Hydrogen Storage Materials Research Papers

Battery graphite rod was modified with Ni nanoparticles with a new electroless procedure and the performance of the proposed electrode was evaluated as a non-enzymatic anode for electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose in alkaline media.... more

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- by Chuan-Ming Tseng
- •
- 14
  Engineering, High Pressure, Nanoparticle, Performance

The lattice constants a and c of the as cast hexagonal (C14) Laves phase TiCr1.78-xMnx (x=0, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) have been measured by X-ray diffraction at room temperature as a function of the Mn content. It has been found that a decreases... more

Design of hydrogen storage systems aims at minimal weight and volume while fulfilling performance criteria. In this paper, the tubular tank configuration for hydrogen storage based on light weight hydrides is optimized towards its total... more

The mixed alanate Na 2 LiAlH 6 was prepared by ball-milling and subsequent heat-treatment under H 2 pressure. After the synthesis, 2 mol% TiF 3 was added by ball-milling. Pressure-composition isotherms were measured for the Ti-enhanced... more

Drive cycle a b s t r a c t

Hydrogen storage 2D NMR DFT calculations a b s t r a c t Liquid organic hydrides, e.g. 9-ethylcarbazole, are potentially interesting hydrogen storage materials because of their reversible hydrogen sorption properties. In the present work,... more

This study examines the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier for spreading renewable energy and mitigating environmental problems, and proposes a system for carrying clean water together with hydrogen. Practical simulations were carried... more

insight review articles NATURE | VOL 414 | 15 NOVEMBER 2001 | www.nature.com 353 E nergy can be stored in different forms: as mechanical energy (for example, potential energy or rotation energy of a flywheel); in an electric or magnetic... more

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- by Andreas ZÜTTEL
- •
- 50
  Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Biology

We predict the stability of a new extended two-dimensional hydrocarbon on the basis of first-principles total energy calculations. The compound that we call graphane is a fully saturated hydrocarbon derived from a single graphene sheet... more

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- by AJAY S
- •
- 7
  Hydrogen Storage, Hydrogen Storage Materials, Physical sciences, Polyethylene

Hydride Sodium borohydride Storage No-go a b s t r a c t In the early 2000s, sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) was presented as a promising hydrogen storage material with an ideal gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity of 10.8 wt%. Despite... more

The hydrogen storage properties of Zr 1−x Cr x Fe 2 (x = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) alloys have been obtained in the pressure and temperature range of 0.5 P 60 bar and 303 K T 373 K. The alloys have been characterized by XRD and SEM. The results... more

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- by Ankur Jain
- •
- 8
  Engineering, Thermodynamics, Hydrogen, Hydrogen Storage

insight review articles NATURE | VOL 414 | 15 NOVEMBER 2001 | www.nature.com 353 E nergy can be stored in different forms: as mechanical energy (for example, potential energy or rotation energy of a flywheel); in an electric or magnetic... more

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- by Andreas ZÜTTEL
- •
- 50
  Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Biology

Hydrogen as an alternative fuel (in Croatian language)

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- by Petra Brčić
- •
- 13
  Chemistry, Hydrogen, Hydrogen Storage, Alternative Fuels

The major obstacle in transition to the hydrogen economy is the problem of onboard hydrogen storage. Solid-state hydrogen storage is the safest and most efficient method for hydrogen storage. Most of the metal hydrides exhibit very large... more

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- by Joydev Manna
- •
- 2
  Hydrogen Storage Materials, LiBH4

Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) is a good source of large number of bioactive substances. It has deep roots in history, being one of the major botanicals used in traditional medicine to treat conditions... more

Mechanical alloying (MA) is a powder metallurgy processing technique involving cold welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill, and has now become an established commercial technique to produce oxide... more

The world is facing energy shortage and has become increasingly depending on new methods to store and convert energy for new, environmentally friendly methods of transportation and electrical energy generation as well as for portable... more

