Developing The Underdeveloped

Este trabajo se propone abordar el audiovisual titulado "Marking 50 years of Progress", realizado por la United States Agency por International Development (USAID), para celebrar los 50 años transcurridos desde el decreto presidencial que dio nacimiento a dicha Agencia. El objetivo es analizar el audiovisual en tanto elaboración simbólica de un discurso político para acercarse a la forma en que la USAID concibe, piensa y promociona el “desarrollo”.

In questo mio breve elaborato scritto ho cercato di analizzare il concetto di "sviluppo" nella sua evoluzione dalla fine dell'Ottocento fino  al secondo dopoguerra, focalizzandomi in particolare sul famoso "punto IV", enunciato il 20 gennaio 1949 dal presidente statunitense Harry S. Truman nel "Discorso dei quattro punti". Il "punto IV" ha realmente cambiato il modo di concepire lo "sviluppo"? Ha concretamente portato un cambiamento epocale nei rapporti tra le superpotenze e i Paesi considerati "sottosviluppati"? Si possono identificare cause politiche alla base dell'apertura di Truman verso questi Paesi? Questi sono solamente alcuni dei quesiti ai quali ho cercato di rispondere, attraverso una ripresa critica della riflessione proposta da Rist nella sua opera intitolata "Lo sviluppo. Storia di una credenza occidentale".

Cet article, issu d’une étude menée au sein du Groupe de Recherches Matérialistes, vise à critiquer la matrice idéologique neo-colonialiste du célèbre et controversé discours que Nicolas Sarkozy tint à Dakar en 2007. Les thèses de l’ancien Président de la République Française sont d’emblée reconduites aux stéréotypes colonialistes, puis déconstruites à partir de l’invitation à revenir sur cette page de l’histoire formulée par Makhili Gassama, ancien conseilleur de Senghor. Tout en reconnaissant la complicité d’une grosse partie des politiciens africains dans le partage et saccage de leur continent et dans les guerres qui les
traversent, l’article veut contrecarrer le discours de Sarkozy par les paroles de trois représentants les plus significatifs du panafricanisme: Kwame Nkrumah, Patrice Lumumba et  Thomas Sankara. Ces trois hommes politiques ont dénoncé avec fermeté les intérêts économiques néo-coloniaux qui empêchent une véritable indépendance de l’Afrique. Il s’agit  en outre de souligner que l’oblitération et le refoulement des souffrances provoquées par la  colonisation au sein des pays de l’occident sont l’indice de l’acceptation par la majorité de leurs populations de l’état des choses en Afrique, qui est ainsi, en quelque sorte, naturalisé.  Cette acceptation tacite constitue une condition fondamentale de la reproduction quotidienne du dispositif pacificateur de domination au sein du monde développé. Les maux de l’Afrique trouvent leur cause alors moins dans une attitude de l’homme africain que dans un système de domination économique et idéologique assuré par les institutions internationales tels que l’ONU, la Banque mondiale ou le FMI.

"The Industrial Development of Bengal, 1900-1939. By A. Z. M. IFTIKHAR-UL-AWWAL. Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982. pp. 256 (Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Advent Books, New York.) "

PREFACE:

The present work examines the industrial experience of Bengal during the period 1900 to 1939 with particular emphasis on the role of the government as the main instrument for growth. For this work, available statistical material has been utilized for the sake of precision as well as to strengthen the qualitative evidence. The book contains eight chapters. While Chapter I builds up the case for industrial development, Chapter II examines in detail the industrial policy of the Bengal government in the light of its own limitations as a subordinate authority to the Government of India and that of Whitehall. Chapter III is an investigation of the labour market in Bengal with emphasis on the supply of labour to jute, tea and coal industries in relation to wages and conditions of work. In Chapter IV, I have examined the rates of profitability and security of industrial investments. In this chapter, I have also examined the financial institutions of the time and their role in the industrial development of the province. Chapter V points to some of the difficulties experienced by Indian entrepreneurs, and in the above light looks at their contribution to the larger industrial establishments of Bengal. The next two Chapters VI and VII examine the growth and development of the two biggest manufacturing industries of our period--jute and handloom cotton weaving industries. The concluding chapter is an estimate of the industrial progress made in the province during the period under review.

