Groundnut

The study was to find out the root causes of drastically declining the area under groundnut crop in Kadapa District of Andhra Pradesh. Results revealed that most of the groundnut farmers were marginal and small who expressed their options ranked in the following manner. The rank I was less remunerative prices for the produce (93%) followed by high cost of cultivation (91.67%) ranked II, uncertainty weather conditions (rainfall)(90%) ranked III, labour scarcity at crucial operations (sowing, weeding & harvesting) (85%) ranked IV facing difficulty in controlling the damage caused by the wild boars in their field (83.33%) ranked V, high wages of labour (80%) ranked VI, damage caused by monkeys (75%) ranked VII, root rot disease (73.33%) ranked VIII, low yields & high seed cost (70%) ranked IX, virus diseases (50%)ranked X, untimely availability of seed (38.33%) ranked XI, red hairy caterpillar damage (33.33%) ranked XII, insufficient groundnut water (25%) ranked XIII, and high weed problem (16.67%) ranked XIV. For the above reasons most the farmers were not able to grow groundnut crop in the district.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) production is a key farming activity in Cameroon, since it substantially contributes to human nutrition, economic wealth of farmers and soil fertility. Most cropping systems in sub Saharan Africa are limited by low soil fertility and subjected to the slash-and-burn agriculture. A study was conducted to investigate the potential of cattle manure ash, derived from cooking activities as soil conditioner in order to improve soil fertility and groundnut performances in two sites in the Adamawa region (Cameroon). The results showed that cattle manure ash slightly increased soil pH, soil moisture, SOM, Corg and C/N ratio in amended plots. Cattle manure ash improved nodule weight and increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization in one site, that was translated to better N assimilation, and dry weight of both groundnut varieties used in the study. Future studies are needed to evaluate the full potential of cattle manure ash application, alone and/or associated with others organic wastes for sustainable agriculture in the tropics.

In groundnut, the coverage of area by a particular variety is very poor compared to cereals, this is mainly due to non-availability of quality seeds at the time of sowing. The formation of single pods is inevitable one. To utilize the single pods as such without decorticating, it can reduce shelling cost and meet out the demand of the crop at needy time. The present investigation has been formulated and conducted at Oilseeds Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tindivanam during January 2018 with the six different soaking treatments viz., soaking of single pods for 5 hrs, 10 hrs, 15 hrs, 20 hrs, sowing of dry pods as such and kernel sowing as control in two varieties TMV 13 and VRI 7. From the above treatments irrespective of varieties, the results of 20 hrs soaked seeds is on par with kernel sowing in number of days to emergence (5 days), days to initial (26 days)and 50% flowering (33.5 days) flowering and in all yield parameters including No. of pegs/plant (32.7 for kernel sowing and 31.8 for 20 hrs soaked pods), No. of pods/ plant (27.3 for kernel sowing and 26.7 for 20 hrs soaked pods), 100 seed weight (45.3 for kernel sowing and 45.0 for 20 hrs soaked pods) and seed yield/ha (1904 for kernel sowing and 1858 for 20 hrs soaked pods).

Groundnut, the king of oil seeds is one of the important legume crops cultivated predominantly under rain-fed conditions in the tropical and semi-arid tropical countries including India, where it provides a major source of oil, carbohydrates and proteins (Pasupuleti et al., 2016; Ondulla, 2020). The seed is used mainly for edible oil and contains nearly half of the essential vitamins and one-third of the essential minerals. It is one of the most nourishing foods available in the world (Fonte et al., 2019; Samtiya et al., 2020). Apart from their nutritional value, groundnut has considerable medicinal value (Bhat et al., 2019). It is consumed in many ways and various forms. Due to its high monosaturated content, it is considered healthier than saturated oils and is resistant to rancidity (Juliet et al., 2019). Groundnut is particularly valued for its protein content (26%). In addition to protein and oil, groundnut is a good source of Ca, P, Fe, Zn and B. Hence, groundnut played an important role in nutritional security to the resource poor farmers (Meena et al., 2007; Chris et al.,

Peanut is a legume crop that belongs to the family of Fabaceae, genus Arachis and botanically named as Arachis hypogaea L. Peanuts are considered as a vital source of nutrients plays an important role in growth and energy gain of living organisms. They are rich in calories and contain many nutrients, minerals, antioxidants and vitamins that are essential for optimum health. All these biomolecules are essential for pumping vital nutrients into the human body for sustaining normal health. This paper presents an overview of the peanut composition in terms of the constituent biomolecules and their biological functions, also discusses about the relationship between consumption of peanuts and their effect on human metabolism and physiology. It highlights the usefulness of considering peanuts as an essential component in human diet considering its nutritional values.

The equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics of the biosorption of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) onto groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) shell were investigated under various physicochemical parameters. Optimisation studies were carried out using batch biosorption studies. The extent of the metal ion biosorption increased with increase in solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, dosage of biosorbent and contact time but decreased with the temperature of the system. The biosorption of each of the metal ions was found to be pH-dependent. Kinetic study showed that the metal ions biosorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The sorption of each metal ion was analysed with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, in each case, the equilibrium data were better represented by Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamically, parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG˚), standard enthalpy (ΔH˚), standard entropy (ΔS˚) and the activation energy (A) were calculated. The ...

The present study was conducted during kharif 2017 in three villages of Nagapattinam district to assess the suitable variety of Groundnut. Five farmers’ field were randomly selected and sown three high yielding improved varieties of groundnut namely Kadiri 9, CO 6 and ICGV 91114 with five replications with one check variety already grown by the farmers. The study revealed that Kadiri 9 recorded higher pod yield (19.87 q/ha), higher number of pods/plant (21.12), lesser root rot incidence (4.30 %) and optimum plant population (33.02 plants / M2 ) as compared to CO 6 and ICGV 91114. Kadiri 9, CO 6, and ICGV 91114 recorded 35.15, 27.10 and 18.89 per cent higher yield than the check variety TMV 7, respectively. A reduction in root rot incidence, leaf minor, leaf spot, Spodoptera damage and optimum plant population was observed in all the three varieties as compared to check variety. Gross and net returns were Rs.1,19,220/- and Rs.73,990/-ha, respectively by cultivating Kadiri 9 as against Rs.77,280/- and Rs.37,824/-ha in the check variety. Hence, it was inferred that Kadiri 9 variety of ground nut proved better followed by CO 6 and ICGV 91114.

Groundnut sown under conventional land configuration has reached maximum output and an alternated practice along with suitable mulch is required to boost the yield under rainfed conditions. In this regard, a field experiment was conducted at Oilseeds Research Station, Tindivanam during kharif season of 2015 to 2017 to study the effect of land configuration and mulching on the productivity of kharif groundnut. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The treatments imposed in the main plot were different land configuration practices viz., flatbed method, broad bed and furrow (1m width and 50 cm furrow), ridges and furrows (90 cm width), raised bed and furrow (60 cm width and 30 cm furrow) and in the subplot, various mulching practices viz., Control (No mulch), Organic mulch (Paddy straw @ 5 t/ha) and Plastic mulch were assigned. Results indicated that groundnut sown under raised bed and furrow (60 cm width and 30 cm furrow) system with polythene mulching resulted significantly higher in plant growth (plant height, number of branches/plant), yield attributes (pods/plant, shelling percentage), total biomass production and recorded a pod yield of 2481 kg/ha. Based on the economics, groundnut sown under raised bed and furrow along with polythene mulching realized a higher benefit: cost ratio of 2.25 over the other treatment combinations thereby can be considered as a reliable practice for increasing the productivity of groundnut under rainfed situations.

Groundnut is cultivated in 2,027 ha and 415 ha of lands in the Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi Districts respectively. Three seasons can be identified for groundnut cultivation as October – January, early February – early March and mid June to late September. As far as the climate and soils are concerned, many parts of the districts are potentially suitable for cultivation of other field crops (OFC) such as groundnut, soybean, cowpea, green gram, black gram, maize, sesame, chilli, onion etc.
The objective of the present study is to assess the present agricultural situation in Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi Districts with respect to groundnut cultivation and develop a Project Implementation Plan targeting a period of one year.