The world is facing energy shortage and has become increasingly depending on new methods to store and convert energy for new, environmentally friendly methods of transportation and electrical energy generation as well as for portable electronics. Mobility -the transport of people and goods -is a socioeconomic reality that will surely increase in the coming years. Non-renewable fossil fuels are projected to decline sharply after 20-30 years. CO 2 emission from burning such fuels is the main cause for global warming. Currently whole world is seeking international commitment to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by 60% by 2050. Hydrogen which can be produced with little or no harmful emissions has been projected as a long term solution for a secure energy future. Increasing application of hydrogen energy is the only way forward to meet the objectives of Department of Energy (DOE), USA, i.e. reducing green house gases, increasing energy security and strengthening the developing countries economy. Any transition from a carbon-based/fossil fuel energy system to a hydrogen based economy involves overcoming significant scientific, technological and socio-economic barriers before ultimate implementation of hydrogen as the clean energy source of the future. Lot of research is going on in the world to find commercially viable solutions for hydrogen production, storage, and utilization, but hydrogen storage is very challenging, as application part of hydrogen energy totally depend on this. During early nineties and now also hydrogen storage as gas, liquid and metal hydride has been undertaken to solve the problem of hydrogen storage and transportation for the utilization as hydrogen energy, but none of these roots could became commercially viable along with the safety aspects for gas and liquid. With the result many new novel materials appeared involving different principles resulting in a fairly complex situation with no correlation between any two materials. In the present review article the fundamental understanding of the physical, chemical and structural properties of light weight hydride materials, e.g. Alanates, Borohydrides, Amide Borohydrides, Amide-Imide system, Amineborane and Alane for hydrogen storage has been presented. Lot of details of these materials has been incorporated such as synthesis, crystal structure, thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogenation-dehydrogenation processes, reversibility and hydrogen storage capacity has been presented.

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- by Ankur Jain
- •
- 19
  Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermodynamics, Kinetics

A promising alternative to hydrogen storage in high pressure cylinders and cryogenic tanks is the hydrogen storage in solid form as metal hydrides or complex metal hydrides. However, much research is still necessary in this direction. In... more

Widespread adoption of hydrogen as a vehicular fuel depends critically upon the ability to store hydrogen on-board at high volumetric and gravimetric densities, as well as on the ability to extract/insert it at sufficiently rapid rates.... more

Widespread adoption of hydrogen as a vehicular fuel depends critically upon the ability to store hydrogen on-board at high volumetric and gravimetric densities, as well as on the ability to extract/insert it at sufficiently rapid rates. As current storage methods based on physical means-high-pressure gas or (cryogenic) liquefaction-are unlikely to satisfy targets for performance and cost, a global research effort focusing on the development of chemical means for storing hydrogen in condensed phases has recently emerged. At present, no known material exhibits a combination of properties that would enable high-volume automotive applications. Thus new materials with improved performance, or new approaches to the synthesis and/or processing of existing materials, are highly desirable. In this critical review we provide a practical introduction to the field of hydrogen storage materials research, with an emphasis on (i) the properties necessary for a viable storage material, (ii) the computational and experimental techniques commonly employed in determining these attributes, and (iii) the classes of materials being pursued as candidate storage compounds. Starting from the general requirements of a fuel cell vehicle, we summarize how these requirements translate into desired characteristics for the hydrogen storage material. Key amongst these are: (a) high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen density, (b) thermodynamics that allow for reversible hydrogen uptake/release under near-ambient conditions, and (c) fast reaction kinetics. To further illustrate these attributes, the four major classes of candidate storage materials-conventional metal hydrides, chemical hydrides, complex hydrides, and sorbent systems-are introduced and their respective performance and prospects for improvement in each of these areas is discussed. Finally, we review the most valuable experimental and computational techniques for determining these attributes, highlighting how an approach that couples computational modeling with experiments can significantly accelerate the discovery of novel storage materials (155 references).

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- by Donald Siegel
- •
- 2
  Hydrogen Storage Materials, CHEMICAL SCIENCES

This work describes the encapsulation of hydrogen storage materials from organic solvents. Due to complex formation the shell provides stability and selective permeability. Specifically, sodium borohydride particles were encapsulated... more

A short review of the materials under investigation suitable for solid state hydrogen storage is presented, with particular reference to the experimental activity carried out at the laboratory of Hydrogen Group of Padova University.