This book is a slightly revised version of my Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of London in 1978. In the preparation of this thesis, I have accumulated an enormous debt of gratitude to my Supervisor, Dr. K. N. Chaudhuri whose careful vigilance and timely intervention saved me from many factual errors and infelicities of style. My thanks are also due to Mr. I. B. Harrison, who went through some of my preliminary chapters during the absence of Dr Chaudhuri in 1975-76 and made many useful observations. I am also indebted to Dr. Sirajul Islam of Dacca University for helping me with some necessary corrections.

Here I take this opportunity also to express my deep gratitude to the UK Commonwealth Commission which offered me a scholarship for three years which enabled me to undertake this research work. Needless to say, without their financial help it would have been virtually impossible to pursue this course of studies. I also wish to thank the University of Dacca for granting me the necessary study leave.

There remains also a special group of people - without whose co-operation, patience and tolerance, this work would not have seen the light of day. In this group belong the library staff of the British Library (including the Newspaper Section at Colindale), Senate House Library, the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, and particularly, the India Office Library and Records (including their Newspaper Section at the Bush House). I take this opportunity to thank Mr. J. Sims of the India Office Library and Records for being so helpful in tracking down apparently untraceable official documents. I wish to thank the staff of the Bangladesh Secretariat Record Room and of the Secretariat Library, Dacca for extending me all possible facilities in carrying out my research work. Finally, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my wife, Lilly whose support and constant encouragement over these years was invaluable in completing this work.

Dans cet article, l’auteur appelle à une meilleure connaissance des études postcoloniales dont l’intérêt est
croissant dans les sciences sociales et humaines en langue française. Pour l’auteur, une meilleure
connaissance de ce corpus d’oeuvre permettrait une meilleure compréhension du « sous-développement ».
L’article présente rapidement l’histoire et les auteurs les plus importantes des études postcoloniales.
Ensuite, l’article fait la synthèse des critiques des termes du débat entre les études postcoloniales et les
études du développement. Pour terminer, l’article présente plusieurs éléments (critique des États-nations, de
l’histoire, de la connaissance, du vocabulaire, des hiérarchies et des territoires) qui permettent un éclairage
original pour l’examen des dynamiques sociales, culturelles, politiques et économiques par les approches
critiques en études internationales.

In this article, the author calls for a better knowledge of postcolonial studies which have recently met a
growing interest from social sciences and humanities in French. For the author, a better understanding of
this corpus of work may allow for a superior understanding of “underdevelopment”. The article quickly
introduces the history and the most important authors in postcolonial studies. Then, the article, presents
several elements (criticism of Nation states, history, knowledge, vocabulary, hierarchies, and territories)
which allow for an original perspective for the examination of social, cultural, political and economic
dynamics in critical international studies.

With the rapid changes that are being witnessed in developing nations like China and Kenya, together with the social-economic effects thereof, more women are opting to step out and claim a stake at all levels of the society. These changes could be summed up as demographic trendsetters that will continue to redraw the family structure even more as these developing countries aspire to industrialize. In this paper I shall discuss marriage and family traditions in Chinese and Kenyan cultures regarding gender.

Self-knowledge is an exercise that countries in crisis situations use to cherish. It is not clear, moreover, that crisis is not something permanent, apart from rare golden ages. Portuguese people has a long history of thinking about themselves. But not always have escaped from some idealization of what they are the what and their role should be. After the classical visions of Antero de Quental and Teixeira de Pascoaes, for example, and the "mythical psychoanalysis of Portuguese fate" due to Eduardo Louren- ço, the sociologist Fernando Pereira Marques takes a lucid and unclouded look over what the Portuguese have been. Specially reflecting upon the causes of the proverbial national "underdevelopment".

本文では、オーストラリアにおける日本型ハイブリッド工場モデルの構成は何か、そしてそれは実行可能な”アングロ-サクソンパターン”に一致するかということを提起し、この重要な提言についてオーストラリアにおける日本的経営と生産の実践を評価している。また本文では、オーストラリアにおける社会経営環境が日本のそれと極めて異なっていることを議論している。本文では、安保哲夫教授によって開発されたハイブリッド評価手法とその海外への日本型システムの移転についての適用性-順応性モデルを引用している。"

Since the emerging of its idea circa four decades ago, Appropriate Technology (AT) had been proven as a comprehensive solution in a limited condition. However, practitioners & academia have different opinions with engineers on how an AT must be designed. Researchers had noted the crucial factors in the issue as such, and they gave a notion of the urgency for a dedicated design methodology for AT. This study, therefore, aims to provide it. Such methodology is developed by incorporating AT characteristics, fundamental issues in community empowerment, and the principles of existing design methodologies. The methodology emphasizes combination between bottom-up and top-down design approaches. It means that an AT must be started purely from local conditions rather than given technical specifications, and be given back to local people to be seamlessly integrated into their routines. It also underlines the crucial importance of community involvement throughout design stages. By looking at previous design methodologies that were developed based on pure Engineering Problem Solving (EPS), this study delivers a fresh and comprehensive one that covers surrounding issues and concepts to produce an AT based on the real meaning of technological appropriateness.

