Jews in France during the Second World War

Beaucoup de littérature a été publiée sur un sujet qui intéresse les amateurs de Carlos Gardel : l'absence d'une mention de décès sur l'acte de naissance de Charles Romuald Gardes, son nom véritable. L'examen des lois de la République Française et des demandes adressées à l'Ambassade de France de Bogota permettent de répondre clairement à cette question. Cela avait été évoqué dans les articles suivants : Reconnaissance de la filiation de Berthe GARDES par le Consulat de FRANCE à Buenos Aires(mai 2020), Charles GARDES, le soldat qui n'existe pas(mars 2021), et dans des courriels privés envoyés à beaucoup de personnes qui en ont fait la demande depuis 2004,mais qui n'ont peut être pas entièrement compris la façon d'opérer des autorités françaises. La mention d'un décès en marge d'un acte de naissance a été rendue obligatoire en France par l'ordonnance N° 45-509 du 29 mars 1945, parue au Journal Officiel de la République Française le 30 mars 1945. Cette ordonnance est annoncée en première page dans l'encadré rouge ci-dessous. Journal Officiel de la République Française du 30 mars 1945 Texte complet de l'Ordonnance 45-509 relative à la transcription de l'acte de décès en marge de l'acte de naissance du défunt

First came his memoir, reproduced pretty much intact in the book. Then, for me, came the discovery of more than a dozen contemporary accounts of him in by his comrades in the Resistance and in the camps. Then, after he died, came the opening of the National Archives of France and Great Britain. Then, six years ago, a trove of hundreds of his agents’ letters and his own official personnel documents came to light when his son discovered where he had hidden them, and shared them with me. These include his official Aussweiss as an interpreter for the Germans and a letter of recommendation for his service by his MI6 boss, as well as his little black book with Biffy Dunderdale’s address and phone numbers, among many others, hidden along with the 500,000 francs the British gave him to start two new networks on his return from London in 1942. A letter of acknowledgement for return of those funds, from the Anglo-French Communications Bureau (cover for MI6 headquarters) in Paris, completes this remarkable story and is shared in the book.

conseiller général, maire et homme fort de la commune de Sainte-Anne avant et après-guerre où il laissa davantage de traces mémorielles qu'à Baie-Mahault. Il fut conseiller de la République (sénateur), sous la Quatrième République. En 1979, pour des raisons partisanes, en dépit de rumeurs, dont certaines étaient partiellement fausses, et en l'absence d'investigations archivistiques, on attribua, avec quelque légèreté le nom de « Maurice Satineau » au collège de Baie-Mahault (Guadeloupe). On cherchait alors des Guadeloupéens illustres pour nommer des édifices publics. Ce choix était d'autant plus risqué qu'aucune histoire utilisant un appareil critique n'avait abordé le cas de Maurice Satineau. Aujourd'hui, une documentation importante et un certain nombre d'archives permettent de documenter le problème posé à l'Éducation nationale, à la collectivité guadeloupéenne et à la République par une référence mémorielle douteuse. Parmi ces archives, il faut citer :  le dossier de Maurice Satineau aux Renseignements généraux (longtemps conservé au Centre des Archives contemporains-CAC-de Fontainebleau) ;  le mémoire en défense de Maurice Satineau devant le Jury d'honneur du Conseil d'État présidé en 1945-1947 par René Cassin et missionné pour examiner les recours administratifs des parlementaires frappés d'inéligibilité par l'ordonnance (CFLN, Alger, 21 avril 1944) sur l'organisation des pouvoirs à la libération (Archives nationales) ;  le dossier du Commissariat aux questions juives dirigé par Xavier Vallat puis Darquier dit

In the fall of 1939, the German army (Wehrmacht) began a run of decisive victories that was quite unlike anything in living military memory. With their fearsome tank (Panzer) formations operating as an apparently irresistible spearhead, and with a powerful air force (Luftwaffe) circling overhead, the Wehrmacht ran through or around every defensive position thrown in its path. The opening campaign in Poland (Case White) smashed the Polish army in 18 days, although a bit more fighting was necessary to reduce the capital, Warsaw. 1 Equally 1 For Case White, begin with the belated "official history" commissioned by the Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Das Deutsche Reich und Der Zweite Weltkrieg, volume 2, Die Errichtung der hegemonie auf dem Europäischen Kontinent (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1979), especially "Hitler's Erster 'Blitzkrieg' und seine Auswirkungen auf Nordosteuropa," pp. 79-156. Labeling this "official history" is misleading-it is far more a meticulously researched critical history by a team of crack scholars.

