Inertial Force

Another recent paper 'Mach's Principle and its connection with Inertia, Gravitation and Dark Matter' described how dark matter is more likely to be a gravitational effect rather than brought about by a halo of dark particles surrounding spiral galaxies on the assumption that the universe is closed and finite. The paper further explored the connection between Mach's principle and inertia to give a rationale for the operation of gravitation provided that this closed universe is expanding, and mentioned that this would also provide a basis of explanation for the passage of time and also a  possible function for the existence of black holes. The latter two issues were not described but are now covered in this follow up paper.

With reference to Wheeler and Feynman's Absorber theory,  an assumption is made that the rim of the resulting bounded and spherical universe is expanding at light speed which mediates the behaviour of all EM radiation within to duplicate the action of the singular rim. For the latter, time will not exist  at light speed but time will start to increase from zero the further within the sphere. The resulting conclusion is that the passage of time within the universe is governed by and directly related to the rate of its expansion. Speculation is made of the possible function of black holes in their possible capacity for storage of mass/energy to control the rate of expansion of the universe and hence the passing of time.

The modern teaching is that centrifugal force only exists as a fictitious force in a rotating frame of reference, and that the only force acting in an inertial frame of reference when a body undergoes circular motion is an inward acting centripetal force. On the contrary however, it is here proposed that a rotating frame of reference, rather than creating a fictitious centrifugal force, actually masks the existence of a very real inertial centripetal force that has gone unrecognized in the literature. When the books are correctly balanced, it will be demonstrated that centrifugal force is a real force, closely related to kinetic energy, and observable in any frame of reference.

The Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) model of photons is extended to model the inertia of mass. The characteristic of the plenum, hods, and their interactions yields the Newtonian characteristics of gravitational mass and inertial mass. The Equivalence Principle is derived from these characteristics rather having to be assumed. The characteristics have been used to derive the STOE photon diffraction model. An experiment has rejected all other diffraction models.

This paper presents an efficient approach of using spatial algebra operator to formulate the kinematic and dynamic equations for developing capabilities to model light and heavy structures as flexible bodies in a general purpose multibody dynamics solver.  The proposed approach utilizes the joint-coordinates and modal elastic coordinates as the system generalized coordinates.  The recursive nonlinear equations of motion are initially formulated using the Cartesian coordinates and the joint coordinates to form an augmented set of differential algebraic equations.  The system connectivity matrix is derived from system topological relations and is used to project the Cartesian quantities into the joint subspace leading to minimum set of differential equations. 
The proposed flexible body modeling approach is based on the component mode synthesis (CMS).  Using the CMS approach, the kinematics of the finite element nodal displacements are expressed in terms of a small set of generalized modal coordinates and a modal transformation matrix.  The CMS approach efficiently reduces the large number of elastic degrees of freedom (DoF) in the finite element model and preserves the distributed inertia and stiffness characteristics of the flexible body.  The resulting stiffness matrix of the reduced flexible body is constant while the mass matrix depends on the generalized elastic modal coordinates and need to be updated at each time step.  To reduce the computational efforts, a set of pre-computed inertia shape invariants (ISI) can used to update the flexible body mass matrix. 
In this proposed joint-coordinates formulation, the transformation operations required for the flexible body inertia matrix are different from those in case of Cartesian body coordinates (CBC) formulation.  To improve the computational efficiency, a different structure for the ISI must be developed.  The necessary ISI and the algorithm to reconstruct the modal mass matrix will be presented in this paper.  The pre and post-processing algorithms necessary to reduce the finite element model into flexible body using component mode synthesis will be presented.

