Death Online

The rapidly changing media environment fosters an increasing array of communication. It changes not only the way we interact, free from set time frames or places, but equally provides new possibilities of sharing experiences online, for example, when faced with death. In April 2014, researchers from all around the world gathered in Durham, UK, to attend the first Death Online Research Symposium (DORS). They represented various disciplines, including the humanities and social sciences, for example, communication studies, psychology, law and linguistics, and media studies. The Symposium topics varied from online memorial sites to new modes of grieving by way of social media to mobile technologies in graveyards. This review provides an overview of the current research in the field of online death and digital memorial culture as presented at the Symposium. The structure follows the thematic structure of the symposium: in addition, at the beginning of each theme a short introduction is provided. The review ends with future directions and recommendations.

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This paper presents a small aspect of my ongoing doctoral research into current forensic investigative protocols for the unidentified dead considered from a cross-cultural perspective, with specific reference to forensic art.

Forensic art describes a range of facial depiction techniques applied within legal investigations to promote leads towards identifying unknown persons. It is a highly specialized yet unregulated field that demands interdisciplinary agility; its products are cognitively provocative and media-friendly yet poorly understood, and often misconstrued. 

The online environment provides any number of opportunities to encounter representations of the dead, but I am particularly interested in websites and social media pages that publish unsolved case information about unidentified/unclaimed deceased or missing persons. Informed by Gillian Rose’s 4 ‘sites’ of a critical visual methodology – production, image, circulation, audience – and STS literatures that attend to ‘boundary work’, ‘absence’ and ‘matters of concern/care’, I analyse selected examples across a range of UK and US-related internet sites, from state-run or state-supported databases with varying degrees of public access, to individually-run social media accounts that harvest and republish material found online in a largely unregulated manner.

Guided by the question, ‘Do such sites complement or frustrate – or even jeopardise –  official investigations?’ I consider the ‘spectrum of authority’ they represent in relation to current policy and practice informing forensic facial identification, the politics of in-group and out-group participation, and how notional desires for ‘justice’ become difficult to square with the way in which content is presented and, where relevant, discussed, and by whom. I further consider how these online sites contribute to the growing terrain of interest in ‘counter-‘ or ‘citizen-led’ forensics, particularly the ‘extreme’ forensic methods that the current crises of mass unidentified deaths are producing, in the face of political apathy, pushing disciplinary boundaries.