Landscape Archaeology, Field Archaeology, Archaeological GIS

This document was created for a course at Seoul National University in the Spring 2019 semester. In this document, there are references to the “eTL” which hosts files needed for the training exercises. The eTL is the university’s online classroom environment, which is not available to non-SNU users.

Therefore, I have created space in my Google Drive (link in the Training Manual), where members of the general public can access the files needed for the training. If you cannot access the information for some reason, please email me at daudi.wright@gmail.com and I will help you access the information you seek.

Many of the assignments refer to data that is not publically available (for example, the real 14C data from Korea, which the research group headed by Dr. Jangsuk Kim is working with). Unfortunately, these data are under study and cannot be released without prior consent. If you have a compelling reason to access the data, queries should be directed to Dr. Kim.

This manual is released in Word format to the general public and you are free to reuse and modify the content as you see fit, but this material cannot be copyrighted by any entity. I have created the content in the spirit of open dialogue and collaboration.

The territory of Samarkand (Uzbekistan) represents an excellent case study for understanding the damage in- flicted on the archaeological heritage of the region. The hinterland of Samarkand became one of the largest urban areas of Central Asia through a number of transformations to its landscape since the 1950s, changes that continue today and have seriously compromised the integrity of the remaining archaeological record. Here we infer the temporal sequence of this destruction through a multi-proxy approach based on the collection of spatial datasets from different periods, field surveys, and interviews with local farmers in the Taylak district. The present research also made it possible to ascertain whether the loss of archaeological information was more likely to be a consequence of either agricultural expansion or urban development.

This dissertation presents the first large, detailed spatial reconstruction of Aztec lakebed chinampas for a 1,010 hectare area of the former Lake Xochimilco lakebed. A general five stage model is proposed for the development and decline of the raised field socio-natural system in the southern Basin of Mexico. Widespread chinampas in the 18,000 ha Lake Chalco-Xochimilco were restricted to the relatively short-lived Aztec empire period especially between the mid-15th and early 16th centuries and were the result of top-down imperial planning, construction oversight, and hydraulic and facility management. Previous archaeological survey in 1969 and 1972 overwhelmingly dated lakebed occupation to the Late Aztec and Early Colonial periods (Aztec III-IV ceramics). The rapid inundation of Aztec drained fields after the Spanish conquest submerged most lakebed chinampas below the marshy southern lake surface. The relic fields were exposed for a short period in the 20th century after lake drainage completion and before post-WWII mechanized farming and urbanization obliterated the relic fields. By incorporating 1936-1941 air photos into a GIS, 23,094 relic beds and 400 mounds were manually digitized (traced) for the 1,010 ha study area. The built beds and mounds in the lake also defined complex canal networks and open pools within the system. The long, narrow beds averaged 3.75 meters wide and had an average length of 49.4 meters. The system land to water ratio was 1.07:1. Raised field experiments on the Andean high plain of Lake Titicaca and elsewhere demonstrate that narrow agricultural beds in 1:1 land to water systems benefit from both frost protection and intra-system nutrient replacement. Additionally, every plant on the narrow beds could have been irrigated by splash or scoop techniques from canoe bound farmers – an important benefit in the Basin of Mexico characterized by a long dry season, variable (temporal and spatial) summer monsoon rains, and summer droughts (canícula). In addition to many small lakebed habitation sites, larger lakebed wharves comprised of multiple mounds and platforms, open pools, and wider
iv
canals were identified in the air photos. These village-wharves probably formed the economic and social hub for the lakebed tenant farmers who were comprised of free peasants (macehualtin), serfs (mayeque), and slaves (tlacotin). Aztec chinampas built through land reclamation existed outside traditional corporate land holding capolli system and tenant farmers obtained rights of cultivation in return for approximately 50% of their agricultural production in rent payment to land grantees residing in Tenochtitlan (Calnek 1975). I estimate that approximately 2,525 farmers, administrators, dockworkers, merchants, and canoeists resided in the 1,010 ha study area (2.5 persons/ha) which included 2,000 full-time tenant farmers. Extrapolating these figures after adjusting for possible larger open pools within a 13,435 ha Chalco-Xochimilco Aztec drained field system, I calculate that after the consumption needs (dietary and non-dietary) of 30,000 lakebed residents were met, an annual 10,000,000 kg maize equivalent agricultural surplus, enough to feed 50,000 persons for a year, reached the storehouses and markets of Tlatelolco-Tenochtitlan. Also, this dissertation describes the temporal changes in agricultural bed width and land to water ratios resulting from a falling water table and canal in-filling accompanying Mexico City’s growth and constant water demand. The land to water ratios increased from 1.07:1 (Aztec) to 2.75:1 in 1941 to 10.11 in 2012. Average bed area in the desiccating system has risen from 221m2 (Aztec) to 2,054m2 in 1941 to 62,799m2 in 2012. Modern chinampas are no longer self-sustaining systems as plastic tarps (invernaderos) provide frost protection, gas-powered pumps deliver reclaimed urban water (transferred to the system) to the plants on the large fields, and external organic and chemical inputs introduce nutrients and contaminants to the soils. The Xochimilco lakebed chinampas, while still highly productive, have transformed from an Aztec period waterscape to a desiccating farmscape with a wetland agriculture ancestry.

