Orange Peel as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Reactie Dyes

The orange peel which is considered as a waste can be used for the extraction of limonene (D-Limonene) which has many applications ranging from food flavouring agent to cosmetics. Limonene can be extracted by various conventional methods like steam distillation cold press, solvent extraction, novel methods like super critical CO2 extraction, it means varied typical ways like steam distillation cold press, solvent extraction, novel ways like super essential greenhouse emission extraction. The conventional method though simple are robust and the yield percentage is less whereas the novel methods are not cost effective as well as easy the yield share is a smaller amount whereas the novel ways aren't price effective.This experiment demonstrates the extraction of plant oils. The peel of oranges is boiled in water and the oil produced {limonene} distilled in steam at a temperature just below 100 0 3 0 A C, well below its normal boiling point. This experiment demonstrates the extraction of plant oils. The depart oranges is cooked in water and therefore the oil created distilled in steam at a temperature slightly below a hundred 0 3 0 A C, well below its traditional boiling purpose. The incompatible oil will then be separated. Direct extraction by heating would lead to decomposition whereas steam distillation doesn't destroy the attractive force.Limonene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon which can be tested for using bromine water or potassium magnate which may be tested for victimization element water or potassium business leader.

of organic matter from domestic wastewater by using adsorptiontechnique. Abstract: In this research a low cost material (Citrus aurantifolia) was used as adsorbent for removing of organic matter expressed as biological oxygen demand (BOD) from domestic wastewater. Batch experiments were used in this study under certain experimental conditions. The results showed that the maximum value of adsorption capacity of Citrus aurantifolia with BOD (13.5) mg/g. The maximum removal efficiency of BOD was (69.75%) at higher mass of adsorbent (5gm). The coefficient of determination values were higher for Freundlich than for Langmuir. Freundlich isotherm is better fitting isotherm for the experimental data with a correlation coefficient of 0.8806. The results demonstrated that the best contact time was (105 min.) and removal efficiency increases as contact time increase. The results revealed that the removal efficiency of BOD from wastewater increases when the amount of adsorbent increase.

Dyes are used in different industries as textile, paper, food processing, cosmetic, leather tanning, rubber, printing and so on. These chemical substances have negative effect on the quality of the water and food, causing human diseases and environmental problems. In view of these aspects, colorant have attracted the interest of the scientists in developing efficient routes for their detection and/or removal from the polluted sites. Although traditional technologies used for removal of dyes are efficient, there is the necessity of developing innovative systems both more cheaply and of easy performance. In this scenario, the integration of the membrane science with the molecular imprinting technology is an alternative way that present many advantages such us the removal or detection of a specific dye or a class of dyes and cost reduction processes. In fact, exploiting the benefits of these two technologies it is possible to develop molecularly imprinted membranes able to recognize a dye of interest in specific mode. This potential is promising for combatting the illegal use of dyes in food, drinks and aquaculture as well as for their removal. The main positive aspects of the imprinted membranes are their chemical stability, reusability, as well as the resistance to the pH and temperature. In addition, their preparation requires short operation time and it is not expensive. All these properties have an encouraging impact in dealing with the problem of dyes contamination. This short review offers a description of the concept of molecular imprinting, starting from the approach of the synthesis of imprinted polymers until the description of the preparation of imprinted membranes. The application of imprinted polymers and membranes for the detection and/or removal of dyes from polluted sites will be also discussed.

There are several possible methods by which amine groups can be grafted on the surface of activated carbon (AC) to improve their capacity for CO 2 adsorption. Ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine were selected as amino compounds for anchoring on the surface of an oxidized AC. Oxidation of AC was carried out by concentrated nitric acid. For each amino compound, two "in-solvent" and "solventfree" methods with a number of grafting times were studied. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption at 77 K and proximate and ultimate analysis were used to determine physical and chemical characteristics of the samples. Temperature-programmed (TP) CO 2 adsorption test from 30°C to 120°C were performed to investigate the effect of modification on CO 2 capture. The modification clearly had a negative effect on the textural characteristics of the samples, so the samples showed a less CO 2 uptake at lower temperatures. However, the decrease of capture capacity with increasing temperature is to somewhat softer for amine-grafted samples, so that they have a capacity comparable to the parent sample or even more than that at elevated temperatures. This property may give the new adsorbents this opportunity to be used at flue gas temperature with a higher efficiency. CO 2 capture capacity per unit surface area of all the amine-modified samples, however, was significantly improved, compared to the parent sample presenting a great influence of amino groups on the CO 2 capture capacity. Moreover, the used amine compounds and grafting methods were compared in terms of adsorbent characteristics and CO 2 uptake curves. Cyclic adsorption-desorption tests showed a satisfactory regeneration for the modified samples. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-011-0905-7

A treatability study of textile wastewater using coagulation by adding polyelectrolytes ((1-2 ppm) at pH (6.7-7.5) and primary sedimentation followed by aeration and final settling gave a good results. COD decreased from 1835 to 120 ppm, SS decreased from 960 to 120 ppm and sulphate from 1350 to 125 ppm. In the full-scale treatment plant filtration is used to improved results by decreasing COD, from 263 to 55 and SS from 295 to 10 and Sulphate from 158 to 100 ppm respectively.

The carbon modified silica adsorbents were prepared by synthesizing and modifying zeolite Y type with activated carbon. This paper reports on effects of activated carbon loadings on the methane and nitrogen adsorption, structure and properties of carbon modified zeolite Y. With the increase in activated carbon loadings, the surface area, pore size and pore volume of the activated carbon loaded zeolite Y adsorbent decreased. The intensity of the diffraction patterns of zeolite Y decreased after the activated carbon was loaded. With increasing activated carbon loadings, the intensity of diffraction peaks decreased. Adsorption capacity of nitrogen (N2) was smaller than adsorption capacity of methane (CH4) by using activated carbon modified silica. When activated carbon loadings 30% wt.%, adsorption capacity of methane and nitrogen was 12.9317 wt.% and 12.6115 wt.%, these were caused by difference in molecular weight. The molecular weight of nitrogen is bigger than molecular weight of methane. © 2006 Springer.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-005-8795-5