Germ Line Stem Cells

Will CRISPR usher in a new era of Promethean overreach? CRISPR makes gene editing widely available and cheap. Anti-play-god bioethicists fear that geneticists will play god and precipitate a backlash from nature that could be devastating. In contrast to the anti-play-god bioethicists, this article recommends that laboratory science invoke the Precautionary Principle: pause at the yellow caution light, but then with constant risk-assessment proceed ahead.

Tissue engineering is a newly emerging biomedical technology, which aids and increases the repair and regeneration of deficient and injured tissues. It employs the principles from the fields of materials science, cell biology, transplantation, and engineering in an effort to treat or replace damaged tissues. Tissue engineering and development of complex tissues or organs, such as heart, muscle, kidney, liver, and lung, are still a distant milestone in twenty-first century. Generally, there are four main challenges in tissue engineering which need optimization. These include biomaterials, cell sources, vascularization of engineered tissues, and design of drug delivery systems. Biomaterials and cell sources should be specific for the engineering of each tissue or organ. On the other hand, angiogenesis is required not only for the treatment of a variety of ischemic conditions, but it is also a critical component of virtually all tissue-engineering strategies. Therefore, controlling the dose, location, and duration of releasing angiogenic factors via polymeric delivery systems, in order to ultimately better mimic the stem cell niche through scaffolds, will dictate the utility of a variety of biomaterials in tissue regeneration. This review focuses on the use of polymeric vehicles that are made of synthetic and/or natural biomaterials as scaffolds for three-dimensional cell cultures and for locally delivering the inductive growth factors in various formats to provide a method of controlled, localized delivery for the desired time frame and for vascularized tissue-engineering therapies.

In recent years, stem cell therapy tried to improve the life of patients that suffer from neurodegenerative disease, like Alzheimer's disease. Although teeth are non-essential for life, but the dental tissues are an important source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for neural regeneration. The studies showed that dental stem cells (DSCs) have the potential to differentiate into several cell types that among the most important is neural progenitor. In this review article, discusses the types of dental stem cells and then focused on application of dental stem cells on neural regeneration.

Cancer progression and metastasis is rarely or less studied phenomenon. It has been known that cancer stem cells are
the significant agents playing critical in metastasis and advanced tumorigenesis because of their heterogeneous
nature. Their changed molecular expression with the passage of time and induction of normal cells into cancerous
cells are correlated and determining these stem cell markers expression on CSCs can help to understand the
progression of cancer and resistance to chemotherapy approaches. Identification of these signaling pathways and
their modulation role are the key necessities for precise diagnosis and targeted therapeutic approaches development.

Our based rejuvenation (anti-aging) adult stem cells therapy apply to distinct categories of patient:  Healthy Patients with warning signs of aging  Patients with degenerative (age related) diseases Healthy Patients with warning signs of aging Expected Benefits: The expected benefits from one of our stem cell therapy programs are extensive and will vary on a case by case basis according to a patient's condition at the time of the injection of stem cells. In general though, once the stem cells are injected in a patient's body, it is expected that the injected stem cells will assist in the regeneration and revitalization of the patient's main internal organs and tissues as well as assist activate the existing body stem cells. The revitalizing and improvement in the functions of major organs such as liver, heart, and kidneys as well as key systems such as the hemic and lymphatic systems will in turn help turn back the clock and make the body run more efficiently. With a marked improvement in internal organ functions, it is then expected that the aging symptoms experienced by a patient will be greatly reduced, or possibly disappear all together, and that their external health appearance, mood, energy level, as well as in many cases, sexual drive will return. At the same time, by making the internal organs and systems biologically younger and more efficient, the stem cell therapy is also assisting in delaying the aging process and the onset of a potential degenerative disease, hence the use of the term " rejuvenation " or " anti-aging " therapy. Please fill out our Stem Cells Treatment Form so that we can provide you with more details.