ABSTRACT
The objective of the paper is to validate a prototype of an integrated, software-linked, satellite/inertial navigation system in Polish landborne and waterborne environment. The paper is divided into two distinctive parts. In its introductory part the paper briefly delineates the specific realisation of the DGPS/(Low-Cost IMU MotionPak) design describing the hardware and Kalman filter based software components with special emphasis on vehicular and waterborne real-time positioning.
In its second part the paper demonstrates an actual performance of the prototype mounted on a dedicated land vehicle and a research ship and boat moving in a variety of environments in Poland. The section first characterises the geographical distribution and the physical properties of the landborne and waterborne DGPS/IMU test-beds and presents the methodology and some results of the experiments addressing the issue of the accuracy and integrity of the navigation solution in function of the areas. The paper concludes presenting a rationale for a number of landborne vehicle and waterborne satellite/inertial navigation applications in Poland .
INTRODUCTION
The paper describes certain experimental work on the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) integrated with the Low-Cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) MotionPak This system has been completed within the framework of the European Union Joint Research Project. The main scientific partners of the Project have been the Institute of Flight Guidance and Control of the Technical University Carolo-Wilhelmina in Braunschweig, Germany (TUBS.IFF) and the Polish Academy of Sciences, Space Research Centre (PLAS.SRC) in Warsaw and at Borowiec near Poznań Astrogeodynamic Observatory.
The aim of the initial conceptual work done during the Project has been to construct the most up-to-date integrated DGPS/(Low-Cost IMU) system. The goal of the experimental work done both during and after the Project, was to use the DGPS/IMU as a tool to investigate the so-called Required Navigation Performance Parameters (RNPPs) in various radio-environments during landborne, waterborne and airborne navigation. While the DGPS component provided the integrated system with the desired high accuracy, the IMU component helped the navigation solution to maintain high values of some RNPPs.
The paper has been concerned with the accuracy and integrity of the real-time DGPS/IMU landborne and waterborne positioning in Poland.

ABSTRACT The objective of Part Two of this paper is to validate a prototype of an integrated navigation system linking Differential Global Positioning System DGPS and Inertial Measurement Unit IMU, described in more detail in Part One of the sequence. Part Two demonstrates an actual performance of the prototype mounted on a dedicated land vehicle. The paper at first characterises the landborne test-beds. Then it presents the methodology and list some results from the vehicular DGPS/IMU navigation experiments. In the final part the paper addresses the issue of the accuracy and integrity of the navigation solution. It gives the accuracy-wise summary in function of the land-test areas and an institutional summary in terms of the prototype DGPS/IMU system efficiency appraisal. The paper concludes presenting a rationale for a number of vehicle satellite/inertial navigation applications in Poland.
INTRODUCTION Part Two of this paper describes some results of the theoretical and experimental work on the Differential Global Positioning System DGPS integrated with the Inertial Measurement Unit IMU which has been completed by the author in Poland since 1996 . Part of the work has been done within the framework of the European Union Polish-German Joint Research Project (JRP) entitled : "Modernisation and accuracy improvement of the avionic and maritime navigation in Poland" and co-ordinated by the Institute of Flight Guidance and Control of the Technical University, Braunschweig, German y (TUBS.IFF) .Project's main scientific partner has been the Space Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (PLAS.SRC) . In due course the Project's original aims expressed in its title have been extended in order to address also the need for improvement of the landborne navigation in Poland. The integrated satellite/inertial system, conceived during the Project's duration has been the main research tool. The system has comprised the DGPS and the Low-Cost IMU hardware and the dedicated Kalman filter based integration software. The van based experiments enabled testing of all important issues connected not only with the landborne but also with both waterborne and airborne environments. While the introductory experiments conducted in Germany answered mainly technical questions concerning the system, more advanced experiments conducted in Poland were supposed to be tailored well to specific applications and to have a more institutional background. The experimental data allowed to draw conclusions about three major physical effects that is: signal shadowing and attenuation, signal multipath, and signal jamming or saturation. The accuracy and integrity results allowed to evaluate the prototype DGPS/(Low-Cost IMU) performance and to address the issue of the system application in the landbome navigation in Poland. Notice: below, whenever the abbreviation D or IMU is placed between brackets [ ] it conveys the option of the particular mode of navigation; D signifies Differential GPS mode, IMU is understood below as a Low-Cost-IMU MOTIONPAK.

