MADHAB

Depuis l’émergence de la discipline uṣūl al-fiqh, il existe une tension entre le taqlīd et l’ijtihād plus ou moins affirmée selon les auteurs et les époques. Cette tension a trouvé avec l’apparition du wahhabisme une expression renouvelée. L’objet de cet article est de rendre compte de la controverse entre deux penseurs musulmans contemporains et de montrer comment derrière le vif débat qu’ils conduisirent à propos de l’ijtihād et du taqlīd se trouve en jeu la définition de l’orthodoxie sunnite.

The framing of Islamic law in the first four centuries of Islam is of great significance to scholars. During this period, the Islamic diaspora was in the earliest part of its development, establishing its identity and developing the foundations of its knowledge principles. These times were tumultuous; yet, at the same time, what occurred during these early centuries formed the bedrock upon which a further millennium of growth has taken place in this global religion. Many forces were interplaying during these early years in the context of Islamic law. "Independents," who formed a majority of Islamic theorists, gradually disappeared and gave way to "Muqallidȋn" and there was discourse and allegiance amongst "Rationalists" and "Traditionalists." There was a shift away from early regional schools (of thought) to personal schools and tremendous debate raged about Ijtihȃd and Taqlȋd. In more recent times, over the past century, orientalist commentators on the period, who have painted a picture of these early centuries of the Islamic legal system and jurisprudence as being somewhat cut and dry, have begun to be challenged. Schacht for example, who wrote in the early to mid-twentieth century, later had his views nuanced by scholars such as Hallaq and others. This paper thus examines the early formation of the four schools of Islamic law, recounts brief biographical accounts of their founders, and discusses the challenges faced during those early years of Islamic legal history, which are a source of disagreement among contemporary scholars.

The great scholar of the Indian subcontinent from the 18th century Shah Waliullah Al-Dehlawi has pioneered in reform ideas. He was characterized by a deep knowledge of Islamic Studies, activism, analytical skills, as well as a good knowledge of the Arabic language which enabled him to write works that would be much widely red both then and now. His analytical skills can be recognized especially in his work Al-Insaf fi Bejan Esbab al-Ikhtilaf which explains the reasons behind the differences in Islam, and whose first chapter, among other things, is addressed in this paper. The author, also, gives information about the life of this great man, the father of reformist ideas among the Muslims of India, and presents his views on the divergence between the companions of the Prophet, a. s.
كان شاه ولي الله الدهلوي - وهو عالم هندي كبير عاش في القرن الثامن عشر - من رواد الفكر الإسلامي التجديدي. ومما تميز به هذا العالم دراية واسعة للعلوم الإسلامية والتعمق والروح التحليلية والإتقان في اللغة العربية مما مكنه من تصنيف مصنفات لقيت استجابة واسعة من القراء في زمانه وفي الأزمنة اللاحقة على حد السواء. ومما تلاحظ فيه روحه التحليلية ملاحظة خاصة كتابه «الإنصاف في بيان أسباب الاختلاف» والذي بين فيه أسباب نشأة الاختلاف في الإسلام. والفصل الأول من هذا الكتاب خصصنا له في المقالة مبلغا غالبا من الاهتمام. وأتى المؤلف في هذه المقالة أيضا بالكثير من الأخبار المتصلة بحياة هذا العلم الرائد في الفكر التجديدي بين مسلمي الهند وبذكر مواقفه بخصوص الاختلاف الواقع بين أصحاب النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
Veliki učenjak Indijskog potkontinenta iz 18. stoljeća Šah Velijjullah ed-Dihlevi je začetnik reformatorskih ideja. Karakterišu ga veliko poznavanje islamskih nauka, akri-bičnost, analitičnost, ali i dobro poznavanje arapskog jezika što mu je omogućilo da piše djela koja će se tada, ali i sada mnogo čitati. Njegova analitičnost se može naročito primijetiti u njegovom djelu El-Insaf fi bejani esbabi-l-ihtilaf koje pojašnjava razloge nastanka razilaženja u islamu i čijim smo se prvim poglavljem, između ostalog, u ovom radu pozabavili.