Dream work

Ce volume rassemble les communications prononcées lors du colloque consacré à Jerzy Giedroyc et Kultura (Sorbonne, octobre 2021) co-organisé par les éditeurs, l'Institut de la Mémoire nationale de Pologne et le Centre parisien de l'Académie polonaise des sciences . À la rédaction ont pris part Françoise Philippe-Raynaud, Bruno Ribard et Andrzej Bernhardt que nous tenons à remercier vivement . ISBN (Association Institut Littéraire Kultura) 978-2-494695-00-9 ISBN (Centre de civilisation polonaise, Sorbonne-Université) 978-2-900463-07-9

This research was conducted following fundamental ethical principles appropriate for a studentled, independent study. Ethical integrity, participant well-being, and respect for individual privacy were central to the research design and implementation. All participants were informed in advance about the purpose, procedures, and expected duration of the study. The nature of the research-exploring the psychology of dreams-was explained in simple and accessible language to ensure full understanding, especially as the participants ranged in age from 14 to 18 years. Participants voluntarily provided both verbal consent and written consent through email communication from their legal guardians, given that many were minors. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, anonymous, and confidential. No personally identifying information such as names, surnames, exact school names, contact numbers, or addresses was collected at any point. Each participant was assigned a random identification number for data analysis purposes. All dream journals and questionnaire responses were handled with sensitivity and care, and only the researcher had access to raw data. Participants were assured that they could withdraw from the study at any time without needing to provide a reason and with no negative consequences. The questionnaires and dream journaling tasks were designed to be non-invasive and psychologically safe. The language used was age-appropriate and respectful, avoiding any probing or distressing content. Questions about sleep, emotions, and dreams were asked in a general, reflective manner rather than in a therapeutic or diagnostic framework. Given the minimal-risk nature of the study, no formal institutional ethics board approval was necessary; however, the research strictly followed educational and psychological best practices and upheld all ethical guidelines recommended for research involving minors. The data collected has been presented only in aggregate form and used solely for academic purposes. No individual responses have been or will be shared. All physical and digital data will be securely stored and deleted after a reasonable retention period, not exceeding twelve months. This research aims to positively contribute to the understanding of adolescent dream patterns and their psychological dimensions. By providing insights into the emotional undercurrents that surface in dreams, the study hopes to raise awareness of mental and emotional well-being among teenagers, encourage dialogue around inner experiences, and pave the way for further research in adolescent psychology. This research project titled "Psychology of Dreams: An Adolescent Perspective" is an independent, student-led academic inquiry conducted for educational purposes only. It is not affiliated with any formal research institution, clinical body, or government organization. The information presented in this study is based on data voluntarily provided by participants aged 14 to 18 and is intended solely for academic and awareness purposes. It is not a substitute for professional psychological advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Any interpretations offered in this paper are grounded in general psychological theory and personal analysis and should not be construed as clinical judgments or therapeutic conclusions. Every effort has been made to maintain participant confidentiality, minimize harm, and adhere to widely accepted ethical standards in educational and psychological research. Participation was voluntary, with verbal and written consent provided by the participants or their legal guardians. No identifying personal data has been disclosed at any point in this research. The views, findings, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the researcher and do not necessarily reflect the perspectives of any educational institution, organization, or external reviewer. Readers and evaluators are encouraged to approach the content of this study with an academic mindset, respecting its status as a student project grounded in genuine effort, integrity, and an interest in advancing adolescent mental health awareness.

This study examines the relationship between employment status and dream content using a dataset of 6,478 dream reports collected from Reddit. We used machine learning to analyze thematic differences between unemployed individuals and a control group. The results revealed that the dreams of unemployed individuals demonstrated an underrepresentation of surprise and visual observations alongside an overrepresentation of work-related topics. These patterns suggest that unemployment is associated with distinct alterations in dream content, reflecting reduced cognitive engagement and heightened preoccupation with occupational concerns. This study establishes the feasibility of leveraging large-scale, publicly available data to explore the dream content of subpopulations.

The FiveStar Method (Sparrow, 2013; Sparrow & Thurston, 2010) incorporates Dream Reliving (Sparrow, 1982; Sparrow, Thurston and Carlson, 2015) into a structured five-step approach to dreamwork based on co-creative dream theory (Rossi, 1972), which asserts that the dream is indeterminate from the outset and co-created in real time through the interaction between a responsive dream ego and emergent generic content. The FSM incorporates an analysis and rescripting of the dreamer’s responses toward an overall goal of improving one’s responses to future dreams and parallel waking scenarios. As such, it represents an extended application of DR through an exchange between the dreamer/client and the therapist (or group). From the standpoint of trauma and nightmare resolution, the FSM deviates from the interpretive goals of content-focused dreamwork by making increased client self-awareness and agency the central focus of the dreamwork.