Dynamics refers to the branch of mechanics that deals with the movement of objects and the forces that drive that movement. Structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and the frequency content of the load. One analysis technique for calculating the linear response of structures to dynamic loading is a modal analysis. In modal analysis, we decompose the response of the structure into several vibration modes. A mode is defined by its frequency and shape. Structural engineers call the mode with the shortest frequency (the longest period) the fundamental mode. This paper presents a study on mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection of multi storied framed structures by comparison of stodola's and Holzer method. This study involves in examination of theoretical investigations of multi storied framed structures. Overall four storey multi storied framed structures and two methods were analysed & comparison of all the mode shape, inertia force, spring force and deflection at the critical cross-section with same configuration loading by keeping all other parameters constant. The theoretical data are calculated using code IS 1893, IS 4326, IS 13920. The all storey mass and stiffens are analysed under the cantilever condition. The research project aims to provide which method is most accuracy to find the mode shape, spring force deflection and inertia force. The studies reveal that the theoretical investigations Stodola's method is most accuracy compare to the Holzer method. The maximum mode shape, spring force, spring deflection and inertia force is 87.29%, 80 %, 89% and 72% is higher the Stodola's method compare than Holzer method in same configuration. I. INTRODUCTION Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behaviour of a physical structure when subjected to force. This action can be in the form of load due to the weight of things such as people, furniture, wind, snow, etc. or some other kind of excitation such as an earthquake, shaking of the ground due to a blast nearby, etc. In essence all these loads are dynamic, including the self-weight of the structure because at some point in time these loads were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the static analysis on the basis of whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison to the structure's natural frequency. If a load is applied sufficiently slowly, the inertia forces (Newton's first law of motion) can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. An analytical model is proposed to study the nonlinear interactions between beam and cable dynamics in stayed systems. The integro-differential problem, describing the in-plane motion of a simple cable-stayed beam, presents quadratic and cubic nonlinearities both in the cable equation and at the boundary conditions. Mainly studied are the effects of quadratic interactions, appearing at relatively low oscillation amplitude. To this end an analysis of the sensitivity of modal properties to parameter variations, in intervals of technical interest, has evidenced the occurrence of one-to-two and two-to-one internal resonances between global and local modes. The interactions between the resonant modes evidences two different sources of oscillation in cables, illustrated by simple 2dof discrete models [1]. Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of structures under vibrational excitation. Modal analysis is the field of measuring and analysing the dynamic response of structures and or fluids during excitation. This paper examines local parametric vibrations in the stay cables of a cable-stayed bridge. The natural frequencies of the global modes are obtained by using a three-dimensional FE model. The global motions generated by sinusoidal excitations using exciter, a traffic loading, and an earthquake are analyzed by using the modal analysis method or the direct integration method [2].

In this paper, I will provide a brief explanation of the pushing field theory. I will begin by discussing what the pushing field is and how it may be responsible for gravity, inertia, and the propagation of light. Then, I will introduce another phenomenon called the Kronos field and discuss the interactions it has with the pushing field. I will use these two fields to reproduce relativistic effects and explain how why the velocity of light changes in different mediums. Finally, I will provide an explanation for the arrow of time and why time flows forward. Also, a variation of quantum mechanics called the pilot wave theory or Bohmian mechanics will be drawn on to support the idea of a pushing field.

Resumo:
Os axiomas da mecânica clássica apresentados na maioria dos livros di-dáticos são mostrados como o resumo dos princípios básicos das leis de Newton. No entanto, estes não são enunciados como originalmente con-cebido e essa mudança de palavras adapta os conceitos originais cau-sando uma mistura de ideias. Tendo em vista esse cenário, este trabalho tem a intenção de aprofundar o debate sobre a realidade da força de inér-cia, buscando o conceito de vis insita que Newton concebeu, e discutir os fenômenos inerciais evidenciados nos experimentos que desenvolvemos.

Palavras-chave: Força de Inércia; Newton; Experimentos; Força Fictí-cia.