Il libro, frutto degli studi dell'autore effettuati durante il suo PhD in Archeologia e perfezionati negli anni successivi, presenta un'indagine a carattere territoriale di un tratto della bassa pianura veneta che si estende a sud della città di Padova, tra i Colli Euganei e il bacino meridionale della Laguna di Venezia. L'interesse è principalmente rivolto alla ricostruzione del paesaggio di epoca romana, analizzato attraverso una metodologia fondamentalmente basata sui principi teorici dell' Archeologia del Paesaggio e sviluppata secondo un approccio di tipo archeomorfologico. Dopo averne definito i caratteri essenziali (sia naturali sia antropici), vengono considerati e analizzati i diversi cambi avvenuti nella sua strutturazione durante il periodo di dominazione romana, compreso tra l'arrivo degli stessi Romani all'inizio del II sec. a.C. e il VI sec. d.C., ovvero quando la guerra greco-gotica (535-553) e la calata dei Longobardi (568) posero fine ad ogni velleità di dominio da parte dell'Impero Romano d'Oriente.

This book, originally based on the author's PhD research and revised in the years following, presents a regional study focusing on a stretch of low Venetian plain south of the city of Padua, between the Euganei Hills and the southern basin of the Venetian Lagoon. The primary goal of this research is the reconstruction of the Roman landscape, which is analysed through a methodology based on the theoretical precepts of Landscape Archaeology and developed following an archaeomorphological approach. After its essential features (both natural and anthropic) have been defined, changes and transformations in its structure are evaluated, as they occurred during the period of Roman domination, between their arrival at the beginning of the 2nd c. BC and the 6th c. AD; that is, the point at which the Gothic war (535-553) and the arrival of the Lombards (568) put an end to any desire for domination of the region on the part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

https://www.barpublishing.com/il-paesaggio-trasformato.html

Least Cost Path (LCP) analysis has been thought of as being environmentally deterministic, with an overemphasis of environmental factors on cultural activity (Gaffney and van Leusen, 1995; Taliaferro et al., 2010; van Leusen, 1999). Due to this, this thesis will investigate whether LCP analysis is a viable technique for predicting the location of Roman roads in two distinct zones in Roman Britain: the north and west, also known as the Highland zone, which is characterised by steep slopes and rugged mountains (Collingwood and Myres, 1936; Salway, 2001), and the south and east, known as the Lowland zone, and characterised by flat land and few hills (Collingwood and Myres, 1936; Ottaway, 2007). To do this, components within the LCP calculation that can affect the accuracy of computed LCP will be assessed, with the hypothesis proposed that LCP analysis will more accurately predict the location of known Roman roads in the Highland zone of Roman Britain due to its more mountainous terrain.