In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used... more

In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition (CI) engine without any modification and without need for storage tanks. Its effects on exhaust emissions and engine performance characteristics were investigated. Experiments showed that constant HHO flow rate at low engine speeds (under the critical speed of 1750 rpm for this experimental study), turned advantages of HHO system into disadvantages for engine torque, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption (SFC). Investigations demonstrated that HHO flow rate had to be diminished in relation to engine speed below 1750 rpm due to the long opening time of intake manifolds at low speeds. This caused excessive volume occupation of hydroxy in cylinders which prevented correct air to be taken into the combustion chambers and consequently, decreased volumetric efficiency was inevitable. Decreased volumetric efficiency influenced combustion efficiency which had negative effects on engine torque and exhaust emissions. Therefore, a hydroxy electronic control unit (HECU) was designed and manufactured to decrease HHO flow rate by decreasing voltage and current automatically by programming the data logger to compensate disadvantages of HHO gas on SFC, engine torque and exhaust emissions under engine speed of 1750 rpm. The flow rate of HHO gas was measured by using various amounts of KOH, NaOH, NaCl (catalysts). These catalysts were added into the water to diminish hydrogen and oxygen bonds and NaOH was specified as the most appropriate catalyst. It was observed that if the molality of NaOH in solution exceeded 1% by mass, electrical current supplied from the battery increased dramatically due to the too much reduction of electrical resistance. HHO system addition to the engine without any modification resulted in increasing engine torque output by an average of 19.1%, reducing CO emissions by an average of 13.5%, HC emissions by an average of 5% and SFC by an average of 14%.

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- by Pavan Kishore
- •
- 36
  Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Hydrogen

This paper looks at the current status of solar thermal heat storage systems using metal hydrides that, despite the technical challenges, are now seeing development because of their potential advantages as well as possible fast-track... more

Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic steels is of high interest because of the potential use of these materials in hydrogen-energy related infrastructures. In order to elucidate the associated hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, the... more

Hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic steels is of high interest because of the potential use of these materials in hydrogen-energy related infrastructures. In order to elucidate the associated hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms, the mapping of heterogeneities in strain, damage (crack/void), and hydrogen and their relation to the underlying microstructures is a key assignment in this field.
Specifically mapping the connection between microstructure heterogeneity
and the associated hydrogen trapping at similar spatial resolution opens a novel pathway to identify hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in complex alloys.
One of the materials classes that is expected to be applied for energy-related structure parts are austenitic steels with high Mn content. In particular, twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) high Mn austenitic steels are well known for an exceptional balance of ductility and strength with less hydrogen susceptibility compared to ferritic steels with a similar strength.
The hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon has been observed under severe mechanical deformation and hydrogen charging conditions such as delayed fracture testing in a deep drawn cup or tensile testing during hydrogen charging at a high current density. Fracture was in such cases caused by various metallurgical factors e.g. by the formation and failure of deformation twins. The importance of deformation twins on hydrogen embrittlement of austenitic steels has been recently studied. It was found that they can act as crack initiation sites and enable crack propagation. Microstructure-sensitive hydrogen mapping in a TWIP steel has been conducted by using microprinting experiments, which enable visualization of hydrogen emission from a sample through reduction of silver ions in gelatin-based AgBr emulsion. The microprinting technique demonstrated that hydrogen is indeed localized at deformation twins, hence, promoting the initiation of hydrogen embrittlement. Also, from our previous experiments we suggested that the hydrogen localization at/near deformation twins requires local plastic straining at/before deformation twins. These facts indicate that the hydrogen-assisted twin boundary cracking of TWIP steels is a complex phenomenon including both, local plastic straining and local hydrogenation. To better understand the influence of deformation twins on the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon, it is thus essential to map the spatial hydrogen distribution through a high resolution detection approach that is sufficiently microstructure and concentration sensitive. It should be noted here that the microprinting technique is only sensitive to hydrogen at relatively
high concentration levels, or more precisely at relatively high emission rates. It has, therefore, to be applied directly after a sample is charged with hydrogen. It will be shown here that hydrogen is critical for prolonged times after charging. Hence, the findings obtained by microprinting needed to be confirmed also for longer times after charging by a more sensitive technique. In the last years several promising novel approaches have been reported for the localized resolved and sensitive detection of hydrogen.
One is a direct electrochemical detection via a capillary cell, developed by Suter et al. which, however, does not provide the resolution required here. Another approach is the use of Kelvin probe techniques, which allow detection of hydrogen in a material by means of the change ofwork function caused by the hydrogen entering the oxide at the surface. Studies at quite high resolution have been carried out with Scanning Kelvin Probe ForceMicroscopy (SKPFM), where diffusion profiles of hydrogen have been mapped successfully at relatively high
resolution at cross section of samples after hydrogen charging.
However, a direct quantification is not possible by this method, due to the complex dependence of the work function of oxide on different defect states in the oxides. For the same reason this approach is not suitable to provide reliable information on hydrogen at different features of the microstructure, because different oxides show a different dependence on hydrogen. A new approach by applying a thin palladium layer eliminates this problem. More specifically, the SKPFM with a thin palladium layer is a novel and efficient method to very sensitively analyze local hydrogen concentrations down to levels well below 0.01 atom ppm at spatial resolutions as small as several tens of nanometers. The SKPFM can hence be used for detecting the hydrogen distribution with high sensitivity, since the potential measured by the SKPFM on the palladium that has been deposited as a thin layer on the hydrogen charged sample surface correlates logarithmically with the hydrogen content in the palladium. Because of this Nernstian-like behavior, which is similar to a hydrogen electrode, as also reported for immersed palladium metal, we also refer to the work function as electrode potential. In fact, as discussed previously, the surface of the palladium is, even in dry nitrogen atmosphere, still covered by an ultrathin water layer, which together with the hydrogen in the palladium leads to the formation of an hydrogen electrode “in the dry”. By exploiting this effect, SKPFM was successfully applied to the spatially resolved detection of hydrogen in ferrite/austenite duplex stainless steels. More specific in this project the hydrogen distribution in a hydrogen-charged Fe-18Mn-1.2C (wt%) twinning-induced plasticity austenitic steel was studied by Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). We observed that 1–2 days after the hydrogen-charging, hydrogen showed a higher activity at twin boundaries than inside the matrix. This result indicates that hydrogen at the twin boundaries is diffusible at room temperature, although the twin boundaries act as deeper trap sites compared to typical diffusible hydrogen trap sites such as dislocations. After about 2 weeks the hydrogen activity in the twin boundaries dropped and was indistinguishable from that in the matrix. These SKPFM results were supported by thermal desorption spectrometry and scanning electron microscopic observations
of deformation-induced surface cracking parallel to deformation twin boundaries. With this joint approach, two main challenges in the field of hydrogen embrittlement research can be overcome, namely, the detection of hydrogen with high local and chemical sensitivity and the microstructure-dependent and spatially resolved observation of the kinetics of hydrogen desorption.

