Nuclear Accidents

Le coût réel du projet CIGEO (d'enfouissement des déchets hautement radioactifs à vie longue) explose, et atteint déjà 37,5 milliards d'€, et relance le débat sur la gestion des déchets nucléaires en France, après la décision unilatérale d'Emmanuel Macron, de relancer le nucléaire par la construction de 6 EPR-2 déjà actée et de 8 autres d'ici à 2045.

Aplicacion pacifica de la Energia Nuclear en vehiculos de transporte y de rescate  aeroespacial o eventuales evacuaciones asi como misiones de exploracion al servicio de la investigacion cientifica. Tecnología de las Unidades Rotmagneto Astro-Orbitales URAO. Que Constituyen el Concepto de Edificios habitables que pueden trasladarse a traves del Espacio Exterior sin requerir de combustibles  Cohetes ni otro tipo de propulsores

W dzisiejszym świecie mamy do czynienia z coraz większą liczbą katastrof technicznych. Niestety wzrasta nie tylko ich liczba, ale także ich rozmiar. Jedną z przyczyn powstawania coraz większej ilości awarii jest postępujący rozwój cywilizacyjny, zwiększająca się gęstość zaludnienia, urbanizacja, rozwój przemysłu, emisja niebezpiecznych związków do atmosfery, transport materiałów niebezpiecznych (TŚP) i jeszcze wiele innych zjawisk związanych z rozwojem życia człowieka. Fakty te spowodowały międzynarodową dyskusję na temat sposobów ochrony przed różnego rodzaju zagrożeniami technicznymi. Stale zwiększająca się liczba awarii, a co za tym idzie, także stale wzrastająca liczba ofiar wskazują na kierunek, w jakim powinna rozwijać się ochrona przed zagrożeniami technicznymi. Mapy ryzyka stanowią jedną z najskuteczniejszych metod wdrożenia czterofazowego modelu zarządzania kryzysowego. Mapy ryzyka technicznego pozwalają na globalną i pełną ocenę dowolnego systemu technicznego.

En el año 1986 se produjo una de los más fatídicos e impactantes accidentes nucleares conocidos, concretamente en la ciudad industrial de Chernóbil, al norte de Ucrania. Dentro de los profesionales desplegados por el gobierno soviético destacó la figura de Valeri Legásov, reconocido químico inorgánico quien jugó un rol fundamental tanto en la minimización de los daños ocasionados por la radiación, como en las secuelas políticas del accidente.

The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to adjudicate upon cases concerning violations to environment upraised from nuclear accidents. This was non-causal research, based on qualitative methods. With respect to information gathering, the document and library research process were employed, then qualitative method was applied to analyse the information, by which international rules governing the issue and related case law of ECtHR was studied, assessed and analysed. Findings indicated that ECtHR has accepted the environment rights by broad interpretation of article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, in the Court’s precedent, applications with no actual victim were not considered as violation in the convention. The latest approach taken by ECtHR, taking prevention principle into account, could improve its abilities to protect potential victims of violations caused by nuclear accidents due to environmental r...

The aim of this study was to assess the abilities of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to adjudicate upon cases concerning violations to environment upraised from nuclear accidents. This was non-causal research, based on qualitative methods. With respect to information gathering, the document and library research process were employed, then qualitative method was applied to analyse the information, by which international rules governing the issue and related case law of ECtHR was studied, assessed and analysed. Findings indicated that ECtHR has accepted the environment rights by broad interpretation of article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, in the Court's precedent, applications with no actual victim were not considered as violation in the convention. The latest approach taken by ECtHR, taking prevention principle into account, could improve its abilities to protect potential victims of violations caused by nuclear accidents due to environmental rights. In conclusion, despite some barriers against the complaint processes in the Court, new approach was recognised as a more protective one.

Książka do kupienia tutaj: https://www.terytoria.com.pl/ksiegarnia/2085-skazone-technonatury-srodowiskowe-opowiesci-o-katastrofach-nuklearnych.html

"Strefy w Czarnobylu i Fukushimie to obszary oporu, które – pozostawione samym sobie z powodu zagrażającego ludziom promieniowania radioaktywnego – nie poddają się ponownemu zawłaszczeniu i dominacji człowieka. Stawiają również opór w wymiarze symbolicznym, nie spełniając wyobrażeń na temat tego, jak powinien wyglądać krajobraz postnuklearny. Nie są one martwymi, ogołoconymi przestrzeniami, ale niespodziewanie bogatymi i wciąż rozwijającymi się ekosystemami. Nieobecność ludzi staje się w nich czymś pozytywnym. Chociaż człowiek w dużej mierze z nich zniknął, to powstały one z powodu jego działalności – technologii i jej porażki."

Badanie dotychczas pomijanych zjawisk mówi więcej o naszej kulturze i historii, niż myślimy. Opowieści powstałe po katastrofach elektrowni w Czarnobylu i Fukushimie pokazują, jak koncepcje kulturowe determinują postrzeganie środowiska oraz ich wzajemne powiązania, oddziaływania i zależności. Przyjrzenie się procesom zachodzącym w obu strefach skażenia oraz sposobom ich opisu uzmysławia, jak dotychczasowe podziały na przestrzenie warte ochrony i zdegradowane przestają być oczywiste. Włączenie do myślenia o nowych formach międzygatunkowego współbycia również takich elementów jak skażenie jest niezwykle istotne w kontekście trwającej katastrofy klimatycznej. Awarie w ukraińskiej i japońskiej elektrowni pokazują, że to, co dotychczas uznawano za niszczące, ma także subwersywny, pozytywny potencjał.

