Controlled Languages

PurposeTraditional subject indexing and classification are considered infeasible in many digital collections. This paper seeks to investigate ways of enhancing social tagging via knowledge organization systems, with a view to improving the quality of tags for increased information discovery and retrieval performance.Design/methodology/approachEnhanced tagging interfaces were developed for exemplar online repositories, and trials were undertaken with author and reader groups to evaluate the effectiveness of tagging augmented with control vocabulary for subject indexing of papers in online repositories.FindingsThe results showed that using a knowledge organisation system to augment tagging does appear to increase the effectiveness of non‐specialist users (that is, without information science training) in subject indexing.Research limitations/implicationsWhile limited by the size and scope of the trials undertaken, these results do point to the usefulness of a mixed approach in support...

In most international industries, English is the main language of communication for technical documents. These documents are designed to be as unambiguous as possible for their users. For international industries based in non-English speaking countries, the professionals in charge of writing requirements are often non-native speakers of English, who rarely receive adequate training in the use of English for this task. As a result, requirements can contain a relatively large diversity of lexical and grammatical errors, which are not eliminated by the use of guidelines from controlled languages. This article investigates the distribution of errors in a corpus of requirements written in English by native speakers of French. Errors are defined on the basis of grammaticality and acceptability principles, and classified using comparable categories. Results show a high proportion of errors in the Noun Phrase, notably through modifier stacking, and errors consistent with simplification strategies. Comparisons with similar corpora in other genres reveal the specificity of the distribution of errors in requirements. This research also introduces possible applied uses, in the form of strategies for the automatic detection of errors, and in-person training provided by certification boards in requirements authoring.

The best results in the application of computer science systems to automatic translation are obtained in word processing when texts pertain to specific thematic areas, with structures well defined and a concise and limited lexicon. In this article we present a plan of systematic work for the analysis and generation of language applied to the field of pharmaceutical leaflet, a type of document characterized by format rigidity and precision in the use of lexicon. We propose a solution based in the use of one interlingua as language pivot between source and target languages; we are considering Spanish and Arab languages in this case of application.

Resumen: El artículo pretende dar una vista panorámica sobre esta tendencia de organización del conocimiento dentro de los medios web, las folksonomías; la que ya está siendo usada no solo en webs personales sino también en bases de datos, para mejorar y compartir los conocimientos respecto a un tema. Asimismo, se hace una comparación entre este sistema y el más convencional, el Tesauro.

Traditional subject indexing and classification are considered infeasible in many digital collections. Automated means and social tagging are often suggested as the two possible solutions. Both, however, have disadvantages and, depending on the purpose of use or context, require additional manual input. This study investigates ways of enhancing social tagging via knowledge organization systems, with a view to improving the quality of tags for increased information discovery and retrieval performance. Benefits of using both social tags and controlled terms are also explored, including enriching knowledge organization systems with new concepts.

This paper describes our work on developing corpora of three varieties of Viennese for unit selection speech synthesis. The synthetic voices for Viennese varieties, implemented with the open domain unit selection speech synthesis engine Multisyn of Festival will also be released within Festival. The paper especially focuses on two questions: how we selected the appropriate speakers and how we obtained the text sources needed for the recording of these non-standard varieties. Regarding the first one, it turned out that working with a 'prototypical' professional speaker was much more preferable than striving for authenticity. In addition, we give a brief outline about the differences between the Austrian standard and its dialectal varieties and how we solved certain technical problems that are related to these differences. In particular, the specific set of phones applicable to each variety had to be determined by applying various constraints. Since such a set does not serve any descriptive purposes but rather is influencing the quality of speech synthesis, a careful design of such a (in most cases reduced) set was an important task.