Ce volume rassemble les communications prononcées lors du colloque consacré à Jerzy Giedroyc et Kultura (Sorbonne, octobre 2021) co-organisé par les éditeurs, l'Institut de la Mémoire nationale de Pologne et le Centre parisien de l'Académie polonaise des sciences . À la rédaction ont pris part Françoise Philippe-Raynaud, Bruno Ribard et Andrzej Bernhardt que nous tenons à remercier vivement . ISBN (Association Institut Littéraire Kultura) 978-2-494695-00-9 ISBN (Centre de civilisation polonaise, Sorbonne-Université) 978-2-900463-07-9

Beginning from his chilhood,Jung had given great importance to dreams.This interest went on scientific field. In his studies about dreams, he had referred to mythology, religion and different cultures. According to Jung, dream's source is uncoscious. The archtypes which are uncoscious, are transformed to symbols in dream. In order to understand the content of dreams,the meaning 1

2 Relationships between personality, cortisol, dreaming and memory Adrian Parsons Supervisor: Ridwana Timol Page 2. 3 ... Further, neuroticism and introspectiveness have also been shown to have small but significant positive correlations (Blagrove & Akehurst, 2000; Hartmann ...

Aims: Report length is an indicator of dream recall, cognitive activity of the dreamer and biases due to recording data in the laboratory as opposed to at home. The aim was to investigate the way in which the number of characters, aggressions and emotions affect report length. Method: Hall and Van de Castle’s normative data were taken from DreamBank.net, composed of the dreams of 491 women and 499 men, all of them university students. Data were extracted on the number of characters, aggressions and emotions in the dreams. Subsequently, the relationship between these variables and report length was analysed. A multiple correspondence analysis was also carried out to explore the relationship of emotions and aggressions involving the Dream Self with the number of characters and report length. Results: A significant relationship was found between report length and the number of characters (r=.47, p<.001), the number of aggressions (r=.21, p<.001) and the number of emotions (r=.26, p<.001). The correspondence analysis showed that report length was associated with non-physical aggressions, a greater number of characters and emotion (anger). However, other emotions such as apprehension, happiness, sadness and confusion also produced significant differences in the number of words in the report. A clear differentiation between physical and non-physical aggressions was also observed. Conclusions: The presence of more characters, the role of the Dream Self as the aggressor or victim, and emotions were related to an increase in the length of dream reports. More complex dreams required more words in order to report them. The results show that physical aggressions should be analysed differentially from non-physical aggressions. The latter are associated with threats of a social nature, involving greater anger and more characters.

Un total de 236 despertares correspondientes a 169 participantes han sido analizados con una escala de 31 ítems. Se demuestra que la ansiedad al despertar es un fenómeno multidimensional que ha podido ser evaluado con una validez factorial adecuada (KMO = .906). La estructura interna del cuestionario utilizado para ello evidencia la necesidad de distinguir dos manifestaciones generales de la ansiedad. La primera por exceso de activación y, la segunda, por defecto del esperado efecto reparador-reactivador del dormir. Se han observado relaciones significativas generadas por el sexo de los participantes, edad, frecuencia de sus pesadillas, o por el hecho de despertar espontáneamente o no.

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo del estudio es explorar las características de los personajes de los sueños relacionadas con la ansiedad en el momento del despertar, así como la posibilidad de utilizar estas características para confeccionar un cuestionario administrado a los soñantes, alternativo a los métodos tradicionales de codificación del contenido mediante jueces entrenados, como el de Hall y Van Castle y el de Gottschalk Gleser. Material y métodos: Una muestra de 169 voluntarios calificaron con adjetivos a los personajes de sus sueños; se analizaron mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio, con rotación ortogonal, aquellas características de los personajes relacionadas con la ansiedad al despertar. Resultados: Con 37 características de los personajes se obtuvieron un índice de adecuación de la muestra KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) de .83 y un 33.87% de la varianza explicada. Se extrajeron cuatro factores: Amenaza Psicológica, Auxiliar, Amenaza Terrorífica y Espectador/Víctima. Sus correspondientes coeficientes Alpha oscilaron entre .85 y .73, Y se halló una correlación significativa (p < .05) entre entre tres de los factores y la ansiedad de los sujetos al despertar. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que los cuestionarios administrados a los sujetos sobre sus propios sueños son una alternativa fiable y válida en la evaluación del contenido de los sueños. La información obtenida de los personajes permite la evaluación del sueño y aporta unos indicadores que permiten una interpretación sencilla, que no contiene sesgos debidos al evaluador ni a la habilidad del sujeto para crear un relato.

Introducción: La evaluación de la ansiedad en el momento del despertar es un aspecto clave en trastornos del sueño tales como el de las pesadillas, los terrores nocturnos y el estrés postraumático. El Cuestionario de Evaluación de la Ansiedad al Despertar (CEAD) se centra en el momento en el que cesa la conducta de dormir. El CEAD tiene un coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach de .87 y recoge información fisiológica y cognitiva. Objetivo: Realizar una ponderación de los ítems del CEAD e ilustrar los relatos de sueños asociados a sus puntuaciones. Material y métodos: Se han utilizado 236 cuestionarios respondidos por 169 personas. Para ponderar los ítems se han utilizado puntuaciones transformadas por el método Rankit del estudio original y los correspondientes coeficientes factoriales del primer factor extraído. Los coeficientes factoriales se calcularon tras un análisis factorial con extracción por mínimos cuadrados no ponderados y una rotación quartimax. Resultados: Se ha obtenido una tabla de ponderaciones con una distribución no uniforme. También se presentan los percentiles y otros estadísticos relevantes. Estos criterios permiten una evaluación sencilla de la ansiedad en el momento del despertar. Una vez aplicados estos criterios, el relato con mayor puntuación describe la tragedia tras un accidente de tráfico (no real), en la que la persona despierta llorando y confusa. El relato con menor puntuación recoge la escena en una clase de pintura con un ambiente de colaboración entre los alumnos. Conclusiones: El CEAD aporta un criterio independiente y fiable para la valoración clínica de los relatos de los sueños que el paciente trae a la terapia. Para el clínico la valoración es menos costosa que la aplicación de métodos de análisis de contenido como el de Hall y Van de Casttle.