This paper considers industry policy and manufacturing in Australia by discussing the levels of tariffs and assistance by the Australian state.  Australian policymakers have long been fascinated by the rise of East Asia and attempted to emulate a similar high-tech manufacturing industry via neo-liberal deregulation.  Such a deregulation was of course was never part of the origin of the East Asian miracle until the 1980s.  When it did occur however its effects soon became acutely visible in 1997-1998 across Asian economies.  The paper does not discuss whether a singular East Asian economic model exists.  Nor does it debate the validity of the project apparently contained in the government policy since the 1980s.  More to the point, this paper raises the market policy movement that took inspiration from fixed perceptions of the East Asian economic miracle which was frequently (but not necessarily correctly) identified with neo-liberal deregulation.  In the paper, the exports of elaborately transformed manufactures, especially during the Howard Coalition government (1996-2007) period, are analysed.  What is Australia’s trade performance in such manufactures, including elaborately transformed manufactures?  What is the debate on the current support mechanisms?  Most importantly, what has the 1990s-2000s neo-liberal market governance achieved in Australia?  The paper covers these questions and reflects on the nature of Australian manufacturing exports to Japan.



本論文は、オーストラリアの州によって支えられる関税レベルを論じることによって産業政策とオーストラリアにおける製造業について考察している。オーストラリアの政策立案者は、長い間東アジアの台頭に魅了され、ネオリベラルな規制緩和経由で同様のハイテク製造業を真似ることに努めた。本文では特異な東アジア経済モデルが存在するかどうか、また1980年代以降、政府政策に明確に含まれているプロジェクトの妥当性も議論していない。ネオリベラルな規制緩和でしばしば識別される東アジア経済奇跡の固定された認識からインスピレーションを受けた市場政策の動きを提起している。精巧な製造業転換を含むオーストラリアの貿易パフォーマンスとは何か。現在のサポート•メカニズムについての議論とは何か。最重要項として、オーストラリアで達成された1990年代～2000年代のネオリベラルな市場統治は何があるのか。本文ではこれら疑問を取上げ、日本へのオーストラリアの輸出の性質を省察している。

The post-World War II reconstruction of global trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) has been a significant topic of discussion in the analyses of numerous bilateral economic relations, including those that are located in Asia Pacific.  Since the reconstruction, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) have increasingly internalised trade and FDI in markets where they are active.  Markets and MNE activities have grown together while governments have become more responsive to this process.  This paper discusses the above process along with an analysis of the rise and development of the economic relationship between Australia and Japan from the immediate post-World War II phase through Australia’s neo-liberal trade policy phase.  The post-World War II relationship began in the 1950s, and grew during the Cold War years, the end of which has created competitive pressures on the Australian economy.  Australia has tried to overcome this by progressively adapting a unilateral neo-liberal trade policy and encouraging its trade and investment partners to do the same, unsuccessfully in most cases where such partners have extensive state subsidy structures in place.  The paper discusses the effects of major events such as the Plaza Accord and the end of Japan’s ‘bubble economy’ on the relationship.  The discussion extends into the development of new challenges in the 2010s.

Dans cet article, l'auteur appelle à une meilleure connaissance des études postcoloniales dont l'intérêt est croissant dans les sciences sociales et humaines en langue française. Pour l'auteur, une meilleure connaissance de ce corpus d'oeuvre permettrait une meilleure compréhension du « sous-développement ». L'article présente rapidement l'histoire et les auteurs les plus importantes des études postcoloniales. Ensuite, l'article fait la synthèse des critiques des termes du débat entre les études postcoloniales et les études du développement. Pour terminer, l'article présente plusieurs éléments (critique des États-nations, de l'histoire, de la connaissance, du vocabulaire, des hiérarchies et des territoires) qui permettent un éclairage original pour l'examen des dynamiques sociales, culturelles, politiques et économiques par les approches critiques en études internationales. * Dimitri della Faille est professeur en développement international au sein du département des sciences sociales de l'Université du Québec en Outaouais. Sociologue de formation, il se spécialise en analyse du discours et dans l'étude des inégalités à l'échelle mondiale. Il détient un doctorat en sociologie de l'UQAM et une maîtrise dans la même discipline de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles (Belgique). Il a, entres autres, également étudié à la New School (États-Unis) et à l'Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentine) et effectué des stages postdoctoraux en sociologie à l'Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco (Mexique) et en études de la mondialisation à l'Université McMaster (Canada). À ce titre, l'on notera que le camerounais Achille Mbembe, à cheval sur les cultures anglophones nordaméricaines et francophones africaines et européennes, est peut-être une exception.