The results identified that the accuracy of the LCP computation is sensitive to the components that are incorporated into the LCP calculation, with the accuracy of the computed LCP increasing with the use of more directions in the calculation, as well as using higher resolution elevation data. In addition, the time based MárquezPérez et al. (2017) Modified Hiking Function produced the most accurate LCP when compared to more established cost functions, such as the Tobler‟s Hiking Function (1993). The comparison of the accuracy of the LCP computed for the four study areas identified that the LCPs were more accurate in the Highland zone, compared to the Lowland zone, with 65% lying within 250m from the known Roman roads in the Highland zone to 31% in the Lowland zone. Furthermore, the Higuchi viewshed was found to be an effective method at determining whether Roman roads were constructed with the need to be visible.

This thesis has determined that future LCPs analysis studies should use the highest number of directions and the highest resolution elevation data available as to ensure the most accurate LCPs are generated. In addition, multiple cost functions should be compared and assessed in order to ensure the most applicable cost function has been used. Lastly, the resultant LCPs suggest that, if social processes are poorly known, the use of LCP analysis is more appropriate for predicting Roman roads in the mountainous Highland zone, where the roads were constrained by topography. Furthermore, these findings suggest, in general, the use of LCP analysis  is more suitable to predicting ancient roads in mountainous regions, and should therefore be used with caution in areas of flat land or significant social subjectivity in the modification of the landscape.

This paper presents a review of some aspects of the archaeological survey in which the impact of GIS has been most relevant. Those aspects include survey design and planning, geo-referencing of archaeological entities (error correction, increase of precision and homogenisation of projections), cartographic representation (with especial emphasis in map intelligibility and micro-topography of individual sites), as well as the integration of survey data with information collated from other sources (geophysical prospection, air photography, etc.).

The industrial city and memories of ancient heritage: archeological discoveries at building sites along the urban stretch of the via Ostiense
Until the middle of the 19th century the area between the basilica of San Paolo and the gate in the city walls which also carries the name of Saint Paul appeared on maps as an agricultural area criss-crossed by pathways and country lanes and peppered with ancient ruins, farmhouses and country churches. After the proclamation of Rome as the capital city of the new Italian nation, a campaign of urban development began which definitively transformed this territory into what became Industrial Zone I of Rome, as declared by the General Regulatory Plan of Rome approved in 1883. In the following decades, the ambitious works for the creation of new infrastructures and industrial complexes were to profoundly alter the character of the area, almost completely destroying all trace of the ancient world. And yet this urban development, while causing an irreversible loss of precious remains of ancient structures, has at the same time given rise to fortuitous archeological discoveries, often very important ones. Through the study of archival documents recording the work carried out during this period along the via Ostiense, it is possible to reconstruct a rich archeological heritage which would otherwise be lost, and contribute to an improved picture of the ancient topography of the area.

L'avvio di un processo d'industrializzazione nel suburbio romano da un lato provocò una totale alterazione del paesaggio agricolo, dando l'avvio all'urbanizzazione, dall'altro costituì l'occasione per importanti rinvenimenti archeologici. Lo spoglio dei documenti d’archivio relativi ai lavori effettuati fra la fine dell'ottocento e i primi decenni del secolo successivo lungo il primo tratto della via Ostiense restituisce la memoria, altrimenti perduta, di un ricco patrimonio archeologico e contribuisce ad una migliore definizione della topografia antica dell’area.

Content

OUR ANNIVERSARIES 

From the editors
Greetings from Stratum plus to Yu. A. Vinogradov and I. I. Marchenko on the occasion of their birthday anniversaries 17