Irrigation management nowadays need to be properly monitored to cope with depleting fresh water resources and enhance agricultural productivity. Groundnut a major oilseed crops of India accounts to 25% of total oilseed production in the country. India's vegetable oil requirement by 2022 is estimated 33.2 million tonnes and currently imports about 70% of the requirement accounting about 73,000 crores per annum. Further, industrialization and urbanization has led to decreased land availability and are preferring to cultivate cash crops like cotton, maize, etc. This along with pulses shortage has led to malnutrition in young children which needs to be addressed shortly. This review outlines on performance of groundnut under different irrigation frequencies and evaluates intercrops like castor, blackgram, sesame and pearlmillet and their performances with groundnut. From the review collected it could be studied that groundnut responds to different irrigation frequencies and also performs well under intercropping system but with certain short duration crops. Irrigation can be supplied more frequent at 10-15 days interval during summer and 15-20 days interval during winter and more compatible with blackgram followed by sesame, castor and pearlmillet. This could be primarily due to the lesser shading effect caused by the companion short duration crop and also atmospheric nitrogen fixation in case of legumes while negative effect when intercropped with exhaustive crops. Therefore, proper irrigation scheduling needs to be quantified along with best suited intercrop to enhance the productivity and profitability from the system.

The increase in carbon dioxide and temperature
under climate change scenario has been
shown to increase plant growth as well as the
allocation of nutrients to the below ground
ecosystem. This allocation may result in alteration
of plant-microbe interaction, specifically
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterial
(PGPR) population which is dependent on
rhizodepostion. This study investigated the
impact of elevated temperature on some PGPR
populations in rhizosphere of groundnut variety
B-95. Rhizosphere samples were collected
at different phenological stages. Various strains
of Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., Azotobacter
spp. and Acetobacter spp. were enumerated,
isolated and tested for several PGP
traits such as Indole Acetic Acid (IAA),
siderophore, cyanide production etc. Results
showed consistent statistically significant differences
in the numbers of bacteria between
ambient and above ambient temperature treatments.
Total 62 isolates represented 32.26%
Pseudomonas, 27.42% Enterobacter 20.97%
Azotobacter and 19.35% Acetobacter population.
74.19% of the total isolates were able to
produce IAA whereas 69.35% of the total isolates
were positive for NH3 production.
Pseudomonas spp. were strongest exhibiters
of protease activity (75%). 25 and 32 strains
could display antagonism for Aspergillus niger
and Fusarium moniliforme respectively. No
loss or gain of PGP traits as a result of elevated
temperature could be observed.

Groundnut is one of the major oilseed crops of India accounting for 25% of total oilseed production in the country. India's vegetable oil requirement by 2022 is estimated 33.2 million tonnes and currently imports about 70% of the requirement accounting for about 73,000 crores per annum. Further, industrialization and urbanization have led to decrease land availability, moreover, farmers primarily focus on cultivation of cash crops like cotton, maize, etc. This along with pulses shortage has led to malnutrition creating a serious consequence to the growing generation. This situation can be overcome by intercropping system which aims at increasing productivity at a particular time, but also insurances against total crop failure. It is very important that the performance under intercropping system depends on the selection of suitable intercrop where both sustain and bloom. This review outlines on groundnut based intercropping with castor, blackgram, sesame and pearl millet crops. From the review collected it could be confirmed that groundnut performs well under intercropping system but with certain short duration crops. This could be primarily due to the lesser shading effect caused by the companion short duration crop and also enhanced pod development after the harvest. Therefore, the compatibility within the intercropping systems needs to be clearly understood and thereby disseminated to the farming community the backbone of our nation.

The study was conducted to examine the trends and variability in the growth of groundnut as oilseed crop in Punjab state. For the analysis purpose, the relevant secondary data from 1975-76 to 2014-15 were examined. The study was based upon secondary time series data collected from issues of various statistical abstracts of Punjab, published by Government of India or Economic and Statistical Organisation. The compound growth rates were estimated with the help of exponential function and variability by using Cuddy-Della Vella test for the convenience of comparison over the period. Therefore it was subdivided into three periods [Period-I: 1975-1995 (pre-WTO), Period-II: 1996-2015 (post-WTO) and whole period: 1975-2015]. The study concluded that area and yield had declined but reciprocated in terms of production in the whole study period. In context with variability, the study concluded that there persisted wide fluctuations in the growth of area and production of groundnut over the study period.