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- by Asif Bashir and +1
  Dierk Raabe
- •
- 21
  Hydrogen, Corrosion Science, Fracture, Mechanics of Fracture and damage

Hydrogen is an important energy carrier which could play a very signiﬁcant role in the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases. The route by which hydrogen is produced is the determining factor for its environmental performance.... more

Hydrogen is an important energy carrier which could play a very signiﬁcant role in the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases. The route by which hydrogen is produced is the determining factor for its environmental performance. Hydrogen can be produced through methane reforming or through the electrolysis of water with the use of electricity or it can be produced directly by gasiﬁcation from
biomass. Renewable energy sources (RES) could be the feedstock for the two methods previously mentioned. The objective of this work is the comparison of hydrogen (H) production processes using various renewable energy sources. This comparison is based on the energy efficiency of each process.The renewable energy sources that have been used are: wind power, solar energy, hydroelectric power, and biomass. The biomass systems are divided into two categories:
(a) electricity production through biomass combustion,
(b)biomass gasiﬁcation for the direct production of hydrogen.
It has been found that the hydrogen production process with the highest energy efﬁciency is the electrolysis using electricity from hydro power. This efficiency is 5.6%. The process with the lowest energy efﬁciency is the one with electrolysis driven by electricity from solar energy photovoltaics. The efﬁciency of this process is 1.0%.
This paper reports the main results, achieved by a calculator simulation, of a preliminary analysis carried out to assess the main operating parameters of the advanced syngas conversion process for hydrogen production from coal, which will be tested in the Sotacarbo pilot plant. This process includes a hot syngas desulphurization system, an integrated CO-shift and CO removal process, and a hydrogen separation section. In particular, the effects of the main process operating parameters on the performance of each section have been analyzed.
Economic analysis shows interesting results in terms of hydrogen cost: the gasification process proves to be more expensive due to higher capital costs and to the revenue reduction due to the efficiency loss in the power plant. Therefore pyrolysis systems appear an attractive option to co-produce electricity and hydrogen. However gasification can be considered a reliable technology at the moment while pyrolysis technology still needs further development, especially for large size plants.