Authoritarianism, comprising conventionalism, authoritarian submission, and authori-tarian aggression, is an important factor underlying prejudice and social discrimination and therefore is typically perceived as socially problematic. In contrast, our work examines adaptive features of authoritarianism. Evolutionary game theoretical consid-erations (e.g., biased social learning) point to authoritarian psychological processes that establish and foster group life (e.g., high levels of ingroup cooperation). First, the evolution of social learning (particularly conformist and prestige biases) leads to the establishment of local and distinct cultural groups (conventionalism). Second, local cultural rules solve coordination dilemmas by transforming these rules into normative standards against which others are evaluated (authoritarian submission). Third, the common rules within a particular culture or group are reinforced by a tendency to reward norm compliance and punish norm deviations (...

This article concentrates on the life of an American Jewish serviceman and its intersection with the events of the war. Maurice Paper was a 2nd Lieutenant from Maryland. The questions I will endeavor to answer are the following: How did his exceptional face-to-face interaction with General Dwight D. Eisenhower empower him to employ his ability to speak French, German, and Yiddish while on duty? How did a young officer’s encounter with Jewish guerilla fighters from the French Resistance in France strengthen his own American Jewish identity? How did he cope with the discovery of a Nazi concentration camp in Germany? Maurice Paper used
his language skills both in his encounters with Yiddish-speaking Jews in the French Resistance and with skeletal survivors in Dachau who questioned his Jewishness. My perspective thus allows an in-depth
exploration of how World War II and the Nazi genocide of the Jews affected the GIs’ sense of Jewishness. This prism also offers a reflection on officers becoming aware of the special skills of the servicemen under their command. General Eisenhower presented such military interactions as a necessity.

In addition to the supplies sent by the Lows, the members of the Council received packages from their friends and relatives. In requesting such assistance, the Council clearly stated that it was not their "aim to try and outdo the many excellent organizations already working to solve the many problems of supply." They merely wanted to supplement their efforts. Yet in April 1947, the Council and Rabbi Miller were admonished by JDC officials in New York for soliciting packages. Many people, they claimed, began to question what the Jewish relief agencies were doing and why the chaplain were duplicating the work of the United Jewish Appeal. They charged that much harm was being done especially in comparison to the small amount of aid received. Contemporaneous reports from American Jewish chaplains and soldiers to their families and friends, newspaper reports and complaints from survivors told of the plight of the Jews and their desperate need for assistance.

NB : Cet article est rédigé du «côté italien», les noms des localités sont en italien avec entre parenthèses l'équivalent français. Ainsi le col della Maddalena est «col de Larche», de même que l'heure est celle italienne (+1h avec la France)

Following on from our first printed book, Jews in Old Postcards and Prints, which took readers on a whistlestop tour across Europe, the Yishuv and North Africa, this is the first of our more detailed country-specific volumes. The first of two volumes looking at France, it focusses specifically on the national stage (both political and cultural), covering a broad range of topics from synagogues, cantors and the Rothschilds to the theatre, the cabaret and horse racing. Apart from explaining what the images show, the comments also present more detailed backstories and reconstruct some of the relations—familial, social, professional—that shaped the lives of those portrayed and connected them to others who never made it onto a postcard or print. Written in an accessible style, the book is based on thorough in-depth research and it presents a wealth of material from the time in question.

The Jews in Old Postcards and Prints book series focusses on various aspects of Jewish life and culture in a range of geographical locations, mainly in the “golden age” of the postcard—from the mid-nineteenth century to the annihilation of European Jewry and the expulsion or flight of almost all Jews from North Africa. Our books present, contextualize and explain the historical significance of a broad range of relevant postcards and prints, sometimes in considerable detail.