Persistent nutrient depletion is posing a greater threat to the sustainable agriculture.
Therefore, it becomes imperative to explore the most effective combination of inorganic
fertilizers and liquid biofertilizers for sustaining the soil fertility and producing quality
products. Hence, a field trial was conducted during kharif 2017 at College of Agriculture,
Gwalior with a view to assess the effect of fertility levels and biofertilizers on quality and
physiological parameters of groundnut. Experiment laid out as split plot comprised 12
treatment combinations replicated thrice in fixed plots having four fertility levels viz., 25,
50, 75 and 100% recommended rate of fertilizers as main plots and three bioformulations
viz., no bio-formulations (B1), NPK liquid formulation + Zn solubilizing bacteria (B2) and
bio-grow application (B3) as sub plots. Application of bioformulation as liquid NPK with
Zn solublizing bacteria resulted in better physioogical growth and highest kernel (2114
kg/ha) and haulm yield (6676 kg/ha) of groundnut crop. Same treatment also resulted in
highest protein (4.4 kg/ha) and oil yield (6.7 kg/ha). Application of 100% RDF with
bioformulation as NPK liquid formulation + Zn solubilizing bacteria produced highest
LAI, CGR, RGR values as well as protein and oil yield of groundnut followed by 100%
RDF with biogrow application.

Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are important micronutrients for human health and well-being. Groundnut kernels are good sources of Fe and Zn. Localization studies of Fe and Zn in the kernel tissues of ten diverse groundnut genotypes revealed that, cotyledons contribute nearly 85-90% of total Fe and Zn in comparison to seed coat and embryo on dry matter basis. Generation mean analysis revealed the predominant role of additive gene action for kernel Fe and Zn concentration in the cross ICGV 06,040 9 ICGV 87,141, and both additive and additive 9 additive interaction in the cross ICGV 06,099 9 ICGV 93,468. Duplicate epistasis was observed for kernel Fe and Zn concentrations in both the crosses. For yield parameters, pod yield per plant and 100-kernel weight, dominance gene action was significant. Additive 9 additive interaction was also found to be significant for these traits which can be fixed through selection. For days to maturity, additive, dominance, additive 9 additive and dominance 9 dominance interactions were significant. The study involved six generations of two crosses involving parents with contrasting kernel Fe and Zn concentrations and was conducted for five economically important traits using a six-parameter model. There was significant positive association between kernel Fe and Zn concentration in both the crosses indicating possibility of simultaneous improvement. Absence of association of kernel Fe and Zn concentration with pod yield per plant will enable the development of high pod-yielding varieties with elevated levels of kernel Fe and Zn concentration.

A field experiment comprised of nine insecticides was conducted at Rajasthan Agricultural Research farm during kharif 2018 to 2020. The seeds of groundnut variety RG 510 were sown in the field on the last
week of June during kharif, 2018 to 2020 in the plots measuring 6.0 x 4.0 m2 keeping 0.45 and 0.10 m row to row and plant to plant distance, respectively. The recommended package of practices was followed
to raise the crop. Imidacloprid 600 FS @ 6.5 ml per kg seed treatment was significantly superior over all other treatments with lowest plant mortality against termite and highest pod yield followed by fipronil 5 SC (7.33%) and imidacloprid 17.8 SL (9.00%). The maximum production was recorded in imidacloprid 600 FS with 18.81 q/ha followed by fipronil (16.35q/ha) and imidacloprid 17.8 SL (16.0q/ha) whereas, clothianidin 50WDG, thiamethoxam 30 FS and thiamethoxam 25 WDG were found next best treatments.

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons to assess the impact of four plant spacing (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) and three weeding levels (no weeding, weeding once (at two weeks from sowing) and weeding twice (at two weeks and at four weeks) on growth and yield of peanut (groundnut) in rain-fed under Kordofan (Sudan) conditions. A randomized complete block design in four replications was used. The results showed that plant spacing of 10 cm gave 40% more yield than that at 40 cm and was the best for maximizing yield under rain-fed conditions. The growth and yield attributes of groundnut were significantly reduced when the crop was left un weeded. Weeding twice had the highest number of pods per plant, 100-Kernel weight, pods yield per plant and final pod yield (t/h). Weeds reduced pod yield by about 40%. The field was dominated by Cenchrus biflours L.

