Business and Society

In this article, I suggest and support a utilitarian
approach to business ethics. Utilitarianism is already
widely used as a business ethic approach, although it is
not well developed in the literature. Utilitarianism provides
a guiding framework of decision making rooted in
social benefit which helps direct business toward more
ethical behavior. It is the basis for much of our discussion
regarding the failures of Enron, Worldcom, and even
the subprime mess and Wall Street Meltdown. In short,
the negative social consequences are constantly referred
to as proof of the wrongness of these actions and events,
and the positive social consequences of bailouts and
other plans are used as ethical support for those plans to
right the wrongs.
I believe the main cause of the neglect of the utilitarian
approach is because of misguided criticisms. Here, I
defend utilitarianism as a basis for business ethics
against many criticisms found in the business ethics
literature, showing that a business ethics approach
relying on John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism supports
principles like justice, is not biased against the minority,
and is more reasonable than other views such as a
Kantian view when dealing with workers and making
other decisions in business. I also explain utilitarian
moral motivation and use satisficing theory to attempt to
defend utilitarian business ethics from questions raised
regarding utilitarian calculus.

Innovation can be described as the application of new ideas, devices or processes which in business is most often seen as a catalyst to growth. The sources of innovation are many, however recent attention has focussed on the role of social and environmental drivers. This in turn has led to the notion of 'responsible innovation' which demands the consideration of ethical and social aspects during innovation processes as a means to lead not only to technological innovations which are socially acceptable but also socially desirable. Whilst the development of responsible innovation is welcome, we suggest that the concept has predominantly been applied from a technocentric perspective at the level of product and service thus maintaining the current paradigm that business's primary role is to create economic value through profit. We argue that truly responsible innovation takes place at the level of the business model itself as a means to reconceptualize the fundamental role o...

A number of people have claimed that the ongoing financial crisis has revealed the problems with neoliberal thought and neoliberal policies in the 'Atlantic Heartland'. However, if we look at the history of the 'Heartland' economies then it becomes evident that they were never neoliberal in the first place - that is, the economic policies and discourses in these countries did not follow neoliberal prescriptions. /We Have Never Been Neoliberal/ explores this divergence between neoliberal theory and 'neoliberal' practice by focusing on the underlying contradictions in monetarism, private monopolies, and financialization. The book finishes by proposing a 'manifesto for a doomed youth' in which it argues that younger generations should refuse to pay interest on anything in order to avoid the trap of debt-driven living.

In an effort to carve a distinct place for social facts without lapsing into a holistic ontology, John Greenwood has sought to define social phenomena solely in terms of the attitudes held by the actor(s) in question. I argue that his proposal allows for the possibility of a “lone collectivity” that is (1) unpalatable in its own right and (2) incompatible with the claim that sociology is autonomous from psychology. As such, I conclude that the relevant beliefs need to be held by more than one person.

In this essay the Economy of Communion model of business practice is explained by situating it in context with other traditional theories of the firm, the purpose of business, and other socially-concerned entrepreneurship models. Harvey argues that the Economy of Communion model of doing business represents a "Person-Centered Theory of the Firm" drawing on 2 empirical studies of EoC enterprises. She explains the unique features of the EoC model of doing business by first, comparing it to the stakeholder and stockholder approaches, and then by comparing and contrasting it with forms of social entrepreneurship and other models such as B Corps.

