Ganoderma boninense

Αυξάνει την δύναμη, την αντοχή και την πνευματική διαύγεια. Ενισχύει το ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα. Ρυθμίζει την πίεση Μειώνει την κακή χοληστερίνη Μειώνει τα επίπεδα σακχάρων στο αίμα Εξισορροπεί τα επίπεδα χοληστερόλης Βοηθά στην διαχείριση της απώλειας βάρους. Αναστρέφει τα αποτελέσματα της παχυσαρκίας, του διαβήτη και της αρθρίτιδας.

Cynodon dactylonis a type of perennial grass that possesses great medicinal values.It is traditionally used as a rejuvenator, for wound healing and was believed to be able to cure many diseases and infections. Scientifically it has been reported to possess many pharmacological activity including antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antidiarrheal and antibacterial properties. However, the role of C. dactylon in combating plant fungal pathogen was scantly reported. In the present study, antifungal activityofC. dactylon ethanol Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) extract against Ganoderma boninense was investigated.The antifungal activity and Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were evaluated using agar diffusion bioassay. In this study, elute fraction of C. dactylon ethanol SPE extract was effectively suppressed the G. boninense growth after 14 days of incubation (MIC=20.00 mgmL-1). Based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) analysis, some possible antifungal compounds against G. boninense were identified as Tokoronin, Ophiopogonin C and Cyclopassiflosides (Saponins), Elemicin (Phenolics), 5-oxo-7octenoic acid, Stearidonic acid and 17-Hydroxylinolenic acid (Fatty acids), Neocnidilide (carboxylic acid), Gingerglycolipid B and Apiole.

An electrochemical DNA biosensor has been developed for detection of ganoderma boninense, an oil palm pathogen utilizing newly synthesized ruthenium [Ru(phen) 2 (qtpy)] 2+ complex as hybridization indicator. The sensor incorporated the use of a gold electrode (AuE), modified with a conducting nanocomposite of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophen) -poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A specific sequence of a ganoderma boninense DNA probe has been immobilized on the modified electrode and the hybridization event was monitored via intercalation of the ruthenium complex to the hybridized DNA. Effect of hybridization temperature and time was evaluated and found to be optimal at 45 o C in 25 minutes for the hybridization. Detection of target DNA ranged from 1.0 x 10 -15 M to 1.0 x 10 -9 M was performed, and a correlation relationship of 0.9756 and detection limit of 5 x 10 -16 M were obtained. The newly synthesized ruthenium complex was able to be used is a novel redox marker and can be adopted for routine detection of DNA.

The oil palm, an economically important tree, has been one of the world's major sources of edible oil and a significant precursor of biodiesel fuel. Unfortunately, it now faces the threat of a devastating disease. Many researchers have identified Ganoderma boninense as the major pathogen that affects the oil palm tree and eventually kills it. But identification of the pathogen is just the first step. No single method has yet been able to halt the continuing spread of the disease. This paper discusses the modes of infection and transmission of Ganoderma boninense and suggests techniques for its early detection. Additionally, the paper proposes some possible ways of controlling the disease. Such measures, if implemented, could contribute significantly to the sustainability of the palm oil industry in South East Asia.

Basal stem rot, caused by the basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, is an economically devastating disease in Malaysia. Our study investigated the changes in lignin content and composition along with activity and expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes and genes in oil palm root tissues during G. boninense infection. We sampled control (non-inoculated) and infected (inoculated) seedlings at seven time points [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-inoculation (wpi)] in a randomized design. The expression profiles of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) genes were monitored at 1, 2, and 3 wpi using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seedlings at 4, 8, and 12 wpi were screened for lignin content, lignin composition, enzyme activities (PAL, CAD, and POD), growth (weight and height), and disease severity (DS). Gene expression analysis demonstrated up-regulation of PAL, CAD, and POD genes in the infected seedlings, relative to the control seedlings at 1, 2, and 3 wpi. At 2 and 3 wpi, CAD showed highest transcript levels compared to PAL and POD. DS increased progressively throughout sampling, with 5, 34, and 69% at 4, 8, and 12 wpi, respectively. Fresh weight and height of the infected seedlings were significantly lower compared to the control seedlings at 8 and 12 wpi. Lignin content of the infected seedlings at 4 wpi was significantly higher than the control seedlings, remained elicited with no change at 8 wpi, and then collapsed with a significant reduction at 12 wpi. The nitrobenzene oxidation products of oil palm root lignin yielded both syringyl and guaiacyl monomers. Accumulation of lignin in the infected seedlings was in parallel to increased syringyl monomers, at 4 and 8 wpi. The activities of PAL and CAD enzymes in the infected seedlings at DS = 5-34% were significantly higher than the control seedlings and thereafter collapsed at DS = 69%.

For thousands of years Ganoderma has been considered by the
Chinese to be a high quality herbal medicine. The socalled
‘Aone
Medicine’ is the best medicine which does not have any side
effects, even after using it for a long time. It can improve one’s
constitution, increase the body’s healing ability to help maintain a
healthy body, and have a long life.....

A new DNA biosensor for Ganoderma boninense, pathogen of the oil palm has been developed. The system was developed based on a gold electrode (AuE) modified with a conducting polymer film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques were employed to characterize and optimized the detection system. The modified electrode exhibited higher electrical conductivity compared to the bare electrode. A DNA probe for Ganoderma boninense was immobilized on the modified electrode and a new ruthenium complex was employed as a marker for monitoring hybridization of target DNA. The effect of hybridization temperature and time was studied and was found to be optimal at 45 o C with hybridization time of 35 minutes. Effect of different concentration of target DNA ranged from 1.00 x 10 -15 M to 1.00 x 10 -9 M was studied and calibration plot with correlation of 0.969 and a detection limit of 6.20 x 10 -16 M was obtained. The newly synthesized ruthenium complex has shown a good affinity towards hybridized DNA and proven to be a good hybridization indicator. This work is the first ever reported biosensor based detection method for Ganoderma boninense.