Publikacja powstała w wyniku realizacji projektu badawczego o nr 2019/33/N/HS2/00268 finansowanego ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki

Nuclear policy, legal issues and decision-making. The Fukushima catastrophe has generated over 14 million cubic metres of contaminated dirt. It is presently in ‘interim storage’ at the Fukushima precinct of Japan (290 km north of Tokyo). What is to be done with it?The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) experts propose potting mix, road base, and agricultural substrate. The disposal of nuclear waste is a ‘wicked’ problem, a problem that lacks a ready solution but not for want of trying. Three quarters of a century of the nuclear industry have produced a steady stream of nuclear waste disposal propositions. The quest for the ‘holy grail’ of an enduring and socially and environmentally acceptable nuclear waste solution marches forward on a diet of hope and hype.

Nuclear accidents represent some of the most significant and catastrophic events in modern history, involving the unintended release of radioactive materials with severe environmental, health, economic, and social consequences. This project aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the major nuclear accidents, including the Chernobyl disaster (1986), Fukushima Daiichi disaster (2011), Three Mile Island incident (1979), and the Kyshtym disaster (1957). Each of these events is examined in detail to understand their causes, which range from human error and mechanical failures to natural disasters and design flaws. The consequences of these accidents are explored, highlighting the immediate and long-term impacts on public health, environmental contamination, economic costs, and societal disruptions.

This article is a personal reflection on how to practice the
humanities in times of disaster. The author starts from the
bodily experience of being in the contamination zone around the
Fukushima power plant and a certain epistemological confusion
while following the scientific debate on the impact of radioactivity
on flora and fauna in the exclusion zones around the Chernobyl
and Fukushima Daiichi power plants. She posits that radioactive
contamination affects not only ecosystems and human bodies, but
ways of doing research and thinking about human-environment
relationships. She uses Anna L. Tsing’s theory of scalability to
explore alternatives to hegemonic stories of the interspecies world.
keywords: radioactivity, exclusion zone, contamination, scalability,
humanistic practice

Arrêt et démantèlement des centrales nucléaires obsolètes ou inutilisables en France et aux USA ? Par Hugues HENRI
Aux USA, la même irresponsabilité des autorités fédérales conduisent comme en France à prolonger les centrales nucléaires au-delà de leur durée d'exploitation initiale : voilà donc que l'autorité de sûreté nucléaire américaine autorise un réacteur conçu dans les années soixante pour une durée de fonctionnement de 25/30 ans à continuer de fonctionner jusqu'en 2060 !
En France, EDF n’arrive pas à faire démarrer son EPR à Flamanville et voudrait quand même construire 1,5 EPR-2 par an !

The environmental radiation release from Fukushima nuclear power following tsunami in Japan has once again highlighted the omnipotent risk of radiation injury in the today’s world. India is at a real risk from radiation fallout both due to nuclear power plant accidents and nuclear warfare threat. The risk from nuclear radiation accident in India is further increased by the region being endemic for iodine deficiency as adverse effects following nuclear radiation fallout like thyroid cancer is significantly higher in iodine deficient populations .There is need to institute disaster preparedness measures to mitigate the damage in case of a nuclear accident. Interventions to control adverse fallout of nuclear radiation include evacuation, sheltering and food controls as well as iodine prophylaxis.

The main aim of this study was to perform numerical simulations of deflagration to detonation transition process (DDT) in hydrogen–air mixtures and assess the capabilities of freeware open-source ddtFoam code to simulate and capture DDT limits. The numerical geometry was based on the real 0.08 × 0.11 × 4 m (H × W × L), rectangular cross-section detonation channel previously used to experimentally investigate DDT limits in obstacle-filled channel. The constant blockage ratio (BR) equal to 0.5 was kept for three obstacle spacing configurations: S = H, 2H, 3H. The results showed that hydrogen concentration limits for successful DDT from simulations are close to the experimental values, however, the simulated DDT limits range is wider than the experimental one and depends on the obstacles spacing. The numerical results were analyzed by means of propagation velocities, overpressures, and run-up distances. The best match between numerical and experimental DDT limits was observed for obsta...

Flames propagating in obstacle-filled channels are known to achieve very high speeds of propagation that can approach the speed of sound of the burnt products. The present paper reports the results of a detailed schlieren photographic study of such high speed flames. The experiments ...

Les lymphocytes T sont l'une des populations les plus radiosensibles de l'organisme. La reconstitution des lymphocytes T est lente, et des déficits quantitatifs et qualitatifs apparaissent à long terme chez les personnes irradiées. Les mécanismes de la reconstitution lymphocytaire T sont mal connus, et en particulier le rôle joué par le thymus dans cette reconstitution reste peu clair. Le thymus est l'organe lymphoïde primaire dans lequel se différencie l'ensemble des populations lymphocytaires T durant la vie foeîale et post-natale. Le thymus a été considéré pendant longtemps comme étant inactif à l'âge adulte. Cependant, des données récentes montrent que le thymus reste, au moins en partie, fonctionnel à l'âge adulte. Ceci suggère un rôle important du thymus dans l'homéostasie des populations lymphocytaires T, mais aussi dans la reconstitution des lymphocytes T après irradiation, y compris à l'âge adulte. Par ailleurs, des études récentes révèlent que les effets des rayonnements ionisants sont, au moins en partie, responsables des déficits quantitatifs des lymphocytes T observés à long terme après irradiation. Ces données montrent la nécessité de poursuivre l'étude des effets des rayonnements ionisants sur le thymus, en particulier par la recherche de bio-indicateurs du fonctionnement du thymus en situation physiologique normale, mais aussi en situation physiopathologique d'irradiation accidentelle. Accidental irradiation and T lymphocyte reconstitution: recent advances and perspectives. T lymphocytes are one of the most radiosensitive population of the organism. The