This paper presents experimental results of a usability evaluation of a controlled language (CL) authoring assistant designed to help non-professional writers create machine translatable source texts. As the author drafts the text, the system detects CL rule violations and proscribed terms. It also incorporates several support functions to facilitate rephrasing of the source. In order to assess the usability of the system, we conducted a rewriting experiment, in which we compared two groups of participants, one with the aid of the system and the other without it. The results revealed that our system helped reduce the number of CL violations by about 9% and the time to correct violations by more than 30%. The CL-applied source text resulted in higher fluency and adequacy of MT outputs. Questionnaire and interview results also implied the improved satisfaction with the task completion of those participants who used the system.

Legislation and regulations are required to be structured and augmented in order to make them serviceable on the Internet. However, it is known that it is complex to accurately parse and semantically represent such texts. Controlled languages have been one approach to adjusting to the complexities, where the source text is rewritten in some systematic form. Such an approach is not only costly, but potentially introduces alternative translations which may be undesirable. To navigate between the requirements and complexities, we propose and exemplify a high-level controlled language that serves as an XML representation for key components of legal content. The language tightly correlates to the source text and also facilitates analysis.

Resunien: Se pone de manifiesto en este trabajo cómo, a pesar de las limitaciones de índole económica y tecnica, particularmente las introducidas por la inteligencia artificial en la recuperación de la información, las exigencias documentales de precisión siguen predominando a favor de los lenguajea controlados. Se resalta, no obstante, la importancia de la complementariedad con los lenguajes naturales y la compatibilidad entre los mismos lenguajea controlados.

Despite the rich history of research into medical translation, there is a notable lack of empirical studies on the best workflow for this task, especially in a modern translation setting involving post-editing of machine translation. This pilot study was conducted in preparation for a large translation project of medical guidelines for laypeople from Dutch into French. It is meant to shed light on how medical post-editing is best handled. How do medical specialists (doctors) versus language specialists (translators) perform on this task? How can their respective strengths lead to the highest quality translation? To gain more insight into these questions, errors in the machine translation output of medical guidelines were annotated and labelled. Based on these annotations, the product of doctors' and translators' post-editing could be analysed and classified into necessary changes (mistakes that were correctly solved), under-revisions (mistakes that were not corrected during post-editing), over-revisions (new errors introduced during post-editing) and hyper-revisions (preferential changes made by the post-editor). The results of this small-scale research illustrate the complexity of the task and reveal some surprising findings (e.g., doctors sometimes struggle with domain-specific terminology, and translators appear to be less efficient because they introduce many hyper-revisions).

We aim at carrying out an empirical study to clar-ify if texts checked with a controlled language (CL) checker are indeed more translatable than other texts which are not compliant with the CL rule set, evaluating thus the degree of success of the appli-cation of such a ...

Information communicated and produced by the government is essentially fundamental as the government is set and deemed as a reliable and a credible source of information. This study assessed the readability, comprehensibility, and document design of two brochures on prohibited drugs awareness, which were produced and distributed by the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), a government agency that is responsible in instituting policies about the use of illegal drugs in the Philippines. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, a total number of 120 participants comprised of students, those employed, the unemployed, and drug patients from a rehabilitation center answered two 10-item multiple choice questionnaires and Likert scales to assess and evaluate the comprehensibility and document design of the two brochures. Using the Coh-Metrix tool to analyze the readability of the two brochures, results showed that the two existing brochures were not that readable with the huge discrepancy o...

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which has a lifelong impact on the lives of people diagnosed with the condition. In many cases, people with ASD are unable to derive the gist or meaning of written documents due to their inability to process complex sentences, understand non-literal text, and understand uncommon and technical terms. This paper presents FIRST, an innovative project which developed language technology (LT) to make documents more accessible to people with ASD. The project has produced a powerful editor which enables carers of people with ASD to prepare texts suitable for this population. Assessment of the texts generated using the editor showed that they are not less readable than those generated more slowly as a result of onerous unaided conversion and were significantly more readable than the originals. Evaluation of the tool shows that it can have a positive impact on the lives of people with ASD.

