Environmental GIS

It has long been acknowledged that there is a gap between the advancement of GIS in the research field and its application in planning practice. This paper demonstrates the potential for employing simple GIS mapping overlays as a way of communicating complex planning issues in a ‘language’ that is easily understandable and effective at stimulating policy debate, critical thinking, and learning. The analysis focuses on capturing the synergies and conflicts in two key planning challenges in England, progrowth and housing delivery agendas. In a political context where spatial evidence-based policy making has been eroded in recent years, the analysis demonstrates the need for policy makers to ‘think spatially, act spatially’ when developing different policies and programmes. The paper concludes that only by making spatial relationships of policies and programmes explicit in a manner that is easily understood by a range of actors, can different spatial scenarios and metaphors of future opportunities and challenges be developed to inform long-range development and planning.

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used to produce a land use/land cover map classification for Igbokoda. In determining the extent of land use/land cover changes in the township from 1986 through 1999 to 2013, Landsat images of the town were downloaded from the United State Geological Survey online archive. The images were analyzed using change detection technique (NDVI differencing) along with SRTM 90m DEM of the study area to generate the extent of the changes that have occurred. Ground trotting was carried out to ascertain the accuracy of data and the major changes in the land use/land cover. Results show that vegetation has decreased from 75.04% in 1986 to 46.81% in 2013 which was due to increase in population and rapid urbanization. In 1996 the Built-up area covers 19.6321 km2 of the study area but has increased rapidly to 39.1505 km2 in the year 1999 with an average annual increment of 2.025Km2/year. By the year 2013, the built-up area has increased to 64.1520Km2. Also in the same vein, the bare surface area which was 13.28029km2 in 1986 was increased to 39.6053 and 50.240Km2 in 1999 and 2013 respectively. On the contrary, the vegetated area of Igbokoda reduced from 196.3046Km2 in 1999 to 122.4680Km2 in 2013. This study has demonstrated that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is timely and cost effective than the conventional method of analysis, classification of land use pattern effective for planning and management. It further shows that If the rapid change in land use is not properly manage, the situation poses a serious threat to Igbokoda town by increasing surface runoff and susceptibility to flooding.

Floods are one of the most common and widely distributed natural risks to life and property. Due to such hazards associated with flooding as disruption of services, health impacts, famine and disease, flood protection must be taken into account in almost all development projects. Feasibility study of flood and evaluating the sensitive places prone to flood is the main step for controlling and managing the flood and utilizing it. Kaleybar Chay basin, that is located in East Azerbaijan province, is one of the areas which has experienced several floods during the last years and because of mismanagement, it has caused several life and property losses to the residents of this area. In this study, the effective factors which impact on flooding, from physical, hydrological and environmental factors were explored through executing the ANP model. Through the present research, the ETM + image of the Landsat satellite and the ANP model were used considering their abilities in analyzing the criteria and coefficient of their results with their real world. The results of the study showed that in ANP method, 20 percent of the area which is in the north areas of the basin has the high risk from flooding aspect; the results of the study were supplied for recognizing the area with high possibility of flooding in Kaleybar Chay basin and the provided maps will be used in executive organizations (such as governorate, natural resources) for logistics planning and controlling the flood.

Although it is known that air pollution may lead to increased asthma prevalence, no clear scientific evidence of direct
association between air pollution and asthma rate has been reported. In the present study, a Geographical Information
System (GIS) approach was developed to determine the association between asthma hospital discharge rate (ADR) and
seasonal exposure to specific ambient air pollutants in eastern Texas, USA, during the period 2009 to 2011. Quarterly
asthma data were obtained from Texas State Department of Health, National Asthma Survey surveillance of Texas State,
USA. Quarterly mean concentrations of fine particular matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) were
determined from the corresponding measured daily data collected by various air quality monitoring stations distributed in different counties in the study area. Using Pearson correlation analysis, quarterly average of air pollutant concentrations was compared to quarterly Asthma discharge rate (ADR). The results revealed that the association between quarterly exposure of air pollution and ADR was not statistically significant in the study area. During the study period, a negative correlation coefficient was observed between the quarterly mean concentration of ozone and NO2 with the quarterly ADR. However, in most of the cases a positive correlation coefficient was observed between the quarterly mean concentration of PM2.5 and the quarterly ADR, indicating a probable association between ambient air pollution exposure and asthma prevalence.