About 100 groundnut pod and soil samples were collected from different locations of North Gujarat and were tested for soil population of A. flavus, percent seed infection and aflatoxin contamination. The average soil population of A. flavus of Kachchh district (4.93 x 103 cfu g-1soil) was slightly higher than Banaskantha district (4.90 x 103 cfu g-1 soil). Minimum soil population of A. flavus was recorded with the variety J-11 grown as rainfed. Moreover, it was maximum when groundnut crops were grown after groundnut whereas; minimum after pulse crops; and a little difference between the irrigated and the rainfed samples were recorded.
The average of seed infection was higher in the Banaskantha district than the Kachchh. Maximum seed infection was recorded in the variety GG-20 grown as irrigated; whereas minimum in the variety J-11 cultivated in rainfed. Maximum seed infection was recorded when groundnut was grown as previous crop, while minimum when pulses were grown as previous crops. Irrigated crops showed higher seed infection as compared to the rainfed crops.
None of the samples were found free from aflatoxin, but 51.00 per cent of the samples were within the safe limits. The average of Kachchh district was 14.22 ppb whereas in Banaskantha, it was 15.33 ppb .According to variety, the maximum aflatoxin (21.34 ppb) was recorded in the variety GG-2 cultivated in irrigated condition, while the variety J-11 cultivated in rainfed condition recorded minimum aflatoxin (4.55 ppb). Groundnut cultivated after groundnut recorded maximum, whereas it was minimum when pulses where grown as previous crops.

Pearl millet flour was substituted with Bambara groundnut flour (0-20%) to form blends and used in fura preparation. Functional and microbiological profiles of the flours and food samples respectively as well as proximate and sensory properties were evaluated. Supplementation had raised the nutritional value of the foods. Swelling power and water absorption capacity had increased with an increase in the level of Bambara groundnut flour addition whereas bulk density and viscosity had decreased; the results were as follows-swelling power (23.616-24.203%), water absorption capacity (3.350-3.650g/g), bulk density (0.791-0.785g/cm3), and viscosity (52.965-50.210mPa-s). The moisture content, ash, fat, protein, fibre, carbohydrate and total energy level were found as follows- 42.730-45.500%, 0.510-0.850%, 3.275-7.95%, 3.750-9.375%, 0.775-0.900%, 35.425-48.960% and 240.315-250.750kcal/100g respectively. Concentration of anti-nutritional factors, alkaloids, flavonoids, phytic acids and tannins ranged from 0.09 to 0.15g/100g, 0.28 to 0.35g/100g, 7.31 to 9.83g/100g and 0.04 to 0.16g/100g respectively. The minerals contents were found to be significant as follows Ca (11.55 to 24.35 mg/100g), Fe (2.71 to 5.72 mg/100g), Zn (1.58 to 1.83 mg/100g), P (46.12 to 96.37 mg/100g), Mg (0.63 to 0.77 mg/100g), K (36.19 to 76.89 mg/100g), Na (4.08 to 8.59 mg/100g). In- vitro protein digestibility at 1h ranged between 72.67 to 75.43% and 73.95 to 79.13% at 6hrs‚ starch digestibility ranged between 66.83 to 70.25%. Microbial evaluation revealed moderate counts with the total microbial load of 1.23x103cfu/g (Table 5) in the food formulation F0MfB (100:00). Salmonella and Escherichia coli were not detected in fura food sample made from 80:20% millet-bambara nut flour blend. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidemidis, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas and Escherichia coli were isolated with the following percentage of occurrences 32.28%, 25.00%, 3.48%, 16.46%, 19.62% and 3.16% respectively. Sensory evaluation results revealed fura from 80:20% millet-bambara nut flour blend had the best score, therefore the most preferred by the respondents.

A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad [Northern Transition Zone (Zone 8) of Karnataka] on medium black clay soil during two consecutive kharif seasons (2015 and 2016), to know effect of different weed management practices on activity of enzymes in of groundnut and soybean crops during kharif season. The experiment consisted of two Main Plot treatments (Groundnut-cv JL 24 and Soybean-DSb 21) and eleven Sub-Plot treatments [Weed management practices involving five pre-emergence herbicides, (Alachlor 50 % EC @ 3.00 l ai/ha, Pendimethalin 30 % EC @ 1.00 kg ai/ha, Butachlor 50 % EC @ 1.00 kg ai/ha, Pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 g ai/ha and Oxyfluorfen 23.5 % EC @ 100 g ai/ha), four post-emergence herbicides (Propaquizafop 10 % EC @ 100 g ai/ha, Quizalofop ethyl 5 % EC @ 50 g ai/ha, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3 % EC @ 100 g ai/ha and Imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 100 g ai/ha), weed free control treatment and weedy check control treatment] and was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications during two consecutive kharif seasons (2015 and 2016). Weed management practices had significant effect on dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease enzymes activity in the soil at 15 days after sowing or 15 days after pre-emergence application of herbicides and 15 days after post-emergence application of herbicides in groundnut and soybean. Weed management practice involving post-emergence application of Imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 100 g ai/hain groundnut and soybean recorded significantly lower dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activity as compared to weedy check and weed free control plots.