Introducción: Existen pocos instrumentos que permitan evaluar el contenido de los sueños. Su aplicación es útil en parasomnias, estrés postraumático y para probar modelos como el de la Teoría de Simulación de Amenazas (Revonsuo 2000). Objetivos: Obtener las ponderaciones y los estadísticos básicos de un cuestionario autoadministrado que evalúe el contenido amenazante de los sueños. Material y métodos: Se han calculado las ponderaciones para una subescala de Amenazas Sociales (AS) y otra de Amenazas Terroríficas (AT) a partir de 154 sueños de mujeres y 65 sueños de hombres, tomando las puntuaciones típicas y los coeficientes factoriales de un estudio anterior (Saez-Uribarri 2008). Las ponderaciones fueron posteriormente transformadas para que las puntuaciones mínimas y máximas oscilaran entre 0 y 10. Resultados: Las correlaciones con las puntuaciones factoriales del estudio original han sido r=.97 para AS y r=.93 para AT. El coeficiente de fiabilidad alfa fue de .85 y de .78 respectivamente y, con el método de las dos mitades .87 y .79. En cuanto a la validez, la correlación con la Ansiedad General al Despertar es significativa para AS (Rho=.31, p<.001) y para AT (Rho=.26, p<.001). Las subescalas no mostraron diferencias significativas cuando el despertar se produjo mediante un estímulo externo. Sí se observó una relación inversa con la edad en AS (Rho=-.31, p<.001) y en AT (Rho=-.36, p<.001), así como rangos medios menores en hombres para AT (Z=2.0, p=.046). Conclusiones: El cuestionario autoadministrado de evaluación de amenazas en sueños es aplicable en la clínica y en investigación.

Objectives. Controlling for report length in dream content analysis comprises a significant methodological problem. Individual differences occur in report length which can influence category coding and rating scales. Differences are also found in dream content by sex and age. The aim of this study is to determine the bias of certain variables in dream content analysis when using rating scales, coding systems and questionnaires. As such, an evaluation was performed of the bias of these variables on the relationship between anxiety upon awakening, social threats and terrifying threats established in a previous study. Methods. The sample consisted of 215 dreams collected by means of questionnaires in dreamers' homes on the same day. 63 belonged to men and 152 to women. The dreamer's level of anxiety upon awakening from the dream remembered on that day was assessed with the CEAD. The level of Social Threat (TS) and Terrifying Threat (TT) in the dream content was also assessed. Subjects were asked at what time they had gone to sleep and what time they had woken up in order to calculate the number of hours' sleep. They were also asked at what time they were completing the questionnaire in order to calculate how long had passed since they had woken up. Nightmare frequency was measured on a 6-point scale with values ranging from almost never to every day. Other variables entered into the analysis were sex, age, and the number of words and number of dream characters in the dream report. The dreamers themselves were excluded from the number of dream characters. Results. Use of the Mann-Whitney U found significant differences by sex in dreamers' nightmare frequency (z= -2.53, p=.011, n=209) and hours' sleep (z= -2.51 p=.012, n=209). A significant correlation was also found between the number of dream characters and the number of words in dream reports (rho=.54, p<.001, n=213). Furthermore, dreams with a greater number of characters or with more extensive reports presented a higher level of Social or Terrifying Threat. However, the relationship between report length (RL) and Threats turned out to be spurious: on eliminating the effect of the number of characters, the relationship disappeared (rRL-TS= -.006, p< .937, df= 178 ; rRL-TT= .043, p= .563, df=178).

Aims: The scientific study of dreams is crucial for validating certain psychological theories. This necessitates a reliable quantitative approach which allows for the empirical verification of hypotheses. The best accepted and most commonly used quantitative method in scientific research on dreams is the one devised by Hall and Van De Castle (1966). The reliability of three of the scales belonging to this method was therefore evaluated. Methods: Two independent judges coded 50 dreams of Spanish-speaking subjects on the Characters, Emotions and Aggression scales. The frequencies of the codes of each of these scales were obtained for each dream. Subsequently, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used as a measure of reliability between the two judges. Results: The number of characters (.90) and emotions (.90) scales showed good reliability. The reliability of the number of aggressions was acceptable (.83). Specific codes also obtained good reliability, such as the frequency of known characters (.94) and the frequency of physical aggressions (.92). Acceptable reliabilities were found for the frequency of occupational identification (.77) and the emotions of anger (.80) and apprehension (.84). Nevertheless, the reliability of other values was clearly insufficient: frequency of strangers (.58) and uncertain characters (.66), the emotions of confusion (.66), happiness (.63) and sadness (.34), as well as the frequency of social aggressions (.52). Conclusions: The three general scales of the method that were studied were found to be adequate for quantifying dream content. Other important indicators also allow reliable information to be obtained on dreams. However, the reliability of a good number of values of these scales is inadequate. It is necessary to confirm these results given their implications for scientific research on dreams.

