Explosives Engineering

The report examines the main dangers that arise in the production and storage of explosives and ammunition. A classification of places where an explosive atmosphere may occur has been made. The obligations of the employer arising from the risks posed by the production of ammunition and pyrotechnic articles are described.

L’utilisation des produits explosifs n’est pas limitée aux seuls travaux de déroctage ou de démolition en surface.
Leur emploi sous eau s’est progressivement développé depuis le début du 20ième siècle.
A cette époque, la principale difficulté était due au matériel de forage qui n’était pas encore adapté au forage sous-marin, malgré cela, d’importants chantiers de déroctage dans les fleuves furent réalisés en Europe et aux Etats Unis.
Juste après la seconde guerre mondiale, les explosifs furent intensément employés pour réaliser le découpage, le démantèlement ou l’écrasement des nombreuses épaves coulées dans les ports ou dans les eaux peu profondes où elles pouvaient constituer un danger pour la navigation.
A partir de cette époque également, de nombreux ouvrages de génie civil en béton ou en maçonnerie furent également démolis à l’aide d’explosifs.
Le secteur pétrolier offshore utilise lui aussi, toute une gamme de produits explosifs bien particuliers pour l’accomplissement de certaines opérations.
Le but de ce guide n’est pas de préparer l’élève à l’examen de chef – mineur, ni de lui donner les éléments nécessaires pour réaliser la conception d’un plan de tir, mais tout simplement de lui donner un aperçu général des différentes techniques utilisées ainsi que des nuisances et règles de sécurité qui s’y rapportent.

This is an essay on the military uses of images: videos in missiles, drones, infrared vision, laser targeting, high-speed photography of projectiles, multiscreen battlefield planning -- and the relation between all those and contemporary art that uses, or comments on, military imagery.

It's a chapter from the book "Visual Worlds," co-authored with Erna Fiorentini. The book is available on Amazon:

https://www.amazon.com/Visual-Worlds-Looking-Images-Disciplines/dp/0199390916

Microelectric Detonators (MED) is the new and emerging field in the miniaturize electro explosive devices. MEDs are used in field with extremely sensitive primary explosive material for initiating secondary explosives. To use MEDs in field we have to put slurry of primary or secondary explosive materials on the surface of MED for making physical contact between primary explosive and MED. MED can be initiated by imparting sufficient electrical energy to produce plasma on the surface of MED and it in turn initiates the high sensitive primary explosive pasted on its surface. In view of this we have designed and developed three axis stage including X,Y and Z axis control with dispensing control mechanism.

Abstract─ Microelectromechanical system or Pyro MEMS[1] is the new technology trend that takes advantage of unique physical properties at microscale to create mechanical systems with electrical interface using available microelectronic fabrication techniques[6][7]. This work takes full benefit of MEMS[2][3] technology and use of MEMS enables improved performance and efficiency. The electronic circuitry provides trigger signal to initiate electroexplosive device. Electro explosive devices are extensively used in military and civil application for initiation of explosive materials. The EED we are using is SCB. SCB is our indigenous design. It has high efficiency, less weight, fast functioning time, reduced size, low input energy, low cost, digital compatability and immune to ESD & RF hazards. The semiconductor bridge (SCB)[5][9]

Despite having followed all the safety rules, underwater thermal cutting sometimes still generates small explosions (pops/bangs) of gas or vapour which can be particulary painful.
Currently, few solutions can reduce the effect of these explosions, except those that recommend the diver to avoid standing in front of his kerf, but also to stay as far away as possible from it, and preferably wear a neoprene suit.
Unfortunately, these few measures are often insufficient, and the diver therefore remains highly exposed to these unpleasant and sometimes painful nuisances.
To try to remedy this, we took an interest in the problem and asked ourselves whether one of the techniques used to protect aquatic wildlife from acoustic waves, namely the use of a curtain of air bubbles, could not be adapted to also dampen the pressure waves created by explosions related to underwater cutting.
To try to answer them, we carried out some tests whose results are published in the following pages.