This paper focuses on the potential opportunities that disruptive innovation may bring to the healthcare sector of emerging and developing economies, and in particular to the one of the leading Sub-Saharan Africa’s country, Nigeria. The author examines the possibility of using advancements in the innovation of Technology 4.0 to bridge the gap in access to what could be defined as “good enough” healthcare services for poorer regions of the world while also aiming to potentially reduce healthcare costs and making the local healthcare systems more sustainable, productive, and accessible. Nigerian health industry is used as an exploratory case study to examine the feasibility of implementing Mobile Health and Telehealth Systems, and more in general, to assess the potential benefits of disruptive innovations in the healthcare industry for the lower income patients of emerging and developing economies. This analysis on disruptive innovation, industry competitiveness, and sustainability of the healthcare models is inspired by Michael Porter’s Creating Shared Value (CSV) strategic framework (Porter et al., 2011; 2018) and by Clayton Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory (Christensen et al., 1997; 2000; 2004; 2006; 2013; 2015, 2017). This study also aims to provide a compelling argument supporting the thesis that disruptive innovations in the healthcare system can help grant access to critical basic healthcare services in poor regions of the world while also achieving multiple goals such as, sustainability, efficiency, shared-value creation, and corporate profitability for forward-looking firms with scalable and disruptive business models. Ultimately, the paper aims to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of disruptive innovation, sustainability, and creating shared-value strategies, assessing the feasibility of solutions that may drive to improved competitiveness, social progress, social inclusion, and sustainability of the healthcare industry in one of the developing economies. The results of this study aim to prove that, in the coming years, disruptive innovations are likely to redefine the competitive environment of the healthcare industry and improve the healthcare conditions of the poorer, underserved, and underreached population of developing and emerging economies like Nigeria, thus increasing their life expectancy rates.

Abstract: During the 1970s, as part of the Third Option policies of the federal government under Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Canada’s Official Development Aid (ODA) policy for Latin America was revised to give the private sector greater maneuverability within parts of Latin America and the
Caribbean. This article’s focus on the internal and external institutional debates that surfaced over the shift from a humanitarian to a market-driven agenda reveals a moment in Canadian history when the nation’s external affairs cohesiveness was destabilized, marginalizing religious and humanitarian stakeholders that in the past had been instrumental in complementing and advancing Canada’s relief and rehabilitation efforts across the global South. An examination of the historical evidence suggests that Canada’s public “goodwill” of the 1950s and 1960s did not
narrow in on Latin America during the early stages of ODA policy implementation; instead, it was the private sector that focused on this region. The shift in the ODA agenda was a direct response to the private sector’s regional business strategy as well as a foreign policy initiative to support US containment. The analysis concludes that this implicated Canada in the humanitarian crisis generated by the implementation of US Cold War policies in Latin America and the Caribbean during
the 1970s, forcing humanitarian and religious groups to centre their attention on the region and ultimately leading to an ideological confrontation between sectors of civil society and government.

This work aims at assessing the current state of the railways in the United Kingdom, with a goal of assessing what would make it better for businesses and people. The study is extremely important especially today, since the Labour Party has proposed renationalisation (BBC, 2018), which would be a dramatic change for the businesses operating in the industry. The study identifies the problems that exist within the industry, which affect businesses and general public in negative way. The work analyses the railroads industry in the UK with a focus on franchised passenger train operators. The research was conducted to evaluate the impact of privatisation, suggestions were also made concerning possible improvements. The work analyses the industry both from the perspective of public and the business, but it predominantly focuses on the strategic management issues.

Though many literatures of social and economist scholars have centered on the concept of agency it still remains an elusive and vague theme to discuss. Central to this concept are two terminologies; the principal and agent. The impetus of most literature of agency relationship, and/or agency theory comes from the desire to improve the understanding of the agency relationship, agency problems and how to structure contract agreements between principals and agents that will induce the agent to work in the interest of the principal.

Education is become problem for us because when we got or not we face different problems ,
If we have problems of joblessness, corruption, Bribe, Ignorance and a lot....
If we have not due to Poverty, no access or many others we face uncountable problems.
So please try to reduce illiteracy from our/ your surroundings, society, community as you can....
By help someone