WORLDS. CULTURES. CHRONOLOGY 

P. P. Azbelev (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Pazyryk Heritage and the Yuezhi Problem23
N. A. Sutiagina (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Chinese Origins of Xiongnu Funerary Rite57
A. S. Skripkin (Volgograd, Russian Federation)
On Political Organization of Sarmatians between Two Eras73
E. V. Vdovchenkov (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation)
Social Transformations in Sarmatian Society in the 1st Century AD85
V. S. Sinika (Tiraspol, Moldova), S. N. Razumov, S. D. Lysenko (Kiev, Ukraine), N. P. Telnov (Kishinev, Moldova)
Аn Extraordinary Sarmatian Complex in the Vicinity of Tiraspol on the Left Bank of the Lower Dniester101
V. I. Mordvintseva (Simferopol, Crimea)
Social Structure of the Hillfort Population at Zolotaya Balka Village115
A. E. Puzdrovsky(†), A. A. Trufanov (Simferopol, Crimea)
Two-Chambers Crypt with Relief Tombstone from Ust-Alma Necropolis (Crimea) 143
P. V. Shuvalov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Windi and Indi in Baltics175
V. I. Kulakov (Moscow, Russian Federation)
Armilla and Snake Head Bracelets on the North-Eastern Border of Barbaricum183
K. N. Skvorzov, K. L. Iuganov (Kaliningrad, Russian Federation)
Horse Bridle of the Early Roman Period in the Shosseinoye Burial Ground (Kaliningrad Region)193
A. A. Krasnopeorov (Izhevsk, Russian Federation)
Date and Relationship of Grave 727 of the Tarasovo Cemetery in Kama Area207

ROME AND BARBARIANS 

B. A. Raev (Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation), O. V. Symonenko (Kiev, Ukraine)
A Pseudo-Attic Helmet from Apostolidi’s Farm: Historical and Archaeological Context Free!237
A. E. Negin (Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation)
Inscriptions on the Roman “Parade” Armour: Commemorative Practice or a Sign of Belonging?257
M. M. Choref (Nizhnevartovsk, Russian Federation)
To the Question of Chersonesos-Bosporus Contacts by Sigillographic Data267
A. P. Medvedev (Voronezh, Russian Federation)
On the Turn of Hellenistic and Roman Age in History and Culture of Phanagoria (according to materials from excavations of Eastern necropolis, 2005—2007)277
S. V. Ushakov (Sevastopol, Crimea)
Notes on the Amphora from “Basileides’s Farmstead” in the Chora of Tauric Chersonesos293
D. A. Kostromichyov (Sevastopol, Crimea)
Openwork Buckles with Pelta-form Loop. Questions of Typology, Chronology and Origin299
O. V. Sharov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation), M. M. Choref (Nizhnevartovsk, Russian Federation)
To a Question of Dating of tabula ansata with a Name of Julius Callisthenes357

AD MEMORIAM 

A. A. Trufanov (Simferopol, Crimea)
Alexander Puzdrovskij (01.09.1960—30.03.2015)379
List of Scientific Works by Alexander Puzdrovskij381

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 

List of Abbreviations385
Submissions387

Содержание

НАШИ ЮБИЛЯРЫ 

От редакции
Поздравление редакции журнала Stratum plus Ю. А. Виноградову и И. И. Марченко по случаю юбилея 17

МИРЫ. КУЛЬТУРЫ. ХРОНОЛОГИЯ 

П. П. Азбелев (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Пазырыкское наследство и юэчжийская проблема23
Н. А. Сутягина (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Китайские истоки погребального обряда хунну57
А. С. Скрипкин (Волгоград, Россия)
О политической организации сарматов на рубеже эр73
Е. В. Вдовченков (Ростов-на-Дону, Россия)
Социальные трансформации в сарматском обществе в I в. н. э.85
В. С. Синика (Тирасполь, Молдова), С. Н. Разумов, С. Д. Лысенко (Киев, Украина), Н. П. Тельнов (Кишинёв, Молдова)
Неординарный сарматский комплекс из окрестностей Тирасполя на левобережье Нижнего Днестра101
В. И. Мордвинцева (Симферополь, Крым)
Социальная структура населения городища у с. Золотая Балка115
А. Е. Пуздровский (†), А. А. Труфанов (Симферополь, Крым)
Двухкамерный склеп с надгробным рельефом из Усть-Альминского некрополя в Крыму 143
П. В. Шувалов (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)
Винды и инды на Балтике175
В. И. Кулаков (Москва, Россия)
Браслеты типа armilla и змееголовые на северо-восточной границе Барбарикума183
К. Н. Скворцов, К. Л. Юганов (Калининград, Россия)
Оголовье коня раннеримского времени из могильника Шоссейное (Калининградская область)193
А. А. Красноперов (Ижевск, Россия)
Дата и связи погребения 727 Тарасовского могильника в Прикамье207