This pair of new books delves into the war experiences of Jewish soldiers during World War II, providing many new insights into the Canadian Jewish community's involvement in the war. This is a subject that has not been covered in great depth, and these two books are a welcome addition to the historiography. Combined, Joey Jacobson's War: A Jewish Airman in the Second World War by Peter J. Usher, and Double Threat: Canadian Jews, the Military and World War II by Ellin Bessner, explore what it meant to be a Jewish Canadian soldier, deepening our understanding of the Jewish community's wartime service.

On peut envisager les rapports qui existent entre la Shoah et le domaine artistique de différentes manières. Il y a d'abord l'immense domaine des romans, des films ou des pièces montrant des scènes de la Shoah. Ces oeuvres sont si nombreuses qu'existent déjà des catalogues qui les recensent et les classent. Il y a ensuite le champ, plus restreint, des manifestations littéraires ou théâtrales pendant la Shoah, dans les ghettos ou dans les camps. L'activité théâtrale, à Térézin ou ailleurs était intense. Je voudrais m'attacher ici à une autre forme de rapport : analyser des oeuvres écrites avant la Shoah ou tournées avant qu'elle ne soit révélée au grand jour, des oeuvres qui de manière plus ou moins voilée, souhaitent la mort du Juif et la présentent comme la condition nécessaire à l'établissement d'une société heureuse. L'élimination d'un personnage dont les caractéristiques correspondent aux stéréotypes juifs va ouvrir aux personnages positifs, symbolisant le peuple, allemand, français, les portes du bonheur.

Authoritarianism, comprising conventionalism, authoritarian submission, and authori-tarian aggression, is an important factor underlying prejudice and social discrimination and therefore is typically perceived as socially problematic. In contrast, our work examines adaptive features of authoritarianism. Evolutionary game theoretical consid-erations (e.g., biased social learning) point to authoritarian psychological processes that establish and foster group life (e.g., high levels of ingroup cooperation). First, the evolution of social learning (particularly conformist and prestige biases) leads to the establishment of local and distinct cultural groups (conventionalism). Second, local cultural rules solve coordination dilemmas by transforming these rules into normative standards against which others are evaluated (authoritarian submission). Third, the common rules within a particular culture or group are reinforced by a tendency to reward norm compliance and punish norm deviations (...

"Mame-loshn" by Nahum Stutchkoff, with an introduction by Leyzer Burko and Miryem-Khaye Seigel. Nahum Stutchkoff's program "Mame-loshn" aired Sunday afternoons on the "Forverts" radio station WEVD in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In "Mame-loshn" he made accessible to the broad public the great riches of Yiddish phraseology included in his Thesaurus of the Yiddish Language. Stutchkoff is ever entertaining and informative, a wonderful resource for advanced students and all those who wish to deepen their knowledge of the language.

Ruth Blau: A Life of Paradox and Purpose explores the life of a curious, if not mysterious, character in modern Jewish history. Born a French Catholic, Ruth Blau (Ben-David) (1920–2000) lived a constantly twisting life. During World War II, Blau was active in the French Resistance, and under their command, she joined the Gestapo as a double agent. After the war, she studied philosophy as a PhD candidate at the Sorbonne during the 1950s.

After converting to Judaism and moving to Israel in 1960, Blau was involved in concealing Yossele Schumacher, a seven-year-old child, as part of a militant conflict between ultra-Orthodox and secular Jews in Israel. In 1965, despite a huge scandal, she married Amram Blau, head of the anti-Zionist ultra-Orthodox Neturei Karta. After the death of her husband in 1973, Blau took upon herself to travel to Arab countries to help the Jewish communities in distress in Lebanon and Iran, where she met Yasser Arafat, head of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and his deputy Abu Jihad. But the most significant connections she made were in Iran. In 1979, she met with the leader of the Iranian revolution, Ayatollah Khomeini.

Ruth Blau: A Life of Paradox and Purpose represents the first full-length biography of this remarkable woman. Drawing on a trove of archival materials and interviews with those who knew Ruth, Motti Inbari offers a complex, multifaceted portrait of a woman undertaking a remarkable and influential journey through modern European and Middle Eastern history.

