Intersensory Perception

El estudio de la percepción intersensorial es un tópico de investigación que en los últimos años creció ampliamente tanto en acumulación de datos empíricos como en elaboraciones teóricas que dan cuenta de su desarrollo ontogenético. El presente capítulo ofrece una aproximación a algunas de las cuestiones centrales sobre el tema. Comienza presentando la discusión sobre las dos perspectivas (integración y diferenciación) a partir de las cuales se abordó el problema del desarrollo de la capacidad de percibir en forma aunada la información que llega al organismo a través de los diferentes sistemas perceptivos. A continuación se detallan dos tipos de información sensorial (de modalidad única y amodal) para, luego, a partir de ellas presentar una taxonomía de diferentes relaciones intersensoriales. Luego se presentan y discuten las diferentes habilidades perceptivas (discriminación y reconocimiento) y las técnicas utilizadas para su estudio (habituación/deshabituación y preferencia intermodal). El texto continúa con un resumen sintético de los datos empíricos, a nuestro entender, más relevantes provenientes de la investigación empírica. Finalmente, el capítulo se cierra con la discusión acerca de la relación entre el desarrollo intersubjetivo y el desarrollo de la percepción intersensorial.

Max Dessoir’in biyoloji alanında optik ve akustik terimlerine atıfta bulunarak “insan dokunuşunun bilimi” olarak tanımladığı haptik kavramının çerçevesi 20. yüzyılda farklı tanımlamalar ve kriterler ile değiştirilerek sanat tarihi, sanat eleştirisi ve felsefe alanlarında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Alois Riegl’in gölge-kontur ilişkisi, figür-zemin ilişkisi kriterleri ile tanımladığı haptik görsellik yaklaşımı ile haptik kavramı izleyicinin görüş mesafesi ile ilişkilenmektedir. Böylelikle haptik fiziksel temastan bağımsızlaşmıştır. Merleau-Ponty’nin ölümünden sonra Riegl’in haptik kavramı yaygınlaşmış, Deleuze ve Guattari’nin yeniden tanımladığı haptik felsefe alanında da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Böylelikle çerçevesi ve koşulları değiştirilebilir bir yapıya sahip olan haptik kavramı, göz-merkezci yaklaşımların bakıştan kopardığı çoklu duyusallığı bakışa geri vermiş ve görsel unsurlar dışındaki duyusal unsurların da bakıştaki varlığının ele alınmasına imkân sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle haptik kavramı, duyular arasındaki “eş iş-başındalık”a ve “Ten”in, duyusal çoğunluğun (multi-modal duyuların) “zemin”i olduğuna değinilen Merleau-Ponty felsefesi için oldukça kıymetlidir. Haptik kavramını Merleau-Ponty felsefesi ile yeniden tanımlayarak, fiziksel temas ve bedensel hareketten bağımsız bir haptik tanımı geliştirmek çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırma ile fiziksel temasın şart koşulmadığı, duyular arası hiyerarşi kurmayan bir görme biçimi/bakış türü olarak tanımlanan haptik kavramının Merleau-Ponty metinlerinden alıntılarla sağlaması yapılarak, net bir çerçevede sunulması amaçlanmıştır. ////// The framework of the haptic concept, which Max Dessoir describes as “the science of the human touch” in reference to the terms optics and acoustics in the field of biology, was changed with different definitions and criteria in the twentieth century and began to be used in the fields of art history, art criticism and philosophy. Alois Riegl's haptic vision, defined by the criteria of shadow-contour, figure-ground relationship and relates the haptic concept to the viewer's distance of view. Hereby, haptic became independent of physical contact. After the death of Merleau-Ponty, Riegl's haptic concept became widespread, and the haptic, which Deleuze and Guattari redefined, also began to be used in the field of philosophy. Thus haptic, whose frame and conditions have a changeable structure, has given the sensuality back to the vision, and allows to address the multisensory elements other than visual elements in the vision. Therefore, haptic is very valuable for the Merleau-Ponty philosophy, which states that the “co-collaboration” between the senses and the “Chair” which is the “ground”of the sensory majority (multi- modal senses). Redefining the haptic with the Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy to developing a new definition of haptics which independent of physical contact and bodily movement is the purpose of this paper. With this research, the haptic concept, which is defined as a form of vision/way of seeing that does not establish a hierarchy between the senses, is intended to be presented in a clear framework with citations from the Merleau-Ponty texts.