Los lenguajes controlados pueden suponer una estrategia efectiva para mejorar los procesos de traduccion, modificando el texto origen para que se adapte a una serie de reglas que mejoran su traducibilidad. El articulo analiza el concepto de lenguaje controlado y revisa las diferentes areas de control y su tipologia, para despues realizar un breve repaso al origen y evolucion de estos si stemas linguisticos. A continuacion explora que papel representan los lenguajes controlados en el proceso de redaccion y traduccion de documentacion tecnica. Por ultimo, se centra en la relacion entre lenguajes controlados y traduccion y, mas en concreto, la traduccion automatica, haciendo especial hincapie en las reglas mas efectivas para la mejora de la traducibilidad.

METIS-II, the MT system presented in this paper, does not view translation as a transfer process between a source language (SL) and a target one (TL), but rather as a matching procedure of patterns within a language pair. More specifically, translation is considered to be an assignment problem, i.e. a problem of discovering each time the best matching patterns between SL and TL, which the system is called to solve by employing patternmatching techniques. Most importantly, however, METIS-II is innovative because it does not need bilingual corpora for the translation process, but exclusively relies on monolingual corpora of the target language.

The present study aims to compare three systems: a generic statistical machine translation (SMT), a generic neural machine translation (NMT) and a tailored-NMT system focusing on the English to Greek language pair. The comparison is carried out following a mixed-methods approach, i.e. automatic metrics, as well as side-by-side ranking, adequacy and fluency rating, measurement of actual post editing (PE) effort and human error analysis performed by 16 postgraduate Translation students. The findings reveal a higher score for both the generic NMT and the tailored-NMT outputs as regards automatic metrics and human evaluation metrics, with the tailored-NMT output faring even better than the generic NMT output.

Bakalařska prace se zabýva studii povlaků PVD a CVD a jejich aplikaci v praxi. V uvodu seznamuje s historii povlakovani. Dale jsou uvedeny výhody a nevýhody jednotlivých metod, jejich charakteristiky a oblasti jejich použiti. Soucasti prace je i vlastni experiment, který srovnava metody povlakovani z hlediska trvanlivosti povlakovaných vyměnitelných břitových desticek.

Background: Approximately 21% of the US population speaks a language other than English at home; many of these individuals cannot effectively communicate in English. Hispanic and Chinese Americans, in particular, are the two largest minority groups having low health literacy in the United States. Fortunately, machine-generated translations represent a novel tool that non-English speakers can use to receive and relay health education information when human interpreters are not available. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the Google Translate website when translating health information from English to Spanish and English to Chinese. Methods: The pamphlet, "You are the heart of your family…take care of it," is a health education sheet for diabetes patients that outlines six tips for behavior change. Two professional translators translated the original English sentences into Spanish and Chinese. We recruited 6 certified translators (3 Spanish and 3 Chinese) to conduct blinded evaluations of the following versions: (1) sentences translated by Google Translate, and (2) sentences translated by a professional human translator. Evaluators rated the sentences on four scales: fluency, adequacy, meaning, and severity. We performed descriptive analysis to examine differences between these two versions. Results: Cronbach's alpha values exhibited high degrees of agreement on the rating outcome of both evaluator groups: .919 for the Spanish evaluators and .972 for the Chinese evaluators. The readability of the sentences in this study ranged from 2.8 to 9.0 (mean 5.4, SD 2.7). The correlation coefficients between the grade level and translation accuracy for all sentences translated by Google were negative (eg, r Meaning =-.660), which indicates that Google provided accurate translation for simple sentences. However, the likelihood of incorrect translation increased when the original English sentences required higher grade levels to comprehend. The Chinese human translator provided more accurate translation compared to Google. The Spanish human translator, on the other hand, did not provide a significantly better translation compared to Google. Conclusion: Google produced a more accurate translation from English to Spanish than English to Chinese. Some sentences translated by Google from English to Chinese exhibit the potential to result in delayed patient care. We recommend continuous training and credential practice standards for professional medical translators to enhance patient safety as well as providing health education information in multiple languages.

