CMB Foregrounds

In this paper we will illustrate how to constrain unavoidable Kähler corrections for N = 1 supergravity (SUGRA) inflation from the recent Planck data. We will show that the non-renormalizable Kähler operators will induce in general non-minimal kinetic term for the inflaton field, and two types of SUGRA corrections in the potential — the Hubbleinduced mass (cH), and the Hubble-induced A-term (aH) correction. The entire SUGRA inflationary framework can now be constrained from (i) the speed of sound, cs, and (ii) from the upper bound on the tensor to scalar ratio, r⋆. We will illustrate this by considering a heavy scalar degree of freedom at a scale, Ms, and a light inflationary field which is responsible for a slow-roll inflation. We will compute the corrections to the kinetic term and the potential for the light field explicitly. As an example, we will consider a visible sector inflationary model of inflation where inflation occurs at the point of inflection, which can match the dens...

This article is the transcript of the audio-visual presentation titled ‘Wormholes: Science Fiction or Pure Fantasy?’ [7] prior to Hollywood’s release of the movie ‘Interstellar’, the plot of which involves astronauts travelling through a wormhole to save the Human Race. It is explained in simply terms why the wormhole has no relation to reality, just as the black hole has no relation to reality.

All alleged black hole solutions pertain to a universe that is spatially infinite, is eternal, contains only one mass, is not expanding, and is asymptotically flat or asymptotically curved. But the alleged big bang cosmology pertains to a universe that is spatially finite (one case) or spatially infinite (two different cases), is of finite age, contains radiation and many masses including multiple black holes (some of which are primordial), is expanding, and is not asymptotically anything. Thus the black hole and the big bang contradict one another – they are mutually exclusive. The black hole is almost universally claimed to be predicted by General Relativity. It is surprisingly easy to prove that this is not true. Similarly it is very often claimed that Newton’s theory of gravitation also predicts the black hole, but this too is very easily proven to be erroneous. Despite numerous claims for discovery of black holes in their millions, nobody has ever actually found one.  In addition it is not very difficult to prove that General Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum, with only a little use of mathematics. The simple proofs also demonstrate that all ‘singularity theorems’ related to General Relativity are invalid. Fundamentally there are contradictions contained in the very physical principles of General Relativity, combined with invalid mathematics, which render the theory untenable. It is the object of this paper to provide the proofs without the complicated mathematics usually associated with the subject.

This thesis compiles the results of six works which deal with - inflationary model building and estimation of cosmological parameters from various field theoretic setup, quantification of reheating temperature, studies of leptogenesis in braneworld and estimation of primordial non-Gaussianity from ${\cal N}=1$ supergravity using $\delta N$ formalism.

We start our discussion with exploring the possibility of
MSSM inflation in the light of recent observed data from various D -flat directions using the saddle and inflection point techniques. The effective inflaton potential around saddle point and inflection point have been utilized in estimating the observable parameters and confronting them with WMAP7 and Planck dataset.


Next we explore the possibility of inflation from the five dimensional ${\cal N}=2$ supergravity setup by deriving the effective potential in the context of Randall-Sundrum like braneworld model and Dirac Bonn Infeld Galileon. After deriving an four dimensional effective potential, we obtain the inflationary observables from both the scenarios and confront them with the  WMAP7 data. Further we fit the CMB angular power spectra from TT anisotropy and other polarization data obtained from WMAP7.

Further, we discuss the non-trivial features of reheating from supergravity inspired braneworld model, where the results are to some extent different from that of the usual low energy General Relativistic counterpart, because of the modified Friedmann equations in this setup. We explicitly derive the analytical expressions for the reheating temperature and further solve the evolution equation of the number density of thermal gravitino which results in the gravitino abundance.


Finally, we study the primordial non-Gaussian features using $\delta N$ formalism of unavoidable higher dimensional non-renormalizable K\"ahler operators for ${\cal N}=1$ supergravity framework.In particular we study the nonlinear evolution of cosmological perturbations on large scales which enable us to compute the curvature perturbation,  without solving the exact perturbed field equations.Hence we compute the various non-Gaussian parameters for local type of non-Gaussianities,
for a generic class of sub-Planckian models dominated by the Hubble-induced corrections.