Wprowadzenie i cel pracy. Napromieniowanie żywności to technika konserwacji żywności, której głównym celem jest przedłużenie przydatności do spożycia artykułów żywnościowych dzięki zastosowaniu promieniowania jonizującego. Technologia napromieniania żywności jest obecnie stosowana na całym świecie. Celem pracy jest omówienie procesu radiacji żywności, przede wszystkim w aspekcie bezpieczeństwa utrwalonych w ten sposób produktów oraz przepisów prawnych regulujących ten proces w Polsce i na świecie. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy. Proces napromieniowania żywności podlega licznym regulacjom prawnym, dotyczącym m.in. poziomów stosowanych dawek, celów napromieniowania czy oznakowania napromieniowanych produktów. Obecnie ponad 50 krajów na świecie dopuszcza stosowanie promieniowania jonizującego w stosunku do żywności, w tym 7 krajów Unii Europejskiej łącznie z Polską. Bezpieczeństwo radiacyjnie utrwalonych artykułów spożywczych zostało potwierdzone przez kluczowe organizacje międzynarodowe i krajowe, jednak nie brakuje doniesień na temat jej potencjalnej szkodliwości dla zdrowia, np. w następstwie występowania 2-alkilocyklobutanonów czy wolnych rodników. Wiele osób zwraca również uwagę na możliwość pogorszenia się jakości żywności, zwłaszcza za sprawą zmniejszenia ilości lub utraty niektórych składników odżywczych czy zmiany właściwości fizycznych produktu. Podsumowanie. Napromieniowanie żywności to w dalszym ciągu dość kontrowersyjna metoda konserwacji. Wydaje się, że zmiany opinii publicznej w tej kwestii można dokonać dzięki lepszemu uświadomieniu przeciętnego konsumenta o potencjalnej roli, jaką napromieniowanie żywności może odgrywać w kontrolowaniu, a nawet eliminowaniu chorób przenoszonych przez żywność czy w ograniczeniu strat finansowych związanych z jej psuciem.

What does Japan's 2011 nuclear accident have in common with the 2005 flooding of New Orleans from Hurricane Katrina? This thought-provoking book presents a compelling account of recent and historical disasters, both natural and human-caused, drawing out common themes and providing a holistic understanding of hazards, disasters and mitigation, for anyone interested in this important and topical subject. Based on his on-the-ground experience with several major recent disasters, Timothy H. Dixon explores the science, politics and economics behind a variety of disasters and environmental issues, arguing that many of the worst effects are avoidable. He describes examples of planning and safety failures, provides forecasts of future disasters and proposes solutions for hazard mitigation. The book shows how billions of dollars and countless lives could be saved by adopting longer-term thinking for infrastructure planning and building, and argues that better communication is vital in re...

The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster occurred on 11 March 2011, which caused the leakage of radioactive materials into the environment. In this study, we report public concerns about radiation in Fukushima and Tokyo almost one year after the nuclear disaster. We examined the public concerns by analyzing the data from 1022 participants, 555 in Fukushima and 467 in Tokyo. They were asked whether they were concerned about radiation from some of six different types of sources, which could be answered in a binary way, ‘yes’ or ‘no’. We found not only similarities, but also significant differences in the degrees of concerns between Fukushima residents and Tokyo ones. Fukushima residents more concerned about radiation from land, food and radon in larger rate than that of Tokyo ones, while Tokyo residents were concerned about radiation from medical care. Residents in neither location were concerned about radiation from space. Our results su...

Although it is clear that the accident signatures from each unit at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS) [Daiichi] differ, much is not known about the end-state of core materials within these units. Some of this uncertainty can be attributed to a lack of information related to cooling system operation and cooling water injection. There is also uncertainty in our understanding of phenomena affecting: a) in-vessel core damage progression during severe accidents in boiling water reactors (BWRs), and b) accident progression after vessel failure (ex-vessel progression) for BWRs and Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). These uncertainties arise due to limited full scale prototypic data. Similar to what occurred after the accident at Three Mile Island Unit 2, these Daiichi units offer the international community a means to reduce such uncertainties by obtaining prototypic data from multiple full-scale BWR severe accidents.

Droit et nucléaire entre 1958 et 2024 ? par Hugues HENRI: L'année 2023 a confirmé que nous étions entrés dans une nouvelle ère de renaissance du nucléaire, pour reprendre le discours du Président de la République sur la politique de l'énergie tenu à Belfort le 10 février 2022. La question de la relation entre le nucléaire et le droit s'est posée depuis le commencement de l'introduction de cette énergie dans la société française : de quel droit se sont parés ceux qui nous l'ont imposée. Cela est advenu avec la Ve république et son 1er président, Charles De Gaulle qui a profité de l'impulsion 1ere donnée par ses prédécesseurs de la IVe république dans la création du CEA, centre d'essais atomiques installé à Marcoule et à Saclay. La relance du « tout nucléaire » par Emmanuel Macron génère une inflation législative depuis 2022, avec pour conséquences des risques juridiques dont cet article essaie de circonscrire l’essentiel en s’appuyant sur les travaux universitaires et juridiques.