A field experiment was conducted during summer 2013 on Instructional Farm of Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, to evaluate the effect of micro-nutrients and bio-fertilisers on morpho-physiological parameters and productivity of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) variety GJG-31. Combined application of Rhizobium, phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), zinc sulphate and molybdenum was associated with the maximization of morpho-physiological parameters i.e., number of leaves per plant, number of branches, plant height (cm), root length (cm), germination percentage, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and chlorophyll content (SPAD); yield attributing characters like number of pods plant-1 , shelling per cent (%) and 100-kernel weight; pod yield; haulm yield; oil content; and harvest index of groundnut.

In an investigation carried out during Kharif 2018, bio-efficacy of nine insecticides and bio-pesticides (including control) were tested against major sucking pest Leafhopper, Empoasca kerri Pruthi of groundnut at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). On the basis of mean per cent reduction in leafhopper population the treatment of imidacloprid 17.8SL (84.31%) was found most effective, followed by thiamethoxam 25WG (81.66%) and acetamiprid 20SP (80%) and were also statistically at par with each other in their efficacy. Bio-pesticides Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP (33.56%) and NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) (49.68%) were proved least effective, however both were differed significantly with each other. The descending order of effectiveness of treatments were as imidacloprid > thiamethoxam > acetamiprid > methyl demeton > fipronil > acephate > NSKE > Metarhizium anisopliae. The highest pod yield was obtained from the plot treated with insecticide imi...

Experiment was conducted in the Seed Quality Research Laboratory of National Seed Project, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad "to assess the field performance with respect to growth parameters in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Based on vigour levels" during the period of June 2015 to January 2016. Twenty seed lots having varied germination percentages were sown in three replications to study the effect of vigour on field performance. The following evaluations were made: speed of emergence, field emergence (%), plant population per plot, days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of main branches and number of leaves per plant. The results indicated significantly lower growth parameters for less vigorous lots and also it was observed that plant height and number of leaves showed significant differences up to 60DAS after which the difference diminishes unlikely as with days to 50% flowering & the number of branches at different stages of crop growth (30 DAS, 60 DAS, 90 DAS & at harvest) which had no significant difference. Introduction The quality of seed is a major concern in agriculture throughout the world. Seed quality is typically measured by different standard germination tests. While the results of a standard germination test may correlate well with field emergence when soil conditions are favorable for rapid emergence, the test cannot predict field performance when soil and environmental conditions impose stress on the germinating seeds, as it often occurs with early planting (Tekrony and Egli, 1991) [25]. Seed vigor is a reflection of those properties that determine the potential for rapid, uniform emergence and the development of normal seedlings under a wide range of field conditions. Thus, seed vigor is an inherent character and it indicates, in totality, those seed attributes which will favor stand establishment in a varied field conditions. Absence of quality seed results in poor plant stand and low seedling vigour which is one of the major constraints in decreased productivity of groundnut. This owes to the low seed multiplication ratio in kharif and poor storability of rabi/summer groundnut produce. Further kharif produce cannot be harvested and used for early rabi sowing. This necessitates the use of rabi/summer produce for sowing both during kharif and rabi seasons. Quality groundnut seeds are prerequisite for proper establishment of seedlings of groundnut in soil (Maiti and Ebeling, 2002; Smartt, 1994) [13, 23]. Seed vigour is a very important character in groundnut and must be high during planting so that the seed can resist the many environmental factors affecting germination and field establishment. Germination potential of seed is associated with seedling vigour (Maurya et al., 2006) [16]. With passage of time, reduction in germinability of seeds is bound to occur due to loss of membrane integrity, pest and disease attack etc. The use of high vigor seed lots is justified to ensure adequate stand establishment under different environmental conditions. Field study conducted by Ghassemi-Golezani and Dali (2014) [8] to evaluate the effects of seed vigor on maize growth and yield revealed that Mean emergence time significantly increased, but mean emergence percentage decreased as seed vigor increased. Sheidaei et al., (2014) [22] conducted the study for evaluating the correlation of laboratory seed quality indices with field emergence. The results of germination percent and seedling vigor index had a high correlation with final seedling emergence percent and cumulative emergence rate. Considering the importance of vigour in seed quality this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of vigour levels on field performance with respect to different growth parameters in groundnut.