Objectives: The possibility that dreams constitute an evolutionary advantage for survival is currently being discussed. Dreams may provide a safe virtual environment to practise avoidance behaviours, providing evolutionarily useful implicit learning. This study therefore sought to evaluate the quantitative importance of threats to the dream self and its avoidance behaviours. Methods: Eight self-descriptive adjectives were selected corresponding to 235 dreams: threatened, pursued, attacked, captured, detained, fleeing, struggling and fighting. A threatening dream was defined as one in which the dream self is described by one of these adjectives. An avoidance/confrontation dream was defined as one in which the dream self is described by one of the last three adjectives in the list. Results: According to this classification, 128 dreams (54.5%) were identified in which the dream self perceived a threat. In 96 of them, the dream self performed an action involving avoidance/confrontation (75.0%). Conclusions: The dream self feels threatened in over half of dreams. This is an extremely relevant phenomenon from a quantitative perspective which must be accounted for by any theory which seeks to explain the function of dreams. Equally important is the attitude of the dream self, which defends itself from the threat on three out of four occasions. These data support the idea that dreams may consist of a form of implicit learning, offering support to theories of an evolutionary nature.

The passage of art from the sphere of the sacred and ritual to that of politics and mass communication did not at all favor a democratic revolution but ended up conferring new forms of power in the hands of the capitalist technocrats who control the cultural industry.

The omnipresent virtuality of social media marks, paradoxically, "the end of the social" (Baudrillard).

Ultimately, the desacralization of art has allowed art to penetrate all cultural fields (political, social, economic, scientific), as the avant-gardes preached, but this has not translated into a liberation but rather into a new form of oppression, a dictatorship of images without aura that dominates the "spectacular society" unchallenged. The mediated experience (Erlebnis) has engulfed the real one (Erfahrung) taking possession of the minds and souls of the masses, reduced to cerebral mush by a continuous visual electro-shock, an infinite psychic torture porn, a hyper-estrangement, the crime Perfect.

" The combined action of psycho-technologies - infotainment, atrocity exhibition, pornography, advertising, psycho-pharmacology - produces a lethal cocktail capable of transforming anyone into a potential Mr. Hyde, a ruthless, primordial, demonic being, he and the only one who, 'among humans, was pure evil' ”

Objectives: Is it possible to evaluate a person’s level of anxiety based solely on their report? To answer this question, it was verified whether content exists in dreams which is related to the level of anxiety at the time when the person awakens. Methods: The Hall and Van De Castle (1966) method was used to code 132 dreams. The coding frequencies of Characters, Emotions and Aggressions were obtained for each dream. Additionally, on the same day that the dream occurred, dreamers also completed the CEAD (Saez-Uribarri, 2011), a questionnaire designed specifically to evaluate the level of anxiety upon awakening (alpha = 0.87, in this study). Pearson’s correlations were calculated and a stepwise linear regression was conducted. Results: Six report variables were obtained related to anxiety upon awakening: presence of men, babies, threat of serious injury, the emotion apprehension, presence of groups of people and presence of adults. A model was obtained with the first four variables with R = 0.40 (P < 0.001). The model improves (R = 0.52) with the presence of groups of people, the dreamer’s baby and verbal aggressions. Conclusions: The frequency of certain content is related to the state of anxiety of dreamers when they awaken. The results are promising but insufficient. Improvement of the model could allow for the construction of indicators of anxiety based solely on dream reports and perhaps the construction of a causal model.

Even the most studiously factual account of the past survives nothing but the future it could not predict. This speculative essay addresses the appropriative element of the moving image from the familiar vantage points of time, memory, history, and the archive. The text first focuses on the problematic of «synchronization»: the compensatory gesture of the moving image that aims to cancel, transcend, and preserve the latter’s intrinsically out-of-sync character. A discussion of realism and authenticity enters at this sublime disjunction and highlights the art form as a «retroactively prophetic» image. By synchronizing diegetic and mechanical time, the unfurling resemblance in realism combines «make-believe» and «make-do», from which results a structural fetish. This fetish, the essay proposes, becomes the essential and contradictory condition of possibility for authenticity in the moving image.

Carl Gustav Jung was born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, Switzerland, into a family deeply rooted in religious tradition. His father, Paul Jung, served as a Protestant pastor, while his mother, Emilie Preiswerk, came from a family with strong spiritual inclinations. This religious environment significantly shaped Jung's early psychological development and his later theories about the human psyche.