IMPORTANCE Ultrasonographic (US) screening for thyroid cancer was performed in the Fukushima Health Management Survey after the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station accident. Clinical characteristics of thyroid cancers screened by US among children and young adults during the first 5 years after the accident were analyzed. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the number of detected thyroid cancers by age group within 5 years of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station accident and to compare the basic clinical characteristics and demographic patterns in first-and second-round examinations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this observational study, 324 301 individuals 18 years or younger at the time of accident were included. Patients received a cytologic diagnosis of malignant or suspected malignant thyroid cancer during the first (fiscal years 2011-2013) or second round (fiscal years 2014-2015) of screening. Number of detected cases of cancer was evaluated, correcting for the number of examinees by age group at the time of the accident and for the incidence of detected cancers according to age group at the time of the screening (age groups were divided into 3-year intervals). Results were compared using the age-specific incidence of unscreened cancers from a national cancer registry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Clinical baseline characteristics of the patients and the age-specific number and incidence of thyroid cancers detected during the second round. RESULTS Among 299 905 individuals screened in the first round (50.5% male; mean [SD] age at screening, 14.9 [2.6] years), malignant or suspected thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 116. Among 271 083 individuals screened in the second round (50.4% male; age at screening, 12.6 [3.2] years), malignant or suspected thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 71. The most common pathologic diagnosis in surgical cases was papillary thyroid cancer (149 of 152 [98.0%]). The distribution pattern by age group at the time of the accident, where the number of detected thyroid cancer cases was corrected by the number of examinees, increased with older age in both screening rounds. This demographic pattern was similar between the first and second examinations. The distribution pattern of the incidence rate by age group at the time of screening in the second round also increased with older age. The incidence rate detected by screening was 29 cases per 100 000 person-years for those aged 15 to 17 years, 48 cases per 100 000 person-years for those aged 18 to 20 years, and 64 cases per 100 000 person-years for those aged 21 to 22 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Large-scale mass US screening of young people resulted in the diagnosis of a number of thyroid cancers, with no major changes in overall characteristics within 5 years of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power station accident. These results suggest that US screening can identify many detectable cancers from a large pool of nonclinical and subclinical thyroid cancers among individuals of a relatively young age, in an age-dependent manner.

Remaniement pro nucléaire ? par Hugues HENRI. Le gouvernement de Gabriel Attal vient d'être enfin complété et ce remaniement est révélateur d'une évolution politique marquée à droite et clairement pro nucléaire avec la validation du programme annoncé par Emmanuel Macron lors de son discours à Belfort en 2022. C'est bien Bruno Le Maire qui garde la main sur l'Énergie. Si un ministre délégué, Roland Lescure, vient d'y être affecté, il est rattaché au maître de Bercy. À peine l'ancienne ministre chargée du dossier, Agnès Pannier-Runacher, avait-elle quitté ses fonctions que Bruno Le Maire, fervent partisan du nucléaire, reprenait son avant-projet de loi sur l'énergie en gommant les rares avancées dans les énergies renouvelables. Juste avant de quitter ses fonctions, l'ancienne ministre de la Transition énergétique, Agnès Pannier-Runacher, avait en effet présenté un avant-projet de loi énergétique aussitôt vidé de sa substance par Bruno Le Maire, pro nucléaire convaincu dont le portefeuille ministériel s'est encore élargi. Sa première mesure a été d’effacer le volet « énergie renouvelable » du projet de loi sur l’énergie. Tout cela dénote la dimension pro nucléaire de ce remaniement.

Dans le contexte de la relance. nucléaire en France décidée unilatéralement par Emmanuel Macron lors de son discours à Belfort en 2022, un certain nombre d'obstacles et de difficultés de tous ordres se dressent au devant de ce retour au « tout nucléaire » dont certains vont être l'objet de cet article. Relance du nucléaire : 100.000 emplois à pourvoir dans une filière qui peine à recruter ? Les soudeurs et les chaudronniers manquent à l’appel, sans parler des ingénieurs et techniciens spécialisés dans le nucléaire.
L’ASN, le gendarme du nucléaire, dénonce plus de 45 contrefaçons dans le nucléaire attisé par la relance, ce qui est très inquiétant dans un domaine aussi sensible.
Les risques majeurs nucléaires n’ont pas disparu et à FUKUSHIMA, la terre et l’eau sont toujours irradiées et des millions d’hectolitres d’eau irradiée sont rejetées dans l’océan Pacifique.

Nous savions que le couvercle du réacteur nucléaire de l'EPR de Flamanville avait été déclaré non conforme par l'IRSN en raison de la mauvaise qualité de son acier qui était trop carboné. Areva avait été mise en demeure de le refaire dans les trois ans, l'actuel ne serait posé que provisoirement en attendant son remplacement en 2024. C'était déjà une forme de malfaçon dangereuse portant sur une pièce essentielle d'un réacteur EPR. Mais avec la relance nucléaire voulue par Emmanuel Macron, ce problème de malfaçon accidentelle ou délibérée pourrait se multiplier. De plus, ce risque de malfaçons / contrefaçons dans le nucléaire remet en cause la suppression de l'IRSN programmée par le gouvernement. Les nouveaux projets nucléaires ont mis la filière en tension. L'engouement est tel qu'il pourrait créer des irrégularités et des fraudes, estime le président de l'Autorité de sûreté nucléaire. L'an dernier, le gendarme de l'atome a d'ailleurs procédé à trois signalements au procureur de la République.

La desclasificación de la mayoría de documentos relacionados con el accidente nuclear de Palomares por parte del Alto Estado Mayor en el Archivo Histórico del Ejército del Aire ha permitido atisbar el grado de participación y protagonismo oculto por los aconteceres y el relato dominante, olvidado por ambas naciones.
El fin de este trabajo es ponderar y analizar el rol desempeñado por el Ejército del Aire español tras el suceso. Este movilizó y dispuso sus recursos materiales a la XVIª Fuerza Aérea de los EE. UU. a través de su infraestructura y capacidad logística, al tiempo que ejerció la representación institucional y control en el escenario de los hechos, colaborando con la caracterización y descontaminación radiológica, así como la intermediación y defensa de los afectados en la tramitación de las indemnizaciones. El rechazo de los mercados a cualquier producto de la zona obligó a la urgente búsqueda de soluciones, mientras que el alcance real de su intervención fue eclipsado por la espectacularidad de los hechos, olvidado por la historia oficial de ambos países.

Desde 2011 se han realizado 4 transportes secretos con más de 3.000 kg de basura nuclear a Palomares (Almería) desde la sede del CIEMAT en Madrid. Los residuos estaban ubicados en una instalación radiactiva (IR-17), dotada con todo tipo de medidas de seguridad y control por parte del Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (CSN), mientras que su destino ha sido un par de contenedores marítimos para hortalizas y lo que es peor, una edificación en medio de la población. Ello ha generado una significativa alarma social en la zona y un innegable perjuicio económico a su agricultura y pujante turismo. No solo no se inicia el esperado plan de descontaminación, sino que se refuerza el rol impuesto en 1966 por los EEUU y España de lo que constituye el primer cementerio nuclear ilegal de España.

Chernobyl disaster was the world worst nuclear disaster, took place in the Chernobyl power plant due to explosion of reactor at Pripyat city in Ukraine. It led to 31 deaths including fire fighters and workers of the power plant on same day andabout 15 indirect deaths up to 2011. Also around 115000 people were evacuated from a 30 km zone around the plant. In this paper author gives a case study on Chernobyl disaster. And also, author finds the reasons and its effect on the human beings after the accident. And also, the confinement process of reactor number 4.

During the normal operation of nuclear power plants, some radioactive wastes are produced in the form of particles or aerosol gas in the reactor building. Particulate radioactive aerosols can be produced in a wide variety of particle sizes, possibly in combination with non-radioactive aerosols. Emission of corrosion products and fission products that are activated by the effect of nuclear rays generate aerosols from two sources. These; are created by the adsorption of gases generated by radioactive decay and volatile radionuclides formed during the fission process on the present suspended material. The most important volatile radionuclides that form the gaseous radioactive waste produced during the normal operation of nuclear power plants are halogens, noble gases, tritium, and carbon-14. The composition and amount of radioactivity present in the various airborne waste streams depend largely on the reactor type and release path. All gaseous waste from nuclear power plants must be tr...

This report conducted a numerical estimation of the impact of reactor accidents and catastrophes within the nuclear power generating industry. It focused on reviewing methods aimed at reducing the risks to public health and safety. The analysis centered on the critical examination of the Three Mile Island reactor accident in 1979, assessing the lessons learned and their subsequent application.
The findings highlighted that operator errors resulting from inadequate training, component malfunctions, and design deficiencies were identified as the primary root causes of most reactor accidents. Given the intricate nature of nuclear reactor plants, the report recommended continuous improvement upon lessons learned from past accidents. It emphasized the importance of maintaining an effective safety assessment philosophy by plant operators and ensuring enforcement by nuclear regulatory authorities.

Irudno wyobrazić sobie przyszłe katastrofy, a także przyszłość j a k o katastrofę według modelu z przeszłości, nawet tej niezbyt odległej. Zmiana filozoficznego klimatu, naukowych paradygmatów, organizacji społecznej i przemysłowej, środków technologicznych mają wpływ na sposób, w jaki uprzytamniamy sobie zagrożenie lub czyhające niebezpieczeństwo. To sygnał, że weszliśmy w erę r y z y k a , a mianowicie ryzyka technologicznego. Tak więc nieszczęściu nagłemu, które uderza silnie, ale krótko, dajemy inną nazwę: wypadek. Ale także-kosztem nowych dwuznaczności-zostaje obłaskawiony śmiertelny strach przed końcem świata, tym nieszczęśliwym wypadkiem, co ugodzi raz na zawsze i przerwie już nie historię indywidualną swoich ofiar, lecz odetnie nas od naszych początków i zorientuje ku nieznanej przyszłości. Narażanie się na ryzyko, nie koniecznie jest tym samym co jego podjęcie, lecz oznacza wiedzę, że żyjemy w wyznaczonych przez nie warunkach, bez możliwości odwrócenia tego niekorzystnego układu sił. Aby przejść od razu do tego, co najbardziej spektakularne, do tego znaku czasów współczesnych, zdajemy sobie dobrze sprawę z faktu, że nasze dni są zawisłe od dobrego funkcjonowania-całkowicie podległego przypadkowi-elektrowni atomowych, urządzeń przeznaczonych przecież do celów pokojowych. To nieustanne ryzyko (uwikłane w serię innych, związanych z obróbką, składowaniem, transportem i użytkowaniem pozostałych źródeł i rezerw energetycznych) nie wiąże się z konfliktem nauklearnym. Ryzyko to wzbudza rodzaj moralizatorstwa, przedstawiającego szaleństwo ludzkości jako ziemskie źródło jej zagłady, zaś katastrofę nuklearną jako tej zagłady replikę niebiańską. Szaleństwa ludzkości, dowodzi się, przywołując sytuację, w której jeden człowiek (lub dwóch, zajmujących symetrycznie miejsca przed czerwonymi, śmiercionośnymi przyciskami) ma możność wywołania termonukleárnej apokalipsy. To właśnie ona gromadzi niszczycielską moc, koncentruje ją, automatyzuje aż do absurdu mechanizmy jej uwolnienia, aby uczynić z prostego przycisku symbol krucho-* Wykładowca filozofii w Uniwersytecie Lyon П.

At present studies are in progress at ENEA-DISP to assess the performance of a steel containment under hydrogen detonation. In this framework a number of topics needs to be investigated and they are considered in the present paper. To get a better understanding of the containment wall behaviour under a detonation a simple but complete model is analysed in order to study the fluid-structure interaction during the explosion. The structure is represented by a single degree of freedom (SDOF) elastic-plastic system. This system is coupled to a monodimensional model of the containment atmosphere excited by hydrogen bursting. The atmosphere modeling allows to represent the shock propagation and the reflected wave effects. In the model a cylindrical geometry is used as reference. The obtained results are compared with data adopted in Italy to assess the structural integrity of the Alto Lazio NPP steel containment in the case of a severe accident. The limits of the model as well as the possible extensions are discussed in the paper together with a possible application in an experimental program directed to the assessment of failure criteria under severe accident conditions.

Retoqué il y a six mois, le projet de réforme de la sûreté nucléaire revient, ce mercredi 20/12/23, en Conseil des ministres, avec le même dessein d'absorption de l'IRSN, l'expert technique, par l'ASN, le gendarme du secteur. Emmanuel Macron a décidé tout seul de défaire ce duo IRSN/ASN qui est le garant depuis 2006, de la sécurité nucléaire de la France, cela pour faciliter et accélérer la relance nucléaire qu'il. a imposée au pays. L'intersyndicale de l'IRSN appelle à la grève. Philippe Bourachot, délégué syndical central CGT, explique pourquoi.

EPR ou hydrogène ? par Hugues HENRI
Le gouvernement Macron a choisi d'imposer une relance nucléaire en France avec un programme démesuré comprenant la construction de 14 EPR-2, d'ici 2045, la prolongation de la majorité des 56 réacteurs nucléaires existants pour 10 sinon 20 ans de plus, la fabrication de petits réacteurs nucléaires modulaires SMR, pour les besoins domestiques et l'exportation. L'autre alternative, celle des énergies renouvelables et de l'hydrogène n'est pas retenue, alors qu'elle reste la plus compétitive et appropriée pour la décarbonation. L'investissement nécessaire pour la relance nucléaire est gigantesque bien que l'Etat et EDF soient surendettés et que le problème des déchets radioactifs ne soit pas résolu mais qu'il s'accroît d'autant avec cette relance du nucléaire en France.

Theme: The Fukushima accident in March 2011 calls for the reassessment of the nuclear regime in Japan, especially as regards to public safety. Summary: The serious accident that occurred in Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant caused by the 11 March earthquake (M. 8.9) has been a hard and costly lesson for Japan's obscure and corrupted nuclear energy regime, the so-called 'nuclear village', that grew during the long era of rapid economic growth that had little regard for public safety; crucially missing in this past policy to promote nuclear energy was the proper social contract between the State and society. In a highly-industrialised democracy, the accident's social and economic impact weighs heavily on the decision-makers, but Japan needs to rethink nuclear energy first from the perspective of rebuilding and then by honouring the public's trust in the State.

Coordination of public communication has become a key issue in management of complex emergencies, and is a matter of debate between nuclear emergency management professionals. A particular problem is when inconsistent information is sent to the media and public by official sources from different levels, which has led to calls for a more coordinated approach. The IAEA created guidelines recommending a one-voice communication approach that provides clear, consistent and coordinated information by relevant stakeholders. The reviewed theory on the emergency communication coordination and the empirical results in this paper demonstrate some challenges regarding the feasibility of the above stated goal. This paper explores the communication process in the two-month period of the Fukushima nuclear emergency by using a quantitative comparative content and discourse analysis of 1340 printed media articles on the Fukushima nuclear disaster from two major newspapers in Spain ('El País' and 'El Mundo'), Italy ('Corriere della Sera' and 'La Repubblica'), Norway ('Aftenposten' and 'Dagsavisen'), Slovenia ('Delo' and 'Večer'), Belgium ('Le Soir' and 'De Standaard') and Russia ('Komsomolskaya Pravda' and 'Izvestiya'). The results show that it will be difficult to achieve a truly coordinated approach and one-voice