We explored the amount and timing of temporal synchrony necessary to facilitate prenatal perceptual learning using an animal model, the bobwhite quail. Quail embryos were exposed to various audiovisual combinations of a bobwhite maternal call paired with patterned light during the late stages of prenatal development and were tested postnatally for evidence of prenatal auditory learning of the familiarized call. Results revealed that a maternal call paired with a single pulse of light synchronized with one note of the five note ...

In two experiments participants rated the similarity of melodic contours presented as auditory (melodies) and visual (line drawings) stimuli. Longer melodies were assessed in Experiment 1 (M = 35 notes); shorter melodies were assessed in Experiment 2 (M = 17 notes). Ratings for matched auditory and visual contours exceeded ratings for mismatched contours, confi rming cross-modal sensitivity to contour. The degree of overlap of the surface structure (the relative position of peaks and troughs), and the strength and timing of the cyclical information (the amplitude and phase spectra produced by a Fourier analysis) in the contours predicted cross-modal similarity ratings. Factors such as the order of stimulus presentation (auditory-visual or visual-auditory), melody length (long versus short), and musical experience also affected the perceived similarity of contours. Results validate the applicability of existing contour models to cross-modal contexts and reveal additional factors that contribute to cross-modal contour similarity.

Little is known about how experiential factors guide and organize the development of intersensory perception. This study manipulated the amount of late prenatal and early postnatal experience with the temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity of audio-visual stimulation available to bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings to explore this question. Results revealed that only embryos exposed to temporally synchronous and spatially contiguous audio-visual stimulation prior to hatching subsequently preferred spatially contiguous audio-visual maternal information following hatching, despite being denied postnatal visual experience. In contrast, embryos that did not receive exposure to both temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity (and were also denied postnatal visual experience) failed to show a preference for the spatial contiguity of maternal auditory and visual information following hatching. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to the amodal properties of temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity facilitate chicks' emerging sensitivity to the spatial contiguity of audio-visual information in the period following hatching. ß 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 233-242, 2006.

Little is known about how experiential factors guide and organize the development of intersensory perception. This study manipulated the amount of late prenatal and early postnatal experience with the temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity of audio-visual stimulation available to bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings to explore this question. Results revealed that only embryos exposed to temporally synchronous and spatially contiguous audio-visual stimulation prior to hatching subsequently preferred spatially contiguous audio-visual maternal information following hatching, despite being denied postnatal visual experience. In contrast, embryos that did not receive exposure to both temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity (and were also denied postnatal visual experience) failed to show a preference for the spatial contiguity of maternal auditory and visual information following hatching. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to the amodal properties of temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity facilitate chicks' emerging sensitivity to the spatial contiguity of audio-visual information in the period following hatching. ß 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 233-242, 2006.

Little is known about how experiential factors guide and organize the development of intersensory perception. This study manipulated the amount of late prenatal and early postnatal experience with the temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity of audio-visual stimulation available to bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings to explore this question. Results revealed that only embryos exposed to temporally synchronous and spatially contiguous audio-visual stimulation prior to hatching subsequently preferred spatially contiguous audio-visual maternal information following hatching, despite being denied postnatal visual experience. In contrast, embryos that did not receive exposure to both temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity (and were also denied postnatal visual experience) failed to show a preference for the spatial contiguity of maternal auditory and visual information following hatching. These results suggest that prenatal exposure to the amodal properties of temporal synchrony and spatial contiguity facilitate chicks' emerging sensitivity to the spatial contiguity of audio-visual information in the period following hatching. ß 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 233-242, 2006.