Reviews "Nigeria in the First World War" by Akinjide Osuntokun, London: Longman (Ibadan history series), 1979.  This well-researched history shows how the Great War affected the faraway British colony of Nigeria.  It discusses economic stresses and transitions, the use of Nigerian troops in German Cameroons and the East African campaign, and effects on Britain's colonial rule.

In India, among the nine oilseed crops, groundnut ranks third in area and production (5.33 Mha and 7.40 M tonnes) after soybean and rapeseed and mustard, but second in productivity (1374 kg/ha) next only to castor (average of 2010-11 to 2013-14, IIOR). However, productivity of groundnut in India is much lower when compared with USA (4537kg/ha), China (3573kg/ha) and world average (~1700 kg/ha).  Cultivation of groundnut in less fertile soils under rainfed conditions, lack of proper management practices like non-adoption of good quality seed of varieties recommended for the region, optimum plant stand, plant nutrition, plant protection measures,  harvest losses in heavy soils, less favourable climatic conditions etc. are among the major reasons for low yield of groundnut in India. Gujarat has largest area and production of groundnut in India, but yield levels are moderate mainly due to unsuitability of soil, and moisture deficit stress at different growing stages of crop.  To exacerbate these effects, climatic variabilities are becoming increasingly conspicuous mainly in the form of unpredictable rain pattern and temperature regimes affecting groundnut yield in the country. This underlines the need to make available suitable technologies to the farmers to make production systems climate resilient. With the sincere efforts of scientists, technicians and field staff a number of technologies have been developed in the country which are helpful in minimizing the adverse impacts of climate variabilities on groundnut. Besides, farmers also follow innovative approaches based on their experiences and local conditions. There is need to bring together this important information and make available to farming community through all means of extension. With this objective, authors have attempted to bring together scattered pieces of knowledge on the subject in the form of this technical bulletin. Hope it will be useful to the farmers in their efforts for sustainable intensification of groundnut based cropping systems in the country in the face of ever increasing evident climate variabilities.

The western mandals of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh are prone to frequent drought marked by deficit and late onset of rainfall and also prolonged dry spells impacting productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). To build resilience into the system and to mitigate impact of drought on productivity, 40 demonstrations were conducted using drought tolerant groundnut variety Dharani under National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) by RASS-KVK, Chittoor during 2015-18. The results revealed that about 16per cent higher pod yield was recorded with Dharani variety (1796 kg/ha) compared to the Kadiri-6 (1551kg/ha). Dharani recorded higher number of pods per plant (17.5) and uniform maturity of pods than Kadiri-6 (14.8). The average net returns (Rs.34890/-ha) and BC ratio (1.76) were also higher in case of Dharani when compared to Kadiri-6 (Rs.25226/-ha and 1.57). Efforts are on by the KVK to scale out this success story to other blocks of the district with similar climatic vulnerability through participatory seed production by farmers and trying to forge converge with the seed chain of the district.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) commonly known as 'peanut' is one of the staple foods in Nigeria. This study is aimed at isolating and identifying the fungi associated with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) using cultural techniques and molecular method. Fungal organisms were isolated from the seeds using both Standard Blotter and Potato Dextrose Agar methods. Fungi were identified using molecular tools. Fungal DNA extraction was carried out using Quick-DNA Fungal/Bacterial MiniPrepTM Kit (Zymo Research Group, California, USA). Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the Internal transcribed spacer genes was done using universal primer pair; ITS4 and ITS5. Sequencing of the PCR products allowed for species identification on National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The findings from this study revealed six fungal organisms viz Aspergillus tamarii, Lasiodiplodia iranensis, Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus pennicillioides. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences showed the relationship that exists among the fungal isolates. The results obtained from this study shows that groundnut harbors several fungal organisms some of which are pathogenic and may diminish its productivity or possibly cause harm to man through consumption.