ABSTRAK
Pit Pinang South merupakan salah satu pit pada PT Kaltim Prima Coal yang sekitar lokasi penambangannya terdapat pemukiman penduduk. Suatu kontrol geratan tanah sangat perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari isu lingkungan berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No.49 Tahun 1996 dan SNI 7571:2010. Sesuai peraturan tersebut, Pit Pinang South memiliki standar getaran tanah yang dinyatakan dalam PPV (Peak Particle Velocity) sebesar 3 mm/s. Salah satu metode yang dikaji untuk kontrol getaran adalah dengan menggunakan Signature Hole Method menggunakan detonator elektronik. Metode Signature Hole merupakan salah satu metode analisis gelombang untuk mengontrol tingkat getaran tanah dengan menganalisis gelombang yang dihasilkan dari peledakan satu lubang. Gelombang tersebut akan disimulasikan pada tiap-tiap gelombang peledakan dengan Signature Hole Analisis (SHA). Berdasarkan hasil Simulasi Signature Hole Analysis (SHA) maka didapatkan rekomendasi waktu tunda optimum pada Pit Pinang South dengan optimum intershot delay 40 ms dan penurunan nilai PPV rata-rata yang di hasilkan dari analisis 6 data signature hole adalah 54.98 %. Setelah dilakukan uji lapangan menggunakan intershot delay 40 ms pada Pit Pinang South, PPV rata-rata yang dihasilkan 1.67 mm/s dengan penurunan 42.58% dari plan yang dibuat tanpa merubah parameter peledakan dan PPV hasil penelitian sesuai target penelitian yang ditetapkan yaitu ≤ 3 mm/s

ABSTRACT
Pit Pinang South is one of pit In PT Kaltim Prima Coal which is located near from public houses. A Control toward blasting result spesificly ground vibration should be concerned at to avoid environmental issue based on standard of ground vibration level on ministry of environment decree no.49 in 1996 dan SNI 7571:2010. Based on those standard in Peak Particle Velocity of 3 mm/s. In This Research is focused on Signature Hole Method to control vibration combined with electronic detonator. Signature Hole method is waveform analytical method by analyzing waveform from one hole blast to be simulated on all of production holes by using Signature Hole Analysis (SHA). Based on the result of simulation using Signature Hole Analysis (SHA), the recommendation of the optimum delay timing has been determined in intershot delay 40 ms with 54.98% Decreasing of PPV resulted from simulation 6 data of signature hole. The Using of intershot 40 ms is applicated in field and result PPV about 1.67 mm/s with 42.58% decreasing of PPV from engineer plan without changing blasting parameters. Research target is reached by holding PPV ≤ 3 mm/s

Explosive weapons use the detonation of a high-explosive substance to create blast, and commonly fragmentation, effects. The explosive weapons that raise specific concerns when used in populated areas are those having wide-area effects. Explosive weapons might affect a wide area because of the large destruction radius of the individual munition used, the inaccuracy of the delivery system, and/or the delivery of multiple munitions over a wide area. These categories of explosive weapons having wide-area effects include large bombs and missiles; indirect fire weapon systems such as mortars, rockets and artillery guns; and multi-barrel rocket launchers.

The report provides an overview of the types of explosive weapons that may be prone to wide-area effects, as well as the factors and variables that determine their effects.

The focus of the report is on conventional explosive weapons the use of which is not specifically prohibited or otherwise limited by international law (contrary to weapons such as landmines and cluster munitions, which do have specific restrictions imposed by international law). The weapon systems reviewed in this report are frequently encountered on contemporary battlefields, or else commonly held by States.

The report was commissioned from Armament Research Services (ARES) by the ICRC, as part of the ICRC's work to foster better understanding of the effects of explosive weapons when used in populated areas. The purpose of the report is to provide background information on the technical characteristics of explosive weapons and other factors relevant to their effects. It is meant to be a general reference document, and it reflects the analysis and views of the authors and not necessarily those of the ICRC.

Part 1 of the report examines the design and effects of explosive munitions. It also addresses concepts such as accuracy, fuzing, the targeting process, collateral damage estimations, battle damage assessments, and more.

