Farm organization

The deep transformations brought about by the progressive and steady commitment of Romanian economy to the market economy have determined, among others, the modification of the role and status of rural household in the economic activity. Rural household changed from a simple participant, constrained to act in a certain way under a centralised, equalising and levelling system during the communist period, to a participant that carries out its activity in a competing environment in which initiative, creativity and efficiency are defining elements. Based on field surveys conducted at national level, the present paper intends to identify the evolution of economic behaviours specific to rural households under the influence of agricultural policy measures in the period 1997-2000. The conclusions of this study reveal that in this period, most of rural households operated under a subsistence system, according to an economic rationality in which market economy mechanism are lacking. However, ...

This study examined the effect of socio-economic characteristics of cattle farmers on the adoption of Artificial Insemination Technology in Kaduna State, Nigeria. One hundred and twenty respondents were purposively selected for the study, drawing 30 respondents each from the four zonal offices of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Programme (KADP). The design of the study was a cross sectional survey. Questionnaires were used to collect the data from the respondents. Of the 120 questionnaires administered, 116 were retrieved. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the descriptive statistics reveal that 100% of the respondents were males and the average age of the respondents was 57.38 years with an average household size of 13.5. About 89% of the respondents had attended quoranic/adult education and they were majorly pastoralists (88.79%) They had a mean farming experience and herd size of 31.72 and 78.29 respectively. The t-tes...

The designations employed in this publication, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISD or the FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), and publication does not constitute endorsement by UNRISD or the FAO. Contents Acronyms ii Glossary ii Summary/Résumé/Resumen iii Summary iii Résumé iv Resumen v

Turkmenistan is one of the 25 former socialist countries in Europe and Central Asia that embarked on a transition from plan to market in the early 1990s. In agriculture, the transition was expected to improve the productivity of the chronically inefficient collective farming inherited from the Soviet era. Improvements were to be achieved through the transfer of land and assets from collective farms to individual operators, in line with the established practice of agriculture in market economies. This study examines the progress of agricultural reform in Turkmenistan by focusing on land distribution, farm structure transformation, and changes in production patterns, marketing, and farm performance. The study is based on a survey of 143 private farmers conducted in Turkmenistan in 2000. Preliminary results indicate that, despite fairly generous allocation of land to individual farming, no significant performance improvements have been achieved so far, primarily because private farmers...

Turkmenistan is one of the 25 former socialist countries in Europe and Central Asia that embarked on a transition from plan to market in the early 1990s. In agriculture, the transition was expected to improve the productivity of the chronically inefficient collective farming inherited from the Soviet era. Improvements were to be achieved through the transfer of land and assets from collective farms to individual operators, in line with the established practice of agriculture in market economies. This study examines the progress of agricultural reform in Turkmenistan by focusing on land distribution, farm structure transformation, and changes in production patterns, marketing, and farm performance. The study is based on a survey of 143 private farmers conducted in Turkmenistan in 2000. Preliminary results indicate that, despite fairly generous allocation of land to individual farming, no significant performance improvements have been achieved so far, primarily because private farmers...

Abstract: During the period of independent development in Uzbekistan, wheat production reached eight-fold growth, while its sown area increased almost threefold. The growth in gross indicators did not lead to an improvement in the quality of wheat and an increase in the profitability of its production for farms. The existing land user rental system is overloaded with additional obligations for tenants, which reduces their motivation. It should be borne in mind that official statistics on wheat production are not reliable. The main issue for agriculture in Uzbekistan is not what form of organization of agricultural production is better and not in the size of land plots, but in the mechanism for purchasing agricultural products for state needs and guarantees of property rights for agricultural entities. The goals of agricultural policy are determined not only by the selected reform priorities agricultural industry, but also objectively existing problems, having a long-term impact on the development of the agricultural sector. Considering fast the growth of the population of Uzbekistan and the need to provide it with food, braid in the development of crop production in the direction of growing cotton and wheat and bridge of agriculture of Uzbekistan before climate change, we can say that from what solutions to these problems will be found, not only the development of rural economy, but also the country as a whole.

The article analyzes the results achieved in the reform of the agrarian sector of Uzbekistan on the basis of official statistics highlights the problems of food security. The conditions to ensure food security of the country, developed recommendations on the specific institutional arrangements aimed at improving various aspects of food security in Uzbekistan.

Turkmenistan has implemented significant reforms in agriculture, increasing the size of the household plot sector, enabling the emergence of independent private farms, and most importantly individualizing to a certain extent the production arrangements in former collective farms through the introduction of leasehold contracts. Yet the policies underlying these reforms are not entirely consistent: state orders are retained for the main cash commodities (cotton and wheat), the producers are generally bound to monopolistic state marketers and input suppliers, and the independent private farmers who are relatively free from these constraints receive land of very poor quality that requires major investment in reclamation. It is not surprising that the performance of the new leasehold sector is far short of its potential and the new independent farmers are struggling to survive. However, despite these political constraints, the reforms are finally beginning to have some positive impact, with agriculture slowly starting to recover from the initial transition-induced decline.