РИМ И ВАРВАРЫ 

Б. А. Раев (Ростов-на-Дону, Россия), А. В. Симоненко (Киев, Украина)
Псевдоаттический шлем из хутора Апостолиди: историко-археологический контекст Free!237
А. Е. Негин (Нижний Новгород, Россия)
Надписи на римских «парадных» доспехах: коммеморативная практика или знак принадлежности?257
М. М. Чореф (Нижневартовск, Россия)
К вопросу о херсонесско-боспорских контактах: по данным сфрагистики267
А. П. Медведев (Воронеж, Россия)
О рубеже эллинистической и римской эпох в истории и культуре Фанагории (по материалам раскопок Восточного некрополя 2005—2007 гг.)277
С. В. Ушаков (Севастополь, Крым)
Об амфоре с «виллы Басилида» на хоре Херсонеса293
Д. А. Костромичёв (Севастополь, Крым)
Ажурные пряжки с пельтовидной рамкой: вопросы типологии, хронологии и происхождения299
О. В. Шаров (Санкт-Петербург, Россия), М. М. Чореф (Нижневартовск, Россия)
К вопросу о датировке tabula ansata с именем Юлия Каллисфена357

AD MEMORIAM 

А. А. Труфанов (Симферополь, Крым)
Пуздровский Александр Евгеньевич (01.09.1960—30.03.2015) 379
список научных трудов
Список печатных работ Александра Евгеньевича Пуздровского381

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ 

Список сокращений385
Авторам Stratum plus
Требования к материалам, предоставляемым в редакцию журнала «Stratum plus»387

Nous présentons dans cet article les résultats préliminaires du projet intitulé « Peuplement humain pléistocène et holocène de la région de Amoura (Djelfa, Atlas Saharien, Algérie) ». Ce projet de recherche initié en 2013 consiste à engager des travaux de prospections, sondages et éventuellement des fouilles archéologiques dans la vaste région de Amoura, d’une superficie de 800 km2. Trois campagnes de prospections ont été programmées entre juin et octobre 2013 et deux sondages ont été réalisés dans un remplissage d’une cavité karstique. Les travaux de fouilles archéologiques ont été lancés à partir de 2014.

Beck, A., Shaw, J., and Stott, D. (2007). Best practice approaches for applying satellite imagery for landscape archaeological applications: a case study from the world heritage site of Sanchi, India.  Proc. SPIE (Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring, GIS Applications, and Geology VII, 674905), 6749

http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=824199


ABSTRACT
Satellite imagery is an increasingly important tool for cultural and natural heritage management. It has particular relevance in those areas of the world where the heritage resource is poorly understood. In these areas what is known may be significantly biased: i.e. heritage management strategies may have been skewed towards a specific type of
remain (normally monumental architecture). This paper will present work undertaken in the landscape around the UNESCO World Heritage site of Sanchi, a major early-historic Buddhist site in Madhya Pradesh, India. Rather than discuss the merits of individual sensors this paper takes a more holistic approach and examines the 'life-cycle' of satellite
imagery for an archaeological project. This means that satellite imagery is viewed not just as a source of archaeological information but also as a data source that can be used to contextualise and interpret the archaeological resource. Hence this paper provides a framework which should allow archaeological investigators to select, manipulate and integrate different satellite sensors to provide information which is fit for purpose. This paper discusses the implications of satellite sensors for different activities, including archaeological prospection, landuse mapping and terrain modeling and considers how the synergies of different satellite and archaeological data can be exploited.
Keywords: India, Landscape, Satellite, Prospection, Contour, Landuse, Landsat, Quickbird, Ikonos, Corona, SRTM