Part 2 of the report provides generic information for the broad categories of weapon systems which deliver explosive payloads – mortars, rocket artillery, unguided aerial bombs, and other types. For each weapon category identified, Part 2 provides a description of the technical features relevant to the effects of the weapon. In particular, it includes, where available, estimated blast and fragmentation radius for munition types, estimated circular error probable figures, and other measureable effects.

In this topic I wanted to leave my contribution to the introduction of the use of seismographs in the mining activities of small, medium and large mining; I am sure that the knowledge and then apply the appropriate techniques in blasting in open pit or underground mines, will give excellent results if accompanied with measurements of seismic parameters, typical of mining at the level of productivity and low production costs.
I give permission for every university to use the information published here for the benefit of the learning of future civil engineers in mines

En dépit du fait d'avoir suivi toutes les règles de sécurité, le découpage thermique sous eau génère parfois encore de petites explosions (pops/bang) de gaz ou de vapeur qui peuvent être particulièrement douloureuses.
Actuellement, peu de solution permettent d'en réduire les effets, si ce ne sont celles qui recommandent au scaphandrier d'éviter de se tenir en face de sa coupe, mais aussi, de se tenir aussi éloigné que possible de celle-ci, et de porter de préférence un vêtement type néoprène.
malheureusement, ces quelques mesures sont bien souvent insuffisantes pour réduire efficacement les effets de ces ondes de pression et le plongeur reste dès lors fortement explosé à ces désagréments et parfois douloureuses nuisances.
Pour tenter d'y remédier, nous nous sommes intéressés à ce problème et nous nous sommes demandés si l'une des techniques utilisées pour protéger la faune aquatique des ondes acoustiques, en l'occurrence l'emploi d'un rideau de bulles d'air, ne pourrait pas être adaptée pour
également amortir les les ondes de pression crée par les explosions liées au découpage sous eau.
Pour essayer d'y répondre, nous avons réalisé quelques tests dont les résultats sont publiés dans les pages suivantes.

"In order to limit the handling of pyrotechnical products presenting a risk with respect to the mechanical and thermal shocks, new energetic formulations have emerged. Among these Extremely Insensitive Detonating Substances, the industrial partner Nexter Munitions implements a formulation labeled XF13333 which has the property of being recyclable.

Before being in solid state, XF13333 explosives are in the form of suspensions whose solid volume fraction is about 55%. The flow ability of these pastes is governed by the rheology of concentrated suspensions. The method of preparation used by the industrial partner being the melt-cat process, the aim of the work presented in this manuscript is to propose a model that can predict the time required for an energetic concentrated suspension to flow by gravity from an agitated mixing reactor to an initially empty shell body.

The study of the influence of the solid volume fraction on the rheological behaviour of model inert suspensions has been performed. Two grains sizes scales have been considered: micrometric and nanometric. Depending on the particles size, pastes adopt different rheological behaviours: the suspension containing micrometric particles adopts a Newtonian behaviour, while the suspension containing nanoscaled particles evolves from a Newtonian to a yield stress fluid (Bingham or Herschel-Bulkley) behaviour.

Then, we investigated the influence of the state of organization of the solid phase, which can be described by the maximum volume fraction of solid. We have studied the influence of this parameter on the rheological behaviour of suspensions. Given the strong behavioural analogy between a paste of explosives and cement, we took benefit from researches conducted over past years in civil engineering. In particular, we used the De Larrard model to calculate the maximum volume fraction of solid from the size distribution of the grains of the mixture.

To characterize the rheology of XF13333suspensions, the use of a Couette rheometer is not appropriate because the particle sedimentation and the destabilization of the emulsion – which constitutes the suspending fluid – make the suspension inhomogenous. To maintain its usage function (i.e. homogeneous), we developed an unconventional rheometer and applied the Couette analogy. It emerged from this experimental study that the suspensions are Ostwal fluids.

The modelling of the flow time for XF13333 suspensions in industrial configuration is based on the Quemada viscosity relationship. The theoretical values have been compared with the experimental values of emptying time of a certain amount of XF13333 suspensions. It appears that the proposed flow time model matches the reality correctly."