Mamy ogromną przyjemność oddać do rąk czytelnika długo oczekiwaną publikację prezentującą opracowania użytkowników licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Wspólną i spójną tematyką niniejszego wydania jest wykorzystanie technik Systemów Informacji Przestrzennej (GIS) w różnych dziedzinach: zaczynając od nauk przyrodniczych i kończąc na cyfrowej humanistyce. Niniejsza publikacja, choć nieco w innej odsłonie, stanowi kontynuację pomysłu stworzenia forum wymiany informacji na UW prowadzącego do rozwoju i upowszechniania warsztatu badawczego wykorzystującego narzędzia GIS w różnych dziedzinach nauki. W zamyśle ma zachęcać do propagowania interdyscyplinarności
projektów realizowanych na Uczelni. Pierwszy tom serii, pod redakcją Jerzego Lechnio, powstał w 2015 i nosił tytuł „GIS w UW. Pierwsze forum użytkowników licencji edukacyjnej SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Materiały pokonferencyjne„. Stanowił bardzo ciekawą relację z postępów prac studentów i doktorantów, którzy wzięli udział w pierwszej ogólnouniwersyteckiej konferencji Forum Użytkowników Licencji SITE oprogramowania ArcGIS na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Konferencja ta, w założeniu jako impreza cykliczna,  ostała zainicjowana przez Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych UW i odbyła się po raz pierwszy 6 lutego 2014 roku. Konwencję „Forum” zaproponował wówczas mgr Jerzy Lechnio i dr Maciej Lenartowicz
Niniejsze wydanie zawiera owoce prac dwóch kolejnych edycji konferencji: drugiej zorganizowanej na Wydziale Geologii UW (w dniu 18 lutego 2015 roku), oraz trzeciej, która odbyła się w Instytucie Archeologii UW (10-12 grudnia 2015 roku). Sprawozdania z wspomnianych konferencji zostały włączone do niniejszego woluminu. Niniejsza publikacja zawiera przede wszystkim artykuły prezentujące wybrane i najciekawsze wystąpienia z dwóch kolejnych konferencji, a stąd  zachowuje porządek chronologiczny, czyli podział na tom II i III.
Wspomniane tomy obejmują ogółem dwanaście artykułów. Ich tematyka koncentruje się na takich zagadnieniach, jak: GIS w badaniach środowiskowych, zróżnicowanie tematyczne i rola danych przestrzennych w nauce i praktyce oraz komunikacji społecznej, analiza zdjęć satelitarnych i jej zastosowania, GIS w archeologii i humanistyce. Szerokie spektrum poruszanych tematów i różnorodność zastosowań technik GIS świadczą o dużych kompetencjach i potencjale absolwentów
UW na rynku pracy.
Artykuły poświęcone zastosowaniu metod i technik GIS w ocenie stanu środowiska poruszają problemy istotne z perspektywy Polski, jak i skali globu. Ich zanieczyszczenia wód podziemnych, ewapotranspiracji (parowanie z powierzchni gruntu), analiz przepuszczalność gruntu w miastach, problematyki globalnego ocieplenia, podatność lasów na uszkodzenia silnym wiatrem, czy też procesów urbanizacji.
Przykłady wykorzystania analiz zdjęć satelitarnych obejmują zarówno analizy bazujące na zastosowaniach wysokiej rozdzielczości zobrazowań panchromatycznych CORONA, jak i multispektralnych z misji Landsat i Worldview-2.
Ważnym zagadnieniem poruszanym przez autorów jest kwestia dostępności danych z zasobów publicznych, w tym Centralnej Bazy Danych Geologicznych, bazy otworów geologicznych PITAKA, Corine Land Cover i Urban Atlas. W wspomnianym nurcie mieści się prezentacja projektu udostępniania danych geograficznych w postaci Regionalizacji geomorfologicznej Karpat.
W publikacji znajdziemy, również przykłady zastosowań technologii GIS w dokumentacji archeologicznej, które rozwijane są z powodzeniem w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim.
Prezentowane opracowania obejmują przede wszystkim wyniki prac magisterskich i licencjackich studentów i absolwentów oraz badań bardziej doświadczonych badaczy z UW. Dowodzą dobitnie, że na naszych oczach dokonuje się rewolucja za sprawą szerokiego i multidyscyplinarnego wykorzystania metod i technik GIS oraz danych przestrzennych, która wpływa na pomnażanie wiedzy o otaczającym świecie, a także rozwój nowych pól badawczych w dziedzinie humanistyki, czy dystrybucję informacji w dobie społeczeństwa  informacyjnego.
Rangę publikacji podnosi fakt, że wszystkie z prezentowanych artykułów podlegały recenzji naukowej i opracowaniu redakcyjnemu.