Abstract: The axioms of the classical mechanics presented in most textbooks are shown as the summary of the basics of Newton's laws. However, they are not enunciated as originally conceived, and this change of words adapts the originals concepts causing a mix of ideas. In view of this scenario, this work has the intent to deepen the debate of the reality of the inertial force, by seeking for the concept of vis insita, that Newton conceived, and by analyzing the inertial phenomena shown in the experiments which we developed .

This paper was devoted to investigating and comparing the dynamic lateral resistance (DLR) of various types of sleepers under lateral impact loading conditions. In this regard, a series of impact tests were conducted on concrete, wooden and steel sleepers in the laboratory, using an inventive pendulum loading test device (PLTD). In loading tests, different masses and triggering angles for the PLTD hammer, the impact load, inertia force and lateral displacement of sleepers were recorded by instrumenting the hammer and sleepers. Furthermore, in order to compare the ballast–sleeper interaction force diagrams in dynamic and static states of loading, a number of single tie (sleeper) push tests (STPTs) were accomplished in a similar circumstance. The laboratory results showed the insufficiency of steel sleeper in providing the DLR against impact loads in comparison with concrete and wooden sleepers. Moreover, the maximum DLR of concrete, wooden and steel sleepers were calculated as 12.2, 5.1 and 2.35 kN, which were considerably higher than their static lateral resistances (SLRs) of 6.2, 3.1 and 1.75 kN, respectively. Assuming an impact coefficient as the DLR/SLR ratio, the values of 1.98, 1.65 and 1.34 were attained for the mentioned sleepers, indicating a very good agreement with the value of 200% suggested by the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association [AREMA. (2006). Manual for railway engineering. Lanham, MD: Author] for a concrete sleeper.

Invited lecture presented at the GPSC.NTU Saturday seminar. Lecture invited by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Law Choi Look, Director – Global Positioning Systems Centre, College of Engineering, School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore

All objects experience inertia when they change speed or direction. This is experienced as a resistance to change, but do we really know inertia’s true mechanism? Inertia can be categorized into two group, linear and circular. When exploring a new concept called the pushing field theory, it was discovered that the centripetal force that would have been classified into circular could be the result of two linear motion forces acting as one. Using Newton’s acceleration formula F=ma and considering the angle of the object on a curved path revealed similar results as the centripetal formula (F=mv2/r). An experiment devised to test this hypothesis provided additional evidence. This research can be expanded to explain other phenomena experienced with rotating objects. Further analysis is needed to ascertain this discovery’s true implications.
Keywords: Centripetal

The first aim of this article is to study the persistence of the collection's positive presentation of Rosenlew's industrial heritage, and the second is to anthro-pologically reconsider what kind of knowledge is generated therein through the preservation and display of factory-made artifacts, which give a sense of concreteness and gravitas to the industrial past. By studying the permanent exhibition and the collections of the Rosenlew Museum and by organizing a workshop with schoolchildren, I reveal the presence of various inertia effects. Long-term corporate values continue to influence the development of the museum's permanent collection not only through the arrangement of industrial artifacts into a collection but also-at a heuristic level-through epistemological frames and the indexing power of the museum assemblage.
KEYWORDS: collections, industrial legacies, knowledge production, material culture, museum anthropology, obduracy

This study deals with a controversy between Leibniz and Clarke concerning the relativity of space. Although substantivalism, i.e. an approach treating space as a substance, is to be indicated as the main target of Leibniz's attack, it has usually been replaced by Newtonian absolutism instead, as a proper opposition to Leibniz's relationalism. However, such absolutism has not been defined ontologically, but dynamically, as if the diff erence between their conceptions consisted of a different approach to the inertiallity of motion. However, this would mean that while Leibniz intended to reduce all motion to an inertial one, Newton reduced it to a noninertial one instead, or that only one of them acknowledged the existence of noninertial motion at all. Nevertheless, none of them actually denied the existence of noninertial motion, and although all motion indeed seemed noninertial to Newton, Leibniz never responded to such a challenge in the course of their correspondence.