Microelectric Detonators (MED) is the new and emerging field in the miniaturize electro explosive devices. MEDs are used in field with extremely sensitive primary explosive material for initiating secondary explosives. To use MEDs in field we have to put slurry of primary or secondary explosive materials on the surface of MED for making physical contact between primary explosive and MED. MED can be initiated by imparting sufficient electrical energy to produce plasma on the surface of MED and it in turn initiates the high sensitive primary explosive pasted on its surface. In view of this we have designed and developed three axis stage including X,Y and Z axis control with dispensing control mechanism. Mechanical parts with linear actuator, lead screw and linear guide has been designed by us and fabricated for X, Y and Z axis stages. All mechanical parts are integrated to make
standalone semi-automatic dispensing system. For dispenser design we have modified a manually operated bottle top dispenser such that its dispensing action can be automatically controlled from PC. For  ontrolling mechanical movement of dispenser, stepper motors with linear actuator having different holding torque, weight and current has been used for X, Y and Z axis. We have fabricated slurry filling system having three stepper motors for controlling X axis, Y axis, and Z axis (piston bottle top dispenser) movement respectively.We have also
designed 2 Amp stepper motor driver having option to select half and full step pulse sequence to be applied for stepper motor.The driver can precisely drive the stepper motor with the minimum resolution of 3 µm. The driver has been tested with stepper motor with linear guide
assembly for every axis separately. Whole assembly is integrated with embedded system to automatically control its operation through PC. The embedded software is designed and tested with the slurry filing system.
This report also contains detailed SOP on preparation of various Nano explosive inkusing different techniques such as Supercritical fluid precipitation processes, Gas anti – solvent (GAS) Method, Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution into Aqueous Solution (RESS–
AS) Method, Crystallization Method, Sonocrystallization Method, Cooling crystallization Method, Nozzle assisted Solvent/nonsolvent Method, Prefilming twin-fluid nozzle assisted solvent/nonsolvent Method, Spray drying Methods, Ultrasonic Spray Method, Spray freezedrying
Method, Spray freezing into liquid (SFL) Method, Electrospray crystallization Method, Sol-gel processing, Template technique, Rigid template, Wet chemical-assisted soft template, Physical vapor deposition (PVD) and Inkjet printing. Hence this document can be
used for design & development of production grade automated explosive slurry filing system
i

This report presents design of miniature integrated Semiconductor Bridge chip for explosive initiation. The chip has a microcontroller to detonate the SCB. This circuit will use 6V for working and the dimensions are also miniaturized to great extent. The circuit will provide factory programmability for setting up delays for different applications. Circuit is EMI and ESD safe. The trigger is provided for firing of SCB. The incoming voltage will be boosted using booster circuit and will be used to charge a capacitor.

In the early 1980s, a method for controlling blast vibrations other than by modifying the Scaled Distance came into use. Research studies had indicated that blast vibration could be simulated by detonating a signature hole with the vibration monitored at critical locations, and then using a computer to superpose the waveforms with varying delays. By choosing delay times that create destructive interference at frequencies that are favored by the local geology, the "ringing" vibration that excites structural elements in houses and annoys neighbors could be reduced.