Information communicated and produced by the government is essentially fundamental as the government is set and deemed as a reliable and a credible source of information. This study assessed the readability, comprehensibility, and document design of two brochures on prohibited drugs awareness, which were produced and distributed by the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), a government agency that is responsible in instituting policies about the use of illegal drugs in the Philippines. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, a total number of 120 participants comprised of students, those employed, the unemployed, and drug patients from a rehabilitation center answered two 10-item multiple choice questionnaires and Likert scales to assess and evaluate the comprehensibility and document design of the two brochures. Using the Coh-Metrix tool to analyze the readability of the two brochures, results showed that the two existing brochures were not that readable with the huge discrepancy o...

In this paper, we investigate some language acquisition facets of an auto-adaptative system that can automatically acquire most of the relevant lexical knowledge and authoring practices for an application in a given domain. This is the LELIO project: producing customized LELIE solutions. Our goal, within the framework of LELIE (a system that tags language uses that do not follow the Constrained Natural Language principles), is to automate the long, costly and error prone lexical customization of LELIE to a given application domain. Technical texts being relatively restricted in terms of syntax and lexicon, results obtained show that this approach is feasible and relatively reliable. By auto-adaptative, we mean that the system learns from a sample of the application corpus the various lexical terms and uses crucial for LELIE to work properly (e.g. verb uses, fuzzy terms, business terms, stylistic patterns). A technical writer validation method is developed at each step of the acquisi...

The application of machine translation (MT) in crisis settings is of increasing interest to humanitarian practitioners. We collaborated with industry and non-profit partners: (1) to develop and test the utility of an MT system trained specifically on crisis-related content in an under-resourced language combination (French-to-Swahili); and (2) to evaluate the extent to which speakers of both French and Swahili without post-editing experience could be mobilized to post-edit the output of this system effectively. Our small study carried out in Kenya found that our system performed well, provided useful output, and was positively evaluated by inexperienced post-editors. We use the study to discuss the feasibility of MT use in crisis settings for low-resource language combinations and make recommendations on data selection and domain consideration for future crisis-related MT development.

A challenge in individual and public health at the start of the 21st century is to effectively communicate health and science information about disease and complex emergencies. The low health literacy of millions of adults in the USA has been referred to as a 'silent killer'. A popular approach to improving health communication and health promotion to low health literate consumers has been to simplify the language of health information. The expected result has been that individuals and groups will better understand information and will then make informed decisions about their health and behaviors. This expectation has grown to include the belief that the public will be better prepared to take appropriate action in complex natural and man-made emergencies. Demonstrating the efficacy of this approach remains, in large part, uninvestigated. And it is becoming more evident that health literacy itself is complex and multifaceted. This article applies linguistic and sociolinguistic models in order to better articulate the role of simplification in health communication and health promotion. Focusing on two models from sociolinguistics-pragmatics and text theory-the article discusses their usefulness in rethinking message simplification. The discussion proposes that a richer, more theory-based understanding of text structures and functions, along with other powerful constructs, including cultural appropriateness, relevancy and context, are needed to close the gaps between health messages, health messengers and patients/the public. The article concludes by making recommendations for future study to empirically test the strengths and limitations of these models and constructs.

In this paper we report on the set of controlled language specifications defined for Modern Greek and the development of the respective style checker. We will focus on the effectiveness and suitability of these specifications by assessing the performance of a commercial machine translation system over controlled texts and will comment on the evaluation results. For our experiments we have used the SYSTRAN MT system (English-into-Greek language pair). We will show that an improvement in translation is feasible, when a text compliant with controlled language specifications enters a MT system. Finally, we will propose a third parameter for setting CL specifications.

This paper describes usability testing performed on a Web-based multilingual platform for human evaluation of machine translation (HeMT). We developed a workflow and a usability testing model in order to evaluate HeMT's functionalities, especially its interaction with users. Usability measures including easy to learn, effective to use, efficient to use, and subjectively pleasing were applied to understand the user-friendliness of HeMT. Usability tests were conducted in laboratory settings with international students. We demonstrate that multiple-session usability tests are necessary and effective for successful implementation of a research platform like HeMT. Our experience suggests that usability testing should be well planned and flexibly conducted to achieve its purposes.