The fungus Ganoderma boninense is a well-known pathogen causing a serious disease known as basal stem rot of the oil palm in Malaysia. Most research on this fungus is focused on its pathological aspects. This study was to investigate the medicinal property of this plant pathogen as a hypoglycemic agent. Results from this study showed that rate of glucose clearance in animals treated with G. boniense extract was significantly faster than the saline control. This effect was less pronounced compared to glibenclamide, which is still the effective hypoglycemic agent. The results of the present study suggest that the aqueous extract of Ganoderma boninense contains chemicals that may be used for treating diabetes mellitus.

Basal stem  rot (BSR)  in oil palm plants caused by ganoderma fungi has caused  the  loss of crop production. The
presence of  the fungi  thought  to be associated with weed vegetation  in  the estate which  is spread  through spores
and micelles. Early detection of ganoderma  fungi  is needed  through weed vegetation approach by analysis of Cu
and Zn nutrient. This research was aimed  to determine  the relationship of ganoderma fungi presence on Cu and
Zn nutrient  in dominant weed from oil palm plantations. This research was conducted at  the blocks 17, 16, and
6 of Afdeling VII of Rambutan Estate, Serdang Bedagai Regency and  the  leaves analysis at Analytical Laboratory
of PT. Socfin Indonesia, Medan from July until August 2018. This research method was used with
descriptive analytics. This research was taken by 3 types of dominant weed  (Cyperus  rotundus,
Cyclosorus aridus, and Stenochlaena palustris). The results showed that Zn and Cu on leaves of the three
dominant weed in the oil palm estate were infected with ganoderma fungi lower compared to uninfected,
except to Stenochlaena palustris with higher Cu level. The difference in the percentage of Zn in the leaves
of  Cyperus rotundus, Cyclosorus aridus,  and  Stenochlaena  palustris  in  the  oil  palm  were  infected
compared to uninfected with ganoderma fungi of -42.72%; -43.92%; -1.70% and Cu nutrient of -27.13%;
-25.80%; +34.34%. The application of balanced fertilization and proper weed control management can be
the initial anticipation in preventing the presence of ganoderma fungi.

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) of oil palm (OP) (Elaeis guineensis) caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most devastating disease in South East Asia. High incidence of BSR results in economic losses, due to zero yield from dead palms and significantly reduced weight and number of fruit bunches from infected living palms. Although BSR is a very important disease in OP, molecular information on Ganoderma isolates from Sabah, however is not well documented. There is limited information on the use of molecular techniques in identification of G. boninense available in current literature for G. boninense isolates from Sabah. The only report on this pathogen isolate in Sabah is based solely on their morphology and pathogenicity. In conjunction with the morphological similarities between the different isolates, there are also varied opinions on the aggressiveness of the pathogen in Sabah. In this paper we report on the identity of Ganoderma isolates from several OP Estates in Sabah, Malaysia. The identities of these isolates were confirmed using DNA sequence analysis after PCR amplification. The latter method showed that the Sabah isolates were very similar to Ganoderma sp with a maximum similarity of 99%.

Weeds on oil palm plantations can also be the host of Basal Stem Rot caused by Ganoderma. This study aims to identify and analyze of weed vegetation using visual estimation and squares method as Ganoderma presence marker on oil palm plantations. This research was conducted in block 17, 16, and 6 of VII afdeling, Rambutan Estate in Serdang Bedagai Regency on December 2017 to March 2018. This research used survey method with visual estimation and squares. The data used is absolute density, relative density, absolute frequency, relative frequency, important value indeks, Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) and dry weight. Data analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software. The results showed that different weed species between oil palm was infected and uninfected by Ganoderma with visual estimation method is Cyclosorus aridus (14.78%) where as with squares method are Cyperus rotundus (10.60%), and Stenochlaena palustris (7.76%) with temperature range 28.67 to 30.80oC and moisture amount 60.6...

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) of oil palm (OP) (Elaeis guineensis) caused by Ganoderma boninense is the most devastating disease in South East Asia. High incidence of BSR results in economic losses, due to zero yield from dead palms and significantly reduced weight and number of fruit bunches from infected living palms. Although BSR is a very important disease in OP, molecular information on Ganoderma isolates from Sabah, however is not well documented. There is limited information on the use of molecular techniques in identification of G. boninense available in current literature for G. boninense isolates from Sabah. The only report on this pathogen isolate in Sabah is based solely on their morphology and pathogenicity. In conjunction with the morphological similarities between the different isolates, there are also varied opinions on the aggressiveness of the pathogen in Sabah. In this paper we report on the identity of Ganoderma isolates from several OP Estates in Sabah, Malaysia. The ide...

Weeds on oil palm plantations can also be the host of Basal Stem Rot caused by Ganoderma. This study aims to identify and analyze of weed vegetation using visual estimation and squares method as Ganoderma presence marker on oil palm plantations. This research was conducted in block 17, 16, and 6 of VII afdeling, Rambutan Estate in Serdang Bedagai Regency on December 2017 to March 2018. This research used survey method with visual estimation and squares. The data used is absolute density, relative density, absolute frequency, relative frequency, important value indeks, Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) and dry weight. Data analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software. The results showed that different weed species between oil palm was infected and uninfected by Ganoderma with visual estimation method is Cyclosorus aridus (14.78%) where as with squares method are Cyperus rotundus (10.60%), and Stenochlaena palustris (7.76%) with temperature range 28.67 to 30.80oC and moisture amount 60.6...