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- by Egekwu Daniel
- •
- 20
  Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Hydrogen

This work was focused on the studies of vanadium-based "low-temperature" bcc alloys as H storage materials. Both as cast and annealed at 1100 • C quaternary alloys V 92.5−x−y Zr 7.5 Ti 7.5+x−y M y (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni; x = 0, 10; y =... more

In this work, hydrogen storage properties and reaction mechanism of NaAlH4-Mg(BH4)2 (2:1) composites system with and without additive have been investigated. The secondary hydride system was found to initiate a transformation of the... more

In December 2021, the US Department of Energy (DoE) unveiled the Office of Clean Energy Demonstrations with $21.5bn in federal funding to deploy the advanced green technologies. The most significant portion of the budget, $9.5bn, has been... more

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- by Seyed Ehsan Hosseini
- •
- 20
  Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Hydrogen, Fuel Cell

Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) utilising a quadrupolar mass spectrometer is a highly sensitive and selective method to study the hydrogen desorption of hydrogen storage materials. For a quantitative analysis of the hydrogen storage... more

The challenge in the research on hydrogen storage materials is to pack hydrogen atoms or molecules as close as possible. The density of liquid and solid hydrogen is 70.8 and 70.6 kg m À3 , respectively. Hydrogen absorbed in metals can... more

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- by Andreas ZÜTTEL
- •
- 13
  Engineering, Hydrogen Storage, Power, Hydrogen Storage Materials

Lithium amide a b s t r a c t In this paper we report studies of the elastic modulus and energy dissipation in lithium amide ðLiNH 2 Þ during its high temperature decomposition into imide ðLi 2 NHÞ, according to the reaction: 2LiNH 2 ! Li... more

Isotherms Impedance a b s t r a c t

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- by Rostand Ngameni
- •
- 12
  Engineering, Kinetics, Hydrogen Storage, Impedance Spectroscopy

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- by Saif Khan
- •
- 11
  Engineering, Hydrogen Storage, Comparative Study, Atomic Force Microscopy

In this study, the effect of LaCl3 on the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 prepared by ball milling was investigated for the first time. It was found that the MgH2 + 10 wt.% LaCl3 sample started to decompose at around 300 C, which was... more

The powders in the micrometer scale of Sm(Co 0.86 Fe 0.1 B 0.04 ) 7.5 , Sm(Co 0.82 Fe 0.1 Zr 0.04 B 0.04 ) 7.5 , Sm(Co 0.715 Fe 0.1 Cu 0.12 Zr 0.04 B 0.025 ) 7.5 , Sm(Co 0.69 Fe 0.1 Cu 0.12 Zr 0.04 B 0.05 ) 7.5 compounds have been... more

A maximum hydrogen amount of 9.1 wt % was obtained at 300°C from the 1Mg(NH 2 ) 2 -2LiH-0.67LiBH 4 system. Various analyses and thermodynamic calculations revealed that the MgH 2 and LiNH 2 can be readily converted to Mg(NH 2 ) 2 and LiH... more

Metal hydride electrodes are of particular interest owing to their potential and practical application in batteries. A large number of hydrogen storage materials has been characterized so far. This paper deals with the eect of the... more

The hydrogen storage capacity of Ti-acetylene (C2H2Ti) and Li-acetylene (C2H2Li) complex has been tested using second order Møller Plesset method with different basis sets. Single Ti(Li) decorated acetylene complex can adsorb maximum of... more

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- by Fanghei Tsau
- •
- 13
  Engineering, Kinetics, Hydrogen Storage, Catalyst

2Mg-Fe powder mixture was milled in hydrogen atmosphere to prepare materials for hydrogen storage. The microstructure and dehydrogenating property of the milled system were examined. Then energy and electronic structure of the hydride... more

Mg 2 NiH 4 is a promising hydrogen storage material with fast ͑de͒hydrogenation kinetics. Its hydrogen desorption enthalpy, however, is too large for practical applications. In this paper we study the effects of transition metal doping by... more

Conventional (e.g. MgH 2 ) and complex hydrides (e.g. alanates, borohydrides, and amides) are the two primary classes of solid-state hydrogen-storage materials. Many of these "high-density" hydrides have the potential to store large... more

Hydrogen storage materials research has entered a new and exciting period with the advance of the nanocrystalline alloys, which show substantially enhanced absorption/desorption kinetics, even at room temperatures. In this work, we study... more

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- by Martin Nowak
- •
- 14
  Engineering, Kinetics, Hydrogen Storage, Transition-Metal Oxides

This research work presents apowdermetallurgy (PM) route for the production of a hydrogen storage MgH2–Alcompositematerial. This system has been considered to avoid one of the main problems of bulk materials for chemical hydrogen storage,... more

This paper focuses the production, storage and use of the hydrogen as an alternative and sustainable energy storage. It would be a good and sustainable solution to intermittency problem of renewable energy. Wind and solar e nergy plants... more

This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.

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- by Jerin Thanga Sharon
- •
- 19
  Engineering, Technology, High Pressure, Science

Hydrogen Storage Materials

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