This article presents the view of three professionals and researchers in the translation field about the post-editing task with a view to examining what it is known about this relatively new task both in the localization industry and in the academic arena, as well as highlighting what should be investigated further in order to shed light on different aspects of post-editing and the use of machine translation.

This article presents the view of three professionals and researchers in the translation field about the post-editing task with a view to examining what it is known about this relatively new task both in the localization industry and in the academic arena, as well as highlighting what should be investigated further in order to shed light on different aspects of post-editing and the use of machine translation.

PISA results show that a considerable number of 15-year-old pupils after 8 to 10 years of schooling have a low level of functional reading literacy, as defined in the PISA framework. While PISA results help identify the level of reading competency, they do not reveal what might be the reasons why some students fail to solve the tasks. One way to explore the difficulties students encounter while solving PISA reading tasks is to track their eye movements during reading. The main aim of this study was to explore the similarities and differences in eye movement patterns between students with high and low scores on PISA reading tasks. A sample of 92 students took part in the pre-test, which was based on PISA items, and administered to identify groups of students with high and low PISA reading scores. Based on student pre-test results, 20 students were selected for the main, eye-tracking test-10 participants with low scores and 10 with high scores. The eye-tracking test consisted of four different released PISA reading tasks, three of them continuous and one non-continuous. The continuous items were followed by one multiple-choice question each at L1, L2, and L3 levels of difficulty. The non-continuous text was followed by three multiple-choice questions (also L1-L3). Three main findings were the following: regarding saccadic amplitudes, the reading was found to be less fluent for the low-skilled group; according to the heat maps, they had difficulty finding the relevant material; and taking into account standard deviations of eye-tracking measures, the variability was found to be larger in this group. Taken together, the findings of

In this paper I report on the preliminary results of a longitudinal one-year study of students' progression from a low level of language awareness manifested in their superficial/intuitive use of language/languages to a higher level of language self-awareness manifested in their more controlled use of language. The data gathered for this study include four sources: a language awareness questionnaire, think aloud protocols, error analysis and post error analysis in-class discussions. The results of this study are intended to be further explored in a larger research project.

Over time the level of abstraction embodied in programming languages has continued to grow. Yet, most programming languages still require programmers to conform to the language's rigid constructs. These constructs have been implemented in the name of efficiency for the computer. The continual increase in computing power allows us to consider techniques that are no longer limited by this constraint. To this end, we have created CABERNET, a Controlled Nature Language (CNL) approach. CABERNET allows programmers to use a simple outline-based syntax. This allows increased programmer efficiency and syntax flexibility. CNLs have successfully been used for writing requirements documents. We propose taking this approach well beyond this to fully functional programs. Our approach uses heuristics and inference to analyze and determine the programmer's intent. The goal is for programs to be aligned with the way that the humans think rather than the way computers process information.

Simultaneous interpretation is an impressive cognitive feat which necessitates the simultaneous use of two languages and therefore begs the question: how is language management accomplished during interpretation? One possibility is that both languages are maintained active and inhibitory control is reduced. To examine whether inhibitory control is reduced after experience with interpretation, students with varying experience were assessed on a three language switching paradigm. This paradigm provides an empirical measure of the inhibition applied to abandoned languages, the n-2 repetition cost. The groups showed different patterns of n-2 repetition costs across the three languages. These differences, however, were not connected to experience with interpretation. Instead, they may be due to other language characteristics. Specifically, the L2 n-2 repetition cost negatively correlated with self-rated oral L2 proficiency, suggesting that language proficiency may affect the use of inhibitory control. The differences seen in the L1 n-2 repetition cost, alternatively, may be due to the differing predominant interactional contexts of the groups. These results suggest that language control may be more complex than previously thought, with different mechanisms used for different languages. Further, these data represent the first use of the n-2 repetition cost as a measure to compare language control between groups.