In this work, we have studied the possibility of setting up Bell's inequality violating experiment in the context of cosmology, based on the basic principles of quantum mechanics. First we start with the physical motivation of implementing the Bell's inequality violation in the context of cosmology. Then to set up the cosmological Bell violating test experiment we introduce a model independent theoretical framework using which we have studied the creation of new massive particles by implementing the WKB approximation method for the scalar fluctuations in presence of additional time dependent mass contribution in the cosmological perturbation theory. Here for completeness we compute total number density and energy density of the newly created particles in terms of Bogoliubov coefficients using WKB approximation method. Next using the background scalar fluctuation in presence of new time dependent mass contribution, we explicitly compute the expression for the one point and two point correlation functions. Furthermore, using the results for one point function we introduce a new theoretical cosmological parameter which can be expressed in terms of the other known inflationary observables and can also be treated as a future theoretical probe to break the degeneracy amongst various models of inflation. Additionally, we also fix the scale of inflation in a model independent way without any prior knowledge of primordial gravitational waves. Also using the input from newly introduced cosmological parameter, we finally give a theoretical estimate for the tensor-to-scalar ratio in a model independent way. Next, we also comment on the technicalities of measurements from isospin breaking interactions and the future prospects of newly introduced massive particles in cosmological Bell violating test experiment. Further, we cite a precise example of this set up applicable in the context of string theory motivated axion monodromy model. Then we comment on the explicit role of decoherence effect and high spin on cosmological Bell violating test experiment. In fine, we provide a theoretical bound on the heavy particle mass parameter for scalar fields, graviton and other high spin fields from our proposed setup.

Presented here, is a Thermal Dynamic Interior Wave System, manifested as a single microwave , that creates the entire universe and reality. By using the measured quantities, given by current science and a newly discovered math system, that is found existing in our reality called WPEM (Wave Pattern Entangled Math). The discovery and use of this simple math system, has unveiled that relativity, is not the most fundamental aspect of the universe. WPEM system further demonstrates, in complete detail exactly how Causality, is replaced by Complementarity. Showing that Complementarity, (entanglement), is indeed more fundamental than relativity. More fundamental than the four basic forces in nature, and thus no longer hemmed in by the relativistic limitations such as the speed of light. WPEM gives us the insight to see that entanglement is of greater importance than rela-tivity. WPEM provides complete mathematical explanations, sets new universal rules of a Complementarity entangled universe, complete with constants. Explaining most of the remaining questions in fundamental physics with no need for inflationary phenomenon. The Complementarity reality system, along with WPEM makes it easy to calculate Universal Entropy Constant from a simple function. Spin entanglement, wave entanglement, velocity entanglement, energy entanglement, expansion entanglement are all now very easy to calculate. Allowing for simple calculation of all fundamental forces and elements in the universe. WPEM further provides us with the universal matrix and turns the universal matrix, into a spectacular visual representation of wave-particle duality, allowing us to witness for the first time how waves form particles.

Specific role of various non-standard (non-canonical and non-minimal) effective interactions and its cosmological consequences was not very well understood within the framework of (string) inflation. To address this issue, in this talk, we discuss the details of cosmological inflationary paradigm in presence of such non-canonical interactions from generalized tachyon (GTachyon) living on the world volume of a non-BPS string theory. First, we start with a brief introduction to inflation, its cosmological consequences and observational limits. Then we show that the tachyon effective action is considered here is getting modified compared to the original action as appearing in non-BPS string theory. One can quantify the amount of the modification via a power q instead of 1/2 in the effective action. Using this theoretical set up we study single field inflation from various types of tachyonic effective potentials, using which we further constrain the general index q and other stringy parameters-Regge slope α', string coupling constant gs and mass scale of tachyon Ms, from the recently observed Planck 2015 data. We also put further stringent constraints from the temperature anisotropy and polarization spectra, which shows that our analysis confronts well with the Planck 2015 data. For completeness, we also provide the results for assisted and multi field Gtachyon inflation in the end part of the talk to give a comparison between all the field configurations.