24.95 square kilometres Nigerian military shooting range established in 1965 was studied (June-August, 2015 and February-March, 2016) for in situ  bacteria consortia impacts on xenobiotic biodegradation using polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16srRNA gene. The optical density reading of biodegrading activity of each bacterial isolate on explosives broth with 1% exposure mineral salt medium (MSM) was evaluated. Mixed bacterial consortia (MBC) observed high bioremediation potential (68.62%) compared to single isolate in decreasing order were Bacillus subtilis, 55.1%; Enterobacter spp,54.80%; Escherichia coli, 54.1%; Arcobacter spp, 43% Klebsiella pneumonia 42.7%, Lysini bacillus 37.8% and Achromobacter spp, 31.5% respectively attributed to the synergistic effect between the catabolic enzymes in the eight bacteria isolates. Anova test for total explosive contents shows a significant difference for all locations in both dry and wet Seasons (P<0.05) according to the Duncan multiple range test. All bacteria isolate reduced heavy metals better than the control in decreasing order were Bacillus subtilis>Enterobacter spp>Escherichia coli>Arcobacter spp>Klebsiella pneumonia >Lysinibacillus >Achromobacter spp. MBC observed high bioremediation potential (68.62%) compared to single isolate. MBC has the highest and prominent percentages reduction on heavy metal pollutants as a consequence of microbial ecology, bacterial strains having plasmid linked degradation or chromosomal genes, reduction ability, substrate specificity influenced microbial remediation of the explosives xenobiotic. Habitat filtering principle and resource ratio theory explains microbial completion and  genetic information of more than one organism is necessary to degrade the complex mixtures pollutants as  expressed in the MBC biodegradability.
Keywords:  Shooting range, 16srRNA,  Polymerase chain reaction,  Bioremediation,  Xenobiotic,  Bacterial consortia  Microbial competition , Explosives , Enzymes , Heavy metals and Biodegradation

A survey of aboriginal and historic archaeology and built heritage was undertaken at the Albion Explosives Factory (AEF) formerly known as the 'No 5 Armamenets Annexe.' albion Explosives Factory was built for the Australian Government by ICIANZ in 1939 to manufacture high explosives and initiators. It included TNT, RDX, Black Powder and other explosives. the works continued as a defence facility after the war and up to the 1980s. Once contianing over 400 buildings, it was closed and demolished. the study identified the range of manufacturing building types, production processes and unique features such as cleanways and blast mounds. Aboriginal archaeologial sites and remnants of early historical occupaiton were also identified.

Electro explosive devices are widely used in both civil and military sectors. In the air-force arena electro explosive devices are extensively used in precision-guided weapons which are facing one shot/one kill requirements, like canopy surveillance system for pilot ejection, seat ejection system of fighter aircraft, parachute release mechanism, air to air missiles, air to surface missiles, cluster bomb systems, cable cutter for fast release mechanism of fighter aircraft etc. Annament Research and Development Establishment has successfully developed Semiconductor bridge (SCB) Detonator MK-I and Micro Electric Detonator MK-I , both of which are in regular production. Semiconductor bridge (SCB) detonator! igniters are widely used as electro explosive device (EED) for the initiation of explosives and propellants in advanced ammunitions due to its most excellent performance, low all-fire energy (requires small quantities of electrical energy to function) , fast function time (few micro sec), less weight, small volume, low cost, immunity to EMI (Electro-magnetic interference), ESD (Electrostatic discharge) and RF (Radio Frequency) hazards . In this paper we are presenting the extensive electrical, optical and electron microscopy characterization of Semiconductor bridge done at our laboratory. The stray voltage immunity as per military standard has been tested for the Semiconductor bridge (SCB) Detonator developed by ARDE and the firing voltage level of SCB for different capacitance of Capacitor Discharge Unit (CDU) developed indigenously is discussed in the manuscript. The paper also briefly presents plan of developing SCB based Slapper detonator for Electronic safety and arming for missiles.

Excessive ground vibrations, due to blasting, can cause severe damages to the nearby area. Hence, the
blast-induced ground vibration prediction is an essential tool for both evaluating and controlling the
adverse consequences of blasting. Since there are several effective variables on ground vibrations that
have highly nonlinear interactions, no comprehensive model of the blast-induced vibrations are available.
In this study, the genetic expression programming technique was employed for prediction of the
frequency of the adjacent ground vibrations. Nine input variables were used for prediction of the vibration
frequencies at different distances from the blasting face. A high coefficient of determination with low
mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was achieved that demonstrated the suitability of the algorithm
in this case. The proposed model outperformed an artificial neural network model that was proposed by
other authors for the same dataset.