Language control is important for bilinguals to produce words in the right language. While most previous studies investigated language control using visual stimuli with vocal responses, language control regarding auditory stimuli and manual responses was rarely examined. In the present study, an alternating language switching paradigm was used to investigate language control mechanism under two input modalities (visual and auditory) and two output modalities (manual and vocal) by measuring switch costs in both error percentage and reaction time (RT) in forty-eight Cantonese–English early bilinguals. Results showed that higher switch costs in RT were found with auditory stimuli than visual stimuli, possibly due to shorter preparation time with auditory stimuli. In addition, switch costs in RT and error percentage could be obtained not only in speaking, but also in handwriting. Therefore, language control mechanisms, such as inhibition of the non-target language, may be shared between...

Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat vedoucí mé bakalářské práce, Mgr. Márii Strašákové, za ochotu a čas, který mi věnovala na konzultacích, a hodnotné připomínky k formě i obsahu této práce. Dále bych ráda poděkovala PhDr. Zlatě Černé za cenné rady ohledně této bakalářské práce a asijského umění obecně. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně a výhradně s použitím citovaných pramenů a literatury.

Writers and translators have difficulties treating proper nouns correctly. These designations represent concepts that are very likely not common knowledge. While humans can research, machines can only apply data provided. It is therefore important that proper nouns are documented in term bases and made available to MT engines.

Writers and translators have difficulties treating proper nouns correctly. These designations represent concepts that are very likely not common knowledge. While humans can research, machines can only apply data provided. It is therefore important that proper nouns are documented in term bases and made available to MT engines.

The aim of this study is to make a comparison between the regulatory framework and actual common practice concerning the teaching and use of Maritime English. This comparison is directed at understanding the variables and identifying the issues that lead to the divergence between the two. Therefore, by relying on a custom-designed survey, this work investigates the way in which these issues interlink with the Italian Maritime English Teaching system and delves deeper into the perception that seafarers have of this matter.

IsiZulu is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa and roughly half the population can speak it. It is the first (home) language for over 10 million people in South Africa. Only a few computational resources exist for isiZulu and its related Nguni languages, yet the imperative for tool development exists. We focus on natural language generation, and the grammar options and preferences in particular, which will inform verbalization of knowledge representation languages and could contribute to machine translation. The verbalization pattern specification shows that the grammar rules are elaborate and there are several options of which one may have preference. We devised verbalization patterns for subsumption, basic disjointness, existential and universal quantification, and conjunction. This was evaluated in a survey among linguists and non-linguists. Some differences between linguists and non-linguists can be observed, with the former much more in agreement, and preferences depend on the overall structure of the sentence, such as singular for subsumption and plural in other cases.

IsiZulu is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa and roughly half the population can speak it. It is the first (home) language for over 10 million people in South Africa. Only a few computational resources exist for isiZulu and its related Nguni languages, yet the imperative for tool development exists. We focus on natural language generation, and the grammar options and preferences in particular, which will inform verbalization of knowledge representation languages and could contribute to machine translation. The verbalization pattern specification shows that the grammar rules are elaborate and there are several options of which one may have preference. We devised verbalization patterns for subsumption, basic disjointness, existential and universal quantification, and conjunction. This was evaluated in a survey among linguists and non-linguists. Some differences between linguists and non-linguists can be observed, with the former much more in agreement, and preferences depend on the overall structure of the sentence, such as singular for subsumption and plural in other cases.

Bilingual speakers are suggested to use control processes to avoid linguistic interference from the unintended language. It is debated whether these bilingual language control (BLC) processes are an instantiation of the more domain-general executive control (EC) processes. Previous studies inconsistently report correlations between measures of linguistic and non-linguistic control in bilinguals. In the present study, we investigate the extent to which there is cross-talk between these two domains of control for two switch costs, namely the and . Also, we address an important problem, namely the reliability of the measures used to investigate cross-talk. If the reliability of a measure is low, then these measures are ill-suited to test cross-talk between domains through correlations. We asked participants to perform both a linguistic- and non-linguistic switching task at two sessions about a week apart. The results show a dissociation between the two types of switch costs. Regarding ...