Organ Bioprinting is a new approach in the field of regenerative medicine that try to make a whole intact
functionally active organ from tissue specific cells. Providing such organs are very important because
every year many patients need to organ transplantation but the number of donors are so limited. Organs
made from different tissue with different kinds of cell types and for Organ Bioprinting first we need to
provide these cell types. Currently, with regards to advances in stem cell biology specially invention of
easy methods for isolation mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as one the appropriate cell type for
regeneration purpose and also due to their unique properties including lack of immune-rejection in
allograft, MSCs have gained attention for using in organ production. MSCs can isolate from many tissues
of adults and differentiate in a targeted manner into cells of interest; provide a main material of tissue
engineering triangle (i.e. cells, biomaterial and growth factors) for 3D bioprinting of human organs on a
substrate. Printers have the ability of designing tissues and organs with fusing living tissue specific cells
and extracellular matrix in layers to produce 3D biologically functional new organ. It is conceivable that
in the near future, stem cells will play their predicted role; i.e. whole organ production.

Stem cell therapy in recent years has gained much attention as the modern therapeutic approach to treat diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are seen as the most reliable cells applied in therapy over other stem cells because of their versatility. Bone and cartilage diseases (osteo-diseases) are the major target of therapy using MSCs. In this perspective, we have statistically analyzed the data available on clinical trials registry databases regarding the mesenchymal stem cell based therapy for a number of mentioned diseases and paid attention towards the osteodiseases. We report that MSC therapy for osteodiseases needs optimization in its standards to achieve acceptable results so that we can apply it in daily routine clinical practice.

Our based rejuvenation (anti-aging) adult stem cells therapy apply to distinct categories of patient: • Healthy Patients with warning signs of aging • Patients with degenerative (age related) diseases Healthy Patients with warning signs of aging Expected Benefits: The expected benefits from one of our stem cell therapy programs are extensive and will vary on a case by case basis according to a patient's condition at the time of the injection of stem cells. In general though, once the stem cells are injected in a patient's body, it is expected that the injected stem cells will assist in the regeneration and revitalization of the patient's main internal organs and tissues as well as assist activate the existing body stem cells. The revitalizing and improvement in the functions of major organs such as liver, heart, and kidneys as well as key systems such as the hemic and lymphatic systems will in turn help turn back the clock and make the body run more efficiently. With a marked improvement in internal organ functions, it is then expected that the aging symptoms experienced by a patient will be greatly reduced, or possibly disappear all together, and that their external health appearance, mood, energy level, as well as in many cases, sexual drive will return. At the same time, by making the internal organs and systems biologically younger and more efficient, the stem cell therapy is also assisting in delaying the aging process and the onset of a potential degenerative disease, hence the use of the term " rejuvenation " or " anti-aging " therapy. Please fill out our Stem Cells Treatment Form so that we can provide you with more details.

Cancer progression and metastasis is rarely or less studied phenomenon. It has been known that cancer stem cells are the significant agents playing critical in metastasis and advanced tumorigenesis because of their heterogeneous nature. Their changed molecular expression with the passage of time and induction of normal cells into cancerous cells are correlated and determining these stem cell markers expression on CSCs can help to understand the progression of cancer and resistance to chemotherapy approaches. Identification of these signaling pathways and their modulation role are the key necessities for precise diagnosis and targeted therapeutic approaches development.

Many studies have showed disadvantageous effect of ethanol exposure on stem cells. Ethanol exposure
during development leads injury to various types of stem cells including neural stem cells (NSCs),
dental pulp stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells and etc. Because NSCs play a
basic role in the development and maturation of the central nervous system, it is vital to understand the
effect of ethanol on NSCs differentiation. Additionally, alcohol misusage appears lead to periodontal
disease, tooth decay and mouth wounds that are potentially precancerous. Individuals who abuse alcohol
are at high risk of having seriously destroyed teeth, gums and compromised oral health in general. Some
of these adverse situations maybe are because of ethanol effects on stem cells. Therefore, here, ethanol
effects on the various types of stem cells were reviewed.