Mobile GIS application on smartphones in archaeological field prospection

(there is a mistake in pdf. English title should be: Mobile GIS application on smartphones in archaeological field prospection)

Nowadays, there are many GIS applications available for phone or tablet. Many but not all of these applications can have professional geodetic functions. Those apps allow collection of spatial data including archeological sites and other features of cultural heritage. However, what would happen if archaeologists decided to use these types of applications during their field prospection research? Would it change their process of creating and conducting prospections? If yes, how will its use influence traditional field prospection? Which element of this process will change due to new technology, and what archaeologist should look out for the most while using those new tools? It seems that mobile GIS apps might revolutionize surveying in archaeology, as a cheaper, easier and more flexible method to register archaeological remains. During the summer season of , two mobile GIS application were tested (Collector and Survey) at two archaeological sites located nearby Castillo de Huarmey, Peru. The applications were prepared for archeological survey by the author of this text, however, the field data collection was conducted by seven students from di ferent faculties and having di ferent experience. The goal of this article is to present the process of preparing the applications, field data collection and visuali-zation of the results. Słowa kluczowe: GIS, mobilny GIS, smartfon, archeologiczne badania powierzchniowe, survey , archeologia, Castillo de Huarmey, Peru

Author: Manolis I. Stefanakis. xii+192 pages; illustrated throughout in colour and black & white. Papers in English and Greek.. 52 2018. Available both in print and Open Access. Printed ISBN 9781784917685. Epublication ISBN 9781784917692.

Abstract
The area of Kymissala on the southwest coast of Rhodes is of great archaeological interest, as it conceals a large number of important archaeological sites belonging to the lesser known ancient deme of the Rhodian countryside, the deme of Kymissaleis. The region is also of exceptional environmental and ecological importance, as it has a particular biodiversity and is protected by the European ‘Natura 2000’ network of nature protection areas.
Kymissala has systematically been researched during the past 10 years by the Kymissala Archaeological Research Project (KARP) inaugurated by the Department of Mediterranean Studies and the Ephorate of Antiquities of the Dodecanese in 2006.
The research, escaping from its narrow academic and archaeological context and exploiting the comparative advantage of the region, may –and should– inter alia, intervene in a mild and sustainable manner in the promotion of the archaeological site of Kymissala. Its ultimate goal is to promote the antiquities of the area, its educational value and its historical and cultural continuity within a protected natural environment, in the context of an ecological-archaeological park.
Under the title Kymissala: Archaeology – Education – Sustainability, fourteen original studies have been published, constituting the first complete presentation of the area of Kymissala and the work in progress, after ten years of systematic research, in terms of Archaeology, Education and Sustainable Development.

This paper provides the results of research into the shipwreck landscapes of Port MacDonnell, South Australia. The aim of the research is to offer a framework for assessing the impact on communities and vice versa. It presents a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings to this study and some previous case studies using other frameworks that are relevant. It also provides an analysis of the methodological approach to documenting the myriad ways in which shipwrecks impact on historical and contemporary society. Finally, the results of the research conducted at Port MacDonnell in 2011 will be summarised and incorporated into a framework that includes three identified shipwreck landscape themes: response, exploitation and memorialisation.

Um Kartierungen erweiterter Auszug aus "Archäologie und Geschichte des hoch- und spätmittelalterlichen Landesausbau im Friaul. Rolle und Entwicklung der Burg Cucagna und ihrer Ausstattung im Nordosten Italiens." unter dem vollständigen Titel "Umwelt und Umfeld Cucagnas in mittelalterlicher Landschaftsentwicklung, friulanischem Landesausbau und historischer Reflexion" mit einem Abriss zur hochmittelalterlichen Entwicklung des Friaul, zum Landesausbau und der Landschaftsentwicklung sowie einer Übersicht zur Herausbildung der Burgenlandschaft.