Rüya Enstitüsü olarak 01.12.2024 - 20.12.2024 tarihleri arasında yürüttüğümüz Rüya Temaları Araştırmamız, 2024 yılında görülen rüyaların genel karakteristik özelliklerini belirlemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bunun için demografik soruların yanında, madde bağımlılığı, uyku ve psikopatolojik durum gibi rüya temalarını etkileyebilecek sorular sorulmuştur. Buna ek olarak rüyalardaki genel duygudurum, rüya ve uyanık yaşam arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıklar; kabus, tekrarlayan rüya, lüsid rüya ve prekognitif rüyalar gibi bazı rüya türleri kategorik olarak sorulmuştur. Yine 2024 yılında Türkiye’de ve dünyada gerçekleşen toplumsal olayların rüyalara olan etkileri sorularak rüyanın sosyal psikolojik etkilenimlere açıklığı araştırılmıştır. Buna göre anketimizde öne çıkan bazı sonuçları aşağıda açıklamaya çalışacağız. Ankete toplam katılım 153 kişidir.

During dreaming, the brain inhibits input from the senses and blocks motor
output. The miracle is that, despite a lack of contact with the senses and a
temporary paralysis, the brain continues to generate densely meaningful
first-person scenarios. What justifies this purely imaginative procedure that
leaves people so vulnerable to predators? A great deal of neuroanatomical
evidence suggests that during REM sleep, the brain prunes exuberant
synaptic connections. In so doing, the brain simplifies overly complex
models of the world formed during the day to deal with noisy scenarios
and renders them more generalizable to the future. Freud likened the
mandate of dreaming to the task an illustrator faces in coming up with a
single illustration to represent the day’s headlines. In my view, this process
of condensation is not a method of disguise, as Freud believed, but the very
function of dreaming, and it has a temporal signature. Dreams reveal and
simplify past happenings by generating tight fictional narratives around
similar schemas, exposing by analogy the deep invariant structures of the
stories by which people organize their lives.

This conceptual study examines dreams as portals to the collective unconscious, facilitating access to alternate selves across multiple universes. This research suggests that dreams extend beyond individual experiences, offering a direct encounter with parallel realities. Jung's theory posits that the collective unconscious contains universal symbols shared across humanity, which emerge in dreams, transcending personal experiences. In this context, dreams are hypothesized not merely as reflections, simulations or metaverses but as experiential pathways into these alternate realities where various self-identities exist and interact. By merging insights from neuroscience and psychology, this study presents a model where consciousness might engage with these alternate universes through dreams. This interaction allows individuals to explore potential lives and decisions in parallel worlds. This approach deepens the theoretical understanding of dreams and opens new possibilities for personal development, therapeutic practices, and management decision-making, challenging traditional perceptions of consciousness and psychological research. This research underscores the potential of dreams to influence and expand our conceptualization of the self within the vast landscape of the multiverse.

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

In his Anthropology, Hegel uses two apparently contradictory terms to refer to the soul: one is the "awakening of the soul" (Erwachen der Seele), and the other is the "sleeping of the spirit" (Schlafen des Geistes). In this paper, I will discuss how the soul awakens and, at the same time, remains a sleeping of the spirit. In this context, the problem of the distinction between waking and sleeping, or even dreaming, arises. We argue that in order to explain the non-contradiction between the awakening of the soul and the sleeping of the spirit, it is necessary to pay attention to the differences that Hegel establishes between wakefulness and sleeping or dreaming. I further argue that it is the intermediate position of the soul, between nature and spirit, that makes it possible for it to be both an awakening and a sleeping at the same time.

Jung çocukluk yıllarından itibaren rüyalara karşı büyük bir ilgi duymuştur. Bu ilgi daha sonra bilimsel alanda sürmüştür. Rüya çalışmalarında mitoloji, din ve farklı kültürlerden yararlanmıştır. Jung’a göre rüyanın kaynağı bilinçdışıdır. Bilinçdışında bulunan arketipler rüyada sembollere dönüşürler. Rüyaların içeriğini anlamak için bu sembollerin anlamlarının iyi bilinmesi gerekir. Jung rüyaları büyük rüyalar, ortak rüyalar ve çocukluk dönemi rüyaları olmak üzere üçe ayırır. Rüyaların birçok fonksiyonları olduğunu savunur. En önemli fonksiyonu ise bilinç ve bilinçdışı arasında dengeleyici olmasıdır. Bunun yanında ödünleme, kehanet, dini mesaj, nevrozları yansıtma fonksiyonları vardır. Jung’a göre rüya analizi için bir rüya yeterli değildir. Rüya analizi için bir dizi rüya gerekir. Başlangıçta rüya analizi için aktif hayal metodunu kullanmış, daha sonra ise aktif hayal kurmayı da içine alan amplifikasyon yöntemini geliştirmiştir.Beginning from his chilhood,Jung had given great import...

