . , . . , , . . , , , . , , 2030 . , , , , 151 - - - . - - , . . . - - . , « , , , - , . - » . - . . . - . . . . « - , , ., 1990- - ». « », , . , ». , . , ( , , , , » « 11 1950. « , ( : , 152 ). « ) . », , - - . , , , . . . , . , - - , . « , » - 285 . , , . « , . » , , . « « . » » . , , - - . 153 - ». , 285 - . « - - - - , . - . . , 1990- . , , . , . . . « ». , , , . – - 2001 . - . - . , . - . 1990- . , ., ; , ; , , - , 154 ; . , - - . - , . - , , . , . . - . . , - . . « . » . , 1990- , - « » . 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Binnendijk, Goodby J. – Washington: National Defense University Press, 1997. van Creveld M., Candby S., Brower S. Airpower and maneuver warfare. – Maxwell Air Force Base: Air University Press, 1994. Joint Force Quarterly. INSS Special Report. INSS Strategic Forum. Survival. Parameters. Defense Horizons. 169 Summary The new challenges of post cold war world have changed military strategy of modern great powers including the United States. Author treats military strategy as a part of AЦОrТМКЧ «grand strategy». Main attention he paid to evolution of three elements of military strategy: comprehension of threats, strategic/operational concepts, and military reforms. The first chapter describes levels of strategic analysis and reveals factors shaping modern military strategy. The last comprise trends of global development, strategic environment, grand strategy, and traditions of strategic thinking. The second chapter investigates how American military perceived threats to national security before and after 9/11. Obviously, the switch to terrorism and soft security engendered the ambiguity in selecting of criteria for the use of force. The principle of threat estimation has been changed from state-centric approach to challenges from global trends, rouge states, and non-state actors, which are able to use asymmetric methods of warfare and/or terror. Homeland security became the first priority task for American security. The third chapter depicts evolution of strategic concepts (selective engagement, preventive defense, preemptive actions), operational concepts of transformation (forward deterrence, joint operations, information operations, operations other than war), and nuclear strategy. American strategy tends to the use of brigade-type mobile light forces both in regional conflicts and wide range of peace-time military operations. The role of special operation forces and expeditionary abilities of regular forces arose significantly. Modern military strategy makes emphasize on operational rather than overall strategic concepts because the United States still have no comparable challenger. The forth chapter deals with military reforms: «base force», «the bottom up review», «transformation» (joint force), and «new triad». American strategy implies building-up a global military structure providing global strike in critical regions: Europe, North-East Asia, Middle East, and the littoral of East Asia. Department of Defense intended to win any adversary shortly by the use of relatively small but more mobile and flexible forces. The benefits of American force derives from combination of joint force doctrine, hightech weapons, global military presence, and integrated combat command system called C4ISR (control, communication, computers, intelligence, surveil- 170 lance, and reconnaissance). Its main vulnerable points are military infrastructure facilities located abroad and dependency on sophisticated information and communication technologies. Military doctrines and force structure clear support hegemonic strategy of the United States. Apparently, new President of the United States B. Obama will not change main parameters of military strategy in spite of his liberal rhetoric. The United States will continue penetration in Central Asia and Caucasus to strengthen control over Eurasia. While Russia is still within eyeshot of military, the focus of American strategy is shifting to China as potential regional and further global challenger. 171 …………………………………………………........... 5 I 8 1. 2. 3. ……...……………………...……… 8 ………………………........ 10 XXI . 14 , II 28 ……............... .. 1. 2. III Э 1. 2. 3. 4. 29 42 65 « « « IV 1. « 2. « ( » 5. …………... »……………………...... ) »….... 65 71 78 ……………….………. 81 ……………………………….. 101 Ш »……………………………………………… »..…………………………….......... 172 114 114 116 », « »……………………..… …………………….. »………………………………. :« »………….... 118 124 134 143 …………………………………………………... ………………………………………………….. ………………………………………… …………………….. Summary……………………………………………………..... 152 160 167 168 172 3. 4. « 5. 6. », « « :« » 173 CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………... 5 Chapter 1 General features of modern strategy 8 SЮЛУОМЭ ШП sЭrКЭОРв……………………………………………. LОЯОХs ШП sЭrКЭОРТМ КЧКХвsТs…………………………………... Factors shaping American strategy on the edge of the XXI century………………………………………………………... 8 10 14 Chapter 2 Estimation of threats after the cold war 28 MЮХЭТpХО КЧН ТЧНОПТЧТЭО ЭСrОКЭs….…………………………… GХШЛКХ ПТРСЭ КРКТЧsЭ ЭОrrШrТsЦ……………………………….. 29 42 Chapter 3 Evolution of strategic concepts 65 Selective engagement……………............................................. Preventive defense……………………………......................... Pre-emptive actions…………………………………………... Strategic and operational concepts of transformation..….... DОЯОХШpЦОЧЭ ШП ЧЮМХОКr sЭrКЭОРв…...………………….…… 65 71 78 81 101 Chapter 4 Reforms of U.S. armed forces 114 Base force……………..………………………………………. Bottom up review…..………………………………….……… Three models of reform: recapitalization, advanced revolution, full spectrum force…………………………………………….. 174 114 116 118 TrКЧsПШrЦКЭТШЧ………..……………………...………………... Joint force……………….……………………........................... NОа ЭrТКН……………….………………………….....………... 124 134 143 Conclusion...……………………………...…………………… Appendix…………………………………..………………….. Abbreviations…………………………………………………. Sources………………………………………………………... Summary……………………………………………...………. 152 160 167 168 172 175 Ы № 02980 – 199034, . . . – 6 . . 2000 . 60 84 1/16 . « , main@nauka.nw.ru – 188300, ., 176 , » ,1