Cite this article: Raszkowski, A., Bartniczak, B. Towards Sustainable Regional Development: Economy, Society, Environment, Good Governance Based on the Example of Polish Regions. Transformations in Business & Economics, 2018, Vol. 17, No 2 (44), pp.225-245.The presented study discusses problems referring to the concept of sustainable development at regional level, based on the example of Polish regions in the period 2005-2011. The first part presents theoretical aspects of sustainable regional development, raises the problems of primary phenomena hindering such development, sustainable development definitions, the role of creativity, the importance of NGOs, good governance of regional space. The next part of the article provides the characteristics of sustainable development indicators selected for the analysis in accordance with the approach adopted by the Central Statistical Office in Poland towards measuring the level of sustainable regional development. The synthetic measure of development (SMD) represents the applied research method, which offered the basis for constructing the ranking and identifying the position of particular Polish regions. The research results remain the core of the study since they illustrate the indicator values in the years under analysis. Within the framework of the final remarks and conclusions it was emphasized that in none of the studied regions, in terms of implementing sustainable development standards, the situation can be assessed as favourable or very favourable and the reasons for such state of the matter were provided. In spite of the relatively unfavourable results, a gradual improvement of the situation was observed over the years. It was pointed out that one of the fundamental barriers to the implementation of sustainable development standards is the absence of awareness and understanding of the discussed development concept.

This article is  quasi-in depth about the "Major effects of Slavery and Indentureship on the Modern Caribbean's Society and Culture". I am an 18 year old student, attending the Meadowbrook High School in Kingston Jamaica. Do enjoy and leave any criticism where/when you can.

Happy Reading!

Contrary to the tendency to harmony, consensus and alignment among stakeholders in most of the literature on participation and partnership in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Responsible Innovation (RI) practices, in this chapter we ask which concept of participation and partnership is able to account for stakeholder engagement while acknowledging and appreciating their fundamentally different judgments, value frames and viewpoints. To this end, we reflect on a non-reductive and ethical approach to stakeholder engagement, collaboration and partnership in this article. We contrast a cognitive with an ethical approach to stakeholder engagement, collaboration and partnership, and explore four characteristics of this ethical approach. Based on the ethical approach to stakeholder engagement, collaboration and partnership, we also provide a three stage framework for partnership formation in CSR and RI practices.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a fluid and malleable concept. The dynamic—some would even say ambiguous—conceptualization of CSR stems from its socially constructed nature, which opens it to the influence of discursive practices and contestations of several actors, including business, social development practitioners, civil society, government, and the academe. This paper trains the spotlight on the business side of the discourse on CSR. The paper shows how Philippine companies, through their public communications, contribute to the conceptual construction of the role of business in social development and CSR. This is based on discourse analysis of corporate communications in the annual reports and select public documents of the Philippine Business for Social Progress,
the country’s largest corporate-led social development organization. The paper looked at thematic changes in Philippine business’s CSR discourse from the 1970s to the present and found an increasingly explicit presentation of a business case for CSR over the decades.

The Business Model Canvas is a strategic management and lean start-up template can be used as aid for developing a new, or analyzing and mapping an existing business model of a company. It is a visual chart with elements describing a firm or product's value proposition, infrastructure, customers, and finances. It assists firms in aligning their activities by illustrating potential trade-offs. It gives a graphic representation of a number of variables that show the values of the organisation.

A business model is a description of how your business intends to operate and make money. Sounds simple, RIGHT?

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
""""

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of succession planning on the survival of family businesses in Zimbabwe.  examining how succession planning was conducted in a family business set up, examining the relationship between the components of succession planning on survival of family businesses, investigating why a formally written and The study was guided by the following research objectives;structured succession plan was not conducted in family businesses and assessing the risk involved of not undertaking a formally written succession plan.
To achieve these objectives, literature review in the area of study was done to give a wider perspective on the issue. According to Walsh (2011) the major issue in a family business setup is how the family component is managed when conducting family business succession. Thus managing this component determines the success rate of the succession planning process. It is the failure of managing the family component that leads to the succession paradox of the “do nothing approach” by family business owners. Hence forth it is estimated that less than one-third of family firms survive into the second generation and only 13 percent survive through the third generation (Beckhard & Dyer, 1983; Heck and Trent, 1999; Ward, 1987).
A survey study was also done using a sample population of 144 registered family businesses in Zimbabwe. , correlation, factor analysis and regression approaches. Findings revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between the study variables; succession and survival of family businesses. Results showed that succession planning predicted 54% of the variance in survival of family businesses (Adjusted R Square = .54). The remaining 46% was predicted by other factors outside the study (Sharma et al, 1997).The sample was purposively selected from each family business. The research design involved descriptive
It was recommended that family businesses should ensure that there is proper succession planning processes if the survival of such firms is to be achieved. Family firms should carry out appropriate mentoring of successors and knowledge sharing among the family members as well as employees of the firm. Thus all parties involved must communicate rationally and objectively, the communication must be consistent with implemented strategies to obtain buy-in from the all parties involved especially the family (managing the family component).