Ce volume rassemble les communications prononcées lors du colloque consacré à Jerzy Giedroyc et Kultura (Sorbonne, octobre 2021) co-organisé par les éditeurs, l'Institut de la Mémoire nationale de Pologne et le Centre parisien de l'Académie polonaise des sciences . À la rédaction ont pris part Françoise Philippe-Raynaud, Bruno Ribard et Andrzej Bernhardt que nous tenons à remercier vivement . ISBN (Association Institut Littéraire Kultura) 978-2-494695-00-9 ISBN (Centre de civilisation polonaise, Sorbonne-Université) 978-2-900463-07-9

Tekrarlayan rüyalar bütün rüya türlerinin içinde en ilginç olanlardan biridir. Rüyaların anlamları henüz tamamen anlaşılabilmiş olmamakla birlikte anlaşılır kılınan önemli bir tarafı da bulunuyor. Neden rüya görüyoruz, rüyaların anlamı var mı ve varsa nedir, rüyalar kişisel tecrübelere mi yoksa başka yaşamlara mı işaret ediyor, rüyaları önemsemeli miyiz vb birçok sorunun etrafında rüya araştırmaları hızla devam ediyor. Rüyaları inceleyen nörolojik, psikolojik, inançsal, spiritüel ve sanatsal yaklaşımlar bulunuyor. Bu yazıda tekrarlayan rüyaların psikolojik boyutlarına odaklanacağız.

Empirical investigations that search for a link between dreaming and sleep-dependent memory consolidation have focused on testing for an association between dreaming of what was learned, and improved memory performance for learned material. Empirical support for this is mixed, perhaps owing to the inherent challenges presented by the nature of dreams, and methodological inconsistencies. The purpose of this paper is to address critically prevalent assumptions and practices, with the aim of clarifying and enhancing research on this topic, chiefly by providing a theoretical synthesis of existing models and evidence. Also, it recommends the method of Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) as a means for investigating if dream content can be linked to specific cued activations. Other recommendations to enhance research practice and enquiry on this subject are also provided, focusing on the HOW and WHY we search for memory sources in dreams, and what purpose (if any) they might serve.

Expanding on studies of the incidence and valence of emotions in dreams and their relationship with waking life satisfaction, home and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dreams were collected from 30 late adulthood and 28 young women who had filled out a life satisfaction scale. Four positive and 4 negative dream emotions were self-rated. Both groups reported more emotions, with greater intensity, in home dreams than in REM dreams, particularly the older group. Regardless of age, intensity of negative emotions was lower in laboratory dreams than in home dreams, but there was no difference for positive emotions. The older women's home dreams had fewer negative emotions, with lower intensity, than did the young women's. Life satisfaction did not differ between age groups and was not significantly related to dream emotions. These results reinforce the distinction between home and laboratory dreams and question the relation between dream emotions and life satisfaction.

This essay assesses the infl uence of television on the fi lmmaking of Andy Warhol, especially in the early period of black-and-white silents. It argues that Warhol's fi lms incorporate a televisual temporality, defi ned by extended duration, "liveness," and the use of "dead time." It analyzes at length Soap Opera (1964), which represents a mimetic appropriation of television, and Outer and Inner Space (1965), which entails a modernist reworking of the medium.

Despite the increasing interest in sleep and dream-related processes of emotion regulation, their reflection into wake and dream emotional experience remains unclear. Here, we aimed to assess dream emotions and their relationships with wake emotions through the modified Differential Emotions Scale (Fredrickson, 2003), which includes a broad array of both positive and negative emotions. The scale has been first validated on 212 healthy Italian participants, in two versions: a WAKE-2wks form, assessing the frequency of 22 emotions over the past 2 weeks, and a WAKE-24hr form, assessing their intensity over the past 24 h. Fifty volunteers from the wider sample completed the WAKE-24hr mDES for several days until a dream was recalled, and dream emotions were self-reported using the same scale. A bifactorial structure was confirmed for both mDES forms, which also showed good validity and reliability. Though Positive and Negative Affect (average intensity of positive and negative items, PA,...

Dream is commonly used to express an unattainable ideal or a very deep and strong desire. Neurophysiological correlation of dreaming are still unclear and many questions remain unresolved, i.e. whether the images in dreams emerge randomly from the brain or they are controlled by currently known/unknown parameters and are determined by any rules; whether dreaming has any meaningful function or it just a byproduct of sleep, etc. Psychoanalytical perspective in cognitive neuroscience helps to achieve a comprehensive understanding of dreaming but it is challenging to interpret rationally. Thus, close interaction between neuroscience and psychoanalysis would probably take the dream research to a new height.   Key words: Dream, brain activity, REM sleep, NREM sleep.

In seinem lange verschwundenen letzten Manuskript »Psychopathology of Awareness«, 2019 schließlich veröff entlicht, bekräft igt Perls sein Vorhaben, der Gestalttherapie ein umfassendes Weltbild zugrunde zu legen. Neben den bis dahin bekannten Grundlagen und wichtigsten Quellen weist er auf das bisher nirgendwo zitierte Buch Th e Next Development in Man (1944) von Lancelot Law Whyte hin. Auf dieser Basis wagt die Autorin den Versuch einer »Reanimierung« der von Perls als unfertig empfundenen Grundlagentheorie. Das könnte als Ansatz zu einer prägnanten und umfassenden Th eorie der Gestalttherapie dienen, wie sie sich Fritz Perls vorstellte, mit logisch daraus ableitbaren Interventionen. Lässt sich hier eine altehrwürdige »Gestaltperspektive« quasi »runderneuern«? Derzeit ist sie als ein »Work in Progress« zu verstehen. Ergänzend werden mit den Konzepten »Denkmethode« und »Denkstil« Tools angeboten, mit denen man den Perls'schen Ansatz und die inzwischen zahlreichen Varianten der Gestalttherapie in eine übersichtliche Ordnung bringen könnte.

A nominal scale with 15 descriptive categories ordered in three general classes was designed. Being more complete than previous scales it captures systematically formal and content aspects of bizarreness. The data consisted of 39 REM-dream reports and 12 presleep waking fantasies (triggered by a stimulus scene) collected from 6 subjects in 12 experimental nights. The reports were rated by 4 independent judges according to the scale and for comparison according to a global (0-5) rating in bizarreness. Interrater-reliability pairwise for each category was: 61-100%. Corrected bias for low frequencies: Cohen's kappa was 0.06-0.56. Category frequencies correlated 0.82-0.86 validly with the global judgement (0-5).

This article examines the ways in which violent international horror films of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s – the kinds of films once banned as &#39;video nasties&#39; in Britain – have impacted on the creative directions of British film-makers today. Using three case studies, Creep (2004), The Last Horror Movie (2003) and The Devil&#39;s Chair (2007), I draw upon the significance that new British horror&#39;s violent spectacle may hold for the British cultural past and present, and consider how its graphic aesthetic correlates/conflicts with broader issues surrounding international horror cinema&#39;s production and reception. Acknowledging the recent American phenomenon of torture porn, I display how certain British film-makers, themselves fans of the genre, utilize their fan appreciation to recall significant international texts that have a historical weight that resonates with the social unease that followed the introduction of VHS into Thatcherite Britain. In doing so, I of...

Kabuslarla ilgili okuma yapmak istediğimde çeşitli bloglarda yazılanlar dışında derli toplu bir bilgi kaynağı bulamadığım için bu yazıyı kaleme almaya karar verdim. Böylece "korkulu düşler" hakkında araştırma yapmak isteyenlerin erişebileceği temel düzeyde bir kaynak oluşturmayı amaçlıyorum. Herkes hayatında en az 1 kez kabus görmüştür. Kabuslar, hem korku hem de ilham kaynağı olabilecek bir potansiyel taşımaktadır. Bu yazıyla size kabuslar hakkında genel bir çerçeve sunmaya çalışacağım. Bu yazı kişisel tecrübelerim, danışanlarımın aktardıkları ve literatür taramalarından oluşmaktadır. Kabuslar tanımı, etimoloji Kabuslar bütün rüyalar içinde her zaman ayrı bir öneme sahip olan bir yaşantı olarak bugüne geldi. Güçlü negatif duygular içermesi sebebiyle uykuyu bölen, uykuya dalmayı zorlaştıran, ertesi günlerin duygusunu belirleyen bir rüya olarak kabuslar her zaman insanların dikkatini çekti. Bu yazı kabuslarla ilgili bilgileri genel hatlarıyla toparlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Dreams can sometimes incorporate external sensory stimuli (e.g. sounds, smells and physical sensations) into their course and content, either directly or indirectly. This shows that the brain is still able to monitor, process, and perceive what is happening in the surrounding environment during sleep. This study, considered a pilot study due to only a small number of participants, aimed to examine stimulus incorporation in dreams using two auditory stimuli of different languages-one semantically meaningful to participants and one non-meaningful. We hypothesised that participants exposed to the semantically meaningful language would all report similar experiences to each other, and different from those exposed to the non-meaningful language. All participants first spent several weeks improving their dream recall abilities, and then came to the Sleep and Cognition Laboratory at the University of Lincoln for a two hour morning nap, during which a stimulus was played to them in Rapid-Eye-Movement (REM) sleep. They were awoken shortly after to provide a dream report. All dreams contained conversation or speech of some description, but due to participants' poor verbal memory for dream speech, we could not conclusively say that the stimuli were responsible for this effect. There were, however, at least two dreams with strong evidence to suggest that the stimuli were directly incorporated. Q-Methodology was used to assess similarity of dream experience. This resulted in three distinct factors: (1) calm, consistent, slightly emotional dreams; (2) emotional, normal, understandable dreams; and (3) unstable, inconsistent, unrealistic dreams. The configuration of factors amongst participants did not fully meet the predictions of the hypothesis; however, positive participant feedback on Q-sorting their dream experiences gives promise and potential for the use of Q-Methodology in future dream research. Future studies should employ an unstimulated control condition, train participants to improve verbal recall of dream speech, and ultimately, develop a theory of dreaming that includes a plausible explanation of external stimulus incorporation.