Stem cell therapy in recent years has gained much attention as the modern therapeutic approach to treat diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are seen as the most reliable cells applied in therapy over other stem cells because of their versatility. Bone and cartilage diseases (osteo-diseases) are the major target of therapy using MSCs. In this perspective, we have statistically analyzed the data available on clinical trials registry databases regarding the mesenchymal stem cell based therapy for a number of mentioned diseases and paid attention towards the osteodiseases. We report that MSC therapy for osteodiseases needs optimization in its standards to achieve acceptable results so that we can apply it in daily routine clinical practice.

During the process of ageing there is canalisation of repair resources which tend to flow from the soma towards the germ line. During the early periods of phylogenetic development there was a time when repair of germ line cells became more efficient compared to the repair of somatic cells. The level of somatic repair became just enough to ensure that the organism reached sexual maturity. It was the biological equivalent of the mathematical bifurcation, when the pathway developed preferentially towards the germ line attractor. We are now looking for evidence that this could be changing, that we may be witnessing a phase transition from effective germ line repair to an effective somatic repair. Here I consider mechanisms of fidelity-preservation which may be present in the germ line, and examine the possibility that these may be made to operate upon somatic cells instead. Mechanisms which safeguard the reliability of germ line repair and ensuring robustness/resilience in the germ line may also (or instead) be applicable upon somatic material (cells and molecules, factors) and ensure a continually effective repair of this somatic material. Thus the ability to continually repair and maintain somatic organic material within biological systems is not lost. Continual challenges from the environment ensure that the flow of information remains active and it persistently stimulates the ability to repair the soma. Apart from germ line cells, some unicellular organisms such as bacteria maintain their ability for ongoing repairs, a fact that indicates that, in principle, senescence is not unavoidable.
Keywords: Germ line, Somatic repairs, Trade-offs, Indispensable soma hypothesis, Apoptosis, Environment, Transposons, MIcroRNAs, Germ line to soma cross-talk, Immortalisation

Neural precursor differentiation from mouse ES (embryonic stem) cells have been demonstrated using EB (embryoid
body), co-culture on stromal feeder layers, and in the absence of external inducing signals. Most of available mouse ES cell
original research articles have worked with only six different cell lines. Our goals were to isolate one new mouse ES lineage,
and perform a detailed immunocytochemistry study during neural differentiation, making use of an EB strategy protocol
following the generation of neural progenitors, glial cells and postmitotic neurons. The dynamics of differentiation of ES cell
derived neuronal precursors into differentiated glia cells and neurons were followed in vitro and correlated to exposure to
specific elements of feeder medium. Morphological aspects of generated cellular types, including its immunocytochemical
expression of differentiation markers were studied. Immuno-positivity against b-III tubulin, PGP and TH (tyrosine
hydroxylase) was observed from stage I. Approximately 80% of cells were positive for TH at stage I. The first glial cell type
appears in stage III. TH, PGP or b-III tubulin-positive cells with neuronal typical morphology only being seen in stage III
when TH-positive cells corresponded to approximately 12% of total cells. Variations among other literature findings can be
explained by the choice we made to use a newly isolated ES cell line. As colonies may behave differently during neuronal
differentiation, it reinforces the necessity of studying original ES cell lines.

Naive pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and embryonic germ cells (EGCs) are derived from the preimplantation epiblast and primordial germ cells (PGCs), respectively. We investigated whether differences exist between ESCs and EGCs, in view of their distinct developmental origins. PGCs are programmed to undergo global DNA demethylation; however, we find that EGCs and ESCs exhibit equivalent global DNA methylation levels. Inhibition of MEK and Gsk3b by 2i conditions leads to pronounced reduction in DNA methylation in both cell types. This is driven by Prdm14 and is associated with downregulation of Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. However, genomic imprints are maintained in 2i, and we report derivation of EGCs with intact genomic imprints. Collectively, our findings establish that culture in 2i instills a naive pluripotent state with a distinctive epigenetic configuration that parallels molecular features observed in both the preimplantation epiblast and nascent PGCs.