In this article, our prime objective is to study the inflationary paradigm
from generalized tachyon (GTachyon) living on the world volume of a non-BPS string
theory. The tachyon action is considered here is getting modified compared to the
original action. One can quantify the amount of the modification via a power q
instead of 1/2 in the effective action. Using this set up we study inflation from
various types of tachyonic potentials, using which we constrain the index q within,
1/2 < q < 2, and a specific combination (∝ α
0M4
s
/gs) of Regge slope α
0
, string
coupling constant gs and mass scale of tachyon Ms, from the recent Planck 2015
and Planck+BICEP2/Keck Array joint data. We explicitly study the inflationary
consequences from single field, assisted field and multi-field tachyon set up. Specifi-
cally for single field and assisted field case we derive the results in the quasi-de-Sitter
background in which we will utilize the details of cosmological perturbations and
quantum fluctuations. Also we derive the expressions for all inflationary observables
using any arbitrary vacuum and Bunch-Davies vacuum. For single field and assisted
field case we derive-the inflationary flow equations, new sets of consistency relations.
Also we derive the field excursion formula for tachyon, which shows that assisted
inflation is in more safer side compared to the single field case to validate effective
field theory framework. Further we study the features of CMB Angular power spectrum
from TT, TE and EE correlations from scalar fluctuations within the allowed
range of q for each potentials from single field set-up. We also put constraints from
the temperature anisotropy and polarization spectra, which shows that our analysis
is consistent with the Planck 2015 data. Finally, using δN formalism we derive the
expressions for inflationary observables in the context of multi-field tachyons

We constrain the deviation of adiabatic evolution of the Universe using the data on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature anisotropies measured by the {\it Planck} satellite and a sample of 481 X-ray selected clusters with spectroscopically measured redshifts. To avoid antenna beam effects, we bring all the maps to the same resolution. We use a CMB template to subtract the cosmological signal while preserving the Thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (TSZ) anisotropies; next, we remove galactic foreground emissions around each cluster and we mask out all known point sources. If the CMB black-body temperature scales with redshift as $T(z)=T_0(1+z)^{1−\alpha}$, we constrain deviations of adiabatic evolution to be $\alpha=−0.007\pm0.013$, consistent with the temperature-redshift relation of the standard cosmological model. This result could suffer from a potential bias associated with the CMB template, that we quantify it to be less than −0.02, but is free from those biases associated with using TSZ selected clusters; it represents the best constraint to date of the temperature-redshift relation of the Big-Bang model, confirming previous results.

In this work, we study the key role of generic Effective Field Theory (EFT)
framework to quantify the correlation functions in a quasi de Sitter background for an arbitrary
initial choice of the quantum vacuum state. We perform the computation in unitary gauge in which
we apply Stuckelberg trick in lowest dimensional EFT operators which are broken under time
diffeomorphism. Particularly using this non-linear realization of broken time diffeomorphism and
truncating the action by considering the contribution from two derivative terms in the metric we
compute the two point and three point correlations from scalar perturbations and two point
correlation from tensor perturbations to quantify the quantum fluctuations observed in Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB) map. We also use equilateral limit and squeezed limit
configurations for the scalar three point correlations in Fourier space. To give future predictions
from EFT setup and to check the consistency of our derived results for correlations, we use the
results obtained from all class of canonical single field and general single field P(X, φ) model. This
analysis helps us to fix the coefficients of the relevant operators in EFT in terms of the slow roll
parameters and effective sound speed. Finally, using CMB observation from Planck we constrain all
of these coefficients of EFT operators for single field slow roll inflationary paradigm. We then carry
forward the primordial power spectrum with the same set of EFT parameters to explain the linear and non-linear regimes of Large Scale Structure (LSS) by loop-calculation of the matter overdensity
two-point function (precisely up to one loop). For comparative analysis, we make use of two widely accepted transfer functions, namely, BBKS and Eisenstein-Hu, thereby making the analysis robust. We finally corroborate our results with LSS data from SDSS-DR7 and WiggleZ. The analysis thus results in a consistent, model-independent EFT framework for inflation to structures.

We have observed the Perseus Molecular cloud at 33GHz at 7 arcminute resolution with the Very Small Array (VSA), which was previously identified as a strong source of anomalous dust correlated microwave emission at 1◦ with the COSMOSOMAS experiment. This emission represents a relatively new and poorly understood galactic foreground which may be significant at intermediate galactic latitudes. The angular resolution of the VSA makes it ideal for comparison with the IRAS satellite survey and is similar to that of the HFI channels of the forthcoming Planck mission. The morphology of this emission at 33 GHz consists of several 10 arcminute hot-spots coincident with the IRAS ‘knots’ in G159.6-18.5 plus a strange decrement, which is probably a hole in the diffuse anomalous component. We find the IRAS 25 μ m data the most correlated template at 77% using the Pearson correlation statistic.