The aim of this paper is to study the selection effects of mortality among soldiers in WWI. METHODS Individual-level data of more than 62,000 soldiers born between 1874 and 1899 in northeastern Italy was used. Almost 10% of these soldiers died in the war. A data set was constructed by linking two different sources, the call-up registers and the Roll of Honour of the fallen Italian soldiers of WWI. RESULTS The risk of death of soldiers in war depended partly on the soldier's assignment to corps and partly on personal behaviour and individual characteristics. A relatively small number of soldiers of large body size fell in battle. The most universal cause of death was illness. Literate soldiers were less likely to die in captivity. CONTRIBUTION The concept of mortality differential has rarely been applied to soldiers engaged in conflict. This is because they were supposed to experience similar perils and run similar risks during the war. However, our study found evidence of strong mortality differentials among soldiers, which were strictly associated with the striking differences in terms of literacy, education, and socioeconomic status that permeated the Italian society of that time and that the universal enrolment allowed to highlight.

Dr. Charalambos  Alexandrou’s monograph is one of the very few publications that chronicle the history,  the action,  and the experiences of a  military unit;  and in this case the 361st Infantry Battalion of the Cyprus National Guard. This book was more than necessary in order to shed light on this battalion, which suffered the most casualties during the 1974 Turkish invasion, with many of its soldiers dying or missing. It was very important to chronicle the battalion’s story as well as its action during that tragic summer of 1974. The story of the battalion is chronicled over many the pages of this bulky book, which covers the period of summer 1974, yet offers more than a description of the events.

Let us begin with a suitcase. It was discovered in 1994 in the basement of a Jewish retirement home in Munich where its owner, Judith Stolzer-Segall (May 20, 1904-December 1, 1990), spent her last years. 1 Among the contents were several passports from different countries, address books, various records and a typewritten curriculum vitae. These personal belongings create a mosaic of the life of a remarkable person and serve as a 20 th century case study of Jewish destiny, recalling the life of a woman, architect, Jewess, émigré and cosmopolite, who is listed as an "Architect and European" on her 1941 marriage contract. Like so many Jews, she spent much of her life looking for a new Heimat, or home. She had Lithuanian, Palestinian and ultimately German citizenship. A small postcard 2 was also found in this suitcase. It contains an image of the owner's most significant accomplishment, the Hadera Synagogue, designed in 1935 and built between 1936 and 1940. 3 It is a magnificent reinforced concrete building, which, even today, is a unique structure in its surrounding region, displaying unexpected solutions for the fenestration as well as a sensitivity towards functional needs. The most surprising part is that its architect was female.

The DPs lacked clothing and basic necessities, but a package program led to disappointing results. US chaplains were at the forefront. The unanticipated task of aiding the Jewish Displaced Persons (DPs) became the concern of American Jewish chaplains who passed through Germany, Austria, and Italy during the initial occupation period in April-December 1945. The chaplains were among the first American Jews to meet survivors. Although their primary duty was to tend to the spiritual and psychological needs of the American soldiers, a number elected to assist the Jewish DPs.

Nonetheless, authoritative and incisive, and spanning centuries and vast geographical distances, this beautifully illustrated book brings to life the incredible variety and richness of the crusaders' material worlds. It sets the new standard for entry-level books on the crusades.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Au coeur des études mémorielles, la postmémoire conceptualisée par Marianne Hirsch se définit comme la relation qu'entretient la génération venant après celle des témoins avec le traumatisme culturel et collectif vécu par les générations précédentes. Cette postgénération «se souvient» par conséquent d'évènements qu'elle n'a vécus qu'à travers les récits, images, et comportements de ceux auprès de qui elle a grandi (106). Il s'agit donc de se remémorer un évènement qui n'a été vécu que par ses parents, grands-parents ou ancêtres, mais qui a encore des conséquences sur les générations plus jeunes. Dans le roman de Modiano, le narrateur de Dora Bruder s'interroge sur ses propres liens familiaux avec le régime de Vichy, tout en enquêtant sur la fugue de Dora, une jeune fille juive, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dans La Seine était rouge de Leïla Sebbar, des adolescents se penchent sur la participation de leurs familles respectives à la manifestation pacifique d'Algériens à Paris en 1961 contre le couvre-feu qui leur est alors imposé, manifestation qui sera violemment réprimée par la police française. Dans Le village de l'Allemand ou le Journal des frères Schiller de Boualem Sansal, Malrich examine son histoire familiale, et découvre le passé nazi de son père Hans Schiller à travers le journal de son frère Rachel (surnom de Rachid-Helmut) suicidé, après la mort de leurs parents lors d'un attentat islamiste en Algérie. Alors que le concept de la postmémoire s'articule, selon Hirsch, à travers la transmission mémorielle dans le cadre familial, ces romans nous amènent à nous interroger sur ce qui se passe lorsque les mémoires familiales ne sont pas verbalisées au sein des familles. Afin d'examiner comment le silence s'impose et comment les mémoires peuvent être néanmoins récupérées, il convient de s'attarder sur les différents types de silence, avant de faire le point sur l'aliénation subie envers la langue, pour enfin proposer des moyens détournés pour récupérer la postmémoire, tout d'abord à travers des prothèses mémorielles, puis à travers