El artículo trata sobre la metodología de diseño y ejecución de los explosivos usados en la demolición de un Coliseo Cubierto de 4700 m2 en la ciudad de Barranquilla, construido en el año 1961 y que se encontraba en avanzado estado de deterioro. Se busca evaluar el diseño de la carga explosiva y su localización usando la información existente de la estructura. Se inicia con la investigación y recopilación de datos de la obra y diseño de la implosión por parte del contratista, se describen las actividades ejecutadas para lograr el desplome de la construcción, la modelación de la demolición realizada y al final la conclusión con respecto a lo analizado. El estudio teórico usa las fórmulas tradicionales de cálculo de explosivos y la localización de estas cargas. Los resultados permiten evidenciar que los pasos que se siguen en el proceso de diseño de la implosión fueron eficientes para estas situaciones. Adicionalmente, se demuestra que el diseño de la voladura con fines de demolición de estructuras es seguro en ámbitos urbanos si se realiza empleando la experiencia técnica disponible. Esta reflexión es producto del proyecto de investigación “Monitoreo de la implosión del Coliseo Cubierto Humberto Perea”

Semiconductor Bridge (SCB) based detonators are often used for the initiation of highexplosives used in military as well as civil applications. The semiconductor bridge is an enabling technology which has not only changed the performance competence of electro explosive devices but also impacted the overall construction of ordnance initiation system used in military.

Detonation performance analyses were conducted for a number of evolving and potential high explosive materials. The calculations were completed for theoretical maximum densities of the explosives using the Jaguar thermo-chemical equation of state computer programs for performance evaluations and JWL/JWLB equations of state parameterizations. A number of recently synthesized materials were investigated for performance characterizations and comparisons to existing explosives, including TNT, RDX, HMX, and Cl-20. The analytic cylinder model was utilized to establish cylinder and Gurney velocities as functions of the radial expansions of the cylinder for each explosive. The densities and heats of formulation utilized in the calculations are primarily experimental values from Picatinny Arsenal and other sources. Several of the new materials considered were predicted to have enhanced detonation characteristics compared to conventional explosives. In order to confirm the accuracy of the Jaguar and analytic cylinder model results, available experimental detonation and Gurney velocities for representative energetic molecules and their formulations were compared with the corresponding calculated values. Close agreement was obtained with most of the data.

This report presents a state-of-the-art for initiating explosive devices. The design consists of a Setter unit which has two level of security for avoiding mishandling of the device; two or more detonator unit consisting of an arming circuit, a disarming circuit, a firing circuit and a booster circuit for boosting the available supply voltage to the desired voltage for firing of the Electro-Explosive Devices; a communication protocol which allows two way communication with a provision for addressing each connected device with a unique identity number. A low energy Semiconductor Bridge is used in this design. The circuit is ESD and RF protected. A two stage firing trigger is used in case detonator fails to explode on first trigger. Also each detonator unit possesses decision making ability. Hence system is referred as "Intelligent".

Due to recent numerous terrorist attacks on iconic civil and historical/ heritage buildings, research in the area of dynamic response of such structures subjected to explosive loads is crucial. Explosive attacks on structures lead to significant structural damage and loss of life, especially for structures with historical significance. Therefore, the present study is aimed at assessing the dynamic response of stone masonry shell structures subjected to explosive loads. The mathematical model of the shell structure is developed in a finite element software and it is subjected to simulated high explosion loads. The dynamic response of the shell structure is evaluated in terms of maximum deflection and stresses induced. The parameters influencing failures in the stone masonry shell structures are appraised for in-depth understanding of dynamics involved and pattern of collapse. It is observed that geometric shape of the shell structures plays an important role in their dynamic response when subjected to explosive loads. Maximum destruction occurs when the incident blast wave-front is tangential to the shell surface, i.e. the direction of blast wave propagation normal to the shell surface at the point of incidence.

Sequential detonation systems play an important role in mining. Manufacturers and consumers of detonators that are used in these blasting sequences are concerned with certain statistical properties of such sequential configurations. Two properties of particular interest are the "probability of reversal" and the "initiation front". Statistical models describing these properties can be developed if the delay times of the detonators are normally distributed. This enables one to construct various quality control procedures to monitor these properties.