When a sudden-onset emergency occurs, the language needs of those affected and those involved in the relief efforts cannot be foreseen. Provided that access to online communication is still available, it is not unlikely that many involved in the crisis will resort to language technologies such as machine translation and initiatives such as crowdsourcing to assist in the urgent need for multilingual communication. This may be done in an attempt to understand the key messages from official bodies, or relief organisations, when there is a lack of professional translators to assist in the multilingual communication process. This approach machine translation and crowdsourcing was successfully used in a previous crisis, i.e. the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. However, the use of technologies cannot be taken for granted. Even if they are supposedly used for good, a number of ethical issues should be given consideration before using these technologies, when using them, and in the aftermath of a ...

When a sudden-onset emergency occurs, the language needs of those affected and those involved in the relief efforts cannot be foreseen. Provided that access to online communication is still available, it is not unlikely that many involved in the crisis will resort to language technologies such as machine translation and initiatives such as crowdsourcing to assist in the urgent need for multilingual communication. This may be done in an attempt to understand the key messages from official bodies, or relief organisations, when there is a lack of professional translators to assist in the multilingual communication process. This approach machine translation and crowdsourcing was successfully used in a previous crisis, i.e. the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. However, the use of technologies cannot be taken for granted. Even if they are supposedly used for good, a number of ethical issues should be given consideration before using these technologies, when using them, and in the aftermath of a ...

This review article explores language learning approaches and their applicability in translation classes. Bob Hodge in his work Teaching as Communication stated that language, above all, holds a community together. Children learn a language implicitly without having a critical view to it. Academics such as translators and interpreters, who use the language as a professional tool, however, should view the languages more critically. Of course it is still a very controversial subject to know how people learn a language. The approaches that may be particularly applicable to adult learners are suggested and defined in this study. Some of the main approaches of learning discussed in this article include the behaviorist approach, which is considered as one of the influential ones, the cognitive approach that can be appropriate to university teaching and the innovative method, which considers students’ learning styles to increase their motivation to learn.

El presente trabajo de investigacion se enmarca en los estudios de doctorado en traduccion y la sociedad del conocimiento de la Universidad de Valencia y, en concreto, en la linea de investigacion en tecnologias de la traduccion, terminologia y localizacion. En este sentido, esta disertacion surge por la necesidad de establecer una metodologia de investigacion y ofrecer resultados empiricos sobre el desarrollo, implementacion y evaluacion de lenguajes controlados en la documentacion tecnica y su efecto tanto en los textos originales como en las traducciones de estos documentos. Asi pues, el objetivo ha sido desarrollar una metodologia para evaluar el impacto de los lenguajes controlados en la produccion de documentacion tecnica dentro de contextos industriales y, mas en concreto, en la elaboracion de documentacion tecnica para el vehiculo. El impacto se ha concretado en la mejora de la traducibilidad automatica, un concepto que hemos discutido ampliamente en el capitulo 4, asi como ...

We aim at carrying out an empirical study to clarify if texts checked with a controlled language (CL) checker are indeed more translatable than other texts which are not compliant with the CL rule set, evaluating thus the degree of success of the application of such a restricted language with regard to its machine oriented features. For such an evaluation we adapt the FEMTI-Framework (Hovy et al., 2002) to our needs and divide our evaluation in two parts: selection of resources for the evaluation of a CL, and evaluation of the CL. In this article only the findings and results of the first part are presented. In order to simulate a real context of work, we use the system MULTILINT, a sophisticated language checker developed by the Institut der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Angewandten Informationsforschung e.V. an der Universität des Saarlandes (IAI). Furthermore, we use automatic translations made with a Machine Translation System.