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This article examines the question of policy towards the Jews in the Italian occupied zone of southern France from 1940 to 1943. It develops the argument that in the World War II the Alps constituted a clearly demarcated geographical area that for Jewish refugees from all over Europe promised shelter and safety. A number of 'exemplary cases' (for example that of Angelo Donati) as well as an unpublished document relating to the case of 'residence forcée' in St Martin Vésubie, provided the opportunity for comparing different interpretations of Italian attitudes towards the Jews in those years.

The curious fate and transformations of a “Good Jew” – the history of the old Yiddish phrase “guter yid” as an appellation of an early Hasidic tzadik. (Hasidism, modernity, postmodern fundamentalism)

Tracing the Yiddish phrase “guter yid” from its earliest attestation in 1775 Eastern Europe and trace its “prehistory” following its ostensibly older Hebrew counterpart “yehudi tov” in the 16th century with roots in the 11-12 century indigenous Ashkenaz. We’ll examine the locution’s semantics and socio-cultural importance in the late 18th, the 19th and early 20th centuries Hasidism and Yiddish language and lore.  Finally, we’ll examine the rise of a cult of an intuitively “anachronistic” Beshtian type of a guter-yid (lit. “Good Jew”) among contemporary Hasidim in whose native Yiddish the term itself all but disappeared.

1. Different Yiddish types and characters on the spectrum of Humor and Satire and serious prestige and even mysticism.

2. The locution guter yid in Yiddish. The extraordinary function of the qualifier gut (“good”) in Yiddish language. What does it mean to be “a good Jew”? “Good” and “bad” (or “evil”) the moral and mystical implications.
Other appellations for Hasidic rebeyim.

3. Earlier textual sources: guter yid in a famous tale by Nachman of Bratslav (1810) and in the Yiddish version of the hagiographic collection “In the praise of Bal-Shem-Tov” (1815)

4. The earliest printed source of 1776 in the early years of Hasidism (Besht dies in 1760). The prehistrory of guter yid in the form of Yehudi tov going back to the 16th and even 11-12th centuries Ashkenazi mystical movement (the so-called Hasidei Ashkenaz).

5. The later evolutions of frum / erlekh / orntlekh / gut and the case of Khayim-Zanvl Abramovich the Ribnitser rebe and his growing cult in the last two decades of the 21st century.

This advanced mini-course was taught in Yiddish

Contemporary Israeli literature is presently preoccupied with the past diasporic lives of the previous generation, the one that came to Israel from practically all four winds in the mid-late twentieth century. Hungarian-Israeli writers—e.g., Yoel Hoffmann, Judith Rotem, Yael Neeman and Esti G. Hayim—constitute a distinct group within this stream of 1.5 and second generation poets and novelists who have written about immigration and State foundation, often using a documentary or fictionalized memoirist mode. This article highlights the components of these writers' complex burden of a whole world destroyed, in most cases, not long before they were born and which they strive to restore or at least re-imagine in their oeuvre as contemporary Israeli writers. These components include: Holocaust trauma and its transference to the second generation, Hungarian speaking families within the Israeli multicultural setting, the ties of these families with their Hungarian foreign relatives, an...