The Peruvian economy depends for its growth on the export of its mineral resources. This dependency is derived from the country's role in the international division of labour and is expressed in its export structure, economic structure and business structure. Peru's dependency on its mineral resources, an economic structure that is principally made up of non-tradable sectors and a business structure dominated by micro businesses, make lasting economic progress very difficult. We argue that although the Peruvian economy is divided into an advanced economy and a capitalist subsistence economy, the country is not a dual economy where two sub-economies are economically and socially separated from each other and have structurally different modes of operation. The capitalist subsistence economy is characterized by low productivity levels and is expressed in remuneration rates at or near the minimum wage level. This structural feature of the Peruvian economy impedes the successful implementation of a process that would make the country less dependent on its natural resources and would set it on a development course of increased value-added production.

This paper discusses the post-‘Lehman Brothers shock’ period of the Japanese foreign direct investment in Australia, and provides an analysis of the types of investment.  The analysis begins with the theoretical frameworks that define multinational enterprise (MNE) activity, and foreign direct investment.  The way in which ‘institutional economics’ theory is utilised within the ‘eclectic paradigm’ is also analysed herein.  The ‘Lehman Brothers shock’, the ensuing market decline, and the subsequent investor indecisiveness have had effects on foreign direct investment in Asia, the EU, and North America (Devos & Giovanoli, 2011).  While this situation continued, one particular economic bilateralism, that of Japan and Australia, has remained largely unaffected.  The bilateral trade volumes and structure between the two remain unaltered in the aftermath of the ‘shock’.  This paper details the Japanese foreign direct investment patterns in Australia that were present before the ‘Lehman Brothers shock’, and continued afterwards (i.e. several-stage type of acquisitions).  From the time of the ‘shock’ until April 2010, there were numerous Japanese acquisitions in Australia (Wallace, 2010).  This process has been continuing, as of December 2011, with Japanese MNE Inpex’s A$30 billion foreign direct investment in LNG extraction and export project (AAP, 2011; AFP, 2011).  Nippon Paper Group’s 2009 foreign direct investment in Australia was the ninth biggest Japanese global acquisition in that year (JETRO, 2010: 38), and Mitsubishi Corporation’s September 2008 foreign direct investment was the tenth largest (JETRO, 2009: 85).  The post-crisis business environment has been beset by uncertainties, and the global mergers and acquisitions had recovered to merely one third of the 2007 levels by the end of 2010 (UNCTAD, 2011: xii).  This has been the global trend, the context of the discussion herein.  As this paper discusses, the global trend, which UNCTAD describes, does not readily apply to the Japanese foreign direct investment in Australia.

本論文は、オーストラリアにおける日本のFDI、とりわけ2008～2010年の期間に言及している。オーストラリアにおける日本のFDIは「リーマンショック」の間もそれ以降も続いた。日本とオーストラリアの経済関係は貿易と投資という意味で概して影響を受けないままでいた。二国間の貿易量や構造は変わっていない。本論文では「リーマンショック」以前に始まり、その後も続いたオーストラリアにおける主な日本の海外直接投資を取り上げている。オーストラリアにおける日本のFDIは今なお関連する論点である。オーストラリアでの日本の企業買収は過去数年で増加し、そしてより大きな増加を伴ってその傾向は続いており、それは本文中の表・図表に示されている。主な投資者の中には日本製紙グループ、三菱商事、キリン、アサヒがある。本論文ではオーストラリアからの貿易や投資統計を使用している。議論はMNE理論、経済成長理論、及びDunningの「折衷的なパラダイム」を引き出している。本論文ではまた、安保哲夫教授による日本的ハイブリッド工場についての6大陸調査の主な分析フレームワークが多地域分析における海外での日本的生産（キリン、アサヒ）の新生傾向に当てはまる事を提案している。