The tendency of disasters in Indonesia continues to increase from year to year. Hydro-meteorological disasters such as floods, droughts, landslides, cyclones and tidal waves are the dominant type of disaster in Indonesia that occurred almost 80% of the total disaster in Indonesia. Value of an area prone to landslides is determined from the total sum of the multiplication of the weights and scores of 7 (seven) parameters that influence the floods and landslides at the top, while the risk of landslides is determined from the potential landslide prone are integrated with the results of the vulnerability analysis and the element of risk. The results of the analysis of landcover change from year 2000-2013 shows the extent of forest cover has decreased significantly, from 10.02% in 2000 to 1.37% in 2013 (a decrease of 8.65% over 13 years). The downward trend is the same for bush/shrub and dryland agriculture, amounting to 7.34% from the year 2000-2013 to scrub/shrub, and amounted to 11.81% from the year 2000-2013 to dryland agriculture. While the settlements cover area increased significantly, from 11.40% in 2000 to 25.14% in 2013 (an increase of 13.74% over 13 years). The same tendency of the increase occurred in the mix garden/plantation, amounting to 16.53% of the years 2000-2013. Hazard potential for landslides Citarum dominated by Not Prone (36.28%), Low Prone (36.47%) and Medium Prone (21.44%). While the High Prone potential amounted to only 5.13% and 0.68% for Very High Prone. To the potential risk of landslides is dominated by Not Risk (37.66%), Low risk (44.86%) and the Medium Risk (17.45%). High Risk While a very small percentage (0.04%). The potential of high and very high prone to landslides are in Bandung (14.1% and 1.9%), Bandung Barat (5.8% and 0.1%) and Cianjur (4.2% and 1.7%), which caused the three districts have the physical characteristics of the land physiographic and potentially for the occurrence of landslides. As for the potential risk of moderate and high risk contained in Bandung (33.2% and 0.1%), Bandung Barat (23.9% and 0.01%) and Cianjur (21.3% and 0.1%) , which is caused in these districts have a higher vulnerability value and the value of the element of risk that is lower than the county/city other. The result of the integration of West Java RTRWP 2010-2030 shows in the preparation of spatial pattern has the aspect of a potential vulnerability to landslides. It is known from the placement of potential areas for the occurrence of landslides is high and very high as the pattern space for Forest Conservation (51.2% and 13.7%) and the Protected Forest (32.2% and 2.9%). As for the placement of residential location patterns of the population that is divided into urban spaces, fields and villages, mostly located in the class are not risk, low risk and medium risk to being; that is equal to 58.7%, 38.1% and 3.1% for Urban; 83.1%, 16.8% and 0.01% for Paddy Field and 40.5%, 51.7% and 7.8% for Rural.
Keywords : landslide, landcover change, hazard, risk, spatial pattern

The Kastrouli Late Bronze settlement in Phocis province, central Greece, has been proved to have been an important center in the periphery of the Mycenaean palaces. It was reused at least partially and was cultivated until the 20th century. The presence of a flat area off the Kastrouli hill and the seasonal flooding nowadays led to the present investigation, questioning the formation of an ancient lake or marsh/swamp. A methodological approach was applied combining the digital elevation model (DEM) and GIS of the wider and confined area, examining slopes between 0 and 5 degrees (0 and 8.75%), with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) traverses of around 300 and 500 m, reaching a depth of 100 m. The ERT data were rapidly collected on profiles and provided a crosssectional (2D) plot. It was found that, in the area, there is a basin with a length of 100 m and a depth of around 40-50 m. The sedimentation process over the millennia has filled the basin, with the upper 5-6 m surface layers of the area having a low resistivity. The presence of two natural sinkholes with apparent engineered hydraulic works is noted to conform to drainage and produce a habitable environment, protecting the cultivated land and avoiding a swamp associated with health issues.