In the annals of Nigeria's economic development, groundnut farming ranks high as a vital component of the nation's prominence during the early days. Accordingly, groundnut sustained the economy at the federal and regional levels especially in the defunct Northern Nigeria through revenues generated from exports to local and foreign markets. The significance of the crop exemplifies common expressions associated with it like "groundnut pyramids" highlighting productivity and abundance of the produce. Under that scenario, in the economic imagination of the nation, groundnut farming flourished as a symbol of national wealth memorialized as iconic images in official stamps of the era and on warehouses awaiting exports with the crop stacked in bags mimicking the shape of pyramids. Such expressions deeply rooted in the fiscal policy and economic prowess in the Northern part of the country buttresses abundance of the crop in farm operations of the sector. Notwithstanding the overwhelming significance of the industry by the 1950s-1960s, the discovery and glut in oil and gas production resulted in the sudden decline of groundnut farming to the extent that, most peanut pyramids were turned into buildings instead of stacks of the produce. The other limiting factors consists of the volatility of the marketplace, changes in land use and output and other indicators located in the larger agricultural structure. Considering current initiatives to resurrect the production as part of economic diversification plans in Nigeria. Managers will benefit greatly from an in-depth assessment of the potentials and state of peanut farm activities in the North. At the same time, very little has been done in the literature to analyze the issue of groundnut production amidst decades of neglect. This enquiry will fill that void in the literature by assessing the state of groundnut farmland use under a mix scale method with focus on some selected states in Northern Nigeria. Emphasis is on the issues, trends, factors, impacts, resource analysis and efforts of institutions to sustain the sector. With results pointing to changes in land use and output over the years. The GIS mappings of the trends show gradual dispersal and expansion of groundnut producing activities into different portions of the North. Given some of the challenges and the factors that shaped changes under the rubric of socioeconomic and physical forces. The paper provided recommendations ranging from education, effective land use regulation, the monitoring of groundnut farmland base, more lines of credit for farmers and the design of a groundnut farmland information system.

Groundnut is one of the major oilseed crops of India accounting for 25% of total oilseed production in the country. India's vegetable oil requirement by 2022 is estimated 33.2 million tonnes and currently imports about 70% of the requirement accounting for about 73,000 crores per annum. Further, industrialization and urbanization have led to decrease land availability, moreover, farmers primarily focus on cultivation of cash crops like cotton, maize, etc. This along with pulses shortage has led to malnutrition creating a serious consequence to the growing generation. This situation can be overcome by intercropping system which aims at increasing productivity at a particular time, but also insurances against total crop failure. It is very important that the performance under intercropping system depends on the selection of suitable intercrop where both sustain and bloom. This review outlines on groundnut based intercropping with castor, blackgram, sesame and pearl millet crops. F...

The groundnut seed has dual advantage of being important as a source of edible oil as well as protein source. Groundnut has been gaining importance as a food crop, due to its high content of digestible 22-30% proteins. In the present research work the electrophoretic investigation of twelve prominent mutants of each groundnut variety AK-159 & Variety TAG-24 protein was made after third generation to understand genetic variability prevailing in them estimation of protein percentage in seeds. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of proteins was carried out in 11.25% polyacrylamide gels. A great variation could be observed in banding pattern and molecular weight of groundnut mutants after the induced mutagenesis. Protein percentage also significantly altered in various mutants. Variety AK-159 showed 19 resolving bands and their molecular weight mainly ranged from 101.54 kD to 7.79 kD. The highest and the lowest number of banding pattern were observed in late flowered and large leaf mutants, respectively. Variety TAG-24 showed 20 resolving bands and their molecular weight ranged from 101.54kD to 9.90kD. The lowest number of bands was seen in dwarf mutant, while the highest number of bands was exhibited by multi branched mutant. Protein percentage was increased by 7.347 % than control in bold seeded mutant of variety Ak-159 while in Tall mutant of variety TAG-24, protein percentage was increased by 7.7006%. In all the mutants the molecular weight of polypeptides exhibited a good amount of variation which indicated genetic alteration in groundnut. From the present study it can be concluded that mutagenic treatments have very much succeeded in inducing genetic variability with significant alterations in positive direction concerning not only agronomical behavior of plants but also nutritional status of the groundnut seeds.

Seeds of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were treated with ultra violet (UV-C) radiation for 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 minutes for the estimation of growth parameters and root infecting fungi like Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Fusarium spp. It was observed that both crop plants showed increment in shoot weight, shoot length, root length and root weight, leaf area and number of nodules when seeds of groundnut and mung bean were treated with UV-C for 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes period. UV-C exposure for 0-60 minutes showed reduction in root infecting fungi whereas 15, 20 and 30 minutes exposure with UV-C gave significant result in increment of total chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents.