Materials selection in design

There exists no publication currently available to the scholars that address in detail, every aspect of designing a modern supersonic aircraft for civil aviation. This paper aims to resolve that issue. It reviews all the existing work that has been done on the topic so far and builds upon that. It incorporates multiple disciplines and takes into account the closely inter-coupled effects of each component on one-another. It also analyses in detail the various environmental and modern regulatory challenges like sonic boom and means to overcome them. It further addresses the challenges like logistics, cabin crew radiation exposure, and cost sensitivity. The paper also takes into account the progress trends and proposes possible future enhancements. It also combines multiple approaches like higher-order regression, 3D modeling, simulation, neural networks, and genetic algorithms to predict the best-case values for each parameter and thereby finally proposing an extensive set of rules that when obeyed leads to the design of a supersonic aircraft that abides by all the modern civil aviation needs and regulations.

The chilled casting method is widely used in the metal casting industry to accelerate the mold's cooling rate. This method is very suitable for surface hardening by depositing the elements contained in the chill material onto the surface of the object being cast. One of the factors that influence surface hardness characteristics is the diffusion temperature. This study aims to determine the microhardness, surface layer thickness, and the element contained on the surface. The main material produced into Y-Block is ductile cast iron, the chill material is SS 304 plate with a thickness of 0.2mm. However, before the liquid material is poured into a mold, the chill plate is inserted into the surface of the pattern in the mold, then the plate was preheated. The result showed that the highest preheating temperature has produced microstructure around the surface area namely eutectic carbide of (FeCr)7C3, and (FeCr)3C. SEM-EDX analysis shows that 7.13%Cr is contained on the coating layer...

The increasing trend of total knee replacement (TKR) revision surgery, which is associated with aseptic loosening, makes it a challenging research subject. The concern of loosening can be partially improved by selecting the optimal materials for TKR components. Therefore, this paper considers selection of the best material among the set of alternatives for femoral component of TKR through the multi-criteria decision making approach. The comprehensive VIKOR method was used to select the optimum material, and a systematic technique for sensitivity analysis of weights was introduced to find more reliable results. The obtained ranking order suggested the use of new materials over the existing ones. Porous and dense NiTi shape memory alloys were ranked first and second respectively.

¿Que tienen en común los productos de compañías tan diferentes como los productos de Apple, Nike, Nokia o BMW?
Bueno, pues además de ser líderes en sus diferentes segmentos de mercado, estas compañías están ahora desarrollando productos con un alto grado de innovación. De hecho, todas ellas están creando sus productos con una nueva metodología de diseño conocida como “innovation driven by desgin”, que traducida al castellano sería “Innovación dirigida por diseño”.
El principio de esta metodología de diseño es la de crear experiencias asociadas a cada producto (Nathan, 2008), siendo estas experiencias intensas y de fácil recordación. Y es aquí que para lograr esas experiencias y sensaciones en el uso de los productos se recurre al uso de nuevos materiales, desarrollados en muchos de los casos especialmente para ser aplicados a productos específicos.

In engineering design, material alternatives evaluate according to different criteria depending on the objectives of the problem. Performance ratings for different criteria are measured by different units, but in the decision matrix in order to have a valid comparison all the elements must be dimensionless. However, a lot of normalization methods have been developed for cost and benefit criteria, not only there has not been enough attention for engineering design situations in which approaching the target values are desirable but also the available methods have shortcomings. A new version of VIKOR method, which covers all types of criteria with emphasize on compromise solution, is proposed in this paper. The proposed comprehensive version of VIKOR also overcomes the main error of traditional VIKOR by a simpler approach. Suggested method can enhance exactness of material selection results in different applications, especially in biomedical application where the implant materials should possess similar properties to those of human tissues. Five examples are included to illustrate and justify the suggested method.

La corrosión es un fenómeno indeseado que está presente en la gran mayoría de las actividades industriales. La gama de problemas que pude causar la corrosión es muy variado; afectando desde disminución de propiedades mecánicas, fallas electromecánicas, pérdida de funcionalidad hasta, finalmente el fallo en servicio. En nuestro caso, el fenómeno de corrosión afecta principalmente a la pureza de los productos finales

"O Livro Eletrônico (E-Book) - Formação de Professores de Línguas: Gêneros Textuais em Práticas Sociais. Esta coletânea “Formação de Professores de Línguas: Gêneros Textuais em Práticas Sociais” é uma publicação que reúne artigos produzidos em 2007.

Os artigos resultam de discussões do grupo de estudos do Projeto de Pesquisa “Formação de Professores de Línguas e Práticas Sociais”. As produções foram feitas pelos colaboradores do projeto com a orientação da coordenadora do projeto Profa. Dra. Aparecida de Jesus Ferreira. As produções deste projeto de pesquisa agregam colaboradores que são alunos da graduação em Letras (licenciatura Português/Inglês), alunas do mestrado e professores da rede Pública de Ensino e Privada. Nos grupos de estudos foi possível refletir sobre aportes teóricos e sobre resultados de pesquisas que contemplam temas como diversidade e cidadania.

Referência:

FERREIRA, Aparecida de Jesus. Formação de Professores de Línguas: Gêneros Textuais em Práticas Sociais – Diversidade e Cidadania Cascavel, Pr: Unioeste, 2008. ISBN: 9788576441205."

Reliability centered maintenance (RCM) has a key role in the quality system of thermal power plants. Electricity production is definitely not only production of a product, but also becomes a customer service. Reliability is the top quality tier of this service. Incorporation in the Integrated energy system means fast transformations of organization on all levels. The reliability of modern generation components basically influences the efficiency and capacity of a power plant as a whole. This paper presents the results of RCM practice on Unit Two of The Thermal Power Plant ″Nikola Tesla -B″, 2x600 MW, Yugoslavia. RCM implementation on current problems during exploitation emphasized problems with the boiler tubing system. The methodological approach included outages analyses, marking of the most significant ones, determination of main causes of damage (determination of the material exhaustion state based on expert analyses), application of adequate remaining life assessment methodology and finally the recommendations. Based on these analyses, certain technical solutions were performed and as a result, the mean time between failures of the plant increased, as well as its reliability. According to cost efficiency, RCM methodology presented the most effective cost-benefit method for reliability upgrade.

Introducing a new engineering product or changing an existing model involves making designs, reaching economic decisions, selecting materials, choosing manufacturing processes, and assessing its environmental impact. These activities are interdependent and should not be performed in isolation from each other. This is because the materials and processes used in making the product can have a large influence on its design, cost, and performance in service. For example, making a part from injection-molded plastics instead of pressed sheet metal is expected to involve large changes in design, new production facilities and widely different economic and environmental impact analysis.
Experience has shown that in most industries it is easier to meet the increasing challenge of producing more economic and yet reliable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally friendly product if a holistic decision making approach of concurrent engineering is adopted in product development. With concurrent engineering, materials and manufacturing processes are considered in the early stages of design and are more precisely defined as the design progresses from the concept to the embodiment and finally the detail stage.
The objective of this book is to illustrate how the activities of design, materials and process selection, and economic and environmental analysis fit together and what sort of tradeoffs can be made in order to arrive at the optimum solution when developing a new product or changing an existing model.

“Ci sono cose però alquanto semplici come una macchia grigia che si compone di sole due parti e di cui si pondera la densità e si misura l’estensione” (Paul Klee).

Il contributo indaga le ricerche svolte nel laboratorio “Materials&Scales”, oggi Inmatex, presso il Dipartimento Dicar del Politecnico di Bari. Esso è un segmento del più generale laboratorio condotto con Rosa Pagliarulo e denominato dal 2011 “Soft Surfaces and Polisensoriality”. Il laboratorio ha lo scopo di agire sul potenziamento delle caratteristiche percettivo-sensoriali dei materiali attraverso la progettazione di scale di gradienti sensoriali ottenute classificando e misurando le proprietà ottiche, tattili, olfattive e acustiche delle superfici. Il contributo s’inserisce nella letteratura riguardante la material- experience, con particolare attenzione ai problemi di parametrizzazione e misurazione delle caratteristiche percettivo-sensoriali delle superfici dei materiali. Il suo scopo è di analizzare i rapporti tra fattori qualitativi e quantitativi nella misurazione di tali caratteristiche. Esso assume una posizione a cavallo tra le competenze tecnico-scientifiche riguardanti la scienza dei materiali e le competenze di quella parte della teoria del design che ha indagato sulla contraddizione insita nell’oscillazione tra valutazioni ponderali e valutazioni di misurazione oggettiva delle forme.
Il laboratorio “Materials&Scales” ha proceduto con un’opportuna progettazione di scale di gradienti, dal più ruvido al più liscio, dal più rigido al più morbido, dal più trasparente al più opaco e così via. La progettazione di scale di gradienti è finalizzata a evidenziare in modo analitico le potenzialità percettivo-sensoriali delle superfici. Nelle scale s’intersecano, infatti, i valori oggettivi dei gradienti misurati attraverso i sistemi NCS, con gli studi sulla teoria della forma contenuti nelle lezioni di Paul Klee, riguardanti le logiche formali presenti nelle scale chiaroscurali da lui progettate in Teoria della Forma e della Figurazione. A ciascun gradiente sono attribuiti valori oggettivi di misurazione tradotti in scale di grigi. Si è prodotta così un’info- grafica dai caratteri sinestetici, capace di intersecare valori tattili e ottici con scale chiaroscurali di grigi attraverso le quali dedurre in modo analitico i caratteri di comfort o dis-comfort della “pelle” del materiale in relazione ad azioni o processi di lavorazione che su di essa si possono compiere. Come in ogni scala chiaroscurale inoltre, sarà possibile avere contemporaneamente i tratti oggettivi di misurazione e quelli ponderali di percezione, al fine di giungere, secondo Klee, a quella contraddizione che è al contempo meta di ogni processo progettuale: “quella cioè di calcolare qualcosa la cui efficacia risiede solo nel movimento rapido [della percezione], dove pertanto ogni calcolo è impossibile.”

El proyecto consiste en el re-diseño de un rastrillo de afeitar desechable, para lo cual se ha utilizado la metodología de los ecoindicadores, la cual es un método ACV (Análisis de Ciclo de Vida), que mide los efectos sobre el medio ambiente que acarrea la fabricación, distribución, consumo y desecho de un producto determinado. Esto permite obtener unos resultados numéricos de fácil interpretación.

The chilled casting method is widely used in the metal casting industry to accelerate the mold's cooling rate. This method is very suitable for surface hardening by depositing the elements contained in the chill material onto the surface of the object being cast. One of the factors that influence surface hardness characteristics is the diffusion temperature. This study aims to determine the microhardness, surface layer thickness, and the element contained on the surface. The main material produced into Y-Block is ductile cast iron, the chill material is SS 304 plate with a thickness of 0.2mm. However, before the liquid material is poured into a mold, the chill plate is inserted into the surface of the pattern in the mold, then the plate was preheated. The result showed that the highest preheating temperature has produced microstructure around the surface area namely eutectic carbide of (FeCr)7C3, and (FeCr)3C. SEM-EDX analysis shows that 7.13%Cr is contained on the coating layer...

Self-cleaning properties have received significant attention for the importance of their potential. Coatings at Nano-scales offer possibilities of using materials for self-cleaning surfaces. Recent efforts have begun to focus on the kinds of materials including metals, semiconductors and polymers. Such materials can have enormous potential in only a few applications. Moreover, the production of these materials requires high costs with low photo activity. In this regard, TiO 2 and its derived materials have shown acceptable and effective suggestions for this application. Moreover, the mechanism of self-cleaning has been explained by the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic can have many applications in different areas like water purification, microfluidics and photovoltaic. In this review, the application of self-cleaning in solar cells and environment as well as TiO 2 derived materials and their applications in water management have been briefly illustrated. In addition, it has been explained that a huge number of self-cleaning materials, applications and improvement in utilities have been essential. In short, we have conducted a comprehensive review of the new approach and to mention numerous materials with hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties would be promising for most environmental concerns. Bio-inspired surface respond in nature through hydrophobic (Cicada Wing, Butterfly Wing, Lotus Leaf, Rice Leaf) and hydrophilic (Fish Scale, Snail Shell, Shark Skin) properties was divided in 4 and 3 respectively. Anti reflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have drowned considerable attention for both their basic appearances and vast applied usages. Antireflective coatings with self-cleaning properties have been considered because of their fascinating features and vast diversity of empirical uses.

This Research Paper suggests the role of materials in product design and their further influence in the design process. To explore the nuances of material
Selection in a design process and the influence of the material on the form , function and personality of a certain designed products.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan menganalisa kekuatan frame sepeda listrik dan melakukan simulasi untuk membandingkannya dengan perhitungan manual. Pemilihan material dalam perancangan ini adalah aluminium alloy (Al 6061) dan geometri sepeda ditentulan berdasarkan tabel hubungan jarak antara three-pivot Sepeda. Frame digambar menggunakan autodesk inventor professional 2014, dimana Bagian-bagian Frame disambung dengan metode las. Frame disimulasi menggunakan ansys 16.0, dimana beban pengendara yang diberikan adalah 80 kg. Nilai tegangan maksimum dari perhitungan manual dibandingkan berdasarkan hasil simulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai tegangan maksimum yang dihasilkan melalui perhitungan manual sebesar 27,398 MPa dan hasil simulasi ansys sebesar 26,658 MPa, dimana keduanya masih dibawah nilai kekuatan material frame yang diizinkan sebesar 46 MPa. Hal ini menggambarkan bahwa perancangan sepeda listrik untuk pengguna dengan beban 80 kg masih dikatakan aman. Kata Kunci: tegangan maksimum, tegangan izin, kekuatan frame, simulasi, aluminium alloy

Material selection is an onerous process of design activities which needs to be carefully carried out in order to increase the probability of success. A lot of multi-criteria decision making methods have been proposed in material selection, many of which require quantitative weights for the attributes. Since weights play a very significant role in the ranking results of the materials, this paper presents a framework for determining importance degree of criteria to overcome the shortcomings of this subject in material selection. Furthermore, the suggested framework covers the situation of interdependent relationship between the criteria which has not been surveyed in material selection yet. An example was considered to illustrate how this framework is conducted. On the basis of the numerical results, it can be concluded that the proposed method can soundly deal with the material selection problems.

A green building material (GBM) is an ecological, health-promoting, recycled, or high-performance building material that impacts the material selection to cover all three pillars (3Ps) of sustainability. The absence of clear instructions for GBMs and the difficulty of precision adjustments of GBM criteria with 3Ps sustainability make GBM selection a challenge. In addition, the consideration of all sustainability factors in GBM selection is a multi-criteria decision problem that requires mathematical techniques such as the multi criteria decision making (MCDM) method. This study applies a hybrid MCDM methodology to resolve multiple incompatible and conflicting GBM criteria to align with 3Ps sustainability. The Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was used to analyze the efficacy of and interrelationship between GBM criteria. This tool is a hybrid model using fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) for aligning and ranking GBM criteria based on 3Ps sustainability. Additionally, the study inspects four groups of professionals in Malaysia who involved in GBM selection and modified one of the oldest GBM criteria models considering the criteria identified from a comprehensive literature review. The results show that the relationship between GBMs and sustainability criteria are different based on the separate 3Ps of sustainability. The evaluation and results provide a valuable reference for building professionals to enhance sustainable construction through green materials.

It is well known that soft iron owes its transformation into steel to the addition of carbon. Carbon is the hardest substance on Earth - diamond. Carbon is the mainstay of Life on Earth, since everything living on our planet is built from it. This all means: carbon is the mainstay of our world. But find out: it is also the stronghold of the entire Universe! The mythical metal orichalcum spoken of by Plato and Tolkien's mithril are carbon, structurally superior to diamond. The Moon is made from it by the hand of God. The UFO is made from it by the hand of the Other. // Общеизвестно, что своим превращением в сталь мягкое железо обязано добавке углерода. Углеродом есть самое твердое вещество Земли — алмаз. Углерод — оплот Жизни на Земле, ибо из него на ней построено живое. Все это означает: углерод в нашем мире есть главная твердь. Но узнайте: он есть и твердь Мира! Мифичный металл орихалк, о каком рек Платон, и мифрил Толкина — это углерод, структурно высший над алмазом. Из него рукою Бога сделана Луна. Из него рукой Иного сделан НЛО.

The material selection of prostheses in developing countries is currently biased towards what is readily available and ignores important criteria such as patient comfort and structural strength. In this study, the ELECTRE III Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method was applied to the material selection of a paediatric prosthetic knee. Focus was directed on using light metal candidates as composites, although light, are unsuitable for use in components with sliding mating surfaces such as a prosthetic knee, and plastics are prone to frequent failure. Candidate materials were evaluated on criteria related to patient fatigue and comfort, structural stability, material cost and manufacturability. The patient fatigue and comfort requirement was evaluated using material density as the weight of the prosthesis affects the comfort level. Finite element analyses (FEA) simulating the ISO 10328:2006 standard for structural testing of lower limb prostheses were used to evaluate the structural strength suitability of the candidate materials. Material cost and manufacturability were assessed using three indices: yield strength, ductility, and base material cost. Wrought aluminium and magnesium alloys such as aluminium 7175 and magnesium AZ80a ranked highest while titanium alloys were ranked below these due to their higher cost. Cast aluminium alloys ranked lowest due to their poor structural performance. The study, using ELECTRE III, a rigorous multi-criteria decision analysis method, shows that aluminium 7175 is the optimal light metal material for a paediatric prosthetic knee.

Problem of boiler component erosion is a very complex and present in practically all fossil fuel power plants burning low heating value coals irrespective of their particular design and operating characteristics. Major fly coal erosion accelerating factors are large amounts of abrasive components in the air-coal mixture and its high velocity. In general terms, there is a trend of implementation of appropriate erosion protection in critical place of pulverized boiler coal preparation equipment. In this paper are presented results of erosion tests provided on samples with different erosion protection materials. Erosion damage profiles of different protection materials were investigated and analyzed on tested samples.

"WET NANO-BONDING OF SILICA-TO-SI AND SILICA-TO-SILICA BELOW 200°C  BY H2O CATALYSIS AND A 2-D PRECURSOR PHASE:
TMAFM, HYDROAFFINITY AND SURFACE FREE ENERGY ANALYSIS

R. Bennett-Kennett*, S. D. Whaley, N. Herbots*, C. F. Watson*, R.J. Culbertson, A. Murphy,* S. Farmer,** P. Rez, D.A. Sell,** B. Hughes, A. Acharya,
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY,
Department of Physics, of Chemistry & Bio-Chemistry Tempe, AZ 85287-1504,
* SiO2 NanoTech LLC,Tempe, AZ 85282
** Marquette University, Marquette, WI
*** Caltech, Pasadena, CA

R.L. Rhoades, Scott N.  Drews 
Entrepix, Inc. Tempe AZ 85282.

Hydroxylated silica about 2.1 ± 0.1 nm thick are nucleated on OH(1x1)Si(100) as precursor phase to cross-bond directly silica to Si, and silica to silica using planarization via extended atomic terraces,  T≤ 200°C, an H2O/O2 ambient, and p ≥ 1 atm. This method, "Wet Nano-Bonding™”, relies on the Herbots-Atluri process [1] to nucleate precursor phases to bond via direct hydroxylated silica molecular cross-bridges two surfaces brought into contact at the nano-scale. 
Ordered Si2(OH)4 β-cristobalite precursor phases exhibit atomic terraces that extend to > 20 nm, in contrast to the 2 nm width in "as received" Si(100) wafers. β-cristobalite nano-phases can desorb at low temperatures (T </~ 200 °C) [3]. These ordered oxides can promote the growth of flatter, smoother, better controlled oxides at low temperatures in ambient air. When put into close contact at T≥ 200°C with oxygen-deficient phases of SiOx used in microelectronics, they can consistently nucleate a cross-bridging between the two substrates, or “nano-bonding” inter-phase [4] between various combinations Si and silica provided an H2O/O2 ambient catalyzes low temperature oxidation and nano-contacting is achieved via pressurization in the nano-bonding chamber.

[1] V. Atluri et al MRS Symp. Proc. Vol 477 (1997)
[2] N. Herbots et al. Mater. Sc. & Eng, B87 (2001), 303
[3] N. Herbots et al., US patent 6,613,617 (2003) & 7,851,365 (2011)
[4]  K.T. Queeney et al. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 84, No. 4, 26 (2004)"

A reliable road network is a pre-requisite for economic development. However, the provision of all-weather transportation infrastructure (roads) in developing areas, using traditional design approaches, currently comes at a considerable cost. The construction of a low-volume two lane road in rural and urban areas in Africa may vary from about US$ 500 000/km (2018) in more developed areas, to US$ 1.2 million/km rural areas, or even considerably more in remote areas as influence by material, logistics and safety risks. A general lack of available funds and lack of resources allocated for road infrastructure development is a reality. The current surfaced road network backlog, the lack of resources and the high unit costs make it basically impossible for the Developing World to provide the road infrastructure required to become economically competitive. The high unit costs can be addressed through a change in current engineering practices and the implementation of available and proven new technologies. “New-age” nanotechnology solutions are available to improve the characteristics of naturally available materials to meet the structural engineering requirements for all road pavement layers. These technologies have been proven through laboratory, full scale Accelerated Pavement Tests (APT) tests and practical implementation. The hydrophobic (water-repellent) action achieved through the stabilisation of pavement layers using anionic NME stabilisation agents, to a large extend prevents (or at least considerably inhibits) water from entering pavement layers and causing distress due to a change in the shear strength of the materials in the pavement structure. Traditionally, considerable resources have been allocated towards the prevention of water-damage to roads. Water resistant pavement layers constructed using anionic NME stabilising agents, considerably assists to prevent water from entering and damaging pavement layers. This book provides a comprehensive approach towards the upgrading of gravel / soil roads using naturally available materials stabilised and improved with anionic New-age Modified Emulsions (NME). The aim is to provide all-weather surface roads at an affordable costs, incorporating the best available technologies. This can be achieved without compromising the integrity of the road pavement structure and / or the safety of road users. Applicable standards, together with the implementation of the latest proven developments in material sciences, makes the vision of improved service delivery in terms of a surfaced road networks a reality. The design aims at cost-optimisation from the Inception Phase trough the Design Phase to Construction. The design is based on a simplified design using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) tests. Adjustments for the different Climatic Zones of the World are incorporated into the recommended approach. The recommended design approach is easy to implement, requiring no specifically developed design-software for the structural design of the pavement structures. Specifications for the use of anionic NME stabilising agents are recommended to ensure that the material can be implemented with ease in remote areas, requiring a guaranteed shelf-life in excess of four (4) months from suppliers. The anionic NME recommended for use are ideally suited for the construction of roads in all environments, with a high guaranteed stability, requiring no pre-heating during construction, normally experienced in the Developing World. Depending on the needs and policy, the materials recommended are suitable for implementation using and adapting construction methods and equipment. Implementation could vary from the optimisation of opportunities for labour-intensive construction and the development of small and medium enterprises to the use of conventical equipment (water carts, graders and rollers) to the use of modern recyclers and central mixing plants, in combination with paving equipment to construct pavement layers to high levels of accuracy. The book is divided into the following Chapters and Appendices: - Chapter 1: Introduction; - Chapter 2: Non-Technical Influences; - Chapter 3: Phase 1A: Concept Development – Initial Assessment; - Chapter 4: Phase 1B: Concept Development – Detailed Assessment; - Chapter 5: Phase 2: Design; - Chapter 6: Life-cycle Cost Comparison of Applicable Options; - Appendix A: Earth science: Petrology / Geology / Lithology; - Appendix B: Soil Classification; - Appendix C: Recommended DCP Analysis and Design Method Applicable to the Structural assessment of the Bearing Capacity for the Upgrading of Gravel / Soil Roads; - Appendix D: Köppen Climate Classification System with Köppen-Geiger Maps, and - Appendix E: Recommended Project Specifications Adjusted with Specific Reference to the use of Anionic New-age Modified Emulsions (NME) for the Stabilisation of Naturally Available Materials.

Ensuring that the built environment becomes more sustainable or perhaps even regenerative, must include careful consideration of which materials to build with. There is no such thing as a " sustainable material " without understanding the context of where and how it is used. It could be useful therefore to incorporate knowledge of ecosystem services into designing, planning, and decision making, which is by necessity site-specific and grounded in the physical ecological reality of the planet. Although this book is about building materials specification, in the case of using ecosystem services as a basis for improving the sustainability of the built environment, it is important to first understand how this concept relates to the wider task of designing buildings and cities before defining in detail how the same ideas can relate to specifying individual materials. A building material can only be considered sustainable (or not) when understood in the context of the design, climate, and culture it is used within over time. It is complex and in some cases currently impossible to quantify the impacts on each different ecosystem service that each kind of building material has, and to then compare or rank which materials are better from an ecosystem service impact perspective. This is due to some information from the fields of ecology or biology not being available, the vast differences in metrics used to examine different ecosystem services, the complexities of a globalized trade in building materials products where manufacturers and retailers often do not know the source or composition of their own products (see Chapter 12), and the inherent complexities in ecosystem services and the relationships between them. Despite this, summaries of some of the major impacts, both positive and negative on ecosystem services that some common building materials have are provided in Section 2.5. These impacts can then be part of considerations when selecting building materials.

Due to its enchanting characteristics signifying innovation and prestigious, digital technologies are sometimes observed to be integrated into education enthusiastically. However, adopting technology in teaching praxis requires a deeper understanding and examination of techno logy integration with different variables. In that sense, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between preservice teachers' material development competency as a proficiency in which technology is heavily integrated into teaching activities and their techno-pedagogical competency. A survey method was used in the study. Participants consist of 202 preservice teachers enrolled in Instructional Technologies and Material Design course delivered at a Faculty of Education in a Turkish state university. Two scales as application-based educational technology and material development competency scale and techno-pedagogical competency scale were employed. As a result of the data analysis process, a positive high level of relationship was found between both scales. In other words, it was evidenced that an increase in the proficiency in techno-pedagogical competency leads to an increase in preservice teachers' proficiency in technology enhanced material development skills. On the ground of the findings, issues such as how to develop preservice teachers' technology enhanced material development skills within the context of their techno-pedagogical competency are discussed. Keywords: Techno-pedagogical knowledge, material development, Application-based Educational Technology and Material Development Competency, Techno-pedagogical Education Competency, capacity building

The strength of adhesion between two over-moulded polymers, methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that constitute a bi-component laminar system has been the subject of study. Results showed that at the bi-layer interface the adhesive fracture tough- ness increases as temperature and surface roughness are increased. Roughness has been demonstrated to be the most important parameter defining adhesion strength and failure. With the increase of roughness the failure was observed to change from adhesive towards cohesive type. An increase in either the temperature or the pressure applied to the samples caused a rise in adhesion energy. However, pressure seemed to have a minor effect in comparison to temperature. Significant increments in adhesion were obtained after applying the corona discharge treatment (CDT) to the attaching surfaces resulting in adhesion strengths almost double those of non-treated systems.

This work intends to analyze the importance of the materials selection process for the
development of a new product.
The aspects that influence the selection of materials in the Design process are due to the fact
that these collaborate in the materialization of a project, stimulating a better interaction in the
utilization of the products and consequently in the improvement of the people’s quality of life.
The strategic use of a material is one the most influential means designers have to communicate
and create emotional connections with its users; however, the materials classification in simple
and definitive categories is complex, due to the diversity of options available in the market.
This study can provide a significant contribution to the field of the product Design. As such, the
general objectives of this work are to identify, analyze and understand the importance of the
selection of materials in the development of a new product

In present study, the tribological behavior of hybrid
composites with A356 aluminum alloy matrix reinforced with 10 wt% of SiC and 3 wt% of graphite was investigated using the Taguchi method. The composites were produced by the
compocasting procedure. The tribological properties were studied using block-on-disk tribometer under unlubricated sliding conditions at different normal loads (40N, 80N and
120N), sliding speeds (0.25 m/s, 0.5 m/s and 1 m/s) and sliding distances (150 m, 300 m and 1200 m). Analysis of the wear rate results was performed using the ANOVA technique. The
highest influence on wear rate was obtained for sliding distance (39.44%). The influence of normal load and sliding speed was 27.96% and 14.12%, respectively. The lowest level of wear rate corresponded to the contact conditions with normal load of 40N, sliding speed of 1.0 m/s and sliding distance of 1200 m.