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Menaces renouvelées sur l'IRSN ? par Hugues HENRI. Le président Emmanuel Macron a adopté une posture pro nucléaire depuis 2019 et a relancé le « tout nucléaire » en France après sa réélection en 2022, prévoyant un programme très lourd et ambitieux sans réel débat démocratique car il a avorté avant d'avoir abouti à cause du forcing du Sénat et de l'Assemblée nationale pour voter les lois de fluidification et d'accélération de la relance du nucléaire. Mais Macron et EDF vont jusqu’à vouloir diminuer la sécurité nucléaire et ses garants que sont le duo IRSN/ASN en les fusionnant arbitrairement sans autre souci que de faciliter et d’accélérer la relance du « tout nucléaire », et pour cela, tout faire pour se débarrasser de ces empêcheurs de foncer dans le mur nucléaire qu’est l’IRSN …

The Fukushima nuclear accident has generated doubts and questions which need to be properly understood and addressed. This scientific attitude became necessary to allow the use of the nuclear technology for electricity generation around the world. The nuclear stakeholders are working to obtain these technical answers for the Fukushima questions. We believe that, such challenges will be, certainly, implemented in the next reactor generation, following the technological evolution. The purpose of this work is to perform a critical analysis of the Fukushima nuclear accident, focusing at the common cause failures produced by tsunami, as well as an analysis of the main redundant systems. This work also assesses the mitigative procedures and the subsequent consequences of such actions, which gave results below expectations to avoid the progression of the accident, discussing the concept of sharing of structures, systems and components at multi-unit nuclear power plants, and its eventual inappropriate use in safety-related devices which can compromise the nuclear safety, as well as its consequent impact on the Fukushima accident scenario. The lessons from Fukushima must be better learned, aiming the development of new procedures and new safety systems. Thus, the nuclear technology could reach a higher evolution level in its safety requirements. This knowledge will establish a conceptual milestone in the safety system design, becoming necessary the review of the current acceptance criteria of safety-related systems.

Se llamaba Diego Moreno. Nunca supe su edad exacta. Las cicatrices de la vida impedían un cálculo certero. Había nacido en Palomares, pequeña población de la provincia de Almería, que debe su fama al accidente nuclear de aviación en 1966. Allí, donde aún hay cuatro parcelas contaminadas con plutonio, fruto del engaño en 1966 de los Estados Unidos, la dictadura y los gobiernos democráticos. Desde su infancia, había vivido con la singularidad del control y seguimiento de la radiactividad, que formaba parte del ambiente familiar, siempre presente por cotidiano, como una seña más de identidad forjada en los albores de su memoria. Uno de los lugares que frecuentaba Diego en su extraño trabajo. Puerta de acceso de la Zona 2, donde se hallan vallados 59.000 m 2 de tierras contaminadas con plutonio, americio y uranio.

n a prior article for this journal (Jason 2023), I explored the effectiveness of using film to counter propaganda in film. In this piece, I want to explore the use of video podcasts  to  counter  propaganda  in  film.  I  begin  by  summarizing  the  theory  of propaganda  I  introduced  earlier,  by  which  propaganda  can  be  reasonable  or deceptive  on  six  different  scales.  I  then  summarize  the  2022  Netflix  documentary series Meltdown, about the accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island (in Central Pennsylvania). This accident was (and is to this day) the biggest nuclear power failure in American history. I discuss how the series was reviewed in the print media. I then turn to two videos that rebutted Meltdown, and show how their explicit and  implicit  criticisms  of  the  Netflix  series  fit  our  criteria  for  assessing  the rationality  of  propaganda.  The  first  video  was  made  by  Jesse  Freeston,  and  had limited  viewership.  The  other  was  made  by  science  communicator  and  widely followed  podcaster  Kyle  Hill.  I  show  howeach  effectively  exposed  deceptive messages propagated by Netflix series. I finish the article by suggesting that video podcasts  have  advantages  in  rebutting  film  propaganda  that  making  counter propaganda films lack: video podcasts can be made much more quickly and much less  expensively.  But  when  it  comes  to  informing  the  public  about  the  costs  and benefits of a technology as complex as nuclear power, films and videos are of limited use. Unfortunately, this is how citizens typically get their information.

NJF Report Vol.2 No 5, 2006 NJF Seminar 373 Transport and retention of pollutants from different production systems. Tartu, Estonia, 11–14 June 2006 Editors Toomas Tamm and Liisa Pietola ... Liisa Pietola: University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbio- ...

Článek se zabývá prvními okamžiky po vzniku požáru, kdy každá minuta rozhoduje o možnosti záchrany osob v tunelu. Podstatnou součástí procesu sebezáchrany je doba nutná pro identifikaci nebezpečí a reakci na něj. Ta souvisí s mnoha okolnostmi a psychikou člověka. Oba tyto časy lze podstatně zkrátit, pokud jsou lidé bezprostředně vyzváni k neprodlené evakuaci nouzovým zvukovým systémem. Kvalita informací předávaných současně instalovanými systémy je nízká, a to kvůli dokonale odrazivým plochám v tunelové troubě, způsobujícím dlouhou dobu dozvuku. Článek představuje nové elektroakustické zařízení umisťované v kratších odstupech a pracující s nižším akustickým výkonem než stávající zařízení. Na objektivním měření srozumitelnosti je prokázán přínos oproti stávajícím nouzovým zvukovým systémům. Zařízení bylo vyvinuto v rámci projektu ALFA "Zelený tunel" (č. TA01030020) podporovaným Technologickou agenturou ČR.