Dreams can sometimes incorporate external sensory stimuli (e.g. sounds, smells and physical sensations) into their course and content, either directly or indirectly. This shows that the brain is still able to monitor, process, and perceive what is happening in the surrounding environment during sleep. This study, considered a pilot study due to only a small number of participants, aimed to examine stimulus incorporation in dreams using two auditory stimuli of different languages-one semantically meaningful to participants and one non-meaningful. We hypothesised that participants exposed to the semantically meaningful language would all report similar experiences to each other, and different from those exposed to the non-meaningful language. All participants first spent several weeks improving their dream recall abilities, and then came to the Sleep and Cognition Laboratory at the University of Lincoln for a two hour morning nap, during which a stimulus was played to them in Rapid-Eye-Movement (REM) sleep. They were awoken shortly after to provide a dream report. All dreams contained conversation or speech of some description, but due to participants' poor verbal memory for dream speech, we could not conclusively say that the stimuli were responsible for this effect. There were, however, at least two dreams with strong evidence to suggest that the stimuli were directly incorporated. Q-Methodology was used to assess similarity of dream experience. This resulted in three distinct factors: (1) calm, consistent, slightly emotional dreams; (2) emotional, normal, understandable dreams; and (3) unstable, inconsistent, unrealistic dreams. The configuration of factors amongst participants did not fully meet the predictions of the hypothesis; however, positive participant feedback on Q-sorting their dream experiences gives promise and potential for the use of Q-Methodology in future dream research. Future studies should employ an unstimulated control condition, train participants to improve verbal recall of dream speech, and ultimately, develop a theory of dreaming that includes a plausible explanation of external stimulus incorporation.

Noting that there has been an increasing sharing of ideas between psychoanalysts and analytical psychologists within the past decade, the authors, all Jungian analysts, survey Jung's clinical theory in an effort to identify areas where psychoanalytic clinicians might find Jung's concepts helpful. They discuss Jung's approach to the dream, his understanding of psychotherapy as a dialectical procedure, and the theory of complexes and archetypes. They also review how Jung's notions of the Self and individuation are used in contemporary Jungian practice. A dream of a man in his mid-30s is presented to illustrate how these formulations can facilitate understanding of the patient and the analytic process.

____________________________________________________________ Doubravka OLŠÁKOVÁ La réception de l'école des Annales dans les revues d'histoire tchèques au cours des années 1960 ____________________________________________________________ Référence électronique / electronic reference : Doubravka Olšáková, « La réception de l'école des Annales dans les revues d'histoire tchèques au cours des années 1960 », Cahiers du CEFRES. N° 29, L'inspiration française dans les sciences sociales en Pays tchèques (ed. Pavla Horská, Martin Nodl).

Since Freud’s “The interpretation of Dreams”, working with dreams has continued to play a major role in psychoanalysis, though different perspectives have developed about the function and meaning of dreams. This controversy is discussed on the background of findings in empirical as well as clinical dream research. In this paper, the research method Structural Dream Analysis is introduced which investigates the changes in structure of dreams over the course of psychotherapy. The method is applied to the specimen case Amalia X, which is considered to be the best investigated case in the history of psychotherapy research. Based on the results from this case and from other studies, the implications for psychoanalytic dream theories, namely those of Jung and Freud, are discussed.

2. La dénomination varie. On a parlé auparavant de « querelle du panthéisme », ce qui constitue un concept trop étroit. Ceci vaut aussi pour « querelle sur Spinoza » (Spinoza-Streit), car la question d'une interprétation pertinente de Spinoza n'était qu'une des nombreuses questions. C'est plutôt l'actualisation de la pensée de Spinoza qui occupait le devant de la scène, si bien que « querelle du spinozisme » semble plus approprié. Pour la littérature secondaire :

Despite the large number of studies addressing gender differences in dream recall and dream content, research regarding whether these differences might be affected by sex role orientation is rather scarce. The present online-survey included a large sample of most recent dreams. The results clearly indicate that sex role orientation (femininity/expressivity and masculinity/instrumentality) affect the same dream characteristics that show marked gender differences (e.g., sexual dream content, physical aggression). Whereas the effect of sex role orientation on dream content support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming, the effect of biological sex on dream content does not exclude that other variables (such as, for example, the amount of sexual fantasies during waking) have an effect on dream content in addition to sex role orientation. Thus, future studies have to elicit more waking-life variables in order to model the varying daytime experiences of men and women in order to investiga...

Moses Mendelssohn published his Morning Hours or Lectures on the Existence of God in 1785, that is: four years after the publication of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. We know that Kant in his work had explained the fundamental mistake at the origin of the illusion in the “transcendental” proofs of the existence of God: the implicit interrelation between the ontological and the cosmological arguments. However, it seems that Mendelssohn did not take notice of the warning issued by Kant, the alles Zermallmer, since in his lectures he ingenuously falls into the trap and commits the mistake in question.

Validated instruments for the analysis of dream contents are still scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate the Dreamland Questionnaire (DL-Q) by comparing its results to those of the Hall and van de Castle Coding System (HVDC). Twenty-two participants voluntarily filled in a written dream report as well as our DL-Q questionnaire, in total 30 dreams were collected with both measures. Written reports were analyzed with the HVDC and results of the two instruments were compared using Pearson correlations. Results showed that correlations were high for dominant characters, pleasantness of dream content, and body-related experiences. However, some DL-Q items showed low correlations and others could not be compared directly, as the HVDC did not include the same set of items. The DL-Q showed satisfactory validity and reliability as a measure of dream criteria and may serve as an effective tool for diagnosis and evaluation and facilitate future clinical and research studies. Nevertheless, some items could not be compared as part of this study and should be validated in future investigations.