La microeconomía “centra su análisis en el comportamiento  las pequeñas unidades de decisión (hogares y empresas), ejemplo estudia como una subida del impuesto sobre un producto como el tabaco afecta su consumo ” (Wlas, 2012);  es decir  se centra en el estudio de los factores económicos que afecten o beneficien en el consumo  que realizamos en  las pequeñas decisiones diarias que hacemos al querer cubrir cierta necesidad y gusto  que tenemos como seres humanos.

This study is concerned with the discussion on business–society relations that has been taking place within the discipline of marketing. Although there has been extensive research on marketing’s relationship with society and the natural environment, the focus has predominantly been on exploring ways to integrate social and environmental concerns into the objectives of marketing strategy. In this study, the author argues that this research approach shows two main limitations. The first limitation is grounded in the belief that sustainability can be studied from the perspective of the single firm. It is assumed that stakeholders are isolatable actors, independent from each other, clearly identifiable and whose interests can be considered in marketing decisions. This particular view contributes to a detachment from the socio-cultural context in which market activities and interactions between humans and nature take place. The second limitation is an excessive reliance on technical and managerial expertise to address environmental and social issues. While this view suggests that marketers are competent enough to determine what is right and fair for society, it neglects the practical knowledge (re-)produced in the marketplace through multi-stakeholder interactions. This study aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the complexities of an environmentally enlightened and socially responsible approach to marketing by taking a critical perspective on sustainable marketing. To that end, the author works towards a theoretical and methodological framework that helps answer the following research questions: how is the notion of sustainability (re-)defined through multi-stakeholder relationships and interactions within a marketing context? Theoretically, the framework draws on cultural marketing, environmental ethics and critical approaches to sustainable marketing and stakeholder theory. These theoretical premises help to look into sustainability as a social construction continuously redefined through stakeholder interactions. Methodologically, the framework draws on action research, which allows to study sustainable marketing within a real-life socio-cultural context and to build theories from practice. While the framework is illustrated by presenting preliminary findings from an action research study on sustainable tourism service development in a small business network, this study is theoretical in nature. Finally, the author discusses theoretical, managerial contributions and implications for future research.

"This paper works towards a better understanding of
sustainability and social responsibility in business practice by
elaborating on the prevalent approaches to environmental ethics
and social responsibility that inform the discussion on sustainable
marketing in the literature. Three different approaches to normative
environmental ethics are identified (consequentialism, deontology,
and virtue ethics), and the roles and responsibilities that different
market actors have in each approach are analyzed. Conclusions are
drawn particularly for environmental and consumer policy."

These two separate articles appeared in Op-Ed of Pakistan’s largest English newspaper, The Dawn, in May and June 2007. The articles look into the causes of Pakistan’s stunted corporate growth and offer insights into historical evolution of business and industry.

"Corruption has become one of the most popular topics in the social scientific disciplines. However, there is a lack of interdisciplinary communication about corruption. Models developed by different
academic disciplines are often isolated from each other. The purpose of this paper is to review several major approaches to corruption and draw them closer to each other. Most studies of corruption fall
into three major categories: (i) rational-actor models where corruption is viewed as resulting from cost/benefit analysis of individual actors; (ii) structural models that focus on external forces that determine corruption; and (iii) relational models that emphasize social interactions and networks among corrupt actors. Focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context, this article explains corruption concepts taken from sociology, economics, organization studies, political science, social anthropology, and social psychology."