Cedric Villani refuse la suppression de l'IRSN ? Lors d'un entretien récent fait le 10/10/2023, d'après Antoine de Ravignan, Cédric Villani déclare : « Nous devons alerter les parlementaires sur les risques de la réforme de la sécurité nucléaire », dit-il en dénonçant la volonté gouvernementale de supprimer l'IRSN (institut de radio détection et de sûreté nucléaire). Cette dénonciation va dans le même sens que moi-même, auteur de plusieurs articles récents publiés sur Academia.edu. Cédric Villani Mathématicien, ancien député (non inscrit) de l'Essone et ancien président de l'Office parlementaire d'évaluation des choix scientifiques et techniques (Opecst), c'est donc un scientifique de poids, décoré de la médaille Fields, plus haute distinction en mathématiques.

The IAEA has a project to help coordinate Member State efforts in the development and deployment of small modular reactor (SMR) technology. This project aims simultaneously to facilitate SMR technology developers and potential SMR users, particularly States embarking on a nuclear power programme, in identifying key enabling technologies and enhancing capacity building by resolving issues relevant to deployment, including nuclear reactor safety. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant was caused by an unprecedented combination of natural events: a strong earthquake, beyond the design basis, followed by a series of tsunamis of heights exceeding the design basis tsunami. Consequently, all the operating nuclear power plants and advanced reactors under development, including SMRs, have been incorporating lessons learned from the accident to assure and enhance the performance of the engineered safety features in coping with such external events. This paper presents techn...

Short summary: After the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in Japan on 11 March 2011, thyroid ultra-sound examinations (TUEs) were conducted as part of the Fukushima health management survey (FHMS) by the Fukushima Medical University (FMU) on all residents aged ≤18 years at the time of the ac-cident. The results showed a dozens-fold  increase in thyroid cancer detection (97% papillary thyroid cancer, PTC) compared with the expected incidence from the cancer registry. More than 300  thyroid cancer patients endured poor health, being unable to disclose that they had PTC surgery due to the official stance that the nuclear accident caused no health effects.  Without any international recognition of at least one adverse health effect of radiation exposure, the situation experienced by patients in Fukushima might be experienced by people exposed in the next nuclear accident. Young patients should be able to undergo appropriate operations and receive the most efficient treatments with sympathy and support from both government and society.
Abstract: The FMU and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) concluded that the high incidence of thyroid cancer after the Fukushima nuclear ac-cident was not the result of radiation exposure, but rather might have been overdiagnosis based on the low thyroid dose estimated in the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report. In this study, the origin of in-creased PTC in Fukushima was examined based on the thyroid dose estimated by UNSCEAR. The dose–response relationship of the incidence rate per person-years (PY) was analyzed for four areas in Fukushima prefecture via regression analysis. The linear response of the annual incidence rates to thyroid dose in the first six years showed that the dominant origin of childhood thyroid cancer was radiation exposure. Excess absolute risk (EAR) proportionally increased with thyroid dose, with an EAR/104 PY Gy of 143 (95%CI: 122, 165) in the second TUE (p < 0.001), which is approximately 50–100 times higher than the EAR/104 PY Gy ≒  2.3 observed after the Chernobyl accident. This suggests an underestimation of the thyroid dose by UNSCEAR of approximately 1/50~1/100 compared with the thyroid dose for Chernobyl. The increased childhood thyroid cancer in Fukushima was found to arise from radioactive iodine exposure, which was comparable to that in Chernobyl.

This study examines the activity of Cesium 137 radiation in air filters and Personal Protective Gear (PPG) worn by remediation workers in and near the Fukushima exclusion zone. Activity is evaluated after radioactive decays are counted using a Broad-Energy Germanium (BEGe) detector, over a constant period of time for each PPG sample. We then use these activity results to calculate the average activity of PPG by region of the body, and display the average Cs-137 activity levels according to the regions of the body with which they are associated. We then approximate the Cs-137 dose to which a remediation worker would be exposed over the course of a year, again, by region of the body, based on the PPG examined in this study. We observe that the highest Cs-137 activity was found in outer-coverings for hands and feet (gloves had an average Cs-137 activity of 498.8 +/229.4 Bq/g, and footwear had an average Cs-137 activity of 200.4 +/9.8 Bq/g). Finally, we propose a possible future study.

According to ABNT NBR 15219 - Emergency plan - Requirements and procedures, the Emergency Action Plan (PAE) formalizes and describes the set of actions and measures to be adopted in the case of a critical situation (accident or incident), aiming to protect life and property, as well as reduce social consequences and damage to the environment (ABNT, 2020). The objective of this article is to present an EAP applied to a recycling industry, aiming to guarantee the safety of employees, compliance with regulatory standards and mitigation of environmental risks. The environment/context of the research is a small recycling industry located in an urban area. The investigative problem addresses the need for a suitable PAE for the industry, considering the presence of venomous animals, flammable and toxic materials in the recycling process, which can lead to accidents and negative impacts on the environment. To develop the plan, a bibliographical study was carried out on current legislation, technical standards and best practices related to emergency management in recycling industries. The method involved the identification of the main risks, the elaboration of emergency procedures, defining response teams and carrying out practical training with employees. The results presented a detailed emergency response plan adapted to the reality of the industry, contemplating preventive measures, response actions and recovery in case of incidents. The conclusions highlight the importance of a well-structured emergency response plan for recycling industries, aiming at the safety of employees and the protection of the environment, in addition to ensuring compliance with applicable regulations.