The use of natural polymers as substitutes for synthetic polymers in the development of aggregating materials for the pentaerythritol
tetranitrate (PETN), explosive is a poorly explored area, but with the ability to enable the development of new sustainable, more chemical friendly and economically, using as an alternative a renewable material like chitosan and its derivatives. Chitin, a natural polymer that makes up the exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects, and the fungal cell wall, along with their derivatives, such as chitosan, offer attractive chemical, physical, and biological properties. It is noteworthy that chitin is found in high abundance in nature, and allows obtaining materials capable of offering interesting characteristics, such as chelating capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxic [3]. In this review, is possible to see the possibility to use a natural polymers as a potential material to use as an aggregate polymer in PETN, as well as the increasing trend of the use of renewable natural polymers to develop creation of materials with high technological grade for mant areas of application. The aim of this study is to show the potential of using chitosan as an aggregator polymer for PETN crystals.

Cutback testing was conducted on an Insensitive Munitions (IM) explosive to determine the run-to-detonation properties and assist in parameterizing an ignition and growth (I&G) reactive flow model. Embedded-gage gas gun testing is typically used to obtain this data, but given program constraints a high explosive, booster-driven cutback test was designed and executed at ambient and cold (-25 F) conditions to provide comparable data at a reduced cost. The experimental results were successfully integrated into a reactive flow model for the IM explosive.

Picking up where the First Volume left off, Vickers Guide: WWII Germany (Volume 2) completes its coverage of the fascinating small arms developed by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. This Second Volume provides a thorough look into the war-era firearms and designs that still resonate today, such as the Sturmgewehr, FG42, MG 34, MG 42, and the last desperate weapons developed to hold off Nazi Germany’s collapse.

This Second Volume of Vickers Guide: WWII Germany covers the following small-arms categories: Presentation and Engraved Pistols; Semi-Automatic Service Rifles; Select-Fire Service Rifles; Machine Guns; and Last-Ditch Weapons. Also included are a chapter covering post-war weapon derivatives and an appendix of additional firearms and oddities complementing the selection of small arms presented in these two volumes. In all, over 70 firearms and other weapons are shown in incredible detail to give enthusiasts of all levels a new appreciation for this incredibly dynamic time in firearms development.

In this book, special operations combat veteran Larry Vickers and photographer James Rupley have teamed up with a number of subject matter experts, including Ian McCollum of Forgotten Weapons, Tom Whiteman, Michael Heidler, and R.D.I. Weigt to provide additional insight into the wide variety of firearms being showcased.

Vickers Guide: WWII Germany presents this highly curated collection of firearms from the Second World War in never before seen detail on larger than life, wide format, full color prints in a linen covered hardback. Vickers Guide: WWII Germany is the next best thing to having these exceptional collector grade firearms in your own personal collection.

The mathematical model for the description of process of interaction
seismic waves with grounds during explosion of group of cylindrical
charges of chemical explosive substances is developed. Researches of
seismic effect from explosions of the concentrated and dispersed charges
in a soil file of an open-cast mine with using modern digital complex of
apparatus are conducted.
Keywords: explosion, seismic effect, interaction, a charge, an open-cast mine,
sensor, apparatus.

The article is devoted to the task today to improve the effectiveness of blasting during construction of horizontal and inclined mine excavations. Construction of new and reconstruction of existing mines requires large volume of excavation works, which length can reach tens of kilometers for only one project. Drilling and blasting workings allow not only to break out rocks from a frontal part of an excavation, but also cause an internal effect, which can lead to undesired damage that, in turn, often lead to increased expenses for excavation operations and safety problems for personnel. Calculation methods for blasting and explosion operations is a topical issue in mining industry as they allow to improve characteristics of excavation works and safety of explosion operations. Dozens of scientists offer their design, which reflects the vision of the problem and its solution. There are many methods for calculating the parameters of drilling and blasting, but so far not developed a uniform methodology of calculation, which would encompass all the factors and explained the mechanism of formation of cracks around the explosive charge and the process of breaking rock. The paper presents a novel methodology for calculations for blasting and explosion operations. That methodology comprises various specifics of rock geology and mining engineering during works in horizontal and vertical excavations. In this paper given an algorithm for calculation two main areas of destruction: crushed zone and fracturing zone. In addition, article outlines main aspects of Mining Engineering Development from Antiquity until present days and presents the dynamic of mineral resources.