We analyze BICEP2 and Planck data using a model that includes CMB lensing, gravity waves, and polarized dust. Planck dust polarization maps have highlighted the difficulty of estimating the dust polarization in low intensity regions, suggesting that the polarization fractions have considerable uncertainties and may be significantly higher than previous predictions. In this paper, we start by assuming nothing about the dust polarization except for the power spectrum shape, which we take to be CBBl∝l−2.42. The resulting joint BICEP2+Planck analysis favors solutions without gravity waves, and the upper limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio is r<0.11, a slight improvement relative to the Planck analysis alone which gives r<0.13 (95% c.l.). The estimated amplitude of the dust polarization power spectrum agrees with expectations for this field based on both HI column density and Planck polarization measurements at 353 GHz in the BICEP2 field. Including the latter constraint in our analysis improves the limit further to r<0.09, placing strong constraints on inflation (e.g., models with r>0.14 are excluded with 99.5% confidence). We address the cross-correlation analysis of BICEP2 at 150 GHz with BICEP1 at 100 GHz as a test of foreground contamination. We find that the null hypothesis of dust and lensing with r=0 gives Δχ2<2 relative to the hypothesis of no dust, so the frequency analysis does not strongly favor either model over the other. We also discuss how more accurate dust polarization maps may improve our constraints. If the dust polarization is measured perfectly, the limit can reach r<0.05, but this degrades quickly to almost no improvement if the dust calibration error is 20% or larger or if the dust maps are not processed through the BICEP2 pipeline, inducing sampling variance noise. (Abridged.)

In this article we provide a new closed relationship between the cosmic abundance of primordial gravitational waves and primordial black holes originated from initial inflationary perturbations for a generic model of inflation where inflation occurs below the Planck scale. We have obtained a strict bound on the current abundance of primordial black holes from the Planck measurements, $9.99712\times 10^{-3}<\Omega_{PBH}h^{2}< 9.99736\times 10^{-3}$.

The thermal SZ effect depends on the evolution of the CMB black body temperature with redshift. We analyze different tecnique to estimate the redshift dependence of this magnitudo, we analyze the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich maps that was generated from numerical simulation of clusters including gas, and from Xray Catalog, and the simulated Planck maps in the bands 44GHz, 70GHz, 100GHz, 143GHz, 217GHz, 353GHz. We show how we can constraint on scaling relation in the standard and other cosmologies.

In this work we will illustrate how to constrain unavoidable Kähler corrections for N = 1 supergravity (SUGRA) inflation from the Planck data. We will show that the non-renormalizable Kähler operators will induce in general non-minimal kinetic term for the inflaton field, and two types of SUGRA corrections in the potential-the Hubble-induced mass (c H), and the Hubble-induced A-term (a H) correction. The entire SUGRA inflationary framework can now be constrained from (i) the speed of sound, c s , and (ii) from the upper bound on the tensor to scalar ratio, r *. We will illustrate this by considering a heavy scalar degree of freedom at a scale, M s , and a light inflationary field which is responsible for a slow-roll inflation. We will compute the corrections to the kinetic term and the potential for the light field explicitly, which can match the density perturbations for the cosmic microwave background radiation, and also explain why the universe is filled with the Standard Model degrees of freedom.

We constrain the deviation of adiabatic evolution of the Universe using the data on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) temperature anisotropies measured by the {\it Planck} satellite and a sample of 481 X-ray selected clusters with spectroscopically measured redshifts. To avoid antenna beam effects, we bring all the maps to the same resolution. We use a CMB template to subtract the cosmological signal while preserving the Thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich (TSZ) anisotropies; next, we remove galactic foreground emissions around each cluster and we mask out all known point sources. If the CMB black-body temperature scales with redshift as $T(z)=T_0(1+z)^{1−\alpha}$, we constrain deviations of adiabatic evolution to be $\alpha=−0.007\pm0.013$, consistent with the temperature-redshift relation of the standard cosmological model.