In a new idea called the pushing field theory, it is proposed that forces of inertia produced in circular motion actually result from multiple changes in linear motion acting simultaneously in different directions to produce a single phenomenon. The hypothesis suggests that the effects of inertia result from the asynchronization of opposing waves in a pushing field, and real forces are produced from an imbalance of these opposing waves. This paper will explore circular motion as multiple changes in linear motion in different directions acting simultaneously to produce a single phenomenon. In brief, for an object to produce a circular motion, the object must accelerate in one direction while decelerating in another direction. These two varying changes in linear motion will generate two forces that are perpendicular to one another that, when combined, result in a single force known as the centripetal force. We will explore the gyroscopic effect and precession as a repeated change in linear motion multiplied by the rotation of the object to produce torque on the object. This groundbreaking research suggests that all forces in circular or rotational motion are the product of multiple changes in linear motion. A new classification for circular motion will be proposed based on the number of changes occurring in linear motion simultaneously to produce these different phenomena of circular motion. This idea may shatter long-standing views on circular motion.

It is well established that inertia is a property of matter, but is there more to understand with inertia? When exploring a new idea called the "pushing field theory", a new concept for inertia emerged. This hypothesis proposes that inertia is a consequence of a repulsive gravity. Opposing waves acting on an object which produce gravity require a force to produce motion. Also, when motion occurs, the object feels a force from the momentary delay of one of the opposing waves. Using this new model for inertia, it was possible to get a deeper understanding of other inertial effects. Can this new idea change the established view on inertia and provide more insights into the mechanisms at work in the universe?

Abstract: The paper expounds relevant results of some of the present author's experiments defining the strapdown IMU sensors' errors and their propagation into and within DGPS/ IMU. In order to deal with this problem, the author conducted both the laboratory and field-based experiments.
In the landborne laboratory the stand-alone Low-Cost IM U MotionPak MKII was verified in terms of the accelerometer bias, scale factor, gyroscope rotation parameters and internal  temperature  cross-correlations.
The waterborne field-trials based  on  board dedicated research ships at the lake and at the busy small sea harbour were augmented by the landborne ones. These experiments conducted during the small, average, and high dynamics of movement provided comparative sole-CPS, stand-a lone DGPS and integrated DGPS/ lM U solution error analysis in terms of the accuracy and the smoothness of the solution. This error estimation was also carried on i n the context of the purposely-erroneous incipient DGPS/lMU initialisation and alignment and further in the circumstance of on-flight alignment improvement in the absence of the signal outages.
Moreover, the lake-waterborne tests conducted during extremely low dynamics of movement informed about the deterioration of the correctly initialised DGPS/IMU solution with reference to the stand-alone DGPS solution and sole-GPS solution.
The above- mentioned field experiments have checked positively the DGPS/IMU research integrating software prepared during the Polish/German European Union Research Project and modified during the subsequent Project supported by the Polish Committee for Scientific Research.

A number of lateral impact tests were performed on two short panels with five and seven concrete sleepers, using a specific apparatus called pendulum loading test device (PLTD). In order to monitor the performance of panels under the exerted lateral impact loads, a comprehensive measurement setup was adopted for both panel and PLTD hammer. Subsequently, the contact force, inertia force and lateral displacement of each sleeper were recorded. The experimental results disclosed that a maximum number of five sleepers participated in the lateral load bearing process, each of which had the average contribution of 46, 17, 17, 11 and 9% to the total lateral force. Moreover, it was revealed that 60 and 40% of the total lateral resistance mobilized by the panel against lateral impact loads were provided by panel-ballast interaction and the panel inertia force, respectively. Furthermore, the dynamic lateral resistance (DLR) of panel, which is representative of the maximum panel-ballast interaction force, was found to be a function of contact force with a maximum value in the vicinity of 21 kN, and it was almost equal to its static lateral resistance (SLR).

Do the theoretical physicists describe a really existing Universe or do they use billions of tax-payers’ dollars to create on their hard discs the ‘virtual Universe’, non-existing in reality???
The concepts Free Fall and the Universality of Free Fall (UFF)  are myths that need to be rejected by physics as they block further development of geophysics and astronomy.