Recent studies have indicated that chemically termolecular reactions, mediated through ephemeral collision complexes , have significant impact on the global kinetics of certain combustion systems. This discovery has since prompted the question of which systems are significantly influenced by chemically termolecular reactions and should therefore account for their presence in gas-phase phenomenological models. Although a select number of systems have already been investigated, such as flame speed and ignition delay predictions in common hydrocarbon combustion scenarios, the influence of chemically termolecular reactions on the kinetics of energetic materials has not yet been explored. As an initial investigation into energetic materials, we performed a case study for RDX, for which abundant computational and experimental data are available. To aid in assessing the impact of chemically termolecular reactions, for which almost no data are available, this study leverages an automated procedure to identify and estimate rate constants for potential chemically termolecular reactions based exclusively on data available for related reactions. Three detailed kinetics models for RDX have been independently screened for potential chemically termolecular reactions. Model predictions including these chemically termolecular reactions reveal they have significant potential impact on profiles of major species, radicals, and temperatures, including the temperature gradient at the burner surface affecting burn rates. The analysis pinpoints ∼10-20 chemically termolecular reactions, out of the thousands of possibilities, estimated to have the largest impact. These reactions, including many mediated by ephemeral HNO** complexes, are therefore worthwhile candidates for more accurate quantification via master equation calculations. More generally, just as the importance of including chemically termolecular reactions in hydrocarbon combustion models is becoming recognized, the present results show compelling evidence for the need for their inclusion in energetic material models as well.

Innovation is often confused with invention, Broos, 2016. [1] Innovation is in fact standing on the shoulders and using bright ideas of our ancestors. This is done here for 17 th century electrical phenomena like electro spray and electric wind by bringing them back into service through harnessing the problems encountered when operating in modern hazardous environments. Correspondence *Rein André Roos, Re(c)entre,

The overall objective is to present a procedure based on a Couette analogy to quantitavely analyse torque/rotor speed data in order to extract viscosity/ shear-rate curves using non-conventional geometry. Diphasic flows of energetic concentrated suspensions of melt-cast insensitive explosives exhibit particular rheology properties. Characterization of these complex fluids may be a challenging task when conventional rheometers are used. Placing these dense suspensions in a classic cylindrical geometry may occur in a partial destruction of internal structure. To avoid that, Mixer-Type rheometry, consisting of a mixing device with more complex geometry rotating in a fluid contained in cylindrical tank, is investigate. To evaluate the rheological parameters of our mixing rheometer, we used five Newtonian fluids. After the calibration of the apparatus, rheological characterizations and destruction tests are carried out on five XF13333 formulations. The unique parameter which changes in these formulations is the batch’s origin of a secondary explosive: the 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (called NTO). Determination of Ostwald’s parameters and viscosity evaluation during a resting time make it possible to apprehend the flow quality of our energetic formulations. Evolutions of consistency and flow indexes with maximum packing density (calculated with De Larrard model) are shown to explain the rheological behaviour evolution.

The capability to predict the consequences of explosion through computer simulations is of great practical importance. The physical processes involved in a detonation phenomenon, though, are extremely complex. Therefore, the common practice is to resort to empirical or semi-empirical Equations of State (EOS) describing the detonation properties of explosives. Becker-Kistiakowski-Wilson (BKW) and Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL) are among the most widely used EOS. The purpose of this work is to conduct a comparative study between them. A special emphasis was given to the description of the contaminants dispersion caused by the explosion (in addition to the usual interest in describing blast waves). In particular, we study the implications of these differences within the framework of our current computational methodology using the open source CFD toolbox – OpenFOAM 1. The paper is organized as follows: we start with a brief review of the above EOSs. Then we proceed to comparative study using 1...