"A carefully edited collection of 14 recent studies on archaeological GIS applications from contributors in Argentina, Brazil and Chile in South America. The subjects covered include predictive modeling and analysis of site location and distribution, settlement patterns, lithic raw material availability, regional archaeological visibility, intrasite material distributions and zooarchaeological collections as well as heritage management and risk assessment. The time periods analyzed include cases from all the Holocene up until present day and the papers are written in English, Portuguese and Spanish.

Contains the TOCs and introduction to the volume.

The authors of the papers in this volume are: Lucía A. Magnín, Liliana M. Manzi, Mariano Orlando, M. Julieta Jaime, Florencia Weber, G. Roxana Cattáneo, Claudia Di Lello, Juan Carlos Gómez, Vivian G. Scheinsohn, Silvia D. Matteucci, Maria José Figuerero Torres, Fernando X. Pereyra, Chiara P. Movia, Leonor Cusato, Rubén Actis Danna, Enrique Rossetto, Eduardo Rojas, Jose Tedesco, Laura Quiroga, M. Alejandra Korstanje, María Eugenia De Feo, Rolando C. Ajata López, Lizete Dias de Oliveira, Andrés D. Izeta, Marcos Román Gastaldi, Maximiliano H. Berardi.

Volumen cuidadosamente editado que contiene 14 trabajos de aplicación de SIG al análisis arqueológico con contribuciones de la Argentina, Chile y Brasil. Los temas tratados incluyen los modelos predictivos, el análisis del emplazamiento de sitios y su distribución, la disponibilidad de materias primas líticas, la visibilidad arqueológica regional, la distribución intrasitio de materiales y colecciones zooarqueológicas, como así también el manejo del patrimonio y la evaluación de riesgo. El periodo abarcado comprende todo el Holoceno hasta tiempos presentes y los capítulos se encuentran escritos en español, inglés y portugués."

The intensive archaeological explorations in Mansehra since 2006 have unfolded thousands of archaeological sites and monuments. Most of the discovered sites, based on their architectural styles and other associated artefacts, have been assigned to the Buddhist era. Many of the Buddhist sites, due to their rich archaeological potential in terms of artefacts, have been, either completely destroyed or severely damaged by the antiquarians. Plundering of the Buddhist sites on the hands of antique dealers and the site owners is still in progress in the Mansehra and its surrounding regions at an alarming rate. Hence, we are not only losing the archaeological monuments and artefacts but also valuable data that may help to throw light on the history of the region. In such a distressing situation,

Δαδάλα, Χ., Κουσουλάκου,, Α., Χατζητουλούσης, Σ., Τσιούμας, Μ.

Development of a Geographic Information System for the Μanagement of
Αrchaeological Ιnformation: Implementation in the Kilkis Regional Unit

Archaeology is a science related to a large amount of geographically-linked information. This information differs for each position and area studied; it is therefore important for an archaeologist to display these areas on a map. Furthermore, it is convenient to combine the spatial representation with detailed thematic information for each one of the areas of interest in one map. This problem is solved by means of Geographic Information Systems.
The creation of digital maps and the potential of Geographic Information Systems, such as the analysis of information in different components or even the combination of data in order to draw conclusions, can be used as a tool for many tasks, e.g. for modeling the habitation modes in historical periods, identifying new archaeological places etc. These benefits indicate the importance of Geographic Information Systems for a scientist who is making an archaeological research.
The development of a Geographic Information System for archaeological data is analysed in this project.The project will be used by the Ephorate of Antiquites at Kilkis. The archaeological Geographic Information System is providing data for the Regional Unit of Kilkis, mapping the archaeological sites and monuments of the area. The spatial data is recorded, archived and distributed per Municipality, Municipal Unity and Community. In this project, the displayed archaeological positions are the ones that have been declared as archaeological sites by the Greek Government Gazette.