The articles examines the impact of a series of institutional changes during the 1990s on patterns of land ownership, farm income, crop specialization, and overall agricultural output in Turkmen-istan. More specifically, the changes investigated entail the distribution of state-held irrigated land to private plots min 1990–1992, allocation of land to independent private farmers in 1993–1996, and the conversion of collective and state farms to associations of private lease-holders in 1996–1997. The study is based on official government statistics, a 2001 survey of private farmers, and a 2002 survey of leaseholders in peasant associations. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: Q15, Q18, Q24. 6 figures, 4 tables, 10 references. urkmenistan is a huge country of 491,200 km 2— the fourth largest by area in the former Soviet Union (FSU) after Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Yet it has a relatively small (but rapidly growing) population of about 6 million people, which puts it in the group of FSU " midgets " (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and the Baltic republics) in terms of absolute population size. More than half the population (55 percent) resides in rural areas, compared to one-third for the FSU as a whole, but only 5 percent of the country's agricultural land (1.6 million hectares) is cultivable, compared to 40 percent in the FSU. The remaining 95 percent of agricultural land in Turkmenistan is desert pastures—33 million hectares fit only for camels and flocks of karakul sheep (Goskomstat SNG, 2003). Thus, despite the vast expanses and the small number of people, the effective population density is very high, and Turkmenistan suffers from the phenomenon of " agrarian overpopulation " : there are only 0.5 hectares of arable land per rural resident, compared to the average of 2.3 hectares for the FSU. Prior to 1991, Turkmenistan's agriculture could be characterized as a cotton monocul-ture. Half the cropped land was under cotton and the country, with a share of about 0.5 percent of arable land in the USSR, supplied more than 15 percent of total cotton production in from official statistical sources, a 2001 survey of private farmers, and a 2002 survey of leaseholders in peasant associations. The surveys encompassed 144 private farmers (14 percent of the farmers reporting to Turkmen statistical organs in 2000) and 1,100 leaseholders (0.3 percent of all leaseholders in the country). The private farmers were sampled at random from a national list of about 1,000 farms reporting to statistical organs. The leaseholders were sampled by a two-stage procedure: 110 peasant associations were selected at random from a national list of 592 associations and 10 leaseholders were then sampled at random in each association. Both surveys were conducted in face-to-face interviews by independent private interviewers using detailed multi-part questionnaires. The authors wish to thank anonymous reviewers for insightful comments.

Turkmenistan is a huge country of 50 million hectares -the fourth largest by area in the former Soviet Union (FSU) after Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine. Yet it has a small population of about 5 million people, which puts it in one group with the FSU midgets -Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, the Baltic republics. More than half the population (55%) lives in rural areas, compared to one-third in FSU, but only 4% of the country's agricultural land (1.6 million hectares) is cultivable, compared to 40% in FSU. The remaining 96% of agricultural land in Turkmenistan is desert pastures -38 million hectares fit only for flocks of karakul sheep and camels, not for human beings. Thus, despite the huge expanses and the small number of people, the effective population density in Turkmenistan is very high: there is only 0.6 hectares of arable land per rural resident compared to 2.3 hectares in FSU.

Agricultural transition in Uzbekistan, as in all CIS countries, is driven by a process of land reform, which involves redistribution of land among producers and concomitant changes in farm structure. In this article we review the process of land reform since Uzbekistan’s independence and examine its impacts on agricultural growth and rural family incomes. The analysis is based on official statistics and data from a farm-level survey carried out in 2007.

The study examines land and water reforms as the main components of agricultural sector restructuring during the transition to a market economy. The experience of Central and Eastern European countries and CIS is assessed in the light of market principles. The main focus of the study is on the agrarian reform in Turkmenistan. The achieved results are evaluated, and prospects for further development of the Turkmen model of agricultural transition are discussed in the framework of world experience. The monograph is the result of a joint study carried out by the authors under Grant No. TA-MOU-98-CA17-011, U.S.-Israel Cooperative Development Research Program, Economic Growth, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

Rethinking public policy in agriculture: Lessons from distant and recent history iii FOREWORD Many of the agricultural development policies and institutional frameworks adopted by developing countries during most of the last 20 years followed the so-called "Washington Consensus", referred to in this report as the new conventional wisdom (NCW). This approach emphasized the role of market forces in the economy as the main mechanism for resource allocation and viewed public-sector intervention as having had price-distorting effects that bred inefficiency and stifled growth. The NCW policies, which were mainly prescribed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), supported stabilization policies and Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) and advocated for radical reforms in agriculture that were centred on privatizing production and delivery of services and restricting governments to legislative and regulatory roles and delivering core public-sector goods and services. A key feature of these policies was that they were often prescribed and replicated across the board without due consideration to the realities of individual countries.

Contemporary condition of infrastructure establishments, and amount of services provided in cattle breeding sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and Samarkand region in particular are analyzed in the paper. The analysis also proposes methods of problem solutions in the sphere.