"The representation of sites, traditionally one of the main objects of archaeological cartography, demands solving a series of problems ranging from inaccurate field observation (surface visibility, limits definition, density of material evidence, etc.) to topological definitions more in line with the intrinsic nature of the archaeological record. The introduction of GIS in Archaeology since the beginning of the 1990s provided a whole new basis for the spatial representation of archaeological sites (and other archaeological events that would not be properly described as 'sites'). This had a particularly significant impact in the field of management and protection of cultural property, where the precision and quality of the spatial representation bears legal, administrative and economic implications. GPS technology contributes to solve the old problem of accuracy in the georeferencing of archaeological sites and events. In this paper we presents various examples of how the use of differential GPS allows archaeological cartography to overcome old problems, providing a high level of detail in terms of form, extension and topography, while at the same time significantly reducing the costs."

The work of Stuart Swiny in settlement archaeology is even today a pioneering legacy in Cypriote archaeology. His focus on site’s environment, on the relationships between contemporary settlements and on the rivers as an important factor governing site location were of central importance in a research season when the regional and environmental emphasis was peeking out in Cypriote archaeology. Moreover his excavations at Sotira Kaminoudhia and Episkopi Phaneromeni provided priceless data concerning the Bronze Age agro-pastoral economy, the modes of production, the household organization and the regional networks of exchange, as well as the material production.

After forty years, Swiny’s work is a milestone in the study of the settlement patterns and the strategies of land use, in the southwest and throughout the island. The archaeological record collected and analysed by Swiny constitutes an important legacy that second-generation studies have the imperative to review and reconsider.  My paper aims to present a general overview on the settlement pattern, strategies of land use and socio-economic interactions in Southwestern Cyprus, starting from the central activities undertaken by Swiny in this portion of the island.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Möglichkeiten und Applikation der emischen und etischen Perspektive im Rahmen der Landschaftsar-chäologie zu präsentieren. Als Beispiel wurde die Umgebung der Burg Červený Kameň (Südwest-Slowakei) gewählt. Der konkrete Einsatz dieser Perspektiven wird an der Standortwahl des heuti-gen Kalvarien berges gezeigt. Dabei werden die emische und etische Perspektive miteinander konfrontiert. Im Falle der etischen Perspek-tive soll versucht werden, die Motive des Bauherrn, d. h. die konkre-ten Impulse und Einflüsse, die zur Errichtung der Kreuzigung Chris-ti auf dem heutigen Kalvarienberg geführt haben, zu identifizieren. Hierfür wird das soziologische Makro-Mikro-Makro-Modell her-angezogen. Aufgrund der schriftlichen und kartografischen Quellen kann der konkrete gesellschaftliche Kontext belegt werden, der den Bauherrn beeinflusst hat. Die gesellschaftlich bedingten Aktivitäten des Bauherrn fanden ihren Ausdruck auch in der umliegenden Land-schaft vor der Burg. Diese Landschaft spiegelt bis heute, vor allem bei vergleichender Betrachtung der historischen Karten, den geschichtli-chen Wandel der menschlichen Mentalität wider. Schlüsselbegriffe Červený Kameň, Landschaftsarchäologie, Standortwahl, Sichtbar-keitsanalyse, emische und etische Perspektive. Abstract-Site Selection of the Calvary Hill in front of the Červený Kameň Castle (SW Slovakia) The main purpose of this article is to present the possibilities and application of emic and etic perspectives within the framework of landscape archaeology. To demonstrate this, the surroundings of Červený Kameň Castle (SW Slovakia) were chosen as an example. The actual application of the above-mentioned perspectives will be demonstrated using the chosen site of today's calvary hill. Using this example, the emic and etic perspectives will be mutually juxtaposed. In the case of the etic perspective, an attempt will be made to identify specific impulses and influences that led to the erection of the Cru-cifixion on the calvary hill. During this phase, a macro-micro-macro model will be applied. An attempt will be made to understand the past social context which influenced the builder of calvary by means of written and cartographic sources. The socially determined activities of the builder are manifested in the surrounding landscape in front of the castle. This landscape reflects, when compared with old maps, the historical change in human thinking to date. Keywords Červený Kameň, landscape archaeology, site selection, visibility analysis, emic and etic perspective.